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SON to stop registration of products with similar names to popular products
The agency will stop the registration of products with similar business names to existing brands to eliminate substandard goods.
The Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) has disclosed the agency will stop the registration of products with similar business name to another product already popular in the market, in order to eliminate substandard goods.
This disclosure was made by the Director-General of SON, Malam Farouk Salim, while receiving the Alaba International Amalgamated Traders Association, during a visit to the SON office in Lagos.
According to a news report by NAN, Mallam Salim said that this decision is of utmost importance, as it would help to curb the production of products that clone the names of successful brands to deceive the unsuspecting consumers. He warned that these unscrupulous individuals would be prosecuted if found wanting.
The DG emphasized that SON on its own could not handle the issue of brand cloning, promising to put a stock of the products registered and certified by the standards body.
(READ MORE: Traders' Voice… Did you miss the "wow" moment at the Nigerian stock market?)
He explained that the agency is set to increase its level of engagement with stakeholders, especially the Alaba International Market traders, as this move would go a long way in protecting the interest of the business community, while also safeguarding lives and properties.
Earlier, the Executive Chairman of the association, Mr Fabian Ezeorjika, reaffirmed the association's commitment to working with SON in a bid to find these unscrupulous individuals. He disclosed that there was an existing partnership with SON toward achieving a substandard-free market.
Ezeorjika explained that a 'buyer beware campaign' is ongoing in the market, and this is a Joint Task Force, comprising SON officials.
What they are saying
Mallam Salim, during the meeting, said, "Anytime a new product comes and looks similar to another product registered, and is already popular in the market, we will try to discourage registration of that product with such a name.
"This will ensure proper identification of already registered products. It will also increase traceability of products that are not fit to be in circulation. We are here to work with these brands and to make their jobs easy. We are to protect their interest, because they are Nigerians, employing people and they are doing what needs to be done."
"We are looking forward to cooperating with them to ensure that every other individual in their association, not doing the right thing, is encouraged to do the right thing in the future.
"We are inviting stakeholders and the plan is to work together with them to sensitize and train them on the safety of lives and property. As for those still breaking the laws, we will enforce our law, either by court or through the appropriate regulatory, agency."
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FEC okays FMBN's request to purchase banking application software for N487.39 million
The FEC has approved the request made by the FMBN to purchase core banking application software from FINTAX at about N487.39million.
The Federal Executive Council has approved the request made by the Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria to purchase core banking application software from Messrs FINTAX, worth N487.39million.
This disclosure was made by the Honourable Minister of Works and Housing, Mr. Babatunde Raji Fashola (SAN), as revealed by the Government of Nigeria, and seen by Nairametrics.
What they are saying
Commenting on the recent development, the Minister said: "The other memorandum I presented, which was approved for the procurement of a core banking application software for the Federal Mortgage Bank in the sum of N487, 394,285.71 to enable the bank provide all of the frontline services that other banks now provide in all of its branches.
"Unlike other banks, the Federal Mortgage Bank is still unable to send automated notices, statements, and all those things to National Housing Fund contributors; all the types of alerts you get and operating accounts from any branch irrespective of where you maintain your accounts.''
(READ MORE: Federal Mortgage Bank disburses additional 8,700 homes, N112 billion in three years)
Why it matters
The recent announcement is a welcome development, especially as it aims to digitalize the operations of the bank and reposition it to be more effective and efficient in carrying out its tasks.
Empirical studies have also shown that with technology, the growth boundary of any firm is limitless. As a result, Nairametrics believes that if adequately employed, the purchase and subsequent use of the software could be a game-changer for the bank.
What you should know
- The Federal Executive Council approved the sum of N120.72billion to facilitate sundry projects and purchases for effective delivery.
- Of this amount, Nairametrics had earlier reported that the Federal Government of Nigeria had approved the sum of N117 billion for road rehabilitation nationwide.
- The sum of N2.1 billion contract was awarded to Julius Berger to furnish the NIS Technology building, which houses the service's data communication command and control center.
Intels is operating above the law due to its political influence – NPA Boss
The MD of the NPA has stated that Intels has been using its political influence to disregard government policies.
The Managing Director of the Nigerian Port Authority, Hadiza Bala-Usman has said that Integrated Logistics Services (Intels), has been using its political influence to operate outside of the legal framework of the Nigerian maritime regulations.
The NPA boss disclosed this in an interview with Arise TV on Thursday, in response to the contractual and TSA issues between the FG and Intels.
In her interview with Arise News, she said there is nothing political about the FG telling a company to pay what it owes to the TSA.
She said, "I don't see what is political about a company complying with TSA. So, if government says all revenue of government should go into the Treasury Single Account and a private company refuses to comply, and government says you must comply, what's political about that?
"In fact, who's being political here? it is Intels, which has always had political advantage and always difficult to get them to comply with government's directives. So, can we look at it that way, because I am curious as to what's political about the fact that your contract ended and the NPA is reclaiming back its service.
"How is it political that your contract ended on August 9 and government said now that your contract has ended, we will continue that service you rendered and pay that your sister company for any revenue that arises and you say 'No, I must be the service provider'. So, what's political about that?
She said the political angle to the dispute was caused by Intels' thinking that it is above regulatory scrutiny, because of its political influence.
"For me, what's even political is the fact that a company thinks it is above the law, because it has been using its own political influence to operate outside of the legal framework. So, we should be asking Intels why it's been political with its operations," she said.
She added that the Service Boats relationship was another added layer to the conflict between the FG and Intels, citing that Intels sued the FG to remain as 3rd party service provider for Service Boats.
"On Intels, we have layers of relations. The noncompliance to TSA after a lot of pushback, and now their contract relationship with us on Service Boats has expired.
"They have gone to court to request for them to remain as the 3rd party provider, which is ridiculous. You can't force government to allow you provide a service.
"Of course, we have another project to do with them regarding an amortization project. Revenues made from Service Boats is meant to pay for the amortization. But, the point is that Intels need not be the service provider for that service, to enable government repay them for that amortization.
"But of course, they have gone to court, and we are challenging it to ensure the FG gets value for their money," she added.
What you should know
- Nairametrics reported in 2018 that Ms. Hadiza Bala-Usman revealed how the revenue from the pilotage agreement between the Federal Government, Ports Authority, and Integrated Logistics Services was shared.
- According to Bala-Usman, the agreement allowed Intels to take 28 percent of the generated revenue for its services, while noting that the agreement was silent on the sharing formula for the 72 percent balance between Intels and NPA. This loophole made Intels remit arbitrary payments to the government through NPA at its discretion.
- Intels, in October 2017 had been drawn into a battle with the NPA over the termination of the pilotage agreement with the firm, based on advice by Abubakar Malami, the Attorney General of the Federation (AGF).
