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Erik Müller
Erik Müller is an exchange executive who serves as the CEO of Eurex Clearing AG.[1] He took over that role on July 1, 2016. He was previously managing director at Deutsche Boerse Group, Eurex's parent company, responsible for Group Strategy and M&A, Treasury and IR.[2]
Müller has been a member of the executive board of Eurex Clearing AG since April 2013, responsible for Treasury.
As managing director, he has been responsible for corporate strategy and M&A at Deutsche Boerse Group since January 1, 2013. Since the IPO of Deutsche Boerse in 2001, he has been a manager of the Deutsche Boerse Group, and he has been responsible for Group Treasury including all treasury activities of the two bank licensed businesses of Deutsche Boerse Group, Eurex Clearing in Frankfurt and Clearstream in Luxembourg, as well as for investor relations since 2008.
He was a member of the supervisory board of Eurex Clearing AG from October 2010 until March 2013. He joined Deutsche Boerse in 1997.
He holds a dual MBA degree from Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany and the Fuqua Business School in North Carolina, USA.
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As South African millionaire Mark Shuttleworth prepared to take up residence on the International Space Station as the world's second space tourist, a line formed to be the next such visitor.
The candidates for the next tourist seat on a Russian flight to the station in October or November include a member of the pop music group 'N Sync, a woman who calls herself a soccer mom and a wealthy Polish businessman.
A Soyuz spacecraft launched on Thursday docked with the space station early Saturday. Aboard for a week's stay are the mission commander, Yuri P. Gidzenko, who did a previous 140-day tour aboard the station; a rookie Italian astronaut, Roberto Vittori; and Shuttleworth, 28, an Internet entrepreneur, who, according to estimates, paid $20 million to go into space.
The visitors are there to trade their fresh Soyuz for one that has been attached to the station for six months as an emergency lifeboat for the orbiting laboratory's permanent crew of three people.
Lori Garver, 40, of McLean, Va., the self-styled soccer mom, said on Friday that she was thrilled with Shuttleworth's flight because it increased the chances that others would visit the space station. Garver, a former NASA associate administrator for policy, is hoping to get businesses, foundations and educational organizations to pay for her ticket.
A leading competitor for the next Soyuz flight is Lance Bass, 23, of 'N Sync, who says he has been fascinated with space since attending space camp in Florida when he was 12. He is backed by Destiny Productions of a Los Angeles, which said it would pay for the trip through corporate sponsorship and by producing television specials about the venture.
The third candidate for this flight is Leszek Czarnecki, 39, a Polish businessman.

subset: commoncrawl


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Brigitte Louchez – Barraca da Amizade
The Friendship Tent works at the surrounding area of Castelão, in Ceará. It was established in 1987 to contribute with children and adolescents living on the streets and in situations of exploitation. Brigitte is ahead of the Tent of Friendship since 1995.
Born in northern France , PhD in Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences , Brigitte came to Brazil in 1992 to work with a team in Fortaleza at the time of the cholera epidemic . It was when he had the opportunity to learn about the project and where he realized that his experience could contribute to the development and strengthening actions . Even having never thought of acting in the area the following year moved to Fortaleza and since then helps make the dream of many boys and girls as possible.


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Article content
The civil court case involving the CAQ government's law banning government employees from wearing religious symbols at work resumed Friday morning after it was briefly suspended when one of the many lawyers involved in the case learned his daughter tested positive for COVID-19.
Superior Court Justice Marc-André Blanchard sat accompanied only by a courtroom clerk Friday morning in the large courtroom on the 17th floor of the Montreal courthouse, where the judge has been hearing evidence for three weeks now.
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Bill 21: Civil court case resumes after COVID-19 concerns Back to video
Blanchard suspended the case Thursday afternoon after one of the lawyers learned, during a break in the proceedings, that his daughter tested positive. The lawyer asked to be excused so he could be tested and so he could self-isolate.
The case was also suspended on Wednesday because of a problem with the ventilation inside the courtroom.
Blanchard resumed the case Friday with lawyers, a witness and other participants following remotely through their computers. Blanchard asked all of the lawyers to be very specific in the future when then they make their arguments in the case because he has already read all of their written representations.


text: 160mm diameter of Pile foundation plan is given in this Autocad drawing file. In this drawing there are two pile plans given. Covering details, measurement and other details are given in this drawing model. For more details download the autocad drawing file. Thank you for downloading the autocad file and other cad program files from our website.


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Komal Dixit started her page @classywomenn for herself. She wanted to post things to keep her motivated and positive. Within three years, she has over 730 thousand followers on Instagram.
How to get customers for your business through Instagram 3:40
- Find your niche and target market. Post content daily and interact with people commenting on your posts. Dixit suggested posting free tips and answer questions your followers ask frequently. This is how you build relationships with your followers and gain their trust. This can lead to getting their business.
- For organic growth only, Dixit says the most important thing is to post one thing daily that is of value for your followers.
How to overcome shadow banning and the algorithm 7:00
- Shadow banning is when a platform restricts visibility of your posts so only your followers are able to see your content. This can happen sometimes when you comment too much on posts or send too many direct messages in a short period of time. Dixit said social platforms are like humans. They have a health, so you need to keep your profile healthy. Too much commenting or messaging can be seen as spam.
- Definitely try to interact with all your followers, but if you have a ton of comments to reply to, try to space them out so you don't have to deal with the potential shadow ban.
What are shoutouts? 13:38
- You can purchase shoutouts. This means you would go to pages within your niche that has a large amount of followers. You can pay for them to promote your page on theirs and thus gain some more followers of your own. Dixit advised to make sure they have the same type of followers you want for your page.
- The cost depends on how many followers the page has. It can cost anywhere from $10-$300. Start out on smaller pages and if it helps gain followers for you, move onto bigger pages.
Are stories important? 18:25
- Stories are very important! The feed explains your brand. The posts are the first thing people see when they click on your profile. But, stories allow you to interact on a different level with your followers. You can ask your followers questions and get feedback from them to get an idea of what they want to see from your page. Dixit said if you want to get to know your audience, use stories.
- It's also very helpful to go to other pages within your niche and comment on their posts. This helps you build relationships with other people within your field. Be genuine within your comments. Don't just post some generic response.
What are some common Instagram mistakes? 21:57
-Not being consistent when posting. It is so important to post content daily. People follow you for your content so if you don't post, you will lose followers.
Hashtags 23:20
- Use hashtags within your original caption and not in the comments. Don't use an extreme amount. Keep it at a reasonable amount so it doesn't look like spam. Dixit suggests using between 10-15 hashtags that are relatable to your content and brand.
Is it worth it to buy followers? 26:40
- Typically, purchased followers are all bots. They won't interact with your page so it really isn't worth it to have more followers. It's better to have less followers that interact and engage with your page than having millions of followers and no comments on your posts.
- Dixit wants people to know it is possible to gain a following on Instagram. She said your first priority shouldn't be the followers, it should be creating content that will help people. That is how you will be successful.
First job paperwork 1:50
- Many people starting their first real job right out of college don't know how to make sense of the first day paperwork that's required to be filled out and returned within a few days. It can be very confusing to understand all the financial jargon when you haven't learned about it in school or from family.
- Brumm recommends a resource through the International Revenue Service website. It asks you a few questions, calculates the information and gives you a number so you know what your taxes and withholdings will look like.
- Sign up and start your 401k! Even if it is just a small starting amount, do it. Also, if your company matches your 401k deposits, say yes to that as it is essentially free money.
Life insurance 6:05
- Life insurance is a benefit that is voluntary. Sometimes it may be offered and payed for by your company and if that's the case, Brumm suggests to just take it. It doesn't hurt to have it.
