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Toxocara canis causes ocular larva migrans and visceral larva migrans in humans. Knowledge about the molecular mechanism of T. canis-hosts interaction is limited. The proteomic alterations in the plasma of Beagle dogs induced by T. canis infection were studied by the quantitative mass spectrometry-based data-independent acquisition (DIA). 418, 414 and 411 plasma proteins were identified at 24â¯h post-infection (hpi), 96 hpi and 36â¯days post-infection (dpi), including 6, 5 and 23 proteins with differential abundance, respectively. At 24 hpi, the altered proteins, retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2 (RARRES2), WD repeat-containing protein 1 (WDR1), moesin and filamin-A, may participate in pro-inflammatory reaction or promote larvae migration. At 96 hpi, the altered protein C and fibroleukin may maintain the stability of the coagulation system to protect the lung. At 36 dpi, the alterations of C-reactive protein (CRP), ficolin (FCN), complement factor H-related protein 5 (CFHR5) and other complements can affect the three traditional complement system, including the classic pathway, lectin pathway and alternative pathway. These proteins may play important roles in the interaction between T. canis and its definitive hosts. Further study on these altered proteins triggered by T. canis infection may discovery novel therapeutic or diagnostic targets for toxocariasis. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Toxocara canis is one of the globally distributed soil-transmitted helminths, which causes ocular larva migrans and visceral larva migrans in humans and a wide range of warm-blooded animals. T. canis adapts to different microenvironments by resisting and adjusting various biological processes of the hosts. Knowledge about the molecular mechanism of T. canis-hosts interaction is limited. Plasma proteins are good marker for monitoring the occurrence and development of diseases. The proteomic alterations in the plasma of Beagle dogs induced by T. canis infection were studied by the quantitative mass spectrometry-based data-independent acquisition (DIA) in this study. A total of 418, 414 and 411 plasma proteins were identified at 24â¯h post-infection (hpi), 96 hpi and 36â¯days post-infection, respectively. Ten protein with differential abundances were validated by using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Collectively, our deep proteomic analysis of plasma revealed that proteins alterations were affected by disease development, and proteomic analysis is an ideal method for quantifying changes in circulating factors on a global scale in response to pathophysiological perturbations such as T. canis infection.
Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) is a recently discovered and evolutionarily conserved form of protein post-translational modification (PTM) found in mammalian and yeast cells. Previous studies have shown that Khib plays roles in the activity of gene transcription and Khib-containing proteins are closely related to the cellular metabolism. In this study, a global Khib-containing analysis using the latest databases (ToxoDB 46, 8322 sequences, downloaded on April 16, 2020) and sensitive immune-affinity enrichment coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed. A total of 1078 Khib modification sites across 400 Khib-containing proteins were identified in tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain. Bioinformatics and functional enrichment analysis showed that Khib-modified proteins were associated with various biological processes, such as ribosome, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and central carbon metabolism. Interestingly, many proteins of the secretory organelles (e.g., microneme, rhoptry, and dense granule) that play roles in the infection cycle of T. gondii were found to be Khib-modified, suggesting the involvement of Khib in key biological process during T. gondii infection. We also found that histone proteins, key enzymes related to cellular metabolism, and several glideosome components had Khib sites. These results expanded our understanding of the roles of Khib in T. gondii and should promote further investigations of how Khib regulates gene expression and key biological functions in T. gondii.
Toxoplasma gondii causes serious clinical toxoplasmosis in humans mostly due to its asexual life cycles, which can be artificially divided into five tightly coterminous stages. Any radical or delay for the stage will result in tremendous changes immediately behind. We previously demonstrated that TgERK7 is associated with the intracellular proliferation of T. gondii, but during the process, other stages before were not meanwhile determined. To further clarify the function of ERK7 gene in T. gondii, the complemental strain of ΔTgERK7 tachyzoites created previously was engineered via electric transfection with the recombinant pUC/Tgerk7 plasmid, named pUC/TgERK7 strain in this study, and was used together with ΔTgERK7 and wild-type GT1 strains to retrospect the phenotypic changes including invasion and attachment. The results showed that TgERK7 protein can be re-expressed in the ΔTgERK7 tachyzoites and eradication of this protein leads to significantly lower invasion of T. gondii at 1 h and 2 h post-infection (P < 0.05), which is the key factor causing the following slow intracellular proliferation, in comparison with wild-type GT1 and pUC/TgERK7 parasites; noteworthily, at other early time points including 15 min for attachment assay was no statistical difference (P > 0.05). The data suggested that ERK7 protein in T. gondii is an important virulence factor that participates in the invasion of this parasite.
AssuntosMAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Protozoários/metabolismo , Toxoplasma/patogenicidade , Animais , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/genética , Teste de Complementação Genética , Humanos , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida/genética , Mutação , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Toxoplasmose/parasitologia , Virulência/genética
The roundworm Toxocara canis causes toxocariasis in dogs and larval migrans in humans. Better understanding of the lung response to T. canis infection could explain why T. canis must migrate to and undergoes part of its development inside the lung of the definitive host. In this study, we profiled the expression patterns of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and mRNAs in the lungs of Beagle dogs infected by T. canis, using high throughput RNA sequencing. At 24 h p.i., 1,012 lncRNAs, 393 mRNAs and 10 miRNAs were differentially expressed (DE). We also identified 883 DElncRNAs, 264 DEmRNAs and 20 DEmiRNAs at 96 h p.i., and 996 DElncRNAs, 342 DEmRNAs and eight DEmiRNAs at 36 days p.i., between infected and control dogs. Significant changes in the levels of expression of transcripts related to immune response and inflammation were associated with the antiparasitic response of the lung to T. canis. The remarkable increase in the expression of scgb1a1 at all time points after infection suggests the need for consistent moderation of the excessive inflammatory response. Also, upregulation of foxj1 at 24 h p.i., and downregulation of IL-1ß and IL-21 at 96 h p.i., suggest an attenuation of the humoral immunity of infected dogs. These results indicate that T. canis pathogenesis in the lung is mediated through contributions from both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analysis revealed significant interactions between DElncRNAs, DEmiRNAs and DEmRNAs, and improved our understanding of the ceRNA regulatory mechanisms in the context of T. canis infection. These data provide comprehensive understanding of the regulatory networks that govern the lung response to T. canis infection and reveal new mechanistic insights into the interaction between the host and parasite during the course of T. canis infection in the canine.
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite capable of infecting a large number of warm-blooded animals and causes serious health complications in immunocompromised patients. T. gondii infection of the feline small intestine is critical for the completion of the life cycle and transmission of T. gondii. Protein acetylation is an important posttranslational modification, which plays roles in the regulation of various cellular processes. Therefore, understanding of how T. gondii reprograms the protein acetylation status of feline definitive host can help to thwart the production and spread of T. gondii. Here, we used affinity enrichment and high-resolution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to profile the alterations of the acetylome in cat small intestine 10 days after infection by T. gondii Prugniuad (Pru) strain. Our analysis showed that T. gondii induced significant changes in the acetylation of proteins in the cat intestine. We identified 2606 unique lysine acetylation sites in 1357 acetylated proteins. The levels of 334 acetylated peptides were downregulated, while the levels of 82 acetylated peptides were increased in the infected small intestine. The proteins with differentially acetylated peptides were particularly enriched in the bioenergetics-related processes, such as tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and oxidation-reduction. These results provide the first baseline of the global acetylome of feline small intestine following T. gondii infection and should facilitate further analysis of the role of acetylated protein in the pathogenesis of T. gondii infection in its definitive host.
