text: India CBI books former Forensics officer for tampering with reports Published 1 year ago on September 27, 2019 By IANS Share Tweet New Delhi, Sep 27 : The CBI on Friday booked a former officer of the state-run Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL) for alleged irregularities in forensic reports of two rape cases and one case of sodomy and murder. A senior CBI official said that an FIR was registered against A.K. Srivastava, who was a Deputy Director in the FSL's facility in Rohini, Delhi, when the reports were submitted. In all three cases, forensic reports were given in favour of the accused. However, the CBI's re-examination proved that the reports had been tampered with. Apart from Srivastava, his colleague at the FSL at the time the forensic reports were allegedly tampered with, L. Babyto Devi, has also been booked by the CBI in the case. The re-examination had been ordered on the basis of orders by the Delhi High Court in August 2018. As per the CBI's FIR, one of the rape cases was registered at Badarpur police station in Delhi in 2013. A trial court had acquitted the accused on the basis of the tampered report submitted by the FSL. While a three-member board that undertook the re-examination on the basis of the High Court's orders found that the report submitted by Srivastava did not conform to actual scientific findings. The second case pertains to the charges of sodomy and murder in an FIR registered at Mahindra Park police station of Delhi in 2012. Findings in the report submitted by Srivastava and Devi were found contrary to scientific evidence, it said. In the second case of rape registered at Samaypur Badli police station in 2012, data submitted by the FSL did not match with the subsequent report prepared by the Central Forensic Science Laboratory. "Enquiry has prima facie established that reports/opinion given by Ms L Babyto Devi and Dr AK Srivastava in the above mentioned cases are inconsistent with the reports given subsequently by experts of FSL, Rohini and experts of CFSL CBI, New Delhi," the FIR stated. The accused have been booked under relevant sections of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and under sections 201 and 218 of the Indian Penal Code. Related Topics:AK Srivastavaforensic reportsForensic Science LaboratoryRape Casessodomy and murder Up Next PM Modi urges world to unite on terror at UNGA Don't Miss FIR registered against Lakshmi Vilas Bank in cheating case IANS Continue Reading Advertisement You may like After Increase In Rape Cases, UN In India Says Women From Weaker Sections Are At Greater Risk Cops deny minor girl's eyes gouged out, tongue slit Lahore reports 73 rape cases in 2 months Bulandshahr gang-rape main accused dead Waning faith in system dangerous for nation: Hazare SC favours live streaming of court proceedings India Govt ready to give written assurance on MSP, changes in farm laws Thousands of protesters have blocked Delhi borders at five points connecting it to Chandigarh, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, crippling supply chains to the national capital. Published 28 mins ago on December 5, 2020 By WeForNews Desk New Delhi, Dec 5 : With the fifth round of talks between the Centre and farmer leader set to begin on Saturday afternoon, the Union government is learnt to have decided to give a written assurance on MSP, and also agree to amend the contentious three new farm laws enacted in September. As per sources privy to the developments, the government has decided to accept the farmers' demand for written assurance on Minimum Support Price (MSP) by an "executive order and not by legislation". The development comes after a high-level meeting at Prime Minister Narendra Modi's residence here this morning, in which Union Home Minister Amit Shah, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, and Agriculture Minister Narendra Singh Tomar participated. After over one-and-half hours meeting with the Prime Minister, the source said, the government may accept to effect amendments to the farm laws that farmers dub as "black" and "anti-farmer". The laws are The Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020; The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020; and The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020. The decision was taken after four earlier talks between the Centre and farmer representatives here in the national capital remained inconclusive. The fifth round of talks will start at 2 pm at Vigyan Bhavan in central Delhi. A group of nearly three dozen farmer leaders will participate in the meeting. Agriculture Minister Narendra Singh Tomar, Consumer Affairs Minister Piyush Goyal, Union Minister of State Som Prakash and Agriculture Secretary Sanjay Agarwal will join the meeting. The farmers had put out a five-point demands that include framing of a specific law on MSP, no punishment for stubble-burning, repeal of the three farm laws, settlement of objections about proposed Electricity (Amendment) Act, 2020 and written assurance on MSP. The farmer union representatives in earlier talks had rejected the government's argument that the three farm laws were in the interest of farmers, saying the laws will only benefit big business and corporate houses. Giving an example of sugarcane procurement, the farmers' organisations had also objected to contract farming and pointed out its drawbacks. The Bharatiya Kisan Union, Bharatiya Kisan Sanyukt Morcha and Krantikari Kisan Union are among more than 34 farm unions which have demanded a special session of Parliament to frame a law on MSP as well as repeal of the farm laws. Thousands of protesters have blocked Delhi borders at five points connecting it to Chandigarh, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, crippling supply chains to the national capital. Continue Reading India Ahead of farmer talks, PM Modi meets Amit Shah, Narendra Singh Tomar, Rajnath Singh The government, however, maintains that the new laws will provide farmers with better opportunities. It has also accused the opposition parties of "misleading" the farmers. Published 1 hour ago on December 5, 2020 By IANS Ahead of the Centre's fifth round of talks with agitating farmers on Saturday, a high-level meeting commenced at Prime Minister Narendra Modi's residence on Saturday morning.Union Home Minister Amit Shah, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, and Agriculture Minister Narendra Singh Tomar, Union Minister Piyush Goyal are present at the meeting.On Thursday, talks between the Union government and farmers' representatives at Vigyan Bhavan did not reach any conclusion, though the Centre softened its stance on some demands. Another round of talks with the farmers is scheduled for 2 pm on Saturday.The farmers are demanding the repeal of the three farm laws passed by Parliament in September.The government, however, maintains that the new laws will provide farmers with better opportunities. It has also accused the opposition parties of "misleading" the farmers.Farmers' doubts will be cleared in today's meeting with Centre. In recent meetings, some issues were clarified. It's Opposition's politics, they're instigating the protest. The meeting will be fruitful & we expect farmers will roll back protest, said MoS Agriculture, Kailash Choudhary Continue Reading India Adar Poonawalla, CEO Serum Institute among 6 named 'Asians of the Year' by Singapore daily The Serum Institute was founded by Poonawalla's father Cyrus Poonawalla in 1966. Published 3 hours ago on December 5, 2020 By IANS Singapore, December 5 : Adar Poonawalla, the chief executive of the world's largest vaccine manufacturer Serum Institute of India, is among six people named 'Asians of the Year' by Singapore's leading daily, The Straits Times, for their work in fighting the Covid pandemic.Pune-based Serum Institute of India (SII) has collaborated with the University of Oxford and the British-Swedish pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca for making the Covid vaccine, 'Covidshield', and is conducting trials in India.The other five named in the list are Chinese researcher Zhang Yongzhen, who led the team that mapped and published online the first complete genome of Sars-CoV-2, the virus that sparked the pandemic, China's Major-General Chen Wei, Japan's Dr Ryuichi Morishita and Singapore's Professor Ooi Eng Eong, who are among those at the forefront of developing vaccines against the virus, and South Korean businessman Seo Jung-jin whose company will enable the making and dispensing of the vaccines and other Covid-19 treatments to the world.Collectively referred to as "the virus busters", they are heroes of a kind, having devoted themselves to the pressing cause of resolving the coronavirus pandemic, each in their own capacity, the daily said."Sars-CoV-2, the virus that has brought death and hardship to the world's largest and most populous continent, is meeting its tamer in The Virus Busters," the award citation said."We salute your courage, care, commitment and creativity. In this peril-filled hour, you are a symbol of hope for Asia, indeed the world."The Serum Institute was founded by Poonawalla's father Cyrus Poonawalla in 1966.Poonawalla joined the Serum Institute of India in 2001 and became the CEO of Serum Institute with complete control of the day-to-day operations of the company in 2011.Poonawalla said that he had put USD 250 million of his family fortune into ramping up his institute's manufacturing capacity."I decided to go all out," said Poonawalla, 39, who has pledged that his firm's COVID-19 vaccines will help supply lower- and middle-income countries that face significant disadvantages in the quest to obtain them.Poonawalla said his institute is helping poorer countries level up in access to