- Some younger people don't know who to give it to or don't see a need for it. But if you're a parent, sign up for it for sure. Also, if you don't get life insurance when you're young and you get a medical condition, it may be harder for you to get the insurance later. If you have some type of ailment or condition in your family history like cancer or heart attacks, it's good just to get the life insurance while you can when you are young.
- You can put money aside in things like life insurance that allow you to get the insurance, offers tax-free growth and it's accessible for you when it comes to retirement age.
Savings Accounts 7:30
- You are allowed to open different accounts for certain things you are saving for. For example, you can have a separate account for "kitchen remodel" and "Paris vacation." Having different accounts that you're able to name is very helpful because it helps keep you accountable so you don't spend that money for something else.
- If you have trouble with spending, open an account across town and don't get a debit card. That way it is harder to access your money so you won't spend as much as often!
How to track spending 10:45
- One of Brumm's favorite ways to track spending is an online resource called Mint. You can put in your accounts, mortgage etc. anything that has an online presence and it can link those with tax resources and help with your taxes. It helps keep all your accounts in one place so you don't have to track different account or credit card numbers to different websites. It's all in one place!
Money Tracking Resources and Apps
- YNAB (You need a budget)
Entrepreneurs 17:20
- If you're just starting out, there are many different ways to start and register your business. You can create an LLC, which isn't really a tax advantage, but if someone were to sue your company, it keeps the assets of your entity sheltered so it doesn't touch your personal assets. Brumm suggests seeking legal advice especially when starting out just so you get everything set up properly.
- You should definitely try to set up a new account for your business so you keep your personal funds separate.
Entrepreneur Resources
- Women in business classes
- General business classes
- Small business education and training
- Support for small business owners
What bonds you can set up for your child 28:35
- There are mutual funds out there that are municipal bonds only. It's like a savings account in a sense. Looking at the statement with your child is very beneficial for both of you because they get to learn and see how it works first hand.
Brumm at My Financial Girlfriend works with all people. You don't have to make $100,000 a year in order to get a meeting with her. She wants to educate others so they know how to understand their finances.


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Puma presents the Uruguay Home Jersey for 2019 was specially designed for passionate fans to show their affection for Los Charruas. The piece is made of lightweight polyester and features Dry Cell technology, which contains functional materials that keeps the sweat away from the skin and keeps you dry and comfortable. Its design is predominantly blue with white details, seen on the collar and sleeves which, in turn, bring the Puma logo featured. In addition, the team badge appears embroidered on the left side of the chest, as well as the emblem of the supplier brand, present on the opposite side. Finally, just below the nape, the nickname of the team "La Celeste" complements the details.
Technical information
Composition: 100% Polyester
Technology: Dry Cell
Badge: Embroidered
Short sleeve
Collar: V neck
Manufacture: Brazil
Approximate dimensions (H x W):
S: 69 x 48 cm
M: 72 x 52 cm
L: 73 x 57 cm
XL: 77 x 59 cm
Leave your comment here
- Available customization: Yes
- Collar: V Neck
- Composition: Polyester
- Gender: Male
- Predominant color: Blue
- Product type: Jersey
- Sleeve: Short
- Sport: Soccer
- Suitable for: Match
- Status: In line
- Soccer Team: Uruguai
- Age: Adult
- Color: Blue
- Original Jersey: Sim


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Dr. Lisa A. Manz-Dulac, MD, FAAD
Dermatologist20030 Mack Ave Grosse Pointe Woods MI, 48236
Dr. Lisa A. Manz-Dulac, MD, FAAD is a top Doctor in Grosse Pointe Woods, MI. With a passion for the field and an unwavering commitment to their specialty, Dr. Lisa A. Manz-Dulac, MD, FAAD is an expert in changing the lives of their patients for the better. Through their designated cause and expertise in the field, Dr. Lisa A. Manz-Dulac, MD, FAAD is a prime example of a true leader in health care. As a leader and expert in their field, Dr. Lisa A. Manz-Dulac, MD, FAAD is passionate about enhancing patient quality of life. They embody the values of communication, safety, and trust when dealing directly with patients. In Grosse Pointe Woods, MI, Dr. Lisa A. Manz-Dulac, MD, FAAD is a true asset to their field and dedicated to the profession of medicine.
Education and Training
Suny-Hlth Sci Ctr At Syracuse, Coll of Med, Syracuse Ny 1987
Board Certification
DermatologyAmerican Board of DermatologyABD
Provider Details
- Henry Ford Hosp, Dermatology; U Ma Mem Hlthcare-Univ Campus, Internal Medicine
Dr. Lisa A. Manz-Dulac, MD, FAAD's Practice location
Grosse Pointe Woods, MI 48236Get Direction
New Baltimore, Michigan 48047Get Direction
Request An Appointment With Dr. Lisa A. Manz-Dulac, MD, FAAD | Dermatologist
Please note that this request is not considered final until you receive email notification confirming the details.
In the event the doctor is not yet registered with FindaTopDoc, we will contact the office on your behalf in an effort to secure your appointment.
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Patient Experience with Dr. Manz-Dulac
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text:
No Products in the Cart
The Dunia Kasma set consists of three bangle bracelets made of 925 sterling silver. The design is influenced by our iconic Ellen link, alternated with smooth structures. The bangles can be connected and worn together with the lock included with the set.
This Buddha to Buddha bracelet is shipped in a luxurious gift box, making it an ideal choice for a memorable gift.


text:
Performance Improvements to the Neutron Imaging System at the National Ignition Facility [electronic resource].
- Published:
- Washington, D.C. : United States. Dept. of Energy, 2011.
Oak Ridge, Tenn. : Distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy.
- Physical Description:
- PDF-file: 12 pages; size: 0.7 Mbytes
- Additional Creators:
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
United States. Department of Energy
United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information
- Access Online:
- www.osti.gov
- Summary:
- A team headed by LANL and including many members from LLNL and NSTec LO and NSTec LAO fielded a neutron imaging system (NIS) at the National Ignition Facility at the start of 2011. The NIS consists of a pinhole array that is located 32.5 cm from the source and that creates an image of the source in a segmented scintillator 28 m from the source. The scintillator is viewed by two gated, optical imaging systems: one that is fiber coupled, and one that is lens coupled. While there are a number of other pieces to the system related to pinhole alignment, collimation, shielding and data acquisition, those pieces are discussed elsewhere and are not relevant here. The system is operational and has successfully obtained data on more that ten imaging shots. This remainder of this whitepaper is divided in five main sections. In Section II, we identify three critical areas of improvement that we believe should be pursued to improve the performance of the system for future experiments: spatial resolution, temporal response and signal-to-noise ratio. In Section III, we discuss technologies that could be used to improve these critical performance areas. In Section IV, we describe a path to evolve the current system to achieve improved performance with minimal impact on the ability of the system to operate on shots. In Section V, we discuss the abilities, scope and timescales of the current teams and the Commissariat energie atomique (CEA). In Section VI, we summarize and make specific recommendations for collaboration on improvements to the NIS.
- Subject(s):
- Note:
- Published through SciTech Connect.
Wilson, D C; Grim, G P; Lee, J; Merrill, F E; Fittinghoff, D N; Bower, D E; Drury, O B; Dzenitis, J M; Buckles, R A; Wilde, C H; Weiss, P B; Hatarik, R; Landoas, O; Caillaud, T; Bourgade, J.
- Funding Information:
View MARC record | catkey: 14738566


text:
» List all forums
» » Forum: Game Design
» » » Thread: Better Comms Thoughts
» » » » Post: Re: Flag chat and Friends
Print at Nov 24, 2020 8:03:09 AM
|Posted by Thunderbird at Nov 19, 2005 11:42:03 PM
Re: Flag chat and Friends
There is none at this time. The only thing being a titled member gets you is a spot on the flag page and Lord/Lady on your Pirate page. At least, I haven't found any benefits yet.
