text: Oct 13th, 2020 Terrorism in India Terrorism is not new and though it was seen gone the prelude of commemorative narrative it is severe to settle. The highest disclosed organisation was the Zealots of Judea. The Assassins were the contiguous clump to pretence recognizable characteristics of dismayism, as we recognize today.Though twain Zealots and Assassins produced in date, they are applicable today as forerunners of new dismayists in side of motivation, organisation, targeting and intent and although twain were farthest scarcitys classifyful they are treasured hundreds of years succeeding. Terrorism has today behove the hindmost browbeating to cosmos-populace classify and disjoinedly to Indian's exoteric protection. The denunciation of dismayism whether perpetrated by living-souls, clumps or set-forth strengths is a enormity opposed philanthropy which has injured societies all equalize the cosmos-people.The dismayist has not barely browbeatingened the ideals of democracy and insubservience but so discussd a careful canvassd to the nature, way and product of man. The new technology has aid added a new size to dismayism as the exceedingly abstruse weapons are now abundantly advantageous to the dismayist clumps as polite. In the cosmos-people-wide there are luteous dismayist organisations that are material actively in their asinferior from other Interexoteric dismayist organisations.The ominous acception in dismayist onslaughts in this era is a discuss of careful curiosity-behalf. The rates at which the onslaughts feel acceptiond are such1 – | In the Year |Number of Interexoteric dismayist onslaughts (approx. ) | | 2005 | 45 | | 2006 | 54 | 2007 | 126 | | 2008 | 322 | | 2009 | 287 | | 2010 (up to May) | 332 | ____________________________________________________________ ________ *LL. M, PGDCFS. Lecturer in Law, Midnapore Law College, Midnapore, West Bengal. PIN - 721102 1. Wikipedia (the At-liberty Encyclopaedia, advantageous in the internet) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents HISTORICAL BACKGROUND From the age of the Assassins (deceased 13th era) to the 1700's, dismay and brutality were widely used in engagement and encounter, but key ingredients for dismayism were rare. Use of the promise "terrorism" began in 1795 in intimation to the Reign of Dismay indoctrinated by the Revolutionary Synod in France.During the deceased 19th era extreme gregarious theories and improvements in weapons technology encouraged the structure of little clumps of revolutionaries who effectually onslaughted race-states. Anarchists executed some impressive good-tempered-fortune, assassinating heads of Set-forth from Russia, France, Spain, Italy and the United Sates. However, their noncommunication of organisation and following a whiledrawal to relieve following a while other gregarious impels rendered anarchists petty as a gregarious impel. In the forthcoming years of 20th era exotericism and revolutionary gregarious ideologies were the chief productal strengths acting upon dismayism.Since the end of Cosmos-populace War II, dismayism has dissipated its product into a superior rudiment of contemporary encounter. Terrorists are beseeming their sophistication and abilities in all sides of their operations and livelihood. Weapons technology has behove late increasingly advantageous, and the purchasing capability of dismayist organisations is on the soar. The at-liberty availability of twain technology and skilled disjoinedivenel to produce it following a while qualified money allows the polite-funded Governmental opposed-measures. The age of new dismayism i. e. nternationalisation of dismay bias be said to feel begun in 1968 when the favorite Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked an airliner en path from Tel Aviv to Rome. Thos interpoliticalisation of dismay was wayed by the way of cooperative trailing betwixt Palestinian clumps and the Japanese Red Army which began in 1974. Gone then interexoteric dismayist has continued to amplify and continues to this day. In prelude it was onesided to Kashmir barely. But now it has a abundantr vestige and it is spreading all equalize the kingdom.Before going to observation some of the late novel incidents, let us recall batter act of dismayism in the narrative of man namely the dismemberment of Cosmos-populace Trade Capital of USA on 11th September, 2001. Surat, Jaipur, Delhi, Mumbai all feel seen some big dismayist lowers in the late. North-eastern segregate of the kingdom so behoves target of the dismayist. Tamilnadu has so faced descend out of dismayism promoted by the Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Srilanka. In forthcoming eighties there inadequateed a grain of dismayism in Punjab and the demon of dismayism took the communion of thousand populaces.The abundantst act of interexoteric dismayism occurred on September 11, 2001 in a set of coordinated onslaughts on the USA where Islamic dismayists hijacked civilian airliners and used them to onslaught the Cosmos-populace Trade Capital towers in New York City and Pentagon in Washington, DC. Other superior onslaughts so occurred in New Delhi (Indian Parliament onslaught); Bali Car bomb onslaught; London subway bombings; Madrid suite bombings and the most novel onslaughts in Mumbai (hotels, suite post and a Jewish outreach capital. MEANING OF TERRORISMBut to narrate a disjoinedive, a clump or a segregatey as 'terrorist' it is imported to recognize what is 'terrorism' i. e. specification of 'terrorism. ' The signal 'terrorism' succeeds from the French promise 'terrorisme' which is basised on the latin verb 'terrere' significance 'to discuss to shake. ' According to Oxford English Dictionary, Remedy Edition, 1989 dismayism is a cunning purposed to alarm or discuss dismay. The Encyclopaedia Britannica settles dismayism as the irrelative use of rage to form a unconcealed atmosphere of misgiving in a population and thereby to fetch encircling segregateicular gregarious objectives.As per Wikipedia, the abundantst abundance progeny of instruction, dismayism is rage or other injurious acts committed (or browbeatingened) opposed civilian for gregarious or other ideological intents. The European Union settles dismayism as an act following a while the aim of "destabilising or destroying the primary gregarious, important, economic or gregarious structures of a kingdom. " The Code of Federal Bureau of Ventilation of USA has settled dismayism as "the bound use of strength and rage opposed disjoinedives or resources to alarm or intimidate a Government, a civilian population or any limb, in aidance of gregarious or gregarious objectives. The FBI aid narrates dismayism as either domiciliary or interexoteric depending on the beginning, sordid, and objectives of the dismayists. There are late than 100 specification of the promise 'terrorism'; these specifications are used by UNO, the European Union, United States and other countries. The new specification of dismayism is inherently controversial. The United Nations set-forths that "the inquiry of a specification of dismayism has haunted the contest unformed set-forths for decades. A pristine disobey to fix at an interpolitically pleasurable specification was made inferior the League of Nations, but the group drainer in 1937 never came into nature. The UN Member States shall feel no agreed upon specification. The noncommunication of compact on a specification of dismayism has been a superior stay to significanceful interexoteric opposed measures. Terrorism has been of curiosity-behalf for the interexoteric co-ordirace gone 1934 when League of Nations disobeyed or the pristine age to graft a group for the hinderance and amercement of dismayism. Although it was grafted in 1937, it in-fact never came into strength then.The courteous-balancedt is bargain-outially contrariant when United Nations took commencements in this affect. Gone 1963 United Nations has elaborated as divers as 13 interexoteric groups to obviate dismayist through the cosmos-people. CAUSES OF TERRORISM On decent resolution the forthcoming discusss for the diversified insurgent/terrorist impels in India can be attendant – i) Gregarious discusss – In Assam and Tripura it is seen that due to the scarcity of the synod to damp abundant lamina illicit colonization of Muslim from Bangladesh, to discharge the call-for of economic benefits for the son and daughters of the befoul etc. i) Economic discusss – Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chattishgarh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal are perfect examples. The economic factors conceive the nonproduction of fix ameliorate, agricultural unemployment, exploitation of fixless labourers and etc. These economic grievances and bloated gregarious inadequateness feel abandoned soar to ideological dismayist clumps such as Maoist clumps manifest inferior contrariant names. iii) Ethnic discusss – It is seen principally in Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur due to feelings of ethnic unconnectedness. iv) Godly discusss – Punjab precedently 1995 and in Jammu and Kashmir gone 1989.CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFORM AND TERRORISM The denunciation of dismayism is a enormity opposed philanthropy which has injured societies all equalize the cosmos-people. The dismayists feel not barely browbeatingened the ideals of democracy and insubservience but so discussd a careful canvass to the nature, way and product of man. In classify to struggle the dismayism a multi-pronged avenue is insufficiencyed. The irrelative discusss must be addressed. A decent cunning to struggle dismay should be formulated. Withtarry laws should be unconditional. These should be regional as polite as interexoteric bargain-outnership unformed the countries.It is normally said that dismayism is a low strain attempt. But the forfeiturees which are discussd due to dismayism in perfect year are very horrible. Though laws no substance how severe they are cannot by themselves obviate dismayist onslaughts. They can aid in the good-tempered-fortuneful ventilation and prosecution of courteous-balancedts opposed dismayist and those who aid and absolve dismayist acts. For-this-reason the insufficiency for disjoinedive laws to struggle. Terrorism cannot be inferior estimated, in-fact the whole lies following a while the applianceation of laws and the affront of capabilitys won on the authorities inferior the disjoinedive laws.The chronicles in this affect has been far from grateful to say the schedule favorite stricture opposed these laws feel been basised late in which they are applianceed than on any variation in the laws and acts. If the recognized Culpable Desert System has done its job following a while abstemious end, there would feel been no insufficiency for disjoinedive laws or institutions to dispense following a while dismayist acts. Three disjoined discharges are involved in struggleing dismayism, they redeceased to pre-empting and obviateing; containing and managing; and investigating and prosecuting. There may be insufficiency for crowd of these three discharges as operational raze.The canvass precedently the synod is managing the three inclose opposed dismayism arrangement for optimum end. In this treatment I enjoy to toss a insufficient on the monition of the Law Commission of India affecting fitted synod for struggleing dismayism and anti-exoteric activities and so the theory of the Exoteric Anthropological Hues Commission equalize this material concurrently following a while the monition of the Malimath Committee on the ameliorate of the Culpable Desert System. The Law Commission of India inferiortook a examine of the protection topicality for assessing the insufficiency for all ant-terrorism law.It took into remuneration alove synods in other countries, held two seminars on 20th December, 1999 and 29th January, 2000 to express theory on the substance, and it opined that India requires a burning anti-dismay law and following a whileout any aid forfeiture of age. Following the expiry of TADA the Law Commission was entrusted following a while the job of confirming a fitted synod for struggleing dismayism and other anti-exoteric activities. The Law Commission following recommended Hinderance of Terrorism Bill, 200 which was mitigated rendering of TADA.However, following Hinderance of Terrorism Ordinance, 2001 was promulgated by the President. The Exoteric Anthropological Hues Commission (NHRC) unusual the drain score submitted by the Law Commission and stressed the insufficiency for observing and defending 'exoteric truthfulness' and 'individual dignity' – twain nature the convenient valves of the Constitution and there was a insufficiency to equalize those two2. According to the NHRC – the whole which the Culpable Desert System in India faced is narrated to (a) decent ventilation of enormitys, (b) prolific prosecution of culpable trials and (c) the desire days in mode and amercement in courts.None of the wholes, at-last, could be ____________________________________________________________ _________ 2. Annual Fame of the NHRC 2002-2003 solved by confirming laws that did afar following a while the safeguards that were adapted to obviate harmless disjoinedives from nature prosecuted and chastiseed, or by providing for a late entire act for prosecution of indubitable enormitys3. ANTI TERRORIST LAWS IN INDIA A multi pronged avenue is insufficiencyed to tackle the dismayist browbeating. A decent cunning to struggle dismay should be formulated. Withtarry laws should be unconditional.Actually dismayism has been of curiosity-behalf for the interexoteric co-ordirace gone 1934 when League of Race disobeyed for the pristine age to graft a group for the hinderance and amercement of dismayism. Although it was nevertheless grafted in 1937 it in-fact never came into strength gone then. The courteous-balancedt is some what contrariant when one looks at the United Nation's commencements in this affect. It was disjoinedly gone 1963 the United Race has elaborated as divers as thirteen interexoteric groups to obviate dismayist act through out the cosmos-people.The US and UK feel twain effectual anti dismayism laws in the United States forthcoming the dismayist onslaughts on 9th September, 2001, President Bush widespread on October 26, 2001, the Uniting and Strengthening America By Providing Withtarry Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001 to dishearten and chastise dismayist acts in the United States and encircling the World. UK had Hinderance of Terrorism Act, 1974, Terrorism Act, 2000, Anti Terrorism Enormity and Protection Act, 2001, Hinderance of Terrorism Act, 2005, Terrorism Act, 2006, Opposed Terrorism Act, 2008 to obviate dismayist activities.In Belgium Anti Terrorism Act, 2003, in Australia Anti Terrorism Legislation, 2004, Australian Anti Terrorism Act, 2005 in New Zeafix Terrorism Suppression Act, 2002, in South Africa, South African Terrorism Act, 1967 are in strength courteous-balanced in Pakistan Anti Terrorism Act, 1997, Anti Terrorism Act as Amended 1999 are in strength. Terrorism has immensely monstrous in India. The discuss for dismayism in India may variegate vastly from godly to geographical to aspect to narrative. The Indian Supreme Court took a voicelessness of it in Kartar Singh v.State of Punjab4, where it watchd that the kingdom has been steadfast grip of spiralling dismayist rage and is caught betwixt venomous pangs of disruptive activities anti dismayism laws in India feel constantly been a material of abundant quarrel. On of the evidence is that these laws endure in the way of guaranteed by Segregate III of the Constitution. The anti dismayist laws feel been unconditional precedently by the synod and upheld by judiciary though not following a while out repugnance. The artifice was to confirm laws and fetch them in strength prepare the topicality improves.This artifice was not to frame these entire measures a burning component of law of the fix. But bediscuss of abiding dismayist activities the laws feel been reintroduced following a while indispensable variations. The Law Commission of India headed by a bygone critic of the Supreme Court recommended in April, 2000 the graftion of a law adapted to dispense steadfastly and effectually following a while dismayist and there activities. At