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In the present work, we describe the results obtained with a large ($\approx 133$ cm$^3$) TeO$_2$ bolometer, with a view to a search for neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) of $^{130}$Te. We demonstrate an efficient $\alpha$ particle discrimination (99.9\%) with a high acceptance of the $0\nu\beta\beta$ signal (about 96\%), expected at $\approx 2.5$ MeV. This unprecedented result was possible thanks to the superior performance (10 eV rms baseline noise) of a Neganov-Luke-assisted germanium bolometer used to detect a tiny (70 eV) light signal from the TeO$_2$ detector, dominated by $\gamma$($\beta$)-induced Cherenkov radiation but exhibiting also a clear scintillation component. The obtained results represent a major breakthrough towards the TeO$_2$-based version of CUORE Upgrade with Particle IDentification (CUPID), a ton-scale cryogenic $0\nu\beta\beta$ experiment proposed as a follow-up to the CUORE project with particle identification. The CUORE experiment began recently a search for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{130}$Te with an array of 988 125-cm$^3$ TeO$_2$ bolometers. The lack of $\alpha$ discrimination in CUORE makes $\alpha$ decays at the detector surface the dominant background component, at the level of $\approx 0.01$ counts/(keV kg y) in the region of interest. We show here, for the first time with a CUORE-size bolometer and using the same technology as CUORE for the readout of both heat and light signals, that surface $\alpha$ background can be fully rejected.
The \MJ\ Collaboration is operating an array of high purity Ge detectors to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in $^{76}$Ge. The \MJ\ \DEM\ comprises 44.1~kg of Ge detectors (29.7 kg enriched in $^{76}$Ge) split between two modules contained in a low background shield at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. Here we present results from data taken during construction, commissioning, and the start of full operations. We achieve unprecedented energy resolution of 2.5 keV FWHM at \qval\ and a very low background with no observed candidate events in 10 kg yr of enriched Ge exposure, resulting in a lower limit on the half-life of $1.9\times10^{25}$ yr (90\% CL). This result constrains the effective Majorana neutrino mass to below 240 to 520 meV, depending on the matrix elements used. In our experimental configuration with the lowest background, the background is $4.0_{-2.5}^{+3.1}$ counts/(FWHM t yr).
The \textsc{Majorana Demonstrator} is an ultra low-background experiment searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay in $^{76}$Ge. The heavily shielded array of germanium detectors, placed nearly a mile underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, also allows searches for new exotic physics. Free, relativistic, lightly-ionizing particles with electrical charges less than $e$ are forbidden by the standard model but predicted by some of its extensions. If such particles exist, they might be detected in the \textsc{Majorana Demonstrator} by searching for multiple- detector events with individual-detector energy depositions down to 1 keV. This search is background free and no candidate events have been found in 285 days of data taking. New direct-detection limits are set for the flux of lightly ionizing particles for charges as low as $e$/1000.
The MAJORANA Collaboration is searching for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of the nucleus Ge-76. The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR is an array of germanium detectors deployed with the aim of implementing background reduction techniques suitable for a tonne scale Ge-76-based search (the LEGEND collaboration). In the DEMONSTRATOR, germanium detectors operate in an ultra-pure vacuum cryostat at 80 K. One special challenge of an ultra-pure environment is to develop reliable cables, connectors, and electronics that do not significantly contribute to the radioactive background of the experiment. This paper highlights the experimental requirements and how these requirements were met for the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR, including plans to upgrade the wiring for higher reliability in the summer of 2018. Also described are requirements for LEGEND R&D efforts underway to meet these additional requirements.
The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR is a neutrinoless double beta decay experiment utilizing enriched Ge-76 detectors in 2 separate modules inside of a common solid shield at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. The DEMONSTRATOR has utilized world leading assay sensitivities to develop clean materials and processes for producing ultra-pure copper and plastic components. This experiment is now operating, and initial data provide new insights into the success of cleaning and processing. Post production copper assays after the completion of Module 1 showed an increase in U and Th contamination in finished parts compared to starting bulk material. A revised cleaning method and additional round of surface contamination studies prior to Module 2 construction have provided evidence that more rigorous process control can reduce surface contamination. This article describes the assay results and discuss further studies to take advantage of assay capabilities for the purpose of maintaining ultra clean fabrication and process design.
This paper reports on the development of a technology involving $^{100}$Mo-enriched scintillating bolometers, compatible with the goals of CUPID, a proposed next-generation bolometric experiment to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay. Large mass ($\sim$1~kg), high optical quality, radiopure $^{100}$Mo-containing zinc and lithium molybdate crystals have been produced and used to develop high performance single detector modules based on 0.2--0.4~kg scintillating bolometers. In particular, the energy resolution of the lithium molybdate detectors near the $Q$-value of the double-beta transition of $^{100}$Mo (3034~keV) is 4--6~keV FWHM. The rejection of the $\alpha$-induced dominant background above 2.6~MeV is better than 8$\sigma$. Less than 10~$\mu$Bq/kg activity of $^{232}$Th ($^{228}$Th) and $^{226}$Ra in the crystals is ensured by boule recrystallization. The potential of $^{100}$Mo-enriched scintillating bolometers to perform high sensitivity double-beta decay searches has been demonstrated with only 10~kg$\times$d exposure: the two neutrino double-beta decay half-life of $^{100}$Mo has been measured with the up-to-date highest accuracy as $T_{1/2}$ = [6.90 $\pm$ 0.15(stat.) $\pm$ 0.37(syst.)] $\times$ 10$^{18}$~yr. Both crystallization and detector technologies favor lithium molybdate, which has been selected for the ongoing construction of the CUPID-0/Mo demonstrator, containing several kg of $^{100}$Mo.
The observation of neutrinoless double-beta decay (0${\nu}{\beta}{\beta}$) would show that lepton number is violated, reveal that neutrinos are Majorana particles, and provide information on neutrino mass. A discovery-capable experiment covering the inverted ordering region, with effective Majorana neutrino masses of 15 - 50 meV, will require a tonne-scale experiment with excellent energy resolution and extremely low backgrounds, at the level of $\sim$0.1 count /(FWHM$\cdot$t$\cdot$yr) in the region of the signal. The current generation $^{76}$Ge experiments GERDA and the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR utilizing high purity Germanium detectors with an intrinsic energy resolution of 0.12%, have achieved the lowest backgrounds by over an order of magnitude in the 0${\nu}{\beta}{\beta}$ signal region of all 0${\nu}{\beta}{\beta}$ experiments. Building on this success, the LEGEND collaboration has been formed to pursue a tonne-scale $^{76}$Ge experiment. The collaboration aims to develop a phased 0${\nu}{\beta}{\beta}$ experimental program with discovery potential at a half-life approaching or at $10^{28}$ years, using existing resources as appropriate to expedite physics results.
Neutrinoless double-beta decay searches play a major role in determining the nature of neutrinos, the existence of a lepton violating process, and the effective Majorana neutrino mass. The MAJORANA Collaboration assembled an array of high purity Ge detectors to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in Ge-76. The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR is comprised of 44.1 kg (29.7 kg enriched in Ge-76) of Ge detectors divided between two modules contained in a low-background shield at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. The initial goals of the DEMONSTRATOR are to establish the required background and scalability of a Ge-based next-generation ton-scale experiment. Following a commissioning run that started in 2015, the first detector module started low-background data production in early 2016. The second detector module was added in August 2016 to begin operation of the entire array. We discuss results of the initial physics runs, as well as the status and physics reach of the full MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR experiment.
