text:
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text:
When someone else posts a pull request on two projects of mine, the GitHub actions for tests never run.
The status icon stays yellow and the message reads:
Expected — Waiting for status to be reported
When I look in the actions tab of both the forked repo and my own, nothing has even run.
They do run perfectly for me.
Is this a bug with GitHub or am I doing something wrong?
My test yaml is:
name: Node.js Test Runner
on: [push]
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
node-version: [12.x, 14.x]
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}
uses: actions/setup-node@v1
node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}
- run: npm install
- run: npm run build --if-present
- run: npm test
CI: true
I'm thinking, possibly,
on: [push] is wrong? Is there another item that should be in there?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Anxious People byFredrik Backman
Times bestseller from the author of A Man Called Ove
An instant #1 New York Times bestsellerThe funny, touching and unpredictable new novel from the multi-million copy bestselling author of A Man Called Ove. 'Funny, compassionate and wise . .
. an absolute joy' A.J. Pearce, bestselling author of Dear Mrs Bird'I loved this book.
Funny, sad, clever, insightful, surprising and hopeful. Brilliant in every way' Sarah Morgan, bestselling author of One Summer in Paris________In a small town in Sweden it appears to be an ordinary day. But look more closely, and you'll see a mysterious masked figure approaching a bank...
Two hours later, chaos has descended. A bungled attempted robbery has developed into a hostage situation - and the offender is refusing to communicate their demands to the police. Within the building, fear quickly turns to irritation for the seven strangers trapped inside.
If this is to be their last day on earth, shouldn't it be a bit more dramatic?But as the minutes tick by, they begin to suspect that the criminal mastermind holding them hostage might be more in need of rescuing than they are . . .
An Amazon Editors' Pick for BEST OF SEPTEMBERReaders are loving Anxious People!'Backman never disappoints . . .
heartwarming and multi layered' 5***** Reader Review'As always Backman manages to delight . . .
a really satisfying ending that makes you feel better about the world' 5***** Reader Review'A wonderfully unusual tale, told with flair and finesse that is so wonderful it is sure to cure everything that ails you. Don't miss out on this beautiful book' 5***** Reader Review'This novel is about humanity at its most raw and at its most wonderful and I LOVED it!' 5***** Reader Review


text:
Italy today announced its fourth death from coronavirus as the country imposes drastic security measures to contain the first major outbreak in Europe.
The 84-year-old man was confirmed dead today in Lombardy in northern Italy, where 50,000 people have been placed under lockdown, schools have been shut and bars and restaurants have been ordered to close.
The fourth virus victim died in Bergamo after he was taken to hospital with an unrelated illness but was later found to have the coronavirus, Italian media said.
The outbreak has sparked fears that tourists returning from Italy could send the epidemic spiralling across Europe, with many Britons returning to school and work after the half-term break today.
The country has confirmed more than 160 cases of the virus, by far the largest number outside Asia.
The wealthy Lombardy region which includes Milan is the worst-affected region, while 22 people have been infected in neighbouring Veneto which includes Venice.
As the panic spread last night, Austria halted trains from crossing the Alps into Italy after two German women reported a fever on board, although they later tested negative.
Authorities in Lombardy and Veneto have banned public events including Masses, while Milan's famous cathedral has been closed to visitors.
The spread of the virus has also forced the stoppage of high-profile events including the Venice Carnival, Milan Fashion Week and Serie A football fixtures.


text:
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text: Guest: Philip Levi, owner, Burlingame Fitness "Perfection is not attainable, but if we chase perfection we can catch excellence." - Vince Lombardi Philip lives and operates his fitness studio with this mantra, and delivers on a highly personal training business as a result. Check out Phil's hustle: philiplevi.com (This is Episode 013, which means we were bound for some spooky misfortune. Some technical snafus meant a phone-recorded show was in the cards for us originally. Full disclosure: Phil was awesome enough to re-record this show! So many thanks to him for his legendary patience.) Shout out to Matt Ray, who is now doing our intro. It's better this way. The intro is "Blank Page" by Surrogate. Buy their music anywhere you do that.


text:
Protect your property, company, and also loved ones from undesirable, damaging pests.
Belleview FL pest control services are utilized to remove different insects and also pests. There are numerous commercial pest exterminators offered, one can find them online. While hiring a pest exterminator in Belleview, one must check the owner of the company, his certifications, and credentials, as well as the kinds of services he has to offer. In the situation of a home, one can additionally check on the insurance coverage plan of the homeowner. If you can not locate any address, you can seek aid from those that have actually stayed in the area for a lengthy time.
Termite treatments are not something to be ignored. These pests can be difficult to spot, as well as since of their numbers, they have a tendency to spread rapidly, triggering major damage to houses and businesses.
Lots of people choose to hire a commercial exterminator in Belleview, because it is the most effective means to ensure that a person does away with pests, without injuring his or her property. The usage of chemicals in commercial pest extermination calls for a permit. This can conserve you time, cash, and initiative when using a pesticide on your building.
We Treat The Following Pest Problems in Belleview:
Florida Termite Control
Termites are a significant danger to homeowners in Belleview, FL. They are available in a range of sizes and you never ever recognize just how much damages they will certainly do. There are many types of timber, which is perfect for a termite control project. While some individuals choose to make use of lighter timbers as a result of their fire threat, others like harder woods. This is since the termites need the moisture and also rough appearance of hardwood to build their cocoons.
A really reliable way to take care of termites is to repair water leaks and also inspect the joints of the boards. This is since they get involved in the wood as well as lay their eggs in these components of the board. When it comes to termite infestation, making sure that the timber remains dry is one of the very best points that you can do. Termite damage is frequently challenging to spot due to the fact that they hide quite possibly. So, to stop them from entering your home, one must only walk on the soil when essential.
Find the Best Pest Exterminators in Belleview
Bed Bug Exterminator in Belleview
Bed Bug Exterminator in Belleview, Florida will certainly initially go over the area that is plagued to see if there are any kind of hidden colonies. A basic inspection can give this information. Home heating treatment can also be used to help clear the area of a bed bug infestation. Warm treatment is often the only service. During treatment, the warmth and also wetness develop a beneficial atmosphere for the bed bugs to breed. By removing the warmth source, it might possibly remove a whole swarm. Belleview Bed Bug Exterminator recommends you study the home heating treatment as it can be hazardous.
When dealing with, do not load a pail with warm water. This can trigger a surge in which instance the whole room might have to be evacuated. Instead, treat a small section of the bedding and also leave the rest to dry out naturally. It is very important to utilize some kind of barrier. Usage plastic or a covering. Over the program of time, this barrier can end up being so thick that just a professional infestation assessor in Belleview can access them to make sure that do not wait to call them today.
While the remedy will certainly not stop all possible bedbug infestations, it can reduce the infestation and also health and wellness conditions for a mattress as well as bed framework.
Why Choose Us?
- Full range of pest control and termite treatment services.
- Flexible scheduling, as well as the same and next-day pest control service.
- Using the latest in pest control and inspection technology.
- Highly trained and experienced representatives.
- Providing 24/7 support as well as emergency services.
- Green, environmentally-friendly treatments that are child and pet-friendly.
Dependable Pest Control Companies in Belleview Florida
Belleview Pest control companies have actually been offering reliable options to the pest problem for a very long time. As the world's population has actually grown, the number of pests that can influence individuals has actually increased also. The most usual instance of insect this is bed bugs and cockroaches. Although there are other insects that can be an issue for individuals, it is the most usual example that people think about when they begin obtaining pest issues.
Bed bugs can spread out from someone to an additional and also can create chaos in the home. An excellent pest management company in Belleview as well as surrounding areas recognize how to control bed bugs, along with any kind of various other pest as well as insects, can have a solution prepared for individuals.
Speak With our Belleview Pest Control Pros Today!
Professional pest management companies have pest control experts in Belleview, FL that understand specifically what needs to be performed in order to eliminate a pest. These pest control experts have years of experience and can help to get rid of a bed bug infestation in addition to anything else that people can bring right into the home that is a pest. There are several various other pests that individuals have troubles within the home that can be handled by the Belleview professional pest management companies. Don't hesitate to contact our pest professionals in Belleview.