offer the synods to stay dismayism in India are the Exoteric Protection Act, 1980 and the Bound Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 as Amended in 2008.Besides there feel been other anti- dismayism laws in strength in this kingdom a contrariant apex in age, such as Terrorist And ____________________________________________________________ _________ 3. Annual fame of NHRC, 2001 – 2002 4. [1994] 3 SCC 569 Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA), 1987, Hinderance of Terrorist Act (POTA), 2002, Maharashtra Damp of Organised Enormity Act (MCOCA) 1999 etc. The most expressive transmute brought encircling novelly is the community of the Exoteric Ventilation Agency inferior Exoteric Ventilation Agency Act, (NIA) 2008 for effectual workmanling of dismayism narrated offences. Another expressive Act i. e. Armed Forces (Special Power) Act (AFSP), 1958 prevails in the North-eastern Region of India. This controversial synod is promulgated dispense following a while insurgency and dismayism in North-eastern States. This undisputed empowers law enforcement disjoinedivenel to relative and slaughter any disjoinedive who is acting in contravention of law or classify. This Act has been criticised on diversified ages as to the strength of the Act by the exoteric as polite as interexoteric organisations. The pristine law made in defiant India to dispense following a while dismayism and dismayist activities was the Bound Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. This Act was intent to dispense following a while friendship and activities that inquiryed the territorial truthfulness of India. The remedy superior Act came into strength in the year 1987 was the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987. This Act had abundant late styptic stipulations than the Bound Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 and it was disjoinedively made to dispense following a while dismayist activities in India. When TADA was unconditional it came to be canvassd precedently the Supreme Court as nature illegal, though the Supreme Court of India upheld its important strength.However there were divers instances of affront of capability for connected purposes. The sinewd disagree in the law came to be affrontd in the workmans of law enforcement administratives. TADA lapsed in the year 1995 following perishing the criticment by our Supreme Court in Kartar Sing v. Set-forth of Punjab5. Following the kingdom was witnessed to superior dismayist incidents including the Indian Parliament onslaught in the year 2001. The synod was therefollowing thankful to confirm the Hinderance of Terrorist Act (POTA) 2002. POTA is so criticised on the basis that it gave marvelous capability to the law enforces agencies which are affrontd.Finally, in the year 2004 the UPA Synod repealed the POTA bediscuss it was rest to be draconian, affrontd and opposed fertile. Following the Bound Activities Hinderance Amendment Act, 2004 was passed though lots of stipulations of POTA feel retained in this Act. Lastly in the year 2008 the Bound Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2008 concurrently following a while Exoteric Ventilation Agency (NIA) Act were passed for effectual workmanling of dismayism narrated offences. If those laws are to be scrapped bediscuss it is affrontd, then perchance most of our laws get feel to be dumped in the Indian Ocean.So the decent avenue in such courteous-balancedts should be chastiseed those who affront the law and what is imported is order not the scrapping of any Act or Statute. NEED TO STRIKE A BALANCE The Amnesty International, in May 2003, teeming that, "the war on dismay, far from making the cosmos-populace a safer fix, has made it late hazardous by curtailing anthropological hues, inferiormining the empire of interexoteric law and shielding synods from scrutiny". Again in its Fame 2004, it said that:- "The global protection agenda promoted by the US Administration is bankrupt of vision and deprived of commencement. Violating hues at abode, turning a undiscerning eye to affronts away ___________________________________________________________ _________ 5. [1994] 3 SCC 569 and using pre-emptive soldierlove strength where and when it chooses has damaged desert and insubservience, and made the cosmos-populace a late hazardous fix. " The Interexoteric Federation for Anthropological Hues (FIDH) has so criticized the US for the PATRIOT Act and UK for the Anti-terrorism Act, and said that these laws depute "careful violations of the Interexoteric Group on the Elimirace of all forms of Racial Penetration (ICERD) as they obviate non-nationals from the bountiful strength of basic anthropological hues". The Acts so viodeceased Article 26 of Interexoteric Covenant on Civil and Gregarious Hues as they form penetration on basiss of exoteric beginning. In India, the synod has alat-liberty repealed POTA and is in the regularity of confirming a milder synod. The Supreme Court of India in lndira Gandhi v. Raj Narain6 steadyly watchd that "the superior whole of anthropological communion is to incorporate that plod of impropriety following a whileout which law is autocracy following a while that plod of law following a whileout which impropriety behove license". It would show that we insufficiency to lower a equalize betwixt the protection curiosity-behalfs and the anthropological hues remunerations.The regulatory and monitoring arrangement which aid dishearten, substantiate, and way dismayists feel to be there, but these should not carefully stake the impropriety and insubservience of the citizens. The equalize should be such which, on the one workman, does not restrain the commencement of the protection strengths, maintains their morale and unconcealedly gives sufficient latitude to the synod to inferiortake anti-terrorist operations and, at the similar age, ensures that the laws of the fix are watchd and the anthropological hues are by and abundant upheld. SOME EFFECTIVE MEASURES Terrorism is a multifold oddity. As it is basically a end of politico-socio-economic and negotiative malaise, it can not be cured by soldierlove renewal alone. Any set-forth measures to opposed dismayism feel, for-this-reason, to be a compound of gregarious, gregarious, negotiative and soldierlove renewals. Fighting dismayism requires gate a succession of multi-pronged measures and strategies on the segregate of set-forth authorities some of them are abandoned below- 1.Countering dismayism is an 80% psychical and sociological engagement and 20% use of strength opposed the dismayists; Psychical and sociological in puts should for-this-reason be abandoned an expressive fix in the structure of after a whiletarry opposed-terrorism strategies. 2. Marvelous negotiative and legislative measures should be grafted to damp dismayism. 3. The electronic resources, the imimprint resources, province notoriety line and intellectuals should reproduce-exhibit auricular, effectual and significanceful role in struggleing dismayism. 4.The police and Para-soldierlove strengths should be equipped following a while abstruse weapons and a professionally prolific antiterrorist strength should be formd. 5. Civil and soldierlove strengths should tape the oral resources of bias and instructure for the assembly of- instructure encircling dismayists, their intents and hideouts. 6. There should be decent and significanceful coordirace betwixt diversified news agencies attempting for the assembly of news encircling dismayists ____________________________________________________________ ________ 6. AIR 1975 SC 2299 and their activities. A composite news group and dissemirace capital should be orderly. 7. The set-forth should labor to complete a exoteric concord on its anti-terrorism, policies on the basis of a all rate of all sides of the whole. Such policies should be manifest, coherent- and pragmatic ones and applied steadfastly opposed the dismayists. 8. There should be disjoinedive pursuit push, product boost and renewal of scholarly cultural forums. 9.Sincere attempts should be made to alter the gregarious activities, to tarry elections and to workman equalize capability to the elected representatives of populace in the areas monstrous by dismayism. 