The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR is an array of point-contact Ge detectors fabricated from Ge isotopically enriched to 88% in Ge-76 to search for neutrinoless double beta decay. The processing of Ge for germanium detectors is a well-known technology. However, because of the high cost of Ge enriched in Ge-76, special procedures were required to maximize the yield of detector mass and to minimize exposure to cosmic rays. These procedures include careful accounting for the material; shielding it to reduce cosmogenic generation of radioactive isotopes; and development of special reprocessing techniques for contaminated solid germanium, shavings, grindings, acid etchant and cutting fluids from detector fabrication. Processing procedures were developed that resulted in a total yield in detector mass of 70%. However, none of the acid-etch solution and only 50% of the cutting fluids from detector fabrication were reprocessed. Had they been processed, the projections for the recovery yield would be between 80 -- 85%. Maximizing yield is critical to justify a possible future ton-scale experiment. A process for recovery of germanium from the acid-etch solution was developed with yield of about 90%. All material was shielded or stored underground whenever possible to minimize the formation of Ge-68 by cosmic rays, which contributes background in the double-beta decay region of interest and cannot be removed by zone refinement and crystal growth. Formation of Ge-68 was reduced by a significant factor over that in natural abundance detectors not protected from cosmic rays.
The physics potential of EDELWEISS detectors for the search of low-mass Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) is studied. Using a data-driven background model, projected exclusion limits are computed using frequentist and multivariate analysis approaches, namely profile likelihood and boosted decision tree. Both current and achievable experimental performance are considered. The optimal strategy for detector optimization depends critically on whether the emphasis is put on WIMP masses below or above $\sim$ 5 GeV/c$^2$. The projected sensitivity for the next phase of the EDELWEISS-III experiment at the Modane Underground Laboratory (LSM) for low-mass WIMP search is presented. By 2018 an upper limit on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross-section of $\sigma_{SI} = 7 \times 10^{-42}$ cm$^2$ is expected for a WIMP mass in the range 2$-$5 GeV/c$^2$. The requirements for a future hundred-kilogram scale experiment designed to reach the bounds imposed by the coherent scattering of solar neutrinos are also described. By improving the ionization resolution down to 50 eV$_{ee}$, we show that such an experiment installed in an even lower background environment (e.g. at SNOLAB) should allow to observe about 80 $^8$B neutrino events after discrimination.
We present the results of measurements demonstrating the efficiency of the EDELWEISS-III array of cryogenic germanium detectors for direct dark matter searches. The experimental setup and the FID (Fully Inter-Digitized) detector array is described, as well as the efficiency of the double measurement of heat and ionization signals in background rejection. For the whole set of 24 FID detectors used for coincidence studies, the baseline resolutions for the fiducial ionization energy are mainly below 0.7 keV$_{ee}$ (FHWM) whereas the baseline resolutions for heat energies are mainly below 1.5 keV$_{ee}$ (FWHM). The response to nuclear recoils as well as the very good discrimination capability of the FID design has been measured with an AmBe source. The surface $\beta$- and $\alpha$-decay rejection power of $R_{\rm surf} < 4 \times 10^{-5}$ per $\alpha$ at 90% C.L. has been determined with a $^{210}$Pb source, the rejection of bulk $\gamma$-ray events has been demonstrated using $\gamma$-calibrations with $^{133}$Ba sources leading to a value of $R_{\gamma{\rm -mis-fid}} < 2.5 \times 10^{-6}$ at 90% C.L.. The current levels of natural radioactivity measured in the detector array are shown as the rate of single $\gamma$ background. The fiducial volume fraction of the FID detectors has been measured to a weighted average value of $(74.6 \pm 0.4)\%$ using the cosmogenic activation of the $^{65}$Zn and $^{68,71}$Ge isotopes. The stability and uniformity of the detector response is also discussed. The achieved resolutions, thresholds and background levels of the upgraded EDELWEISS-III detectors in their setup are thus well suited to the direct search of WIMP dark matter over a large mass range.
This letter explains a new, highly sensitive method for the detection of neutrons, which uses the T$_{1/2}=845$ ns delay in the decay of $^{128}$I at the 137.8 keV energy level, resulting from the capture of thermal neutrons by iodine nuclei in NaI and CsI scintillation detectors. The use of delayed coincidence techniques with a several $\mu {\rm s}$ time frame for delayed events allows for the highly effective discrimination of neutron events from any existing background signals. A comparison of ambient neutron measurements between those identified through the suggested method from a cylindrical, \o$\, 63 \, {\rm mm}\times 63\, {\rm mm}$ NaI(Tl) scintillator and those from a low-background proportional $^3$He counter experimentally demonstrates the efficacy of this neutron detection method. For an isotropic, $4\pi$, thermal neutron flux of 1 ${\rm n}\, {\rm cm}^{-2}\, {\rm s}^{-1}$, the absolute sensitivity of the NaI detector was found to be $6.5 \pm 1\, {\rm counts}\, {\rm s}^{-1}$ with a background of $0.8\, {\rm events}\, {\rm day}^{-1}$ and a delay time frame of $\Delta {\rm t}=1\, \mu $s. The proposed method can provide low-background experiments, using NaI or CsI, with measurements of the rate and stability of incoming neutron flux to a greater accuracy than 10$^{-8}\, {\rm n}\, {\rm cm}^{-2}\, {\rm s}^{-1}$.
A search for Pauli-exclusion-principle-violating K-alpha electron transitions was performed using 89.5 kg-d of data collected with a p-type point contact high-purity germanium detector operated at the Kimballton Underground Research Facility. A lower limit on the transition lifetime of 5.8x10^30 seconds at 90% C.L. was set by looking for a peak at 10.6 keV resulting from the x-ray and Auger electrons present following the transition. A similar analysis was done to look for the decay of atomic K-shell electrons into neutrinos, resulting in a lower limit of 6.8x10^30 seconds at 90 C.L. It is estimated that the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR, a 44 kg array of p-type point contact detectors that will search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of 76-Ge, could improve upon these exclusion limits by an order of magnitude after three years of operation.
The Majorana Demonstrator searches for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{76}$Ge using arrays of high-purity germanium detectors. If observed, this process would demonstrate that lepton number is not a conserved quantity in nature, with implications for grand-unification and for explaining the predominance of matter over antimatter in the universe. A problematic background in such large granular detector arrays is posed by alpha particles. In the Majorana Demonstrator, events have been observed that are consistent with energy- degraded alphas originating on the passivated surface, leading to a potential background contribution in the region-of-interest for neutrinoless double-beta decay. However, it is also observed that when energy deposition occurs very close to the passivated surface, charges drift through the bulk onto that surface, and then drift along it with greatly reduced mobility. This leads to both a reduced prompt signal and a measurable change in slope of the tail of a recorded pulse. In this contribution we discuss the characteristics of these events and the development of a filter that can identify the occurrence of this delayed charge recovery, allowing for the efficient rejection of passivated surface alpha events in analysis.
Neutrinoless double-beta decay searches seek to determine the nature of neutrinos, the existence of a lepton violating process, and the effective Majorana neutrino mass. The {\sc Majorana} Collaboration is assembling an array of high purity Ge detectors to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in $^{76}$Ge. The {\sc Majorana Demonstrator} is composed of 44.8~kg (29.7 kg enriched in $^{76}$Ge) of Ge detectors in total, split between two modules contained in a low background shield at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. The initial goals of the {\sc Demonstrator} are to establish the required background and scalability of a Ge-based, next-generation, tonne-scale experiment. Following a commissioning run that began in 2015, the first detector module started physics data production in early 2016. We will discuss initial results of the Module 1 commissioning and first physics run, as well as the status and potential physics reach of the full {\sc Majorana Demonstrator} experiment. The collaboration plans to complete the assembly of the second detector module by mid-2016 to begin full data production with the entire array.