AssuntosDoenças do Gato/parasitologia , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose/metabolismo , Acetilação , Animais , Doenças do Gato/metabolismo , Gatos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/veterinária , Feminino , Intestino Delgado/parasitologia , Lisina/metabolismo , Masculino , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/veterinária , Toxoplasma/metabolismo
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with a remarkable neurotropism. We recently showed that T. gondii infection can alter the global metabolism of the cerebral cortex of mice. However, the impact of T. gondii infection on the metabolism of the cerebellum remains unknown. Here we apply metabolomic profiling to discover metabolic changes associated with T. gondii infection of the mouse cerebellum using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Multivariate statistics revealed differences in the metabolic profiles between the infected and control mouse groups and between the infected mouse groups as infection advanced. We also detected 10, 22, and 42 significantly altered metabolites (SAMs) in the infected cerebellum at 7, 14, and 21 days post infection (dpi), respectively. Four metabolites [tabersonine, arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid, and oleic acid] were identified as potential biomarker or responsive metabolites to T. gondii infection in the mouse cerebellum. Three of these metabolites (AA, docosahexaenoic acid, and oleic acid) play roles in the regulation of host behavior and immune response. Pathway analysis showed that T. gondii infection of the cerebellum involves reprogramming of amino acid and lipid metabolism. These results showcase temporal metabolomic changes during cerebellar infection by T. gondii in mice. The study provides new insight into the neuropathogenesis of T. gondii infection and reveals new metabolites and pathways that mediate the interplay between T. gondii and the mouse cerebellum.
The Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Chlamydia cause a wide range of diseases in humans and animals. The seroprevalence of Chlamydia in domestic black-boned sheep and goats in China is unknown. In this survey, a total of 481 serum samples were collected randomly from domestic black-boned sheep and goats from three counties in Yunnan province, southwest China, from July to August 2017. The sera were examined by an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). Antibodies to Chlamydia were detected in 100/481 [20.79%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 17.16-24.42] serum samples (IHA titer ≥1:64). The Chlamydia seroprevalence ranged from 12.21% (95% CI, 7.81-16.61) to 30.89% (95% CI, 22.72-39.06) across different regions in Yunnan province, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The seroprevalence in male domestic black-boned sheep and goats (28.64%; 95% CI, 22.36-34.92) was significantly higher than that in the females (15.25%; 95% CI, 11.05-19.45) (P < 0.01). However, there was no statistically significant difference in Chlamydia seroprevalence in domestic black-boned sheep and goats between ages and species (P > 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Chlamydia seroprevalence in domestic black-boned sheep and goats in Yunnan Province, southwest China. These data provide baseline information for future implementation of measures to control Chlamydia infection in these animals.
Clonorchiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the Chinese liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, and is often associated with a malignant form of bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). Although some aspects of the epidemiology of clonorchiasis are understood, little is known about the genetics of C. sinensis populations. Here, we conducted a comprehensive genetic exploration of C. sinensis from endemic geographic regions using complete mitochondrial protein gene sets. Genomic DNA samples from C. sinensis individuals (n = 183) collected from cats and dogs in China (provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Heilongjiang and Jilin) as well as from rats infected with metacercariae from cyprinid fish from the Russian Far East (Primorsky Krai region) were deep sequenced using the BGISEQ-500 platform. Informatic analyses of mitochondrial protein gene data sets revealed marked genetic variation within C. sinensis; significant variation was identified within and among individual worms from distinct geographical locations. No clear affiliation with a particular location or host species was evident, suggesting a high rate of dispersal of the parasite across endemic regions. The present work provides a foundation for future biological, epidemiological and ecological studies using mitochondrial protein gene data sets, which could aid in elucidating associations between particular C. sinensis genotypes/haplotypes and the pathogenesis or severity of clonorchiasis and its complications (including cholangiocarcinoma) in humans.
AssuntosClonorquíase/parasitologia , Clonorchis sinensis/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Variação Genética , Animais , China/epidemiologia , Clonorquíase/epidemiologia , Haploidia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Humanos , Filogenia , Federação Russa/epidemiologia
BACKGROUND: Fasciola gigantica infection threatens the health of both humans and animals in the world. The excretory/secretory products (ESPs) of this fluke has been reported to impair the activation and maturation of immune cells. We have previously shown the influence of F. gigantica ESPs (FgESPs) on the maturation of buffalo dendritic cells (DCs). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the potency of FgESPs in shifting the differentiation and immune functions of buffalo DCs. METHODS: Buffalo DCs were incubated with FgESPs directly or further co-cultured with lymphocytes in vitro. qRT-PCR was employed to determine the gene expression profile of DCs or the mixed cells, and an ELISA was used to measure cytokine levels in the supernatants. Hoechst and Giemsa staining assays, transmission electron microscopy, caspase-3/7 activity test and histone methylation test were performed to determine DC phenotyping, apoptosis and methylation. To investigate the mechanism involved with DNA methylation, a Co-IP assay and immunofluorescent staining assay were performed to observe if there was any direct interaction between FgESPs and DNMT1/TET1 in buffalo DCs, while RNAi technology was employed to knockdown DNMT1 and TET1 in order to evaluate any different influence of FgESPs on DCs when these genes were absent. RESULTS: qRT-PCR and ELISA data together demonstrated the upregulation of DC2 and Th2/Treg markers in DCs alone and DCs with a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), suggesting a bias of DC2 that potentially directed Th2 differentiation in vitro. DC apoptosis was also found and evidenced morphologically and biochemically, which might be a source of tolerogenic DCs that led to Treg differentiation. In addition, FgESPs induced methylation level changes of histones H3K4 and H3K9, which correlate with DNA methylation. Co-IP and immunofluorescent subcellular localization assays showed no direct interaction between the FgESPs and DNMT1/TET1 in buffalo DCs. The productions of IL-6 and IL-12 were found separately altered by the knockdown of DNMT1 and TET1 in DCs after FgESPs treatment. CONCLUSIONS: FgESPs may induce the DC2 phenotype or the apoptosis of buffalo DCs to induce the downstream Th2/Treg response of T cells, possibly through a DNMT1- or TET1-dependent manner(s).