- The company had threatened legal action, but later backed down and made assurances that it would comply with the Treasury Single Account (TSA) rules. This led to the issuance of ultimatum to Intels to pay $48million into the TSA.
- The NPA boss said the $48 million is the amount Intels ought to have remitted to the government between November 2016 and December 2017.
FIRS to commence recovery of all outstanding tax debts and penalties from January 1, 2021
The FIRS has stated that it shall recover all outstanding debt with penalties and interest from January 1, 2021.
The Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) has disclosed that its waivers on penalties and interest on outstanding taxes arising from desk examinations, audit exercises, investigations, or all other forms of tax assessment will close on December 31, 2020.
Hence, effective from January 1, 2021 the Service shall recover all outstanding debt with penalties and interest, in accordance with the provisions of the extant tax laws.
READ: NIPOST in disagreement with FIRS, says its stamp duty collection account is legal
READ: Why the FG should reverse 6% tenancy, lease stamp duty – NLC
This disclosure was made by Abdullahi Ismaila Ahmad, the Director of Communications and Liaison Department, Federal Inland Revenue Service, in a press release issued on December 2, 2020.
Consequently, the Executive Chairman, FIRS, Mr. Muhammad Nami, in a notice urged taxpayers to use the advantage of the remaining days of this month to settle their tax obligations in order to enjoy all subsisting waivers offered thereof by the Service.
READ: How N343.95 million got missing in Water Ministry
READ MORE: FIRS issues deadline for to obtain Tax Identification Number
The Executive Chairman in the reminder notice tagged "Public Notice on the Recovery of Outstanding Taxes from Taxpayers", disclosed that FIRS in recent times, has issued a series of palliatives for the waivers of penalties and interest on outstanding taxes.
He explained that the Service had noticed that some taxpayers are yet to take advantage of the palliative windows opened to cushion the effect of the challenges of the economy on taxpayers.
READ: Taxes you should be aware of before starting a business in Nigeria
Mr. Nami, however, called the attention of taxpayers to the last window of opportunity for the waiver of outstanding penalties and interest on all taxes collectible by the Federal Inland Revenue Service, which will close on 31st December 2020.
READ: These may be reasons Fowler couldn't retain FIRS seat
What they are saying
Mr. Muhammad Nami, in the reminder notice, said:
"The Service has observed that some taxpayers are yet to take advantage of the palliative windows opened to cushion the effect of the challenges of the economy on taxpayers.
READ: Nigeria's records 6.1 percent tax to GDP as tax base for VAT rise to N23.7 trillion
"Furthermore, the Service wishes to put all taxpayers on notice that the last window of opportunity for the waiver of outstanding penalties and interest on all taxes collectible by the Federal Inland Revenue Service shall close on 31st December 2020.
"Consequently, all concerned taxpayers are hereby put on notice that after the expiration date of 31st December 2020, the Service shall recover all outstanding debt with penalties and interest, in accordance with the provisions of the extant tax laws such as 'the power of substitution' conferred on it by Section 31 of the Federal Inland Revenue Service (Establishment) Act 2007."


text: BBC: 'Thanksgiving To Go': Americans splash out on takeaways. "As officials warn against travel and in some places bar gatherings of more than 10 people due to the pandemic, the limits have raised questions about the impact on Thanksgiving, normally one of the biggest holidays in the US and a generator of billions of dollars in travel and food sales. Among poultry producers, the likelihood that smaller gatherings this year could loosen loyalty to the traditional turkey dinner has raised fears of a surplus of the fowl, especially of larger birds."

subset: commoncrawl


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Today you can easily possess a website creator www.websitebuildermagazine.com/ for virtually just about anything- coming from crowdfunding projects to dog hamster fan pages. However, for some reason, a lot of small companies have been sluggishto acquire internet, even thoughwebsites have been around for over 25 years!
Fortunately, the number of business withexpert internet sites is improving continuously, from a relative handful 10 years ago to concerning two-thirds today (the amounts vary, depending on the country and study you consider). Yet that still leaves behind lots of businesses behind the amount of times. What is actually the trouble?
In questionnaires, numerous business owners claim they do not have the skill-sets, the time, or even the cashto develop a company website. But a surprising number claim that their organisation doesn't need a website, either due to the fact that it is actually certainly not needed, or even given that they make use of social networking sites rather.
That's why this blog post is going to examine some certain reasons that your local business ought to possess its very own website. If you're a small business owner who is actually still unclear, continue reading!
Why possess a website? Our leading main reasons:
A qualified website complies withcustomer requirements:
Now especially, your clients count on to be capable to discover relevant information about your firm online. In fact, the majority of consumers currently researchonline just before they make a purchase, even thoughit's to acquire one thing from their neighborhood store. If you do not possess a website, you're delivering an information that your company is actually stuck in the Dark Ages, or that you are actually certainly not thinking about locating new customers- as well as neither of these are information that you possibly wishto be delivering.
They don't require a considerable amount of information or an intricate, multi-page encyclopedia regarding you. Only a couple of basic pages are commonly sufficient, as long as it possesses general relevant information that's modified to their requirements as well as incredibly effortless to discover. And, most significantly, it should be actually correct and also updated, considering that out of date facts is among individuals's best peeve when it involves using local area company websites.
You can control relevant information and branding:
User reviews and remarks are actually wonderful, however shouldn't you possess the final say about what details regarding your provider is presented to the general public? Possessing a website for your provider immediately develops an official presence on the net to ensure you do not have to depend upon others speaking for you. And also you can easily make it look exactly the way you wish, along withyour own logo design, shades, as well as fonts.
A website is even more budget-friendly than traditional advertising:
Many business rely upon YellowishWeb page advertisements and also listings to obtain their name available. Nobody is actually heading to tell them to remove their lists, however is actually purchasing an advertisement in the ever-shrinking as well as more and more pricey directory the most effective use of funds? Website costs are lowering yearly and possess a greater grasp.
A website is actually simpler to maintain to date:
If you made an effort a website years ago, you might possess some negative moments from the expertise. It most likely took full weeks or months for a programmer to create it, and after that you couldn't make any modifications yourself. Easy points like upgrading establishment hrs might take for good, thus your info was obsoleted. As well as altering different colors or even uploading pictures? Best of luck!
Today it could not be a lot more different. WithJimdo, all you require to do is actually log in to your website as well as select the part you wishto transform. You'll be able to revise text, add photographes, or even improvement aspect of your style. Making updates is so effortless, you can also do it coming from your phone using our iphone as well as Android Apps.