The MAJORANA Collaboration is constructing a system containing 44 kg of high-purity Ge (HPGe) detectors to demonstrate the feasibility and potential of a future tonne-scale experiment capable of probing the neutrino mass scale to ~15 meV. To realize this, a major goal of the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR is to demonstrate a path forward to achieving a background rate at or below 1 count/(ROI-t-y) in the 4 keV region of interest (ROI) around the Q-value at 2039 keV. This goal is pursued through a combination of a significant reduction of radioactive impurities in construction materials and analytical methods for background rejection, for example using powerful pulse shape analysis techniques profiting from the p-type point contact HPGe detectors technology. The effectiveness of these methods is assessed using simulations of the different background components whose purity levels are constrained from radioassay measurements. Preliminary background results obtained during the engineering runs of the Demonstrator are presented.
We report on a dark matter search for a Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) in the mass range $m_\chi \in [4, 30]\,\mathrm{GeV}/c^2$ with the EDELWEISS-III experiment. A 2D profile likelihood analysis is performed on data from eight selected detectors with the lowest energy thresholds leading to a combined fiducial exposure of 496 kg-days. External backgrounds from $\gamma$- and $\beta$-radiation, recoils from $^{206}$Pb and neutrons as well as detector intrinsic backgrounds were modelled from data outside the region of interest and constrained in the analysis. The basic data selection and most of the background models are the same as those used in a previously published analysis based on Boosted Decision Trees (BDT). For the likelihood approach applied in the analysis presented here, a larger signal efficiency and a subtraction of the expected background lead to a higher sensitivity, especially for the lowest WIMP masses probed. No statistically significant signal was found and upper limits on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering cross section can be set with a hypothesis test based on the profile likelihood test statistics. The 90% C.L. exclusion limit set for WIMPs with $m_\chi = 4\,\mathrm{GeV/}c^2$ is $1.6 \times 10^{-39}\,\mathrm{cm^2}$, which is an improvement of a factor of seven with respect to the BDT-based analysis. For WIMP masses above $15\,\mathrm{GeV/}c^2$ the exclusion limits found with both analyses are in good agreement.
We report the first measurement of the total MUON flux underground at the Davis Campus of the Sanford Underground Research Facility at the 4850 ft level. Measurements were done with the Majorana Demonstrator veto system arranged in two different configurations. The measured total flux is (5.31+/-0.17) x 10^-9 muons/s/cm^2.
The MAJORANA Collaboration is constructing the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR, an ultra-low background, modular, HPGe detector array with a mass of 44.8-kg (29.7 kg enriched >88% in Ge-76) to search for neutrinoless double beta decay in Ge-76. The next generation of tonnescale Ge-based neutrinoless double beta decay searches will probe the neutrino mass scale in the inverted-hierarchy region. The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR is envisioned to demonstrate a path forward to achieve a background rate at or below 1 count/tonne/year in the 4 keV region of interest around the Q-value of 2039 keV. The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR follows a modular implementation to be easily scalable to the next generation experiment. First data taken with the DEMONSTRATOR are introduced here.
We present a measurement of the cosmogenic activation in the germanium cryogenic detectors of the EDELWEISS III direct dark matter search experiment. The decay rates measured in detectors with different exposures to cosmic rays above ground are converted into production rates of different isotopes. The measured production rates in units of nuclei/kg/day are 82 $\pm$ 21 for $^3$H, 2.8 $\pm$ 0.6 for $^{49}$V, 4.6 $\pm$ 0.7 for $^{55}$Fe, and 106 $\pm$ 13 for $^{65}$Zn. These results are the most accurate for these isotopes. A lower limit on the production rate of $^{68}$Ge of 74 nuclei/kg/day is also presented. They are compared to model predictions present in literature and to estimates calculated with the ACTIVIA code.
The EDELWEISS-III direct dark matter search experiment uses cryogenic HP-Ge detectors Fully covered with Inter-Digitized electrodes (FID). They are operated at low fields ($<1\;\mathrm{V/cm}$), and as a consequence charge-carrier trapping significantly affects both the ionization and heat energy measurements. This paper describes an analytical model of the signals induced by trapped charges in FID detectors based on the Shockley-Ramo theorem. It is used to demonstrate that veto electrodes, initially designed for the sole purpose of surface event rejection, can be used to provide a sensitivity to the depth of the energy deposits, characterize the trapping in the crystals, perform heat and ionization energy corrections and improve the ionization baseline resolutions. These procedures are applied successfully to actual data.
We present the results of a search for elastic scattering from galactic dark matter in the form of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) in the 4-30 GeV/$c^2$ mass range. We make use of a 582 kg-day fiducial exposure from an array of 800 g Germanium bolometers equipped with a set of interleaved electrodes with full surface coverage. We searched specifically for $\sim 2.5-20$ keV nuclear recoils inside the detector fiducial volume. As an illustration the number of observed events in the search for 5 (resp. 20) GeV/$c^2$ WIMPs are 9 (resp. 4), compared to an expected background of 6.1 (resp. 1.4). A 90% CL limit of $4.3\times 10^{-40}$ cm$^2$ (resp. $9.4\times 10^{-44}$ cm$^2$) is set on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering cross-section for 5 (resp. 20) GeV/$c^2$ WIMPs. This result represents a 41-fold improvement with respect to the previous EDELWEISS-II low-mass WIMP search for 7 GeV/$c^2$ WIMPs. The derived constraint is in tension with hints of WIMP signals from some recent experiments, thus confirming results obtained with different detection techniques.
The MAJORANA collaboration is constructing the MAJORANA DEMONSTATOR at the Sanford Underground Research Facility at the Homestake gold mine, in Lead, SD. The apparatus will use Ge detectors, enriched in isotope \nuc{76}{Ge}, to demonstrate the feasibility of a large-scale Ge detector experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta decay. The long half-life of this postulated process requires that the apparatus be extremely low in radioactive isotopes whose decays may produce backgrounds to the search. The radioassay program conducted by the collaboration to ensure that the materials comprising the apparatus are sufficiently pure is described. The resulting measurements of the radioactive-isotope contamination for a number of materials studied for use in the detector are reported.
The MAJORANA Collaboration is constructing the MAJORANA Demonstrator, an ultra-low background, 44-kg modular high-purity Ge (HPGe) detector array to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in Ge-76. The phenomenon of surface micro-discharge induced by high-voltage has been studied in the context of the MAJORANA Demonstrator. This effect can damage the front-end electronics or mimic detector signals. To ensure the correct performance, every high-voltage cable and feedthrough must be capable of supplying HPGe detector operating voltages as high as 5 kV without exhibiting discharge. R&D measurements were carried out to understand the testing system and determine the optimum design configuration of the high-voltage path, including different improvements of the cable layout and feedthrough flange model selection. Every cable and feedthrough to be used at the MAJORANA Demonstrator was characterized and the micro-discharge effects during the MAJORANA Demonstrator commissioning phase were studied. A stable configuration has been achieved, and the cables and connectors can supply HPGe detector operating voltages without exhibiting discharge.