vaccines.In the big picture of ending the pandemic, commonality of purpose is key, said The Straits Times, Singapore's mainstream daily.The Straits Times Asians of the Year have led the way, as have scores of other individuals in their own fields. When an end comes into sight, it will be due in no small part to these people who – undaunted by the tumult – have committed themselves to the sobering, much-needed work to put together an exit plan from the crisis, for humanity."There has not been a day this year when the pandemic has not been in the news. Straits Times' editors felt there could be no more deserving recipients this year than the people squaring up to Asia's biggest-ever health challenge, engaged in pioneering and courageous efforts to prevent the highly contagious virus from wreaking more damage," Bhagyashree Garekar, Straits Times' foreign editor, said on Saturday."In a year that is ending with a wish for great resets… Asia's virus busters are the face of hope on the horizon," said Garekar.Between them, the recipients of the 2020 award capture the entire trajectory of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.In deciding to honour The Virus Busters, Straits Times editors had in mind those who have, in one way or another, enabled the complex, multi-stage process of preventing as many people around the world from getting the deadly disease in as little time as possible."Each year, ST editors seek out a person, team or organisation that has not only made or shaped the news, but also helped contribute positively to Asia in the process," said Warren Fernandez, editor-in-chief of Singapore Press Holdings' English/Malay/Tamil Media Group and editor of Straits Times."This year, we naturally looked to those involved in the fight against Covid-19, which has dominated the headlines. We debated long and hard, but finally agreed on a group of people who have done the most to help find an answer to the crisis brought on by the virus."They are a disparate group whose collective efforts have pushed forward the search for vaccines, allowing these to be discovered and delivered with an urgency never attempted or seen before. Their commitment and actions have helped save lives and give hope to people all around Asia, and the world," Fernandez said. PTI Continue Reading Latest Trending Videos India28 mins ago Govt ready to give written assurance on MSP, changes in farm laws World44 mins ago 25 Taliban militants killed in raid: Afghan Army Election50 mins ago Hyderabadis give fractured mandate, TRS single largest party World54 mins ago Corrupt officials to be axed, not transferred: Imran Khan India1 hour ago Ahead of farmer talks, PM Modi meets Amit Shah, Narendra Singh Tomar, Rajnath Singh Politics1 hour ago RJD denied permission to stage protest at Gandhi maidan Disaster3 hours ago US sets record with 225,201 single-day Covid-19 cases World3 hours ago 36 cross-party UK MPs support Indian farmers' agitation India3 hours ago Adar Poonawalla, CEO Serum Institute among 6 named 'Asians of the Year' by Singapore daily India3 hours ago Farmers' rail roko protest continues at Jandiala Guru Entertainment4 weeks ago Alaya F is feeling like her favourite emoji in new post Disaster2 weeks ago New York state Governor Andrew Cuomo warns of post-Thanksgiving Covid-19 spike Nature3 weeks ago UN chief calls for great leap towards carbon neutrality Lifestyle3 weeks ago Sania Mirza Birthday: 5 Best looks to steal from Tennis Queen Entertainment2 weeks ago Aamir Khan is Excited About Watching Movie in Theatre Post Covid-19 and We Can Totally Relate Blog4 weeks ago Harsh Vardhan: Our Aim Is To Give Covid Vaccine To 30 Crore Indians By August-September 2021 Cities3 weeks ago Tamil Nadu NEET merit list 2020 out; Know details here Cities2 weeks ago Rajasthan govt hikes penalty on gathering of more than 100 people at marriages Entertainment2 weeks ago Justin Bieber curious about Covid scenario in India Cities1 week ago Cyclone Nivar: Andhra CM orders state machinery to be ready India3 days ago Farmers' income has halved while that of govt's friends has risen: Rahul Gandhi takes dig at Centre India2 weeks ago PM Modi inaugurates Multi Storeyed flats for Members of Parliament Politics2 weeks ago We are reformists, not rebels, says Ghulam Nabi Azad India2 weeks ago 'Great daughter of our motherland': Rahul Gandhi, Congress remember Indira Gandhi on birth anniversary India3 weeks ago Rahul Gandhi pays tribute to Jawaharlal Nehru on his birth anniversary Cities3 weeks ago Delhiites burst firecrackers to celebrate Diwali despite ban Politics3 weeks ago Foreign politician can't give such opinions: Sanjay Raut on Barak Obama's memoir India3 weeks ago Diwali 2020: PM Modi distributes sweets among Jawans in Jaisalmer Entertainment3 weeks ago Lucky Ali stops singing O sanam at line mentioning death in viral video Election3 weeks ago Trump supporters hold marches to protest what they claim are 'questionable' election results Advertisement Most Popular India4 years ago CBSE approves compulsory Class X board exams Politics8 months ago Send a central team to Gujarat also: Ahmed Patel Business5 years ago Desperate Venture Capitalists like Mahesh Murthy spoiling Indian Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Blog3 years ago People feel robbed off by Modi's government policies India3 years ago Jammu & Kashmir: Police register FIR against army Blog4 months ago Yogi emerges as BJP's new poster boy for 'Hindutva' Front Page3 years ago Online portal launched to register sexual harassment complaints Politics3 years ago Sinha showed mirror on economy with article: Shatrughan Sinha


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Background: A careful characterization of behavioral abnormalities in corticobasal degeneration syndrome (CBDS) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) by reliable tools is still lacking. Literature data provided evidence of the usefulness of the Frontal Behavioral Inventory (FBI) to operationalize such disturbances, particularly in the frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum. The study aimed to evaluate the frequency and pattern of presentation of behavioral disturbances in a large sample of CBDS and PSP patients by FBI.
Methods: Sixty-eight CBDS and 57 PSP patients entered the study and underwent a standardized clinical and neuropsychological battery, and a structural brain imaging study. Behavioral disturbances were carefully analyzed by FBI.
Results: FBI scores were relatively low in both groups, being 6.7 ± 8.2 and 5.6 ± 6.1 in CBDS and PSP, respectively. Comparison of the behavioral profile between CBDS and PSP patients showed significant differences in apathy were more frequent in the latter (57.9% vs. 33.8%, P = 0.007), and the presence of alien hand/apraxia more frequent in the former group 39.7% vs. 10.5%, P = 0.001). Apathy correlated neither with age nor with motor disturbances as measured by UPDRS-III. Overall, the most frequent behavioral abnormalities present in both groups (>25%) were aspontaneity and logopenia. Aphasia (27.9%) and irritability (35.3%) were more frequent in CBDS compared to PSP, even if not statistically different.
Discussion: The present study has provided measures of behavioral disturbances in a population of PSP and CBDS patients, and further confirms the usefulness of the FBI scale.
Corticobasal degeneration syndrome (CBDS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by higher cortical dysfunctions associated with progressive asymmetric akinetic-rigid syndrome, and limb dystonia or focal myoclonus (Lang et al., 1994). One of the most typical and specific clinical features in CBDS is considered alien limb phenomenon, usually present in advanced disease stage (Doody and Jankovic, 1992).
We report the case of an Italian family in which three sisters experienced transient global amnesia (TGA). Since its early description, this transitory pure memory deficit has attracted increasing interest, especially within the neurological community. In 1964 the term "TGA" was coined to identify the abrupt onset of anterograde amnesia, accompanied by repetitive queries lasting for hours and then gradually recovering, leaving an amnesic gap for the duration of the attack. Afterwards, many studies focused on TGA, and in 1990 clinical criteria were defined by Hodges and Warlow (1990). Further studies showed that meeting diagnostic criteria was a significant predictor for a better outcome than in other forms of transient amnesia, while amnesic patients who did not fulfil the TGA criteria had different outcomes. Precipitating and trigger events for TGA were identified and divided into physical and psychological factors (Inzitari et al., 1997; Quinette et al., 2006). Physical precipitants were found to be gardening, housework and sawing wood, contact with water and changes in body temperature occurring during hot baths or showers, or a cold swim at the swimming pool. Emotional trigger events included a major life or death event, emotional stress triggered by a gastric endoscopy, an exhausting work session, and anxiety resulting from conflicts at home or at work, health problems and money worries. Several hypotheses have been proposed for its pathogenesis such as psychogenic, venous dysfunction due to jugular venous valve incompetence, or ischemic aetiology, but the enigma of TGA still needs to be unravelled (Lewis, 1998; Akkawi et al., 2001).
Studies reported in the literature indicate a wide range of movement disorders associated with anti-epileptic treatment (Easterford et al., 2004). Valproic acid is a well-known cause of reversible neurotoxicity characterized by symptoms resembling idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and cognitive impairment (Armon et al., 1996; Onofrj et al., 1998).
