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26(1) 2009
ABSTRACT: Three species of otters, the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), the Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) and the Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea) have been recorded in Nepal. Baseline information on otters is not available for the majority of wetland sites within the country. Freshwater ecosystems, the preferred habitat for otters, are adversely affected by both human and natural causes. This paper provides an overview of research on otters in Nepal to date, the key findings and the ways forward.
BACKGROUNDNepal is situated on the southern slopes of the central Himalayas and occupies a totalarea of 147,181km2 between latitudes 26o22' and 30o27' N and longitudes 80o40' and88o12' E. The average length of the country is 885km from east to west and the widthvaries from 145km to 241km, with a mean of 193km north to south. Hills and highmountains cover about 86% of the total land area and the remaining 14% are theflatlands of the Terai, which are less than 300m in height. Altitude varies from some60m above sea level in the Terai to Mount Everest (Sagarmatha) at 8,848m, thehighest point in the world (HMGN/MFSC, 2002). According to Hagen (1998), Nepalhas seven physiographic zones, which are, from south to north: the Terai, SiwalikHills zone, Mahabharat Lekh, Midlands, Himalaya, Inner Himalaya, and the Tibetanmarginal mountains. The latest physiographic data shows that the total land area ofNepal comprises around 4.27 million hectares of forest (29% of total land area), 1.56million hectares of scrubland and degraded forest (10.6%), 1.7 million hectares ofgrassland (12%), 3.0 million hectares of farmland (21%), and about 1.0 millionhectares of uncultivated land (7%). A wide range of climatic conditions exists inNepal mainly as a result of altitudinal variation. This is reflected in the contrastinghabitats, vegetation, and fauna that exist in the country. The average annual rainfall inNepal is about 1600mm, but total precipitation differs in each eco-climatic zone. Theeastern region is wetter than the western region. In general, the average temperaturedecreases by 6oC for every 1,000m gain in altitude (Jha, 1992; HMGN/MFSC, 2002).
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provinces of Asia (the Sino-Japanese, Indian, western and central Asiatic, SoutheastAsiatic, and African Indian desert) creating a unique and rich terrestrial biodiversity(HMGN/MFSC, 2002).
Nepal hosts a great diversity of wetlands, which cover approximately five percent ofits total land area (DOAD, 1992). The ecological diversity of the wetland ecosystemsof Nepal is very great (Scott, 1989). The country has approximately 6,000 rivers andrivulets, including permanent and seasonal rivers, streams and creeks (IUCN Nepal,2004). The major perennial river systems that drain the country are the Mahakali,Karnali, Narayani, and Koshi Rivers, all of which originate in the Himalayas.Medium-sized rivers include the Babai, West Rapti, Bagmati, Kamla, Kankai, andMechi; these generally originate in the Mid-hills or in the Mahabharat range. TheTerai region has a large number of small and usually seasonal rivers, most of whichoriginate in the Siwalik Hills (HMGN/ADB/FINNIDA 1988). IUCN Nepal hasidentified 163 wetlands in 19 Terai districts covering 724,257 hectares (Bhandari,1998). An inventory carried out by the International Centre for Integrated MountainDevelopment and the United Nations Environment Programme listed 2,323 glaciallakes (75.70 km2) above 3,500 m. in Nepal. These include 182 lakes of 8 hectares ormore, and 2,141 with areas less than 8 hectares (Mool et al., 2002).
A total of 187 mammal species have been recorded in Nepal (Shrestha, 1997).Among these, 27 mammal species have been formally protected under the NationalParks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1973. Since then, the list of protected mammalshas not been revised. Thirteen otter species lives in the world, five of them inhabitingAsia. Nepal holds three species, the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), the Smooth-coatedotter (Lutrogale perspicillata) and the Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea)representing 1.6% of the mammals cited in the country. There is an important lack ofinformation on the status and ecology of otters in Nepal, and only a few preliminarystudies have been conducted (Houghton, 1987; Acharya and Gurung, 1994; Thapa,2002; Kafle, 2007; Bhandari, 2008; Joshi, 2009; Bhandari and GC, 2008; Kafle,2008).
Very few references are available in Nepal that address issues on otter conservationand research. Hodgson (1839) was the first to identify the presence of the Eurasianotter, Smooth-coated otter and Asian small-clawed otter in Nepal. Thereafter, only a
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few scattered otter surveys have been conducted in the country. Houghton (1987)published an article in the IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group Bulletin based on hissurvey in 1984/85 showing the common occurrence of Smooth-coated otter along thelength of Narayani River within the Chitwan National Park of Nepal. Acharya andGurung (1994) from their 1991 survey, reported on the status of Eurasian otter in theRupa and Begnas Lakes of Pokhara valley. Thapa (2002) conducted a preliminarysurvey on the population status of the Smooth-coated otters in the Karnali river ofBardia National Park, and the results are available on the IOSF webpage(http://www.otter.org/nepal.html). The Asian Section of the IUCN/SSC OtterSpecialist Group conducted a training workshop on "Survey techniques andmonitoring otter populations" for rangers and conservationists in Chitwan NationalPark, Nepal from 7-9 March 2006. Bhandari (2008) studied the current conservationproblems and distribution of otters in the Karnali river of Bardia National Park.Outside of this protected area, some work on the status of the Smooth-coated otterwas recently done (Joshi, 2009). Bhandari and GC (2008) published an article on theirpreliminary survey of the otter in Rupa Lake in the Journal of Wetlands Ecology.Smooth-coated otters are considered to be common in the large rivers of Nepal,particularly Narayani, Koshi, Karnali and Mahakali (Shrestha, 1997). Due to thesegaps in the knowledge of otters in the region, Kafle (2008) points out the urgency ofdirect action for the conservation of otters in Nepal. WFN has launched the NepalOtter Project (http://www.ottersnepal.org) to initiate long term monitoring andconservation of otters in Nepal in partnership with Chester Zoo and NEF. Thapa(2009) is carrying out another survey of the status, distribution and habitat use bySmooth-coated otters in the Narayani river of Nepal with funds provided by the IOSF(http://www.otter.org/project3.html).
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The presence of otters has been confirmed in 24 districts of Nepal covering bothlowland and hilly regions. The Eurasian otter is recorded in 8 districts in the Terairegion and 13 districts in the hilly regions. The Smooth-coated otter is recorded in 10districts in the Terai region and 2 districts in the hilly regions. All three species ofotters are recorded in two lowland districts: Kailali and Kapilvastu (pers. comm.), D.Gaire (pers. comm.); Shrestha, 1997; Bhandari, 1998). This shows that the Smooth-coated otter is distributed mainly in the Terai region while the Eurasian otter isdistributed both in the Terai and hilly regions of Nepal.
