text:
Higher education in Nigeria dates back to the 19th century, with the introduction of liberal education by the early Christian missionaries. The hunger and taste for higher education in the country led to the establishment of Yaba Higher College in 1932 to provide middle level manpower in medical, engineering and other vocations including secondary school teachers. At that time, secondary schools were referred to as higher middle schools. After some time, Yaba Higher College offered sub-degrees in programmes such as teacher training, medicine, engineering and agriculture, but there was restriction.
In 1945 the Elliot Commission recommended the establishment of University College in Nigeria. In 1948 the University College of Ibadan was established to serve as a college under the University of London. In 1959 the Ashby Commission was established to ascertain Nigerian's post-independent educational needs. The recommendation of Ashby Commission led to the establishment of University of Nigeria Nsukka in 1960 as the first indigenous university in Nigeria. Ashby Commission further recommended balance in the structure and geographical distribution of university education. In compliance to the recommendation, University of Lagos and Ife were established in 1962; in the same year University College of Ibadan attained an autonomous status as a degree awarding institution. With the continuous increase in demand for university education, more federal, state and private universities were established.
At 2008 there were twenty-seven federal universities, thirty-six state universities and forty-one private universities (NUC, 2008). In spite of the growing number of universities, the demand for university education kept increasing. On this premise some of the existing conventional universities engaged in part-time and satellite/outreach programmes across the country as a way of bridging the educational demand and supply gap. Most of the programmes in these universities were basically profit-oriented which seemed to have caused more educational problems in the area of quality. Therefore, the country was not only faced with the problem of supply of higher education, but also had to battle with the issue of quality in university education. In an attempt to ensure quality of university education in Nigeria, satellite campuses were banned in 2001. Thus, to ensure increase in quality access to university education, the National Policy on Education was revised. One of the objectives for the revision was to lift the suspension order on open and distance learning programmes by the federal government (FRN, 2004). Section 9, sub-section 92 of this document stipulated the goals of Distance Education in Nigeria and included the provision of "access to quality education and equity in educational opportunities for those who otherwise would have been denied" (FRN, 2004, pp. 4–5). This gave recognition to the need to increase access to university education through National Open University of Nigeria which was first established during the second republic of the government of Alhaji Shehu Shagari as National Open University (NOU) on 22nd July 1983 backed by an Act of the National Assembly; but it was suspended in 1984 by the military government that took over the civilian regime.
In 2002, the NOU Act of 1983 was resuscitated and the name changed from National Open University (NOU) to National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), as it is today. From the time of its re-birth, the issue of quality has been of great concern to stakeholders. One major criticism of distance education has been the quality of its products in terms of numbers and compromise (Badu-Nyarko, 2013). Therefore, questions such as: would the products from NOUN attain same quality as the products from the conventional systems? Will the increase in enrolment not reduce the desired quality? Can quality of access to university education be ascertained through NOUN? These questions have been of great concern to all. This study therefore assessed the internal quality assurance mechanisms in admission and registration in NOUN. To guide the study three research questions were raised: What is the perception of students on the criteria standards set on admission? What is the perception of students on the criteria standards set on registration? What percentage level of access do students have to documents guiding their admission and registration into the university? The findings of this study will be found useful to distance education planners and policy makers in getting the right data and documents in access that would help enhance the quality of open and distance learning and specifically to NOUN management to know the areas of improvement on the existing data and documents.
A constitutional approach model was adopted in deriving the framework. This model deals with the constitutional rights to education. In the world over, education is recognized as a fundamental right. "Constitutional protections of education range from general aspirations toward universalizing primary school to unequivocal guarantees of free and equal access to education at all levels" (Heymann, Raub & Cassola, 2014). Policies give guiding principles and procedures on how specific actions should be taken towards the achievement of set objectives. The issue of provision of higher education for all is promoted at the international level by policies such as the World Declaration of Education for All. For instance, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 26.1 and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which advocates for all people with disabilities to have equitable access to higher education. Every country's education system, irrespective of type and level, is driven by a constitution where policy emanates from. Howell & Lazarus (2003) and Ryan (2011) added that it is not enough to set policy on access to higher education, but there should be criteria to determine the level of access integration such as race, gender, culture, and educational status.