Neutrinoless double beta decay searches play a major role in determining neutrino properties, in particular the Majorana or Dirac nature of the neutrino and the absolute scale of the neutrino mass. The consequences of these searches go beyond neutrino physics, with implications for Grand Unification and leptogenesis. The \textsc{Majorana} Collaboration is assembling a low-background array of high purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in $^{76}$Ge. The \textsc{Majorana Demonstrator}, which is currently being constructed and commissioned at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, will contain 44 kg (30 kg enriched in $^{76}$Ge) of HPGe detectors. Its primary goal is to demonstrate the scalability and background required for a tonne-scale Ge experiment. This is accomplished via a modular design and projected background of less than 3 cnts/tonne-yr in the region of interest. The experiment is currently taking data with the first of its enriched detectors.


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Cases 1 - 10 of 22
Rounds et al v. FourPoint Energy, LLC
as 5:2020cv00052
Defendant: Fourpoint Energy LLC
Plaintiff: Randy Carl Smith, Kenny Wayne Rounds
Type: Contract › Contract: Other
Wilkins v. Aberdeen Enterprizes II, Inc. et al
as 4:2017cv00606
Plaintiff: Ira Lee Wilkins
Defendant: Aberdeen Enterprizes II, Inc., Oklahoma Sheriffs'Association, The, Jason Ritchie and others
Cause Of Action: Civil Rights Act
Copeland et al v. C.A.A.I.R. et al
as 4:2017cv00564
Plaintiff: Arthur Copeland , Brandon Spurgin , Brad McGahey and others
Defendant: C.A.A.I.R., Simmons Foods, Inc., Simmons Pet Food, Inc. and others
Cause Of Action: Fair Labor Standards Act
Murphy v. City of Tulsa, The et al
as 4:2015cv00528
Plaintiff: Michelle Dawn Murphy
Defendant: City of Tulsa, The, Mike Cook, Timothy Harris and others
Cause Of Action: Civil Rights
Oklahoma Water Resources Board v. United States of America et al
as 5:2012cv00275
Plaintiff: Oklahoma Water Resources Board
Defendant: United States of America , United States Department of Interior , United States Bureau of Reclamation and others
Cause Of Action: Petition for Removal
Coker et al v. Shawnee City of et al
as 5:2010cv01235
Plaintiff: James S Coker , Brian LeGrand` , Justin K Atkins and others
Defendant: Shawnee City of, Brian McDougal, Shawnee Police Department and others
Cause Of Action: Civil Rights Act
Stinson v. Maynard et al
as 5:2007cv00387
Defendant: Jennifer Strickland, Joann Stevenson, Whitney Weingartner and others
Plaintiff: Naomi A Stinson
Cause Of Action: Fed. Question
Green v. Reynolds et al
as 5:2015cv00666
Plaintiff: Rickke L Green
Defendant: Dan Reynolds, Robert Patton, Oklahoma Department of Corrections and others
Cause Of Action: Civil Rights
Type: Prisoner Petitions › Civil Rights
Courtney v. Department of Public Safety et al
as 6:2011cv00167
Plaintiff: Jason Wayne Courtney
Defendant: Department of Public Safety, Jacob Smith
Cause Of Action: Civil Rights Act
Plaintiff v. Defendant
as 5:2017cv00608
Plaintiff: Plaintiff v. Defendant
Defendant: Plaintiff v. Defendant
Cause Of Action: Fed. Question
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subset: commoncrawl


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Daniel Bryan announced on tonight's edition of Smackdown live that the five women representing Smackdown Live at Survivor Series will be Nikki Bella, Carmella, Naomi, Alexa Bliss and Smackdown Women's Champion Becky Lynch. They will also be coached by Natayla. They will be facing RAW Women's Champion Charlotte, Nia Jax, Bayley and two more to be determined.
Smackdown Live's Survivor Series Women Team Set
ByRichard Staple
Trending Stories
Becky Lynch
Rebecca QuinBirthdate: 01/30/1987
Height: 5'6"
Weight: 135 Ib
Quin began training as a professional wrestler in June 2002. Initially working in Ireland and occasionally teaming with her brother using the ring name Rebecca Knox, ...


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Related News
The Nigerian Medical Association (NMA) has demanded the 'full commitment' of President Muhammadu Buhari to the security and protection of lives and properties of Nigerians on the nation's highways.
This was part of resolutions at the end of NMA's National Executive Council (NEC) meeting held on Sunday in Kano State.
The association noted with dismay the worsening state of insecurity in the country.
The doctors condemned "in strong terms the gruesome murder" of Jerome Elusiyan the Chairman, Medical Advisory Council of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals, Osun State.
Copies of a communique containing observations and resolutions adopted after the meeting were made available to journalists on Tuesday in Abuja.
It was signed by NMA President, Francis Faduyile.
Murder of Elusiyan
The NMA in its resolution described the killing of Mr Elusiyan, a professor of Pediatrics and Child Health, as unacceptable.
The doctors urged the Inspector General of Police and other security agencies to intensify efforts in apprehending the perpetrators within the next two weeks and "forestall future reoccurrence".
Mr Elusiyan is the latest medical professional to suffer security mishap on Nigerian roads, raising fresh concerns by health workers.
He was murdered by unknown gunmen on Friday in Edo.
The physician was in the state to supervise an examination. He was travelling from Ekpoma to Benin where he had planned to spend the night before his vehicle came under attack by yet-to-be-identified assailants.
Other demands
The medical association also condemned the continued incarceration of two medical doctors – Audu Sule and Sunday Oduniyi – kidnapped on a highway in Taraba State over six months ago.
"We urge security operatives to ensure the release of our colleagues kidnapped in Taraba state and other Nigerians in the den of kidnappers," the communique read.
"The NMA cannot continue to watch its members molested and hacked down in this country. The NEC called on governments at all levels and security agencies to urgently do the needful in addressing this menace".
Rising insecurity
Despite numerous checkpoints along many highways, violent crimes, killings and kidnappings have continued unabated.
The killing of Funke Olakunrin, a 58-year-old daughter of Yoruba leader, Reuben Fasoranti – who was attacked while travelling on a highway in Ondo State – was one among many violent crimes reported across Nigerian roads in the last three years.
It drew national outrage at the time with the government promising to install CCTV cameras along highways among other measures to check violent crimes. However, little or nothing has been done in that regard.
Growing concerns
The NMA NEC expressed its disappointment with the failure of both federal and state Governments to "effectively check security lapses and the ravaging incidence of banditry, armed robbery, kidnappings and endless killings of innocent Nigerians".
An official of the NMA had earlier in the year credited insecurity as a major reason why Nigerian doctors are migrating to other countries across the globe.
Ekpe Phillips, the chairman of the NMA, Abuja Branch, said the country is getting increasingly insecure especially for health professionals, a situation he said was negatively affecting the health sector.
"When we list factors causing 'brain drain', we are not just talking about facility and remuneration. Some are leaving because they feel very insecure," the medical doctor said.
He said it is worrisome "how doctors are being killed and kidnapped regularly in the line of duty".


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What is the average typing speed? The average typing speed of a normal person is between 38 and 40 words per minute (this means around 190-200 characters per minute). Nevertheless, professional typists, or professionals who spend a lot of their time writing texts on desktop devices, have a typing speed of 65 to 75 words per minute. What is WPM?
Follow these text writing tips, and your company will be able to deliver a great customer experience in under 160 characters: 1. Give clear instructions about what the customer should text to you.