Eurasian Otter
The Eurasian otter mainly lives in streams and lakes. It shelters in hollows in rocksand boulders and below the roots of trees growing in moist areas near water bodies. Ithas been reported as occurring as high as 3600m in Nepal (Shrestha, 1997; Prater,1971 in Ruiz-Olmo et al., 2008). During summer (April - June) in the Himalayas theymay ascend up to 3,660m. These upward movements probably coincide with theupward migration of the carp and other fish for spawning. With the advent of winterthe otters come down to lower altitudes (Prater, opus cit.). In most parts of its range,its occurrence is correlated with bank side vegetation, which shows the importance ofvegetation to otters (Mason and Macdonald, 1986 in Ruiz-Olmo et al., 2008). Ottersin different regions may depend upon differing features of the habitat, but to breed,they need holes in the riverbank, cavities among tree roots, piles of rock, wood ordebris. The Eurasian otters are closely tied to a linear home range. Most of theiractivity is concentrated in a narrow strip on either side of the interface between waterand land (Kruuk, 1995 in Ruiz-Olmo et al., 2008). Green et al., (1984) and Kruuk(1995) in Ruiz-Olmo et al. (2008) found that adult males spent most of their timealong the main rivers, whereas adult females occupied tributaries or lakes, as they doin Austria (Kranz, 1995 in Ruiz-Olmo et al., 2008). Young animals usually occupyperipheral habitat. Green and Green (1983) in Ruiz-Olmo et al. (2008) founddifferences between immature and mature young males, the latter having access to allavailable habitat and the former restricted to marginal habitat, supplemented by visitsto the main river when vacant, temporally or spatially.
Available presence records of Eurasian otters in Nepal come from the AnnapurnaConservation Area, Makalu Barun National Park, Koshi Tappu wetland, RaraNational Park, Bardia National Park, Ghodaghodi Lake Area, Saptari, Sunsari,Chitwan, Kapilvastu, Bara, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Bajhang, Bajura, Ilam, Panchther,Taplejung, Gorkha, Lamjung, Myagdi, Solukhumbu, Manang and Sankhuwasabha.
Smooth-coated Otter
The Smooth-coated otter selects the shores of lakes, large rivers, streams, and canals,and it even uses rice fields for foraging (Shrestha, 1997; Foster-Turley, 1992).Resting sites are commonly in burrows closely linked to the water's edge. Sometimesthe species hunts in forests as a forest carnivore. The Smooth-coated otter isessentially a plains' species (Hussain et al., 2008). In mountainous areas of Nepalanimals are present up to 1500m (Shrestha, 1997). The Smooth-coated otters prefer
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rocky stretches since these provide sites for dens and resting places. River stretcheswith bank side vegetation and marshes are used in proportion to their availabilityespecially in summer, as they provide ample cover while travelling or foraging. Openclayey and sandy banks are largely avoided as they lack cover for escape routes(Hussain 1993, Hussain and Choudhury, 1995, 1997 in Hussain et al., 2008). In ricefields and pond areas they prefer sites having a moderate diversity of vegetation.Rivers with moderate to slow or stagnant water and water bodies having a width of10-40 m are preferred (Hussain et al., 2008).
This otter is the most widely distributed species in Nepal, present at least in theAnnapurna Conservation Area, Bardia National Park, Chitwan National Park, SuklaPhanta Wildlife Reserve, Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Ghodaghodi Lake Area,Jagadishpur Reservoir, farmland in the Lumbini Area, Rani Lake in Kanchanpur, theKarnali river in Bardia, Beeshazari and associated lakes, Banke, Dang, Nawalparasi,Bardia, Kailali, Chitwan, Sunsari, Kapilvastu, Kanchanpur, Kaski, Lamjung andSaptari.
The typical habitats of Asian small-clawed otter are freshwater swamps, forestedrivers, meandering rivers, mangroves and tidal pools (Shrestha, 1997; Muller, 1839 inHussain and de Silva, 2008). Like the Smooth-coated otter, the Asian small-clawedotter dislikes bare and open areas that do not offer any shelter (Melisch et al. 1996 inHussain and de Silva, 2008). In Thailand, the rapid-flowing upper areas of the HuayKha Khaeng were dominated by L. lutra, the slowly meandering river near the damand the dam itself were used by L. perspicillata while the Asian small-clawed otteroccurred mostly in the middle sections, but also in the upper reaches (Kruuk et al.1994). In riverine systems it prefers moderate and low vegetation structure, though itspresence was also observed on banks with poor vegetation cover. Neither in pondsnor in rice field areas did they show preference for any of the vegetation structurecategories, though poor or bare structural conditions were the least favoured both inriverine and pond areas and along the rice fields (Hussain and de Silva, 2008). InNepal, this species has been recorded up to about 1300m. Few localities arenowadays known for this otter, although it is present in Kailali and Kapilvastu.
When different otter species occurred in the same site there was evidence ofdifference in use of the habitats. Signs of the of small-clawed otter were foundwandering further away from the river than the two other species, between patches ofreeds and river debris where crabs were more likely to be found (Kruuk et al., 1994).
The presence of the three otter species has been confirmed in Khola Besi, Bhangara,Talkhola and Simal Danda of the Rupa Lake area, but in this last site it has not beenconfirmed yet. Indeed, people from the Rupa Lake appear to have seen 33 otters overthe last 12-15 years (Bhandari and GC, 2008). There was an unusual practice ofhunting/killing otters in the Rupa lake area 20-25 years ago by hiring hunters from theTerai with the help of dogs. The major reason for such killing was the predation byotters on fish. Eurasian otters inhabit Rupa and Begnas Lakes, whereas the Vijaypurstream in Pokhara valley supports Smooth-coated otters (Acharya and Gurung, 1994).
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Populations of Smooth-coated otter occur along the banks of the Grewa River,Khaura River, Batahani River, Orai River, Lamak Lake, Gola ghat area, Banjara ghatarea and the Khaurahi stream in Bardia district. Based on spraint counts, Bhandari(2008), estimated that nearly 40 otters are present along the banks of Grewa River,Khaura and Batahani River in Bardia National Park within a 1.98 square kilometrearea. But it is impossible to estimate otter population size, either in terms of numberof individuals or relative abundance, since indices from spraint counts alone, usingthe number of spraints left by an otter, vary on a seasonal basis and studies evidencethe lack of any relationship between the number of otters in an area, or their activityon a site, and the number of spraints found during otter surveys. However, theresulting otter density calculated from the data as interpreted by the author: 40 ottersin 1.98 km2 = 20.20 otters/km2- could be correct when groups of 4-6 animals arepresent, but previous work on Smooth-coated otter densities record it as being a lowdensity species, one of the lower of the world's otters. This shows that caution shouldbe used in interpreting an author's work.
The Smooth-coated otter is believed to be common along the Narayani River withinthe Chitwan National Park of Nepal (Houghton, 1987). The significant number ofsigns in this area could indicate in some way the existence of a reasonable otterpopulation in the area.
Kafle (2007) recorded the presence of Eurasian otter and Smooth-coated otter in theGhodaghodi Lake area of Kailali district through interviews with a key informant.
There is very little, and scattered, information from Asia on otters. It suggests that inmany countries of Asia, there have been declines in numbers and reduction of ranges,and concern is expressed about the conservation of the species in many parts of thecontinent (Foster-Turley and Santiapillai, 1990; De Silva 1995; Conroy et al., 1998).