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) serve as important determinants of cellular signal transduction pathways, and hence may play important roles during infections. Previous work suggested that putative ERK7 of Toxoplasma gondii is required for efficient intracellular replication of the parasite. However, the antigenic and immunostimulatory properties of TgERK7 protein remain unknown. The objective of this study was to produce a recombinant TgERK7 protein in vitro and to evaluate its effect on the induction of humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses against T. gondii infection in BALB/c mice. Immunization using TgERK7 mixed with Freund's adjuvants significantly increased the ratio of CD3e+CD4+ T/CD3e+CD8a+ T lymphocytes in spleen and elevated serum cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-23, MCP-1, and TNF-α) in immunized mice compared to control mice. On the contrary, immunization did not induce high levels of serum IgG antibodies. Five predicted peptides of TgERK7 were synthesized and conjugated with KLH and used to analyze the antibody specificity in the sera of immunized mice. We detected a progressive increase in the antibody level only against TgERK7 peptide A (DEVDKHVLRKYD). Antibody raised against this peptide significantly decreased intracellular proliferation of T. gondii in vitro, suggesting that peptide A can potentially induce a protective antibody response. We also showed that immunization improved the survival rate of mice challenged with a virulent strain and significantly reduced the parasite cyst burden within the brains of chronically infected mice. Our data show that TgERK7-based immunization induced TgERK7 peptide A-specific immune responses that can impart protective immunity against T. gondii infection. The therapeutic potential of targeting ERK7 signaling pathway for future toxoplasmosis treatment is warranted.
Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Chlamydia and bluetongue virus (BTV) are four important pathogens which can cause reproductive loss. The present study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii, N. caninum, Chlamydia and BTV in alpacas in Shanxi Province, northern China. A total of 251 serum samples were collected from alpacas, and antibodies against T. gondii and Chlamydia were examined by the modified agglutination test (MAT) and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), respectively. Antibodies to N. caninum and BTV were determined by using the commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) kits, respectively. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was 9.16% (95% CI 5.59-12.73) in the three sampled counties, of which, no T. gondii-seropositive samples were detected in alpacas in Fanshi County. Gender differences in the T. gondii seroprevalence were observed. The overall Chlamydia seroprevalence was 13.94% (95% CI: 9.66-18.22), and there was a statistically significant difference in Chlamydia seroprevalence in alpacas between the two counties, Jiexiu and Fanshi. All serum samples tested negative for N. caninum and BTV antibodies, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. gondii and Chlamydia seroprevalence in alpacas in China, which provides baseline information for controlling T. gondii and Chlamydia infection in alpacas in China.
The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii secretes a number of dense granule proteins (GRAs) from the dense granule organelle to manipulate the host cell. Two of these effector proteins (GRA17 and GRA23) are involved in the trafficking of molecules between the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and the host cell cytoplasm. However, their roles in establishing chronic infection remain obscured. In this study, CRISPR-Cas9 was used to delete gra17 or gra23 gene in T. gondii Pru strain (type II). The growth, the virulence, the ability to establish chronic infection, and the immunogenicity of the constructed mutant strains were investigated in Kunming mice. Pru:Δgra17 and Pru:Δgra23 mutants developed PVs with abnormal morphology and exhibited reduced growth rate, compared with the wild-type Pru strain. Deletion of gra17 abrogated acute infection and blocked cyst formation. Although the deletion of gra23 caused slight attenuation of the parasite virulence in mice, it caused a significant reduction in cyst formation. Immunization with Pru:Δgra17 induced high levels of IgG (IgG1 and IgG2a) antibodies and cytokines (interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-10, IL-12, and interferon gamma [IFN-γ]), which conferred significant protection in mice challenged with virulent type I (RH), ToxoDB#9 (PYS) strains, or less virulent type II (Pru) strain of T. gondii. These findings show that GRA17 and GRA23 play important roles in T. gondii chronic infection and that irreversible deletion of gra17 in T. gondii type II Pru strain can be a viable option for stimulating protective immunity to T. gondii infection.
AssuntosAntígenos de Protozoários/imunologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Toxoplasma , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/imunologia , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Feminino , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Camundongos , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasma/patogenicidade , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , Virulência/genética
Our present genetic data of Acanthocephala, especially the mitochondrial (mt) genomes, remains very limited. In the present study, the nearly complete mt genome sequences of Sphaerirostris lanceoides (Petrochenko, 1949) was sequenced and determined for the first time based on specimens collected from the Indian pond heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes) (Ciconiiformes: Ardeidae) in Pakistan. The mt genome of S. lanceoides is 13 478 bp in size and contains 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs). Moreover, in order to clarify the phylogenetic relationship of the genera Centrorhynchus and Sphaerirostris, and to test the systematic position of S. lanceoides in the Centrorhynchidae, the phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods, based on concatenated nucleotide sequences of 12 PCGs, rRNAs and tRNAs. The phylogenetic results further confirmed the monophyly of the order Polymorphida and the paraphyly of the order Echinorhynchida in the class Palaeacanthocephala. Our results also challenged the validity of the genus Sphaerirostris (Polymorphida: Centrorhynchidae) and showed a sister relationship between S. lanceoides and S. picae (Rudolphi, 1819).
Cryptosporidium is an opportunistic protozoan parasite that can inhabit in the gastrointestinal tract of various hosts. Cryptosporidium infection in black-boned goats and black-boned sheep may pose a threat to the survival and productivity, causing considerable economic losses to the livestock industry. However, it is yet to know whether black-boned goats and black-boned sheep in China are infected with Cryptosporidium. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection in black-boned goats and black-boned sheep in Yunnan province, China. A total of 590 fecal samples were obtained from black-boned goats and black-boned sheep from five counties in Yunnan province, and the prevalence and species distribution of Cryptosporidium were determined by amplification of the 18S rDNA fragment using the nested PCR. The overall Cryptosporidium prevalence was 13.2% (78/590), with 18.0% (55/305) in black-boned goats and 8.1% (23/285) in black-boned sheep. The age and sampling site were identified as main factors that result in significant differences in Cryptosporidium prevalence. Three species, namely C. muris, C. xiaoi, and C. ubiquitum, were identified in black-boned goats and black-boned sheep in the present study, with C. muris (46/78) as the predominant species. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium infection in black-boned goats and black-boned sheep in China, and the findings will facilitate better understanding, prevention, and control of Cryptosporidium infection in black-boned goats and black-boned sheep in China.
AssuntosCriptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Animais , China/epidemiologia , Cryptosporidium/classificação , Cryptosporidium/genética , Fezes/parasitologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/parasitologia , Cabras/parasitologia , Prevalência , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Fatores de Risco , Ovinos/parasitologia
The effect of Camellia sinensis (green tea) on the growth of Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites was examined using a microplate based-Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. C. sinensis hot and cold brews at 75% and 100% concentrations significantly inhibited the growth of trophozoites. We also examined the structural alterations in C. sinensis-treated trophozoites using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This analysis showed that C. sinensis compromised the cell membrane integrity and caused progressive destruction of trophozoites. C. sinensis also significantly inhibited the parasite's ability to form cysts in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the rate of excystation from cysts to trophozoites. C. sinensis exhibited low cytotoxic effects on primary corneal stromal cells. However, cytotoxicity was more pronounced in SV40-immortalized corneal epithelial cells. Chromatographic analysis showed that both hot and cold C. sinensis brews contained the same number and type of chemical compounds. This work demonstrated that C. sinensis has anti-acanthamoebic activity against trophozoite and cystic forms of A. castellanii. Further studies are warranted to identify the exact substances in C. sinensis that have the most potent anti-acanthamoebic effect.