Pirate tells you, "my, that's one BIG wad o' chewing gum ye have mounted on yer bonce! oO'"
Sungod officer chats, "I wonder if anyone's sailing the harpsichord"
Pirate tells you, "ZOMG CANDYFLOSS!!! *munches*"
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text:
Aweber To Stroudsburg
Aweber's e-mail templates are all 'receptive'. This means that they immediately resize themselves to fit the device they're being viewed on. In this day and age of mobile phones and also tablets, this is an essential feature. You can also see a sneak peek of the mobile version of your email easily within Aweber you simply click a sneak peek switch as well as toggle a 'mobile preview' button to see exactly how your e-newsletter is likely to view a smartphone.
This is a good idea, since internet fonts are generally much more attractive than the conventional 'safe font styles' (Times New Roman, Arial and so on) that email advertising applications typically restrict you to; deliberately used, they can boost the appearance of an email significantly (Aweber To Stroudsburg). In addition, relying on the fonts you utilize on your site, they can additionally help you accomplish extra brand consistency between your site and e-newsletters.
Like comparable e-marketing products, Aweber can take your website's RSS feed and also transform it into e-newsletters that obtain sent out according to a timetable that you define. In Aweber, this is called 'Blog programs', although technically you can use this function with any type of content that has an RSS feed. This functionality is especially useful for blog writers that desire clients on their mailing listings to automatically obtain e-newsletters containing their newest posts (or, without a doubt, a monthly absorb of post).
Aweber To Stroudsburg
It's worth noting nevertheless that you can not use the common Aweber theme styles for RSS-to-email objectives you need to select from a collection of templates which are particularly designed for this objective. On the plus side, there are numerous of these to pick from more than most other e-marketing solutions I have actually attempted (Aweber To Stroudsburg).
Pennsylvania-based AWeber have been in the email marketing company for over 20 years. Among their biggest cases is that they designed the autoresponder, which is no little point. Keeping that in mind, it's no shock that one of their advertised functions is marketing automation, additionally seen in a couple of competitors.
Apart from automation, AWeber offers split screening as well as their 'Em ail Web Analytics', enabling you to utilize your own domain in links you desire to track clicks for, as well as monitoring product sales easily. Oh and also they additionally have not one, however three mobile applications! So, a handful of fascinating features in there – yet allow's have a closer look and also see if being the initial additionally indicates being the most effective, twenty years down the track: Attempt AWeber completely free: http://aweber.emailtooltester.com/ Discover an extra thorough AWeber review below: http://www.emailtooltester.com/en/reviews/aweber/ Discover all …
Aweber To Stroudsburg
They can do with an overhaul in the layout department, too the customer experience isn't as exciting or instinctive as maybe, as well as much of their e-mail templates look obsoleted. AWeber has all the basics you require for a small company, and also does fairly an excellent job at educating first-time users with its collection of short articles, videos and podcasts.
As well as disappointingly, they have not truly upgraded a lot in the last few years because we initially assessed the device. This, naturally, would not be an issue if it was priced for budget-conscious beginners, yet the costs are on the same level with various other email tools like ActiveCampaign or GetResponse that deal a lot more for the very same cost.
Aweber To Stroudsburg
One positive is that, regardless of just how numerous subscribers you have, each rate tier gives clients full access to their features. But these functions still could not be sufficient for the asking rate. includes a really versatile and effective automation strategy as well as modern-looking as well as versatile registration forms something AWeber must actually function on.
If you need more info, look into our AWeber as well as ActiveCampaign contrast. is a cheap remedy with superb designs and also a solid e-mail marketing system. It additionally includes a couple of benefits (like a touchdown page editor) and we find their user interface really easy to make use of. is an interesting alternative.
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Aweber To Stroudsburg
If businesses wish to expand, they can not overlook marketing. Luckily, there are lots of e-mail marketing devices readily available to aid also the tiniest of small services start. AWeber (which begins at $19 each month) is just such a choice, offering a user friendly platform without any concealed shocks. AWeber's templates streamline the process for producing visually eye-catching email advertising and marketing campaigns and the coverage control panel tracks the most vital fundamental stats.
For far better third-party calls assimilation as well as tracking, you must consider Campaigner and also MailChimp, our two Editors' Selections for email marketing tools. For this review, I signed up for AWeber's Basic plan. Just how does AWeber contrast versus the competition? It would certainly cost a small company with 2,500 get in touches with in its advertising and marketing database $29 each month to begin with AWeber, which is equal to what it would certainly cost to make use of Campaign Monitor and iContact.
Since 2016, AWeber supplies a 30-day free test. It needs billing information as well as you need to send an e-mail to support in order to cancel. When you authorize up, AWeber presents the email address you need to utilize to cancel, which is excellent considering that some software program makes you leap with hoops in order to discover this details.
Aweber To Stroudsburg
An attribute called Tradition Followup Messages enables you to send a collection of messages to all new clients. An additional feature called Projects (presently in beta) uses several ways to send auto-responders: by day as well as time, and also based upon customer habits or if you identify get in touches with in your database. You can likewise pause and stop auto-responders at any moment.
AWeber offers month-to-month, quarterly, as well as yearly strategies for each of its rates. The least-expensive strategy, for up to 500 calls, is $19 per month (or $49 per quarter or $149 annually). AWeber includes $10 to the typical rate to broaden the solution to 2,500 customers and includes $30 to increase the ability to 5,000 customers.
If you alter your mind, the business uses a 30-day complete reimbursement. View out for the $29 record on just how to develop an e-mail marketing technique. It's truly simple to click the wrong point when looking into and wind up with the report in your shopping cart. If do you wind up buying it by chance or don't locate it beneficial, AWeber guarantees to refund your money.
Aweber To Stroudsburg
That's a bargain. AWeber lets you manually amount to 10 contactssubscribersvia a form. Each record gathers the name of the person, email address, ad-tracking worth, and the name of the initial e-mail message the person will receive. This can turn into a long and also tedious workout for a long listing of names.
You can likewise upload a spread sheet (XLS and XLSX), message file (CSV, TSV, and also TXT). Unlike Campaigner, MailChimp, and GetResponse ( 15.00 Each Month and Up at GetResponse), AWeber does not have Gmail or third-party assimilation for pulling contacts, which is frustrating. You can, nonetheless, export the Gmail calls to a CSV data and also utilize the import tool.
AWeber also wants to know whether the listing is being relocated from another mail marketing service provider. The goal is to verify you aren't spamming or purchasing listings. AWeber auto-creates a verification message, which is sent out to calls to validate their registration. Like GetResponse, AWeber does not allow disposable domain names, such as Mailinator addresses.
Aweber To Stroudsburg
I submitted a data containing routine addresses in addition to Mailinator ones and waited on the import file to be reviewed as well as verified by Aweber. I never saw an error message educating me that the addresses were turned down, making me believe the website was just slow-moving (Aweber To Stroudsburg). There was nothing in the import background log, either.
When developing a checklist, you have the option of making use of a pre-generated subject line, such as "Please validate your request to subscribe" or creating your own. Nevertheless, producing your own ways you have to wait one day for AWeber's group to confirm it as a valid subject line. AWeber also has a wizard to stroll you through producing signup kinds.
AWeber claims it has auto-responders, however all they truly amount to are automatically sending welcome messages to users when they are included to a checklist. There is no other way to send out messages based on occasions, such as their birthday, or location, the means Campaigner and GetResponse do. AWeber deals with e-mails a little in a different way from various other solutions.