Like most Lutra species, fish is the major prey of Eurasian otters sometimesexceeding more than 80% of their diet (Erlinge, 1969; Webb, 1975; Ruiz-Olmo and
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Palazon, 1997 in Ruiz-Olmo et al., 2008). The range of fish in the diet of Smooth-coated otters varies from 75% to 100% (Tiler et al., 1989; Foster-Turley, 1992;Hussain, 1993; Melisch et al., 1996; Hussain and Choudhury, 1998 in Hussain et al.,2008). The Small clawed otter feeds mainly on crabs, snails and other molluscs,insects and small fish such as gouramis and catfish (Pocock, 1941; Wayre, 1978 inHussain and de Silva, 2008). They supplement their diet with rodents, snakes andamphibians as well (Hussain and de Silva, 2008). The otters supplement their dietswith shrimp/crayfish, crab and insects, and other vertebrates such as frog,mudskippers, birds and rats. Any activities adversely affecting the diversity andpopulation of fish and aquatic organisms can have enormous effects on otterpopulations in Nepal. Moreover, the degradation of wetland habitat can directly affectotter survival and reproduction. The aquatic habitats of Nepal are also vulnerable tohuman activities. The major factors putting Nepalese otter populations at risk are asfollows:
Water Pollution and Loss of Prey: Discharges from the Gorkha Brewery and theBhrikuti Paper and Pulp factory are the major source of pollution in the NarayaniRiver. Due to comparatively high number of industries in the lowland Terai, manyrivers and streams there are polluted by industrial waste. Different chemicals such asPhoret, Thiodan, Methyl parathion, Cypermethrin, Dieldrin, Aldrin, Endrin andchemical fertilisers are increasingly used by farmers to increase crop production.These toxins run off into water bodies to be absorbed by aquatic fauna. Thesepesticides are also used for poisoning birds (both to prevent crop predation and for useas food) and in fishing bait. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS), a disease causedby the fungus Aphanomyces invadans in the internal tissue of fish has been reported inNepal since 1983. The deterioration of water quality in water bodies providesfavourable environmental conditions for the growth of A. invadans in fish. Over 40species of fish, mostly freshwater species, are reportedly susceptible to EUS withCatfish (Wallago attu and Mystus spp.), Snakeheads (Channa spp.) and Barbs(Puntius spp.) being the most susceptible. EUS has been reported in the Koshi Tappuwetland area since 1983, where it has caused high mortality of native fish, and fromGhodaghodi Lake since 1998 (IUCN Nepal, 2004). The number of fish species in theBagmati River has declined from 54 to 7 within a decade as a result of the inflow ofindustrial sewage. The high concentration of organic matter and chemicals in effluentshas killed fish and destroyed the plant life they depend on (Shrestha et al., 1979;Sharma and Pantha, 1992).
In Pokhara, water pollution and solid waste disposal problems have been greatlyexacerbated by the establishment of tourist facilities along the shores of Phewa andBegnas lakes, and their water quality has deteriorated due to faecal contaminationfrom the direct discharge of sewage via drains, including the overflow from septictanks in hotels and restaurants. Washing of clothes by hotels, restaurants andhouseholds results in the discharge of over 100kg of soap and detergents daily intoPhewa Lake (Oli, 1997).
The contamination of freshwater ecosystems with harmful chemicals can put otters atrisk due to the adverse effects on their physiology. EUS can decrease the diversity andpopulation of fish species thus affecting the dietary diversity of otters.
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There are records of killing of otters for their pelt, meat and for the uterus that isthought to have medicinal value, but the effects of hunting on their populationsremains unknown (IUCN Nepal 2004). Fishpond owners consider otters as a threat tofish farming as otters eat fish in their ponds at night. In Rupa Lake in the Pokharavalley in Nepal, otters used to be hunted by using dogs and specially trained huntersfrom India to prevent damage to fish populations – in private ponds and natural lakeareas in the 1980s-90s. In 2004, one otter was killed by local people chasing it for thesame reason (pers. obs.).
Lack of clear demarcation of wetland boundaries has increased wetland loss anddegradation in Nepal. Encroachment on wetlands is primarily due to: (i) drainage forirrigation, reclamation, and fishing; (ii) filling-in for solid waste disposal, roadconstruction and commercial, residential, and industrial development; (iii) conversionof sites for aquaculture; (iv) construction of dams, barrages, and other barriers tocontrol water flow; (v) groundwater extraction using high-powered pumps, anddigging ditches in sites where there is no inflow of water; (vi) discharge of sedimentsand pollutants from nearby areas; (vii) grazing; and (viii) removal of soil from the site(HMGN/MFSC, 2002). The lake shores in the Pokhara valley are being encroachedfor agricultural conversion (pers. obs.). This encroachment has resulted in a number ofnegative impacts, including reduction of wetland areas, deposition of silt andsediment, and eutrophication caused by agricultural runoff and/or industrial effluents.Construction of barrages in the Karnali and Narayani rivers lead to major changes inseasonal water availability, temperature regimes, water energy, bed and suspendedmaterial transport and oxygenation of the rivers themselves, as well as in associatedvegetation and faunal communities. It has affected the breeding behaviour of anumber of fish species and also the fish population (IUCN Nepal, 2008).Sedimentation is also one of the major problems in the lakes of Nepal, reducing thelake size and changing the water discharge pattern (pers. obs.). These activities andprocesses have degraded the wetland habitat for otters.
Most of the research and conservation efforts have been concentrated on largemammals within the protected areas. Several mammals including otters do not havepriority in research and monitoring programmes either inside or outside the protectedareas of Nepal. The degree of understanding among people, both the general publicand wetland dwellers, is too low, given that many of them are unaware of theexistence of otters (pers. obs.).
Nepal supports 3 out of 5 of Asia's otter species, out of a total of 13 worldwise. Thishighlights the global importance of conserving otters in Nepal. However, the status ofotters in Nepal has not been explored enough yet. Few studies have been carried outin the lowland Terai of Nepal on distribution, population of, and threats to otters. No
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intensive studies on otters have been carried out in the wetlands of all the ecologicalzones of Nepal.
The following recommendations have been made for research and conservation ofotters in Nepal:
The analysis shows that a preliminary status survey of otters has only been conductedin Kaski, Bardia and Chitwan districts, and only on some freshwater sites. Wherepresence/absence information on otters is available, intensive research focusing on thebasic ecology of otters should be initiated. The wetlands in the Terai region of Nepalare the potential sites to initiate ecological research, as presence/absence informationon otters is more available in this region than in the other ecological zones of Nepal.However, there are additional wetland sites in the Terai where presence/absenceinformation is not available.
National Otter Survey: Nepal has 75 districts and the presence of otters has beenconfirmed in only 24 districts. In the other districts, surveys have not been carriedout, so information on occurrence (presence/absence) of otters is generallyunavailable. The presence/absence information on otters in several sites wasdocumented decades ago based on participatory approaches, usually interviews withkey informants. These gaps in knowledge emphasize the urgent need for a systematicfield-based survey for otters, focusing on three ecological zones: the Terai, Hills andMountains of Nepal.