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common microsporidian species, which can infect humans and various species of animals. However, little is known about E. bieneusi prevalence and genotypes in farmed raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Shandong Province, China. In this study, a total of 356 fecal samples were collected from farmed raccoon dogs in Weihai, Weifang, and Yantai cities in Shandong Province, China. A total of 23 (6.5%) samples were E. bieneusi-positive by nested PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. Statistical analysis showed that E. bieneusi prevalence in male raccoon dogs was higher than that in female raccoon dogs, and the highest E. bieneusi prevalence was detected in adult raccoon dogs. Sequence analysis revealed four known E. bieneusi genotypes (D, type IV, CHG1, and Peru8), and type IV (11/23) was the predominant genotype. The genotypes type IV, Peru8, and CHG1 were reported in raccoon dogs for the first time in China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three human-pathogenic genotypes (D, type IV, and Peru8) were clustered into group 1, and the CHG1 belonged to group 2. These findings expand the current understanding of E. bieneusi prevalence and genotype distribution in raccoon dogs in China. Our study also shows that raccoon dogs are hosts for E. bieneusi belonging to several genotypes, including zoonotic ones, highlighting the possibility of transmission of this pathogen between raccoon dogs and humans.
AssuntosEnterocytozoon , Microsporidiose/veterinária , Cães Guaxinins/parasitologia , Animais , China/epidemiologia , Enterocytozoon/genética , Fazendas , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Genótipo , Masculino , Microsporidiose/epidemiologia , Microsporidiose/parasitologia , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência
Toxocariasis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis. Although some studies have reported the Toxocara prevalence in dogs and cats in mainland China, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of these data. Here, we conducted the first systematic review based on relevant literatures published in Web of Science, PubMed and CNKI from January 2000 to July 2019 to assess the prevalence of Toxocara infection in dogs and cats in mainland China. A total of 68 eligible papers were retrieved, including 24,490 dogs and 844 cats, with 17.34% (4246/24,490) Toxocara canis prevalence in dogs and 22.04% (186/844) Toxocara cati prevalence in cats by faecal floatation method. The prevalence and risk factors of T. canis and T. cati infection in different geographical regions, years, breeds, ages and genders were estimated in this review. This review indicates that there was high prevalence of Toxocara infection in dogs and cats in China. This finding calls for measures to reduce the potential risk of Toxocara infection and toxocariasis in humans and animals.
Toxocariasis is one of the most neglected worldwide zoonoses that is caused by larval nematode parasites of the genus Toxocara, Toxocara canis, and to a lesser extent, Toxocara cati, whose migration mechanism is still largely unknown. Fortunately, some advanced tools have been employed, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, to better understand the molecular biology and regulatory mechanisms of Toxocara. Using genomics and transcriptomics, we can identify a large number of genes that participate in the development of Toxocara and the interaction of parasites and their hosts and can predict the functions of unknown genes by comparing them with other relevant species. Using proteomics, we can identify somatic proteins and excretory and secretory (ES) proteins that perform specific biological functions in tissue degradation, pathogen invasion, immune evasion or modulation. These "omics" techniques also can contribute enormously to the development of new drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tools for toxocariasis. In a word, by utilizing "omics", we can better understand the Toxocara and toxocariasis. In this review, we summarized the representative achievements in Toxocara and the interaction between Toxocara spp. and their hosts based on expressed sequence tags (ESTs), microarray gene expression, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), hoping to better understand the molecular biology of Toxocara, and contribute to new progress in the application areas of new drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tool for toxocariasis in the future.
Toxocara and Toxascaris are parasitic nematodes that infect canids and felids although species of the genus Toxocara also infect humans. This work aimed to establish the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationship between specimens of T. canis, T. cati, T. malaysiensis and Toxascaris leonina and to evaluate the degree of host specificity. In total, 437 samples (adults and pools of eggs) were collected from canids and felids from eight countries. Parasites were identified by morphology, PCR linked Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and partial sequencing of the mitochondrial gene cox1. Phylogenetic trees were constructed and genetic distance among isolates was estimated. Based on the molecular characterization all worms were identified in agreement with their respective hosts with the exception of three samples; two from cats and one from dogs identified as T. canis and T. cati, respectively. There was no clear geographical clustering of the samples despite this study including parasites from three continents. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to use molecular methods to identify T. canis in cats and T. cati in dogs with host specificity being the most common finding. Our developed PCR-RFLP method was found to be a facile and reliable method for identifying Toxocara species.
Blastocystis, an enteric protist, has been reported to be an important cause of protozoal gastrointestinal manifestations in humans and animals worldwide. Animals harboring certain Blastocystis subtypes (STs) may serve as a potential source of human infection. However, information about the prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis in alpacas is limited. In the present study, a total of 366 fecal samples from alpacas in Shanxi Province, northern China, were examined for Blastocystis by PCR amplification of the small subunit rRNA gene, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The prevalence of Blastocystis in alpacas was 23.8%, and gender difference in the prevalence of Blastocystiswas observed. The most predominant Blastocystis ST was ST10, followed by ST14 and ST5. The detection of ST5, a potentially zoonotic genotype, indicates that alpacas harboring ST5 could be a potential source of human infection with Blastocystis. These data provide new insight into the prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis in alpacas.


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Darrollh commented on TAC45's reply to Probe Calibration (Bump/Crash)I would stick with that unless you have a huge crash.
Darrollh replied to Probe Calibration (Bump/Crash)For every program we have, there's a calibration routine at the beginning to calibrate angles used in that particular program....
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If you're using Xact measure, you can turn off items you don't want to report and only report the true position. However, you've found your answer....
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Darrollh replied to Read pointWhat I do is Transform the cad in such a way that the trihedron is where i want the RP at. Once i do that, I select Control G and set the alignment....
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Darrollh commented on Darrollh's reply to Quick Fixture locationsYou can do that inside of Fusion 360. I do it all the time. All you have to do is click on the part and either delete or suppress it. Then you can all...
Darrollh replied to Quick Fixture locationsThe best way to do what you're trying to do is have to use something like Autodesk or Solidworks to build your fixtures for the parts. Another thing...
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Darrollh replied to CMM Head Sideways in PC-DmisSounds like to me, you need to reset the probe head orientation in Preferences....
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Did you check probe calibration?
Probe clean? Clean, Recalibrate.
Probe loose? Tighten, Recalibrate.
Part clean? Clean part and set...
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text:
Primary tabs
The game has had some updates. The name has been changed, the camera code has been re-done. There was also a fix for people using luajit.
Im kinda suprised your getting the frame rates that you are.
Also whats your video card and driver version, are you using up to date drivers?
I get over 700fps on windows 7 and over 200fps on ubuntu 13.04, I have not tested on my home pc yet but im going to assume it will be over 700fps There might still be issues with your love install, or your system is really really old.