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Provider: JSTOR http://www.jstor.org Database: JSTOR Content: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" TY - CHAP TI - Ages of Globular Clusters and the Age of the Universe A2 - WEINTRAUB, DAVID A. AB -
We know that stars are born out of giant interstellar clouds, that some of those clouds form clusters with only a few dozen or few hundred stars while others form clusters with hundreds of thousands of stars. We also know from observations of clusters of newborn stars that the time required for all of the stars in a cluster to form—from the birth of the first star to the birth of the last—is at most a few million years. Except in the very youngest clusters, the age of the cluster (hundreds of millions to many billions of years)EP - 172 PB - Princeton University Press PY - 2011 SN - 9780691147314 SP - 159 T2 - How Old Is the Universe? UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sx5g.16 Y2 - 2020/12/04/ ER -


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WASHINGTON -- When Republicans in Congress passed a bill to raise the minimum wage this summer, they tucked in a tax break that softens the blow for a select group of their friends: the pizza moguls.
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Ashok Gehlot (Pc: Social Media)
New Delhi: The Shivraj Singh government of Madhya Pradesh has prepared a draft of the law for Love Jihad. At the same time, the government headed by Yogi Adityanath of Uttar Pradesh is also going to make a law on it soon.
BJP is trying to spoil the communal harmony: Gehlot
Apart from this, there is a demand in many other states to make laws on this matter. Meanwhile, Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot has targeted the BJP over love jihad. He says that the BJP is trying to spoil the communal harmony in the country. At the same time, Rajasthan BJP President Satish Poonia retorted that this statement is shameful.
They are creating an environment in the nation where consenting adults would be at the mercy of state power. Marriage is a personal decision & they are putting curbs on it, which is like snatching away personal liberty.
— Ashok Gehlot (@ashokgehlot51) November 20, 2020
ALSO READ: Uttar Pradesh's Yogi Govt to bring law against 'Love Jihad'
Ashok Gehlot on Friday tweeted, 'Love jihad is a term coined by the BJP to divide the nation and disturb communal harmony. Marriage is a matter of personal liberty, bringing a law to curb it is completely unconstitutional and this law will not survive in any court. Jihad has no place in love. '
Gehlot said that marriage is a personal decision and BJP is curbing it. He said, 'They are creating an environment in the nation where people who give mutual consent will be under the mercy and power of the state. Marriage is a personal decision and they are curbing it, which is like snatching personal freedom. '
Accusing the BJP of disturbing communal harmony, the Chief Minister of Rajasthan. He said "It is like spoiling communal harmony, promoting social struggle and defying the constitutional provisions of the state." While the state does not discriminate against citizens on any basis.
ALSO READ: Winters season begins in country; IMD predicts rain in North India
Stay tuned with the newstrack to get fastest updates. Click @englishnewstrack to follow us on Facebook and @newstrackmedia to follow on twitter.
Keep yourself updated with latest news through Newstrack App. To download App from Google Playstore visit here - Newstrack App


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Spootnic Mini Golf
Spootnic Mini Golf Tags, Control and description
Challenge yourself to mini-golf on 3 separate courses! First, you will choose between a 9- or 18-hole round. Then, prepare to showcase your golfing skills. Line up each shot, and whack the ball towards the flagged target. Watch out for annoying ponds!
About Spootnic Mini Golf
You can play Spootnic Mini Golf free online sports games at Cool Sport Games. It has tags: Sports,Mini Golf,. It has 2604 total plays and has been rated 72.2% (4 like and 3 dislike), find the fun and happy day. We find some of the game: Mini Golf Chester, Mini Golf 6, Office Mini-Golf and Mini Golf Jurassic. To play other games, go to the sports games page, the mini golf games page, or just check out the new games or best games page.


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Many individuals who are attending a marriage don't understand or even just really love the star of the event definition. Actually it has become more usual for people to obtain bridal shower instead of a bride's wedding. Many times it isn't clear to a lot of people the actual difference is.
The first thing you need to understand about the bride's classification within the groom's description is that they will be two distinct entities. Traditionally a couple can be married and then carry out the required making a household together. In certain countries in addition there are some laws and regulations that suggest that you must have two incomes before the marriage usually takes place.
This is where the bride's definition of the soon-to-be husband comes in. It is the bride's work to make sure that the groom is about date in the responsibilities. If the new bride feels that something is not on track the most common point she will do is to remember to it and tell her hubby. Many times asians women this will associated with groom recognize that he needs to make changes on some of his responsibilities.
On the other hand, in the event the groom is a bit off-base with the bride, the groom's meaning is more likely for taking effect. At this point, the bride will try to discover the groom to get back on target. One cause of this could be that the bride-to-be believes that something was not quite correct with the bridegroom when he was in college. Sometimes the bride will suggest that they start a new your life together without the family around and this therefore sparks the groom's sense of responsibility to do his part.
Another common example of this type of relationship comes from when the bride-to-be was pregnant. The mother-to-be would be the one who would be being sure that all her responsibilities had been taken care of and the husband would be left to relax and revel in the time he previously. Sometimes the two bride and the groom can no longer work out this sort of arrangement due to amount of time the husband is willing to spend with the family.
Overall the bride's definition of the groom is very important within a marriage. When both people get along and so are committed to one another then issues tend to always be smooth sailing. If either party tries to get in the way in the relationship the relationship usually ends terribly. Before you get too excited about this concept, you should spend a bit of time and talk to your spouse and discover exactly what all their expectations are.


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With growing demand being placed on onboard electrical power supplies these days, it's an ideal time to refresh dated lighting fixtures with energy-efficient LEDs. Hella marine EuroLED 95 Down Lights draw little power while providing clean, even illumination.
Built upon the existing strengths of the PowerGuard 27 Series, the new PowerGuard PRO is designed with improvements that offer real value.
The Cablemaster Model CM-7 is a solid when it comes to handling and storing bulky 50 amp power cable.
Read more: Cablemaster CM-7 Takes the Backache Out of 50amp...
Simply plug it in and the LED back panel immediately identifies if the connections are made correctly, and are in the correct position, ensuring the device is wired properly.
Hate running the generator all night and getting little sleep? New lithium-ion battery systems are changing the face of boating, bringing new capabilities and incredible benefits – for a price.
Yanmar Power Technology has announced the development of a hydrogen fuel cell system for maritime applications based on fuel cell technology for automobiles, as part of efforts to offer environment-friendly powertrain solutions.
With the introduction of the Ion Power Basic, a safe Lithium Ion battery formulated with Lithium, Iron and Phosphate cells (LiFePO4), a new era has begun, according to WhisperPower, with the perfect sustainable alternative to the conventional lead-acid battery.
Read more: WhisperPower introduces Lithium Ion battery as...
During the heat of summer, many boat owners turn on their air conditioning units. Whether portable or installed, they have serious power requirements that can strain and overload outdated, twist-type shore power systems.
50 amp cordsets from marine electrical products manufacturer Furrion feature Powersmart™ blue LEDs to indicate when power is present. A new 125-volt cordset also features a reverse polarity and neutral loss indicator to alert you of a potential problem with the power supply.
Most plug-in pole lights are constructed of thin-walled aluminum tubing, held in place with a plastic base. Such poles, particularly in the longer lengths, are susceptible to bending and breaking in rough water applications. Perko offers an alternative with its new heavy-duty Marinium pole light series. Tough and good-looking, this lighting offers made-in-America quality
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CY Virtual Video Boat Tours
We all love boats and nothing can break us up! So, what better way to spend our time than looking at interesting boats and going aboard in a virtual ride or tour. We have asked our friends at various dealers and manufacturers to help us assemble a one-stop online resource to experience some of the most interesting boats on the market today. Where the CY Team has done a review, we connect you to that expert viewpoint. If you can't go boating, you can almost experience the thrill via your screen. Not quite the same, but we hope you enjoy our fine tour collection.
Read more about the CY Virtual Boat Tours....................
Hanse 418
By Katherine Stone
Optimized sailing performance and comfortable living – a sweet ride
The expression that came to mind immediately was "Sweet Ride" – and I wasn't referring to the latest ride at the CNE, a chairlift, or a new Mercedes – it was the new Hanse 418, as it cleanly cut through the water in a gusty 15-20 knot breeze averaging 6-8 knots on Lake Ontario. She was easy to steer and manoeuver even in the big gusts. The extra length over the 388 has made a big difference, with German architects Judel/Vrolijk focusing on updates to the deck layout, cockpit and stern.