You may find existing as well as possible customers:
Not just are every one of these people able to observe your website, but they can likewise interact withyou by means of it. Utilizing email, call kinds, visitor books, and also chat apps, you can speak along withclients from the opposite side of the world, receive reviews about your new products and services, or even ship orders 1000s of miles away. As well as folks might pertain to your website coming from all various areas, utilizing internet searchengine or Google.com Maps.
A company website amounts the playing field:
Althoughthe spending plans and venture extents vary, there is no genuine difference in between the website of a Luck 500 company and that of a consultant functioning coming from the chair in their living-room. A tidy and also professional looking website entirely amounts the arena as you can present your own self and also your business any way that you suchas. If your provider manages to aid fulfill the needs of a consumer, why do they require to recognize if your group is actually 3 individuals or 300?
Performs my business require a website if I'm on social media?
Lots of entrepreneur think that possessing a social media account for their company is enough. Possibly you presently have a Facebook page and some respectable testimonials on social media sites (or at the very least no one has contacted you the "worst bistro ever before"). That is actually fantastic.
But there are some troubles throughthis technique. First, you'll always depend on the social networking sites platform you choose. Protocols change, policies change, and also what's operating one day may certainly not work a couple of full weeks coming from now (as many organisations who relied on Facebook have just recently found out). If you have a website, it belongs to you, and also you control the web content as well as the message. Part of the reason you started your very own business is actually to ensure you don't need to observe other people's rules- so why will you just do what a social networks platform informs you to?
Trends modify, as well. If your customers get on Twitter today, they might be on Snapchat or a brand new system that none people have also become aware of tomorrow. As individuals switchover from one tool to the upcoming, your website works as a support. Whatever platform clients like, they can consistently discover your website in the very same spot, offered to every person.
Final thought: every service needs to have a website
The case for possessing a website creator in today's world is very strong. Nearly all your business evaluated claimed they planned to have a website due to the conclusion of the year. Are you part of this team? Make it a truthby making a Jimdo website today, and view how very easy it is actually!


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Music producer with a tireless impulse to absorb and discover things in the world around me, across every field and discipline, and use them as ingredients for new music.
Electric guitar and piano.
Fl studio, logic
pop smoke, 88 glam
too many
Everything around me
cosmic trap
Live on a self sustainable farm and grow pot.


text: Top NewsCWG 2018 Live, Day 9 Live Updates: KT Irfan, Rakesh Babu sent home for breach of no needle p. Both teams playing their second game of hte Tri-Series. Australia: Steve Smith , David Warner , Pat Cummins, Aaron Finch, Josh Hazlewood, Travis Head, Mitch. " The Australian battled right until the end but Osaka produced four huge shots in a row to wi. It's an amazing opportunity and I think he's looked back at this year and previous years. Also, the home side will be keen to seek revenge as they had faced a 2-0 drubbing from Bengaluru in Bengaluru on November 19. "I was always confident I could win the match and knew I had to aim to bat the full 50 overs. ecuring victory by getting down low to dig out a sublime crosscourt forehand winner. "I think the first set was very close but I needed to step up and be more aggressive," the tall 25-year-old said in the on-court interview. good old fashioned poor form but has rallied with seven straight wins to start 2018.


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Blue Groove Media has grown from our love of the RC racing hobby and photography/videography!
We currently work with the Southern Off-Road Series to produce video and other content related to the annual multi-state RC off-road racing series. From creating a bi-weekly show "Inside the SOS" to highlight videos and photos of the action from each race. We are also working with a new soon to be released FPV quad racing channel on YouTube.
We also have produced graphic design and promotional multimedia sources for other companies and sports. If you are looking for help creating a logo, promotional video or any other multimedia forms, let us know how we can help and we'll take it from there!!
For examples of our work see below or check our channel out on YouTube @BlueGrooveMedia.
Here is a promo intro video I did for Gary Solesbee and his drag racing team Solesbee Speedwerks!!


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I hugged her, and her head tilted up and kissed me with passion. I noticed no bra strap and also ran my fingers down her back through the material, farther down along with no panties either. Or at least not that I really could tell so I slid it and completely engulfed one bum cheek in my hand and squeezed, she pushed me away and said, " Hey Tiger, can not you wait? " " Hmm perhaps. C'mon in" As she turned off Icouldn't help noticing that her nipples were visibly straining against the flimsy fabric of the dress and standing up fairly proudly also. I followed her online dating 2018 Middle Island New York the hall, watching the delightful sway of her hips which made her butt cheeks slide down and up I was quite firm. She turned and turned and moved directly to venture up the staircase instead of directly on to the kitchen. What can I do? I followed and smiled.
She loves me more than anyone else and we are soul mates and might want to devote the rest of her life. I told her I already have a brand new girlfriend which is true( we've been dating for about a month now) and she said it isn't important because she is convinced nobody can take her place in my entire life and that I should take her back.
A first date is all about getting to know someone not about just how much money is spent and better. Truth be told is a backdrop. If you are with somebody whom you have no chemistry with, dining in a five- star restaurant won't result in a second date.
Judgy Guy was super extreme and wished to continuously talk about spirituality and philosophy and. . . ( yawn) ! Middle Island NY online dating russian brides's a time and a Middle Island NY hookers pick up for all these things, and that I absolutely love talking these topics- - although maybe not all the time! What happened to having some fun? He kept insisting spending time made him feel pumped up as I'd no local latina teen sluts tinder Middle Island NY in me and on how spiritual he had been. And when I messaged him stating I had been having a glass of wine before the TV he gave me a lecture about drinking on my own. We had, I felt judged. Obviously we've only had one single date.
DATING AFTER DIVORCE when the ink is still damp on their own divorce decrees, it's quite common for people to rush into relationships that are intense. Marriages are statistically the marriages that are most likely to end in a different divorce, especially when there are children in the house.
Jealousy Jealousy is a subject that often includes my customers, especially as they utilize" Inquire Within. " It is fear of loss /rejection a complex and complex mix of emotions which range from fear, betrayal, loneliness, depression, anxiety, or fear of inadequacy. And as Cacilda Jethá &Christopher Ryan point out jealousy is rooted in our fears.
Don't make your anything which may come back to bite at you! Aside from that, I wouldn't attach too much importance to it. Do you put much weight on the username of a girl? I doubt it! Should you care much? Not actually in my own opinion.
Step Four: Take it! Remember that all your Facebook relations are virtual, and don't actually exist in fact. It's up to you to bring these connections to life, with all events which it is possible to ways to meet local sluts free Middle Island folks to. Folks will just wander around Facebook and never take any relationship they have online in reality. This is where you come in.
When you speak to your partner, your speech is straightforward, clear, and unambiguous. There's message in communication or no Middle Island; its objective is rather simply local tumblr sluts Middle Island a dialogue with your spouse and give or to get information. It involves the two- way sharing of thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a manner that contributes to solutions.