There isn't a perfect time to message after meeting a woman, but if you wait your odds get worse. The window of opportunity after meeting a girl is short. Take advantage of that short time while you're fresh in her memory. You'll only come off as needy if you send her a novel sized text or too many messages.
How to write an email to a friend you haven't contacted in a long time exercise Writing a good email to a friend you haven't spoken to in a long time should be easy. Because you haven't been in contact in a long time, you should have a lot of interesting things to say or questions to ask them.
This is why focusing on the quality of the time you spend with him is much more important when it comes to fixing your situation than trying to get him to text back. If you have fun together and have a good rapport, this is what will create a good relationship (or if you are not in a relationship, it will make him want to spend more time with you).
The data below shows the average of text messages a group of students sends per day. Which histogram could represent the data? Download png. See answers (1) Ask for details; . we're including unlimited answers with your free account for the time being. Join for free.
Text after office hours. Sending recruiting text messages with a candidate in the evenings or on weekends sends a dual negative message. First, you probably work overtime (which isn't exactly a perk to attract potential hires.) And second, you don't respect the candidate's personal time.


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LIKE NEW Charming home with a rare RV Garage and POOL. This Oversized .30 acre lot also boasts high end finishes from the gourmet kitchen with high end appliances, oversized tile and plenty of upgrades throughout. No expense has been spared. 4bd/2.5ba with spacious office, LARGE LOFT AND a bonus room sitting area. Wood blinds & ceiling fans throughout. Gourmet kitchen with 42in cabinets, granite counters, SS appliances, SS sink with Reverse Osmosis, gas cooktop and double ovens. 3 car tandem garage PLUS a 40x20 ft RV/Boat Garage with 100 amp, loaded with storage cabinets. Backyard oasis has covered gazebo, outdoor fireplace, and immaculate swimming pool. RV Garage could be converted to casita fairly easily. Great Location walking distance from the Queen Creek Corridor and freeways
Listing courtesy of HomeSmart.
All information should be verified by the recipient and none is guaranteed as accurate by ARMLS. Copyright 2020 Arizona Regional Multiple Listing Service, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Night Palm - Emerald Forest Green Nail Polish
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Find the sum of coefficients of two middle terms in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)2n-1
Answer :
Total terms after expansion = 2n-1+1=2n
Middle term = 2n/2 = nth term
So two required middle terms are : nth & (n+1)th term
k= (n-1) & n for both terms respectively.
(1 + x)2n-1
Coefficient of nth term;
Coefficient of (n+1)th term ;
= 2n-1Cn
Sum of coefficients = 2n-1Cn-1 + 2n-1Cn
= 2n-1+1Cn
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- Can a gynecologist tell if you're a virgin?
- What is the 2 finger test?
- Can a gynecologist tell the last time?
- When should you get your first pelvic exam?
- When should a girl first go to the gynecologist?
- What should I expect at my first woman exam?
- Do I need to go to the gynecologist if I'm a virgin?
- Does a Pap smear feel like losing your virginity?
- Can doctors tell if you aren't a virgin?
- Why do doctors finger you?
- What questions do gynecologists ask you?
- What happens at your first gynecology appointment?
- Do gynecologists care if you shave?
- At what age can a woman stop seeing a gynecologist?
- How painful is a Pap smear?
Can a gynecologist tell if you're a virgin?
First, we want to reassure you that your gynecologist can NOT tell whether you've had sex, even during a pelvic (sometimes called gynecological) exam..
What is the 2 finger test?
The two-finger test also known as the PV (Per Vaginal) refers to an intrusive physical examination of a woman's vagina to figure out the laxity of vaginal muscles and whether the hymen is distensible or not.
Can a gynecologist tell the last time?
Can your doctor tell when you last had sex? She might be able to if it was the last thing you did before leaving home, says Lauren Streicher, MD, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine. The evidence may remain inside you for 12 hours.
When should you get your first pelvic exam?
Your first pelvic exam is usually after you become sexually active or when you turn 21, whichever comes first. You may need a pelvic exam sooner if you are experiencing problems with your period or have other symptoms, including: Pain in your lower abdomen or pelvic area.
When should a girl first go to the gynecologist?
"So it's important that your child has the right education and resources to stay healthy. Outside of factors such as complications or sexual activity, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends that girls make their first gynecologist visit between the ages of 13 and 15.
What should I expect at my first woman exam?
As part of your exam, you will be asked questions about your family history, current health, and sexual activity. You can also expect to be asked questions about your menstrual cycle, sexual activity and partners, contraception, STD prevention, pregnancies, illnesses, surgeries, and drug and alcohol use.
Do I need to go to the gynecologist if I'm a virgin?
Even if you're a virgin (you've never had vaginal intercourse), you may need a pelvic exam if you are having certain problems. Having a pelvic exam doesn't change anything, just as using tampons doesn't change your hymen (the skin that partly covers the opening to your vagina).
Does a Pap smear feel like losing your virginity?
The reality is that a Pap smear test can hurt whether or not you are a virgin. It shouldn't usually be painful if everything as it should be physically and you have no vaginal soreness or infections; however, most women do find it a little uncomfortable.
Can doctors tell if you aren't a virgin?
"So, doctor, can you check my daughter's virginity? can you tell me if she is still a virgin?" No, we cannot. There is no physical sign that indicates the virginity of a woman: in fact, no physical examination will be able to evaluate the virginity of a human being, man or woman.
Why do doctors finger you?
The rectovaginal exam — Your doctor or nurse may also put a gloved finger into your rectum. This checks the muscles between your vagina and your anus. This also checks for tumors behind your uterus, on the lower wall of your vagina, or in your rectum. Some doctors put another finger in your vagina while they do this.
What questions do gynecologists ask you?
The doctor will ask questions about your previous medical history, your family history and past surgeries. He or she will ask you to remember when your first period was and tell them what it is like – whether your menstrual cycle is regular, how long it lasts, etc.
What happens at your first gynecology appointment?
The first part of your gynecologist appointment will go much like any other doctor's appointment. Your gynecologist will take some basic medical information and talk through your health history before leaving the room and giving you a hospital gown.
Do gynecologists care if you shave?
It's not necessary to shave or wax around the vagina before your first visit to a gynecologist. You will want to be clean though, so be sure to shower that day, using a gentle soap to maintain proper vaginal hygiene.
At what age can a woman stop seeing a gynecologist?
After age 65, most women who have not been diagnosed with cervical cancer or precancer can stop having Pap smears as long as they have had three negative tests within the past 10 years.
How painful is a Pap smear?
Does it hurt? Pap smears shouldn't hurt. If you're getting your first Pap, it may feel a little uncomfortable because it's a new sensation that your body isn't yet used to. People often say it feels like a small pinch, but everyone has a different threshold for pain.


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Italian Beef Meatball Recipe Baked
Bake in the oven for 10 minutes.
Italian beef meatball recipe baked. Soak sandwich bread with grated onion. These authentic italian style meatballs are perfect for your favorite spaghetti sauce or marinara and pasta. This meatball recipe was given to me by my father who got it from a little old lady from italy that he knew. Soft juicy extra tasty oven baked italian meatballs and tomato sauce made entirely in the oven.
The best ground beef italian meatballs recipes on yummly italian meatballs italian herb baked meatballs italian ground beef meatball. These italian meatballs use a standard mix of ground beef and ground pork with added flavor from parsley garlic and dried herbs. Even though my meatballs are the best i will make no such claim. Try them for yourself.
Its also perfect for freezing making it a great option for when you dont want to cook mid week. Bake up a batch mix them with your favorite spaghetti dish and dinner is served. The one thing that sets this meatball recipe apart from others. Bake in the oven for 10 minutes.