Chemainus—the Little Town That Did
By Marianne Scott
The approach to the Chemainus Municipal Dock from Stuart Channel is straightforward and is protected from all but strong northerly winds. The only obstacle may be some large log booms often anchored in the harbour. The Dock is immediately south of the B.C. ferry terminal; the ferry runs to Thetis- and Penelakut Islands.
Harbourmaster Harmen Bootsma, who has been the cheerful, welcoming presence here for a couple of decades, is ready to catch your lines.
Plominski tries again
Skipper John "Drew" Plominski is hoping that lightning doesn't strike twice. Plominski, whose boat was destroyed by lightening two years ago, was first in line to register for the 39th biennial Marblehead-to-Halifax Ocean race to take place this summer.'We're thrilled to see Drew back for another try," said Richard Hinterhoeller, RNSYS co-race director Plominski's 30-foot vessel, named Perseverance, was just about ready.
Along with his wife and three friends, he planned to compete in the 363-mile biennial race to Nova Scotia.The South Boston resident left his boat moored at the Columbia Yacht Club the night before the big race and was at his house...
The Association provides a forum for exchanging information, tips and access an advocate on behalf of the membership. Their Directors work with members to find solutions to issues in British Columbia. Members receive quarterly newsletter, with contributions by other members all along the BC coast.
The Association and its members continually update the list of marinas that allow little board moorings. This is a list of known and reported marinas that allow marine residents in British Columbia. We need your help to build and keep this list up-to-date. Please contact us with any additions or edits.
DIY & How to
Winterization Isn't Like Your Dad Did It: Modern Methods For Modern Boats
By Andrew McDonald, Lakeside Marine Services
"They don't make 'em like they used to", is a phrase that many of us are familiar with. Most of the time it is in reference to a bygone era of better, and it's used to lament the sorry state of what we have today. It is a phrase that can be applied to many areas of our lives: architecture, art, furniture, tools. Boats? I would argue that they don't make them like they used to. But, is that lamentable, or is it progress?
Progress, I think. With this concept in mind, as we enter another season of putting boats to bed for the winter, why do we winterize as we always have?
Bold Sea Stories – Prizewinning Nonfiction
By Katherine Stone
There are places and things that we read, hear and dream about, that are on our "bucket list" to cruise. Lake Superior was not one of those places for me and I'm not sure it ever will be, as I remember all too well chipping ice out of the bottom of a Lightning there in early August before we went sailing in a championship regatta.
However, I feel that I have truly been there when I read of the many stories that Marlin Bree artfully describes in his book Bold Sea Stories. Hitting the bookshelves for the first time during the Covid-19 outbreak getting Bold Sea Stories might not be a bad idea, as you can easily acquire it on-line now from Indigo or Amazon for under $20.


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Cozy Sarajevo Center APT in Quiet Area with A/C★Air condition. Modern TWO bedrooms flat 60 Square Meters in center of Sarajevo on 1st floor. Two folding baby beds. Around: 50m first Bakery, Pharmacy and Supermarket, 300m away from main street - Ferhadija street, 350m Theater - Sarajevo Film Festival, 450m McDonalds, 500m Catholic cathedral, 550m BBI center - shopping, 600m Gazi Husrev bey's mosque and Tower clock, 750m Bascarsija - Sebilj, 850m Vijecnica The apartment is positioned on the line between the old town and the center.
Avlija16-studio with garden and parkingResidence part of Bascarsija old town.Southern position,just 700 meters downhill to Sebilj and 800 meters to Sarajevo chatedral. Apartment is part of Guest House Avlija 16 wich is positioned on 450 m2 walled garden with free wi fi,barbicue with all equipment,and swimming pool for the summer season.


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The PATENTSCOPE team has been busy working on this new interface!Please let us know what you think and help us prioritize what to improve, build next by dropping us a line below.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Prov. Pat. App. Serial
Nos. 60/809,244 filed May 30, 2006 and 60/820,223 filed July 24, 2006, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for transmitting vibrations through teeth or bone structures in and/or around a mouth. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and apparatus for sound conduction through teeth or bone structures in and/or around the mouth by transmitting vibrations correlating to auditory signals received by a user.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Hearing loss affects over 31 million people in the United States (about 13% of the population). As a chronic condition, the incidence of hearing impairment rivals that of heart disease and, like heart disease, the incidence of hearing impairment increases sharply with age. [0004] While the vast majority of those with hearing loss can be helped by a well-fitted, high quality hearing device, only 22% of the total hearing impaired population own hearing devices. Current products and distribution methods are not able to satisfy or reach over 20 million persons with hearing impairment in the U.S. alone. [0005] Hearing loss adversely affects a person's quality of life and psychological well-being. Individuals with hearing impairment often withdraw from social interactions to avoid frustrations resulting from inability to understand conversations. Recent studies have shown that hearing impairment causes increased stress levels, reduced self-confidence, reduced sociability and reduced effectiveness in the workplace. [0006] The human ear generally comprises three regions: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The outer ear generally comprises the external auricle and the ear canal, which is a tubular pathway through which sound reaches the middle ear. The outer ear is separated from the middle ear by the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The middle ear generally comprises three small bones, known as the ossicles, which form a mechanical conductor from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. Finally, the inner ear includes the cochlea, which is a fluid-filled structure that contains a large number of delicate sensory hair cells that are connected to the auditory nerve. [0007] Hearing loss can also be classified in terms of being conductive, sensorineural, or a combination of both. Conductive hearing impairment typically results from diseases or disorders that limit the transmission of sound through the middle ear. Most conductive impairments can be treated medically or surgically. Purely conductive hearing loss represents a relatively small portion of the total hearing impaired population (estimated at less than 5% of the total hearing impaired population). [0008] Sensorineural hearing losses occur mostly in the inner ear and account for the vast majority of hearing impairment (estimated at 90-95% of the total hearing impaired population). Sensorineural hearing impairment (sometimes called "nerve loss") is largely caused by damage to the sensory hair cells inside the cochlea. Sensorineural hearing impairment occurs naturally as a result of aging or prolonged exposure to loud music and noise. This type of hearing loss cannot be reversed nor can it be medically or surgically treated; however, the use of properly fitted hearing devices can improve the individual's quality of life. [0009] Conventional hearing devices are the most common devices used to treat mild to severe sensorineural hearing impairment. These are acoustic devices that amplify sound to the tympanic membrane. These devices are individually customizable to the patient's physical and acoustical characteristics over four to six separate visits to an audiologist or hearing instrument specialist. Such devices generally comprise a microphone, amplifier, battery, and speaker. Recently, hearing device manufacturers have increased the sophistication of sound processing, often using digital technology, to provide features such as programmability and multi-band compression. Although these devices have been miniaturized and are less obtrusive, they are still visible and have major acoustic limitation. [0010] Industry research has shown that the primary obstacles for not purchasing a hearing device generally include: a) the stigma associated with wearing a hearing device; b) dissenting attitudes on the part of the medical profession, particularly ENT physicians; c) product value issues related to perceived performance problems; d) general lack of information and education at the consumer and physician level; and e) negative word-of-mouth from dissatisfied users. [OOllJ Other devices such as cochlear implants have been developed for people who have severe to profound hearing loss and are essentially deaf (approximately 2% of the total hearing impaired population). The electrode of a cochlear implant is inserted into the inner ear in an invasive and non-reversible surgery. The electrode electrically stimulates the auditory nerve through an electrode array that provides audible cues to the user, which are not usually interpreted by the brain as normal sound. Users generally require intensive and extended counseling and training following surgery to achieve the expected benefit. [0012] Other devices such as electronic middle ear implants generally are surgically placed within the middle ear of the hearing impaired. They are surgically implanted devices with an externally worn component. [0013J The manufacture, fitting and dispensing of hearing devices remain an arcane and inefficient process. Most hearing devices are custom manufactured, fabricated by the manufacturer to fit the ear of each prospective purchaser. An impression of the ear canal is taken by the dispenser (either an audiologist or licensed hearing instrument specialist) and mailed to the manufacturer for interpretation and fabrication of the custom molded rigid plastic casing. Hand- wired electronics and transducers (microphone and speaker) are then placed inside the casing, and the final product is shipped back to the dispensing professional after some period of time, typically one to two weeks. [0014] The time cycle for dispensing a hearing device, from the first diagnostic session to the final fine-tuning session, typically spans a period over several weeks, such as six to eight weeks, and involves multiple with the dispenser. [0015] Accordingly, there exists a need for methods and devices which are efficacious and safe in facilitating the treatment of hearing loss in patients.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0016] An electronic and transducer device may be attached, adhered, or otherwise embedded into or upon a removable dental or oral appliance to form a hearing aid assembly. Such a removable oral appliance may be a custom-made device fabricated from a thermal forming process utilizing a replicate model of a dental structure obtained by conventional dental impression methods. The electronic and transducer assembly may receive incoming sounds either directly or through a receiver to process and amplify the signals and transmit the processed sounds via a vibrating transducer element coupled to a tooth or other bone structure, such as the maxillary, mandibular, or palatine bone structure. [0017] The assembly for transmitting vibrations via at least one tooth may generally comprise a housing having a shape which is conformable to at least a portion of the at least one tooth, and an actuatable transducer disposed within or upon the housing and in vibratory communication with a surface of the at least one tooth. Moreover, the transducer itself may be a separate assembly from the electronics and may be positioned along another surface of the tooth, such as the occlusal surface, or even attached to an implanted post or screw embedded into the underlying bone. Additionally, the transducer may also be placed directly onto the gingival tissue surface adjacent to the tooth for vibratory transmission through the tissue and into the underlying bone. [0018] One example of a method for transmitting these vibrations via at least one tooth may generally comprising positioning a housing of the removable oral appliance onto at least one tooth, whereby the housing has a shape which is conformable to at least a portion of the tooth, and maintaining contact between a surface of the tooth with an actuatable transducer such that the surface and transducer remain in vibratory communication.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0019] Fig. 1 illustrates the dentition of a patient's teeth and one variation of a hearing aid device which is removably placed upon or against the patient's tooth or teeth as a removable oral appliance. [0020] Fig. 2A illustrates a perspective view of the lower teeth showing one exemplary location for placement of the removable oral appliance hearing aid device. [0021] Fig. 2B illustrates another variation of the removable oral appliance in the form of an appliance which is placed over an entire row of teeth in the manner of a mouthguard. [0022] Fig. 2C illustrates another variation of the removable oral appliance which is supported by an arch.