Pest Control Services We Provide in Belleview
If you're worried regarding a home that appears to be overrun with ants, cockroaches, and also mosquitoes, it may be time to look right into pest control services. In order to deal with the cockroaches and mosquitoes that may be staying in your home, you'll require to have an expert pest control service in Belleview FL come and clean your home.
Our Belleview Pest Control experts provide several services for both residential and commercial homes, including
- Emergency Pest Control
- Cockroach Exterminator
- Ant Control
- Rodent control
- Wasp and Bee Removal
- Termite Control & Treatment
- Bed Bug Treatment
- Residential and Commercial Exterminators
- Spider Control
- Mosquito control
- Bat Extermination
- Tick and Flea Control
- And Much More!
Residential Pest Control Belleview FL
Residential pest control Belleview is very important for numerous reasons. Along with maintaining your household risk-free from hazardous pests that can trigger severe illness or even worse, it is additionally an efficient method to maintain rodents out of your home. Controlling the variety of rats in your house will certainly help to stop them from going into in the starting point. As well as by controlling them once they have entered into your home, you are likely to stop them from coming back once more as well as this prevents rodents from ending up being pests, to start with. If you have children or pets that live in your home, it is essential to discover a great way to deal with the home to see to it that it is rodent-free.
The kitchen is a really small area, which indicates there is a high possibility for these pests to conceal and nest in. Considering that you will probably never ever see the entire kitchen filled with rodents, it is best to make use of a home rat control option in North Caroline for this issue. Rodent sprays are just one of one of the most effective ways to get rid of rats and also mice, but not every homeowner in Belleview has accessibility to such products. There are some options for dealing with the kitchen, though, consisting of making use of mousetraps. Our Belleview group also give fumigation services making use of the ideal and risk-free chemical to get rid of pests in your house or business.
Belleview Commercial Pest Control for Businesses
Pest control is something that all businesses in Belleview, FL require to consider seriously. One of one of the most essential things to do is to ensure that all areas in the dining establishment are well kept as well as made to be without pests.
It is necessary to constantly be thinking of methods to keep client service levels high in order to keep the credibility of the business in Belleview Florida. No issue just how well the cleaning and pest control are done, it would not take long for consumers to think that the restaurant is unclean or germ-free. This is where the Belleview pest management service can be found in. It is constantly a good idea to utilize the pest-management option that is fit to the circumstance instead than the one that everyone else is using. There are numerous Belleview commercial pest control solutions that can be placed right into location that is safe as well as efficient for the setting.
Protect Your Belleview Home from all Pests
Please call our Emergency Pest Pros at (888) 408-2399 to learn more regarding our Pest Control services as well as prices as well as also obtain your Home Inspection Report – Pests, Rodents & Termites.


text:
New concept from summer 21: Simply relax in peace and tranquillity
Just find peace, through nature, silence and deceleration, that is our new vision in Tanafreida. Now we are making things happen until the summer season 2021: we are rebuilding a few things in and around the house and we are making our large area more usable. But above all, we are creating new services for relaxed time out. Therefore we are also adjusting our prices.
Flats with an individual touch, 40,000 m2 area with quiet spots
In order to make it easy for our guests to find peace and tranquility in our area, we are converting parts of the house and all flats in a first step. We are redesigning the outside facilities and are setting up several quiet spots on our 40,000 m2 site. There you can, for example, take a "bath" in the most species-rich meadow in Vorarlberg. Another example: We will use the outside light much more sparingly so that you can enjoy the starry sky from your balcony.
New slow-down services for relaxed holidays
In addition, next summer we will also be launching new services that will make it easier for you to "relax". One example is the breakfast service included in the flat price.We will prepare the breakfast of your choice, of course with regional and fresh organic products, and bring it to or in front of your flat at the agreed time. We will prepare the breakfast of your choice, of course with regional and fresh organic products, and bring it to or in front of your flat at the agreed time. Together with our partners we are also developing a whole range of optional services for quiet and relaxed experiences - from a deep forest experience with a nature diplomat to a gastro shuttle that takes you to the best restaurants in the Ländle for a delicious dinner and back again.
With the new concept, the comprehensive offer and the redesigned house, we are also introducing new prices from 2021. These will now be based on the level of furnishings and fittings in the respective flat.
We know that some people will love this concept, others rather not. But this is also part of it. We want to be a place where people come together, who find peace and satisfaction in their relationship with nature, with their travel partners and with themselves. If you are looking for action holidays with Halligalli, animation and fast food, you are definitely wrong with us in the future.
20% introductory discount for summer bookings until the end of the year
What do you think, is this something for you? We would be pleased. To make it easier for you to try it out: If you book your summer holiday by the end of the year, you will get a 20% discount on your booking for summer 2021.
We are looking forward to welcoming you.
A warm "Grüaß Di" from Tanafreida, the sunniest relaxation spot in Montafon
Alexandra and Steffen


text:
Ephesians 4:4-6, One Spirit.
length: 67:20 - taught on Oct, 21 2020
Class Outline:
Wednesday October 21,2020
One Spirit:
The Holy Spirit is a Person and is God. Involved in creation (GEN 1:2). The inspirer and revealer of Scripture. The empower of divine action in believers.
The Holy Spirit is sent by the Son and goes forth from the Father. He is obedient to the Father and Son as the Son is to the Father, but in no way inferior.
As a part of the eternal purpose of the Trinity, the HS undertook all the ministry necessary to sustain the Son during the incarnation in which the Son was to lay aside His own glory and power to some measure.
Jesus' use of the Holy Spirit in His life is the very prototype of our own.
In fact, the HS undertook to beget the Son of God from the virgin Mary, to fill the man Jesus, and to supply all necessary enablement to sustain the Son in the sphere of His humiliation and empower Him for His life among men.
G/HS is the source of God's word and your source of its personal revelation:
It is God's divine purpose to make Himself known, and it is the work of the Holy Spirit to carry out that purpose.
The Scripture is a product of the Holy Spirit through the instrumentality of men, while keeping each writer's conscience and personality. The Scripture is not an inspired product of man, meaning that it not a man-made thing that is heightened or given greater quality by God. The Word of God is God's product using man as His instrument.
It is extremely important to know that the Scripture is breathed by God. It is not the invention of man. Therefore, we know that we have the truth straight from the mouth of God.
Therefore, I shall always be ready to remind you of these things, even though you already know them, and have been established in the truth which is present with you. 13 And I consider it right, as long as I am in this earthly dwelling, to stir you up by way of reminder, 14 knowing that the laying aside of my earthly dwelling is imminent, as also our Lord Jesus Christ has made clear to me. 15 And I will also be diligent that at any time after my departure you may be able to call these things to mind.
The apostles died, but the word received from God through their instrumentality, lives on and will live on for all eternity.
For we did not follow cleverly devised tales when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but we were eyewitnesses of His majesty. 17 For when He received honor and glory from God the Father, such an utterance as this was made to Him by the Majestic Glory, "This is My beloved Son with whom I am well-pleased" — 18 and we ourselves heard this utterance made from heaven when we were with Him on the holy mountain. 19 And so we have the prophetic word made more sure, to which you do well to pay attention as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star arises in your hearts. 20 But know this first of all, that no prophecy of Scripture is a matter of one's own interpretation, 21 for no prophecy was ever made by an act of human will, but men moved by the Holy Spirit spoke from God.
The Holy Spirit has revealed God throughout human history, even during the lifetime of Christ in the flesh, though Christ was also revealing God.
"The Holy Spirit rightly spoke through Isaiah the prophet to your fathers,"
The Holy Spirit gives revelation in the scripture in the primary sense of making known the will of God and His wisdom. This was done through oral prophecy, dreams, and visions before the time of Moses, and in some respect continued throughout the OT and some in the first century of the church. It included that facts about God and creation which could not have been known by man.