Im not sure whats causeing the large frame rate drop from the windows version of love to the ubuntu. Im going to ask in the love forums to see if they have any idea's why.
windows pc (work computer)
older intel dual core
4gigs ram
ubuntu laptop
Intel® Core™2 Duo CPU T7500 @ 2.20GH
3gigs ram
GeForce 8600M GT
Yes, but its title still might change. The other people in the group lost intrest so its a solo effort now.
The game has minor update that improves framerate. Still working on optimizing code before adding new features or content.
I just commited a fix, should fix that for you.
Do you happen to have a windows box to test it on?
I did find an error on that line (unused function), but love .8 for windows seems to only error out when running the bad code not when starting up, that makes it hard to make sure it works on all systems.
Do you happen to be running linux? some one else had that issue on arch but ran under ubuntu.


text:
Gamers Unite For Charity Gaming Marathon
Joint Press Release
Published: Mon 12 Oct 2020 01:49 PM
It's not every day that playing a video game could literally change someone's life but that is what the Gaming for Charity campaign is hoping to do.
Over the months of October and November, gamers will come together for a gaming marathon to support Heart Kids New Zealand and Koru Care New Zealand. As part of the Gaming for Charity campaign, gamers can decide on a marathon duration of up to 8, 16 or 24 hours, have fun and help raise funds for children's charities.
Gamers can choose whether they want to go solo or as part of a team as well as decide on the date to stream their gaming marathon.
We are encouraging as many gamers, young and old from all over New Zealand to get involved for the inaugural event. Gather your friends, kids, parents, workmates or classmates to join your team. Challenge each other in your neighbourhood, company or school on the number of hours gamed and the amount fundraised. Hold and stream your own gaming and get sponsored by family and friends.
Heart Kids Chief Executive Mark Longbottom says the charity is honoured and grateful to be chosen as a Gaming for Charity Partner.
"All of us at Heart Kids love this initiative, as it offers a fun way for people to make a real difference for Kiwi children living with serious heart conditions. Congenital heart defects are the most common serious birth abnormality in New Zealand, there is no cure.
"A gaming marathon is a great way to raise awareness and funds without leaving home," says Mark.
By raising funds for their marathon, gamers will be supporting a good cause for children's charities.
"The idea for the Gaming for Charity campaign came about during the first COVID-19 lockdown when we saw charities were having to cancel physical events making it extremely difficult for them to raise funds. We found that similar online fundraising campaigns internationally have had a great impact where gamers would get behind campaigns that supported a good cause. We hope that gamers young and old around Aotearoa come together to have fun and raise vital funds for children's charities," Enspire founder Sanjay Reddy explained.
"We ask friends and family of participants who are taking part in the Gaming for Charity campaign to support them fully and help them reach their fundraising goals. Gaming for a long number of hours, be it 8, 16 or 24 hours is no easy task. Especially for those who are taking up the challenge of completing a 24-hour marathon. Imagine just trying to stay up for 24 hours, that is a very hard thing to do so please get behind and support the gamers"
If you would like to get involved, all you have to do is sign up on the Gaming for Charity website and set your challenge. We'll give you a profile page to customise and share. You tell everyone what you're doing and ask them to sponsor you for a great cause. You play your favourite games, have fun and stream your gaming marathon on a day that suits you, be it with friends or as a solo adventure!
For more information or to sign up to Gaming for Charity please visit
Follow the conversation on Facebook and Instagram with the hashtag #GAMINGFORCHARITYNZ and handle @gamingforcharitynzAbout Heart Kids New Zealand
Heart Kids is a charity dedicated to improving the lives of families with one or more children living with a heart condition, we receive no government funding. We rely solely on the generous support from our wonderful community and supporters to provide the services we do for heart families.
Heart Kids is the only organisation in New Zealand dedicated to providing lifelong care and support for children, young people and families impacted by childhood heart defects. 12 babies a week are born in New Zealand with a congenital heart defect - that's one in every 100 births.About Koru Care New Zealand
Koru Care New Zealand makes dreams come true for kids who have cancer, kidney disease or heart problems. In some cases they have lost the use of their limbs or have serious congenital abnormalities. But they still have the capacity to smile, laugh and create good memories. For over 35 years we have taken 26 children to California annually to forget about their worries for a while. Although overseas trips are currently on hold due to COVID-19, we will be continuing making dreams come true by planning domestic holidays for these special kids.About Gaming for Charity
Gaming for Charity is a fundraiser that aims to unite the video gaming community across New Zealand to play games in support of charitable causes.
for more information and to sign up to the challenge.
The Gaming for Charity event has been put together by Enspire Technology, a social enterprise aimed at helping charities and communities around New Zealand to fundraise in new and exciting ways.
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Candy Monster
About Candy Monster
You can play Candy Monster free online free games at Cool Sport Games. It has tags: Arcade,Cake,Html5,Match 3,Monster. It has 555 total plays and has been rated 67.9% (0 like and 0 dislike), find the fun and happy day. We find some of the game: Cut The Monster 3, Monster Truck Fever, Monster Truck Stunts and Catch the Candy. To play other games, go to the arcade games page, the cake games page, or just check out the new games or best games page.


text:
Hayam Al-Qusseify wrote in the news:
Three positions were reached by the official authorities within a few days, issued by the United States of America, the Gulf states and France, and left behind by European countries concerned with the Lebanese situation. Washington has reported through its diplomatic circles in Beirut and Washington that there is no new US decision regarding Lebanon. The US administration previously informed the same thing a while ago, and there has been no change to it, and it will not back down from its hard-line stance towards Hezbollah, and that talk of an immediate calm is not in place, but there is upward pressure related to the party.
The question about the reflection of this position on the Lebanese people as a whole is only met with a reaffirmation of the position against Hezbollah and that the alternative is a new government independent of all political forces. In parallel, the Gulf stance came not confined to what Kuwait and Qatar expressed regarding financial assistance, and before them Saudi Arabia. Rather, it crystallized more clearly in the sense that any Gulf initiative, whatever its form and size, can only be done in coordination with Washington. Currently, the American position is known, and there is no need for these countries to even ask Washington about the possibility of supporting Lebanon. Accordingly, there will be no help – whether Lebanon was promised or not – as long as those responsible for its file in the State Department specifically did not give any green light. It is surprising that Lebanon goes to these countries to seek help, while it knows exactly the true position of the United States and the Gulf. As for the French position, which has become known, it was aggravated by the form of the visit of Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Laudrian to Beirut. The main fact, after France was briefed about the official positions of Saudi Arabia, and then to Qatar and Kuwait, that any French move is no longer urgent. In addition to the foregoing, the disengagement that was reliable between Washington and Hezbollah did not take place, despite the high level of talk about its possibilities. Ludryan's visit turns into a stop on a regional tour, aimed at informing officials in Beirut, face to face, of what he had previously said publicly and what was also conveyed by French President Emmanuel Macron, and the content of the international and Arab atmosphere towards Lebanon.
