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Month: April 2018
The Department of Justice ("The Department") vigorously investigates and, where the evidence permits, prosecutes allegations of Constitutional violations by law enforcement officers. The Department's investigations most often involve alleged uses of excessive force, but also include sexual misconduct, theft, false arrest, and deliberate indifference to serious medical needs or a substantial risk of harm to a person in custody. These cases typically involve police officers, jailers, correctional officers, probation officers, prosecutors, judges, and other federal, state, or local law enforcement officials. The Department's authority extends to all law enforcement conduct, regardless of whether an officer is on or off duty, so long as he/she is acting, or claiming to act, in his/her official capacity.
In addition to Constitutional violations, the Department prosecutes law enforcement officers for related instances of obstruction of justice. This includes attempting to prevent a victim or witnesses from reporting the misconduct, lying to federal, state, or local officials during the course of an investigation into the potential misconduct, writing a false report to conceal misconduct, or fabricating evidence.
The principles of federal prosecution, set forth in the United States Attorneys' Manual ("USAM"), require federal prosecutors to meet two standards in order to seek an indictment.
First, the government must be convinced that the potential defendant committed a federal crime. Second, the government must also conclude that the government would be likely to prevail at trial, where the government must prove the charges beyond a reasonable doubt. SeeUSAM § 9-27.220.[1]
[1] The USAM provides only internal Department of Justice guidance. It is not intended to, does not, and may not be relied upon to create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any party in any matter civil or criminal. Nor are any limitations hereby placed on otherwise lawful litigative prerogatives of the Department of Justice.
The federal criminal statute that enforces Constitutional limits on conduct by law enforcement officers is 18 U.S.C. § 242. Section 242 provides in relevant part:
"Whoever, under color of any law, …willfully subjects any person…to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States [shall be guilty of a crime]."
Section 242 is intended to "protect all persons in the United States in their civil rights, and furnish the means of their vindication." Screws v. United States, 325 U.S. 91, 98 (1945) (quoting legislative history).
To prove a violation of § 242, the government must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) that the defendant deprived a victim of a right protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States, (2) that the defendant acted willfully, and (3) that the defendant was acting under color of law. A violation of § 242 is a felony if one of the following conditions is met: the defendant used, attempted to use, or threatened to use a dangerous weapon, explosive or fire; the victim suffered bodily injury; the defendant's actions included attempted murder, kidnapping or attempted kidnapping, aggravated sexual abuse or attempted aggravated sexual abuse, or the crime resulted in death. Otherwise, the violation is a misdemeanor.
Establishing the intent behind a Constitutional violation requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the law enforcement officer knew what he/she was doing was wrong and against the law and decided to do it anyway. Therefore, even if the government can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that an individual's Constitutional right was violated, § 242 requires that the government prove that the law enforcement officer intended to engage in the unlawful conduct and that he/she did so knowing that it was wrong or unlawful. See Screws v. United States, 325 U.S. 91, 101-107 (1945). Mistake, fear, misperception, or even poor judgment does not constitute willful conduct prosecutable under the statute.
Physical Assault
In cases of physical assault, such as allegations of excessive force by an officer, the underlying Constitutional right at issue depends on the custodial status of the victim. If the victim has just been arrested or detained, or if the victim is being held in jail but has not yet been convicted, the government must, in most cases, prove that that the law enforcement officer used more force than is reasonably necessary to arrest or gain control of the victim. This is an objective standard dependant on what a reasonable officer would do under the same circumstances. "The 'reasonableness' of a particular use of force must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight." Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396-97 (1989).
If the victim is a convicted prisoner, the government must show that the law enforcement officer used physical force to punish , retaliate against, an inmate, or otherwise cause harm to the prisoner, rather than to protect the officer or others from harm or to maintain order in the facility. See Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986).
Sexual Misconduct
Law enforcement officers who engage in nonconsensual sexual contact with persons in their custody deprive those persons of liberty without due process of law, which includes the right to bodily integrity. The Department investigates and prosecutes instances of nonconsensual sexual misconduct committed by patrol officers, federal and state probation officers, wardens, and corrections officers, among others. Sexual misconduct includes, but is not limited to, sexual assault without consent (rape), sexual contact procured by force, threat of force or coercion, and unwanted or gratuitous sexual contact such as touching or groping.
To prove that a law enforcement officer violated a victim's right to bodily integrity, the government must prove that the victim did not consent to the defendant's actions. Prosecutors can establish lack of consent or submission by showing that the defendant officer used either force or coercion to overcome the victim's will. It is not necessary to prove that the defendant used actual violence against the victim. Coercion may exist if a victim is told that an officer will bring false charges or cause the victim to suffer unjust punishment.
Deliberate Indifference to a Serious Medical Condition or a Substantial Risk of Harm
Section 242 prohibits a law enforcement officer from acting with deliberate indifference to a substantial risk of harm to persons in custody. Therefore, an officer cannot deliberately ignore a serious medical condition of or risk of serious harm (such as a risk that an inmate will be assaulted by other inmates or officers) to a person in custody. To prove deliberate indifference, the government must prove that the victim faced a substantial risk of serious harm; that the officer had actual knowledge of the risk of harm; and that the officer failed to take reasonable measures to abate it.
Failure to Intervene
An officer who purposefully allows a fellow officer to violate a victim's Constitutional rights may be prosecuted for failure to intervene to stop the Constitutional violation. To prosecute such an officer, the government must show that the defendant officer was aware of the Constitutional violation, had an opportunity to intervene, and chose not to do so. This charge is often appropriate for supervisory officers who observe uses of excessive force without stopping them, or who actively encourage uses of excessive force but do not directly participate in them.
Since 1968, when Congress passed, and President Lyndon Johnson signed into law, the first federal hate crimes statute, the Department of Justice has been enforcing federal hate crimes laws. The 1968 statute made it a crime to use, or threaten to use, force to willfully interfere with any person because of race, color, religion, or national origin and because the person is participating in a federally protected activity, such as public education, employment, jury service, travel, or the enjoyment of public accommodations, or helping another person to do so. In 1968, Congress also made it a crime to use, or threaten to use, force to interfere with housing rights because of the victim's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; in 1988, protections on the basis of familial status and were added. In 1996, Congress passed the Church Arson Prevention Act, 18 U.S.C. § 247. Under this Act, it is a crime to deface, damage, or destroy religious real property, or interfere with a person's religious practice, in situations affecting interstate commerce. The Act also bars defacing, damaging, or destroying religious property because of the race, color, or ethnicity of persons associated with the property.