Most of the information on the presence/absence of otters came from the protectedareas and Ramsar sites of Nepal, which have conservation priority. Insufficientstudies on freshwater ecosystems outside the protected areas highlight the informationgap on the presence/absence data for otters. Based on the distribution range of theotters in South Asia and Nepal, it is possible that otters are present in additionaldistricts of Nepal. Rupandehi district lies between Nawalparasi and Kapilvastudistricts (the sites with otters), and is a potential site for occurrence of the Smooth-coated otter due to similar climatic and topographical conditions – hence priority sitesfor further study. Similar projection can be applied to Parsa, Rautahat, Sarlahi,Mahottari, Dhanusa, Siraha and Morang districts in eastern Nepal, which join theprotected areas network with similar climatic and topographical conditions. TheMiddle Hills region has few protected areas in comparison to the lowland Terai andhigh mountain regions of Nepal. Information on wetlands distribution in the MiddleHills region is not available. In this context, the information on otters is very scantyexcept in the Pokhara valley. Considering the altitudinal range of distribution of theEurasian otter in Nepal, it is highly possible that additional Middle Hill districts havefreshwater ecosystems with otters. At least Dhading, Tanahun, Baglung, Parbat,Makawanpur, Jhapa and Dhankuta ,which border the sites with known presence ofotters in the Middle Hills region, can be priority sites for preliminary assessment ofotter presence/absence. In the initial stage, focus should be given to participatoryapproaches to collecting presence/absence information on otters. In-depth interviewswith older people, fishermen and those living near wetlands can be the starting pointfor this. The basic information on presence/absence of otters can then be used for
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Wherever otters are present, some sort of conflict exists between fish farmers andotters due to fish predation by otters. Wetlands in Nepal are negatively affected byhuman activities, and these threats have the potential to directly impact the survival ofotters. The vast majority of Nepalese people know nothing of the existence of otters inthe world in general and Nepal in particular. For these reasons, managementprogrammes using otters as a key indicator species, that consider all the ecologicalaspects of these animals (i.e., habitat and diet preferences, importance in theecosystems and conservation problems) can be very valuable to the people living inthe vicinity of wetland habitats. These kinds of programmes can increase knowledgewithin the local community and fish farm owners about the existence and importanceof otters, perhaps helping to reduce the antagonism against otters in Nepal. Ottersurvey components should be integrated within the conservation and managementplans of wetlands. Integrated programmes on basin management can simultaneouslyreduce the threats to wetlands and, obviously, to otters as well.
Good educational material can be a useful resource for the well-trained teacher.Educational materials with an otter conservation message can help the general publicto understand otter issues and importance so that they can gradually consider theotters as an integral part of freshwater ecosystems. Educational materials such asposters, information sheets and an otter booklet in the Nepali language should beprepared and distributed to the general public with appropriate guidance to increasetheir understanding of otter conservation in Nepal.
As the quality of information from research will depend on the knowledge and skill ofthe researchers, some sort of capacity building programmes, such as training, needs tobe initiated in Nepal to build up interest on otter related issues.
Now is the time to begin these initiatives if we want to achieve otter conservation inNepal. If timely intervention is not done, it is likely that otters will be on the verge ofextinction in the country.
REFERENCESAcharya, P. M., Gurung, J. B. (1994). A report on the status of common otter (Lutra lutra) in Rupa and Begnas Tal, Pokhara valley. TigerPaper, Vol XXI, No. 2: 21-22.Bhandari, B. (1998). An inventory of Nepal's Terai wetlands. IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Kathmandu, Nepal.Bhandari, J. (2008). Status, distribution of and threats to otters in Karnali river of Bardia National Park, Nepal. A BSc thesis submitted to Institute of Forestry, Pokhara, Nepal.Bhandari, J., Bijaya, D. (2008). Preliminary survey and awareness for otter conservation in Rupa Lake, Pokhara, Nepal. J. Wet. Eco. 1(1/2): 2.Chaudhary, R.P. (1998). Biodiversity in Nepal - Status and Conservation. Tecpress Books, Bangkok.Conroy, J., Melisch, R., Chanin, P. (1998). The distribution and status of The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in Asia -A Preliminary Review. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 15(1): 15 – 30.de Silva, P.K. (1995). The status of otters in Asia and south East Asia. In: Reuther, C., Rowe-Rowe, D. (eds.) Proc. VIth. Intern. Otter Coll. Habitat 11: 33-35.
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DOAD. (1992). National Fisheries Development Plan, 1992/93. Fisheries Development Division, Department of Agriculture Development, HMGN, Kathmandu, Nepal.Foster-Turley, P. (1992). Conservation aspects of the ecology of Asian small-clawed and smooth otters on the Malay Peninsula. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 7: 26–29.Foster-Turley, P., Santiapillai, C. (1990). Action plan for Asian otters. In: Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S.M., Mason, C.F. (Eds.) Otters: An Action Plan for Their Conservation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 52-63.Green, J., R. Green, and D.J. Jefferies. (1984). A radio-tracking survey of otters Lutra lutra on a Perthshire river system. Lutra 27: 85 - 45.Hagen, T. (1998). Nepal - The Kingdom in the Himalaya, 4th ed. Himal Books, Lalitpur, NepalHMGN/MFSC. (2002). Nepal Biodiversity Strategy. His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation.HMGN/ADB/FINNIDA. (1988). Master Plan for Forestry Sector Nepal. HMGN/ADB/FINNIDA, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, HMGN, Kathmandu, Nepal (main Report).Hodgson, B.H. (1839). Summary description of four new species of otter. J. Asi. Soc. of Ben. 8: 319- 320.Houghton, S.J. (1987). The Smooth-coated otter in Nepal. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 2: 5 – 8.Hussain, S.A. (1993) Aspects of the ecology of smooth-coated Indian Otter Lutra perspicillata in National Chambal Sanctuary. Ph.D. Thesis, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 206 pp.Hussain, S. A., Choudhury, B. A. (1997). Distribution and status of the smooth-coated otter Lutra perspicillata in National Chambal Sanctuary, India. Biological Conservation 80: 199–206.Hussain, S.A., de Silva, P.K. (2008). Aonyx cinerea. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 13 May 2009]Hussain, S.A., de Silva, P.K., Mostafa Feeroz, M. (2008). Lutrogale perspicillata. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 13 May 2009]IUCN Nepal. (2004). A review of the status and threats to wetlands in Nepal. 