Plus it adds extra savoury flavour without the need to fry onion separately. Meatballs baked in rich tomato sauce with a melting mozzarella topping this recipe is all about comfort food. This italian meatball recipe was originally. Meatball recipes are often challenged by chefs who claim mine are the best.
Add the milk parmesan cheese and breadcrumbs. Mix until evenly combined then form into meatballs and place onto a baking tray. Serve with salad on the side. Cook meatballs turning for 5 to 7 minutes or until browned and cooked through.
Its amazing that she gave up her recipe to him but i sure am glad she did. Shape and bake these well seasoned meatballs and simmer them with the sauce on the stovetop or slow cooker. Heat oil in a large frying pan over medium high heat. Add the meatballs to the tomato sauce and then transfer to an ovenproof dish.


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Second Memory Madness
The second Memory Madness took place on Thursday, November 12th, 2020 from 7 pm until 8 pm. This virtual event was free, aimed at adults and teens aged 18 and up, and was given by the professional speedcuber Sydney Weaver.
On this virtual event, the invited speaker explained phonetic memory, which is a short term memory method, and shared a technique on how to memorize playing cards. Sydney Weaver then described how to exercise your memory correctly and taught how to decide which of the 4 methods we have learned so far from both Memory Madness we should use in each case.


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Naira Marley's Case With EFCC Turned Into An Examination Question For Lagos State Polytechnic Students (Photo)
We thought we have seen it all until students of Lagos State Polytechnic were faced with the task of answering a question on the case of Naira Marley in their recent examination.
Information Nigeria recalls the Nigerian singer, Naira Marley was recently charged to court for fraud by the anti-graft body, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC).
The singer was paraded alongside his colleague Zlatan and some other suspects before the press by the anti-graft body.
ALSO READ: "Christianity Has No Dress Code" – Daddy Freeze Lectures Evangelist Victor Edet
See the photo of the question paper below:
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lol .. i love my country die..
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Group Launch Protest To Allow NYSC Ladies Wear Skirt (Photos)
An advocacy group has decided to hold a protest to press home their demand for the National Youth Service Corp (NYSC) to allow ladies were skirts instead of trousers.
The decision by the advocacy group has generated mixed reaction on social media with majority of opinions criticising the decision.
The group in their claim, are of the opinion that ladies who want to wear skirts instead of trousers as is currently the case, should be allowed to do so.
Also Read: Corps Members Not Responsible For Robbery Attack On FC Ubah: NYSC
The group say been forced to wear trousers is against their religious belief.
Masquerade Shows Off 'Zanku' Skills (Video)
A viral video of a masquerade showing off his 'Zanku' dance steps has gotten people talking on social media.
Also Read: Pastor, Masquerade Go Eyeball-To-Eyeball During Evangelism In Market Place (VIDEO)
Masquerade in Nigeria in recent months have been engaging surprising acts and this new development is not coming as a surprise after seeing a masquerade beaten by soldiers.
Recently a masquerade and a Pastor went off against each other in a market place.
Now in a new video, the masquerade who was been cheered on by onlookers vibed off to rapper, Zlatan's song.
Watch the video below:
Father Christmas Spotted Praying At A Mosque (Photo)
A viral picture of Santa Claus popularly referred to as "Father Christmas" spotted praying at the Mosque has got people talking on social media.
This year has been a wonderful and quite unique year for the gift-giving Santa Claus in Nigeria.
Also Read: Drunk Santa Claus Accidentally Hits Bus After Doing 'Gbese' (Video)
Recall that some days ago, it was reported that some kids beat up Santa for not distributing gifts to them.
Days later, another Santa was reportedly drunk at an event. Now, this Santa has been spotted praying at a mosque much to the surprise of many.
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PEMF Sessions on a Wet Animal | MagnaWave
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$1,895 2 bed 21629 12th Avenue W 1b, Woodinville WA, 98021
$1,895 2 bed
21629 12th Avenue W 1b, Queensborough-Brentwood-Crystal Springs, Bothell, 98021
Commute to Downtown Bothell
2 bed
This apartment is in the Queensborough-Brentwood-Crystal Springs neighborhood in Bothell. Nearby parks include Stipek Park, William Penn Park and William Penn Park.
21629 12th Avenue W 1b has a Walk Score of 58 out of 100. This location is Somewhat Walkable so some errands can be accomplished on foot.
Charming Craftsmen Style duplex, very roomy 1300+ sq ft, with 2 beds and 1 3/four bathrooms. Ultra efficient In-Floor radiant heat, wall to wall berber carpet and tile floors, living room with cozy gas fireplace and vaulted cedar ceilings. Lovely kitchen has a built in microwave, breakfast area and maple cabinets. Master has a large walk in closet and French doors that lead to private patio. Washer/dryer area comes with front load washer-dryer and plenty of storage. The garage for two cars has an additional huge storage area above garage. Large, professionally landscaped yard, partially fenced on cul-de-sac in very peaceful neighborhood. Hi-Speed internet access and alarm system available. For more info on this rental home and all our available rentals please visit our web siteat www.tsquaremanagement.com, email us at email@example.com or call us now at 425-485-XXXX.
Pets allowed: No
Some errands can be accomplished on foot.
It is possible to get on a bus.
About your score
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 21629 12th Avenue W 1b.
21629 12th Avenue W 1b has minimal transit which means it is possible to get on a bus. Car sharing is available from RelayRides.
Bus lines:
0.3 mi
Car shares:
21629 12th Avenue W 1b is in the Queensborough-Brentwood-Crystal Springs neighborhood. Queensborough-Brentwood-Crystal Springs is the 10th most walkable neighborhood in Bothell with a neighborhood Walk Score of 22.


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Cheap flights from Ahmedabad to Oceania
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*** SOLD BY HARRISON, LAVERS & POTBURYS *** A well presented ground floor flat situated in the heart of the town centre and within walking distance of all amenities and the seafront.
*NO CHAIN* A detached bungalow with a newly fitted kitchen, two DOUBLE bedrooms, shower room and lounge that leads onto a SPACIOUS conservatory. The property also benefits from a SUNNY rear garden (...)
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A lovely bungalow situated within walking distance of Clevedon Town Centre. This two bedroom semi detached bungalow will easily meet the needs of those wanting to be on the level and close to (...)
A detached Grade II Listed barn with planning permission to create a substantial four bedroom home, set in 2.9 acres with a further parcel of 3.8 acres available by separate negotiation.
A well presented three bed link detached house, with parking, garage and gardens. All within walking distance of the centre of Chudleigh and brilliant transport links to Exeter and Plymouth.
A spacious Victorian semi detached house located in the popular area of Bridge on the edge of St Columb Major. Newly re-furbished to a high standard. Ideal holiday home. Parking & rear garden. Chain (...)
A very well presented extended chalet bungalow with three double bedrooms, one having been designed to be a first floor suite with a private bathroom and extensive sea views via multiple Velux (...)
An attractive, modern link-detached home, occupying a good-sized plot within this sought after cul-de-sac on the western fringe of the town.
An attractive, character cottage situated in a sought after residential area, within a stones throw of The Byes.
A semi-detached bungalow enjoying a southerly aspect and a particularly fine, mature 60' garden to the rear. The property has been adapted so that the second bedroom has become a dining room opening (...)