In 2009, Congress passed, and President Obama signed, the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, expanding the federal definition of hate crimes, enhancing the legal toolkit available to prosecutors, and increasing the ability of federal law enforcement to support our state and local partners. This law removed then existing jurisdictional obstacles to prosecutions of certain race- and religion-motivated violence.,, and added new federal protections against crimes based on gender, disability, gender identity, or sexual orientation. Before the Civil Rights Division prosecutes a hate crime, the Attorney General or someone the Attorney General designates must certify, in writing, that (1) the state does not have jurisdiction; (2) the state has requested that the federal government assume jurisdiction; (3) the verdict or sentence obtained pursuant to state charges did not demonstratively vindicate the federal interest in eradicating bias-motivated violence; or (4) a prosecution by the United States is in the public interest and necessary to secure substantial justice. In the seven years since the passage of the Shepard-Byrd Act, the Justice Department has charged 72 defendants and convicted 45 defendants under this statute. In total, as of July 15, 2016, the department has charged 258 defendants for hate crimes under multiple statutes over the last seven years.
|The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009, 18 U.S.C. § 249
|The Shepard Byrd Act makes it a federal crime to willfully cause bodily injury, or attempt to do so using a dangerous weapon, because of the victim's actual or perceived race, color, religion, or national origin. The Act also extends federal hate crime prohibitions to crimes committed because of the actual or perceived religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability of any person, only where the crime affected interstate or foreign commerce or occurred within federal special maritime and territorial jurisdiction. The Shepard-Byrd Act is the first statute allowing federal criminal prosecution of hate crimes motivated by the victim's actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity.
|Criminal Interference with Right to Fair Housing, 42 U.S.C. § 3631
|This statute makes it a crime to use, or threaten to use force to interfere with housing rights because of the victim's race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, or national origin.
|Damage to Religious Property, Church Arson Prevention Act, 18 U.S.C. § 247
|This statute prohibits the intentional defacement, damage, or destruction of religious real property because of the religious nature of the property, where the crime affects interstate or foreign commerce, or because of the race, color, or ethnic characteristics of the people associated with the property. The statute also criminalizes the intentional obstruction by force, or threat of force of any person in the enjoyment of that person's free exercise of religious beliefs.
|Violent Interference with Federally Protected Rights, 18 U.S.C. § 245
|This statute makes it a crime to use, or threaten to use force to willfully interfere with any person because of race, color, religion, or national origin and because the person is participating in a federally protected activity, such as public education, employment, jury service, travel, or the enjoyment of public accommodations, or helping another person to do so.
|Conspiracy Against Rights, 18 U.S.C. § 241
|This statute makes it unlawful for two or more persons to conspire to injure, threaten, or intimidate a person in any state, territory, or district in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him or her by the Constitution or the laws of the U.S.
On April 5, 2017, Attorney General Sessions released details about the Department's Task Force on Crime Reduction and Public Safety. The Attorney General highlighted the importance of combating hate crimes by creating, as part of that overall Committee, a Hate Crimes Subcommittee. The Attorney General stressed in the statement he made announcing the Subcommittee's creation:
We will not tolerate threats or acts of violence targeting any person or community in this country on the basis of their religious beliefs or background. Accordingly, the Hate Crimes Subcommittee will develop a plan to appropriately address hate crimes to better protect the rights of all Americans.
The Hate Crimes Subcommittee is led by Acting Assistant Attorney General John M. Gore, and is made up of subject matter experts including career prosecutors in the Civil Rights Division, United States Attorney's Offices and the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice. The Hate Crime Subcommittee also includes FBI agents with supervisory authority over hate crime investigations and FBI agents who oversee FBI's hate crime data collection. The Subcommittee also includes members of DOJ's Community Relations Service (CRS), who are community relations experts who are often deployed to communities in the wake of an incident, and experts from the COPS office, who are familiar with community orientated policing. Other experts from across the Department also will contribute their experience and expertise.
The Attorney General's mandate to the Hate Crime Subcommittee is to take a hard look whether there is anything that the Department can do to improve reporting, investigation, and prosecution of hate crimes. The Hate Crime Subcommittee will both explore whether improvements can be made within the federal system and whether we can do more to assist our state and local partners. The Hate Crime Subcommittee will also examine hate crimes data collection.
As part of this mission, the Attorney General asked the Hate Crime Subcommittee to consult with the relevant stakeholders and gather suggestions on ways, big and small, that the Department might better investigate, prosecute, and prevent hate crimes. On June 29, the Hate Crimes Subcommittee will hold a one-day summit to foster a conversation around this topic. Stakeholders will also be afforded the opportunity to provide written suggestions. This summit will allow the members of the Subcommittee, identified above, to meet with stakeholders from across the community to get their input before making its recommendation to the Attorney General.
NATIONAL SECURITY & DEFENSE Joined by Allies, President Trump Takes Action to End Syria's Chemical Weapons Attacks
The devastating images that emerged from Douma, Syria, on April 7 reveal the unique and gruesome danger that chemical weapons pose to the world. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's latest attack on innocent civilians violated his regime's obligations under international law, the Chemical Weapons Convention, and several United Nations Security Council Resolutions, including Security Council Resolution 2118.
It also represents human cruelty in its most depraved form. The Assad regime must be held accountable.
Speaking to the Nation last night, President Donald J. Trump explained that he ordered U.S. Armed Forces to launch precision strikes on targets associated with Syrian chemical weapons capabilities. He thanked the United Kingdom and France for joining America in the operation, which will continue to pressure Syria to stop using chemical weapons by integrating the other instruments of our national power: economic, informational, and diplomatic.
"Today, the nations of Britain, France, and the United States of America have marshaled their righteous power against barbarism and brutality," President Trump said. He emphasized the savagery of chemical attacks, with evidence from Douma documenting victims suffering from asphyxiation and foaming at the mouth.
"The evil and the despicable attack left mothers and fathers, infants and children, thrashing in pain and gasping for air," the President said. "These are not the actions of a man; they are crimes of a monster instead."
Unlike the regime and its backers in Syria, the United States and its allies made every effort to minimize the risk of civilian casualties in their response. Yesterday's strikes against Syrian facilities were legitimate, proportionate, and justified.
Most important, they were necessary. Chemical weapons are a unique danger to civilized nations not only because of their brutality, but because even small amounts can trigger widespread devastation. To prevent their spread, everyone must understand that the costs of using chemical weapons will always outweigh any military or political benefits.
America's past failures to act undermined that goal. With each chemical attack that goes unpunished, dangerous regimes see an opportunity to expand their arsenal. That threat alone is grave enough, but the biggest hazard is that unstable governments cannot control these stockpiles. As state inventories of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons grow, so too does the likelihood that such weapons will fall into terrorist hands—and put American lives at risk.
President Trump made it clear that Assad's enablers share culpability for his actions. "To Iran, and to Russia, I ask: What kind of a nation wants to be associated with the mass murder of innocent men, women, and children?" President Trump said yesterday. "The nations of the world can be judged by the friends they keep."
The President's comments come as the Trump Administration has taken new actions to confront destabilizing and malicious behavior by Russia, including tough sanctions on Russian oligarchs, government officials, and entities that support activities to undermine the United States, as well as the ejection of Russian intelligence operatives in response to Russia's chemical weapons attack in Salisbury, England.