The key focus is that every country's constitution must have policy guiding access to different types and levels of schooling in the country. Nigeria's constitutional policies on education could be traced to Elliot and Ashby commissions. Elliot Commission was set up on 13th June 1943 by the Secretary of State for the Colonies with the mandate to report and make recommendations on the organization and facilities of the existing centres of higher education in British West Africa. The Commission commenced work in September 1943 and submitted its report in June 1945. Part of the Commission's recommendations was to establish a university college in Nigeria as a way of increasing access. This recommendation led to the establishment and commencement of academic programmes in University College, Ibadan in 1948. In 1959 the federal government of Nigeria set up the Ashby Commission to "conduct an investigation into Nigeria's needs in the field of Post-Secondary School Certificate and Higher Education over the next twenty years (1960–80)". The Ashby Commission findings revealed a low access into sixth-form and university admissions. Each of these commissions' recommendations led to the formulations of policies, which gave way to higher education in Nigeria. To further strengthen the educational sector, the National Policy on Education was introduced, which was reviewed from time to time to meet the need of the child and the society. One of the outcomes of the reviews and developments led to resuscitation of National Open University of Nigeria as documented in the 2004 National Policy on Education.
The second part deals with the criteria set that will give access to the different levels of schooling. The criteria set determines the level of openness, especially in the case of open and distance learning. In this instance, the procedure for admission and registration comes into play. The process of admission and registration brings the dichotomy between the closed and open system of schooling. So in this study, the focus is on the criteria provided for open and distance learning which act as determinant for open access into higher education.
Thirdly, what are the maintenance mechanisms for the policies and procedures? This hinges on the strategies that would help sustain and improve the policies and procedures. This aspect is vital in the process. A continuous evaluation of the procedures helps in providing relevant access. Relevance here implies removal of barriers that would have deterred a citizen who demands and is willing to receive higher education. Barriers should not be restricted to only the assumed barriers such as age, religion, sex and race. The recipient is in the best position to actually define or relate what is a barrier to him or her. Therefore the involvement of the recipient at the maintenance mechanism is crucial. This discussion leads to the concept of access model for higher education as presented in Figure 1.
Two major purposes for higher education are for manpower development and self-actualization. This is prominent in open and distance learning. With reference to Figure 1, the government is the constitutional body that creates and oversees the activities of the education sector by setting policies and procedures. For the purpose of adequate placement to aid the expected knowledge, the prospective candidate needs to gain entrance through the prescribed criteria; the process of gaining studentship must be well specified as well as the mechanisms of checking the compliance of the processes. This is where the access model becomes useful in this study. For the purpose of this study, the education sector in the model shall be the National Open University of Nigeria.
Quality is important in the input and output of higher education especially in open and distance learning. The quality movement in distance education started in Australia, which is traced back to the work of the studying committee on External Studies in the mid-1980s. Quality could mean excellence, worth or value of a product. In this context this could be applied to education, where the grandaunts are the products of a school system. The process through which the quality is brought to bear brings about quality assurance. Quality improvement, quality assurance, and benchmarking are processes used in determining quality (Inglis, 2005). The difference in the framework lies in their scope, institutional application, structures, and method of application (Harman, 2000). The use of the frameworks depends on their implications, the similarities and differences the frameworks have for the purpose.
The quality of a product of a school system starts from the entrance level. It is within the access to education paradigm that quality assurance has become one of the fundamental aspects in planning and managing open and distance learning (ODL) provision (Belawati & Zuhairi, 2007). The term quality assurance refers to a process of defining and fulfilling a set of quality standards consistently and continuously with the goal of satisfying all consumers, producers and the other stakeholders. Quality assurance became important for ODL during the 1980s and 90s when enrolments into distance institutions went on the increase. The stakeholders were concerned with the quality assurance at the access level, but dealing with quality assurance at the access level calls for clear interpretation of what access entails in an ODL environment. Gale (2009) points out that it is critical to be clear about what type of access is being referred. The question is access to what? Access should be more than opening doors to students to register but more about providing support structures (Kasiram & Subrayen, 2013, p. 70). "Fundamental to access and equity in higher education is the extent to which the system responds effectively to full diversity as a key indicator of its quality" (Ngubane-Mokiwa, 2014, p. 5). Keegan (1996, p. 12) believed that:
Distance education is a form of education fraught with problems for administrators, teachers and students. It is characterized by the fragility of the non-traditional in education. These difficulties concern the quality and status of education. These difficulties concern the quality and status of education at a distance. Good practice in distance education seeks to provide solution for these inherent difficulties.