[0023J Fig. 2D illustrates another variation of an oral appliance configured as a mouthguard. [0024] Fig. 3 illustrates a detail perspective view of the oral appliance positioned upon the patient's teeth utilizable in combination with a transmitting assembly external to the mouth and wearable by the patient in another variation of the device. [0025] Fig. 4 shows an illustrative configuration of the individual components in a variation of the oral appliance device having an external transmitting assembly with a receiving and transducer assembly within the mouth. [0026] Fig. 5 shows an illustrative configuration of another variation of the device in which the entire assembly is contained by the oral appliance within the user's mouth. [0027] Fig. 6A shows a partial cross-sectional view of an oral appliance placed upon a tooth with an electronics/transducer assembly adhered to the tooth surface via an adhesive. [0028] Fig. 6B shows a partial cross-sectional view of a removable backing adhered onto an adhesive surface. [0029] Fig. 7 shows a partial cross- sectional view of another variation of an oral appliance placed upon a tooth with an electronics/transducer assembly pressed against the tooth surface via an osmotic pouch. [0030] Fig. 8 shows a partial cross-sectional view of another variation of an oral appliance placed upon a tooth with an electronics/transducer assembly pressed against the tooth surface via one or more biasing elements. [0031] Fig. 9 illustrates another variation of an oral appliance having an electronics assembly and a transducer assembly separated from one another within the electronics and transducer housing of the oral appliance. [0032] Figs. 10 and 1 1 illustrate additional variations of oral appliances in which the electronics and transducer assembly are maintainable against the tooth surface via a ramped surface and a biasing element. [0033] Fig. 12 shows yet another variation of an oral appliance having an interfacing member positioned between the electronics and/or transducer assembly and the tooth surface.
[0034] Fig. 13 shows yet another variation of an oral appliance having an actuatable mechanism for urging the electronics and/or transducer assembly against the tooth surface.
[0035] Fig. 14 shows yet another variation of an oral appliance having a cam mechanism for urging the electronics and/or transducer assembly against the tooth surface. [0036] Fig. 15 shows yet another variation of an oral appliance having a separate transducer mechanism positionable upon the occlusal surface of the tooth for transmitting vibrations. [0037J Fig. 16 illustrates another variation of an oral appliance having a mechanism for urging the electronics and/or transducer assembly against the tooth surface utilizing a bite-actuated mechanism. [0038] Fig. 17 shows yet another variation of an oral appliance having a composite dental anchor for coupling the transducer to the tooth. [0039] Figs. 18A and 18B show side and top views, respectively, of an oral appliance variation having one or more transducers which may be positioned over the occlusal surface of the tooth. [0040] Figs. 19A and 19B illustrate yet another variation of an oral appliance made from a shape memory material in its pre-formed relaxed configuration and its deformed configuration when placed over or upon the patient's tooth, respectively, to create an interference fit. [0041] Fig. 20 illustrates yet another variation of an oral appliance made from a preformed material in which the transducer may be positioned between the biased side of the oral appliance and the tooth surface. [0042] Fig. 21 illustrates a variation in which the oral appliance may be omitted and the electronics and/or transducer assembly may be attached to a composite dental anchor attached directly to the tooth surface. [0043] Figs. 22A and 22B show partial cross-sectional side and perspective views, respectively, of another variation of an oral appliance assembly having its occlusal surface removed or omitted for patient comfort. [0044] Figs. 23 A and 23B illustrate perspective and side views, respectively, of an oral appliance which may be coupled to a screw or post implanted directly into the underlying bone, such as the maxillary or mandibular bone. [0045] Fig. 24 illustrates another variation in which the oral appliance may be coupled to a screw or post implanted directly into the palate of a patient.
[0045] Figs. 25A and 25B illustrate perspective and side views, respectively, of an oral appliance which may have its transducer assembly or a coupling member attached to the gingival surface to conduct vibrations through the gingival tissue and underlying bone. [0046] Fig. 26 illustrates an example of how multiple oral appliance hearing aid assemblies or transducers may be placed on multiple teeth throughout the patient's mouth. [0047] Figs. 27A and 27B illustrate perspective and side views, respectively, of an oral appliance (similar to a variation shown above) which may have a microphone unit positioned adjacent to or upon the gingival surface to physically separate the microphone from the transducer to attenuate or eliminate feedback. [0048] Fig. 28 illustrates another variation of a removable oral appliance supported by an arch and having a microphone unit integrated within the arch. [0049] Fig. 29 shows yet another variation illustrating at least one microphone and optionally additional microphone units positioned around the user's mouth and in wireless communication with the electronics and/or transducer assembly.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0050| An electronic and transducer device may be attached, adhered, or otherwise embedded into or upon a removable oral appliance or other oral device to form a hearing aid assembly. Such an oral appliance may be a custom-made device fabricated from a thermal forming process utilizing a replicate model of a dental structure obtained by conventional dental impression methods. The electronic and transducer assembly may receive incoming sounds either directly or through a receiver to process and amplify the signals and transmit the processed sounds via a vibrating transducer element coupled to a tooth or other bone structure, such as the maxillary, mandibular, or palatine bone structure. [0051] As shown in Fig. 1, a patient's mouth and dentition 10 is illustrated showing one possible location for removably attaching hearing aid assembly 14 upon or against at least one tooth, such as a molar 12. The patient's tongue TG and palate PL are also illustrated for reference. An electronics and/or transducer assembly 16 may be attached, adhered, or otherwise embedded into or upon the assembly 14, as described below in further detail. [0052] Fig. 2A shows a perspective view of the patient's lower dentition illustrating the hearing aid assembly 14 comprising a removable oral appliance 18 and the electronics and/or transducer assembly 16 positioned along a side surface of the assembly 14. In this variation, oral appliance 18 may be fitted upon two molars 12 within tooth engaging channel 20 defined by oral appliance 18 for stability upon the patient's teeth, although in other variations, a single molar or tooth may be utilized. Alternatively, more than two molars may be utilized for the oral appliance 18 to be attached upon or over. Moreover, electronics and/or transducer assembly 16 is shown positioned upon a side surface of oral appliance 18 such that the assembly 16 is aligned along a buccal surface of the tooth 12; however, other surfaces such as the lingual surface of the tooth 12 and other positions may also be utilized. The figures are illustrative of variations and are not intended to be limiting; accordingly, other configurations and shapes for oral appliance 18 are intended to be included herein. [0053] Fig. 2B shows another variation of a removable oral appliance in the form of an appliance 15 which is placed over an entire row of teeth in the manner of a mouthguard. In this variation, appliance 15 may be configured to cover an entire bottom row of teeth or alternatively an entire upper row of teeth. In additional variations, rather than covering the entire rows of teeth, a majority of the row of teeth may be instead be covered by appliance 15. Assembly 16 may be positioned along one or more portions of the oral appliance 15. [0054] Fig. 2C shows yet another variation of an oral appliance 17 having an arched configuration. In this appliance, one or more tooth retaining portions 21, 23, which in this variation may be placed along the upper row of teeth, may be supported by an arch 19 which may lie adjacent or along the palate of the user. As shown, electronics and/or transducer assembly 16 may be positioned along one or more portions of the tooth retaining portions 21, 23. Moreover, although the variation shown illustrates an arch 19 which may cover only a portion of the palate of the user, other variations may be configured to have an arch which covers the entire palate of the user. [0055] Fig. 2D illustrates yet another variation of an oral appliance in the form of a mouthguard or retainer 25 which may be inserted and removed easily from the user's mouth. Such a mouthguard or retainer 25 may be used in sports where conventional mouthguards are worn; however, mouthguard or retainer 25 having assembly 16 integrated therein may be utilized by persons, hearing impaired or otherwise, who may simply hold the mouthguard or retainer 25 via grooves or channels 26 between their teeth for receiving instructions remotely and communicating over a distance.