Aweber To Stroudsburg
Follow-up e-mails are sent automatically each time a brand-new customer is included, as well as Program messages are one-time messages, such as e-newsletters. Blog Broadcast grabs blog posts from a blog as well as assembles them into an e-newsletter kind. You can additionally produce your very own mail layouts making use of the Email Template Supervisor, where you can tailor existing design templates or compose your very own using AWeber's API.
AWeber opened up a message building contractor where I could drag in components and also alter the text. I had ended up being so made use of to collaborating with email templates that this brand-new building contractor layout tossed me for a loop for a little bit. But it was still simple to produce and also examine my messages. As soon as you're pleased with your e-newsletter, you can send it right now or schedule it for a later time – Aweber To Stroudsburg.
Once you have actually sent your program, you can track its success with the Reporting tool. For each and every campaign, you can see the open as well as click price in addition to the number of replies as well as unsubscribes. There's no Google Analytics combination, yet there is an extremely useful step-by-step overview on how to utilize Google Analytics on a Do-It-Yourself (Do It Yourself) basis with AWeber.
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Offered reports consist of list opens with time, list clicks gradually, brand-new customers, client growth, ad monitoring, subscriber area, follow-up data, as well as more. AWeber is everything about hand-holding. There are countless video tutorials to aid you figure out what to do, as well as almost every field or option to fill up out has a link that opens the relevant aid text.
Phone as well as conversation assistance alternatives are just readily available during company hrs. If you desire the option to call at any moment, you'll wish to select a solution apart from AWeber. Campaigner, for instance, supplies 24/7 phone support. AWeber uses a mix of fundamental attributes (such as file import) with advanced attributes (developing your very own email themes) in an easy-to-navigate interface (UI).
With extra extensive online assistance choices and even more details about things that went incorrect, AWeber could have been a top-tier service on par with our Editors' Selections for e-mail advertising and marketing tools, Advocate and MailChimp. Limitless emails. Excellent assistance products. Affordable plans. Substantial reporting capabilities. Sight A lot more No totally free strategies. Can not import from Gmail or third-party address books.
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Imports take a lengthy time – Aweber To Stroudsburg. Sight More AWeber offers you the flexibility to manage contacts and also personalize your very own email layouts, but not a great deal of third-party integration. If you desire e-mail marketing without a great deal of fuss, AWeber is entitled to a look.
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High-Contrast Imager for Complex Aperture Telescopes (HiCAT): 5. First Results With Segmented-Aperture Coronagraph and Wavefront Control
Segmented telescopes are a possible approach to enable large-aperture space telescopes for the direct imaging and spectroscopy of habitable worlds. However, the increased complexity of their aperture geometry, due to the central obstruction, support structures and segment gaps, makes high-contrast imaging very challenging. The High-contrast Imager for Complex Aperture Telescopes (HiCAT) testbed was designed to study and develop solutions for such telescope pupils using wavefront control and coronagraphic starlight suppression. The testbed design has the flexibility to enable studies with increasing complexity for telescope aperture geometries starting with off-axis telescopes, then on-axis telescopes with central obstruction and support structures - e.g. the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) - up to on-axis segmented telescopes, including various concepts for a Large UV, Optical, IR telescope (LUVOIR). In the past year, HiCAT has made significant hardware and software updates in order to accelerate the development of the project. In addition to completely overhauling the software that runs the testbed, we have completed several hardware upgrades, including the second and third deformable mirror, and the first custom Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraph (APLC) optimized for the HiCAT aperture, which is similar to one of the possible geometries considered for LUVOIR. The testbed also includes several external metrology features for rapid replacement of parts, and in particular the ability to test multiple apodizers readily, an active tip-tilt control system to compensate for local vibration and air turbulence in the enclosure. On the software and operations side, the software infrastructure enables 24/7 automated experiments that include routine calibration tasks and high-contrast experiments. In this communication we present an overview and status update of the project, both on the hardware and software side, and describe the results obtained with APLC wavefront control.
Further author information, send correspondence to Rémi Soummer: E-mail: email@example.com
1 Introduction
The discovery and study of worlds that could potentially support life has emerged as perhaps the most compelling science driver for future large space observatories. A "New Worlds Mission" that obtains direct spectroscopic measurements of terrestrial planet atmospheres would enable us to search for signatures of habitability and seek out potential molecular markers of distant biologies. Indeed, three of the four large mission concept studies for the 2020 decadal survey have exoplanets as a central driving science goal: the Large UV/Optical/Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR), the Habitable Exoplanets Imaging Mission (HabEx), and the Origins Space Telescope (OST). The spectroscopic characterization of terrestrial exoplanets is both scientifically profound and potentially transformative for humanity's understanding of our place in the cosmos, and is also a topic of tremendous public interest within the US and worldwide. NASA and National Academies strategic planning committees have consistently recognized this, as seen in the 2010 Decadal Survey and 2016 Midterm Assessment reports, the 2014 and 2018 NASA Strategic Plans, NASA's 2013 Astrophysics Roadmap and 2014 Science Plan, and more.
An observatory's capability for imaging rocky exoplanets turns out to be a steep function of primary mirror diameter, driving us toward the largest possible apertures [1, 2]. Building on JWST's technologies, segmented mirror architectures can break through the hard limits that launch vehicle fairings place on the sizes of monolithic mirrors [3]. LUVOIR has baselined a 15-m telescope, with a 9-m alternate, both segmented, and the latter possibly off-axis. HabEx is studying a 6.5 m segmented telescope as its alternative to its 4 m monolith primary architecture. When calculating exo-Earth "yields", or the number of rocky planets in the habitable zone that a mission can detect in a fixed time, these studies usually assume nominal starlight suppression to 10, which translates into yields of a few to a few dozen exo-Earth candidates for apertures of 415 m. Achieving coronagraphy at this demanding level of performance on a large segmented aperture will enable discovery of dozens of terrestrial planets and robust atmospheric characterizations in only a few years of total mission time.
Starlight suppression systems have made substantial progress in the past few years, especially with the WFIRST CGI technology program reaching Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 5 for the coronagraph. [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. The further development and flight of CGI would raise these key technologies to TRL 9, and could begin the possible characterization of Jovian planets in reflected light — thereby playing an essential role in preparing for a "search for life" flagship mission. WFIRST's 2.4 m primary remains too small for a "search for life" mission and will not address the technical challenges that are specific to segmented apertures. Even if paired with a "starshade rendezvous" [12], WFIRST could potentially image, at most, a few exo-Earths around the nearest handful of stars.
Coronagraphy for segmented apertures is necessary to ensure robust options for future missions with the largest possible telescope diameters and the greatest predicted yields of characterized exoplanets. Yet, segmented architectures also bring new challenges at both the component and system levels. Coronagraph masks must be carefully optimized for segmented pupils. Segment control must be integrated to mitigate drifts along with the high contrast wavefront control and line-of-sight pointing control systems, leading to a web of interconnected control loops communicating on different timescales. A complex trade space exists between the performance of individual subsystems, for instance trading between passive stability and active control, or between coronagraph throughput, inner working angle, and sensitivity to misalignments[13].
Addressing these challenges is the central theme of the HiCAT testbed (High contrast imager for Complex Aperture Telescopes [14, 15, 16, 17, 18]). Starting in 2013, HiCAT has led the way in developing coronagraph and wavefront control solutions for segmented apertures. Recently, other teams have begun turning efforts towards segmented mirrors (e.g. at Caltech, Université de Nice, NASA Ames, GSFC, and JPL; [19, 20, 21, 22]). HiCAT was designed to address system-level experiments in ambient conditions, in order to pave the way for higher TRL demonstrations in vacuum. This development plan, directly parallel to the WFIRST CGI staged ambient and vacuum experiments, will mature these key technologies needed for future NASA observatories of unprecedented size and power to seek out signs of life on distant rocky worlds.