The Holy Spirit is also responsible for the inspiration of the entire written Word of God. This also includes things that could not be known by man, as well as an infallible recording of any history revealed. The final result is an accurate, flawless revelation from God in His Word; as much as He has chosen to reveal to us. We can be confident that we have God's revelation, clearly revealed without a single intent of trying to confuse us or encrypt the Word in some way that demands special insight.
It is as important to know that God has clearly revealed Himself as it is to know that God alone gave us the written Word. God had the NT written in common Greek vernacular, the language of the common man, the poor, the middle class. It was not written in lofty Attic Greek or Classic Latin. Most of the common people in the first century were illiterate. God did not set out to give us a puzzle of words to unravel. He clearly presented Himself in His word, and knowing that will protect you from prideful false teaching that claims to have special insight.
The Holy Spirit is also responsible for making the written word known to man in a way that he can apply it to certain problems and situations.
The Holy Spirit indwells every believer.
The Holy Spirit sanctifies every believer who is dedicated, undefeated, dependent upon, and obedient to Him.
When we look at these four words: dedication, undefeated, dependent, and obedient, we see what we are commanded and exhorted to all throughout the epistles. Sanctification, experimentally or experientially, is a process that increases over time. Over time the believer become more Christ-like in every aspect of his life, and soon enough the process is one that gives him great joy. Can we imagine the process truly occurring over the years in someone who is not dedicated to God or dependent upon God? Can we imagine the process occurring over the years to someone who is constantly defeated by a sinful lifestyle? A sinful lifestyle is overcome by sanctification, for that is its purpose, and of course, the grace of God is patient with us and disciplines us, but if we continue on in a life that grieves the Holy Spirit, we will not see much sanctifying work by Him over us. It is a walk by faith according to the calling with which we've been called. And, we must be obedient to the Word of God. These four words describe the believer that God the Holy Spirit will greatly sanctify.
But we should always give thanks to God for you, brethren beloved by the Lord, because God has chosen you from the beginning for salvation through sanctification by the Spirit and faith in the truth. 14 And it was for this He called you through our gospel, that you may gain the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ. 15 So then, brethren, stand firm and hold to the traditions which you were taught, whether by word of mouth or by letter from us.
Now may our Lord Jesus Christ Himself and God our Father, who has loved us and given us eternal comfort and good hope by grace, 17 comfort and strengthen your hearts in every good work and word.
So then, my beloved, just as you have always obeyed, not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence, work out your salvation with fear and trembling; 13 for it is God who is at work in you, both to will and to work for His good pleasure.
All three members of the Trinity are related to sanctifying the believer, but the Holy Spirit is particularly active in effecting the progressive and experiential aspect of life that is completely set apart unto God.
The kingdom of God has an outward display. When it physically comes upon the earth at the Second Coming of Christ it will have a clear outward display. Its display in our age through a person in love, forgiveness, compassion, virtue also has a clear display. Yet, the display of God's invisible kingdom in our age and that of the visible kingdom in the coming age are the results of something within.


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Rachel Ehrenfeld | Viewpoints
Since 1987, the Gaza-based terror group Hamas has kept itself in the international spotlight through acts of violence against the Jewish state. What are the aims and policies of The Muslim Brotherhood offshoot in the Gaza Strip? How does it finance its ongoing struggle against the 'Zionist Entity?'
US Ambassador to Israel, Dan Shapiro, visits a terr...
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By Avichai Korn
Since the ink dried on the tenuous 2015 nuclear deal in which Iran agreed to cease enrichment of weapons grade plutonium in exchange for a lifting of US sanctions,
America's 'peace partner' has continued to walk a tight rope, funding terrorist organizations, promulgating inflammatory anti-West rhetoric, testing long-range ballistic m...
Samuel C. Rajiv | Viewpoints
Ties between India and Israel have their origins in 1992 when India decided to establish full diplomatic relations with the Jewish state. While the decision in India was taken by a Congress-led coalition government, subsequent governments, especially those led by the right-of-centre Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), have continued to nurture the relati...
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text: TV and Movies·Posted on Mar 31, 2018John Krasinski Wants A Christmas Special For "The Office," So Start Writing Your Letters To Santa NowLook, I know it's Easter, but...by Shyla WatsonBuzzFeed StaffFacebookPinterestTwitterMailLink Are you obsessed with The Office? Great, me too! Are you sick and tired of watching the same measly nine seasons over and over again? OF COURSE NOT, THEY'RE AMAZING! Tap to play or pause GIF Tap to play or pause GIF NBC But, wouldn't it be even better to have something new?? Well, in a recent interview with IndieWire, John Krasinski opened up about his ideal reboot situation and, honestly, where's the kickstarter already? Let's Veronica Mars the heck out of this because it sounds fantastic. View this photo on Instagram instagram.com He told the magazine, "I think the UK thing that I always have pitched and wanted to do is that Christmas special thing, where we do a Christmas special this year and then two years from now, or three years from now, we do another one." Tap to play or pause GIF Tap to play or pause GIF NBC "I love that idea coming back finding out where everybody is. I would totally be down for that." View this photo on Instagram instagram.com "I don't think anybody in our show sees that we didn't end it the way we wanted to end it. We're one of the very lucky shows that got to end when we wanted to, how we wanted to." Tap to play or pause GIF Tap to play or pause GIF NBC "So I don't know how exciting it would be to do a run of the show, 'cause you don't want to retread old things and have people not be as excited about it as they are now." NBC "It's one of those things where I'm sure people don't believe me when I say I would totally do it, because the truth is I would totally do it." Tap to play or pause GIF Tap to play or pause GIF NBC John's been open about his willingness to reprise his role as America's husband Jim Halpert, but this whole Christmas special thing actually seems very doable!! Aka, MAKE THIS HAPPEN, NBC! BuzzFeed has reached out to NBC for comment. You can read John's entire interview here. What would you like to see in a Christmas special? Tell us in the comments!


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Snap de la semaine: Chichen Itza, Yucatan
Kathryn and Daniel will post a 'Snap de la semaine' irregulary, but at a rate of one per week. It is an original photo not otherwise on the site—it might be fresh from our camera, a new scan of some old film, a product of our fooling around with Photoshop, or a file from the archive that we haven't posted yet.
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Category: Dan's Blog, Photos
About the Author (Author Profile)For nearly ten years now, Daniel of Two Go Round-The-World has explored how travel captures our imagination and engages our deepest emotions. One half of the duo that maintains the widely read Two Go Round-The-World blog, Daniel treats his subjects not only as works of art but also as symbols of the cultural and political forces that inspire them. His latest book, The Physics of Flocking, gathers his favourite writing featured over the past two years on Two Go Round-The-World in columns like 'Looking Back' and 'The Whole Picture'—along with new reflections.
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I'm leaving for the Yucatan next week, and have read that you are no longer able to climb el Castillo. I've also read that you are now no longer able to climb the pyramid in Uxmal. (I have done both pyramids on previous trips, but I am taking a friend who had never been to Mexico. He was really looking forward to climbing the pyramids.)
I have also read in one of my guidebooks, that you are no longer allowed to climb el Templo de los Guerreros (Temple of the Warriors) at Chichen Itza. Does anyone know if that is true?
I was there! Wooo! The whole "clapping hands" thing was cool.
I like how the crowd looks dwarfed beside it. Good perspective!


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Grab & Go Travel Games - Clue
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| There's a mystery that needs solving, and you're just the detective to do it on the go with this Grab & Go version of the classic Clue game! Who killed the host of the fancy party? Where were they, and what weapon did they use? The game board has rooms to move in and secret passages to navigate faster, and if you're a super sleuth you can keep track of the clues in your Detective Notebook and solve the case! When the case is solved, you can store all the cards and parts in the all-in-one game unit – until the next murder! Clue and all related characters are trademarks of Hasbro.


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LG Velvet: Good phone with a curious accessory
A case gives this device another screen, if you're keen on dual-tasking
American Airlines said on Tuesday it will cut more than 40,000 jobs, including 19,000 through furloughs and layoffs, in October as it struggles with a sharp downturn in travel because of the pandemic.
American executives said the furloughs can only be avoided if the federal government gives airlines another $25 billion to help them cover labour costs for six more months.