[0056J Generally, the volume of electronics and/or transducer assembly 16 may be minimized so as to be unobtrusive and as comfortable to the user when placed in the mouth. Although the size may be varied, a volume of assembly 16 may be less than 800 cubic millimeters. This volume is, of course, illustrative and not limiting as size and volume of assembly 16 and may be varied accordingly between different users. [0057] Moreover, removable oral appliance 18 may be fabricated from various polymeric or a combination of polymeric and metallic materials using any number of methods, such as computer-aided machining processes using computer numerical control (CNC) systems or three-dimensional printing processes, e.g., stereolithography apparatus (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), and/or other similar processes utilizing three-dimensional geometry of the patient's dentition, which may be obtained via any number of techniques. Such techniques may include use of scanned dentition using intra-oral scanners such as laser, white light, ultrasound, mechanical three-dimensional touch scanners, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT). other optical methods, etc. [0058] In forming the removable oral appliance 18, the appliance 18 may be optionally formed such that it is molded to fit over the dentition and at least a portion of the adjacent gingival tissue to inhibit the entry of food, fluids, and other debris into the oral appliance 18 and between the transducer assembly and tooth surface. Moreover, the greater surface area of the oral appliance 18 may facilitate the placement and configuration of the assembly 16 onto the appliance 18. [0059] Additionally, the removable oral appliance 18 may be optionally fabricated to have a shrinkage factor such that when placed onto the dentition, oral appliance 18 may be configured to securely grab onto the tooth or teeth as the appliance 18 may have a resulting size slightly smaller than the scanned tooth or teeth upon which the appliance 18 was formed. The fitting may result in a secure interference fit between the appliance 18 and underlying dentition. [0060] In one variation, with assembly 14 positioned upon the teeth, as shown in Fig.
3, an extra-buccal transmitter assembly 22 located outside the patient's mouth may be utilized to receive auditory signals for processing and transmission via a wireless signal 24 to the electronics and/or transducer assembly 16 positioned within the patient's mouth, which may then process and transmit the processed auditory signals via vibratory conductance to the underlying tooth and consequently to the patient's inner ear. [0061] The transmitter assembly 22, as described in further detail below, may contain a microphone assembly as well as a transmitter assembly and may be configured in any number of shapes and forms worn by the user, such as a watch, necklace, lapel, phone, belt-mounted device, etc. [0062] Fig. 4 illustrates a schematic representation of one variation of hearing aid assembly 14 utilizing an extra-buccal transmitter assembly 22, which may generally comprise microphone 30 for receiving sounds and which is electrically connected to processor 32 for processing the auditory signals. Processor 32 may be connected electrically to transmitter 34 for transmitting the processed signals to the electronics and/or transducer assembly 16 disposed upon or adjacent to the user's teeth. The microphone 30 and processor 32 may be configured to detect and process auditory signals in any practicable range, but may be configured in one variation to detect auditory signals ranging from, e.g., 250 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz. [0063] With respect to microphone 30, a variety of various microphone systems may be utilized. For instance, microphone 30 may be a digital, analog, and/or directional type microphone. Such various types of microphones may be interchangeably configured to be utilized with the assembly, if so desired. [0064] Power supply 36 may be connected to each of the components in transmitter assembly 22 to provide power thereto. The transmitter signals 24 may be in any wireless form utilizing, e.g., radio frequency, ultrasound, microwave, Blue Tooth® (BLUETOOTH SIG, INC., Bellevue, WA), etc. for transmission to assembly 16. Assembly 22 may also optionally include one or more input controls 28 that a user may manipulate to adjust various acoustic parameters of the electronics and/or transducer assembly 16, such as acoustic focusing, volume control, filtration, muting, frequency optimization, sound adjustments, and tone adjustments, etc. [0065] The signals transmitted 24 by transmitter 34 may be received by electronics and/or transducer assembly 16 via receiver 38, which may be connected to an internal processor for additional processing of the received signals. The received signals may be communicated to transducer 40, which may vibrate correspondingly against a surface of the tooth to conduct the vibratory signals through the tooth and bone and subsequently to the middle ear to facilitate hearing of the user. Transducer 40 may be configured as any number of different vibratory mechanisms. For instance, in one variation, transducer 40 may be an elecrromagnetically actuated transducer. In other variations, transducer 40 may be in the form of a piezoelectric crystal having a range of vibratory frequencies, e.g., between 250 to 4000 Hz. [0066] Power supply 42 may also be included with assembly 16 to provide power to the receiver, transducer, and/or processor, if also included. Although power supply 42 may be a simple battery, replaceable or permanent, other variations may include a power supply 42 which is charged by inductance via an external charger. Additionally, power supply 42 may alternatively be charged via direct coupling to an alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) source. Other variations may include a power supply 42 which is charged via a mechanical mechanism, such as an internal pendulum or slidable electrical inductance charger as known in the art, which is actuated via, e.g., motions of the jaw and/or movement for translating the mechanical motion into stored electrical energy for charging power supply 42. [0067] In another variation of assembly 16, rather than utilizing an extra-buccal transmitter, hearing aid assembly 50 may be configured as an independent assembly contained entirely within the user's mouth, as shown in Fig. 5. Accordingly, assembly 50 may include an internal microphone 52 in communication with an on-board processor 54. Internal microphone 52 may comprise any number of different types of microphones, as described above. Processor 54 may be used to process any received auditory signals for filtering and/or amplifying the signals and transmitting them to transducer 56, which is in vibratory contact against the tooth surface. Power supply 58, as described above, may also be included within assembly 50 for providing power to each of the components of assembly 50 as necessary. [0068J In order to transmit the vibrations corresponding to the received auditory signals efficiently and with minimal loss to the tooth or teeth, secure mechanical contact between the transducer and the tooth is ideally maintained to ensure efficient vibratory communication. Accordingly, any number of mechanisms may be utilized to maintain this vibratory communication. [0069] In one variation as shown in Fig. 6A, a partial cross-sectional view of a removable oral appliance 60 is shown placed over or upon a tooth TH. Electronics and/or transducer housing 62 may be seen defined along oral appliance 60 such that housing 62 is aligned or positioned adjacent to a side surface, buccal and/or lingual surface, of the tooth TH. Housing 62 may provide protection to the electronics and/or transducer assembly from the environment of the mouth. [0070J An electronics and/or transducer assembly 64 may be simply placed, embedded, or encapsulated within housing 62 for contacting the tooth surface. In this variation, assembly 64 may be adhered against the tooth surface via an adhesive surface or film 66 such that contact is maintained between the two. As shown in Fig. 6B, a removable backing 68 may be adhered onto adhesive surface 66 and removed prior to placement upon the tooth surface. In this manner, assembly 64 may be replaced upon the tooth as necessary with additional electronics and/or transducer assemblies. [0071] Aside from an adhesive film 66, another alternative may utilize an expandable or swellable member to ensure a secure mechanical contact of the transducer against the tooth. As shown in Fig. 7, an osmotic patch or expandable hydrogel 74 may be placed between housing 62 and electronics and/or transducer assembly 72. After placement of oral appliance 60, hydrogel 74 may absorb some fluids, either from any surrounding fluid or from a fluid introduced into hydrogel 74, such that hydrogel 74 expands in size to force assembly 72 into contact against the tooth surface. Assembly 72 may be configured to define a contact surface 70 having a relatively smaller contact area to facilitate uniform contact of the surface 70 against the tooth. Such a contact surface 70 may be included in any of the variations described herein. Additionally, a thin encapsulating layer or surface 76 may be placed over housing 62 between contact surface 70 and the underlying tooth to prevent any debris or additional fluids from entering housing 62. [0072] Another variation is shown in Fig. 8, which shows electronics and/or transducer assembly 80 contained within housing 62. In this variation, one or more biasing elements 82, e.g., springs, pre-formed shape memory elements, etc., may be placed between assembly 80 and housing 62 to provide a pressing force on assembly 80 to urge the device against the underlying tooth surface, thereby ensuring mechanical contact. [0073] In yet another variation, the electronics may be contained as a separate assembly 90 which is encapsulated within housing 62 and the transducer 92 may be maintained separately from assembly 90 but also within housing 62. As shown in Fig. 9, transducer 92 may be urged against the tooth surface via a spring or other biasing element 94 and actuated via any of the mechanisms described above. [0074] In other variations as shown in Fig. 10, electronics and/or transducer assembly