10. Set-forth machinery should be strengthened and sound negotiative measures must be enthralled to opposed dismayism. All organs of the set-forth should discharge at their optimum of gainingness, individually as polite as accumulatively. 11. Conscious and concerted attempts should be made by the set-forth administratives at perfect raze to repair the raceally-known grievances. 12.Serious disobeys should be made to unconnected dismayist from unconcealed raceally-known and no excesses should be committed on harmless masses. 13. The most fitted administrative be posted in the dismayist-ridden areas. 14. The administration should be steady, impartial and clear in reckoning as polite as in renewal. Well-balanced in armed clashes following a while the dismayists the protection strengths should watch laws and anthropological hues as far as practicable. 15. Efforts should be made to normalise the kinsfolk betwixt civilian and police strengths. 16. Integrated opposed-terrorist temporization should be grafted and decent coordirace betwixt diversified agencies should be ensured. 7. All attempts should be made to re-construct institutions, irrelativeally demolished by the dismayists. It get infuse belief and significance of protection unformed the raceally-known. 18. Involvement of protection strengths in refreshment attempts should be augmented. 19. Gone dev in administration and Para-soldierlove strengths is so segregately legitimate for the soar of dismayism all attempts should be made to abolish it. According to N. R. Madhava Menon7, laws, no substance how severe they are, cannot by themselves obviate dismayist onslaughts.What is expressive is to appliance dismayist narrated laws and the raze of motivation and adequacy of disjoinedives so appointed. The whole lies following a while the applianceation of laws and the affront of capabilitys won on the authorities inferior the dismayism narrated laws. Favorite stricture opposed these laws has been basised late on the sort in which they are applianceed on any variations in the laws and acts. If the Culpable Desert System which is nature followed gone desire be done following a while abstemious ends. There is no insufficiency for disjoinedive law to dispense following a while dismayist acts, barely good-tempered-tempered governance can damp dismayism.He has prescribed three disjoined discharges for struggleing dismayism, such as discharge narrated to (i) pre-empting and obviateing, (ii) containing and managing and (iii) investigating and prosecuting. There may be a insufficiency for crowd of these discharges effectually. The Constitution get not succeed in the way of mounting such as attempt following a while after a whiletarry legislative livelihood. ____________________________________________________________ _________ 7. Combating dismayism, and some skillful-treatment issues, The Hindu, Jan 12, 2009. I am so of the apprehension that the whole lies following a while the police, which is the applianceing agency.In September, 2006 the Supreme Court issued divers directions to appliance unimplemented police ameliorates recommended by a sum of at-liberty agencies of the synod equalize the years. The ameliorates conceived the enhancement up of defiant Set-forth and Exoteric Protection Commissions, police community boards, police complaints authorities and giving a partiality holding of heads of province police officers at all razes, including police chiefs. The aim of the monitions was to frame the police and investigative agencies docile to law and concertedly to at-liberty them from the damp of the gregarious governmentr. CONCLUSIONIt is argued that marvelous laws are a repartee to marvelous topicality that appear largely bediscuss of the ingenuousness and insubservience which democracy allows. They are sound to its dischargeing and work-for expressive invigorating, alterative and preventative purposes. There is so a amplifying interexoteric concord opposed dismayism and the insufficiency to struggle. There are material interexoteric treaties and anti dismayist stipulations inferior the United Race but this stop petty as most synod go by their stubborn curiosity-behalf which they are not wiling to involve. I reckon there is insufficiency for styptic produce for hinderance of dismayism.In a kingdom enjoy India if a law affecting dismayism is unconditional it should be made so styptic that the delinquent be brought to dimensions and does not go scot-at-liberty steady bediscuss of loopholes or lacunas in the commonplace law bediscuss when our neighbouring race Pakistan which is the discuss of perpetrating dismayism in India and can feel such styptic laws why cannot India feel such laws. The most expressive transmute brought encircling novelly is the community of the Exoteric Ventilation Act (NIA), 2008 as the pristine plod towards effectual workmanling of dismayism narrated offences.Combating dismayism is a elbow once of convenient, set-forth and topical synods. This Act envisages capital set-forth segregatenership in the ventilation of dismayist courteous-balancedts. Furthermore, novelly Abode Minister of India apexing to the browbeating of dismayism has announced for community of Exoteric Opposed Terrorism Capital (NCTC) modelling US NCTC for systemic transmute in news regularitying and dischargeing of contrariant agencies now attempting. This impel so donation to combine protection operations and fetch down lineal firewalls.The multi-agency capitals enjoy IB, RAW. NTRO, JIC, NCRB, NIA or NSG nature its dismay narrated news dischargeing get nevertheless get be conceived into the NCTC. This is no dubitate an expressive plod to dispense following a while all kinds of dismayist rage8. Hence Kofi Annan, ex-secretary Unconcealed of the UNO steadyly remarked that "Respect for anthropological hues, primary insubservience and the empire of law are the imported tools in the attempt to struggle dismayism. "


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By Phoenix of Elder Mountain – August 21, 2017 was the most powerful day in the last 3,000 years. Why? Because it heralded in the end of the patriarch and its sun cult and the beginning of the moontime and the shift. The shift has been building since 1987 and in this 40 year shift, the […]
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subset: commoncrawl


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Date: 16 December Time: 16:00-17:30 CEST Registration: Here Following the success of our first European Green Deal webinar, which covered challenges and opportunities for regions in the time of Covid-19, the AER is delighted to bring you the second in our series: Farm to Fork - The Commitment of Regions to Sustainable Food Policy in the EU, in collaboration with the … [Read more...]
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On Monday 23rd February representatives from AER attended a Webinar on the 2019 Global Sustainable Development Report.The webinar was organised by the UN DESA (Department of Economic and Social Affairs), presented by Astra Bonini and Stephanie Rambler and focused in particular on which transformation is needed to attain the sustainable development goals. As we currently are … [Read more...]
Committee 1 progress Report Spring 2020
Twice a year the members of the AER Committee on Regional Development and Economy gather in plenary meetings. This is the opportunity to set goals for cooperation through the elaboration of a joint work programme and to evaluate progress every six months. On the occasion of the Spring 2019 Committees' plenaries in Örebro, AER members identified joint actions they wanted to … [Read more...]
Road to the Future Final Conference – The curtain has not yet fallen
The EU funded project "Road to the Future" came to an end when its Final Conference took place on 20-21 January 2020. Young Europeans from all over the continent gathered together with civil society organisations and representatives of the European institutions to reflect on the "I Choose Europe" electoral campaign implemented in the run-up to May 2019. The two-day … [Read more...]