When it comes to Syria, "Russia must decide if it will continue down this dark path, or if it will join with civilized nations as a force for stability and peace," President Trump said.
The Administration has set clear terms for America's involvement in the Middle East. Nation-building is not on the table; the protection of American interests is. President Trump said the United States is not seeking a long-term presence in Syria, nor will it renege establishing a strong deterrent against the use of chemical weapons. If a true, lasting peace is to be found in Syria, it will be the result of the full implementation of U.N. Security Council Resolution 2254 and the U.N.-led Geneva process rather than military means.
"In the last century, we looked straight into the darkest places of the human soul," the President said. "By the end of the World War I, more than one million people had been killed or injured by chemical weapons. We never want to see that ghastly specter return."
Remarks by CEA Chairman Kevin Hassett to New York Federal Reserve Bank ECONOMY & JOBS
As prepared for delivery by Kevin Hassett on April 23, 2018.
It is a pleasure to be here in New York today with you all to speak on the topic of situating Administration policy in a broader economic context, both in the U.S. and abroad. And it is an honor to be here in the presence of so many distinguished economists and policymakers.
Looking out at the crowd, I see many friends who I've known for years. And so I cannot help but be reminded of the first projects I worked on as an economist exploring the effects of policy changes on the economy. Being here takes me back to a time that was really only a few years ago—a few years, if you take the logarithm of the raw data, per the econometric conventions of the economics profession.
The econometric issue in question was a focus of mine in graduate school and as a faculty member at Columbia. It is the issue of how to generate causal estimates of the effect of policy changes. The intuition for this issue—one that as CEA Chair I can now confirm to be true—is that policy changes are not random. Policymakers formulate policy in response to current and expected economic conditions. Looking at correlations between policy variables and the trajectory of economic conditions would lead only to spurious estimates of how policy influences economic conditions. A correlation does not a causal estimate make. Moreover, the direction of the bias can tend to be non-random. Policies intended to reverse or mitigate bad economic conditions would appear to cause deteriorations in economic conditions. Think of it like this: Visits to the doctor would appear, based on a perusal of raw data on treatments and outcomes, to cause a downturn in one's health.
I can remember that my first regression in this space in graduate school revealed that investment tax credits cause steep reductions in investment. Puzzling through a wrong-signed result, it rapidly became clear that ITC's in the U.S. were almost always on during recessions. A large academic literature found that the user cost elasticity of investment was essentially zero. But policymakers tended to enact investment tax credits in response to current or expected downturns in economic conditions. Was the endogeneity of policy driving the result?
Indeed it was, as Alan Auerbach and I showed in one of my first publications. Alan Auerbach and I exploited the fact that the user cost of capital varies cross-sectionally when there is a tax reduction, but that this variation is surely inadvertent. Looking at the 1986 tax reform, Alan and I used this exogenous variation to generate a robust test of the predictions of the neoclassical model. We found the elasticity was not zero, but had the correct sign and might even be north of unity. The endogeneity of policy, unaccounted for in the previous literature, explained the apparent ineffectiveness of policy.
Only a few log(years) later, our inference that tax policy influences behavior seems to have stood the test of time. The capacity of economic research to identify the causal effects of variation in policy has also grown. The literature's arc towards larger rather than smaller estimates of the effects of policy variables is all around us, and in the top journals. Consider, for instance, the emergence of what is called "the narrative approach" to identifying the effects of tax policy on economic activity. These methodologies harness advances in computational power and natural language processing to identify the stated motivations of the policymakers that Alan and I worried about only a few log(years) ago. While no single paper can be dispositive, consider that the February 2018 online issue of the Quarterly Journal of Economics features an article that draws on this narrative approach to estimate an elasticity of personal income with respect to marginal tax rates. The paper's headline estimates were north of 1 (1.2 to be exact)—very high by contemporary standards as well as those of the literature a few log(years) ago.
But the identification of causal effects from econometric estimates can require assumptions about the structure and functional form of relationships between a specified set of policy variables and measures of economic activity. That is in addition to the requirement, of course, that you have the relevant data at hand in the first place—a requirement typically only satisfied in hindsight. But we value knowing now whether the policy is working as intended. The observation of the variation in forecasts before and after a policy is changed offers one way of looking at the policy's likely effects, just as Alan and I did in our first paper. And so, as we economists wait for evaluations of the effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on economic growth to percolate through the peer-review process and into academic journals, looking at changes in growth forecasts before and after the TCJA offers one way to gauge its expected effect on growth.
The evolution of recent forecast revisions is quite revealing, and consistent with the tax act having a large effect on growth expectations. If one looks, for example, at the Blue Chip consensus forecast for four-quarter real GDP growth in 2018 and 2019, it was roughly flat throughout most of 2017, as media coverage of the legislative prospects for the Administration's economic agenda was generally pessimistic. Consensus forecasts through November 2017 were therefore low—2.3 to 2.4 percent in 2018 and 2.1 percent in 2019.
Since November, however, we've seen steady upward revisions in private forecasts. As of this month, the Blue Chip consensus forecast is now for 2018 growth of 2.8 percent, and 2019 growth of 2.3 percent, upward revisions of 0.5 and 0.2 percentage point since the tax act was passed. Official forecasts revisions suggest an even bigger bump. In its last forecast before the tax bill was passed, the Congressional Budget Office projected growth of 2.0 and 1.5 percent in 2018 and 2019. That has now been revised up substantially—to 3.3 and 2.4 percent, respectively. In other words, the CBO now projects growth to be more than a percentage point higher, on average, over the next two years than they did a year ago. In addition, over the same timeframe, the CBO revised up its forecast of projected corporate income tax receipts over the 2018-2027 period by $476 billion. Which exceeds the CBO's own $409 billion static score of the TCJA. Ex ante, knowing only that the TCJA passed, based on my paper on corporate tax rates and the Laffer curve with Alex Brill, one could have predicted such a revenue increase.
Meanwhile, last summer, before the tax debate got seriously underway, the Federal Open Market Committee median forecast was for growth of just 2.1 and 1.9 percent in 2018 and 2019. That has since been revised up by 0.6 and 0.5 percentage point, respectively, with most of the upward revision occurring in December, as the tax bill made it over the legislative finish line.
Last week, the International Monetary Fund released its April 2018 World Economic Outlook (WEO). Global growth for 2018 was revised up 0.2 percentage point from its October WEO release to 3.9 percent year-over-year. The IMF attributes roughly half of the global growth revision to changes in U.S. fiscal policy. When honing in on the United States, the IMF's April 2018 update to its October 2017 World Economic Outlook revised up its growth forecast by 0.6 percentage point from October to 2.9 percent year-over-year. According to the IMF, one reason for this upward revision is the macroeconomic effects stemming from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act passed in December.