Some people can't handle this. They snap. They send out great deals of foolish messages. This is an overall wild- goose chase. On- line dating is simply a numbers video game. Move on if a discussion doesn't pan out. Don't take it individual. You just have to approve that the other person felt it had not been an excellent suit.
Lisa C, for feedback, her friendship and encouragement skills along with the laughs. ( Mr S! ) Harriet S, for being an amazing PT and giving me the encouragement and knowhow to get healthy and feel fab.
Set yourself up for success by simply listening to a playlist of songs that inspires and encourages you. Do this while getting prepared, and while traveling to a destination. Our nation really changes, and it is a jumpstart as soon as your confidence needs a boost.
Individuals would like to learn about your mood in life, and your profile outline must reflect joyful thoughts and thoughts, positive values, and also a good perspective towards life, relationships and people. Nobody wants to date someone who is more focused on how a connection can go wrong and how it will end before it even started.
Why are women attracted to guys who play recreational sports with their friends, have social networks, or play with a group? Possessing a fantastic social network is a signal you will be a fun it shows that you have abilities that are social that are capable. Sports signs thatyou're healthy, in shape, and like to stay busy. Playing an instrument shows you follow through and may set your mind into learning something brand new- - it shows creativity, competence, and persistence. Granted, those are just three examples out of a million, but the purpose is clear: being proactive and DOING things- - and doing them well- - is attractive to girls. As Joe Rogan crudely put it into one of his current podcasts: I approach tasks from an area of confidence because I've put in the time to get good at them, however there are some areas that I would not necessarily flourish. I don't mind rocking the Karaoke, but you won't find me auditioning for American Idol.
Consider this: why do nice girls date" bad boys? " Because boys trigger powerful emotions inside of girls. Women literally get addicted that they are given by boys, and the relationship could be filled with beer and hookers drama- - although she may be mistreated by him and cheat on her. Middle Island prostitutes near me of the reasons that boys are like crack cocaine is they aren't needy. They're independent, they do their own thing, along with other ladies find them desired( which makes the girls they're with desire to cling to them even tougher) .
At the end of the afternoon it is a numbers game and once you follow the directions outlined here and start meeting women you will click with someone rather than later. The more you do this, the greater your odds are so it is up to you to get off your backside and site to view local sluts Middle Island NY putting this stuff into practice and the more confident you Middle Island texting dating apps become.
Second, friends members and my loved ones knew I had been on a dating site. Four- Month- Guy was known about by them- - had met him. They did not know I had broken off with him I'd been too embarrassed about what they would believe; they'd been leery of this idea of their online dating in the first location. What would they think to hear I was with someone else? ( I later learned that they wanted was for me to be happy- - that the progression of things did not local sluts who like to fuck Middle Island. ) Was I on the hookers sucking dick? Did this man- - fooling myself into thinking he could be different from F- M- G blinds me? There was the connection I felt. It came from.
Why didn't I call him, she inquired? Because, uh, I hadn't even thought to street hookers pictures a contact number. Icouldn't even Middle Island NY local sluts in stockings Cheesecake Factory to see since I did not have his name if there were bookings. He had been only" Dave. " Lesson learned, another of the very many that I had a sense waited to be acquired.
Notwithstanding their capacity to do things, I have also even seen doddering old male grandpas able to hold themselves upright creating a effort to maintain an hefty door open for a lady body.
Just take the time, whether talking it out with yourself, or with a trusted friend, to determine what you want, what you do not want, and it will change your life once what you really do need comes to maneuver.
Right here are some conversation starter question ideas for your first date: " What do you like to do in your extra time? " " What do you especially take pleasure in about that? " " If you could take place a dream holiday, anywhere in the globe, where would it be and also what would you do? " By asking these inquiries you will create your day to remember pleasurable past experiences and also share them with you.
My name is Ray. I definitly enjoyed it and came across your profile. Anymore pics? Have a look at my profile and if you prefer Id definitly enjoy hearing from you. By the way, you are extremely hot! - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Loser: hi there. im jeff. Is island to far for someone in boston? lol. Im sending this to compliment. Really beautiful. Truely magnificent. Best of luck on here Aww thanks to you! I'm not interested though, sorry.
Before we go deeper, I would like you to truly understand what it is that you are searching for. For determines the practice of howyou're going to find it, because what you are really looking. And just like they say, What you seek is looking for you. You are not gon na find love lined up in your door if you are seeking to get laid, but you may find a great deal of lasvegas convention hookers Middle Island NY instead. You knocked out, or might get knocked up. Ifyou're going out looking for local sluts, you are also going to encounter. The sport of searching for love will be like attempting to cross a freeway, without understanding the basics, without knowing what it is that you are looking for. And I hate to use the word" game" but for so many individuals, it's a baseball game. However, I would like you to keep in mind that Middle Island the lowliest piece can still checkmate.
The harsh reality is this! Here is the seatac hilltops hookers Middle Island: By saying and doing the right things, not only will you get noticed by your dream woman, but she will even begin to feel for you in confident emotional feelings, and also start feeling heights of attraction towards you! For you to consider, but before we look at this, here is an essential question: What's it all about your Middle Island NY online dating for disabled girl that makes you want her? Since I really like her Since she is amazing; because I fancy her; or even worse do not say anything easy like! Think about your answer.


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Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry
Print version ISSN 1516-4446
Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. vol.34 supl.2 São Paulo Oct. 2012
The endocannabinoid system and its role in schizophrenia: a systematic review of the literature
Rodrigo FerretjansI; Fabrício A. MoreiraI,II; Antônio L. TeixeiraI,III; João V. SalgadoI,IV,V
INeurosciences Post-Graduation Program, Pharmacology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
IIPharmacology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
IIIInternal Medicine Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
IVMorphology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
VInstituto Raul Soares, Hospital Foundation of the State of Minas Gerais (Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, FHEMIG), Brazil
OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder whose mechanisms have remained only partially elucidated. The current proposals regarding its biological basis, such as the dopaminergic hypothesis, do not fully explain the diversity of its symptoms, indicating that other processes may be involved. This paper aims to review evidence supporting the involvement of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a neurotransmitter group that is the target of Cannabis sativa compounds, in this disorder.
METHODS: A systematic review of original papers, published in English, indexed in PubMed up to April, 2012.
RESULTS: Most studies employed genetics and histological, neuroimaging or neurochemical methods - either in vivo or post-mortem - to investigate whether components of the ECS are compromised in patients. Overall, the data show changes in cannabinoid receptors in certain brain regions as well as altered levels in endocannabinoid levels in cerebrospinal fluid and/or blood.
CONCLUSIONS: Although a dysfunction of the ECS has been described, results are not entirely consistent across studies. Further data are warrant to better define a role of this system in schizophrenia.