2 Testbed Hardware Overview
The HiCAT testbed project started in 2013. The goal of the testbed is to demonstrate coronagraphy and wavefront control with an on-axis segmented aperture. The testbed layout and hardware are illustrated in Figure 1 and 2. The testbed includes the following elements:
A segmented telescope simulator with central obstruction and support structures using a 37-segment, aperture DM (IRIS-AO
1). The central obstruction and support structures can be added in the first pupil plane, using a laser-cut mask. This truly-segmented telescope simulator includes real co-phasing wavefront errors and control ability, with an open-loop calibrated surface error of 9 nm rms (see Figure 3). The repeatability of the open-loop calibration at this level of wavefront quality makes it directly suitable for the high-contrast goals of HiCAT.
A custom Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraph [23, 24] including a shaped pupil apodizer manufactured by Advanced Nanophotonics Inc. [25] using carbon nanotubes coatings, a circular hard-edge focal plane mask re-using a mirror with an ultra-precise circular hole originally from the Lyot Project, which was the first extreme adaptive optics coronagraph[26] (courtesy Rebecca Oppenheimer, AMNH); and a silicon-etched Lyot stop with carbon-nanotube coating as well (see Figure 4 for detailed pictures of that hardware).
Two Boston Micromachines
2"kilo" DMs (932 actuators) are used for wavefront control (one in pupil plane and one out of pupil plane) and were custom-calibrated in closed-loop using our Fizeau interferometer. The residual flat calibration is within the accuracy limits of our 4D 3Fizeau interferometer and the residual surface error is of the order of 1-2 nm rms (Figure 5).
An optional flat mirror can be introduced in the beam to redirect the beam to a phase retrieval camera on a motorized translation stage to analyze the wavefront at the focal plane mask using a parametric phase retrieval algorithm[27].
Several low-cost CMOS cameras are installed on HiCAT (pupil and focal plane imaging, phase retrieval, and dedicated cameras for our each of our Michelson Interferometers used for metrology. These CMOS camera have all been upgraded in the past year and feature very small pixels, very low noise ( electrons), and fast readout modes
4, which facilitate the HiCAT operations.
Testbed motorization includes XYZ translation for the focal plane mask and Lyot stop, and z-translation stages for the imaging camera and phase retrieval stage.
Several light sources options are available to the testbed, including a laser diode at 638nm, a super-continuum laser, and a Photon ETC
5tunable filter that delivers narrow band adjustable 1% bandpass light. For higher flux density we have built a custom light source assembly using motorized filter wheels and interference filters.
3 Current Results and Achievements
3.1 Full-system dark zone demonstration
The testbed hardware and software main infrastructure was completed in the past year, in particular with the installation and calibration of the three deformable mirrors and the implementation of the first segmented-aperture APLC. These efforts have culminated in the first-ever high-contrast dark zone with a segmented aperture coronagraph operating on an actual segmented pupil, achieving initial contrasts of monochromatic and in broadband with our latest APLC design operating in air (see Figure 6). This major milestone in high-contrast coronagraphy for segmented apertures establishes with high confidence that the shaped pupil APLC has reached TRL 3.
3.2 APLC coronagraph design and manufacturing
The Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraph[32, 33, 34, 35, 36] was extended in the past few years to work with shaped-pupil apodizations, and specifically optimized to the configuration of on-axis segmented telescopes[23, 24, 37]. Our APLC solution relies on similar reflective binary shaped-pupil masks as those used in WFIRST-CGI and can therefore build directly on mature, proven technology for component manufacturing, for example using JPL's silicon grass technology[38]. We have been developing an alternate manufacturing option for shaped-pupil apodizers, in collaboration with Advanced Nanophotonics Inc. [25]. This uses carbon nanotubes grown on a customized catalyst for the black areas, and protected silver or gold for the reflective areas (see Figure 4). The hemispherical reflectance of carbon nanotubes on these apodizers is . Our next batch will target reflectance below , comparable or better than JPL's silicon grass used for the WFIRST CGI masks. In theory, carbon nanotubes can reach hemispherical reflectance down to about 0.05%. They offer potentially better surface figure because they involve growth on a catalyst instead of surface etching. While still a research topic, catalyst customization could be used to enable non binary masks with gray areas. There are no limitations for the reflective surface (e.g. silver and gold, as shown in figure 4). We plan to implement both a custom JPL-manufactured black silicon mask (in the coming year) as well as continue investigating carbon nanotubes coatings, and will compare their performance and respective advantages.
The APLC design is optimized for an aperture with geometric features slightly oversized/undersized to account for alignment tolerancing (Figure 7). The selected FPM mask diameter is based on existing hardware (Figure 4). The APLC dark zone is optimized for an IWA of 3.75 to 15 . Based on our projected aperture on the DM, our maximum controllable spatial frequency is . Note that the APLC IWA () is smaller than the projected radius of the focal plane mask (), this configuration provides enhance robustness to tip/tilt, stellar diameter and low-order aberrations[23, 24]. The Lyot stop outer diameter is undersized by a factor 0.83 from the apodizer circumscribed aperture, so that the final focal plane IWA and OWA are and , as illustrated in Figure 8. The presented HiCAT APLC has been optimized to increase robustness to the Lyot stop alignment (this solution, 0.1% alignment robustness). More recent investigations have shown that the APLC robustness can reach 0.6–1.0% by combining apodizer robustness optimization for misaligned Lyot stops, and two-DM wavefront control, and the apodizer design will be updated in subsequent fabrication runs[39].
3.3 Hardware upgrades and metrology
Over the past year, we have completed a number of hardware upgrades, in particular the installation of three critical components: the 37-segment Iris AO DM, the second Boston kilo-DM, and a series of apodizer. We relied on a suite of external metrology systems, including theodolites, several imaging cameras, and custom white-light Michelson interferometers to enable fast, precise, and repeatable replacement of these critical components. Most components can be swapped safely in just a few hours. This process is illustrated in figure 9.
To aid in rapid development, we have set up an adjacent metrology testbed dedicated to the integration and calibration of key hardware components. For example, it was used for developing and validating our external metrology using Michelson interferometers and theodolites, and validating the apodizer swap process using a coordinate measurement arm. We continue to use this metrology testbed for testing new components such as the new mounts developed by a team of Johns Hopkins University Mechanical Engineering undergraduate students (Figure 10), and for the optimization of the tip-tilt closed loop control parameters. In the near-future we plan to use this testbed for developing an automated target acquisition, and a low-order wavefront sensor[43, 44].
3.4 Software development and process
The HiCAT software was redesigned from the ground up as a modern, configurable, properly-architected software package[45]. An experiment queue fully automates execution of coronagraphic experiments and calibration data collections, typically run overnight to preserve physical access to the testbed during the day. A safety system monitors environmental sensors to protect the power- and humidity-sensitive DMs. All data are uniformly processed by a real-time reduction pipeline, also recording the DM commands and configuration parameters. Algorithm development is supported by an integrated testbed software simulator that allows running testbed controls separately from the hardware and generating model images.
This combination of hardware process and advanced software infrastructure has allowed us to perform several major hardware rotations in the past few months, including installations of the second Boston DM and the Iris-AO DM, and tests of three different apodizers (a black-silicon WFIRST apodizer provided by JPL, and the two nanotube apodizers shown in Figure 4). Each of these five interventions were completed in less than a day, including testbed re-alignment under external metrology, complete re-calibration using our calibration software suite, and the automatic re-creation of a dark zone via overnight unattended operations.