The airline said 23,500 employees have accepted buyouts, retired early or taken long-term leaves of absence, but that was not enough to avoid involuntary cuts. The furloughs of union workers and layoffs of management staff announced on Tuesday will fall heaviest on flight attendants, with 8,100 being terminated in October.
American began the year with about 140,000 employees but expects fewer than 100,000 to remain in October.
US air travel plunged 95 per cent by April, a few weeks after the first significant coronavirus outbreaks in the US. Passenger traffic has recovered slightly since then but remains down 70 per cent from a year ago, and carriers say they need fewer workers.
American's announcement comes one day after Delta Air Lines said it will furlough 1,941 pilots in October unless it reaches a cost-cutting deal with the pilots' union.
In March, passenger airlines got $25 billion from the government to save jobs for six months, and American was the biggest beneficiary, receiving $5.8 billion.
The money, and an accompanying ban on furloughs, expire after Sept. 30, although airlines and their labour unions are lobbying Congress for another $25 billion and a six-month reprieve from job cuts.
When the federal relief was approved, it was assumed that by Sept. 30, the virus would be under control and demand for air travel would have returned. That is obviously not the case, American CEO Doug Parker and President Robert Isom said in a letter to employees on Tuesday.
American plans to fly less than half its usual schedule — and only one-fourth of its lucrative international service — in the fourth quarter. The airline, based in Fort Worth, Texas, announced last week that it will pull out of 15 smaller US cities in October, a move that was seen as a warning shot to Washington that it should approve more money for airline payrolls.
The one possibility of avoiding these involuntary reductions on Oct. 1 is a clean extension of the payroll relief, Parker and Isom said in their letter to employees.
Airlines were the only industry to get special treatment in a $2.2 trillion virus-relief measure approved in March. There is broad support in Congress for extending that help, but it is stalled by a breakdown in negotiations between the White House and congressional Democrats over a new aid package.
American's cuts include jobs at affiliates that operate American Eagle regional flights. The number of furloughs of union employees with rehiring rights and layoffs of management and support staff is less than the 25,000 who got warnings in July. American said they will be paid through September to comply with terms of the federal aid.
United Airlines warned 36,000 employees in July that they could lose their jobs in October. The airline has not updated that figure. Southwest Airlines has said it doesn't expect to impose furloughs this year, although like others, Southwest is encouraging employees to take buyouts or early retirement.
Delta plans to furlough all pilots with less than about three years of experience at the Atlanta-based airline. Delta's senior vice president of flight operations, John Laughter, said the airline has known that early retirements alone wouldn't be enough to reduce the pilot ranks.
"We are six months into this pandemic and only 25 per cent of our revenues have been recovered," he said in a memo to pilots this week. "Unfortunately, we see few catalysts over the next six months to meaningful change this trajectory."
The Air Line Pilots Association accused Delta of using the threat of furloughs to force the union to grant concessions — the airline has proposed a 15 per cent cut in pilots' minimum guaranteed pay. Union spokesman Chris Riggins said that furloughs and voluntary departures will total nearly 4,000 pilots, which will undermine Delta's ability to rebound when air travel recovers.
Pilots are the only Delta employees represented by a union and the only one for which the airline has announced furloughs. A spokesman said Delta hopes to avoid furloughs among other groups.
A case gives this device another screen, if you're keen on dual-tasking
This project sets up libraries in far-flung areas of the country
Santosh Barik and his family — his wife, parents and two sisters — have been farm labourers in his village in ...
Women artisans start their own producer companies to shape lifestyle products
Expansion plans in the East, where supply is in excess, and UAE operations are a concern
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With the acquisition of a 72.55 per cent stake in Richcore Lifesciences for around ₹247 crore, pharmaceutical ...
On April 1, four years back, piqued by the incessant jokes in the village at his expense, Bandu Barve decided ...
The new heroes in town are businesspeople, at least in a new crop of biopics emerging from the Indian film ...
As her political secretary, Ahmed Patel turned Sonia Gandhi into a powerful and confident leader who could ...
The rise of populists in democracies world over hasn't just led to the emergence of parallel universes of ...
The Commonwealth of Cricket documents an ardent fan's lifelong engagement with the game
Brands, especially the young digital ones, are taking this route but not all can make it work
Advertising veteran Piyush Pandey, whose clever lines have won him awards galore, especially for his work for ...
Earlier this month, with much excitement Mondelez announced an evolution of its global marketing strategy with ...
In the new normal, brands will need to re-create 'peak moments' that enhance shoppers' affection
Three years after its inception, compliance with GST procedures remains a headache for exporters, job workers ...
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives of companies are altering the prospects for wooden toys of ...
Aequs Aerospace to create space for large-scale manufacture of toys at Koppal
And it has every reason to smile. Covid-19 has triggered a consumer shift towards branded products as ...


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Walk on the Wild Side: The Native Garden in Winter
Sponsor(s): Sarah P. Duke Gardens
Thursday, December 03, 2020
11:00 am - 12:00 pm
Online via Zoom
Until further notice, in-person public events have been canceled. Event listings include how to access online content.
Please check https://returnto.duke.edu/campus-visitors/ before coming to campus.


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A gate camp is higher risk regardless of whether you're auto piloting or not.
Some of these replies are pure elitism.
No one ever says "Let me warp to 100km and slow boat for the pure enjoyment and engage in gate camp pvp".
Nearly all PvP is on the outbound segment, not the inbound segment. Only scouts sit in the inbound side.
Allow warp to 0 for characters less than 30 days old. Remove it for characters older than 30 days. See how many petition to keep it.


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We work hard to offer affordable Porsche 928 transmission repairs and services. Visit your local Firestone Complete Auto Care and we'll give your car a free Courtesy Check. We'll check out your 928's major systems and components to help inform your car service decisions. Whether your car needs a transmission fluid exchange or repair, you can trust our Triple Promise: Fixed Right. Priced Right. Right on Time.
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NATO, coronacrisis and obsolete ideas
NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that "NATO countries have invested additional funds in the purchase of air defense systems and fighters to contain Russia," RBC reported. Meanwhile, almost all members of the Western defense alliance are facing a second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Against the background of new threats, the agenda of the North Atlantic Alliance looks less and less adequate and increasingly outdated.
As of the end of October, six NATO countries make the top ten world nations with the largest number of confirmed cases of coronavirus infection. The pandemic poses an immediate threat to the life and wellbeing of the people living in the countries – members of the organization, which for the past seven decades has called itself a key element of Western security. At the same time, in June, Jens Stoltenberg called the preparation of an operational plan of action in the event of a second wave of the epidemic "a litmus test of the alliance's reliability."
Signs of a growing crisis within NATO began to emerge already 30 years ago, in the wake of the collapse of the Warsaw Pact. All of a sudden, the Alliance lost both key elements that had long justified its existence – the enemy and mission. Indeed, by the close of the 1990s, the very cornerstone of "collective defense" had actually become history. The degree of degradation of NATO's military component was particularly evident after September 11, 2001. Launching its anti-terrorist campaign in Afghanistan, the United States almost demonstrably made do without using much of NATO's military potential. Germany and France then spoke out against the invasion of Iraq.
Apart from enlargement – its only formal success – NATO has demonstrated either the ineptness or inability of its numerous structures to respond to the challenges of our time, primarily posed by organized crime and international terrorism. Officially touted as a "protector of Europe," the alliance has been of little help to Europeans when an influx of hundreds of thousands of refugees left the European Union teetering precariously on the verge of a split, if not total collapse.
The financial crisis of 2007-2009 showed the West once again that the main threats to its stability are of a non-military nature. The scope of negative socio-economic consequences made Washington increasingly doubtful about the need to maintain the current level of America's military obligations to Europe. Donald Trump's arrival in the White House reflected the growing public concern in the United States about the critical overextension of the country's resources. Even though Trump has since ramped up Washington's military presence in Europe to the maximum level since the end of the Cold War, in practice, the issue of America's participation in NATO's affairs has become the main threat to the existence not only of this organization, but of the entire current model of the "West" as a whole.