It could be said that open learning removes barriers in access such as admission, pre-requisites, physical attendance at a particular place and time, possession of prescribed equipment, books, and journal (Gandhe, 2009). Entrance into open and distance institutions is often faced with the challenge of access and thereby we should look for ways of improvement. Policy is required to guide improvement procedures. Moore and Kearsley (2012, p. 193) state that policy should not be in a vacuum but should seek to inform specific actions. Diko and Letseka (2009, p. 228) contend that policy formulation in educational settings cannot benefit the students if they are not appropriately implemented at grassroots level. It is not enough to set policy on access to higher education but there should be criteria to determine the level of access integration as specified by Howell and Lazarus (2003), Ryan (2011) and Ngubane-Mokiwa (2014). Policies for quality assurance are strengthened by getting feedback from the students; hence Vickerman and Blundell (2010, p. 26) stress the importance of regular consultation of students to enhance higher education practices. They also highlight the gap between policy and practice, particularly with regards to education for students with disabilities.
To ensure quality in access into NOUN, the following mechanisms are put in place:
A survey design was adopted in the study. All of the 78,555 enrolled students at the time of the study from 61 study centres of NOUN formed the population. A sample size of 3,060 was selected (table 1). Multi-stage sampling technique was used in selecting the sample size. First, the population was stratified into six geo-political zones in the country as South West, South South, South East, North East, North West, and North Central. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the two most populated study centres from each geopolitical zone, making twelve study centres used for the study. The study centres were classified from one to twelve starting from South West to North Central. The selection gave a total of 3,060 sampled students.
|Geo-Political Zones
|Sampled Study Centres
|Population in Sampled Centres
|Sample for the Study
|South West
|South South
|South East
|North East
|North West
|North Central
|Total Sample
A questionnaire titled Student Assessment of Institutional Quality Assurance Practices in National Open University of Nigeria was used to collect data. The questionnaire was divided into two sections. Section A was used to capture the demographic data of the students, such as study centre. Section B was used to measure criteria standards for admission and registration. Likert scale of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 with 0 = not aware; 1 = unsatisfactory; 2 = satisfactory; 3 = highly satisfactory and 4 = excellent. For the interpretation of the percentage, the scale was categorized in three: not aware and unsatisfactory as one, the second was satisfactory and the third was highly satisfactory and excellent. In addition, the mean is accepted at 2.00 and the mean below 2.00 is rejected.
The instrument was validated by five academic staff of the rank of senior lecturer and above, who have spent five years and above in the university. To test for reliability, the instrument was administered to 100 students from two study centres outside the sampled study centres (50 students from each study centre). Split-half reliability test was used for the analysis, and reliability co-efficient attained was 0.8. Four research assistants were trained, who joined the researchers to administer the adjusted instrument to the sampled subjects. Out of 3,060 questionnaires administered, only 2,471 were retrieved successfully, which formed 81% retrieval. Percentage, mean and standard deviation were used in analyzing the data.
Answer to Research Questions
Research Question 1: What is the perception of students on the criteria standards set on admission?
The area of great importance in Table 2 is the percentage of those who are not aware and the unsatisfactory. 47% respondents indicate not aware and unsatisfactory on the placement of applicants to postgraduate programmes and its mean is 1.72, which falls below 2.00. 40% indicate not aware and unsatisfactory response on the university provision for access and equity to disadvantage group. On the publication of clear policies on the admission of local and overseas students, 34% are not aware and unsatisfactory. 32% are not aware and are unsatisfactory of the existing mechanisms for the placement of all applicants into various programmes. Electronic admission also cut attention: 14% are not aware and are unsatisfactory of the electronic admission. The standard deviations are close to the mean. This implies that the responses are within the mean.
|Criteria Standards
Please tick as appropriate
0. Not Aware
1. Unsatisfactory
2. Satisfactory
3. Highly satisfactory
4. Excellent
|Std Dev
|The university has published clear policies on the admission of local and overseas students.
|800 (32.4)
|39 (1.6)
|628 (25.4)
|302 (12.2)
|702 (28.4)
|The admission process is transparent and is made available for scrutiny by relevant stakeholders.
|401 (16.2)
|140 (5.7)
|638 (25.8)
|303 (12.3)
|989 (40.0)
|There are existing mechanisms for selection of qualified candidates seeking admission.