SEMI_DETACHED family home in need of MODERNISATION. PORCH, entrance HALL, bright and airy LIVING ROOM, separate DINING ROOM, KITCHEN, ground floor WC, THREE double BEDROOMS, BATHROOM, westerly facing (...)
This characterful terrace cottage (not listed) has been much improved by our vendor during their ownership. Boasting three bedrooms and brimming with character features throughout the property is (...)
An Impressive Chalet Bungalow Presented to a Very High Standard. Jefferys are delighted to offer for sale this versatile, appealing and superbly presented 2/3 bedroom property in the highly (...)
An opportunity to acquire this well-appointed detached chain free bungalow situated within easy access to the A380 to Newton Abbot, Exeter and the M5 offered with no onward chain. There are two (...)
Tucked away on a quiet rural lane yet just a short stroll to the village centre, this delightful barn has been converted and extended to provide stunning one bedroom accommodation. A truly lovely (...)
An post-war three bedroomed semi detached house located in a favourable part of town and in need of modernisation throughout. Energy Rating: C69
Offered for sale with no onward chain is this spacious four bedroom detached house with scope to extend subject to planning permission and consents, south facing garden, ample parking and garage set (...)
Ellworthy Park, 4 Harris Close
Frome (01373) 482900
Radstock (01761) 252700
Gillingham (01747) 440080
Frome, Warminster, Westbury, Trowbridge, Bradford On Avon, Bath, Radstock, Shepton Mallet, Castle Cary, Bruton, Wincanton, Gillingham, Mere, and all surrounding villages.
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Shining Light Tribute
Send a tribute to their shining light lush, bright flowers. Yellow and
white blooms combine to create a perfect expression of your sympathy,
while honoring the energy and spirit of your loved one.
Featuring Gerbera daisies, snapdragons, solidago, white daisies, and
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funeral home or service.
Product ID UFN1168
Approximately 24" W x 32" H
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Digitization Of Fiat Currencies Raises Concerns
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fiat Money
As the rise in prices gets out of control, there is a loss in confidence in the currency, which further fuels inflation. Argentina was among the top 10 largest economies in the whole world back in 1932. However, it dropped down the list as soon as its currency collapsed the same year. In that same year, Italy, Norway, and Finland experienced currency shock that spread throughout the whole of Europe. In 1994, Mexico too went through a currency collapse period whereby the peso lost its value, throwing Latin America into economic hardship.
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Savers find investing in these bubbles more attractive than investing in their own, inefficient technologies. This technology needs to be inefficient enough so that its return is on average below the growth rate of the economy, creating the dynamic inefficiency for bubbles to arise. Credit of any sort requires some monitoring in the sense that someone has to observe that a person has borrowed. bitcoin bonus Therefore, if we want both monetary trade and credit in the same model, we need something between perfect monitoring and no monitoring. As in other areas of economics — for example, transport costs in international-trade theory — extreme versions are both easy to describe and easy to analyze. The necessity claim implies that one route to a cashless economy is better and better monitoring.
The Russian ruble was not the currency you wanted your investments denominated in in 1998, after its devaluation brought on economic recession. In the early 21st century, we have seen the Turkish lira experience strokes of hyperinflation similar to that of the mark of Weimar Germany. The theme of the day…the new paper currency rapidly became oversupplied binance block users until nobody wished to own the worthless junk anymore and demanded coinage for their currency. The notion of paper money was greatly helped along by the passing of Louis XIV and the 3 billion livres of debt that he left. Emperors that succeeded Nero liked the idea of devaluing their currency in order to pay the bills and increase their own wealth.
Are $2 bills rare?
The Rarest Currency Denomination
According to Business Insider, 2-dollar bills account for less than 0.001% of all currency in circulation. They are the rarest currently-produced money in the United States, and only about 1.2 billion 2-dollar bills are in current circulation.
The fiscal authorities are assumed to have access to lump-sum taxes to balance their budget and subsidies to eliminate the distorting effects of firms' monopoly power. Therefore there is no need in those models to use inflation as a lump-sum tax on nominal asset holding. note that the inflation volatility implied by Ramsey optimal policy fiat currency in Chrari et al. Similar to global markets for silver and gold, arbitrage-induced trade eventually caused cowry values to equalize globally . It manifests because government is far too big and rapacious; lawmaking and jurisprudence too centralized in DC; the unitary executive presidency too powerful; and society too politicized.
What are the 8 major currencies?
In general, the eight most traded currencies (in no specific order) are the U.S. dollar (USD), the Canadian dollar (CAD), the euro (EUR), the British pound (GBP), the Swiss franc (CHF), the New Zealand dollar (NZD), the Australian dollar (AUD) and the Japanese yen (JPY).
But better monitoring is not the only route to a cashless economy. More generally, while the claim asserts that imperfect monitoring is necessary for monetary trade to be essential, it says nothing about sufficient conditions. It does suggest that no monitoring at all — each person's previous actions are private information to the person — offers the best shot at making money essential. However, if we want a setting in which some form of credit exists, then no monitoring is too https://www.binance.com/ extreme. Because surprise inflation cannot affect the average level of government revenue, it cannot be used to reduce the average level of distorting taxes. It therefore only smooths the wage tax distortion, which is a second-order effect that is offset by the first-order costs of price adjustment. They note that, in addition to considering sticky prices and imperfect competition, the models considered in that literature generally have a cursory treatment of fiscal policy.
The Interaction Between Monetary And Fiscal Policy☆
The increase in the prices of goods caused by the increases in the money supply. In connection with this underlying cause, you can also hear terms such as wage inflation and cost inflation. The former looks at the wage component as an inflationary https://beaxy.com/ driver, while the latter posits that inflation relates to the increased cost side. Although the threshold is arbitrary, many economists define hyperinflationary episodes as periods when the monthly rate of inflation is greater than 50 percent.
Treatment In Economics
- Because currencies can be printed at will by governments, the existing currency supply is continually being diluted with freshly created currency, making the dollars in your bank account or wallet worth less with each passing second.
- When applied to paper money, fiat currency refers to the scary notion that our dollar has value only because the government says it does.
- Said more simply, when you go get a loan from a bank to make a purchase, they literally type numbers into your account (and you have to pay back those made up numbers with interest).
- The banking sector's use of fractional reserve lending the primary engine of currency creation in modern fiat currency systems.
- It is estimated that 92-96% of all currency in circulation today is created by the banks, not the government (Steps 1-3).
During months or years where the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to other currencies, the foreign part of your portfolio won't feel great. But during times when the U.S. dollar weakens, or we have some domestic recession, those assets can be big outperformers. If our currency were to notably weaken compared to other currencies, it would make imports more expensive and exports more competitive. Holders of U.S. cash would lose some global purchasing power, but domestic U.S. businesses may see a boost over the long run. Normally, trade deficits have a self-correcting mechanism in the form of currency fluctuations. If a country has a large trade deficit for a long time, it eventually has a weakening economy or its currency tends to weaken relative to other currencies.
The currency supply must continue to grow exponentially in order to service the constantly compounding debt load, until one day when it will all collapse under its own weight. There are now $190 in "existence" from an initial deposit of $100. The borrower will take the money lent to him, go and make a purchase (house, car, business investment etc.) and pay the seller with the $90 from your initial $100 deposit. The seller then deposits his $90 into a bank account, and that bank now loans out $81 (90%) of that deposit. The government employees, contractors and soldiers who build the public works, run the social programs and go to war are paid in these numbers which they deposit in a bank. The Treasury distributes these numbers that it receives from the banks via the Fed in exchange for its promises to the alphabet soup of government agencies where it is spent by politicians (some elected, mostly non-elected). The Fed has a bank account with a big fat "0" in it, and they use that account to write a check to buy government issued debt (bonds/glorified IOUs/promises) from the primary dealers who initially purchased them at auction from the Treasury.