The irony in all of the above is that the three "communications" separately, in Lebanon on an official level, were met with disregard, not in the context of rejecting these messages, even though Lebanon was the one who sought to seek help from these countries, but rather in order to reduce their severity. . Although for the first time this clarity, and in a short period of time, decisive positions emerge from the current crisis. However, the official references did not deal with it on the level of its seriousness and seriousness, amid a bet that it is temporary, and that there are those who will not allow the collapse of the Lebanese situation and harm its stability. And this matter is even generalized to some political forces that are trying to catch the crisis from the place that suits them, turning it into an occasion for kidia and settling accounts in front of Arab and Western diplomatic circles for purely local ends, without taking into account that real changes have occurred in the policy of these countries in this strict manner, Not only in relation to Hezbollah, such as the Riyadh and Washington positions, but also in the financial and economic issue and corruption rampant in state institutions and holding all political forces accountable for what the political and financial situation has reached. For an official Lebanon, era and government (and here it is not a matter of Hezbollah's approach to these messages), he insists on turning a blind eye to all the political data responsible for the monetary and economic crisis, knowing that its "key is political" first and foremost, and he insists on dealing with it both in international communications. Or Arab, as if it is just a local financial crisis that is handled by some financial arrangements from this or that country, and through donations and deposits, it will save the situation, without any consideration of the possibilities these countries know about the evaporation of these aid, as its predecessors evaporated, as well as the reality of the financial and economic crisis that needs Years to be addressed even if international political cover is available.
The internal crisis management did not appear before the concerned diplomatic and international circles to be on the level of the assumption of poverty and hunger that afflicts Lebanese society. Even dealing with the IMF negotiations is as if it is communicating with one of the many local funds. Note that when the IMF talks about numbers and public policy, it does not only do it on its own, but that its successor is an international group that has its say in politics before any financial decision. The problem is that the ruling still deals with international messages with the same importance that it deals with the loss of Lebanese money, medicines, health and dignity.
Source: News


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Tim Gildersleeve
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Most Popular from Category
Holy Stone HS190W Mini RC Drone 2.4Ghz 6-Axis gyro Nano Quadcopter with Altitude Hold, 3D Flips and Headless Mode for Beginners
Main Features
Mini Size: Small and palm-sized provide a better and safer flight experience
Foldable and Portable: It can be folded making it very portable.
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High Speed Rotation: It can spin at a high speed like a dancer with it's small body.
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Headless Mode: Orientation of the drone is in relation to the pilot.
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the phone camera image.
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Playing time: 5-7 mins
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Make sure the drone and controller are fully charged;
Place the drone on a flat surface;
Turn on the drone then turn on the controlle; push the left joy-stick up and down quickly to pair the drone until the light on the remote control turns solid and the lights on the drone turn solid;
Now the drone is paired.
Package Includes
1* HS190W Quadcopter
1* 2.4GHz Controller
4* Spare Propellers
4* Propellers Guards
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online shopping, buying directly from manufacturers?
- Go to Alibaba.com and enter the wanted item into search field.
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text:
How to Find the Right Dental Assistant or Hygienist Program near Lesterville 63654
Picking the ideal dental hygienist training near Lesterville MO is an important first step toward starting your new career in dentistry. But before you can make your selection, you must examine and compare your school options. There is far more to doing your due diligence than choosing the school with the most affordable tuition or enrolling in the school that is closest to your home. There are other significant issues to consider as well, including the program's accreditation and reputation. Your initial step is to decide which of the 2 specializations you are most interested in obtaining training for, which may depend on the amount of time and money that you are willing to invest. The most typical dental assistant program generally takes about one year to complete for a diploma or certificate. However, dental hygienists usually earn an Associate Degree, which can take anywhere from 2 to 3 years to finish. Naturally with the more extensive training of a hygienist comes more expense. We will talk about all of these issues and supplemental questions that you should be asking the schools you are analyzing later in this article. But first, let's explore the roles of both dental hygienists and assistants and the training options offered.
The Job of a Dental Assistant
Dental assistants are an essential component of any Lesterville dental office and can perform a myriad of duties. Their primary job description is to furnish support to the dentists and the administrative staff. Or simply put, to help keep the practice working efficiently. A number of Missouri dental assistants elect to specialize and receive certification in a particular area, such as pediatrics. However most assistants carry out any duty that they are asked to fulfill, such as:
- Scheduling and verifying appointments
- Readying patients for teeth treatments and cleanings
- Sterilizing and preparing instruments for dentists
- Using suction equipment to clear patients' mouths
- Providing instruments to dentists during procedures
- Prepping X-ray machines and processing X-rays
- Purchasing office and dental supplies
Certification and licensing requirements for dental assistants deviate by state, so check with the Missouri dental board for your state's policies. Assistants handling X-ray machines more than likely will need to be licensed and certified. Many dental assistants who are either required or choose to become certified take the Certified Dental Assistant (CDA) examination provided by the Dental Assisting National Board (DANB).
The Role of Dental Hygienists
When contrasting the duties of a Lesterville dental hygienist to that of an assistant, the biggest difference is probably that the hygienist works more on their own. As previously mentioned, the dental assistant works with and assists the dentists and the practice. Hygienists, while also assisting the Missouri practice, work with the patients more on a one-to-one basis. They are typically the initial person a patient sees when called from the waiting room. They examine every patient's teeth and gums and report their findings to the dentists. They may also carry out basic procedures. Depending on state law, a hygienist's responsibilities can include:
- Removing plaque, tartar and stains
- Applying fluoride treatments
- Polishing teeth and applying sealants
- Teaching patients regarding oral hygiene
- Taking X-rays and developing film
- Removing sutures and applying fillings
In order to be licensed in nearly all states, dental hygienists must have graduated from a Commission on Dental Accreditation (CDA) accredited dental hygiene program. They also must pass the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination as well as any state licensing examinations. After they have completed these requirements they are considered fully licensed and may add the "RDH" designation to their names, standing for Registered Dental Hygienist.
Dental Assistant and Hygienist Education Options
Dental assistant programs are offered at Missouri community colleges along with vocational or technical schools. The most typical credential earned is the certificate, which usually takes about 1 year to finish. There are less Associate Degree programs available, and they provide a more comprehensive education, including general subjects in addition to the dental assistant courses. Because of the increased responsibility in contrast to an assistant, dental hygienists employed in dental offices are often required to hold an Associate Degree in dental hygiene. These programs can take anywhere from two to as long as three years to finish and must be accredited by the CDA in almost every state. They are also offered in trade schools and community colleges. Regardless of whether you are interested in training as a dental hygienist or assistant, there will be a clinical aspect to the training also. Some programs also sponsor internships with Lesterville area dental practices or dentists.
Online Dental Colleges
Choosing an online dental hygienist or assistant program can be a viable option for obtaining your education. Just keep in mind that the program will not be 100% online, since there will be a practical portion to your training. But the remainder of your classes will be accessible by means of your desktop computer in the convenience of your Lesterville home or anywhere else on your tablet or laptop. For those working while going to school, online dental classes make education far more obtainable. Many may even have lower tuition fees than their on-campus competitors. And supplementary expenses for items like commuting, books and school supplies may be lessened also. The practical training can usually be performed at an area dental practice or in an on-campus lab. With both the clinical and online training, everything required to receive the proper education is provided. If you have the discipline for this style of learning, you might find that attending an online dental program is the best option for you.