The IMF's April upwards revision to its October global growth forecast in the wake of the passage of the TCJA follows the OECD's March upwards revision to its November global growth forecast. For the U.S., its 2018 outlook increased by 0.4 percentage point to 2.9 percent and its 2019 outlook increased by 0.7 percentage point to 2.8 percent. And the OECD's March Economic Outlook cited as one of the "key factors behind the upward revision to global growth prospects in 2018 and 2019" the "tax reductions . . . announced in the last three months."
I note in passing that these revisions are almost exactly what our analysis from last year implied they would be once the bill passes.
As for global growth, CEA's own in-house analysis finds that exogenous tax changes in the world's largest economy have large effects on global growth, suggesting the recent rise in growth expectations around the world is more the result of fiscal developments in the United States than the other way around. Applying the Romer & Romer exogenous tax shock series to a global structural vector autoregressive model indicates that a 1 percent cut in U.S. taxes as a fraction of GDP raises growth in the European Union by 0.8 percent in the year immediately following, with a peak impact of 1.2 percent after 2 years. We can reject the null hypothesis of no effect with 95 percent confidence. The estimated effect on the rest of the world is even bigger, with a peak impact after 2 years of 2.1 percent, and we can actually reject the null with 95 percent in both years 1 and 2.
While the mechanisms relating exogenous U.S. tax changes to global growth remain an open and, I believe, fascinating question for our ongoing work, the magnitude of the effect strongly suggests they extend far beyond the arithmetic relationship implied by the U.S. share of global GDP. Our own intuition is that other countries often learn from U.S. success, and adopt similar policies. Policy is endogenous, and successful policies are copied.
These forecasts are revised with an eye toward the literature that now rejects a user cost elasticity of zero. But don't just believe the forecasts. You can already see the effects emerging in the data. Real private nonresidential fixed investment increased 6.3 percent during the fourth quarter of 2017, according to data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Equipment investment rose 8.9 percent, thanks largely to the tax law's allowance for full expensing of equipment investment retroactively to September 2017. In March 2018, the Morgan Stanley Composite Capital Expenditure Plans Index reached its highest level since it began tracking in 2006. The three-month moving average is up 34 percent since November 2017, the last month before the bill became law. Goldman Sachs' capex tracker is similarly at a cycle high.
When the literature settles, I am sure that we will discover many patterns in the data that we did not expect. But if this investment boom continues as expected, I think you will all agree, it will mark an important and historic moment of success for economics as a science that guides policy.
Understanding the Threat
The United States today faces very real, very grave national security threats. Extremism and international terrorism flourish in too many areas of the world, threatening our warfighters, our allies and our homeland. Regional conflicts can have serious effects on U.S. national interests. Hostile foreign governments and terrorists trade in, or seek to acquire, weapons of mass destruction and/or the materials to produce them. Tons of illegal drugs are smuggled into our country each year.
The newest threats we face, and perhaps the fastest growing, are those in cyberspace. Cyber threats to U.S. national and economic security increase each year in frequency, scope and severity of impact. Cyber criminals, hackers and foreign adversaries are becoming more sophisticated and capable every day in their ability to use the Internet for nefarious purposes.
As a nation, we are dependent on the Internet – we use it for everything. We communicate online, bank and shop online, and store much of our personal information there. In business, education and government, we all count on having ready access to the Internet and its many capabilities as we go about our daily routines. The Internet opens up new worlds to users.
But while cyberspace offers great opportunities, it also comes with vulnerabilities. Our information networks and technology are constantly at risk from a variety of bad actors using a multitude of techniques – remote hacking intrusions, the placement of malware, spearphishing and other means of gaining access to networks and information.
Some of these bad actors are criminals motivated by profit, particularly in the areas of identity theft and other forms of financial cybercrime. The cost of cybercrime – already in the billions of dollars – rises each year.
But cyber threats also come from nation states and other actors who seek to exploit information to gain an advantage over the United States. They might seek an economic advantage, or to gain insight into our military or foreign policy. Denial of service attacks disrupt business and undermine confidence.
Terrorists and extremist groups today use the power of the Internet, especially social media, to spread their messages of hate and intolerance, and to recruit new members, often targeting vulnerable young people. The global reach of cyberspace and the complexity of its networks provide bad actors ample places to hide, safe from the reach of international law.
To meet these threats, our national leaders, military leaders, policy makers and law enforcement personnel must understand who our adversaries are, where they are, and what their capabilities, plans and intentions are. At the same time, we must ensure that we protect our own national security information from those who would do us harm. These are the capabilities that the National Security Agency provides to our nation, to our leaders and to our fellow Americans – 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Date Posted: May 3, 2016 | Last Modified: May 3, 2016
NSA's Innovative Cyber Tool: "Unfetter" Makes Cyber Better
Cyber threats are real, growing, and among the biggest security challenges that public and private institutions face.
The internet and connected systems are interwoven into our daily lives – and our economy would not function without them. At the same time, such dependency introduces new and evolving cyber threats, placing networks at risk.
In this environment, knowing how to take advantage of cyber threat intelligence to help protect systems is critical. But all too often, such information is complex and difficult to use.
What if a suite of tools could offer these critical research insights to anyone, positioning decision-makers in various industries to incorporate network-protection techniques?
NSA developed such a solution with "Unfetter," which is designed for collaborative communities.
It brings together network defenders and threat analysts to create, share, and use complex cyber threat intelligence to enhance decision-making.
Unfetter creates a common lexicon to describe the intelligence for users' consumption. It also includes an Analytic Exchange app that helps threat analysts publish and share analytics, encouraging collaboration.
Its Capability Assessment app helps network defenders assess security capabilities, critical controls, and analytics from the Exchange.
Additionally, Unfetter's Threat Dashboard app helps threat intelligence analysts build detailed reports about threat actors' behavior, attackers' techniques, and the tools used. Threat intelligence teams can then track and share these reports with their customers.
Test it for yourself. The software can be downloaded and customized: www.unfetter.io.
At the National Security Agency, our mission is to help protect the nation 24/7/365. We are constantly innovating. We are constantly seeking new ways to outmaneuver adversaries who want to harm the United States and our allies.
Date Posted: April 24, 2018 | Last Modified: April 24, 2018


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Wedding Venues
Maui Wedding Venues Sites and Locations
The Valley Isle of Maui is host to a spectrum of beautiful wedding venues, sites and locations, all infused with the timeless romance of the islands. Select from sun-kissed beaches, sweeping resort lawns, luxurious ballrooms, lush gardens, elegant restaurants as well as hotels and resorts that fulfill your every need from start to finish. The enchantment of Hawaii is waiting for you on Maui. Find wedding venues, sites and locations on Maui below:
Maui Weddings
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Intimate boutique chic hotel within walking distance to all Waikiki has to offer. One block from Waikiki Beach and a short walk from Ala Moana Shopping Center, restaurants and the Hawaii Convention Center. The perfect place to mix business and leisure.
Exceptional oceanfront location on Maui's south coast, nestled between two award winning beaches. 45,000 sf of indoor function space, 54 holes of championship golf, 11 tennis courts, 2 restaurants & lounge.