Just a few days ago, President Trump's former national security adviser, John Bolton, suggested that if the current occupant of the White House is re-elected for a new term, the United States may exit NATO. He added that this would bring about the collapse of the alliance – an assumption that doesn't look very surprising, given the following factors.
First, the pandemic has thrown in doubt NATO's capability as a military organization. The Defender 2020 wargames, slated for March, were the main "victim" of the coronavirus pandemic. The exercises – one of NATO's biggest since 1991 – were supposed to test the United States' ability to speedily move to the European theater a whole division of 20,000 men and deploy them in close vicinity of the Russian border. Much to the Western observers' disappointment, however, the epidemic easily nixed those plans, just like most of other such drills.
Simultaneously, the Europeans started downsizing their participation in NATO's overseas missions, explaining this by the need to concentrate all resources on battling COVID-19. And also out of fear that troops stationed in regions with poor sanitary conditions could spread the disease elsewhere. The pandemic necessitates a large-scale readjustment of government spending in NATO member countries, including within their defense budgets. The released funds were channeled to the implementation of quarantine measures, mobilization of military doctors, internal security measures and strengthening border protection.
Second, amid the ongoing coronavirus crisis, the futility of allied expectations regarding Washington's readiness and ability to assume its leadership role has become "painfully obvious." Rather than spearheading the fight against the pandemic, at least in the West, the United States imposed a unilateral ban on the entry of people from Europe, its "closest allies." Moreover, Washington "shamelessly" tried to acquire for itself and itself only a potentially effective vaccine against the coronavirus, being developed in Germany.
And finally, for NATO, the current crisis differs from all previous ones in that the dynamics of the pandemic are "unpredictable." In addition, the bloc's European flank has already been severely weakened by the crises of the past decade. In the United States, the ongoing presidential election is putting to the hard test what Henry Kissinger described as "public confidence in the Americans' ability to govern themselves."
The pandemic also demonstrated the unconditional priority of sovereign states, both in terms of legitimacy and of resources that can be used to tackle a catastrophic security threat. The EU has been trying to agree a package of recovery measures for several months now. In an effort to shore up the economy, spending on common foreign and security policies, including programs of wider military interaction between the EU countries has been cut. In such circumstances, NATO will find it extremely hard to secure the Europeans' agreement to increase their defense spending by another notch.
Meanwhile, the uneven burden of military spending has become a major sticking point souring relations between the NATO member states. Trump is firmly on course to "monetize" America's allies. However, the Europeans fear that bigger military outlays will necessitate an increase in public debt or higher taxes, which will hardly sit well with the populace. This is also undermining Europe's economic competitiveness. Thus, Trump's policies weaken the position of Europeans in the global competition. Washington, for its part, sees any delays in hiking defense outlays as a deliberate policy of the Europeans, who consider the United States as a reliable guarantor of their security.
In the broader geopolitical context, during its last year's summit in London, NATO for the first time included China in the list of its strategic priorities. Now, the coronavirus epidemic has demonstrated a clear watershed between countries, including China, which have been able to quickly and effectively respond to the epidemic by mobilizing a well-trained military and civilian state apparatus to fight the coronavirus, "and the Western countries that were unprepared," as the former French Secretary of State for European Affairs, Pierre Lellouche, pointed out in an interview with Le Figaro.
Right now, Beijing is clearly better at keeping the epidemic under control, than the West. In economic terms, Beijing is also on top of it, boasting the world's largest reserves, significant liquid assets and industrial capacities, which not only can quickly make up for the losses of the recent months, but are also giving a new powerful boost to the expansion of Beijing's geopolitical presence worldwide… As for Europe and the United States, while repeating as a mantra their resolve to "resist China," they are becoming economically "weakened," financially "debt-ladened" and teetering on the brink of a major crisis that a new shutdown of their economies could provoke. The West is facing a dilemma of which is more important, "guns" or "butter," previously characteristic of the Third World countries.
For all its ambitions as one of the leading centers of global power, NATO's European wing, "today has become a buffer zone for confrontation between China and the United States." Weakened by the coronavirus crisis, Europe has already been forced to cut much of its foreign policy activity down to mere political rhetoric. Chances are that the Europeans may have to "withdraw into themselves" for the entire period of recovery from the humanitarian, financial and economic consequences of the epidemic.
Amid massive failures in healthcare and the economic damage that is simply impossible to assess today, European politicians may find it extremely hard to convince their voters of the need for increased defense spending any time soon. US politicians will find themselves in a similar fix, especially after this year's election campaign, whose incredible political intensity, coupled with the COVID-19 epidemic, has only exacerbated the deep rift between Democrats and Republicans.
It will be even more difficult to justify maintaining NATO's old political priorities. The changing nature and scale of threats are becoming increasingly evident even to ordinary people. The increased assertiveness of Russia and China has traditionally been presented by many in NATO as "a "challenge" and "growing pressure." However, even in Europe, "threats from Moscow" are now "obvious" only to Poland and the Baltic states, while the rest of Europeans see the situation in a much more realistic light, and are calling for a change of priorities when it comes to ensuring security on NATO's southern flank.
Meanwhile, Russia, which is allegedly "threatening" NATO, has consistently advocated preserving the INF treaty. On October 26, President Vladimir Putin reiterated his call on NATO to declare a joint "moratorium on the deployment of ground-based intermediate and shorter-range missiles in Europe." The Russian leadership is also working hard coming up with new constructive proposals to preserve the START-3 accord. Finally, Russia has for many years been urging its European neighbors to consider the security of the continent in keeping with the principles of "indivisibility of security" and the equality of all participants.
Overall, the main efforts to tackle both the current coronacrisis and potential threats to the future have little to do with the concerns of a military organization, and even lie outside its realm altogether. In addition, America and Europe are increasingly at odds about the future of NATO. A number of Central and Eastern European countries are increasingly relying on closer military-strategic cooperation with the United States. At the same time, some in the American elite already view NATO as almost a possible replacement for the EU as a new "unifier" of the continent. Other experts, however, believe that "the best way to move forward is a reorganization of NATO, where greater burden will be shifted to Europe."
It must be admitted that the coronavirus crisis has dealt a powerful blow to the reputation of almost all supranational institutions, which may eventually push them into the background of world politics. NATO is no exception here, since its bloated bureaucracy, with its plans for accelerated and costly modernization of the existing weapons systems, clearly contrasts with the goal of strengthening national self-sufficiency and economic autonomy. Therefore, by the time the pandemic is over, the perception of the alliance by its members may have become even more uncertain than it is today.
From our partner International Affairs
On the Universality of the "Logic of Strategy" and Beyond
Just like several other scholars, military strategist Edward Luttwak argues that "the universal logic of strategy applies in perfect equality to every culture in every age".[i] This implies that there is indeed one logic inherent to strategic thought, which, according to Luttwak, "cannot be circumvented […] and must be obeyed".[ii]Mahnken further underpins the idea of the universality of the logic of strategy with the argument that war is a human activity and human nature has not changed throughout time.[iii]When considering Colin Gray stating that "there is an essential unity to all strategic experience in all periods of history because nothing vital to the nature and function of war and strategy changes", it seems rather natural to accept a certain inevitability of strategic conclusions.[iv]
It is therefore necessary to pose the question which implications the existence of a universal logic of strategy might entail. If such a universally valid logic is assumed to exist, those who understand – or rather master – it best and manage to uncover its underlying cognitive mechanisms will be the most successful actors within the international system as they will be more able to foresee and therefore counter the strategies of possible opponents.