3.5 Wavefront calibration
Parametric Phase Retrieval
We use the phase retrieval arm shown in Figure 1 to acquire data for a parametric phase retrieval analysis[27]. This phase retrieval approach consists in searching optimal model parameter values that minimize an objective function, here a distance between the model and the data. This approach allows both for a modal estimation (e.g. using Zernike polynomials) or a pixel-by-pixel direct estimation. We used this analysis for compensating the testbed optical alignment error at the focal plane mask, using DM control. For that, we placed the testbed in a full circular pupil configuration (i.e. without apodizer and segmented mirror) corresponding to the entire DM aperture (the apodizer clear aperture is slightly undersized compared to the DM for alignment and Fresnel propagation purposes). In this configuration the testbed wavefront error was 16 nm rms with both DMs controlled to their calibrated flat maps. Using two iterations of parametric phase retrieval we have brought the wavefront error to 3 nm rms (Figure 11)
The COronagraphic Focal-plane wave-Front Estimation for Exoplanet detection (COFFEE) technique is an extension of the phase diversity technique to coronagraphic images[46, 47]. Two coronagraphic images, and , are needed. is obtained after applying a known diversity phase in the entrance pupil plane, while is on focus. COFFEE enables to estimate two unknown phase aberrations: corresponds to the upstream phase aberrations, ie. before the coronagraph (typically in the apodizer plane) and to the downstream aberrations, ie. after the coronagraph (typically in the Lyot stop plane). A criterion based on the differences between images issued from the coronagraph model and real images has to be minimized. It usually calls a numerical minimization based on the Variable Metric with Limited Memory and Bounds (VMLM-B) method[48]. The minimization stops when the difference between two successive values of the criterion is below a certain threshold, fixed by the user. We have successfully tested COFFEE on HiCAT in a configuration with a circular pupil mask and the segmented aperture DM, but without the apodizer in place (i.e. in a "classical Lyot" configuration). By introducing known ramps of pistons on the deformable mirror to study the performance of the algorithm (see Figure 12). In this first test of COFFEE with a segmented aperture, we find that we are able to reconstruct the wavefront to a high-precision from data taken in coronagraphic mode. We will have to extend next this result to the case of segmented and apodizer apertures. Since COFFEE reconstructs the amplitude and phase at the pupil plane prior to the coronagraph, it is well-suited as a wavefront sensor for dark zone control. It only relies on small defocus introduced on the DM, which we have calibrated in closed-loop with our Fizeau interferometer. This makes COFFEE potentially more advantageous than a probe-based approach such as EFC for which the probes are harder to calibrate.
4 Conclusions and perspectives
The main infrastructure of the HiCAT testbed is now completed, with all hardware integrated on the bench. We have designed and manufactured the first carbon nanotubes apodizer and implemented the first APLC for a truly segmented aperture. Our first dark zones using single-DM speckle nulling ( monochromatic and in broadband) demonstrate this technology at TRL3. Our software infrastructure and hardware metrology and process allows high flexibility (hardware configuration changes, autonomous unattended software operations). We are in the process of integrating a two-DM wavefront control[49, 29, 30]. In the near future, we plane to continue improving the overall infrastructure and performance, including tip-tilt control and low-order wavefront control.
Acknowledgements.This work was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grants NNX12AG05G and NNX14AD33G issued through the Astrophysics Research and Analysis (APRA) program (PI: R. Soummer) and by Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract No.1539872 (Segmented-Aperture Coronagraph Design and Analysis; PI: R. Soummer), and the STScI Director's Discretionary Research Funds. It is also partly funded by the French national aerospace research center ONERA (Office National dâEtudes et Recherches Aérospatiales) and by the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM). We are also thankful to Lee Feinberg and GSFC for lending us theodolites and a coordinate measurement Faro arm, and thankful to Stuart Shaklan from JPL for loaning us a WFIRST-CGI apodizer, which helped us accelerate the development of our software and hardware infrastructure.
- http://www.irisao.com
- http://www.bostonmicromachines.com
- https://www.4dtechnology.com
- https://astronomy-imaging-camera.com
- http://www.photonetc.com
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- Laginja, I., Brady, G., Soummer, R., Egron, S., Lajoie, C., Bonnefois, A., Michau, V., Choquet, E., Ferrari, M., L., L., Levecq, L., Mazoyer, J., N'Diaye, M., Perrin, M., Petrone, P., Pueyo, L., and Sivaramakrishnan, A., "James Webb Space telescope optical simulation testbed V: comparison of wide-field phase retrieval techniques ," in [UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments: Innovative Technologies and Concepts VIII ], SPIE paper 10698-126 (2018).
- Mazoyer, J., Pueyo, L., N'Diaye, M., Fogarty, K., Zimmerman, N., Leboulleux, L., St. Laurent, K. E., Soummer, R., Shaklan, S., and Norman, C., "Active Correction of Aperture Discontinuities-Optimized Stroke Minimization. I. A New Adaptive Interaction Matrix Algorithm," \aj 155, 7 (Jan. 2018).
- Mazoyer, J., Pueyo, L., N'Diaye, M., Fogarty, K., Zimmerman, N., Soummer, R., Shaklan, S., and Norman, C., "Active Correction of Aperture Discontinuities-Optimized Stroke Minimization. II. Optimization for Future Missions," \aj 155, 8 (Jan. 2018).
- Wallace, J. K., Bartos, R., Rao, S., Samuele, R., and Schmidtlin, E., "A laboratory experiment for demonstrating post-coronagraph wavefront sensing and control for extreme adaptive optics," in [Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series ], \procspie 6272, 62722L (June 2006).
- Aime, C., Soummer, R., and Ferrari, A., "Total coronagraphic extinction of rectangular apertures using linear prolate apodizations," Astronomy and Astrophysics 389, 334–344 (2002).
- Soummer, R., Aime, C., and Falloon, P., "Stellar coronagraphy with prolate apodized circular apertures," Astronomy and Astrophysics 397, 1161–1172 (2003).
- Soummer, R., "Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs for Arbitrary Telescope Apertures," \apjl 618, L161–L164 (Jan. 2005).
- Soummer, R., Pueyo, L., Ferrari, A., Aime, C., Sivaramakrishnan, A., and Yaitskova, N., "Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs for Arbitrary Apertures. II. Theoretical Properties and Application to Extremely Large Telescopes," \apj 695, 695–706 (Apr. 2009).
- Soummer, R., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Pueyo, L., Macintosh, B., and Oppenheimer, B. R., "Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs for Arbitrary Apertures. III. Quasi-achromatic Solutions," \apj 729, 144 (Mar. 2011).
- Zimmerman, N. T., Eldorado Riggs, A. J., Jeremy Kasdin, N., Carlotti, A., and Vanderbei, R. J., "Shaped pupil Lyot coronagraphs: high-contrast solutions for restricted focal planes," Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 2, 011012 (Jan. 2016).
- Balasubramanian, K., Riggs, A. J. E., Cady, E., White, V., Yee, K., Wilson, D., Echternach, P., Muller, R., Mejia Prada, C., Seo, B.-J., Shi, F., Ryan, D., Fregoso, S., Metzman, J., and Wilson, R. C., "Fabrication of coronagraph masks and laboratory scale star-shade masks: characteristics, defects, and performance," in [Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series ], Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 10400, 104000C (Sept. 2017).
- Fogarty, K., Mazoyer, J., St. Laurent, K., N'Diaye, M., and Pueyo, L., "Optimal deformable mirror and pupil apodization combinations for coronagraphs with obstructed pupils," in [UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments: Innovative Technologies and Concepts VIII ], SPIE paper 10698-54 (2018).
- Zimmerman, N. T., N'Diaye, M., St. Laurent, K. E., Soummer, R., Pueyo, L., Stark, C. C., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Perrin, M., Vanderbei, R. J., Kasdin, N. J., Shaklan, S., and Carlotti, A., "Lyot coronagraph design study for large, segmented space telescope apertures," in [Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2016: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave ], \procspie 9904, 99041Y (July 2016).