|473 (19.1)
|283 (11.5)
|618 (25.0)
|195 (7.9)
|902 (36.5)
|The university has special provision to ensure equity and access to disadvantaged groups within its target student population.
|659 (26.7)
|335 (13.6)
|537 (21.7)
|209 (8.5)
|731 (29.6)
|All admissions are done electronically.
|188 (7.6)
|163 (6.6)
|384 (15.5)
|301 (12.2)
|1435 (58.1)
|Students' admissions are based on specific criteria.
|167 (6.8)
|278 (11.3)
|584 (23.6)
|342 (13.8)
|1100 (44.5)
|There are existing mechanisms for the placement of all applicants into various programmes.
|450 (18.2)
|329 (13.3)
|460 (18.6)
|346 (14.0)
|886 (35.9)
|All applicants into the postgraduate programmes have placements.
|1012 (41.0)
|137 (5.5)
|477 (19.3)
|210 (8.5)
|635 (25.7)
|There is no restriction on the number of candidates admitted.
|431 (17.4)
|279 (11.3)
|480 (19.4)
|318 (12.9)
|963 (39.0)
Research Question Two: What is the perception of students on the criteria standard set on registration?
Details on student handbook to support registration and students' challenges in course registration had 31% and 30% not aware or unsatisfactory respectively, as presented in Table 3. Generally, the mean falls within 2.00 and 2.78, which is an indication of satisfactory response to the criteria standards.
|Criteria Standards
Please tick as appropriate
0. Not Aware
1. Unsatisfactory
2. Satisfactory
3. Highly satisfactory
4. Excellent
|Std Dev
|The student handbook provides details of facilities and support services available to the learners.
|343 (13.9)
|420 (17.0)
|599 (24.2)
|260 (10.5)
|849 (34.4)
|Information to prospective learners includes details of admission requirements, the procedure for enrolment and the requirements for progression through the programme.
|345 (14.0)
|217 (8.8)
|443 (17.9)
|423 (17.1)
|1043 (42.2)
|Enrolment into the programmes is strictly in line with the specified norms and admission guidelines.
|238 (9.6)
|156 (6.3)
|641 (25.9)
|332 (13.4)
|1104 (44.7)
|Appropriate students' demographic data such as present place of employment, sex, age, last school level etc. are obtained.
|298 (12.1)
|178 (7.2)
|485 (19.6)
|369 (14.9)
|1141 (46.2)
|Registerable courses are made available to students.
|246 (10.0)
|321 (13.0)
|419 (17.0)
|313 (12.7)
|1172 (47.4)
|Students' difficulties and challenges on course registration are attended to promptly and efficiently.
|240 (9.7)
|508 (20.6)
|534 (21.6)
|331 (13.4)
|858 (34.7)
Research Question Three: What percentage level of access do students have to documents guiding their admission and registration into the university?
From the data in Table 4, students have more access to the university website (85.3%) through which they are able to get the guidelines on admission. Students do not have much access to students' handbook: the undergraduate recorded 50.6% and postgraduate 37.4%.
|Guidelines on Admission
|Newspaper advertisement
|Student Undergraduate Handbook
|Student Postgraduate Handbook
|University Website
|Student Database
|Periodic Information through study centre notice board
From the data presented in Table 2, it is observed that provision of access into NOUN for all those who are qualified is not well publicized with the record of 26.7% for not aware and 13.6% as unsatisfactory, which gave a total of 40%. Also, not all postgraduate applicants have placement. This negates the purpose of encouraging open and distance education in the country as specified in the National Policy of Education (2004). It is also observed that the university has defined the types of access available to the university, such as access policies and existing mechanisms for placement; but most of the students are not aware of these policies and mechanisms. Policy without adequate implementation is a failure. In this instance there appears to be a loophole in the policy implementation hence the less drive or it could also be that the processes put in place to implement the policies are weak. For instance, although the students have greater access to documents and information through the university website, it appears that the information on the website is not robust, hence students do not have much access to other documents and information. With a robust website, soft copies of other documents could be uploaded into the site which will facilitate access to other information.
From the findings, it could be concluded that students' admission and registration is facilitated by the type of information that is made available to them. To have a wider access in open and distance institution, the type of available access must be clearly defined and made available to the prospective students and learners through a medium that is easily accessible to them.
In conclusion, it could be said that students do not have equal access to student handbook as they have to the university website. This could limit the information on access and could also affect their course registration.