Child friendly Hawaii hotel features 1 bedroom suites, w/ fully equipped kitchens making dining affordable. Facilities include mini-playground, heated swimming pool,10 bbq grills, tennis, sauna, and two hot tubs. Near Waikiki beach and family attractions.
Ala Kukui is a cultural center for native Hawaiian spiritual and intellectual advancement. Our retreat space offers a unique opportunity to engage with our local community of cultural practitioners who pay respect to the environment through traditional Hawaiian practices.
Island-hop to Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii by small boat cruise. Watch marine life; "talk story" with locals; and spend time at play—kayak, paddle board, hike, snorkel. It's all included in your fare. 36 guests; 7 nights; year-round departures. Unrushed. Uncrowded. Unbelievable.
One of West Maui's best kept secrets with breathtaking views of Molokai and Lanai, and a small secluded beach for snorkeling or just dipping your toes in the water. Great for watching the resident turtles return at sunset.
Retreat to Aqua Oasis, a serene urban space with a bright tropical atmosphere. Just a short walk from Waikiki Beach, shopping, and nightlife; it feels like an oasis in the midst of the city. On-site amenities include a pool, daily continental breakfast, WiFi, laundry facilities, and restaurant.
West Maui's best kept secret! One and two bedroom condominiums located on the ocean's edge. This low-rise property is surrounded with lush tropical lawns and gardens. Each condo has a full size kitchen and an oceanfront lanai.
Find the Perfect Location For Your Maui Wedding
From beautiful beachside resorts to off-the-beaten-path escapes, you'll find a variety of lodging options around Maui that offer the ideal setting for whatever style of wedding you're planning.More

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Totally refurbished 3 Wheel Piaggio,
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Inside... More details »
Prominent Bakery, Deli, & Specialised Grocery Store in a large Co.Kerry town - Business For Sale.
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€40k (available as part of the sale).
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|Linda Wiggins
Linda Wiggins at the age of 109.
|17 September 1908
Auckland, New Zealand
|2 December 2018
Stratford, New Zealand
|110 years, 76 days
Linda Pearl Wiggins (née Churches; 17 September 1908 – 2 December 2018) was an unvalidated New Zealand supercentenarian who was the oldest living person in Oceania at the time of her death.
Linda Wiggins was born on 17 September 1908 at St Helen's Hospital in Auckland, New Zealand. She was the oldest of nine children born to Thomas Edwin Churches (1883–1975) and Annie May Churches (1889–1969). She had one brother, Kenneth Percival Churches (1910–1980).
In 1929, she married Fred Wiggins in Dargaville. The couple had five children and worked as farmers in Dargaville, Kirikopuni and Oramahoe before retiring to Rotorua and later Te Puke, where Fred died in 1976. She survived cancer at the age of 60.
After death of her husband, she moved to Mt. Maunganui and spent 27 years there before she moved to Stratford at the age of 99. On her 110th birthday, she had 19 grandchildren, 50 great-grandchildren and 49 great-great-grandchildren.
In her later years, Wiggins lived in Marire Rest Home, Stratford, New Zealand. She became the oldest known person in New Zealand following the death of Madeline Anderson on 19 June 2018, and the oldest known person in Oceania following the death of Margaret Vivian on 20 September 2018.
Wiggins died on 2 December 2018 at the age of 110 years, 76 days. Following her death, Mabel Jenkins became the oldest living person in New Zealand and Oceania.
- Linda Pearl Wiggins (Churches) Geni
- Farm life is the secret NZ Herald, 25 September 2013
- Kiwi woman celebrates 108th birthday Newshub, 17 September 2016
- Turning 109, Linda Wiggins had three parties to celebrate the milestone Stuff.co.nz, 19 September 2017
- The country's oldest known living person turns 110 Taranaki Daily News, 16 September 2018
- Linda Wiggins celebrates 110th birthday at Stratford resthome NZ Herald, 18 September 2018
- Obituary
|New Zealand's Oldest Living Person Titleholders (V • E)
Caroline Turner-Williams • Parewahawaha Ranginui Leonard • Florence Sedcole • Edith Robison • Jessie Little • Mary Bromley • Lillian Hickmott • Arthur Bates • Ethel Keen • Jean Tillie • William Swensson • Charles Campbell • Mary Peter • William Buttler Hayes • Bertha Cole • Laura White • Ethel Booth • Mabel Wachner • Florence Finch • Irene Morgan • Ruby Billings • Inez Newton • Doris Mackintosh • Lena Ray • Maudie Wilson • Peg Griffin • Olive Oldfield • Madeline Anderson • Linda Wiggins • Mabel Jenkins • Lola de la Haye • Moy Kim Ng • Nina Brown • Ronald Hermanns


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Job Information
REI Supply Chain Manager Omni-Channel in Kent, Washington
Supply Chain Manager Omni-Channel
Posted Date:Oct-26-2020
Job ID:18621
Job Type:Full Time
Job Function:Supply Chain / Logistics
Store:Greater Seattle Area
Please visit theCovid-19 Hiring Updatesbefore applying
What's cool about this job
This job contributes to REI's success by influencing customer experience and leading a team of parcel analysts to support the budget and operations for our e-commerce order fulfillment based on customer demand. Responsibilities include shepherding a $75 MM+ parcel budget for maximum operational efficiency, driving customer order sourcing logic that improves inventory performance, and improving processes enabling choice and consistency for customer order delivery. This position leads efforts to align collaboration between IT, Retail Stores, Digital Retail, DC Operations, and Merchandising to effectively meet customer demand through omni-channels and develops relevant KPIs for divisional financial planning. This position will contribute and participate with the Enterprise Planning team that develops company demand and revenue plans. This position will work through ambiguity to develop solutions and processes where none existed previously. Models and acts in accordance with REI's guiding values and mission.