- Crill, B. P. and Siegler, N., "Space technology for directly imaging and characterizing exo-Earths," in [Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series ], Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 10398, 103980H (Sept. 2017).
- St. Laurent, K., Fogarty, K., Soummer, R., Zimmerman, N., N'Diaye, M., Mazoyer, J., Stark, C. C., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Pueyo, L., B., S. S., and R., V., "Apodized pupil Lyot coronagraphs designs for future segmented space telescopes," in [UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments: Innovative Technologies and Concepts VIII ], SPIE paper 10698-226 (2018).
- N'Diaye, M., Dohlen, K., Caillat, A., Costille, A., Fusco, T., Jolivet, A., Madec, F., Mugnier, L., Paul, B., Sauvage, J.-F., Soummer, R., Vigan, A., and Wallace, J. K., "Design optimization and lab demonstration of ZELDA: a Zernike sensor for near-coronagraph quasi-static measurements," in [Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series ], Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 9148, 5 (Aug. 2014).
- N'Diaye, M., Vigan, A., Dohlen, K., Sauvage, J.-F., Caillat, A., Costille, A., Girard, J. H. V., Beuzit, J.-L., Fusco, T., Blanchard, P., Le Merrer, J., Le Mignant, D., Madec, F., Moreaux, G., Mouillet, D., Puget, P., and Zins, G., "Calibration of quasi-static aberrations in exoplanet direct-imaging instruments with a Zernike phase-mask sensor. II. Concept validation with ZELDA on VLT/SPHERE," \aap 592, A79 (Aug. 2016).
- Moriarty, C., Brooks, K., Soummer, R., Comeau, T., Brady, G. R., Gontorum, R., and P., P., "High-contrast imager for complex aperture telescopes (HiCAT): 6. software control infrastructure and calibration," in [UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments: Innovative Technologies and Concepts VIII ], SPIE paper 10698-176 (2018).
- Paul, B., Sauvage, J.-F., Mugnier, L. M., N'Diaye, M., Dohlen, K., Ferrari, M., and Fusco, T., "Coronagraphic phase diversity for exoplanet detection," in [Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV ], \procspie 8446, 84468B (Sept. 2012).
- Paul, B., Sauvage, J.-F., and Mugnier, L. M., "Coronagraphic phase diversity: performance study and laboratory demonstration," \aap 552, A48 (Apr. 2013).
- Paul, B., Sauvage, J.-F., Mugnier, L. M., Dohlen, K., Petit, C., Fusco, T., Mouillet, D., Beuzit, J.-L., and Ferrari, M., "Compensation of high-order quasi-static aberrations on SPHERE with the coronagraphic phase diversity (COFFEE)," \aap 572, A32 (Dec. 2014).
- Pueyo, L., Kay, J., Kasdin, N. J., Groff, T., McElwain, M., Give'on, A., and Belikov, R., "Optimal dark hole generation via two deformable mirrors with stroke minimization," \ao 48, 6296 (Nov. 2009).


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Roommates Freising
Studio appartment or appartment or shared appartment
Iam a master student in TUM , I hope to find a studio appartment or appartment or even shared appartment with female students like me ,. Iam OCD for things related to cleaning and hygiene. I don't mind shared appartment but the important thing is that they respect...2 days ago
Italian girl looking for permanent accommodation in Freising
Hello, My name is Elisabetta Bianco and I will start my Masters in Sustainable Resource Management at TUM Life Science campus in Weihenstephan in November and I am looking for a long term accommodation from October 2020 onwards. Few words about me: I am 24 years old...2 months ago
23 jähriges Mädchen sucht seit 5 Monaten eine Unterkunft in Freising
My name is Carola, I'm from Italy and I'm looking for accommodation in Freising from the beginning of March to July. I will move to Freising to follow an Erasmus+ traineeship program at Fraunhofer institute. I'm ready to share the house with other flatmates of...10 months ago
27 years old guy looking for accomodation for a 3 months traineeship at Fraunhofer Institute (Freising)
Hi! I'm a Materials and Nanotechnology master student looking for a room during my traineeship at Fraunhofer Institute. I'm a calm and friendly guy and I really hope to find open-minded flatmates to share my free time with. I speak Italian, English and Spanish, I hope...10 months ago
29 year old male PhD candidate, looking for accommodation in Freising
Hey, I'm Shao Xiong from Singapore. I will be at Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences to meet with my professor in order to finalise admission as a PhD candidate and project details. I will be in Freising for 3 months from 9 November 2019 - 22 January...one year ago
23 year old master's student, looking for accomodation in Freising (or Weihenstephan)
Hi, I'm Duygu from Turkey. I'll be in Weihenstephan for my master's degree which I'll complete in Munich Technical University/ Sustainable Resource Management. I'm 23, fresh graduate from Bilkent University/ Business Administration. I've also been in Germany...one year ago
room shared
Hi, I'm a student from Italy and I will come in Freising to do an internship of six months at Tum. I'm looking for a room shared in a flat with max other 4 people (girls). I need to find a room to stay for six months. If someone leaves a room or need to cover for a...one year ago
Looking for a shared falt
Hi I am Yaser, 33 years old from Iran . I wil work at Technical University of Munich as a posdocoral fellow. It will be started on September 3. I am a very kind man and friendly. I am single. I love working out at the gym I am looking for a shared studio or...2 years ago
34 year old, looking for accomodation from 17th to 30 June 2018.
I am open minded and kind of a busy guy. I am focused and have little time for otherthings other than what I am doing. Currently enroled to TUM for my PhD but working in Hamburg, Germany.In my free time I enjoy watching football and also socialise with püeople of same...2 years ago
31 years old guy looking for a cheap accommodation.
My name is AbdulRahman a good Nigeria citizen,average height, chocolate in nature, good looking, willing to join good experience on of to achieve is purpose in life, gentle,good behaviour and not smoking nor drinking but God fearing person. Just been offered admission...4 years ago
28 year old woman, looking for accommodation in Freising or Munich
I am looking for a 1 room flat, a share room or a university dormitory during my studies in Freising. I am a nice and quiet woman, responsable and cheerful. I do not smoke and prefer a free smoking environment. I really enjoy cooking so i hope there is enough room for...5 years ago
In need of a room in Freising
I need an accommodation, it might be shared one or single room in freising will be studying at TUM Weheinstephan.I am a Nigerian living in Dubai will be coming over to Freising for studies.i don't smoke so I need an accommodation,either a shared room,university dorm or...5 years ago
25 years old erasmus girl is looking for an accomodation in Freising
Hi :) I'm an italian girl that is going to have her ersmus in Freising for 6 months. I'm looking for a room in a shared apartment or in a student dormitory near the campus. I'm nice, tidy and a really good cook ;) I'll will make you all the best italian...6 years ago


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Directions to San Francisco Pizza (Shah Alam) with public transportation
The following transit lines have routes that pass near San Francisco Pizza
How to get to San Francisco Pizza by Bus?
Click on the Bus route to see step by step directions with maps, line arrival times and updated time schedules.
Bus lines to San Francisco Pizza in Shah Alam
|Line Name
|Stadium Shah Alam ↺ Pekan Subang Via Seksyen U8 Shah Alam
Questions & Answers
What are the closest stations to San Francisco Pizza?
The closest stations to San Francisco Pizza are:
- Plaza Jelutong is 191 meters away, 3 min walk.
Which Bus lines stop near San Francisco Pizza?
These Bus lines stop near San Francisco Pizza: SA05, T772.More details
Public Transportation to San Francisco Pizza in Shah Alam
Wondering how to get to San Francisco Pizza in Shah Alam, Malaysia? Moovit helps you find the best way to get to San Francisco Pizza with step-by-step directions from the nearest public transit station.