100 may be configured to have a ramped surface 102 in apposition to the tooth surface. The surface 102 may be angled away from the occlusal surface of the tooth. The assembly 100 may be urged via a biasing element or spring 106 which forces the ramped surface 102 to pivot about a location 104 into contact against the tooth to ensure contact for the transducer against the tooth surface. [0075] Fig. 11 illustrates another similar variation in electronics and/or transducer assembly 110 also having a ramped surface 112 in apposition to the tooth surface. In this variation, the ramped surface 112 may be angled towards the occlusal surface of the tooth. Likewise, assembly 110 may be urged via a biasing element or spring 116 which urges the assembly 110 to pivot about its lower end such that the assembly 110 contacts the tooth surface at a region 114. [0076] In yet another variation shown in Fig. 12, electronics and/or transducer assembly 120 may be positioned within housing 62 with an interface layer 122 positioned between the assembly 120 and the tooth surface. Interface layer 122 maybe configured to conform against the tooth surface and against assembly 120 such that vibrations may be transmitted through layer 122 and to the tooth in a uniform manner. Accordingly, interface layer 122 may be made from a material which attenuates vibrations minimally. Interface layer 122 may be made in a variety of forms, such as a simple insert, an O-ring configuration, etc. or even in a gel or paste form, such as denture or oral paste, etc. Additionally, layer 122 may be fabricated from various materials, e.g., hard plastics or polymeric materials, metals, etc. [0077] Fig. 13 illustrates yet another variation in which electronics and/or transducer assembly 130 may be urged against the tooth surface via a mechanical mechanism. As shown, assembly 130 may be attached to a structural member 132, e.g., a threaded member or a simple shaft, which is connected through housing 62 to an engagement member 134 located outside housing 62. The user may rotate engagement member 134 (as indicated by rotational arrow 136) or simply push upon member 134 (as indicated by linear arrow 138) to urge assembly 130 into contact against the tooth. Moreover, actuation of engagement member 134 may be accomplished manually within the mouth or through the user's cheek or even through manipulation via the user's tongue against engagement member 134. [0078] Another variation for a mechanical mechanism is illustrated in Fig. 14. In this variation, electronics and/or transducer assembly 140 may define a portion as an engaging surface 142 for contacting against a cam or lever mechanism 144. Cam or lever mechanism 144 may be configured to pivot 146 such that actuation of a lever 148 extending through housing 62 may urge cam or lever mechanism 144 to push against engaging surface 142 such that assembly 140 is pressed against the underlying tooth surface. |0079] In yet another variation, the electronics 150 and the transducer 152 may be separated from one another such that electronics 150 remain disposed within housing 62 but transducer 152, connected via wire 154, is located beneath dental oral appliance 60 along an occlusal surface of the tooth, as shown in Fig. 15. In such a configuration, vibrations are transmitted via the transducer 152 through the occlusal surface of the tooth. Additionally, the user may bite down upon the oral appliance 60 and transducer 152 to mechanically compress the transducer 152 against the occlusal surface to further enhance the mechanical contact between the transducer 152 and underlying tooth to further facilitate transmission therethrough. [0080] In the variation of Fig. 16, another example for a bite-enhanced coupling mechanism is illustrated where electronics and/or transducer assembly 160 defines an angled interface surface 162 in apposition to a correspondingly angled engaging member 164. A proximal end of engaging member 164 may extend through housing 62 and terminate in a pusher member 166 positioned over an occlusal surface of the tooth TH. Once oral appliance 60 is initially placed over tooth TH, the user may bite down or otherwise press down upon the top portion of oral appliance 60, thereby pressing down upon pusher member 166 which in turn pushes down upon engaging member 164, as indicated by the arrow. As engaging member 164 is urged downwardly towards the gums, its angled surface may push upon the corresponding and oppositely angled surface 162 to urge assembly 160 against the tooth surface and into a secure mechanical contact. [0081] In yet another variation, an electronics and/or transducer assembly 170 may define a channel or groove 172 along a surface for engaging a corresponding dental anchor 174, as shown in Fig. 17. Dental anchor 174 may comprise a light-curable acrylate-based composite material adhered directly to the tooth surface. Moreover dental anchor 174 may be configured in a shape which corresponds to a shape of channel or groove 172 such that the two maybe interfitted in a mating engagement. In this manner, the transducer in assembly 170 may vibrate directly against dental anchor 174 which may then transmit these signals directly into the tooth TH. |0082| Figs. 18A and 18B show partial cross-sectional side and top views, respectively, of another variation in which oral appliance 180 may define a number of channels or grooves 184 along a top portion of oral appliance 180. Within these channels or grooves 184, one or more transducers 182, 186, 188, 190 may be disposed such that they are in contact with the occlusal surface of the tooth and each of these transducers may be tuned to transmit frequencies uniformly. Alternatively, each of these transducers may be tuned to transmit only at specified frequency ranges. Accordingly, each transducer can be programmed or preset for a different frequency response such that each transducer may be optimized for a different frequency response and/or transmission to deliver a relatively high-fidelity sound to the user. [0083J In yet another variation, Figs. 19A and 19B illustrate an oral appliance 200 which may be pre-formed from a shape memory polymer or alloy or a superelastic material such as a Nickel-Titanium alloy, e.g., Nitinol. Fig. 19A shows oral appliance 200 in a first configuration where members 202, 204 are in an unbiased memory configuration. When placed upon or against the tooth TH, members 202, 204 may be deflected into a second configuration where members 202', 204' are deformed to engage tooth TH in a secure interference fit, as shown in Fig. 19B. The biased member 204' may be utilized to press the electronics and/or transducer assembly contained therein against the tooth surface as well as to maintain securement of the oral appliance 200 upon the tooth TH. [0084] Similarly, as shown in Fig. 20, removable oral appliance 210 may have biased members to secure engage the tooth TH, as above. In this variation, the ends of the members 212, 214 may be configured into curved portions under which a transducer element 218 coupled to electronics assembly 216 may be wedged or otherwise secured to ensure mechanical contact against the tooth surface. [0085] Fig. 21 shows yet another variation in which the oral appliance is omitted entirely. Here, a composite dental anchor or bracket 226, as described above, may be adhered directly onto the tooth surface. Alternatively, bracket 226 may be comprised of a biocompatible material, e.g., stainless steel, Nickel -Titanium, Nickel, ceramics, composites, etc., formed into a bracket and anchored onto the tooth surface. The bracket 226 may be configured to have a shape 228 over which an electronics and/or transducer assembly 220 may be slid over or upon via a channel 222 having a corresponding receiving configuration 224 for engagement with bracket 226. In this manner, assembly 220 may be directly engaged against bracket 226, through which a transducer may directly vibrate into the underlying tooth TH. Additionally, in the event that assembly 220 is removed from the tooth TH, assembly 220 may be simply slid or rotated off bracket 226 and a replacement assembly may be put in its place upon bracket 226. [0086] Figs. 22A and 22B show partial cross-sectional side and perspective views, respectively, of yet another variation of an oral appliance 230. In this variation, the oral appliance 230 may be configured to omit an occlusal surface portion of the oral appliance 230 and instead engages the side surfaces of the tooth TH, such as the lingual and buccal surfaces only. The electronics and/or transducer assembly 234 may be contained, as above, within a housing 232 for contact against the tooth surface. Additionally, as shown in Fig. 22B, one or more optional cross-members 