Questions to Cover With Dental Hygienist or Assistant Colleges
When you have selected the dental specialty and kind of credential you would like to obtain, you can begin the process of comparing Lesterville area schools and programs. As we covered at the beginning of this article, many students start by looking at the location and the cost of the schools. Possibly they look for some online alternatives also. Although these may be significant initial considerations, there are several additional questions that you should ask of the Missouri programs you are comparing in order to reach an informed decision. Toward that end, we have supplied a list of questions to help you with your due diligence and final selection of the right dental school for you.
Is the Dental Program Accredited? There are many important reasons why you should only select an accredited dental hygienist or assistant college. If you are planning to become licensed or certified, then accreditation is a prerequisite in nearly all states. In order to take the Certified Dental Assistant examination, your dental program must be accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CDA). Accreditation also helps guarantee that the training you get is comprehensive and of the highest quality. Lesterville area employers often prefer or require that job applicants are graduates of accredited schools. And last, if you are applying for financial aid or a student loan, often they are not obtainable for non-accredited programs.
Is The Appropriate Dental Program Offered? You can choose to train to become a dental assistant or a dental hygienist, just verify that the college you choose has the program that you want. For the assistant program, the choices are to earn either a certificate or an Associate Degree. If you want to earn a living as a hygienist, the majority of Lesterville area dental offices require an Associate Degree in dental hygiene. Higher degrees, although not prevalent, are available. However, keep in mind that even if a school has an excellent reputation as well as accreditation does not mean all of its programs do as well. For example, an accredited college may have a strong accredited dental assistant program, but may have a weaker or non-accredited hygienist program. So if you are just interested in a dental hygiene degree, obviously it would not be the best college for you.
Is Enough Practical Training Provided? Practical or clinical training is a vital part of every dental training program. This holds true for the online college options also. A number of Lesterville area dental schools have relationships with area dental practices and clinics that provide clinical training for their students. It's not only important that the program you enroll in offers sufficient clinical hours but also provides them in the type of practice that you ultimately want to work in. For example, if you have an interest in a career in pediatric dentistry, make sure that the school you select offers clinical rotation in a regional dental practice that focuses on dental services for children.
Is There an Internship Program? Verify if the dental programs you are exploring have an internship program. Internships are undoubtedly the most effective means to get hands-on, clinical experience in a real Lesterville dental practice. They help students to transition from the theoretical to the practical. They can also help students create professional relationships in the local dentistry community. And they are attractive on resumes as well.
Is Job Placement Help Provided? Many graduating students of dental hygiene or assistant schools need help obtaining their first job. Ask if the schools you are considering have job placement programs, and what their job placement rates are. Schools with high job placement rates are likely to have good reputations within the dental community in addition to extensive networks of contacts where they can refer their students for employment or internships.
Are the Classes Small? Ask the Missouri colleges you are interested in how big on average their classes are. The smaller classes usually provide a more personal environment for learning where students have greater access to the instructors. On the other hand, bigger classes tend to be impersonal and offer little one-on-one instruction. If practical, ask if you can sit in on a couple of classes at the college that you are most interested in in order to experience first hand the level of interaction between students and instructors before enrolling.
What is the Total Expense of the Program? Dental hygiene and dental assistant colleges can vary in cost dependent on the duration of the program and the amount of clinical training provided. Other variables, for example the reputations of the schools and if they are public or private also come into play. But besides the tuition there are other significant costs which can add up. They can include expenses for such things as commuting and textbooks as well as school equipment, materials and supplies. So when comparing the cost of programs, remember to include all of the costs associated with your education. Most colleges have financial aid offices, so make sure to check out what is offered as far as loans, grants and scholarships in the 63654 area.
Are the Classes Convenient? Before enrolling in a dental school, you must confirm that the hygienist or assistant program provides classes that accommodate your schedule. This is particularly true if you continue working while acquiring your education and have to attend classes near Lesterville at nights or on weekends. And even if you select an online school, you will still be required to schedule your clinical training classes. Also, while making your inquiries, ask what the make-up policy is if you should need to miss any classes due to work, illness or family emergencies.
Pick the Right Dental School near Lesterville MOPicking the right dental assistant or dental hygienist program is imperative if you want to take the CDA exam or, if required in your state, become licensed. As we have covered, there are several alternatives offered to acquire your education and it takes a fairly short amount of time to become either a dental assistant or hygienist. You can acquire your formal education through dental programs at community colleges, trade schools, vocational schools and technical institutes. Graduates of these schools generally earn either a certificate or an Associate Degree. Dental Assistants can be practicing in just nine months to a year, while Dental Hygienists normally require approximately two years of studies prior to entering the job market. When pursuing either a degree or a certificate you can elect to attend classes online or on-campus. Whichever mode of training or credential you choose to pursue, by addressing the questions presented in this article you will be better prepared to make the appropriate choice. And as a result, you will be ready to begin your journey toward becoming a dental assistant or hygienist.


text:
Iron ore beneficiation is a multistage process that raw iron ore undergoes to purify it prior to the methods such as screening crushing and grinding of iron ore are often used in various ways to purify it along with several stages of magnetic
Crushing and screening are straightforward mechanical operations that do not alter an ores composition but some ores need to be upgraded before smelting Concentration refers to the methods of producing ore fractions richer in iron and lower in silica than the original material
Mechanical screening often just called screening is the practice of taking granulated ore material and separating it into multiple grades by particle size This practice occurs in a variety of industries such as mining and mineral processing agriculture pharmaceutical food plastics and recycling
Godawari Power and Ispat Limited Iron Ore Crushing Screening Unit 6 of 28 2008 Setting up of Iron Ore Crushing Plant at Gidhali of 12,00,000 TPA capacity. 2009 Iron Ore mining operations started at Ari Dongri, Dist. Kanker.
Mar 14 2014 Processing of the ore ranges from simple crushing and screening and separating various size fractions of the ore to the processes that beneficiate or upgrade the quality of the iron ore products This is done by physical processes which remove impurities by difference in particle density or size gravity or size separation
11232 Process Description 2541 Processing of taconite consists of crushing and grinding the ore to liberate ironbearing particles concentrating the ore by separating the particles from the waste material gangue and pelletizing the iron
Iron ore crushing and screening Mining and processing of iron ore involves coarse crushing and screening Iron ore is beneficiated by crushing and then separating the iron from the gangue minerals through screening This is usually so efficient that lower grade ore can be treated especially when the magnetite is quite coarse
Ore crushing and screening processes youtubeec 09, 2016 is a portable crusher machine, including crushing and screening process iron ore crushing and screening plant grinding mill for iron ore crushing and screening process ore, crushing, and. Iron Ore Washing And Crushing Flow Resourceplus
process of magnetite iron ore crushing. process of magnetite iron ore crushing Our Purpose And Belief LM Heavy Industry is committed to provide the global customers with the firstclass products and superior service striving to maximize and optimize the interests and values of the customers and build bright future with high quality. More Details
iron ore crushing screening process Our Purpose And Belief LM Heavy Industry is committed to provide the global customers with the firstclass products and superior service, striving to maximize and optimize the interests and values of the customers, and build bright future with high quality.