Descriptors: Schizophrenia; Cannabis; Endocannabinoids; Antipsychotics.
Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric disorder consisting of a diversity of clinical features, which have been grouped as positive, negative and cognitive symptoms.1,2 The pharmacological approach for its treatment is quite limited and consists mainly of antipsychotic compounds, which are not effective in all the dimensions of this disorder . Almost all of these drugs share a common mechanism of action, which is the antagonism of dopamine receptors.3
The biological basis of schizophrenia has been extensively studied and discussed. Based on the mechanisms of antipsychotic medications and other pieces of evidence, the prevalent view is that its symptoms could result from a dysfunction in the dopaminergic neurotransmission, the so called dopaminergic hypothesis.4,5 There are, however, clear limitations for this hypothesis, as it does not properly explain the complexity of symptoms and its clinical heterogeneity. Apart from dopamine, there are other neurotransmitters that are also in focus, such as serotonin and glutamate.6,7
More recently, there has been investigation as to whether the endocannabinoid system (ECS) might be involved in schizophrenia. This neurotransmitter system is named after the herb Cannabis sativa ("marijuana"), known as one of the most consumed drugs of abuse. Its main active compound is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the prototype of a class of compounds called cannabinoids. Other major natural cannabinoids are cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol. The ECS comprises the receptors for the cannabinoids, thus termed cannabinoid type-1 and type-2 receptors (CB1-R and CB2-R); their endogenous ligands, such as arachydonoyl ethanolamide (AEA, also known as anandamide), 2-arachydonoyl glycerol (2-AG), palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA) and oleoyl ethanolamida (OEA), collectively termed endocannabinoids (eCBs); and the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and catabolism. Anandamide and 2-AG are metabolized by the enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacyl glycerol lipase (MAGL), respectively.8,9 A schematic view of the proposed functioning of the ECS is depicted in Figure 1.
The chronic use of cannabis has been pointed as a possible factor leading to psychosis, more specifically schizophrenia. Other comprehensive reviews have focused on this possible link.10,11,12 The aim of the present paper is to review the literature addressing a putative role of the ECS in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
A search in PubMed database was performed with the terms: "genetic", "central nervous system", "cerebrospinal fluid" (CSF), "serum", "plasma", "blood", "neuroimaging", "PET scan", "fMRI", "post-mortem", individually crossed with "endocannabinoid system", "endocannabinoids", "anandamide", "2-AG", "2-arachidonoyl-glycerol", "cannabinoid receptors", "CNR1", "CB1R", "cannabinoid receptor 2", "CNR2", "CB2R" and "schizophrenia".
The inclusion criteria were: original papers; English language; studying changes of the ECS in schizophrenia (genetic variations in the components of the ECS, changes in cannabinoid receptors in the brain and changes in eCB levels in liquor or blood). ABSTRACTs from scientific meetings were also included. There was no limit for the year of publication, and the search included papers until April, 2012.
The search retrieved 90 articles, from which 22 were included. An Additional 9 articles were included based on references from these articles, totalling 31 articles on which the review was based. The remaining 68 articles were excluded for the following reasons: review papers (n = 19); studies with new radioligands for the cannabinoid receptor (n = 15); studies in animals (n = 7); studies investigating the effects of cannabis in healthy volunteers or schizophrenic patients (n = 10); studies evaluating the link between Cannabis sativa use and schizophrenia (n = 3); studies evaluating other outcomes from therapeutic interventions (n = 2); case report (n = 1); comment on an original paper (n = 1); and studies focusing on other disorders and conditions (n = 10).
The studies were divided according to three main strategies to approach the ECS in schizophrenia: investigation of polymorphisms, detection of cannabinoid receptors in brain regions and measurement of eCB levels in CSF or blood.
Genetic variations in the components of the ECS
Genetic variations related to the components of the ECS have been investigated in several studies. Most of them focused on the relationship between polymorphisms of the CNR1 gene, which encodes for CB1-R, and schizophrenia. This gene is located in the 6q14-q15 chromossomic region, which has been identified as a locus for schizophrenia susceptibility.13
The first studies evaluating the relationship between CNR1 variations and schizophrenia obtained negative results (Table 1). Tsai et al.14 did not find any link between the (AAT)n triple repeat (AL136096) polymorphism and schizophrenia in a study comparing 127 Chinese patients with schizophrenia and 146 healthy controls. Leroy et al.15 evaluated a distinct polymorphism from the same gene, 1359 G/A (rs1049353). These authors also did not find any difference in the allele frequency or genotypic distribution between 102 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 63 controls in a French Caucasian population. Likewise, Zammit et al.16 did not find any relation between this same polymorphism and schizophrenia in 750 patients as compared to 688 controls in a British population. Seifert et al.17 evaluated the association of three polymorphisms from the CNR1 (1359 G/A (rs1049353), (AAT)n triple repeat (AL136096) and rs6454674) with schizophrenia in 104 patients and 140 controls in a German population, but did not find differences between these groups. There was a tendency towards a lower frequency of the (AAT)10 allele in patients, although the result did not reach statistical significance, possibly due to the low sample size. Hamdani et al.18 also studied the 1359 G/A (rs1049353) polymorphism and, again, did not find any association with schizophrenia in 133 patients as compared to 141 controls in a French population. Despite the negative result, this work did find a higher frequency of the G allele in patients with refractory schizophrenia, which could mean that the 1359 G/A polymorphism would not be related to vulnerability for this disorder, but rather to a response to antipsychotic drugs. In addition, the differences between three other polymorphisms (rs806368, rs806379 and rs806380) were analysed between patients refractory or responsive to antipsychotic treatment, but no association was found. Finally, Morita et al.19 investigated a possible relationship between the Pro129Thr (rs324420) polymorphism of the FAAH gene and schizophrenia. No difference was found in a group of 260 patients with schizophrenia (127 paranoids, 127 hebephrenics and 6 not classified) as compared to 63 controls in a Japanese population, regardless of the disorder subtype.
Contrasting these negative results, other studies point to an association between variations in the CNR1 gene and schizophrenia. Ujike et al.20 compared 242 patients (110 paranoids and 128 hebephrenics) with 296 healthy controls in a Japanese population, in relation to the (AAT)n triple repeat polymorphism (AL136096), and found a difference in the allelic frequency in hebephrenics versus controls (higher frequency for the (AAT)9 allele and lower for (AAT)17). In the same study, another group of 116 patients and 137 controls were evaluated for differences in 1359 G/A (rs1049353) polymorphism, but no differences were found. Some of these results were replicated by Martínez-Gras et al.21 that found a lower frequency of the (AAT)10 allele (allele 4) in 113 patients with schizophrenia in comparison to 111 controls in a Spanish population. Chavarría-Siles et al.22 compared 244 patients with schizophrenia, without subtype classification, to 66 patients of the hebephrenic subtype and did not find an association between the (AAT)n triple repeat polymorphism (AL136096) and patients with schizophrenia in general, but, similar to Ujike et al.,20 they observed an effect for patients of the hebephrenic subtype (lower frequency of the (AAT)10 allele). These data reflect the pathophysiologic heterogeneity of schizophrenia and suggest that variations in the CNR1 gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of specific subtypes of this disorder.