236 may connect the side portions of the oral appliance 230 to provide some structural stability when placed upon the tooth. This variation may define an occlusal surface opening 238 such that when placed upon the tooth, the user may freely bite down directly upon the natural occlusal surface of the tooth unobstructed by the oral appliance device, thereby providing for enhanced comfort to the user. [0087] In yet other variations, vibrations may be transmitted directly into the underlying bone or tissue structures rather than transmitting directly through the tooth or teeth of the user. As shown in Fig. 23 A, an oral appliance 240 is illustrated positioned upon the user's tooth, in this example upon a molar located along the upper row of teeth. The electronics and/or transducer assembly 242 is shown as being located along the buccal surface of the tooth. Rather than utilizing a transducer in contact with the tooth surface, a conduction transmission member 244, such as a rigid or solid metallic member, may be coupled to the transducer in assembly 242 and extend from oral appliance 240 to a post or screw 246 which is implanted directly into the underlying bone 248, such as the maxillary bone, as shown in the partial cross-sectional view of Fig. 23B. As the distal end of transmission member 244 is coupled directly to post or screw 246, the vibrations generated by the transducer may be transmitted through transmission member 244 and directly into post or screw 246, which in turn transmits the vibrations directly into and through the bone 248 for transmission to the user's inner ear. [0088] Fig. 24 illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of an oral appliance 250 placed upon the user's tooth TfI with the electronics and/or transducer assembly 252 located along the lingual surface of the tooth. Similarly, the vibrations may be transmitted through the conduction transmission member 244 and directly into post or screw 246, which in this example is implanted into the palatine bone PL. Other variations may utilize this arrangement located along the lower row of teeth for transmission to a post or screw 246 drilled into the mandibular bone. [0089] In yet another variation, rather utilizing a post or screw drilled into the underlying bone itself, a transducer may be attached, coupled, or otherwise adhered directly to the gingival tissue surface adjacent to the teeth. As shown in Figs. 25A and 25B, an oral appliance 260 may have an electronics assembly 262 positioned along its side with an electrical wire 264 extending therefrom to a transducer assembly 266 attached to the gingival tissue surface 268 next to the tooth TH. Transducer assembly 266 may be attached to the tissue surface 268 via an adhesive, structural support arm extending from oral appliance 260, a dental screw or post, or any other structural mechanism. In use, the transducer may vibrate and transmit directly into the underlying gingival tissue, which may conduct the signals to the underlying bone. [0090] For any of the variations described above, they may be utilized as a single device or in combination with any other variation herein, as practicable, to achieve the desired hearing level in the user. Moreover, more than one oral appliance device and electronics and/or transducer assemblies may be utilized at any one time. For example, Fig. 26 illustrates one example where multiple transducer assemblies 270, 272, 274, 276 may be placed on multiple teeth. Although shown on the lower row of teeth, multiple assemblies may alternatively be positioned and located along the upper row of teeth or both rows as well. Moreover, each of the assemblies may be configured to transmit vibrations within a uniform frequency range. Alternatively in other variations, different assemblies may be configured to vibrate within non-overlapping frequency ranges between each assembly. As mentioned above, each transducer 270, 272, 274, 276 can be programmed or preset for a different frequency response such that each transducer may be optimized for a different frequency response and/or transmission to deliver a relatively high-fidelity sound to the user. [0091] Moreover, each of the different transducers 270, 272, 274, 276 can also be programmed to vibrate in a manner which indicates the directionality of sound received by the microphone worn by the user. For example, different transducers positioned at different locations within the user's mouth can vibrate in a specified manner by providing sound or vibrational queues to inform the user which direction a sound was detected relative to an orientation of the user. For instance, a first transducer located, e.g., on a user's left tooth, can be programmed to vibrate for sound detected originating from the user's left side. Similarly, a second transducer located, e.g., on a user's right tooth, can be programmed to vibrate for sound detected originating from the user's right side. Other variations and queues may be utilized as these examples are intended to be illustrative of potential variations. [0092] In variations where the one or more microphones are positioned in intra-buccal locations, the microphone may be integrated directly into the electronics and/or transducer assembly, as described above. However, in additional variation, the microphone unit may be positioned at a distance from the transducer assemblies to minimize feedback. In one example, similar to a variation shown above, microphone unit 282 may be separated from electronics and/or transducer assembly 280, as shown in Figs. 27A and 27B. In such a variation, the microphone unit 282 positioned upon or adjacent to the gingival surface 268 may be electrically connected via wire(s) 264. [0093] Although the variation illustrates the microphone unit 282 placed adjacent to the gingival tissue 268, unit 282 may be positioned upon another tooth or another location within the mouth. For instance, Fig. 28 illustrates another variation 290 which utilizes an arch 19 connecting one or more tooth retaining portions 21, 23, as described above. However, in this variation, the microphone unit 294 may be integrated within or upon the arch 19 separated from the transducer assembly 292. One or more wires 296 routed through arch 19 may electrically connect the microphone unit 294 to the assembly 292. Alternatively, rather than utilizing a wire 296, microphone unit 294 and assembly 292 may be wirelessly coupled to one another, as described above.
[0094] In yet another variation for separating the microphone from the transducer assembly, Fig. 29 illustrates another variation where at least one microphone 302 (or optionally any number of additional microphones 304, 306) may be positioned within the mouth of the user while physically separated from the electronics and/or transducer assembly 300. In this manner, the one or optionally more microphones 302, 304, 306 may be wirelessly coupled to the electronics and/or transducer assembly 300 in a manner which attenuates or eliminates feedback, if present, from the transducer. [0095] The applications of the devices and methods discussed above are not limited to the treatment of hearing loss but may include any number of further treatment applications. Moreover, such devices and methods may be applied to other treatment sites within the body. Modification of the above-described assemblies and methods for carrying out the invention, combinations between different variations as practicable, and variations of aspects of the invention that are obvious to those of skill in the art are intended to be within the scope of the claims.


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|Is classical music 'boring'?: A discussion of fidelity, virtuosity and performance in classical music recording
|Klein, Eve (author)
|Publication Date:
|Handle Link:
|The performers on whom we rely to flesh out notated scores into sound are trained not to interpret (understood as the imposition of the unwanted self on what is fantasized to be a direct transmission of the composer's subjective intentions to the listener), but rather to strive for a perfect, standard sound, for an unbroken, polished surface. Such performers became ideal in the nineteenth century as grist for the symphony orchestra in which the conductor usurped complete control over interpretation and needed only the assurance of dependable sound production from the laboring musician. In our century of Repetition, they have remained ideal for purposes of the recording industry, which demands perfection and the kind of consistency that facilitates splicing (McClary, 1985, p. 152).
|Publication Type:
|Conference Publication
|Conference Details:
|IASPM-ANZ 2013: Conference of the Australia/New Zealand branch of the International Association for the Study of Popular Music, Brisbane, Australia, 24th - 26th November, 2013
|Source of Publication:
|Communities, Places, Ecologies: Proceedings of the 2013 IASPM-ANZ Conference, p. 112-125
|International Association for the Study of Popular Music
|Place of Publication:
|Brisbane, Australia
|Field of Research (FOR):
|190205 Interactive Media
190409 Musicology and Ethnomusicology
190407 Music Performance
|Socio-Economic Objective (SEO):
|950101 Music
950105 The Performing Arts (incl. Theatre and Dance)
950204 The Media
|Peer Reviewed:
|HERDC Category Description:
|E1 Refereed Scholarly Conference Publication
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|Statistics to Oct 2018:
|Visitors: 232
|Appears in Collections:
|Conference Publication
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