Additionally, to investigate the notion of a logic of strategy is particularly relevant considering the prospect of future wars. If there is a logic of strategy, which is further universally valid, then neither the scenario of a militarized outer space, nor the invention of highly lethal, insuperable biological weapons or the increasing development of and reliance on artificial intelligence will have any substantial, altering effect on it. This thought is congruent with Colin Gray, who claims that it would be a major fallacy to fall prey to the assumption that the invention of ever more modern weapon systems might change the presumed continuity inherent to strategy.[v] In this respect, it must also be emphasized that a certain trust in a universally valid logic of strategy must be handled carefully and must not confine strategic thinking. Hence, the notion of a logic of strategy hints towards the very practice of strategy.[vi]
The term "strategy" itself evolved over time and certainly captured a different meaning before World War One than it does today. This caesura was introduced by Freedman, who argues that this experience led to a widening of the concept "strategy" and to several attempts of redefinition, thus diverging from earlier notions of the concept as provided by von Clausewitz and others.[vii] However, Whetham points out that the notion of strategy and its inherent logic already permeated pre-modern eras, even if it was not yet considered or referred to as such by the respective protagonists.[viii]Approaching the term from a contemporary perspective, Gray very prominently defines strategy as "the bridge that relates military power to political purpose".[ix]Angstrom and Widen engage with the term similarly when they write that strategy must be viewed as a rationalist process that reconciles "the political aims of war and the military aims in war".[x] The notion of strategy can therefore be boiled down to the combination of means, ways and aims.
The term "logic" shall in this essay be understood as a rational process of reasoning that is based on various premises and finally leads to the acceptance of a valid conclusion.[xi]Considering that the sub-discipline of strategic studies was traditionally occupied with the question whether and to what extent strategic action is subject to historical, economic, social and technological regularities and patterns – thus whether certain premises indeed necessarily lead to specific strategic conclusions – the assumption of a specific "logic of strategy" does not seem far-fetched. Therefore, this essay argues that indeed a universally valid logic inherent to strategy can be identified, having overcome the constraints of time and space. However, this logic is not the only one. Strategy further operates along the lines of a time- and space-bound, actor-specific logic, which is why strategy must be perceived through a multidimensional lens – and which finally makes strategy so difficult.
On the logic of strategy
When approaching the notion of a logic of strategy, it is necessary to emphasize two preconditions. Firstly, the utility of the use of military force as an important tool of statecraft must be acknowledged.[xii] Secondly, one has to consider the general overarching perception of international politics that widely underlies the field of strategic studies, namely the notion of an anarchic self-help system with independent states at its center, which are all armed to a certain extent and therefore find themselves in security dilemmas.[xiii] Within this framework we will now consider what might constitute the logic of strategy.
When elaborating on the question whether there exist "guidelines" that inform strategic thinking, Gaddis concludes that the fact that strategists do not always have to start from square one increases the likeliness of a certain logic of strategy.[xiv] According to Angstrom and Wilden, the logic of strategy unfolds as its design necessarily bases on three core pillars.[xv]Firstly, military and political ends are perceived as two distinct aspects that need to be put into accordance, the application of military means serving the political ends. Moreover, the actor being concerned with strategy does not have unlimited resources at his/her disposal. Therefore, the aspect of the scarcity of resources is to be viewed as a cornerstone or fixed determinant of the underlying logic of strategy. This is a crucial factor because, as Gray points out, examples like Imperial France, Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union all demonstrate that the pursuit of political ends beyond one's means is bound to fail.[xvi]Thirdly, Angstrom and Widen emphasize that the logic of strategy builds on the confrontation of opposing wills, which accounts for strategy's interactive and consequently dynamic nature.[xvii] This component might be captured best by Beaufre, who approaches strategy as "the art of the dialectic of two opposing wills using force to resolve their dispute".[xviii] It is crucial to highlight that the "opposing will" belongs to an intelligent, capable opponent. These three elements that define the logic of strategy are further interlinked, leading to repercussions among them.
As strategy describes the use of military means for the achievement of political ends, several authors have thus attempted to categorize the possible ways to use force. For instance, Robert Art distinguishes four functions of the use of force: defense, deterrence, compellence and swaggering.[xix] Why is this categorization important when reflecting on the logic of strategy? This is because the possible ways to use force (independently of which form the specific "force" takes) are not time-bound. When for example thinking of deterrence, one might be tempted to assume that this specific way to use force is inextricably linked to the deterrence function of nuclear arms in combination with the principle of mutually assured destruction (MAD). However, as Lonsdale vividly illustrates, Alexander the Great already mastered the interplay of military power and psychological effects and made use of coercion and deterrence in order to expand and sustain the newly shaping borders of his empire.[xx] This demonstrates that the logic of strategy operates on the basis of a certain toolkit of ways to use force, which have persisted over time.
Another aspect which could be interpreted as part of a universal logic of strategy might be its inherent paradoxicality. This feature is above all emphasized by Edward Luttwak, who postulates that the whole strategic sphere is permeated with a paradoxical logic deviating from day-to-day life's ordinary "linear" logic.[xxi] He underpins this notion by referring to the proverb "Si vis pacem, para bellum", the idea of nuclear deterrence (thus the interpretation of one's readiness to attack retaliatory as genuinely peaceful intent) or by providing specific examples.[xxii] In this sense he draws attention to Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 and claims that the Japanese were able to create a momentum of surprise only by neglecting crucial preparations.[xxiii] This means that within the realm of strategy, Luttwak's paradoxical logic finds thorough application as the straightforward "linear" logic is viewed rather predictable and is therefore more likely to be punished.
In sum, the aspects outlined above could be perceived as being universally valid, throughout time and space. However, as will be argued, there is more to the logic of strategy that must be considered.
Going Beyond Strategy's Universal Logic
In the following, the attempt should be undertaken to challenge the notion that there is indeed only a logic of strategy. One could firstly argue that strategy, bridging between military means and political objectives, is not only grounded in the specific universal logic as outlined before but that strategy is also always a choice among several available options. Then the question follows, if all options available would theoretically all be equally feasible, require the same resources and are similar in terms of effectiveness, which strategy would be adopted? One could argue that this depends on the involved actors, which, even if acting under the premise of rationality, are rooted in their specific historical, social and political contexts.
Strategy is therefore clearly not designed within a vacuum. The contents of strategy do not only derive from what was described above as composing the universally valid logic of strategy. If we return to the definition of "logic", the term was understood as a process of thought, which leads from several given premises to a valid conclusion under the condition of rationality. Therefore, also the given time- and space-bound circumstances under which a certain strategy is formulated could be considered as forming their own logic. Angstrom and Widen summarize these circumstances as strategic context, which unfolds along the lines of six dimensions of politics (without claiming to be exhaustive): geography, history, ideology, economy, technology and the political system.[xxiv] Instead of treating them as mere contextual factors, it is important to consider the respective as constituting their own logic, along which strategy is aligned. However, Angstrom and Widen emphasize that these actor-specific factors only bear limited explanatory power and that it is difficult to assess to what extent these factors influence the design of strategies.[xxv] This, nevertheless, does not invalidate the notion that these actor-, time- and space-specific circumstances should be considered as another logic by itself. Acknowledging the existence of more than one logic of strategy penetrating the realm of strategy would further emphasize the importance of the specific embeddedness of strategy – without undermining the significance of the above identified universally valid logic of strategy. One would consequently accept that when it comes to strategy, one encounters several logics in action.
When returning to the initial question, which implications the existence of a logic of strategy would have, specifically regarding the prospect of success, it is worthwhile to consult Richard Betts, who asks "Is Strategy an Illusion?".[xxvi] He argues that effective strategy is often impossible due to the unpredictability and complexity of the gap between the use of force and the aspired political ends.[xxvii] However, it is indeed because of this overwhelming complexity in which strategy operates that its underlying logics should be reflected upon. Gaddis refers to the universally valid features of the logic of strategy as a "checklist", which shall be considered to contribute to the design of a successful, effective strategy.[xxviii] As was demonstrated above, it is nevertheless also crucial to consider the additional specific time-and space-bound logic of strategy. To understand the strategy of potential opponents, it makes sense to deconstruct its logical foundation, to consider the universally valid logic of strategy but also the respective underlying actor-specific logic. Strategy thus operates along a multidimensional logic, both universally valid and time- and space-bound. This is what makes strategy difficult but acknowledging this conceptual aspect might notwithstanding contribute to its further mastery.
[i]Luttwak, Edward N., The Rise of China vs. the Logic of Strategy (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2012), vii.
[ii]Ibid., viii.