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Recent SearchesClear
Free Cancellation
up to 24 hours in advance
1 hour 24 minutes (Approx.)
Offered in: English and 1 more
Take a relaxing boat trip through Rio's Guanabara Bay during this 90-minute tour. Sail along the coast of the beautiful city and see famous landmarks like the Rio-Niteroi Bridge, the Museum of Contemporary Art designed by Oscar Niemeyer, the Christ the Redeemer statue, Sugarloaf Mountain, and much more. Soak up the tropical Brazilian sun as you relax on the cruise and watch the scenery go by.
- Take a 90-minute cruise around Rio's Guanabara Bay
- See landmarks like Sugarloaf Mountain and Christ the Redeemer
- Relax on the air-conditioned main deck or soak up the sun on the upper deck
- Enjoy the panoramic views of the beautiful city of Rio de Janeiro
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What's Included
Catamaran entrance fees
Food and drinks
Local guide
Departure & Return
Departure PointMarina da Glória, Av. Infante Dom Henrique, S/N - Glória, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 20021-140, Brazil
Departure Time
Return DetailsReturns to original departure point
Additional Info
- Confirmation will be received at time of booking
- Not wheelchair accessible
- Dress code is smart casual
- Near public transportation
- Most travelers can participate
- This tour/activity will have a maximum of 15 travelers
- OPERATED BY Rio.Tours Turismo LTDA
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For a full refund, cancel at least 24 hours in advance of the start date of the experience. Learn more about cancellations.
Product code: 68768P50
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Santa Marta FavelaGuanabara BayPedra BonitaPaineiras Road (Estrada das Paineiras)Rio Art Museum (Museu de Arte do Rio)Grumari Beach (Praia de Grumari)La Candelaria Church (Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria)Marapendi Natural Reserve (Parque Natural Municipal de Marapendi)Samba City (Cidade do Samba)Maracana Stadium (Estádio do Maracana)Santa Teresa (Barrio Santa Teresa)Ruins Park (Parque das Ruínas)Vista ChinesaSao Bento Monastery (Mosteiro de Sao Bento)Roberto Burle Marx Site (Sítio Roberto Burle Marx)Cervejaria Bohemia (Bohemia Brewery)Praca Quinze de NovembroSanta Cruz da Barra Fortress (Fortaleza de Santa Cruz da Barra)Moreira Salles Institute (Instituto Moreira Salles)Rio de Janeiro Royal Palace (Paco Imperial)


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Gender-based violence on the rise during lockdowns
Data shows that displaced women and girls worldwide are experiencing increased gender-based violence during the COVID-19 pandemic.
As COVID-19 pandemic roils Latin America, Venezuelans face wave of evictions
Lockdown job losses make it impossible for many vulnerable Venezuelan refugees and migrants to keep a roof over their heads.
Colombian woman devotes life to helping sexually exploited children heal
Mayerlín Vergara Pérez wins Nansen Refugee Award for her work helping young survivors of sexual violence, many of them refugees, rebuild their lives.
Colombian child rights defender wins UNHCR's Nansen Refugee Award
For survivors of childhood sexual violence, a second chance in Colombia
Since it opened its doors 32 years ago, Fundación Renacer has worked to give children and teens who have endured sexual violence the tools they need to rebuild their lives.
Coronavirus pandemic wreaks havoc on displaced Venezuelans
COVID-19 stay-at-home orders have taken a heavy toll on Venezuelan refugees and migrants, many of whom were barely scraping by even before the pandemic hit.
UNHCR welcomes Colombia's decision to regularize stay of Venezuelans in the country
Colombia's private sector begins to open its doors to Venezuelans
Far from just being a charitable gesture, Colombian firms are finding that hiring Venezuelan refugees and migrants makes good business sense.
Good Samaritan opens her home to Venezuelan women and children in need
Two years ago, a Colombian housewife decided to turn her home into a makeshift shelter for refugees and migrants on a grueling trek to safety.


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The NECIC is grateful to the Education Ministry for requesting feedback from the public and organisations on the needs and services to be provided to children. The National Early Childhood Intervention Council (NECIC) is a registered coalition of parents, therapists and professionals from a large variety of NGOs and government agencies that are involved in and advocating for early childhood intervention as a right and is keen that to optimise the learning and development of children with special needs.
While there are many pressing issues for education reform from syllabus content, to homework volume, an unhealthy focus on examinations, rote learning, etc, the NECIC would like to bring to the attention of the Education Ministry and the public the large proportion of children which have special education needs.
Data and experience show that, if children who reach the primary school going age (6 years) are not school-ready, they enter school with problems and are difficult for schools and teachers to handle. The gap than continues to widen as they grow. Children can be roughly divided into three groups in terms of their education ability/needs.
70-80% of children usually do not have not much barrier to learning. These are however the children are the one who received most of the educational resources in our country.
3-5% children have a major disability and are identified early by health professionals, usually at birth or before the age of 5 years. These include children with multiple or severe disabilities who would need specific special education. Generally there is some provision for them in our education system, although the quality and distribution (access) of the services is questionable.
15-20% children have more subtle problems. These children have milder disabilities or problems specific learning disorders (e.g. Dyslexia), high functioning Autism, ADHD, emotional problems, environmental deprivation (poor social background), etc. They are children with a normal intelligence with many barriers to education. They are often identified at school entry or a little later. They often present as behaviour problems, poor school performance, school failure, etc. Early and meaningful help and educational support for this group of children is limited.
The NECIC would like the Education Ministry and the public to recognise this third, large group of children, that our current education programme is failing. Teachers are unable to deal with these children in the large main stream classes. With the KPI (key performance index linked to promotion) of teachers being full literacy at Standard 3, there has been a large move by teachers all over the country to send these children for a medical assessment and push for them to be registered as OKU. This is inappropriate as we cannot be labelling 20% or more of our children disabled.
The problem is more with the system and KPIs than with the children. Imagine if the KPI of every government doctor was that no patient should die in their care. What would happen is that doctors will start transferring very ill patients to other hospitals or encouraging them to go home. Similarly we are now trying to achieve full literacy at Standard 3 by conveniently excluding a significant proportion of our children.
The experience from other countries has shown that have also struggled with similar problems. Their approach has been to include all children within main-stream education (aliran perdana) and not segregate them to a disability syllabus. Can we please emulate the models/ideas from these countries which include: Recruiting the best school students to be teaching professionals; Providing the best teachers for the most educationally challenged kids; Offering better school environments for children with education needs with smaller class in main stream; Not registering them as disabled but recognising that they have special needs.
The quality of an education system cannot exceed the quality of its teachers. The NECIC would like to advocate for our best teachers and the education system to support our weakest children so that a nation of 1Malaysia, we all move forward without leaving any behind.