Apr 03, 2014 For beneficiation of a particular iron ore the emphasis is usually to develop a cost effective flow sheet incorporating necessary crushing, grinding, screening and beneficiating techniques which are necessary for the upgrading of the iron ore. A typical flow sheet for iron ore beneficiation plant is shown in Fig 1.
Iron ore crushing machine may be the significant crushing equipment employed inside a stationary iron ore crushing and screening plant Iron ore crushing machine includes principal crusher secondary ore crusher tertiary ore crusher and so on
Jan 18 2011 Contact us sales Powerscreen equipment being used in an Iron Ore Application featuring jaw and cone crushers Metrotrak 1000SR XA400S 1000 Maxtrak 1180 Premiertrak 1300
Crushing records he worlds largest iron ore deposits are to be found in Australia Thanks to the mobile combination of plants from Kleemann up to 600 tons of iron ore are processed per hour in the Ridges Iron Ore Project in the Kimberley region
Process of iron ore mining crushing. Mining and processing of iron ore involves coarse crushing and screening Iron ore is beneficiated by crushing and then separating the iron from the gangue minerals through screening This is usually so efficient that lower grade ore can be treated especially when the magnetite is quite coarse Ironprocess crusher iron ore indonesia YouTube
From the overall iron ore crushing process using of laminated crushing equipment to complete the broken iron ore is the most economical and reasonable mode of production
Process 600th lumpy iron ore DMS Cyclone Only 6mm material for iron ore 360mm diameter cyclone Process 40th per cyclone Larcodems 906mm stones 12m diameter Operating capacity of 600800th Efficient separation at SGs as high as 41gcm3 Dense Media Separation on Iron Ore
Almost all iron ore is used in blast furnaces to make pig iron which is the main material for steelmaking the ores go through a relatively simple crushing and screening process before being exported for use in steelmaking Australias hematite DSO from the Hamersley region in Western Australia averages from 56 to 62 iron Like hematite
Creating steel from lowgrade iron ore requires a long process of mining crushing separating The process of mining lowgrade iron ore requires massive resources Heavy industrial mining equipment expansive mines and a skilled labor pool are all required Online Chat Inquiry The iron ore processing flowsheet is consists of two processes
Iron Ore Crushing Screening Process. Crushing equipment, screening equipment, crushing and screening process of leadznic beneficiation plant in tibet, xinhai la norma lead zinc mine, located in kare town, chamdo county, tibet autonomous region, is a 600 thousand ta plant epc project undertook by shandong xinhai mining technology equipment inc.
home iron ore crushing screening iron ore crushing screening Processes for Beneficiation of Iron Ores, 200th iron ore crusher in malaysia tramincocoza. Get Price And Support Online iron ore screening washing crushing process details. Changjiang County Hainan Iron Ore Processing Plant Shanghai Well .
screening process of ore screening process for iron ore iescoachingdelhiin. jun 27, 2013 iron ore cushing screening process iron ore crushing process plays an important role in steel producing industry and it is the first step to chat
Jun 17 2016 This means that due to its high iron content such hematite ores may be mined and extracted with a fairly simple crushing and screening process before it is exported Types of iron ore Magnetite As mentioned above magnetite ore has a higher iron content than hematite ore but often occurs in lower concentrations
Dec 04 2019 One of the approaches to iron ore beneficiation first involves a basic screening or filtering of the ore and then crushing it using equipment like a jaw crusher to break up the rock from its natural state down to individual block or rock sizes with dimensions of
Iron processing Iron processing Ores Iron ores occur in igneous, metamorphic transformed, or sedimentary rocks in a variety of geologic environments. Most are sedimentary, but many have been changed by weathering, and so their precise origin is difficult to determine.
Iron ore beneficiation crushing process crusher for further crushing crushed material is transported to the vibrating screen screening to achieve the finished Read More Basics in Minerals Processing
Process of iron ore screening. what is iron ore screening process Iron ore screening equipment is widely used in iron ore mining It can screen the product we need to decrease unnecessary crushing or milling process to improve It can screen the product we need to decrease unnecessary crushing or milling process
823 Typical crushing and screening flowsheets Iron ore operations commonly employ one or more stages of crushing with screening stages incorporated to remove material meeting product size specifications as soon as possible Lump product typically between 6 and 30 mm attracts a premium price compared to fines product typically less than 6 mm
The main objective of the primary beneficiation plant is the crushing of the ROM from the mines while the main objective of the secondary beneficiation plant is screening crushing and washing Iron ore processing depend mainly on the type of ROM ore feed and optimum product
Mar 11 2009 After each Crushing Process there is Screening Process to separate the Iron from NonIron Material and few Additives like Binding Agents and Cleaning Agents are mixed in the process Large Conveyor Belts are used to move Crushed Iron Ore from Primary Crushing Plant to Secondary Plant and from Secondary Plant to Tertiary Plant and then to Screening Plants
crushing screening and sintering process of iron ore ha Sintering of iron ore is a metallurgical process carried out on a sintering machine It is basically a pretreatment process step during iron making to produce charge material called sinter for the blast furnace
What Is Cobbing In Iron Ore Crushing Process. Cobbing iron ore crushing process n ng and cobbing customcreationzwhat is cobbing of iron ore iron ng processing iron ore is an important al for the iron and which will crush the stone from850mm torusher dsign in copper plant f equipment ng screening and cobbing has createda quantum increase.


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Curug Antap Applied a Strict Safety StandardMinggu, 22 November 2020 - 05:50 | 20.37k
TIMESINDONESIA, BANYUMAS – Located at Cikakak, Wangon, Banyumas, Central Java, Curug Antap has been well known to be a nice place to spend your day off. Curug Antap is merely a small waterfall. Curug is the way local people called a waterfall.
This place had just been opened for business for 5 months. The management applied a strict safety standard. Their staff will remind everyone to always wear their mask through megaphone in every 15 minutes.
"As you can see we applied the newest safety standard. They need to wash their hand, or use some hand sanitizer, urges the visitors to wear a mask and do physical distancing," Akim, The Chief of Cikakak Village said on Saturday (21/11/2020).
Still according to him, in the meantime they will add some folks market to lighten up the area. This new tourist destination was hoped to be able to be a horizon to the local's economy.
In dealing with this tourist destination the local village government took the local community to help them in managing the area.
Beside the beauty of the waterfall and the crystal clear water, Curug Antap was also surrounded by lush pine trees. Dozens of beautiful spot could be found to capture your moment.
"We haven't had a proper public facilities but we are working on it," Jarwoto, The Chief of Local Tourism Awareness Community of Curug Antap, Cikakak said. (*)
curug antap cikakak banyumas
|: Ahmad Rizki Mubarok


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Large Nursery Cushion, Yellow Bedroom Decor, Gender Neutral Nursery Decor, Super Cute Fawn Pillow, Animal Cushion, New baby Gift
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Large Nursery Cushion, Yellow Bedroom Decor, Gender Neutral Nursery Decor, Super Cute Fawn Pillow, Animal Cushion, New baby Gift
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Photos from reviews