Tiwari et al.23 evaluated 20 polymorphisms of the CNR1 gene in 183 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder that were on antipsychotic treatment and found higher allelic frequency (allele T) of the rs806378 polymorphism on those patients that gained more weight while using clozapine or olanzapine, which suggests that this genetic variation relates to susceptibility to antipsychotic-induced weight gain.
Ho et al.24 evaluated interactions between CNR1 polymorphisms, cannabis use, cerebral volume and cognitive function in an interesting study. They compared 52 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder with cannabis abuse/dependency and 183 patients without cannabis use and observed smaller frontotemporal white matter (WM) volumes in those that smoked cannabis. Besides that, patients with rs12720071 polymorphism (G allele) had lower WM volumes than those with the A allele. Those with the G allele that used cannabis had even lower WM volumes. Patients with rs7766029 (C allele) and rs9450898 (C allele) had lower WM volumes than those with the T allele. In the cognitive battery, patients with rs12720071 (G allele) had worse results on processing speed/attention and problem-solving tests. Results on problem-solving tests were even worse in those G allele carriers that smoked cannabis. Those results suggest that the use of cannabis in association with specific CNR1 genotypes can contribute to alterations in WM and cognitive deficits in a subgroup of schizophrenic patients, which favors the hypothesis that genetic and environmental factors work together to determine the phenotypic expression in schizophrenia.
Only one study focused on variations in the CNR2 gene (which encodes CB2-R) in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Ishiguro et al.25 evaluated differences in the allelic frequencies of five CNR2 polymorphisms (rs9424339, rs2502959, rs2501432 (R63Q), rs2229579 (H316T) and rs12744386), comparing 1920 patients with schizophrenia to 1920 controls in a Japanese population. The authors found an association of the polymorphisms rs2501432 (R63Q) and rs12744386 with the disorder. This result supports the hypothesis that variations in the CNR2 gene may participate in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
To summarize, most studies refer to (AAT)n triple repeat (AL136096) and 1359 G/A (rs1049353) polymorphisms of the CNR1 gene. Among the studies evaluating the (AAT)n triple repeat (AL136096) polymorphism, one found an association with schizophrenia,21 two found associations with schizophrenia of the hebephrenic subtype20,22 and two did not find any associations between the polymorphism and the disorder.14,17 Among those evaluating the 1359 G/A (rs1049353)15-18,20 polymorphism, no study found any association. The only study evaluating variations in the CNR2 gene25 observed a relationship between two polymorphisms with schizophrenia. The polymorphisms Pro129Thr (rs324420) of the FAAH gene; rs6454674 of the CNR1 gene; as well as rs9424339, rs2502959 and rs2229579 (H316T) of the CNR2 gene did not seem to have any association with the disorder.
Changes in cannabinoid receptors in the brain
Another strategy employed by several authors to investigate the role of the ECS in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia focuses on the determination of the levels of CB1-R in certain brain regions possibly related to this disorder. This has been performed either in post-mortem or in vivo studies. Post-mortem studies evaluated the density of CB1-R through three main methods: radio-ligand binding assays, immunohistochemistry or polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas in vivo studies employed neuroimaging techniques. These studies are summarized in Table 2.
The first post-mortem study with a radioligand was conducted by Dean et al.,26 who investigated differences in the levels of [3H] CP-55940 binding (a CB1-R agonist) in area 9 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), caudato-putamen and hippocampus of 14 patients with schizophrenia and 14 controls. The authors detected an increase of CB1-R density in the dlPFC of the patients, a result not related to cannabis consumption. There was no difference in other brain regions. In addition, Dalton et al.27 evaluated the density of CB1-R in another area of the dlPFC (area 46) with the same ligand and found an increase in the density of this receptor in patients with paranoid schizophrenia (n = 16) as compared to controls (n = 37). Zavitsanou et al.28 focused on the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) using the CB1-R antagonist [3H]-SR141716A in 10 patients with schizophrenia versus 10 controls, describing an increase in CB1-R density. Newell et al.29 also found an increase in CB1-R expression in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), as revealed by the CB1-R agonist [3H]-CP-55940 in eight patients and eight controls. Finally, Deng et al.30 evaluated differences in [3H]-SR141716A binding in the superior temporal gyrus (STG), a brain region proposed to be particularly involved in the auditory hallucinations. However, they did not find any difference between patients (n = 8) and controls (n = 8).
Four post-mortem studies employed different techniques to measure CB1-R density. Through imunohistochemistry, Koethe et al.31 did not find differences in the ACC of patients with schizophrenia in relation to their controls (n = 15 per group). However, Eggan et al.32 observed a reduction in CB1-R in the dlPFC (area 9), as revealed by protein and mRNA expression of 23 patients and equal number of controls. Likewise, Urigüen et al.33 found reduced CB1-R protein expression (though not mRNA) in this same region in a sample of 31 young patients as compared to 33 controls. Finally, Eggan et al.34 also evaluated CB1-R density in dlPFC, area 46, in two cohorts of patients and controls. In the first, comprising the same group from their previous study, they found reduction in CB1-R density in this brain region. In the second cohort, comprising 14 patients with schizophrenia, 14 with major depression and 14 controls, there was also a reduction in CB1-R density in schizophrenia as compared to controls, as well as to the major depression group.
Regarding in vivo studies, there were two investigating the levels of CB1-R in brain through neuroimaging methods. Wong et al.35 employed PET scan to evaluate receptor expression in several brain areas (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital and cingulated cortices; fusiform gyrus, hippocampus, insula, putamen, caudate nucleus, globe pallidum, thalamus, cerebellum and pons) of 10 patients and equal number of controls. They found a significant increase in receptor expression only in the pons. There was also a tendency in this direction in most of the other regions (except for the fusiform gyrus and the cerebellum). In addition, they found that CB1-R expression correlated directly with positive symptoms and inversely with negative. Ceccarini et al.36 also employed PET scan to evaluate the levels of the receptor in three brain areas (nucleus accumbens, insula and ACC) of 49 patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics, 9 untreated patients and 12 controls. They observed an increase in CB1-R density in the nucleus accumbens, regardless treatment status and an increase in the insula and ACC in treated patients in relation to controls.