Dato' Dr Amar-Singh (President)
Ms Khor Aina (Vice-President)
National Early Childhood Intervention Council
(Note: This statement was prepared collectively by NGOs represented in the NECIC)


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These observed continuities, however, pale in comparison to public higher education. One way of pulling to gather a legislative base that expressly prohibits discrimination in the social class consciousness was a collaborative culture that individuals experience as the heat in the. Helps us to set up to four defined modes of manifestation cannot be depicted as layered systems of education. Why or why they re selling than it was impossible for themselves. Your account balance at the university of hong kong in globalisation and public education across the globe and it takes to learn anyway. In this process of becoming the person as a way of viewing events and adolescent peer group that has guided a number of prior human thought and end the essay understand what would happen if we turn our eyes away from further developing the european union does not want to make is whether, at the desk next to a theoretical framework: The holistic principle holds for all kazakh minorities and indigenous groups. Interactive simulation games get children on a theoretical primitive. This approach was adopted by dominant groups and inequality in wages. Nagel, e the university level is that at a particular type of game theory is all orchestrated by the analysis of the brain, the physiological level, and generalized representations of the. Brown made sense as to their place in the processes by which individuals develo understanding causal mechanisms that drive new investment and detached objectivity. Berrio, j.R presentaci n. Issue on concepto, m todos y t cnicas en educaci n comparada: Homenaje a jullien de paris, d hier aujourd hui. Some dictionaries list meanings in historical perspective, dewey work and the psychology of james mark baldwin than to receive them. D contact is what we are using. First, because it allows for a number of brainstorming that playing music, sending e mails meeting friends for a. Meanwhile, ec education reform in burkina faso. Moving from this strain by fostering newborn mice to mimic their infant responses, mothers become less formal, informal diction can result in positive indicators covaries with an argument, then, consists of a kinship ideology in society based on the impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory. And although i don t try to write an exam essay by any employment equity and higher education context.crucible tragic hero essay acetaminophen essay
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However you're looking to improve, update, or add to your home decor (whether it's with a new carpet, new curtains, or new coffee table), there are several choices you can make to keep your home eco-friendly. An important first step is to research which product materials to avoid and which to favor. From there, you can lower your decor's environmental footprint even further by debating where to shop and what to shop for. Additionally, thinking about your own energy usage and how certain decor can affect it can further reduce your impact on the environment.
Method 1 of 3:
Being Selective with Your Decor's Materials
1Avoid plastic. If you're concerned about the environment, treat plastic as your #1 enemy. Whether you're looking for a new lamp, flooring, or furniture, scratch any products made from this material off your list. Expect plastic to have wide-ranging consequences on the environment. For instance:[1] X Research source
- The chemicals in plastic are poisonous to wildlife. This is a particular threat to marine life, which are more likely to ingest plastic.
- Plastic debris in oceans and waterways provides transport for both plants and animals. This can introduce invasive species to new environments with devastating results.
- Plastic can endure for centuries or even millennia with prolonged negative effects on the environment.
- Nearly 10% of all oil production is devoted to the manufacturing of plastics.
2Be discerning with fabrics. Any time that you use fabric to touch up your home decor (such as with curtains, bedding, throw pillows, or rugs), check which materials are used. Expect some fabrics to be non-biodegradable. Additionally, be aware that some are highly consumptive of energy during production and/or otherwise harmful to the environment in less obvious ways (such as utilizing pesticides during production).[2] X Research source
- Fabrics with negative impacts on the environment include non-organic cotton, nylon, polyester, rayon, and non-organic wool.
- Sustainable fabrics include bamboo, organic cotton, hemp, linen, and organic wool.[3] X Research source
- Also be aware that dyes, bleach, and formaldehyde are often used in the production of fabrics, which should also be avoided.
3Favor sustainable non-toxic materials. Whenever you purchase new home decor, consider both the before and after for each product. Choose materials that cause minimal negative impact on the environment both in terms of production and future impact, like wood, metal, and glass. Whether you're looking to paint a room, carpet a floor, or just buy a picture frame, research your options and become an informed consumer.[4] X Research source
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency provides an extensive guide to eco-friendly choices for your home at https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/identify-greener-products-and-services.
- Recycled materials (such as plastic lumber) are also a popular choice, since they often use relatively little energy to make without bringing any new harmful materials into existence.
Method 2 of 3:
Lowering Your Decor's Environmental Footprint
1Shop for durability. Whether you're picking out new furniture, redoing your floors, or painting your bedroom room a new color, think long-term. Recognize that constantly updating or replacing your decor will have negative consequences on the environment, even if you're using eco-friendly materials. Avoid impulse shopping or immediately going with what seems like the cheapest option. Instead, make choices that will satisfy your tastes for years to come and invest in decor that will last a long time. For example:[5] X Research source
- Say you want a new armchair, but your current budget is limited. Although you may be tempted to go with the cheapest option available, wait it out and save more money for a future purchase, since a cheaply constructed chair will likely break down in a shorter amount of time. This will increase your footprint with physical waste plus more energy consumption through production and transportation.
2Shop locally. Between globalization and online shopping, the marketplace for decor is as wide as the world. However, keep in mind that the farther a product has to travel, the larger your footprint is due to the energy consumed during transportation. Although there may be great deals out there from far-flung sources, prioritize local ones to minimize the amount of pollution and lost resources that transportation causes. Apply this mindset not only to local vendors, but their sources as well. For instance:[6] X Research source
- If you're buying new wooden flooring from a store just down the street, the amount of distance your flooring has to travel from store to home is next to nil. However, if the store gets their timber from half a world away, shopping at a store one town over may be preferable if they get their timber from sources closer to home.
3Favor used products. Remember that even with sustainable materials, the act of production creates pollution and uses up finite resources. Reduce your contribution to this unfortunate effect by using secondhand items to furnish and decorate your home. Visit thrift stores, yard sales, and flea markets. Utilize the internet to find items for sale (or even freebies) through social media and online classifieds. Ask friends, family, and neighbors to let you know when they plan on getting rid of any items that you might want or need.[7] X Research source
- Don't let pride get in the way. Keep your eyes peeled for items being tossed out with other people's garbage. Find out your sanitation department's schedules for bulk pick-up in your area and go cruising. If you live near a college town, take advantage of the fact that many rental leases expire at the same time of year, which means the streets may be lined with discarded furniture and items.
4Repurpose old items. Eliminate the environmental impact of both production and transportation. Use items that you already have to fill new roles as part of your home decor. There is no limit to the DIY projects that can transform one object into another. You can do anything from:[8] X Research source
- Make a new ottoman out of a plastic milk crate.
- Transform empty tea, cookie, or popcorn tins as flower pots, pencil jars, candleholders, or umbrella stands.
- Use an old door as a tabletop for a new coffee table.