Moovit provides free maps and live directions to help you navigate through your city. View schedules, routes, timetables, and find out how long does it take to get to San Francisco Pizza in real time.
Looking for the nearest stop or station to San Francisco Pizza? Check out this list of stops closest to your destination: Plaza Jelutong.
You can get to San Francisco Pizza by Bus or Metro. These are the lines and routes that have stops nearby - Bus: SA05, T772
Want to see if there's another route that gets you there at an earlier time? Moovit helps you find alternative routes or times. Get directions from and directions to San Francisco Pizza easily from the Moovit App or Website.
We make riding to San Francisco Pizza easy, which is why over 865 million users, including users in Shah Alam, trust Moovit as the best app for public transit. You don't need to download an individual bus app or train app, Moovit is your all-in-one transit app that helps you find the best bus time or train time available.
Nearby attractions around San Francisco Pizza in Shah Alam
- bukit jelutong
- 5 Jalan Pelapek U8/B
- Maybank
- PETRONAS Station
- SYS Automobile Sdn Bhd
- CIMB ATM @ Petronas Bukit Jelutong
- Agensi Pekerjaan Eck Chand
- Mee Goreng Mamak Bawah Pokok
- Wasiyyah Shoppe Sdn. Bhd.
- Mee Goreng Mamak Legend
- Kafe An Nurs
- Fitwork
- Aman Suria Hardware & Timber Trading
- Baskin Robbins Bukit Jelutong
- Nookiah Cendol dan Rojak Pasembor Penang (Van)
- Snow Wash Behind Petronas BJ
- Aimar Corner
- E-Suria
- E Neng Marketing
- Pela B Jalan Pelapik U8/A
How to get to popular attractions in Kuala Lumpur with public transit
- Bandar Puncak Alam
- San Francisco Coffee Symphony House
- Nando's
- Ktm Serdang Parking
- Agym Fitness
- Bandar Baru Kuala Selangor
- Umang Umang BBQ Steamboat
- 蓝屋顶面家
- Queen of Spades 黑桃皇后 BBT2
- Cendol Pulut/ Tapai Laksa Utara
- Sri Ixora Apartment
- Nelayan Seafood & Catering
- Giant Hypermarket
- MAS Crew Lounge
- Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (Tbs)
- Hometown Hainan Coffee
- Masjid Bandar Diraja
- Mutiara Subang
- Taman Selayang Mulia
- Warung Cikgu


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I'm confused where (why?) we got the I and the j for our for -in loops. Hopefully I will figure it out (and come back here and let you know) by the time I finish, but I feel like I wanna make sure I understand. Did we use i and j and start at 0 as though it's the beginning of the array we are looping through?
Thank you. ~Teraisa


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Miley Ray Cyrus (born Destiny Hope Cyrus; November 23, 1992) is an American actress and pop singer-songwriter. She achieved wide fame for her role as Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana on the Disney Channel sitcom Hannah Montana. Cyrus recorded music for the soundtracks, Hannah Montana (2006) and Hannah Montana 2/Meet Miley Cyrus (2007), released by Walt Disney Records.


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She was one of the 50 "missing women," as they are generically called, an entry on the long list of prostitutes who disappeared from the city's seedy east side and are now feared to have been the victims of what could be one of North America's worst serial killings.
But Sereena Abotsway is no longer counted among the missing. Early this month, in the bright vaulted chambers of Vancouver's Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary, she became the first of the 50 to be ceremonially put to rest. Slain sometime late last year at age 29 and declared dead last month, Abotsway was eulogized in a memorial Mass by a priest who knew her as a child and wistfully remembered her off-key hymn singing. Her half brother, Jay Draayers, chokingly recalled a protective but playful older sister with "roaring laughter and warm smiles."
A prayer card distributed at the service bore a photo of this earlier, innocent Abotsway, taken long before she became a prostitute and drug addict, before her skull was fractured and her face disfigured in an assault that apparently occurred on what social workers termed a "bad date."
The text, a poignant remembrance of all the missing women from the east side, was written by Abotsway herself. She had joined the marches of feminists and downtown activists who had been demanding for a decade that city and federal police mount a joint investigation into the disappearances.
"When you all went missing each and every year we all fought so hard to find you," Abotsway wrote. "You all were part of God's plan. He probably took most of you home. But he left us with a very empty spot."
There was no burial service for Abotsway, though. Her family has nothing to bury.
In February, six months after she vanished from the streets, police discovered what they told relatives were identifiable fragments of her body on the grounds of a Vancouver-area hog farm. Police also found the remains of another missing prostitute, Mona Wilson. The farm's co-owner, Robert William Pickton, 52, is charged with first-degree homicide for their deaths.
Pickton has not yet entered a plea, but his lawyers said he denies any role in the women's deaths. Pretrial proceedings begin Tuesday.
Authorities are legally constrained from saying whether Pickton is thought to be linked to any of the other 48 cases.
The Pickton farm in Port Coquitlam is now the focus of one of the most intense criminal investigations in Canadian history, with earthmovers scouring the 10-acre property for buried evidence and a team of Royal Canadian Mounted Police experts examining unearthed clues at an on-site forensics lab. More than 80 local and federal police are assigned to the investigation, police said.
"The detailed, inch-by-inch search of the farm property will continue for many months to come," Catherine Galliford, a spokeswoman for the joint city-federal police investigation, said after Pickton's arrest. "We believe we now have answers regarding the disappearance of two missing women. But this is a case involving 50 missing women. There are a lot of questions still unanswered. We will not rest until those answers are found."
Abotsway, unlike most women on the list, came from a tightknit family -- a foster family, but one to which she remained close -- with resources and social standing. Otherwise, she fit the tragic profile well. Like most of the others, she was laconically described in police missing-person posters as a "known drug user and sex trade worker in the downtown east side area."
And like at least 21 of the 50 missing women, Abotsway was an American Indian, one of the "urban aboriginals," in Canadian parlance, who have long been among the poorest of the poor here. They make up barely 3 percent of greater Vancouver's population but account for more than half of its downtown street prostitutes. Many share Abotsway's history of early-childhood abuse and subsequent foster care, a pattern disproportionately common among Canada's native peoples. Most of these women already had two strikes against them, as prostitutes and drug users. Their American Indian ethnicity may have contributed further to the seeming official indifference to their fate, said Ernie Crey, a local American Indian rights advocate whose sister Dawn is among the missing.
"From the beginning, the police all but acknowledged this, saying things like, 'These people are different from us,' " said Crey. "There is a well-documented history of Native Canadians being mistreated by law enforcement, and so many of these women were of aboriginal ancestry. Might these attitudes have played a role in how their cases were handled? I think so."
Ernie Crey doesn't know whether his sister ever visited the Pickton farm, but other missing downtown prostitutes did, their friends say. Surrounded by encroaching suburbia an hour's drive east of downtown Vancouver, the Pickton farm is a defiant remnant of a rougher, more rural British Columbia, replete with wrecked cars and shanty-like outbuildings. The chain-link gate is covered with warnings.
Outside the gate, makeshift shrines of flowers and candles and scrawled notes commemorate women thought by friends and family to have died inside: "To Kathy Gonzalez -- 'Forever Young, Forever Missed'" and "To Diane Melnick -- I'm so sorry. Ingrid."
Speculation centering on the slaughterhouse and feeding troughs at the hog farm have compounded the horror for friends and relatives of the missing. "The police tell us almost nothing, and we are left to imagine the most grisly scenes imaginable," said Suzanne Jay, a director of a Vancouver rape counseling center. "There are so many people with families out there like mine who are just beside ourselves," Crey said. "However unpleasant the truth may be, we want to find out what happened."
William Orme writes for the Los Angeles Times, a Tribune Co. newspaper.