[iii]Mahnken, Thomas G., The Evolution of Strategy… But What About Policy? Journal of Strategic Studies 34 no. 4 (2016), 52.
[iv]Gray, Colin S.,Modern Strategy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 1.
[v]Gray Colin S., Why Strategy Is Difficult. JFQ (1999), 8.
[vi] Cf. Lonsdale, David J. and Colin S. Gray (eds.), The Practice of Strategy: From Alexander the Great to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2011).
[vii]Freedman, Lawrence. The Meaning of Strategy: Part I: The Origin Story. Texas National Security Review 1 no. 1 (2007), 90-105.
[viii]Whetham, David, The Practice of Strategy: From Alexander the Great to the Present. Edited by John Andreas Olsen and Colin S. Gray. War in History 21 no. 2 (2014), 252.
[ix] Gray, Modern Strategy,17.
[x]Armstrong, Jan and J. J. Widen,Contemporary Military Theory. The Dynamics of War (New York: Routledge, 2015), 33. Original emphasis.
[xi]Hintikka, Jaakko, Logic. Encyclopaedia Britannica, accessible via: https://www.britannica.com/topic/logic [accessed: October 25th 2020].
[xii]Art, Robert J., To What Ends Military Power? International Security 4 no. 4 (1980), 35.
[xiii]Gilpin, Robert G., No one Loves a Political Realist. Security Studies 5 no. 3(1996), 26.
[xiv]Gaddis, John Lewis, Containment and the Logic of Strategy. The National Interest 8 no. 10 (1987), 29.
[xv] Armstrong and Widen, Contemporary Military Theory, 46.
[xvi]Gray, Why Strategy Is Difficult, 10.
[xvii] Cf. Armstrong and Widen, Contemporary Military Theory.
[xviii]Beaufre, André, An Introduction to Strategy (London: Faber and Faber, 1965), 22.
[xix] Cf. Art, To What Ends Military Power?
[xx]Lonsdale, David J., The Campaigns of Alexander the Great. In: John A. Olsen; Colin S. Gray (eds.). The Practice of Strategy: From Alexander the Great to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2011)33.
[xxi]Luttwak, Edward N., Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2001), 2.
[xxii] Ibid.
[xxiii] Ibid., 6.
[xxiv] Cf. Armstrong and Widen, Contemporary Military Theory, 36-43.
[xxv] Ibid., 42-43.
[xxvi] Cf. Betts, Richard K., Is Strategy an Illusion? International Security 25 no. 2 (2000), 5-50.
[xxvii]Ibid., 5.
[xxviii] Gaddis, Containment and the Logic of Strategy, 38.
Biden, Modi and the Malabar Exercise 2020
So lastly, the reluctant President Donald Trump, keeping the value of the verdict, allows the GSA to begin the transition under the Presidential Transition Act 1963, on November 23, 2020 making the post-election resources and services available to assist in the event of presidential transition. This facilitates the formal transfer of power and helps the new President adjust his vision and the assessment of the world. Joe Biden has his own view of the burning issues around of which the expanding China, Taiwan, South China Sea, Iran, South Asia and Indo-Pacific constitute important fragments. Now since India is engaged in almost all these issues directly or indirectly and happens to be a long term strategic ally of US the talk between Biden and Modi carries several messages. In the meantime, the conduct of Malabar exercise, that formally involves all the QUAD members (India, Japan, the US and Australia) institutionalizes the strategic relationship in the region and promises more stability and peace.
Prime Minister Narender Modi, just like the heads of Canada, UK, and Australia congratulated the new elect on November 17, 2020. The President-elect Joe Biden, in turn, called him back for thanks and reaffirmation of many things suspected to be under shadow by many. The president-elect noted that he looks forward to working closely with the prime minister on shared global challenges, including containing COVID-19 and defending against future health crises, tackling the threat of climate change, launching the global economic recovery, strengthening democracy at home and abroad, and maintaining a secure and prosperous Indo-Pacific region (The Week). Mr. Biden expressed his desire to carry forward the strong ties between the two states and strengthen and expand the US-India strategic partnership alongside the first Vice President of South Asian descent Kamla Harris. His election policy papers also held that no important global challenge could be solved without the Indo-US partnership.
Besides crafting a greater Indian role in world politics, Biden's reference to challenges of climate change, the Covid 19 pandemic and global economic recovery, the stress on democracy and peaceful and prosperous Indo-pacific sketch some significant flashes of the coming times. 'Democracy Assistance' has been an important objective of US foreign policy since beginning but India has a mercurial stance over the goal as it has succumbed to the exigencies of national interest and security thus playing safe with the undemocratic neighbours. Therefore the US reference brings the dictatorial and nondemocratic regimes into discussion that it aims to size.
Indo-Pacific and the Malabar I&II
The Indo-Pacific and the QUAD have gained prominence in recent past on account of heat generated in the South China Sea and China's OBOR project affecting the trade interests of ASEAN members, India and the US in the Indian Ocean region. In the October 7, 2020 QUAD members meet at Tokyo the issues of collaboration among the democratic states and challenge to world peace, primarily from China, was discussed seriously. US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo called for the democracies to work together to protect people and partners from the Communist Party of China's exploitation, corruption and coercion. He referred to the Chinese provocations in the East China Sea, the Mekong, the Himalayas, and the Taiwan Straits (Joshi October 7, 2020). The Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar also called for likeminded countries to coordinate responses. Mr. Jaishanker held that we remain committed to upholding the rules-based international order, underpinned by the rule of law, transparency, freedom of navigation in the international sea, respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty and peaceful resolution of disputes (The Quint, October 7, 2020). However, a strong commitment lacked on the part of India which was met later during the Malabar exercise. India has a clear Indo-Pacific policy as articulated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the Shangri-La Dialogue in June 2018, which aims at protecting Indian interests in the Indian ocean region against China's OBOR and SOP (String of Pearl). Peace and security in the region are high up on India's list of priorities. As first and foremost, India's economic interests in the region requires peace and convivial environment. At the same time, India has acknowledged rising China's threats to its vital national interests in the region. Therefore, India's strategy must be seen against the background of the interplay between India's economic interests and national security (Purayil 2019).
The latest 24th edition of Malabar exercises have, however, put all the skeptics aside as India invited Australia also this time for the naval exercises and all the four QUAD members (India, US and Japan) have participated with great zeal. The more interesting thing is that the exercises take place at a time when the world is down with pandemic and the conflicting situations are flaring up in the Middle-East, Central Asia, Caucasus, South Asia and Far East. India is locked up in a border issue at Ladakh with China for over six months and South China Sea simmers under the fire of war threat. India's tough times with its smaller neighbours also make the possibility of the institutionalization of QUAD and Indo-Pacific of immense importance.
The first phase of the exercise was held in the Bay of Bengal from November 3-6, and the second phase was conducted in the Arabian Sea from November 17-20. The navies of India, the US, Australia and Japan concluded the second phase of the Malabar naval exercise in the Arabian Sea that involved two aircraft carriers and a number of frontline warships, submarines and maritime aircraft (Mint. November 20, 2020). The major highlight of the exercise was participation of Indian Navy's Vikramaditya carrier battle group and the Nimitz strike group of the US Navy.
The more significant outcome of the exercise appears to be the proposal of a new fleet by US. On November 17, 2020 speaking at the Naval Submarine League's annual symposium, the outgoing U.S. Navy Secretary Kenneth Braithwaite suggested the creation of a new fleet within the Indo-Pacific theater, which will take some load off the U.S. Seventh Fleet stationed near Japan. The fleet is to be placed in the crossroads between the Indian and the Pacific oceans, and going to have an Indo-PACOM footprint (Military Men. November 19, 2020). The region already has a Command known as U.S. Indo-Pacific Command found on 30 May 2018 and converted from United States Pacific Command (USPACOM) first found in 1947.
Initially, the Chinese response was balanced, stating that it has noticed the development and believes that military cooperation between countries should be conducive to regional peace and stability. But after the proposed fleet and the President-elect Joe Biden's presumptive nominee for the secretary of defense position, Michele Flournoy, who is also seen as a China hawk in favor of a robust stance against the People's Liberation Army, Navy, the idea of the First Fleet may very well carry forward to the next administration (Rej).