78+v .Jha, P. K. (1992). Environment and Man in Nepal. Craftsman Press, Bangkok.Joshi, D. (2009). Status of Smooth Indian otter (Lutra perspicillata) and conservation of freshwater ecosystem outside protected areas of Bardia National Park in Karnali River, Nepal. A report submitted to Rufford Small Grants Foundation, UK. [http://www.ruffordsmallgrants.org/rsg/projects/dipesh_joshi. Downloaded on 13 May, 2009]Kafle, G. (2007). Status and conservation of Ramsar sites and associated biodiversity in Nepal with emphasis on Ghodaghodi Lake Area. A MSc thesis submitted to Institute of Forestry, Office of the Dean, Pokhara, Nepal.Kafle, G. (2008). Otters in Nepal: Urgent need for action! J. Wet. Eco. 1(1/2): 1.Kruuk, H., Kanchanasaka, B., O'Sullivan, S., Wanghongsa, S. (1994). Niche separation in three sympatric otters Lutra perspicillata, L. lutra and Aonyx cinerea in Huai Kha Khaeng, Thailand. Biological Conservation 69:115–120.Mool, P. K., Bajracharya, S. R., Joshi, S. P. (2001). Inventory of glaciers, glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst floods: monitoring and early warning systems in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region - Nepal. Kathmandu.Oli, K. P. (ed.) (1997). Phewa Lake Conservation Action Plan. IUCN Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal, 75p.Ruiz-Olmo, J., Loy, A., Cianfrani, C., Yoxon, P., Yoxon, G., de Silva, P.K., Roos, A., Bisther, M., Hajkova, P., Zemanova, B. (2008). Lutra lutra. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 16 May 2009]Scott, D.A. (ed) (1989). A Directory of Asian Wetlands. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.Sharma, S., Pantha, K. (1992). New Field and Issues in Fisheries Development in Nepal. In Human Resource Development in Fisheries Research in Nepal, pp 195-216. Proceedings of a workshop held in Kathmandu, Nepal, 1-3 April 1992, Fisheries Development Division, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, HMGN, Kathmandu, Nepal.Shrestha, J. (2001). Taxonomic Revision of Fishes of Nepal. In Jha, P.K., Karmacharya, S.B., Baral, S.R., and Lacoul, P. (eds) Environment and Agriculture: At the Crossroad of the New Millennium, pp 171-180. Ecological Society (ECOS), Kathmandu, Nepal.Shrestha, S. B., Shrestha, T. K., Pradhan, B.R. (1979). Report on the Study of Aquatic Ecology and the Potential of Fisheries Development in Bagmati River Project. A Report prepared for GTZ- Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal (a report).
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Shrestha, T.B., Joshi, R.M. (1996). Rare, Endemic and Endangered Plants of Nepal. WWF Nepal Program, Kathmandu, Nepal.Shrestha, T.K. (1997). Mammals of Nepal-with reference to those of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan. Mandela Book. Point, Nepal.Thapa, T. (2002). Survey of the Smooth Indian otter Lutrogale perspicillata in the Karnali River of Bardia National Park, Nepal. A report submitted to International Otter Survival Fund, Scotland. [http://www.otter.org/nepal.html. Downloaded on 13 May, 2009.Wayre, P. (1978). The status of otters in Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Italy. Pp. 152–155 in Otters (N. Duplaix, ed.). Proceedings of the First Working Meeting of the Otter Specialist Group, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland
RESUMEBILAN DES RECHERCHES ET DE LA CONSERVATION DES LOUTRES AUNÉPALTrois espèces de loutres ont été recensées au Népal : la Loutre d'Europe (Lutra lutra), laLoutre à pelage lisse (Lutrogale perspicillata) et la Loutre cendrée (Aonyx cinereus). Laplupart des zones humides du pays ne présentent aucunes données relatives à ces diversesespèces. Les milieux constitués d'eau douce, généralement préférés des loutres, sont affectésnégativement par des facteurs humains ou naturels. Cet article fournit donc un état des lieuxactuel des recherches sur les loutres du Népal, les conclusions qui en découlent et les moyensà mettre en œuvre pour leur conservation.
RESUMENUNA REVISION DE LA INVESTIGACION Y LA CONSERVACION DE LASNUTRIAS EN NEPALTres especies de nutria, la Eurasiatica (Lutra lutra), la nutria lisa (Lutrogale perspicillata), yla nutria desgarrada Asiática (Aonyx cinereus) han sido registradas en Nepal, pero para lamayoría de los humedales del país la información básica de estas especies no se encuentradisponible. Los ecosistemas de agua dulce, que representan el hábitat preferido de las nutrias,han sido afectados negativamente por factores naturales y humanos. Este trabajo presenta unareseña de los estudios de nutrias en Nepal hasta la fecha, incluyendo los resultados principalesde estos trabajos y las necesidades a futuro.
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Margaret Moody
15 August, 1918 – 21 October, 2020
Margaret Moody was born on August 15, 1918 and passed away on October 21, 2020 and is under the care of Baldwin Fairchild Funeral Home.
Celebration of Life Service will be held on October 31, 2020 at 2:00 pm at Baldwin Fairchild Funeral Home, 1413 S SEMORAN BLVD, ORLANDO, FL.
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Celebration of Life Service
Saturday, 31 October , 2020
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Breaking News: WATCH LIVE: County health officials provide an update on the region's response to COVID-19 (Posted 12/2/20 at 2:11 p.m.)
LATEST UPDATES: Election 2020: Live Results | Tracking COVID-19 | Racial Justice
San Diego Coastal Marshes May Become Important Tools To Battle Climate Change
- Dec. 1
- By Erik Anderson
San Diego researchers and environmentalists are taking a close look at a pocket habitat that may become an important tool as the climate changes.
Roundtable: San Diego's Staggering COVID-19 Surge
- Nov. 20
- By Bennett Lacy, Mark Sauer
New efforts to minimize the spread of COVID-19 in San Diego, Amazon's Jeff Bezos donates millions to help local climate change research, and a major development in Mission Valley gets final approval from the city.
UCSD School Of Medicine Earns $8.3 Million Grant To Study Spina Bifida
- Nov. 20
- By City News Service
Researchers at UC San Diego School of Medicine, in collaboration with Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, were awarded a five-year, $8.3 million grant Thursday from the National Institutes of Health to study spina bifida.
University Of California Health, UCSD Health Team Up To Begin Milk Bank
- Nov. 19
- By City News Service
A milk bank accepts and processes donations to provide safe, pasteurized human milk product for hospitalized and/or fragile children.
Moderna Vaccine Around 95% Effective Shows Promise For End Of COVID-19 Pandemic
- Nov. 16
- By Shalina Chatlani
A San Diego partner of Moderna talk of the company's promising vaccine. The news of its success comes just a week after another company, Pfizer and its partner BioNTech, announced its experimental vaccine was over 90% effective.
Robotic Floats Will Collect New Data On How Climate Change Is Affecting Our Oceans
- Nov. 16
- By Alison St John
Scripps Institution of Oceanography is part of a consortium that will deploy 500 new robotic floats, to collect data about what is going on under the surface of the ocean as the planet warms.
National City Mayor Rolls Up Her Sleeve For COVID-19 Vaccine
- Nov. 13
- By Tania Thorne
National City Mayor Alejandra Sotelo-Solis joined a cohort of 2,000 local volunteers in a vaccine trial COVID-19.