We suggest the following recommendations:
Badu-Nyarko, S. K. (2013). Quality assurance measures in distance learning at university of Ghana. African Educational Research Journal, 1(2), 126–133.
Belawati, T. & Zuhairi, A. (2007). The practice of a quality assurance system in open and distance learning: A case study at Universitas Terbuka Indonesia (The Indonesia Open University). The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 8(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v8i1.340
Diko, N. N. & Letseka, M. (2009). Policy appropriation in teacher retention and attrition: the case of North-West Province. Perspectives in Education,27(3), 228–236.
Federal Republic of Nigeria - FRN (2004). National Policy on Education (4th Ed.). Lagos-Nigeria: NERDC.
Gale, T. (2009). More towards the centre: searching for field position for student equity in Australian higher education, in Student equity in higher education: what we know, what we need to know: forum proceedings, 25th and 26th February 2009., National Centre for Student Equity in Higher Education, Adelaide, S. Aust. (pp. 1–15).
Gandhe, S. K. (2009). Quality Assurance in Open and Distance Learning in Indian Symbiosis Center for Distance Learning, India.
Harman, G. (2000). Quality assurance in higher education. Bangkok: Ministry of University Affairs & UNESCO PROAP.
Heymann, J; Raub, A. & Cassola, A. (2014). Constitutional Rights to Education and their Relationship to National Policy and School Enrolment. International Journal of Educational Development, 39, 121–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2014.08.005
Howell, C. & Lazarus, S. (2003). Access and participation for students with disabilities in South African higher education: Challenging accepted truths and recognizing new possibilities: Research paper. Perspectives in Education, 21(3), 59–74.
Inglis, A. (2005). Quality Improvement, Quality Assurance, and Benchmarking: Comparing two frameworks for managing quality processes in open and distance learning. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning,6(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v6i1.221
Kasiram, M. & Subrayen, R. (2013). Social exclusion of students with visual impairments at a tertiary institution in KwaZulu-Natal. South African Family Practice, 55(1), 66–72.
Keegan, D. (1996). Foundations of distance education (3rd Ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Moore, M.G. & Kearsley, G. (2012). Distance Education: A systems view of online learning. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.
National Universities Commission - NUC (2008). Monday Bulletin: Result of the November 2007 accreditation exercise.
Ngubane-Mokiwa, S. A. (2014). Critiquing UNISA's open access policy through the Harry Frankfrurt's Bullshit lens. Pensee Journal, 76(9), 333–345.
NOUN (2013). Academic Brief. National Open University of Nigeria. Vol. 1.
Ryan, J. (2011). Access and participation in higher education of students with disabilities: access to what? The Australian Educational Researcher,38(1), 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13384-010-0002-8
Vickerman, P. & Blundell, M. (2010). Hearing the voices of disabled students in higher education, Disability & Society, 25(1), 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687590903363290


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Heather Blake: If human rights is to be fundamental to foreign policy, the Government must seek justice over the death of Sergei Magnitsky
Heather Blake is a member of the Conservative Human Rights Commission.
Two years after the false arrest, torture while in police custody and death of tax lawyer Sergei Magnitsky, the United Nations is launching a formal investigation after a 100 page report was submitted by Redress, a leading UK NGO on torture. UN Special Rapporteurs on Torture, Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions and the Independence of Judges and Lawyers will be carrying out formal investigations on the case.
Mr Magnitsky was a tax lawyer working for Hermitage Capital, a British company based in Russia at the time. Magnitsky came under threat when revealing substantial tax fraud committed by Russian authorities against the British company. After numerous death threats made to Hermitage founder William Browder, and his team of lawyers, the company was forced to flee Russia and move back to the UK for safety; Magnitisky, however, remained in Russia. On the 24 November 2008 Magnitsky was arrested and placed in one of the most inhumane circumstances while in custody, where he was not allowed bail, denied any legal remedies, systematically tortured, denied medical care and died in 2009.
Hermitage Capital has made it a moral responsibility to bring to justice the inexcusable death of Magnitsky, not just in the name of the family who have lost a husband and father, but in the name of all those who suffer under the same injustices and go unnamed and unnoticed.
The Foreign Secretary has made significant efforts to place a sincere value on human rights in UK foreign policy, one example is the creation of the Human Rights Council, a small circle of leading human rights NGOs, lawyers and academics asked to meet with the Foreign Secretary and advise him on a plethora of international human rights issues. The false arrest, torture while in custody and corrupt judiciary that lead to Magnitsky's death represents a wider issue of numerous international human rights violations that take place daily, and should be high on the Council's agenda.