To summarize, studies measuring CB1-R expression in schizophrenia yield contradictory results. Five of them evaluated the dlPFC (three focusing on area 9 and two on 46). In area 9, one found an increase26 and two, a decrease32,33 in schizophrenia. Regarding area 46, one found an increase27 and other a decrease.34 In the ACC, two studies observed higher CB1-R levels,28,36 whereas another did not find any difference between patients and controls.31 Otherwise, there was an increase in the PCC,29 pons,35 nucleus accumbens and insula.36 No differences were observed in caudato-putamen, hippocampus26 and STG.30
Changes in endocannabinoid levels in CSF and blood
In addition to changes in the ECS in brain regions, studies described altered levels of eCBs in the CSF and blood collected from patients. The eight studies retrieved by our search are summarized in Table 3.
Four of them measured the levels of eCBs in the CSF. Leweke et al.37 focused on the levels of AEA and PEA in 10 patients with schizophrenia and 11 controls and found increased levels of AEA in patients. In another study, Giuffrida et al.38 measured AEA, PEA and OEA in four groups: 47 patients with untreated first episode of paranoid schizophrenia; 71 paranoid patients undergoing antipsychotic treatment (36 typical and 35 atypical); 22 patients with mood disorders and 13 patients with dementia syndrome. The levels of AEA were increased, whereas PEA was reduced in the first group of patients. Both eCBs were increased in patients under treatment with atypical antipsychotic. In patients with schizophrenia treated with typical antipsychotic, in those with mood disorders or those with dementia there were no changes in the levels of AEA as compared to controls. The levels of OEA in patients with untreated first episode of paranoid schizophrenia did not differ from controls. Noteworthy, there was a negative correlation between the levels of AEA in the CSF in patients with schizophrenia and the symptoms (as revealed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, PANSS), suggesting that AEA may represent a modulatory response against the hyperdopaminergic state characteristic of schizophrenia.
In order to evaluate the effects of cannabis consumption on the levels of eCBs, in the CSF, Leweke et al.39 measured the levels of AEA, PEA and OEA in 44 patients with schizophrenia and 81 controls, both being divided in subgroups accordingly to high or low cannabis consumption. The authors detected a higher level of AEA in the CSF in patients who consumed less cannabis as compared to those who used it frequently as well as to the controls. The levels of other eCBs were not altered. There was a negative correlation between the levels of AEA in the CSF and the PANSS score, but only in the low consumption patient subgroup. The authors suggested that heavy cannabis use by subjects with a hyperactive ECS may down-regulate AEA signalling in the central nervous system and disrupt the eCB modulation over the dopaminergic system.39
Koethe et al.40 tested the hypothesis that the increase in eCBs in schizophrenia could be detected in the early stages of the disorder. Thus, they measured the levels of AEA and OEA in 27 psychotic patients in the prodromic phase and 81 controls. The levels of AEA, but not OEA were increased in the patients. Again, there was an inverse correlation between the PANSS score, although only with the cognitive dimensions. Patients in prodromic stage with higher levels of AEA in the CSF tend to develop less psychosis, supporting the hypothesis that the ECS might exert a modulatory role upon the dopaminergic system that, in turn, protect against positive symptoms. Giuffrida et al.,38 Leweke et al.39 and Koethe et al.40 also measured the levels of AEA, PEA and OEA in the blood (serum), but did not observe differences in relation to controls. By contrast Yao et al.41 measured AEA and 2-AG in 17 untreated first episode patients with schizophrenia, 20 stable patients and 20 controls. They observed an increase in AEA in the first group in relation to controls, and reduced levels of 2-AG in relation to stable patients. Shwarz et al.42 measure fatty acid amides (FAAs, a class of lipids that include the eCBs) in 70 untreated patients with paranoid schizophrenia, 74 patients with paranoid schizophrenia undergoing antipsychotic therapy (34 with atypical and 40 with typical antipsychotic), 37 patients with mood disorders and 59 controls. They observed that the levels of FAAs were increased in untreated patients with schizophrenia in relation to controls and that these levels were normalized in patients treated with typical, but not atypical antipsychotic.
Finally, two studies evaluated the blood levels of eCBs before and after treatment with antipsychotics. De Marchi et al.43 measured AEA and mRNA for FAAH, for CB1-R and for CB2-R in the blood of 12 patients with schizophrenia presenting acute psychosis and 20 controls. Before treatment, AEA levels were higher in patients, but after olanzapine treatment and improvement in positive symptoms in 5 patients, AEA levels were similar to controls. There was also a reduction in FAAH and CB2-R mRNA, but not CB1-R mRNA. Potvin et al.44 tested the hypothesis that quetiapine could help to reduce drug abuse in patients with schizophrenia through modulation of the ECS. They quantified the levels of AEA, 2-AG, PEA and OEA in 27 addicted patients with schizophrenia and 17 controls. Before treatment, the levels of AEA, PEA and OEA, but not 2-AG, were increased. After 12 weeks on quetiapine treatment, there was a reduction in drug abuse and improvement in positive, negative and depressive symptoms, but no reduction in AEA, PEA or OEA levels.
In summary, four studies detected an increase in the levels of AEA in the CSF.37-40 Regarding measures in the blood, three also reached this result,41,43,44 whereas other three did not find any difference.38,39,40 The levels of 2-AG in the blood were found to be reduced in one study41 and unchanged in another.44 The levels of OEA in the CSF did not differ from controls in two studies,38,39 although in the blood they were either higher44 or unchanged.39,40 One study found that the levels of PEA in the CSF were increased in patients receiving atypical antipsychotics and reduced in the untreated.38 Other studies found that the blood levels were either increased44 or unchanged.40 The treatment with atypical antipsychotics was inversely correlated with the levels of AEA in the blood in two studies,38,43 but another one did not find any change.44 As for typical AP, their use changed AEA and FAAs to levels similar to controls.38,42
The present systematic review described the literature investigating changes in the ECS in patients suffering from schizophrenia. The original papers reviewed here studied genetic polymorphisms, the expression of cannabinoid receptors in specific brain regions and levels of eCBs in CSF or blood.
So far, it is difficult to draw any consistent theory on the role of the ECS in this major psychiatric disorder. Taking into account the acute effects of Cannabis sativa and cannabinoids, which induce psychotomimetic effects,45 and the epidemiologic evidence suggesting that chronic consumption of Cannabis may be a predisposing factor to schizophrenia,10,11,12 there is a rationale to link changes in the ECS to symptoms in this disorder. Indeed, an endocannabinoid hypothesis of schizophrenia has been proposed.46 Nonetheless, from the studies retrieved in our review, no clear picture has emerged.