UCLA: Despite Spending Most On Health Care, US Lags In Life Expectancy
- Nov. 13
- By City News Service
The United States is lagging behind other wealthy countries in life expectancy despite spending the most money on health care, according to a team jointly led by researchers from UCLA.
Students Bridging Diplomatic Divide Through Videogames
- Nov. 13
- By Max Rivlin-Nadler
Friday, students from both sides of the border will take part in a diplomatic exercise using video games.
UC San Diego Engineers Send Soil Into Outer Space To Tackle Mudslides On Earth
- Nov. 13
- By Shalina Chatlani
UC San Diego scientists will send soil samples to the International Space Station in 18 months to study the effects of gravity on mud composition.


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by Christian Stegmaier
As well, I'm always on the hunt as well for ideas to make my practice that much better. While the practice of law is a profession, it is nevertheless – in its very essence – a service industry. We are selling our time and ability to our clients – our customers. And there is a lot of competition. So we have to get it right. The better the job I do, the happier our firm's clients will be. The name of the game is to deliver on our clients' expectations.
Within the last several years, a quick service restaurant concept named Five Guys Burgers & Fries (http://www.fiveguys.com/) has moved into the Columbia market. Undoubtedly, many reading this article have either eaten at a Five Guys or at least heard of the chain. Originating from the Washington, DC area, Five Guys is known for its gargantuan burgers and copious amounts of french fries. Since coming to the Capital City, Five Guys has become a phenomenon. I have been to several of their locations here in town on numerous occasions and have never had a less than a great experience. As well, I've never talked with anybody who wasn't more than satisfied with the Five Guys product. To that end, I have thought a lot about the secret to Five Guys' success in Columbia, as well as how its guiding principles can be applied by other businesses – including law practices:
Five Guys Delivers a Quality Product: Five Guys delivers a wonderful product. The food is great – – – many claim it to be the best hamburger in Columbia. I concur. If you want people coming back from more, you better give them an excellent product, whether its legal services, tires, or anything else.
Five Guys Keeps It Simple: If you want fried chicken or pasta, look elsewhere. Five Guys is in the business of serving up hamburgers. By keeping their menu focused and simple, they're incredibly good at what they do. Other businesses can do the same. No one can be all things to all people. Spreading yourself too thin only leads to a watered-down product and customer experience. You have to carve out a niche, stick with it, and become the best in your marketplace.
Five Guys Gives Patrons Choice: While the menu is limited, the variations on the theme are endless. When you order your burger, you are given at least 10 choices in the way of garnishes, toppings, condiments, etc. You literally can have your burger anyway you want it and completely tailor your eating experience. Customers of any business crave having the ability to tailor their experiences. Giving them that choice separates you from the pack and engenders brand loyalty.
Five Guys Delivers Value: Anyone who has been to Five Guys knows about the restaurant's trademark: huge portions and great quality. Folks love it and remember Five Guys for it. Five Guys' customers perceive they are receiving value for their purchase. The important takeaway for me is that the per customer ticket is probably 50-60% higher than Five Guys' competitors, which means price point is not necessarily the driving factor when people want a great product and experience. In many, if not most cases, people will gladly pay extra is they believe they are obtaining quality for their purchase.
Five Guys' People are Terrific: A wise lady I once knew who had family in the restaurant business once told me this: "The secret to success is selling wonderful food at a fair price and served by great people." Her words are very much true. At Five Guys, the staff always seems to be energetic and dedicated to the mission of timely delivering a superior product to their patrons. They keep the restaurant clean and are genuinely interested in ensuring their patrons' experience is more than satisfactory. All businesses can take a page from this playbook: Your people make the difference when it comes to customer experience. The more focused they are in making sure the customers' needs are met, the happier, more satisfied those customers will be.
Admittedly, this is a glowing review of the Five Guys business model. And no, we don't represent them. Nevertheless, I admire great customer service and want to promote and emulate it where I can. In our current economic climate where extra dollars are scarce and competition in the service sector is high, we can all learn from folks like Five Guys who are serving their customers the right way.


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Naval Technology lists the world's top ten biggest aircraft carriers by displacement. Gerald R Ford Class, US. Full load displacement of 100,000t makes the Gerald R Ford Class the world's biggest aircraft carrier. The first carrier in class, USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78), was delivered to the US Navy in May 2017, while initial operational.
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En Marcha: An Intensive Spanish Course for Beginners (Paperback)Carmen Garcia del Rio (author)
- We can order this
En Marcha is an intensive course in Spanish for beginners. Systematic and comprehensive, it takes the student from beginner's to upper intermediate level in one year. Carefully graded exercises and expert grammatical explanations are combined with lively activities and an attractive presentation to develop the four key skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing.
The material is organised in 8 units, each unit introduces new language and provides a variety of activities to practise that language, with clear instructions guiding the student and regular summaries of key points.
The units also provide sections for self-study which consolidate material learnt in class, as well as a full key to the exercises. Additional material includes audio files to accompany the book available free to download at www.routledge.com/9780340809051, a grammar reference index, and lists of essential vocabulary in easy-to-learn groups.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Number of pages: 304
Weight: 658 g
Dimensions: 246 x 174 x 19 mm
'It provides a comprehensive, interesting, even exciting way for adult learners to get to intermediate level in one year.' - Vida Hispanica
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FAG 24152-E1-K30 Bearing
Offer price breaks when you order a larger quantify.
Leading time would be depends on our work efficiency and delivery schedule, usually within 2 business days.
Shipping: Ships in 2 business day
FAG 24152-E1-K30 Description :
The bearing 24152-E1-K30 manufactured by FAG can be ordered immediately from the bearings distributor GBS Bearing Co,Ltd. The bearing delivery is done directly from the stock, and in the event the bearings are not in stock, we shall inform you immediately related to the delivery term. For extra details on the 24152-E1-K30 manufactured by FAG.
1) Commercial Bearings packaging: 1pc/plastic bag + color box + carton + pallet
2) Industrial Bearings packaging
a) plastic tube + carton + pallet
b) plastic bag +kraft paper + carton + pallet
3) According to the requirement of customers
1) T/T:30% deposit , 70% should be paid before shippment.
2) L/C at sight. (high bank charge, not suggest , but acceptable )
3) 100% Western Union in advance. (specially for air shipment or small amount)
1) Less than 45 KGS, we will send by express. ( Door to Door, Convenient )
2) Between 45 - 200 KGS, we will send by air transport. ( Fastest and safest, but expensive )
3) More than 200 KGS, we will send by sea. ( Cheapest, but long time )
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Frigidaire Wall Oven FFEW3026TS
7 day return
60 day warranty
Frigidaire FFEW3026TS Single Wall Oven, 30' Exterior Width, Self-Cleaning, 4.6 cu. ft. Capacity, Stainless Steel finish
Even Baking Technology
Our Even Baking Technology ensures even baking every time.
Your oven cleans itself - so you don't have to. Self clean options available in 2, 3, and 4-hour cycles.
Vari-Broil Temperature Control
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ADA Compliant
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Set the oven to begin cleaning on your schedule.