It is the duty of the UK Government to be one of the voices heard, if not leading, on such a case due to the strong stance on human rights as part of foreign policy, and simply because within the UK it is safe to do so, and in many countries throughout the world - it is not. The victim of such unfathomable cruelty was an innocent hard working man; a tax lawyer doing his job, and doing it very well. For his family's peace and the peace of all those unnamed and unknown victims of torture, cruel and degrading treatment, the UK government should wholeheartedly advocate that justice be served for a lawyer working for a British company that fell victim to grave human rights violations.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The NAACP wants the City Council to delay or reconsider a resolution that the civil rights organization says discriminates against African Americans and could displace people of color from their traditional North & Northeast Portland neighborhoods.
The resolution, passed by the council on June 13, addresses seismic risks to buildings with unreinforced masonry (URM) that could collapse during a 5.0+ magnitude earthquake.
The measure would disproportionately harm disadvantaged residents. Moreover, the city did not consult with them, has not adequately informed them and has not taken necessary steps to mitigate the damage and displacement the measure would cause, wrote E.D. Mondainé, president of the Portland chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
"My absolute hope is that it is not the thought of the Portland City Council, that the African American community of greater Portland, Oregon, stand idly by while being further marginalized and disenfranchised; nor walk silently while being continually oppressed, turning a blind eye toward injustice," Mondainé said in a letter to Mayor Ted Wheeler and other members of the city council.
"I want to believe that Oregon is a place that values community, and a place that desires to be a part of healing.
"I want to believe that the Oregonians of today are better than the Oregonians of the 1800's," the letter said.
Mondainé, Pastor of the Celebration Tabernacle Church and a small business owner in North Portland, likened the measure to the displacement of African Americans from the Albina neighborhood by the Portland Development Commission (PDC) in the 1960's and 1970's.
"The City Council declared the area blighted in 1964 (similar to what is happening now).
"The PDC tore down 160 houses and 28 businesses." Mondainé said in his letter.
Under the current resolution, Mondainé said, buildings with unreinforced masonry will be "placarded," a step he likened to the "blighting" of Albina, and one that will harm the property values of owners and could displace renters.
Regarding the current resolution, the NAACP president wrote: "The City of Portland, Oregon maintains that all affected property owners were notified via United States postal Services regular mail.
"However, a comprehensive survey of a council of African American Pastors, and several other African American business owners (myself included), all report not having received said notifications. The result is a great number of affected stakeholders that are both uninformed about their non-compliance status and excluded from the decision-making process. "
"The NAACP would like to believe that the city did its due diligence to inform the community concerning this issue; however, due to the harms that have been committed, and yet to be repaired, against the African American community ... the NAACP is requesting that the URM placarding be halted until an inclusive resolution has been drafted and approved by the community," the letter said.
The letter quotes documentation from the city government that the database of unreinforced masonry buildings is not reliable.
"The negative implications surrounding placarding on all listed URMs will undoubtedly cause horrendous and costly ramifications to property owners. The ability to secure financing, and buy or sell property, will be severely hindered. The fact that The City of Portland's URM list is unreliable becomes an immense injustice to the property owner, and a mischaracterization of said property" it said.
Oregon has a history of racial discrimination, and also of seeking to right the wrongs of the past, Mondainé wrote. "It is imperative to remember that in 1857, Oregon adopted a state constitution that banned black people from visiting the state, residing in the state, or holding property in the state. The law stated, 'No free negro or mulatto... shall ever come, reside, or be within this State, or hold any real estate, or make any contracts, or sustain any suit therein.'"
"Let it be established that the African American community has no desire to be noncompliant" the letter said. "It is however, of critical concern of the NAACP Portland Branch, that Oregon's documented history of excluding the African American community from the decision making processes, appears to be rearing it's unsightly head once again.'"
"The NAACP Portland Branch is open to dialogue with City Council with hopes of orchestrating an inclusive plan that will help to ensure not only that the African American community is included in the resolution, but to also ensure that the African American community is provided with adequate support from the city to be in compliance. We hope that the City will make the righteous and equitable decision.
We are stronger together. I look forward to your response," the letter said.