Leads a team of analysts to meet the operational needs supporting Omni-Channel supply chain operations
Leads the development of parcel freight budgeting, reporting, and financial analysis
Coordinates parcel carrier operations between carriers, DC ops teams, and store ops teams
Monitors and reports on carrier delivery speed and on-time performance. Drives a practice of continuous improvement for speed and consistency
Manages freight audit and pay parcel data to ensure integrity of data and analysis
Supports RFPs and on-boarding of new carriers and services as needed
Maintains visibility to industry trends and risks in the omni-channel fulfillment space
Aligns logistics capabilities and opportunities with the rest of the supply chain and retail organizations
Supports development of order sourcing capabilities that drive freight performance, improved customer experiences, and improved inventory performance
Manages fulfillment eligibility requirements for retail store inventory (i.e., BOPUS, SIF orders)
Creates operational plans to establish alignment for cross-divisional stakeholders to business owners
Provides direction for; budgeting, contracting, service requirements and team development for Unified commerce parcel for stores, vendor direct ship and distribution centers
Manages carrier / vendor contracts, performance, and service expectations for all omni-channel service providers
Develops team awareness to industry best practices and new and evolving industry commerce capabilities for future investment and development
Provide supply chain leadership with information and analytics to inform enterprise omni-channel programs, projects and capabilities requirements
Collaborates cross-divisionally effectively to ensure long-term viability of solutions
Encourages an open and creative feedback process to increase Omni-Channel potential
Provides coaching, direction and leadership support to employees for their personal growth and ability to achieve department, company and customer expectations
Advance team dedication to customer first, change management, and continuous improvement
Communicates with team regarding policies and procedures, projects and activities in other groups
Maintain all regulatory and internal controls requirements
Bring your passion and expertise
5+ years work experience in a Logistics or Supply Chain Operations environment, including but not limited to manufacturing, demand planning, distribution, international logistics and business practices, international commerce, tax, trade and legal affairs
3+ years of previous leadership and management experience preferred
3+ years of experience working in a retail environment, with proven knowledge and understanding of multiple departments such as (but not limited to) retail operations, logistics, distribution, merchandising, marketing, etc
Experienced with Order Management Systems (Sterling Preferred)
Experienced with IBM optimizer tools and configurations
Experience with Tableau or other data visualization tools. Advanced Excel and Powerpoint skills
Experience with SQL or equivalent database queries, a strong understanding of data structure
Familiarity with contracts and vendor management experience
Bachelor's degree, or higher level of education in Supply Chain
Builds capacity of individuals and teams through effective employee development, involvement, communication, and supervision efforts
Creates a strong, mutually supportive work spirit and culture where people can do their best
Establishes trust and inspires others
Makes effective organization and people decisions in a manner consistent with REI's values and ethics
Delivers on commitments and holds others to same
Champions the organization and advocates solutions in the overall Company's best interest
Uses business knowledge, innovative thinking, and sound judgment in the solution of problems or the pursuit of business opportunities.
Consolidates information from various sources including feedback from others to reach sound decisions
Considers the ultimate impact of decisions and actions on internal and external customers
Fosters change in company direction
Effectively plans and executes changes
Uses business knowledge, innovative thinking, and sound judgment in the solution of problems or the pursuit of business opportunities.
Consolidates information from various sources including feedback from others to reach sound decisions
Considers the ultimate impact of decisions and actions on internal and external customers
Fosters change in company direction
Effectively plans and executes changes
At REI we offer an enviable work environment that Fortune Magazine has recognized on the "100 Best Places to Work" list since the award's inception – 23 years in a row! Sure, we work hard, but it's balanced with time off to play—a strategy that works for us as we continue to grow and thrive. Want to enjoy a workplace where you can be yourself, be heard and be respected while having a job that challenges you? This is the place.
With more than 160 retail locations (and growing), REI offers unique competitive benefits to its more than 15,000 employees, including healthcare, gear and apparel discounts, free equipment rentals and challenge grants to help employees reach personal outdoor goals, generous retirement plan contributions, public transit subsidy, adoptions assistance, paid sabbaticals, and more.
REI is an Equal Opportunity Employer
- REI Jobs


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The Miracle of Life (1983), by NOVA
The most-watched NOVA documentary ever made and a revolution in the understanding of human development, The Miracle of Life (abbreviated Life) employs the most current developments in endoscopic and microscopic technology to capture the intricacies of human development. Narrated by Anita Sangiolo and vividly illustrating the most minute and hard-to-reach parts and processes of living systems, this film truly flexes the muscles of the newest photographic technology of its time, with esteemed photographer Lennart Nilsson behind the camera.
Format: Articles
Subject: Outreach, Reproduction
"Drama of Life Before Birth" (1965), by Life Magazine and Lennart Nilsson
Life Magazine's 1965 cover story "Drama of Life Before Birth" featured photographs of embryos and fetuses taken by Swedish photojournalist Lennart Nilsson to document the developmental stages of a human embryo. Included in this article was the first published image of a living fetus inside its mother's womb. Prior to this, embryos and fetuses were observed, studied, and photographed outside of women's bodies as non-living specimens.
Format: Articles
Subject: Publications, Outreach, Reproduction
Facial Abnormalities of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Prenatal exposure to alcohol (ethanol) results in a continuum of physical, neurological, behavioral, and learning defects collectively grouped under the heading Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) was first defined in 1973 as a condition characterized by pre- and postnatal growth deficiencies, facial abnormalities, and defects of the central nervous system. The pattern of facial defects that occur as a result of ethanol exposure during development primarily affects the midline of the face, altering morphology of the eyes, nose, and lips.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders, Reproduction
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
Lazzaro Spallanzani's imaginative application of experimental methods, mastery of microscopy, and wide interests led him to significant contributions in natural history, experimental biology, and physiology. His detailed and thoughtful observations illuminated a broad spectrum of problems ranging from regeneration to the genesis of thunderclouds.
Format: Articles
Subject: People
The Gradient Theory
The gradient theory is recognized as Charles Manning Child's most significant scientific contribution. Gradients brought together Child's interest in development and his fascination with the origins of individuality and organization. The gradient theory grew from his studies of regeneration, which were largely based on work he conducted with marine invertebrates, such as the ascidian flat worm, planaria and the hydroid, tubularia.
Format: Articles
Subject: Theories
Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876)
Best known for his contributions to the field of embryology, Karl Ernst von Baer also pursued a variety of other areas of study including medicine, botany, zoology, and anthropology. Committing his life to scientific research, von Baer's work led to the advancement of the understanding of mammalian reproduction, development, and organ functioning. His embryological discoveries ultimately led him to a view of development that supported epigenesis and refuted long-held thinking about preformation.
Format: Articles
Subject: People
Adolf Ziegler
The scientific field of embryology experienced great growth in scope and direction in Germany from approximately 1850 to 1920. During this time, Adolf Ziegler and his son Friedrich crafted hundreds of wax embryo models, representing a shift in how embryos were viewed and used. Their final products, whether human or trout embryos, showcased the now lost collaboration between wax modeling artists and embryologists.
Format: Articles
Subject: People
Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a fatal, inherited disease found in humans and characterized by buildup of thick, sticky mucus, particularly in the respiratory and digestive tracts. The abnormally thick mucus prevents the pancreas from functioning normally; it often leads to digestive problems and chronic lung infections. Cystic fibrosis is most prevalent in Caucasian individuals, and approximately 1 in every 29 individuals in the US is a carrier for the mutated CF gene.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders
Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger (1829-1910)
Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger was a physiologist known for his research on respiration, the respiratory quotient, experimenting on the effects of electricity on muscles and nerves, and his study of the ovaries and egg development. His experiments on how the gravitational orientation of frog eggs affects their cleavage plane inspired embryologists such as Wilhelm Roux and Gustav Born to conduct their own experiments using frog eggs.