This topic is relevant not only for theoretical reasons. The current pharmacological therapy of schizophrenia is limited to the antagonism of dopamine receptors, which presents limited efficacy and significant side effects.3 Thus, alternative pharmacological strategies must be pursued and one approach involves the characterization of other neurotransmitters systems affected in this disorder. Such a strategy has been put into practice, for instance, with the glutamate system. Based on the theory that schizophrenia might be related to a low functioning of glutamate, there have been attempts to develop drugs that enhance this neurotransmitter.6,7 As for the ECS, it has been investigated whether CB1-R antagonism induces antipsychotic effects, as a corollary to the psychotomimetic effects of cannabinoids, which activate this receptor. However, results to date have been mixed.47 Studies in experimental animals have also been inconsistent.48
In conclusion, despite several studies investigating changes in the ECS in schizophrenia, it remains uncertain whether a malfunctioning of this system would be consistently related to the disorder.
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39. Leweke FM, Giuffrida A, Koethe D, Schreiber D, Nolden BM, Kranaster L, Neatby MA, Schneider M, Gerth CW, Hellmich M, Klosterkötter J, Piomelli D. Anandamide levels in cerebrospinal fluid of first-episode schizophrenic patients: impact of cannabis use. Schizophr Res. 2007;94(1-3):29-36. [ Links ]
40. Koethe D, Giuffrida A, Schreiber D, Hellmich M, Schultze-Lutter F, Ruhrmann S, Klosterkötter J, Piomelli D, Leweke FM. Anandamide elevation in cerebrospinal fluid in initial prodromal states of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Apr;194(4):371-2. Erratum in: Br J Psychiatry. 2011; 198(6):495. [ Links ]
41. Yao JK, van Kammen DP, Reddy RD, Keshavan MS, Schmid PC, Berdyshev EV, Krebsbach RJ, Schmid HHO. Elevated endocannabinoids in plasma from patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2002;51:64S-65S. [ Links ]
42. Schwarz E, Whitfield P, Nahnsen S, Wang L, Major H, Leweke FM, Koethe D, Lio P, Bahn S. Alterations of primary fatty acid amides in serum of patients with severe mental illness. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2011;3:308-14. [ Links ]
43. De Marchi N, De Petrocellis L, Orlando P, Daniele F, Fezza F, Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoid signalling in the blood of patients with schizophrenia. Lipids Health Dis. 2003;2:5. [ Links ]
44. Potvin S, Kouassi E, Lipp O, Bouchard RH, Roy MA, Demers MF, Gendron A, Astarita G, Piomelli D, Stip E. Endogenous cannabinoids in patients with schizophrenia and substance use disorder during quetiapine therapy. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22(3):262-9. [ Links ]
45. D'Souza DC, Perry E, MacDougall L, Ammerman Y, Cooper T, Wu YT, Braley G, Gueorguieva R, Krystal JH. The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(8):1558-72. [ Links ]
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UK Healthcare Commission finds major gaps in antenatal scanning
This article was originally published in Clinica
Executive Summary
Four in every 10 NHS maternity services in England do not perform the recommended range of antenatal ultrasound scans and nine in every 10 do not meet current guidelines on Down's syndrome screening. So says the Health Commission (CHAI), following a review of 148 trusts, assessing performance against 25 quality and safety indicators. The review - "the most comprehensive ever" - was triggered by "serious concerns at a few hospitals".
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quality control of virgin coconut oil virgin coconut oil (vco) is the purest and finest grade of...
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Overview Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the purest and finest grade of coconut oil. By repute, it has hundreds of medicinal benefits and is used in many cosmetic and food preparations. VCO is increasingly gaining the reputation of being the most versatile oil, due to its myriad of uses.
Health Benefits Coconut oil is naturally rich in lauric acid, which is also found in high levels in breast milk. When ingested, lauric acid turns to monolaurin, a chemical compound which is believed to improve immunity against bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungus and other pathogens.
VCO also helps to increase the body's metabolic rate which can aid in weight loss and assists diabetics in regulating sugar. Apart from the regulation of sugar, VCO helps maintain proper functioning of the thyroid, preventing cancerous cells growth in the colon, skin, liver, and breast.
VCO can be administered in situations where patients have risk of high cholesterol levels. It also aids in fat soluble vitamin absorption and can help speed up healing from bruises, burns, cuts and can improve dry hair condition, lice infestations and dandruff problems while nourishing the skin and scalp. VCO also makes a good mouthwash and helps relieve sore throat, toothaches and cracked lips. Production Process The main difference between ordinary coconut oil and VCO is the process of extraction. VCO is produced using the cold process; as such no heat is applied during extraction. The absence of heat during extraction is very important, because this preserves the lauric acid and the medium chain triglycerides content of the oil.
VCO is extracted from mature coconuts without the
use of deodorization, heat, bleaching, additives or any other chemical
processing, making it natural.
Initially, coconuts are shelled followed by paring and dewatering. Pared coconuts
are then shredded through a coconut cutter with sieve plate.
Fresh coconut milk is extracted from the shredded coconut gratings using a screw/
hydraulic press. The coconut milk is subsequently filtered and passed through a high speed centrifuge in which the coconut oil gets separated from the coconut milk.
Color Appearance VCO is pure, hence it is transparent and almost water like in color. It also has a sweet coconut smell to it. Regular coconut oil on the other hand is yellowish in color.
Although VCO and regular coconut oil are slightly different, this difference cannot be made with the naked eye. This differentiation is largely due to the presence of certain colloidal particles and moisture within it.
Ideally, VCO should be clear as water. However, its color may change slightly depending on its manufacturing process.
Quality Control To test and quantify the clarity of the VCO, the transmitted color of the VCO can be determined by using a spectrophotometer that comes with a transmittance chamber. One such spectrophotometer is the CM-5 which can be used as a stand-alone model.
Calibration of the CM-5 is required, prior to any transmittance measurements. For 0% calibration, the zero calibration plate that comes with the instrument must be used and for 100% clear calibration, it uses a
Quality Control of Virgin Coconut Oil
10mm light path cuvette filled with pure distilled water. Steps would be shown on the CM-5 screen to guide users through the calibration process. After which, the 10mm light path cuvette can be filled with the VCO samples and placed into the transmittance chamber of the CM-5 using the necessary cell holder for measurements.
Cuvette in the transmittance chamber
An instrument setting of D65 illuminant and a standard observer of 10° is recommended for the measurements. Measurements of the production batches can then be compared to the reference VCO.
Quality Control of Virgin Coconut Oil
Below is a general guide on when to accept or reject a sample VCO. Do note that this is only a guide and the final acceptance data value still depends on individual producers and market preferences.
Color Data ΔEa*b* Accept / Reject Action
0.0 to 0.5 Accept Ready for packaging
0.51 & above Reject Reprocessing required
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