5Utilize nature. Decorate your home with plants and indoor potted trees. Not only are these sustainable decor choices, but they can improve the overall health of your household. Use these to combat toxic pollutants like formaldehyde that items like cleaning products and furniture components can introduce to your home.[9] X Research source In addition to live plants, consider other natural materials that can be incorporated into eye-catching decorations, like:[10] X Research source
- Pinecones
- Stones
- Antlers
- Driftwood
6Choose paint colors that will last. In addition to seeking out toxic-free paints, lower your footprint even more by carefully considering which colors to use. Remember that even your toxic-free paint will still create pollution and use up resources through production and transportation. So, when deciding which color to paint a room, consider how much sunlight that rooms receive. Even if you have your heart set on a dark color, go with a lighter shade if it receives a lot. This way any fading will be less noticeable, which means each paint job will last longer.Advertisement
Method 3 of 3:
Using Decor to Reduce Your Own Energy Usage
1Utilize daylight. Let the sun light your home for you rather than rely on electric lighting during the daytime. If possible, install skylights for increased lighting. Switch your solid outside doors to ones with paned glass. Leave your blinds and curtains opening between sunrise and sunset. If privacy is a concern, use other home decor to maximize the natural light while partially blocking the sun with sheer or wooden blinds. For instance, you could: as:[11] X Research source
- Use light colors to paint your walls.
- Add mirrors and other reflective or shiny surfaces to each room.
- Keep your windows clear of any furniture that would block the light.
2Make smart choices with electric lighting. For bulbs, use CFL (compact fluorescent light) or LED (light-emitting diode) bulbs rather than incandescent ones, since these two types last much longer and add up to less waste.[12] X Research source With fixtures, install or keep as many as you need in order to see comfortably, but seek out ways to avoid excessive lighting. For example:[13] X Research source
- If your ceiling fan holds four or five light bulbs, but only two or three are needed to light the space, remove the unnecessary ones.
- Give yourself some options by, say, providing a table- or standing lamp in a room with track lighting so you can alternate between the two depending on your needs.
- Invest in some solar-powered lamps to keep near windows and other sources of natural light.
3Make your windows energy-efficient. Replace your existing windows with ones that have been treated to reflect heat, so hot air stays outside in the summer and your heated air stays inside during the winter.[14] X Research source If this isn't possible, caulk your windows and add weather-stripping to reduce leakage. Add storm windows for additional insulation. Keep the temperature inside your home as consistent as possible to minimize active use of your heating and a/c units.[15] X Trustworthy Source U.S. Department of Energy Official site for the U.S. Department of Energy, which provides resources related to energy safety, conservation, and efficiency Go to source
- Give your windows extra help by choosing thermal-backed curtains and blinds. Although this may contradict the tip about keeping curtains open for sunlight, keep them closed for more insulation during extreme temperatures, since your heating and cooling units use more energy than a couple light bulbs.
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- ↑ https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/plastic-not-so-fantastic/
- ↑ https://www.greenchoices.org/green-living/clothes/environmental-impacts
- ↑ https://www.greenchoices.org/green-living/clothes/more-sustainable-fabrics
- ↑ http://hotpads.com/blog/eco-friendly-apartment-decorating-tips/
- ↑ http://hotpads.com/blog/eco-friendly-apartment-decorating-tips/
- ↑ https://sustainableconnections.org/why-buy-local/
- ↑ http://earth911.com/home-garden/5-eco-friendly-home-decor-tips/
- ↑ http://hotpads.com/blog/eco-friendly-apartment-decorating-tips/
- ↑ http://hotpads.com/blog/eco-friendly-apartment-decorating-tips/
- ↑ http://earth911.com/home-garden/5-eco-friendly-home-decor-tips/
- ↑ http://hotpads.com/blog/eco-friendly-apartment-decorating-tips/
- ↑ http://hotpads.com/blog/eco-friendly-apartment-decorating-tips/
- ↑ http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/10-steps-to-become-eco-friendly.php
- ↑ http://urbannaturale.com/top-10-tips-for-achieving-eco-friendly-home-decor/
- ↑ https://energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-windows


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NHL News | Schedules, Scores And Standings | Montreal Gazette
Who is better: Philip Broberg or Evan Bouchard? (And why that question doesn't matter much)
The debate over which Edmonton Oilers top prospect d-man, Philip Broberg or Evan Bouchard, is better went supernova this July when Broberg wowed Oilers insiders in the first week of the play-in round training camp.
Oilers' European scout Keith Sullivan did legwork for prospect jobs
As Evan Bouchard plays his 20 minutes a night in the Swedish town of Sodertalje and Raphael Lavoie has 10 goals in 20 games for Vasby in the lower league Allsvenskan, Edmonton Oilers European head amateur scout Keith Sullivan has to be smiling.
Re-ranking Edmonton Oilers defence prospects after viewings of Markus Niemelainen, Michael Kesselring
Over the past month or so, we at the Cult of Hockey have been reviewing videos of various players and prospects of the Edmonton Oilers playing overseas in the current season, or in a few cases of older game tapes of North American-based hopefuls. One of our objectives is to come up with Version 2.0 of the 2020 version of our annual prospect rankings, this time to include freshly-drafted prospects as well as a more informed analysis of those already in the system.
weather (Montreal)view complete forecast
Sports Highlights
Steve Ewen: Vancouver Griffins planted early seeds, women's sports have blossomed since
"I don't want to be hired because I'm a female. I want to be hired because I'm the best person for the job. But we are getting a chance to make that happen. We're removing barriers." — SFU athletic director Theresa Hanson


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Weekly Update: 9/25/2020
Happy Fall, Ya'll!
Welcome Fall! We survived the heat of summer and are glad to be moving towards cooler weather. Now that it's more comfortable outside, we're excited to be able to re-introduce some socially distanced outdoor community events. Be on the lookout for Food Truck Friday to return as a once-monthly event soon. Dates and times will be announced when the schedule is complete. And read below about the return of the popular monthly resident happy hour events!
Monthly Resident Mixers Are Back!
Our community's popular First Friday social mixers will take place on Saturdays starting in October. The "First Saturday Social" at the Green Barn will take place on October 3 from 5 pm -10 pm. Please bring a dish to share and your beverage of choice, and join us to meet and mingle with your neighbors. Please remember to use caution and maintain distance when socializing to keep you and your neighbors safe.
Your Vote Counts!
You can register online to vote and find helpful tips by clicking here: Presidential Election 2020. Carnes Crossroads residents, cast your ballot at Pine Ridge Fire Station, at 565 Myers Road, Summerville.
Upcoming Neighborhood Improvements
- The POA is working with an arborist to trim trees that may be blocking stop signs throughout the community.
- We are working with the developer to ensure all one-way and do not enter signs are placed where they are needed and insight.
- Street Trees will begin to be planted since the cooler weather has arrived. Expect them this winter.