We are currently at war, and the financing of this war is extremely inflationary. In fact, if you look back at our history, since 1914, the U.S has engaged in 16 military conflicts. We have been involved in some form of violent international accord in 44 of the past 93 years.
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They can't circulate more, which thus limits government spending. The Daily Reckoning and New York Times best selling author Jim Rickards feel so strongly about what will happen to your money that they are sending out FREE copies of The New Case For Gold to any American willing to listen. We are currently increasing the supply of dollars at a rate of 13% per annum. This overissuance of a currency has been the leading indicator of a currency on the brink.
What is a non fiat currency?
The euro is non- fiat. It restricts deficits and does not share with other euro nations. IT operates on taxes, not on created fiscal deficits. In short, Europe is not monetary sovereign, the most important characteristic of fiat money.
The U.S. briefly had major inflation in the late 1970's, but since then has had stable low inflation and strong economic growth. Since then, the U.S. dollar has lost most of its value compared to gold , but savers holding their dollars in savings accounts have made enough interest to make up for that de-valuation. President Richard Nixon ended the gold standard in the United States in 1971, when he fixed the rate at $38 dollars per ounce of gold and said that dollars could no longer be redeemed with gold.
Money is a container to store individual and collective economic energy until it is ready to be deployed – a "claim check" on life energy. Currency robs us of time and freedom because it lacks one of the necessary qualities of money. First, we need to begin by defining the difference between money and currency. This article contains an illustrated, step-by-step visual guide that walks us through how currency is actually created today. By it's end, our hope is that you'll agree that if we are to ever create a substantive move towards a truly regenerative 'de-growth' economy, we simply must change our monetary system. Simply put, a regenerative economy cannot exist if the money used to transact within it violates the ethics of 1) Care For The Earth, 2) Care For The People, and 3) Reinvest Surplus Towards Earth Care And People Care.


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Space Needle, Seattle
Space Needle
The Space Needle in Seattle brings you an entire 520 feet high to a great overview of the entire city. On top they have free Swarovski Telescopes where you can zoom into different spots of the city. I was surprised how close up you can see. I felt like a spy as I look closely at people below who didn't have the slightest idea that I was watching over them. Buying a ticket will put a slight dent in your wallet. Tickets are $16.00 for adults to get up to the top. However, that's a pretty standard price compared to most high up sky views. To see the view without going up, there is a live Space Needle camera that broadcasts images all throughout the day. http://www.spaceneedle.com/webcam/ [more ]
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|1. Experience Music Project
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|1.05 mi
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400 Broad Street
98109 Seattle
Tel: (206) 905-2100
Website: Space Needle
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Posted By: Miquela Berge
The Importance of Animal Shelters in Our Communities When you think about giving back to the community, you may think about donating clothes, volunteering at a soup kitchen, participating in a fundraiser, or cleaning up polluted or littered areas. But have you ever thought about an animal shelter? Animal shelters have become an integral part of our community. Shelters are more than just places of sanctuary; they also work to keep stray animals healthy, happy, and secure while simultaneously fighting against cruelty and homelessness. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty of Animals (ASPCA), one of America's most well-known animal shelter organizations, functions not just as an adoption center, but also seeks to prevent unjust and cruel treatment against animals through fundraising, initiatives, and petitions. They tackle an array of topics ranging from dogfighting, animal homelessness, animal hoarding to farm animal welfare, and horse slaughter. With their own forensics team, they even find ways to combat and build cases against local animal abusers. They also advocate against puppy mills, which are places where dogs are bred for the sole purpose of profit. Breeders at the mills do not see the health of the dogs and puppies as a priority, and as a result, dogs bred here usually suffer from sicknesses, abnormal and unhealthy conditions, trauma, and sometimes premature death. Finally, the ASPCA organizes their own rescue teams to search for lost animals. Last year, the organization reunited more than 4,700 pets with their past owners.
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Search Results for 'Welcome Inn Hotel Premier Division'
12 results found.
McGrath to run the line in Champions League
Mayo will be represented in the first round of the Champions League next week when Damien McGrath steps out on to the field in the biggest club competition in the world. McGrath's stock has risen highly in Mayo and nationally over the past number of years and this is just the latest high level promotion for him. McGrath will be first assistant referee, alongside the all Irish team of Alan Kelly who will be the referee, Ken Hennessey, and Paraic Sutton, who will act as fourth official. The two additional assistants are Anthony Buttimer and Neil Doyle. "It's a great honour for me and also for the Mayo referees branch," McGrath said.
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Genelia D'souza Deshmukh tells about It's My Life It's my Life, I have done it in Telugu also. As for the film, I have
Shirley Setia to Make Telugu Debut with Naga Shaurya
Singer – Actor Shirley Setia who is all set to make her Bollywood debut with Nikamma bags another project as the female lead opposite
Zee Cinema is set to premiere one of Jr. NTR's biggest and most awaited blockbuster entertainer 'Aravinda Sametha' on 21st Nov
Get ready for a blockbuster treat this weekend as South ka superstar 'Junior NTR' is set to entertain you with his starry swag, mind
Zee Cinema presents the Hindi Television Premiere of the ultimate action entertainer 'Pralay: The Destroyer' on 15 th November
This 15 th November, Zee Cinema will take you on a thrilling rollercoaster ride filled with action, fantasy and romance as it brings to
Zee Cinema promotes the World Television Premiere of Dabangg 3 with a social awareness campaign #DabanggBanoMaskPehno
'Jo dushmano se na daare woh dabangg, apno ke pyaar pe jo mare woh dabangg aur jo mask pehen kar bahar nikle woh dabangg'.
Ka Pae Ranasingam releases on Zee Plex
Vijay Sethupathy made his digital debut with his latest film – Ka Pae Ranasingam that was released today on Zee Plex – a cinema
Punjabi Romantic Song "Man Maaniya" is released now by Anihac Movies
The sudden Catastrophe of Coronavirus pandemic has turned the whole world upside down. All the industries are suffering from sheer losses. It's a tough
Times Prime joins hands with MUBI to offer hand-picked cinema to its members
MUBI offers 3-month subscriptions worth INR 1500 to all Times Prime members Times Prime, India's leading premium lifestyle membership, has entered into a strategic
'Main Mulayam Singh Yadav' Movie Motion Poster Out Now
Makers of upcoming movie, 'Main Mulayam Singh Yadav' released its motion poster on Monday. The movie is said to be one of the best political biopic
Main Mulayam Singh Yadav Movie Teaser Out Now
This is an extraordinary story of how a farmer's son, based out of a small village in Uttar Pradesh, becomes a supreme leader of


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Presenting a white and blue embroidered gown. The sleeveless gown has boat neckline and comes with side zip closure. The sleeveless gown is teamed up with blue embroidered velvet which is styled with a loose fit and has side zip closure. Cancan is preferred for voluminous flare.
Made-to-measure garments are made based on the customers measurements. Customer can get the garment stitched based on a standard Ready Size or they can submit their detailed measurements in Custom Size.
Both Ready Size or Custom Size garments have a 8 working days dispatch lead time after the measurements are submitted by customer.
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White plain modal satin fabric.
Navy blue velvet fabric with sequins work enhancing the multicolor embroidered floral patterns all over the base fabric.