Portland City Council will vote October 10 to require plaques on unreinforced masonry buildings and notify tenants. Information about the proposed ordinance is available on the Portland Bureau of Development Services website. Comments can be sent to email@example.com.


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Bibliothèque Mazarine
The Bibliothèque Mazarine in Paris is a public and academic library, whose origins are linked to Cardinal Mazarin. The library holds over 5000 manuscripts from the Middle Age to the XXth century, 500 000 printed books (among them 2300 incunabula and 180 000 rare books printed before 1801,) and many works of art. Today joined to the Institut de France, the library is situated in a XVIIth century palace built on the south bank of the Seine, just in front of the Louvre.
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text:
It Looks like I wear glasses
my coat is silver gray
my hands and feet are very dark
all in all I look okay.
I'm not limited to hunting
at night time or at dawn
one can find me all day long
with a face like Makeup on.
It seems like I am washing
my food before I eat;
this is just a fairy tale
but believe me, it looks sweet!
A huge trouble-maker
that is how I'm known.
People seem to want us
but no family, just alone.
We look very cute and friendly
but hell, can we get pissed
when one day you feed and spoil us
the next day we get dissed.
It's true we can be hand-raised
tamed and trained to see
but please just do remember
we want to be wild and free.
I am no pet to keep at home
to hug and smooch and swoon.
by now you might have guessed
I am the cute racoon!
(Copyright: Aurora Jean Alexander, January 2018)


text:
COLUMBUS, Ohio – Who are the Buckeyes that most intrigue fans this season?
Every year, Ohio State's merchandising office works with the OSU coaching staff to determine which jersey numbers will be available for sale at the start of each season. The list is flexible and can change through the year as fans, and then retailers, show interest in a particular player or someone has a breakout year.
But the numbers picked at the start are chosen to anticipate the players who will generate the most interest, and those who match up as the kind of guys the coaches want representing the Buckeyes.
It can be a big deal to some players. I can remember Thaddeus Gibson being very proud several years ago when he noticed his No. 90 on sale in stores.
Typically, five or six numbers are chosen each year. This season, the Buckeyes are starting with eight, which Darren Rovell wrote on Twitter today was the most of any college team wearing Nike gear.
I'll now leave a a little space before I reveal those numbers, passed on by the OSU merchandising department as the original list chosen for 2012. Again, things can change. Let's see how many you can get right.
Here we go:
No. 4 - Junior safety C.J. Barnett. Guy has been a playmaker on the back end of the defense for years, is really smart and looks like a sure captain for 2013.
No. 5 – Sophomore quarterback Braxton Miller. If you bought a No. 5 for cornerback Chimdi Chekwa a few years ago, you're good to go.
No. 7 – Senior running back Jordan Hall, or senior cornerback Travis Howard. Two for the price of one. If you really like Hall, limp a little for the first weeks of the season, because he'll be sitting out for a bit after having surgery on his foot over the summer after he stepped on a piece of glass.
No. 10 – Sophomore linebacker Ryan Shazier or junior receiver Philly Brown. The best bargain, since both guys are expected to make a lot of plays. Again, it really works if you have the No. 10 left over from Troy Smith, because this Heisman winner hasn't had his number retired by Ohio State.
No. 11 – Senior tight end Jake Stoneburner. Offensive coordinator Tom Herman has promised the Buckeyes really will throw to the tight end this season. But Stoneburner isn't really a tight end anymore, as he's been hanging out with the receivers and will play a flex position in Urban Meyer's offense. You should be able to celebrate a few touchdowns in this jersey.
No. 15 – Sophomore receiver Devin Smith. This is a very good sign for Smith, a sophomore who had 14 catches and four touchdowns last season. This isn't for freshman linebacker Josh Perry, so the staff must be expecting Smith to do things this season to make people want his jersey.
No. 24 – Junior kicker Drew Basil. This isn't for freshman defensive back Armani Reeves, so take it as Urban Meyer's nod to the importance of special teams. If Basil has a Nugent-like year, people will buy it.
No. 54 – Senior defensive lineman John Simon. I would think this might be the second-most worn number by fans this season behind No. 5. There were a lot of No. 33 jerseys around when James Laurinaitis played, and though Simon is a lineman, not a linebacker, his legend has grown enough over the past few years that No. 54 should interest some people. It looks really good if you wear it to the weight room.