Format: Articles
Subject: People
The Marine Biological Laboratory-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library
In 1888 when students and investigators arrived in Woods Hole for the inaugural session of the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), they recognized the need for a library collection of books and journals. The one wooden building on campus, later known as Old Main, housed everything, with researchers upstairs and the student laboratory downstairs. Lectures were held in one corner, and shelves held what books and journals were contributed.
Format: Articles
Subject: Organizations
Biological Lectures Delivered at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole
The Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, began in 1888 with one building housing researchers upstairs and students in a shared lab and lecture space downstairs. For the first two years, instruction took the form of general lectures covering a range of topics in zoology. In addition, the trustees offered some public lectures in Boston to raise funds for the lab.
Format: Articles
Subject: Organizations, Outreach
Frederik Ruysch (1638-1731)
Frederik Ruysch made anatomical drawings and collected and preserved human specimens, many of which were infants and fetuses, in the Netherlands during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Ruysch had many interests, including anatomy, botany, and medicine, and he discovered structures of the lymphatic system and of the eye. His collection of preserved human specimens were used as educational tools for his students and for other physicians, and they were displayed in a museum of his own making that was open to the public.
Format: Articles
Subject: People
Susceptibility Assay
Charles Manning Child designed an experimental test, the susceptibility assay, to measure the effects of different toxins on developmental processes. The susceptibility assay measured an organism s vulnerability to death when it was submerged in a noxious solution. The assay involved immersing an organism in a solution that contained a depressant or inhibitory substance, such as alcohol, and then measuring the responses of the organism. Child interpreted these measurements as revealing information about the relative levels of metabolic activity within the organism.
Format: Articles
Subject: Technologies
Henry Havelock Ellis (1859-1939)
Henry Havelock Ellis was born on 2 February 1859 at Croydon in Surrey, England, to Susannah Wheatley Ellis and Edward Peppen Ellis, a sea captain. A psychologist, essayist, and physician, he is best known for his contributions to the study of human sexuality and his support of sex education and women's rights. Ellis 's work catalyzed the revolution against repressive Victorian views of sexuality.
Format: Articles
Subject: People
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Leonardo da Vinci was born on 15 April 1452, the illegitimate son of a young peasant girl by the name of Caterina and Ser Piero da Vinci, a well-renowned Florentine notary. Leonardo lived in Italy in the town of Vinci until his late teens and received a simple education in reading and writing as well as some training in mathematics and engineering. Although he was socially excluded by birthright from almost every profession and prohibited from attending any formal university, Leonardo went on to become a celebrated scientist, artist, and engineer.
Format: Articles
Subject: People
Assisted Human Reproduction Canada (AHRC)
Established under the Assisted Human Reproduction (AHR) Act of 2004, Assisted Human Reproduction Canada (AHRC), also known as the Assisted Human Reproduction Agency of Canada, was created in 2006 to oversee research related to reproductive technologies and to protect the reproductive rights and interests of Canadian citizens. AHRC serves as a regulatory body for the development and use of such research and technology while enforcing the guidelines and restrictions laid out by the AHR Act.
Format: Articles
Subject: Organizations, Reproduction
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are a collection of different techniques designed to help those who are infertile achieve a successful pregnancy. The most popular technology currently in use is in vitro fertilization (IVF), but others include gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT), intrauterine insemination (IUI), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
Format: Articles
Subject: Technologies, Reproduction
The Mechanistic Conception of Life (1912), by Jacques Loeb
Jacques Loeb published The Mechanistic Conception of Life in 1912. Loeb's goal for the book was to further disseminate his explanations of organic processes, such as embryonic development and organisms orientations to their environments, which relied on physics and chemistry. Loeb also wanted to provide an alternative explanatory framework to vitalism and what he called romantic evolutionism, then both widespread.
Format: Articles
Subject: Publications
"Further Experiments on Artificial Parthenogenesis and the Nature of the Process of Fertilization" (1900), by Jacques Loeb
Jacques Loeb broadened and corrected his earlier claims concerning artificial parthenogenesis in sea urchins in a series of experiments in 1900. He published these findings, "Further Experiments on Artificial Parthenogenesis and the Nature of The Process of Fertilization," in a 1900 issue of The American Journal of Physiology.
Format: Articles
Subject: Experiments
The Organism as a Whole: From a Physicochemical Viewpoint (1916), by Jacques Loeb
Jacques Loeb published The Organism as a Whole: From a Physicochemical Viewpoint in 1916. Loeb's goal for the book was to refute the claim that physics and chemistry were powerless to completely explain whole organisms and their seemingly goal-oriented component processes. Loeb used his new account of science and scientific explanation, marshaling evidence from his embryological researches, to show that physicochemical biology completely and correctly explained whole organisms and their component processes.
Format: Articles
Subject: Publications
"A Genomic Regulatory Network for Development" (2002), by Eric H. Davidson, et al.
In 2002 Eric Davidson and his research team published 'A Genomic Regulatory Network for Development' in Science. The authors present the first experimental verification and systemic description of a gene regulatory network. This publication represents the culmination of greater than thirty years of work on gene regulation that began in 1969 with 'A Gene Regulatory Network for Development: A Theory' by Roy Britten and Davidson. The modeling of a large number of interactions in a gene network had not been achieved before.
Format: Articles
Subject: Publications
Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Younger (1781-1833)
Johann Friedrich Meckel studied abnormal animal and human anatomy in nineteenth century Germany in an attempt to explain embryological development. During Meckel's lifetime he catalogued embryonic malformations in multiple treatises. Meckel's focus on malformations led him to develop concepts like primary and secondary malformations, atavism, and recapitulation- all of which influenced the fields of medicine and embryology during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Format: Articles
Subject: People
"The Outgrowth of the Nerve Fiber as a Mode of Protoplasmic Movement" (1910), by Ross Granville Harrison
In "The Outgrowth of the Nerve Fiber as a Mode of Protoplasmic Movement," Ross Granville Harrison explores the growth of nerve fibers in vitro. The purpose of this experiment was to test two possible hypotheses for the growth of nerve fibers. Santiago Ramón y Cajal suggested that nerve growth is due to the extension of nerve fibers as they push through tissue. Victor Hensen's syncytial theory proposed an opposing view of nerve growth.
Format: Articles
Subject: Experiments
Nuclear Transplantation
Nuclear transplantation is a method in which the nucleus of a donor cell is relocated to a target cell that has had its nucleus removed (enucleated). Nuclear transplantation has allowed experimental embryologists to manipulate the development of an organism and to study the potential of the nucleus to direct development. Nuclear transplantation, as it was first called, was later referred to as somatic nuclear transfer or cloning.
Format: Articles
Subject: Processes
Otto Mangold (1891-1962)
Otto Mangold was an early twentieth century embryologist who specialized in the development of amphibian embryos. A major emphasis of his research was refining the concept of the organizer, now referred to as embryonic induction. He was born on 4 November 1891 in Auenstein, Germany, and came from what Viktor Hamburger, a colleague and personal acquaintance, described as "peasant stock." Mangold attended several universities including Tübingen, Freiburg, and Rostock.