Delay Start Baking Option
Set your oven to begin cooking on your schedule. It can be programmed form one to 24 hours.
Oven Rack Handles
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Seven months in
"We are aware, more than ever, of the inequities in our society."Seven months into the pandemic, the world is still struggling how to deal with it. Are we to go the Swedish way where individual discipline and responsibility are the main planks of public response to COVID-19? Or are we to do what the Chinese did immediately after detecting the first cases of this pandemic in Wuhan - impose a strict blanket lockdown on identified areas of infection, accelerate the set up of health facilities, and let the government do the cleaning up? In both countries, the infections have been largely contained, recoveries have been on the rise and deaths minimized. Their economies are back on track except that in Sweden it's a bit slower as its trading flows have yet to be revved up. China, on the other hand, has the benefit of a large domestic market which the Chinese leadership has decided to grow even faster now that global trade has slowed down. So, even as the world struggles with balancing lives and livelihoods, these two countries have gotten off the starting blocks faster than most. In our case, we have yet to stabilize our response protocols. We decided to have a blanket lockdown in the first three months as we struggled to introduce the much needed protocols, ramp up our health systems and allow our workers and their employers to get used to lesser commutes and in situ work. Quite apart from such a changed work protocol with all the problems the same brought in its wake, we have, unlike our neighbors in ASEAN, to make sure that thousands of our overseas workers are brought safely home.


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This is a watch face for outdoor activities like hiking or climbing.
The current height can be calibrated by tapping to the lower or upper middle of the display.
This needs to be done, because the current air pressure depends on the weather.
The watch face was designed to be readable outdoors in the sun. It was optimized to
increase the battery lifetime, essepcieally on watches with OLED Displays like the LG G Waatch R.
This watch face doesn't save or transmit any data.


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Transform & Flourish
Hi, I'm Kim! I'm someone who can help you to not only feel good, but learn to love yourself and flourish using specialized tools, mindset work and tips for a whole mind + body wellness picture.
About Kim
As a retreat leader and certified trauma informed yoga instructor, my mission is to help women create a routine and mindset that feels authentic, purposeful and practical. I find complete joy in sharing ways to heal the mind, body, and soul through yoga, mindfulness, and specialized wellness practices.
Maybe you are feeling stressed, anxious, and completely out of balance? I have been there. I've learned that straying from my own practices leaves me reeling from stress and anxiety and an overwhelming sense of being out of control. Once that cycle starts, everything else feels like it falls out of sync and I would find myself lost, frustrated and just plain exhausted. I've learned from my own experiences and had to take a hard look at my own life, my daily choices and my mindset to truly connect with my inner knowing that said, 'take care of you first'.
Once I began to lean-in to the places that needed my attention, I was able to find healing, joy, energy and strength through yoga, mindfulness, and specialized wellness practices. I became the student and the teacher for my own journey. This is where I found my calling. Being able to understand HOW and WHY our bodies and brains work the way they do and how yoga, meditation, and mindset practices can help improve and balance these functions is invaluable. Through my experience working with women across the globe, and leading yoga and meditation sessions, retreats, and workshops, I can help you flourish and find the tools you need to bloom where you are planted, and fall in love with the journey along the way.
If you're looking to find abundance, courage, authenticity, connection, peace, energy and your own balance, I provide various platforms to create and build your wellness journey in a way that suits your needs and fits your schedule. With online yoga sessions, we can meet at the time that is right for you and not be limited to the hours of a traditional studio setting. With retreats and workshops, we can work together to build community and connection while gaining knowledge on how and why the mind-body connection is so important. With my VIP program you gain access to all the above and more including specialized workshops, events and one on one support. Whether yoga + mindfulness is part of your life today, or never has been, I am excited to share specific tools and ways that can help you cultivate a beautiful understanding of the importance of a healthy mind-body connection so that you can flourish and thrive!
My Services
VIP Yoga & Meditation Membership
Find mind-body balance with yoga and meditation anytime!
Become a part of my VIP membership and find everything you need to support you on your wellness journey! Enjoy guided meditations and yoga practices to find peace and balance anywhere you go. Yoga classes and meditations are available to stream and have when you need them most! Here's what you can expect from being a VIP!
Unlimited streaming access
Access to pre-recorded meditations
Access to pre-recorded yoga practices
Weekly VIP Insider emails to support mind-body wellness
Access to private Life in Balance Facebook Group for support
Monthly VIP only webinar class
10% off all workshops and events
Private Yoga Sessions
In-Person or Virtually
Healing begins the moment you decide to take that first step towards recovery. Let yoga help you physically move past your limitation, challenge your mindset, and help you on your wellness journey. Studies have proven the effects of meditation and the practice of yoga to help improve ones quality of life, as well as physical and mental well-being.
Private Yoga Sessions give us the opportunity to work together towards a specific goal. Whether you are new to yoga and want to learn the basic fundamentals or you're a seasoned yoga looking to advance your practice, private yoga sessions can take you there. Private sessions can be booked individually or for a group of 2-5 people.
Events & Workshops
Dive deeper into your wellness practice with specialty workshops and events!
Join me for specialty workshops and 1-day events that will leave you feeling rested, recharged & ready to own your wellness journey. Each workshop or event is designed with intention and purpose. These dynamic workshops include the latest research in mindfulness-based practices, yoga and meditation practices, and hands on tools and tips to create positive mind-body connections, build resiliency and decrease stress. Whether you're looking to feel rested and restored or energized and encouraged, these events will help strengthen your mindset and inspire you to continue building your wellness practice.
Wellness Retreats
Cultivate a self-care practice that will last!
Are you craving time away just for yourself? Then a retreat is just what you need! Come together with other like-minded women for a retreat experience that will leave you feeling refreshed, relaxed, and most of all nourished. After all, you can't pour from an empty cup!
Each wellness retreat will give you the space and time to learn and practice ways to reduce stress and anxiety by nourishing your body, mind, and soul through yoga, meditation, time in nature, self-care practices and workshops. All while building connections, because lets face it, life can get hard and having a tribe of supportive women makes it easier!