Since China had reacted sharply at the inclusion of Japan at the Malabar exercises in 2018 the inclusion of Australia this times irks it more as the idea of QUAD gets more institutionalized and the Indo-Pacific mapping further crystallized. The Biden's quest for a stronger strategic partnership with India and support for Indian claim to permanent membership of the United Nations and the unflinching support for India against its security issues have raised eyebrows in Beijing. At one stage, the US presence in Diageo Garcia irked India but in the changed scenario the increased US presence in Indian Ocean doesn't alarm it much, even though it curtails the Indian prominence. In view of OBOR project and the Chinese aggressiveness in the region, India has reconciled to the situation and even the US-Maldives agreement of September goes well with it. However, in the long run it is faced with a double challenge of plugging the Chinese dominance and saving its prominence and at the same time reconcile with a friendly ally in the US. Meanwhile, China, being the largest trade partner of Australia may hurt it economically and rake up heat at the Nine- dash line, Ladakh and Taiwan.
- Joshi, Manoj. October 7, 2020. "The Quad and the Indo-Pacific." https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/quad-indo-pacific/
- Military Men. November 19, 2020. https://militarymen.in/us-navy-secretary-proposes-new-indo-pacific-fleet-the-diplomat/
- Mint. November 20, 2020. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/phase-2-of-malabar-2020-exercise-concludes-in-arabian-sea-11605889757803.html
- Purayil, Muhsin Puthan 2019. Geopolitics. "The 2019 Shangri La Dialogue and Reflections on India's Indo-Pacific Strategy." https://thegeopolitics.com/the-2019-shangri-la-dialogue-and-reflections-on-indias-indo-pacific-strategy/.
- Rej, Abhijnan. The Diplomat. November 18, 2020. https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/us-navy-secretary-proposes-new-indo-pacific-fleet/
- The Quint. October 7, 2020). https://www.thequint.com/news/india/we-will-work-together-s-jaishankar-meets-mike-pompeo-in-tokyo
- The Week. https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2020/11/18/fgn2-us-biden-modi.html
The imperative of a military QUAD
After dithering for a while, India has chosen to make the Malabar naval exercise a quadrilateral one by inviting Australia to join the US and Japan. The exercise this year was held in the Bay of Bengal in the first week of November. This is the second time the four navies have come together for a naval exercise in the Indian Ocean, after 2007 when China objected to it, calling it the Asian NATO. Since then India has been careful not to antagonise China until this year when hostilities broke out along the Sino-Indian border. The exercises are not formally linked to the Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) forum but the participation of Australia will definitely provide a military dimension for the Quad, which was formed in 2017 aimed at establishing 'free and open' Indo-Pacific. Though the Quad is currently only a mechanism of official 'gathering and discussions' concerning the security issues, it has the potential to become a security forum.
This time, China had a muted response compared with 2007, but it warned against any regional groupings in which the US, a formidable countervailing power against the Chinese military, is a member.
The latest Malabar assumes greater significance as it is conducted amidst Chinese expansionism. China has already achieved its 'consolidation' in the South China Sea, has taken control of few strategic locations in the Himalayas, and is upping the ante against the US. Its naval strategy has also been expanded from 'offshore defence' to 'open seas protection', expanding its wings to the larger Pacific and the Indian Ocean region. With this, the Indo-Pacific is virtually the area of operations for the PLA Navy. However, the absence of a concrete security forum to 'discuss and act' has left the region vulnerable to security competition and hegemonistic politics.
In every region, the responsibility to maintain order and peace rests on major powers. When they act in concert with smaller countries, by protecting smaller one's interests, a region-wide peace and stability is ensured. Since the US's capacity to secure security for allies in Asia, let alone preserve the regional order, is in question, the major powers of the region such as India, Japan and Australia must work closely to prevent China's ambition of pre-eminence in the Indo-Pacific.
Up until now, these regional heavyweights have conspicuously taken a policy of 'not antagonising' China and have also resisted to endorse a US-led balancing against China. This has emboldened China in converting its 'peaceful rise' image into an assertive military power, and has derived the premium in changing the status quo both in the South China Sea (SCS) as well as now in the Himalayas.
So far, China has not employed its military force in its expansionist actions in the maritime domain. In the SCS, frequent Chinese intrusions into the disputed area have been done with maritime militias, to scare away the fishermen of other countries. However, with using of a regular military force to change the status quo in the Galwan valley in the Himalayas, where Indian and Chinese military clashed and twenty Indian soldiers and a number of 'unaccounted' Chinese soldiers were died, China has demonstrated that it is not hesitant to employ the PLA to settle scores with the opponents.
An assertive power needs to be checkmated militarily, otherwise, it will become more revisionist. So far none of the regional countries have had the wherewithal to take on China individually, or no regional mechanisms such as ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), or any other existing regional groupings, could mount pressure on China. All of them follow a 'consensus and compromise' approach based on ASEAN way of conflict resolution mechanism.
However, the Quad doesn't need a formal military coalition mechanism modelled on NATO. Formal military coalition follows collective security principles that take the security of the one is security of all. Though it ensures security guarantee of smaller states, it is mostly driven by the choices and preferences of the powerful ones who set the agendas and interests. A military Quad can work without following the collective security principles but can pursue a consensus and norms based approach.
It is necessary for a consensus approach because all four member countries have varied security interests and concerns, and also different approaches and priorities in dealing with China. Compared with the US and Australia, India and Japan are neighbours of China and have territorial disputes with it, so they face direct security threat from China. Similarly, except India, the other three are mutually entangled security partners under the US, so New Delhi stands out from the alliance system, and has no intention to join in it whatsoever. In this respect, the Quad must first formulate agendas based on consensus and norms, and see how it can act upon it.
In the military Quad, the US has to be a facilitator, not a lead balancer, to promote it as an acceptable grouping across the region. For the US, the Indo-Pacific is one of many security concerns, while for other members it is their own region. India could take up more of a leadership role in the Indian Ocean region, while Japan and Australia can do so in their own areas. Since this is not a formal military arrangement they don't need to follow the alliance principles, but at the same time they need an institutionalised military arrangement.
Given the context of China's frequent military provocations against potential rivals to test their resolve as to how they respond to a Chinese aggression, a military Quad is necessary. Chinese domination in the maritime domain is shaping along with its modernised navy, supported by its economic growth. Undoubtedly, China sends out a message to the regional states that if anyone seeks to challenge China then it will be prohibitively expensive for them. So only a joint mechanism would be able to counter the Chinese aggression in the ocean in future. The Indo-Pacific region requires different layers of organisations and the Quad can be a true military organisation of powerful countries. In this respect, a military Quad is imperative and must take more responsibility individually as well as collectively.
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text:
A River of Resources: Cashing in on the Wicomico
This group of four chapters four of the economic linchpins of the Wicomico River watershed, particularly over the last one hundred and fifty years: farming, the poultry industry, fishing, and forestry. This region has been intensely agricultural throughout its history, and remains so today. Each of these four sectors of the river's economy have been closely interlinked. Just to begin - cutting forests made way for agricultural fields, and those same fields supplied the corn that fed the chickens, and the runoff (from fields and poultry houses) fed back into the river, changing its chemistry, as well as its biological communities. This in turn changed the suitability of the river for various fisheries, and increasingly unstable fisheries led to fishermen turning from the water and towards fields (and chicken) to make their living, all cycling back to the river. Clearly, environmental change has been a hallmark of peoples' pursuit of a living on the shores of the Wicomico, and the ways that people have been able to eke out a living in this area have often been heavily dependent upon the river itself, whether as a highway for their goods, a source of goods, or as an endpoint for their least desirable wastes.
Chapter Six: Farming the Wicomico: The Relationships between Man, River, and Soil
Chapter Seven: Salisbury, Maryland: a University, a River, and a Chicken Factory
Chapter Eight: A Living Resource Exhausted: Fishing on the Wicomico
Chapter Nine: Money Growing on Trees: Forestry Surrounding the Wicomico
Section Table of Contents