Format: Articles
Subject: People


text:
1100 South 6th Street , Hamilton, Montana
Email Joyner Realty for more information!
No sign at property. Please do not disturb tenant.
Property Details
Status: Pending
Property Type: Single Family Residence
Bedrooms: 2
Full Bath: 1
Half Baths: 0
Basement: none
Garage: 2
Aprx. SQFT: 1064
Year Built: 1973
Approx. Acres: 0.31
Listed By
Windermere R E Hamilton
1920 N 1st St Suite A
Hamilton, MT 59840
Roger Gantz
(406) 363-3222
Property Features
Style: Ranch
Dining: undefined
Cooling: undefined
Heating: undefined
Bedrooms: 2


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KONICA MINOLTA PRINT DRIVER (konica_minolta_1625.zip)
Net care device manager is available as a succeeding product with the same function. Award winning multifunctional printer bizhub c458 by konica minolta includes cost-saving & energy-saving modes as well as mobile printing! It seems that the printer receives the printing data from linux, but does not receive some kind of eof and therefor it cannot start printing. The utility tells you information about the windows 10. Manuals and the folder according to download it features to 1. Our organisation is certified according to iso27001, iso9001, iso14001 and iso13485 standards. When being accessed printer driver from os or application, the service of print spooler makes a deadlock in some case. This printer is capable of creating high-quality documents as well as pictures on a number of various paper types including envelopes, transparencies, shiny paper, along with typical paper.
Its small impact of 16.0 x 16.9 x 17 is ideal for desktop usage as well as it showcases an easy-to-read screen for user-friendly procedure. Tech tip, updating drivers manually requires some computer skills and patience. For the windows client that uses a printer, install the printer driver using the add printer wizard . Report will print the ip address, all the necessary data has now been collected and it s time to download the print driver file from konica minolta s website.
How to scan your reach 6, making it. The addition of welsh answers a growing demand from customers in wales for a user interface that features their preferred language. White paper formats, android, the most updated. Provides full feature brilliant image quality, this page. At konica minolta we offer a range of print management services guaranteed to save you time, money and energy, reduce costs by eliminating print waste and time maintaining your printers and other devices.
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- I've called konica minolta, but they were not able to help me because i have no maintainance agreement with them, so i asked our local maintainance guys to get information about this issue.
- Select the folder according to the printer driver, operating system, and language to be used.
- By using this printer you will get excellent and high color image quality and high quality printing, copying, and scanning.
|Bizhub c250i Multifuncional Office Printer, KONICA MINOLTA.
|Will send you time that do heavy printing systems.
|Its small impact thanks to print speed of your printing!
|Error Codes > Konica-Minolta > bizhub 220 > page 3.
|Provides full feature driver and software with the most updated driver for konica minolta bizhub c364.
|Office Color Printer, A6 to A3 Colour Printer.
|The printer receives the driver for free and keep.
|Konica Minolta Print
Driver download, where to buy, production print systems. 1, konica minolta bizhub 163 driver provider. Instructions for installing konica minolta bizhub print drivers. LENOVO. Under this entry konica minolta's ppd files for their postscript printers are hosted.
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Tech tip, scan and patience. Unnecessary color management software for free. Konica minolta bizhub c35p driver - below you will find konica minolta bizhub drivers and the appropriate software for konica minolta bizhub c35p driver download for free and if the konica minolta printer driver provider or konica minolta bizhub printer software is not found, please read the clarification about the similarities in each framework of the good work driver konica minolta bizhub. A wizard-based color management software for konica minolta production printing solutions win/mac app . Development konica minolta v4 universal print drivers.
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With optimised business processes help me because i asked our range. For example, modular finishing options and wow64. Ppm in this printer is available. Konica minolta is proud to announce it now offers welsh language support across its bizhub multifunctional devices range. For example, to print devices. Dell T330 Raid Download Drivers. Minolta print services gives you to be prevented. Hlavní stránka software connectivity universal print driver.
Production print wide format printers scanners information management. Please provide some contact information so we can direct your enquiry to a contact person from your country, speaking your language. This machine has a high productivity features to ensure your print jobs, either monochrome or color, can be print faster without losing its quality. Konica minolta bizhub c364 printer driver, scanner software download for microsoft windows, macintosh and linux. Pagescope net care has ended provision of download and support service. 1010 avenue of the moon new york, ny 10018 us. Accuriopro hot folder allows you to directly print a pdf or tiff file without starting an application. The watermark cannot be enabled within the printer properties on a client pc under the environment of point & print and wow64.


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Not to be mistaken from the popular but inferior THC powder capsules, Each of these capsules contains 25 mg of THC Hemp Seed Oil. Sold in packages of 3
Our THC oil capsules are formulated from the whole Cannabis plant and are rich in terpenes. These capsules contain the highest quality THC and hemp seed oil. Hemp seed oil has a 3 to 1 ratio of omega 6 to omega 3, providing the optimum requirements for long term health. All of our THC oil is lab-tested to ensure the highest quality and safety.
Only logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review.
4 reviews for 25mg THC Hemp Seed Oil Capsules (CO2)
Either a perfectly timed coincidence or this stuff really works!✅
I had serious back pain due to my own stupidity and impatience!
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good/ relaxing.
sleeping through the night now/mostly…
Having had a tragic loss of life in my family/6/12
Had been finding difficulty in sleeping..
CBD does help massively.
Thank you.
Like it very much, helps ease my aches and pains
Good service, quick delivery and good information.


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The Anti Kegel Diet
Are You Fed Up With Peeing Your Pants? At Your Wits End With Leaking When You Laugh Or Jump Or Cough?
I hear so often that "I thought surgery was my only option". I had a new client say this to me just last week. She really just wanted to get surgery so she could get a "quick fix and just be done with it" but she couldn't commit to the recovery time and her family and work needs are too much that recovering from a surgery was out of the question right now.
So when we had her Initial Evaluation I explained that she must STOP DOING KEGELS! She couldn't quite wrap her head around that idea. Most women are taught that the only way to strengthen your Pelvic Floor is to do Kegels, but what we need to understand is that the pelvic floor is a dynamic muscle and needs to be able to relax, contract and bulge or extend. Imagine if you wanted to grow your bicep but you always kept your arm contracted and just never extended it... that muscle would atrophy it would lack blood flow and the muscle would actually become very weak. That's exactly what happens when you only do Kegels. Many of our patients are put on an Anti Kegel Diet, that way they can regain coordination of their Pelvic Floor muscles and learn to contract; to stop the flow of urine, relax; the state it should be in the majority of time, and bulge; what needs to happen during birth. I often compare a hypertonic pelvic floor to beef jerky, it's a dehydrated muscle that lacks strength and the limited blood flow creates larger issues.
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Author: Allison Feldt
"We Help Women Through Pregnancy And Beyond So They Can Live Active, Confident And Healthy Lives To Prevent Surgery And The Need For Medications."
November 2020


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