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Product : Dugong Cushion Size S 45*30cm Printed Dugong Cushion inspired by Marium, an orphaned baby dugong found on the Krabi shore, Thailand. She's a sign of hope and a wake up alarm for us to care and act more for The Ocean and Marine life. Material : Polyester Technique : Digital printed Size : Size S 45*30cm Care : Hand wash with mild detergent / baby shampoo https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/49208756671_b45c314d8e_d.jpg SIZE GUIDE Size S 45*30cm https://th.pinkoi.com/product/dmtBdist Size M 85*55cm https://th.pinkoi.com/product/bWMZS5cc https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/49208787001_cabe08735a_z_d.jpg https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/49208787751_7e00df5240_z_d.jpg https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/49208786676_a55ab5c726_z_d.jpg Notes : -Please allow for some variation in color as displayed on different devices and screens. Actual colors may vary. As daughters of The Ocean , we hope by our illustrations and products can inspire you in any possible way to take part to protect what we love and spread the words ;-) *please do not hesitate to contact designer if you have any questions *if you do want the faster shipping option please select additional shipping method *as our concern of plastic pollution problem ,we do not give out plastic for the package ,we are apologize for this matter. More of Dugong: Dugong Hood Towel https://th.pinkoi.com/product/QpXzcFC8 https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/49651416932_af2dd2effc_t_d.jpg
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Events Search and Views Navigation
Events for November 14, 2020
7:00 am
A group of our church members gather to pray for the needs of our church every Saturday morning. As with all ofFind out more
9:00 am
This meeting will meet via Zoom. The purpose of this ministry is to care for those who are hurting due to theFind out more
Feel free to stop by the building or Zoom in to talk with our elders about possibly joining together with Sojourn. TheFind out more
5:00 pm
Teens are invited to bring a chair or a blanket to enjoy a bonfire, games and a movie at the Hinders' Field!Find out more


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For Filipino cooking at its finest, Pinoy Fiesta Restaurant is highly recommended. This comfortable Perth restaurant serves up breakfast, lunch and dinner, with plenty of options for vegetarians and meat lovers alike. If you've never had food from the Phillipines, you're in for a real treat at Pinoy Fiesta Restaurant on The Crescent. For starters, try the fresh lumpia, Filipino fried spring rolls, then move on to a main course like pritong tilapia or chicken curry. Be sure to ask your server if you have any questions! And of course, don't forget to reserve in advance to eat at this Midland restaurant.
6 reviews
Delicious Filipino food and good customer service. Overall restaurant ambiance is average.
Sobrang sobrang sarap ng mga pagkain sa Pinoy Fiesta, talagang dadayuhin sila ng mga pinoy sa sobrang sarap at syempre kompleto ang rekado ng mga niluluto nila lalo na ang halo halo kaya sobrang panalo. At syempre hindi lang yon, ang bait nung mag asawang yun kaya swak na swak talaga! And yun! That's all.
AMAZING! Best Buffet we have ever had. Will definitely be returning. You must try the Chicken Soup, Chicken Curry, Ox Tail Curry and Crab Curry.


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Why Should You Pursue Higher Education
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Sq. Feet
Year Built
Days On Site
58 Photos
Tour This Home
Home Description: 8630 Vintner Ct
We all know how hard it is to find a ranch home with a basement..look no further. This meticulously maintained 3 bedroom/3.5 Bathrom ranch home in Vineyards at Fall Creek is waiting for you. This home features a vaulted great room with lots of natural light and a cozy fireplace, for Dining Room, updated kitchen with granite countertops, tile backsplash & island with breakfast bar, breakfast room, L/U with utility sink & folding area. Den with french doors could easily be converted to another bedroom w/closet. Master Suite with tray ceiling, bath with large double vanity, garden tub/Seperate shower, & spac walk in closet. 2nd bedroom on main with 3rd bedroom up with private bath. Relaxing screened porch and a deck for grilling, both overlkng the nice yard.
Available now at $400,000
Approximate Room Sizes / Descriptions
The average asking price of a 3 bedroom Indianapolis home in this zip code is
$264,316 (33.9% less than this home).
This home is priced at $91/sqft,
which is 43.2% less than similar homes
in the 46256 zip code.
Map |
Street |
Birds Eye
Birds Eye
8630 Vintner Ct Indianapolis IN 46256
Similar to: 8630 Vintner Ct
For Sale Near: 8630 Vintner Ct
School Information
Area Stats
These statistics are updated daily from the Metropolitan Indianapolis Board of REALTORS® Multiple Listing Service. For further analysis or
to obtain statistics not shown below please call Highgarden Real Estate at
(317) 623-3471 and speak with one of our real estate consultants.
Listing Courtesy of Trueblood Real Estate.
For information or to schedule a viewing of this property (MLS# 21754395) located at 8630 Vintner Ct Indianapolis IN 46256, call: 317-623-3471
8630 Vintner Ct, Indianapolis IN is a single family home of 4388 sqft and
is currently priced at $400,000
This single family home has 3 bedrooms and was built in 2002.
A comparable home for sale at 8211 Autumn Mill Ln in Indianapolis is listed at $219,900.
This home on 8630 Vintner Ct has not had a price change.
In addition to single family homes, Highgarden also makes it easy to find Homes, Condos, New Homes and Foreclosures
in Indianapolis, IN.
Ridgewood Hills, Creekwood Hills and Moorings are nearby neighborhoods.
MLS 21754395 has been posted on this site since 11/20/2020 (6 days ago).
Same day showings available 7 days / week8am - 9pm
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It's an insurance policy that is good. Luiz is the actual only real decent CB left. The others all have various dilemmas. Europa Cup games will resume in per month. The routine shall get hefty. There was time for you to integrate him with all the group. It appears that he could be really desperate to flourish in the EPL.
We shall offer 3 cb at least CG and chambers is going for the that leaves 4 year
Why can't our scouting system find dudes like Militao whenever other people can? Porto finalized him for $7mil and 6-8 months later offered him to Real for $50mil.
There's another becoming more popular young man in Porto, RB with all the current intangibles with a buyout of only 10mil. Esteves. All the big dogs are viewing him, be in very very very early and hit as the iron's hot. He refused Barca that it is the Arsenal way so I can only imagine what he'd say to us but then again, I guess. Place in a dodgy effort and follow through with "we tried. "
So we can see what's coming here…Mari is shit plus it's a Sanllehi associates purchase, Mari is great also it's sauce purchase from Arteta and Edu.
Arteta quite demonstrably appears to have been suggesting the CBs. The 2 we had been many realistically linked with were Matviyenko now Mari, Arteta recommendations.
This 1 is on Arteta. Then fantastic, if it's not, so what if it's a good buy? He made an indicator in the center of the period working within a good spending plan which was away from field showing good basic soccer knowledge plus it did work that is n't. Far rather that than hearing about the 'qualideeeee' Mustafi has and therefore Chambers will likely to be 'like a signing' that is new. Continue reading "We are in need of rate and athleticism perhaps maybe maybe not another plodder."


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Tennessee Sales Tax Holiday - August 5-7 2011! It is that time of year folks. Time to get the young ones outfitted for the school year and thanks to the great state of Tennessee, you can do it this coming weekend TAX FREE!
The State of Tennessee's Annual Sales Tax Holiday is held every year on the first Friday in August and ends the following Sunday night. This year's tax-free holiday weekend begins at 12:01 a.m on Friday, August 5 and ends Sunday, August 7 at 11:59 p.m.
We are talking clothing, school supplies and even computers!
For more information, please visit: http://tn.gov/revenue/salestaxholiday/


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Cyclists among them Frank Nanguwo, Gresham Sichinga and Thomson Kumwenda are taking part in a fundraising activity by cycling from Namitete in Lilongwe to Mchinji and back to raise funds for the welfare of mothers based in Ntchisi district.
The cyclists aim to raise K1 million, this year, the initiative targets to raise funds for medical equipment and supplies for Ntchisi District Hospital and other government health facilities within the district.
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