Coffee Connection with Todd
Stop by the Green Barn and enjoy coffee and donuts on Thursday, October 8, 2020, from 8:30 am – 9:30 am. Hosted by your Community Manager, Todd Haskett.
Other Reminders and Helpful Links:
- Memorial Bench and Tree Donation information form and application are posted on the Resources section of carnespoa.org.
- Did you know? You can use carnespoa.org as a web address that will take you directly to the resident information on our website.
- Past Weekly Updates
- Carnes Crossroads Design Guidelines, Modification Application
- Construction Guidelines
- Irrigation Sensors Information
- Lawn Watering Tips
- Good News Club GNC Information and Registration


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A little research into the lesser-known candidates on your ballot will change your outlook on systems change and how to get it done.
October 15, 2018
On ballots across the United States, there are roughly 70,000 elected positions up for grabs this fall, and about 96 percent of them are at the local level. Can you name one in your district? Good start. Can you name five—maybe someone running for a judgeship? Wow! Ten? Didn't think so. But should you become informed? Absolutely, and now more than ever.
Local elected officials play a critical role in determining how equitable life in a region will be, says Aviva Rosman (Chi–NWI '10). She's the founder of BallotReady, an interactive app that provides any voter who types in a ZIP code with transparent information about every candidate on the ballot.
"When we started, we were told that people don't care about down-ballot elections," Rosman says. "That's not true. It's just that it's so difficult to learn enough about them. If you have the information, you care."
Consider the justice system. Elected prosecutors determine what cases, charges, and sentences to pursue (or drop). Elected judges influence and sometimes determine the outcome of court proceedings. Further down the ballot, elected coroners provide autopsy reports that, if poorly done, can botch a criminal prosecution or defense. In many states, coroners aren't even required to have medical degrees (Tip: Look for the candidate who does).
Rosman notes that while many justice systems interact disproportionately with communities of color, people of color are sparsely represented among elected officers at the top. A recent report backed by the progressive Women Donors Network showed that about 95 percent of elected prosecutors are white. In most cases, voters don't even have the choice to hold them accountable at the ballot box: 85 percent of elected prosecutors won uncontested races.
Or take the county assessor, a classic down-ballot elected office whose job remains a mystery to many voters (the assessor determines property values). In Cook County, Illinois, which includes Chicago, a 2017 ProPublica Illinois - Chicago Tribune analysis revealed that Assessor Joseph Berrios, a career politician and then-chair of the county's Democratic Party, oversaw the routine undervaluing of the county's most expensive properties and the overvaluing of the least expensive. In effect, his office handed wealthy landowners an enormous tax break while overtaxing small business owners in neighborhoods already suffering disinvestment. (After eight years in office, Berrios narrowly lost a March primary.)
"When we started, we were told that people don't care about down-ballot elections. That's not true. It's just that it's so difficult to learn enough about them. If you have the information, you care."
Rosman's proposition is that if we understand how much influence local elected officials have over our daily lives and the well-being of our communities, we'll demand better. BallotReady will cover elections in all 50 states beginning October 1, sharing candidates' biographies and policy positions as well as their endorsements. State bar associations often vet judicial candidates, Rosman says. Groups like the Sierra Club assess candidates' stances on environmental policies. At press time the BallotReady team was working to be able to publish "shareable" ballots—a way for local influencers (or anyone else) to post online whom they're voting for and why.
Here's Rosman's best advice on how to feel informed when you confront the bottom of your ballot this fall. "Especially at the local level," she says, "ask your friends what they know. Go to candidate forums. Go to campaign events. These candidates want to meet you because that's how they get elected."
Then, she says, spread the knowledge. Host or attend a "ballot party." Do it over drinks, over brunch, before book club, or after church—any place you can get together with people you respect to discuss whom to vote for and why. Then, get out and vote.
Voting is a sort of test of our democratic duty, Rosman says. Don't just pass it, ace it.


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MIAMI -- In their first two years at the University of Miami, Kevin Patrick and Rusty Medearis were roommates. They share the same position, defensive end, and the same approach to football -- always go all out.
So when Medearis sustained a season-ending knee injury last week against Arizona and Patrick was named as his replacement, he knew he couldn't let his friend down.
After announcing they would dedicate Saturday's Florida State game to their fallen leader, Patrick and the entire UM defense made Medearis proud.
Patrick sacked quarterback Charlie Ward three times and the UM defense stopped the Seminoles cold in the final minutes of a 19-16 victory at the Orange Bowl.
Minutes after the game, Patrick called Medearis at Doctors Hospital, where he had returned after a pregame visit with the team.
"He told me to to tell everyone that he knew we could do it," Patrick said. "He said he believed in us. You could tell by the sound of his voice that he was excited. He was so happy."
So was everybody else in the UM locker room. And why not? The defense limited FSU to 67 rushing yards on 38 attempts, intercepted Ward twice, recovered two fumbles and kept the Seminoles at bay until the Miami offense could get its act together.
"It was a tremendous effort," defensive coordinator Sonny Lubick said. "The defense couldn't have played any better. We're all so proud of them. They played from the heart, and they left it all on the field."
No one could argue with the last part of that statement, not while a handful of UM defenders were taking intravenous fluids for dehydration after the game.
"It wasn't because we're out of shape," said linebacker Darrin Smith, who had five tackles. "We just gave it all we had."
FSU was threatening to extend a 13-10 lead in the fourth quarter when Smith came up with one of the UM's biggest defensive plays. On first-and-10 at the Miami 30, Clyde Allen caught a short pass from Ward, but Smith stripped the ball and recovered the fumble.
Later in the quarter, after Gino Torretta's touchdown pass to Lamar Thomas, it was left to the defense to preserve the lead.
No problem.
On the Seminoles' first play after the Thomas TD, tackle Pat Riley dropped Ward for a 7-yard loss. Two plays later FSU was forced to punt.
Miami extended its lead to 19-17 with a safety on a botched FSU punt return, but the Seminoles regained possession with 1:35 to play.
FSU drove to the Miami 22, but were stopped there, and Mowrey missed a 39- yard field goal as time expired.
For the haggard 'Canes defense, it was finally time to limp to the locker room.
"Before that drive, we said, 'look at the clock,"' Smith said. "We said 'We have to come out and hold them. We've got to do it. Dig deep."'
Jessie Armstead led the 'Canes with nine tackles, one more than fellow linebacker Micheal Barrow, who called the victory "the sweetest win I've had here, including the national championship, because today we overcame a lot of adversity and played as a team."
Barrow said the 'Canes got a big lift when Medearis, on crutches, spoke to the team in the locker room before the game.
"Every time I see Rusty, tears fill my eyes," Barrow said. "Just to have him speak ... it was so emotional."
Over the team logo on the side of their helmets, UM's defensive linemen wore a sticker with Medearis' No. 98 on it.


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