I think No. 52, for junior defensive lineman Johnathan Hankins, could draw interest if it becomes available later in the year. The guy always has a smile on his face, and if he's smiling while sacking the quarterback the first month, he could create a demand.
The guy who may be the most popular Buckeye doesn't have a number, though. Just keep you eye out for more Urban Meyer T-shirts this season.


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Princess Cruises is offering special savings to celebrate the World's Largest Cruise Sale during Cruise Line International Association's (CLIA) Cruise Week, Oct. 6-13, with a sale offering guests discounted cruise fares, free pre-paid gratuities and onboard spending money. Princess' "National Cruise Vacation Week Sale" begins today (four days early) and offers up to a 30% savings on cruise vacations to the Caribbean, Mexico, Panama Canal, Hawaii and Asia. In addition, guests who book during this cruise sale will also receive free pre-paid daily gratuities and those booking a balcony, mini-suite or suite accommodations with receive a $50 per person in onboard spending money. The sale ends Oct. 14. More information about the "National Cruise Vacation Week Sale" can be found at princess.com/sale.
Examples of cruise deals include:
• Caribbean cruise vacation – 7 days from $449
• Mexico cruise vacation – 7 days from $499
• Panama Canal cruise vacation – 11 days from $999
• Hawaii cruise vacation – 15 days from $1,499
• Asia cruise vacation – 17 days from $1,799
All cruise prices are per person, based on double occupancy. The "National Cruise Vacation Week Sale" begins at 12:01 a.m. PDT on October 2 and runs through 11:59 p.m. PDT on October 14 and is available to residents of the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico and Mexico. Additional cruise deals can be found at princess.com/topcruisedeals.
Additional information about Princess Cruises is available through a professional travel agent, by calling 1-800-PRINCESS (1-800-774-6237), or by visiting the company's website at princess.com.
Reported by © www.expertcruiser.com – Your online consumer guide for cruise travel and information.


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Thailand Cracks Down on 'Beg-Packing,' When Tourists Beg to Fund Their Expensive Vacations
A popular LGBT destination, Thailand is cracking down on Western backpackers traveling to their country and then begging for money to continue their travels.
Now known as "beg-packing," locals are shocked to see white tourists begging in the streets of Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia, Hong Kong, Thailand and Singapore to raise money for their travels. While some just see it as bizarre, others are outraged by it, calling it an "orientalist fantasy."
A young Singaporean, Maisarah Abu Samah, said she finds it "extremely strange" to see "white people" asking for money to fund their trips:
It was the first time I've seen something like that and it stopped me in my tracks. First of all, you don't see many people selling knick-knacks or playing music in the street in Singapore because there are strict rules governing these activities.
And, if you do happen to see street vendors or street performers, they are usually in the town centre and not near a bus stop in a relatively middle class neighborhood like this. I've also never seen white people doing that.
We find it extremely strange to ask other people for money to help you travel. Selling things in the street or begging isn't considered respectable. People who do so are really in need: they beg in order to buy food, pay their children's school fees or pay off debts. But not in order to do something seen as a luxury!
Thailand is responding by asking visitors on tourist visas how much money they have on them. If they don't have enough, they are being refused entry to the country. Accounts of this happening have begun to surface on social media.
20,000 baht is app. $600.
A Thailand immigration officer, who spoke to Thaivisa under the condition on anonymity, confirmed that people entering Thailand on tourist visas should be able to show they can support their stay.
He said it is normal procedure and up to the discretion of the immigration officer to ask for more information if they suspect that the individual may not be a genuine tourist or may be working in Thailand illegally.


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All campaigns make mistakes. Barack Obama's campaign just made a doozy, going after Paul Krugman for Krugman's criticism of Obama's omission of a mandate from his health insurance plan.
On the substance, I think Obama has a reasonable case to make. A mandate sounds like a good idea until you think about how to enforce it. If John Edwards were to be the nominee, his proposal for punitive enforcement would make a great talking point for his opponent. Hillary Clinton's plan includes a mandate, but says nothing about how it would be enforced: again, a lacuna her opponent in November would be unlikely to leave unexploited. Since Obama isn't willing to come out for an enforceable mandate, I think his decision to make his plan explicitly voluntary is more honest than HRC's decision to make her plan nominally manatory without explaining how to make the mandate real.
On the other hand, I agree with Krugman that if we're going to have a health plan based on private insurance rather than a tax-based single-payer system, it's going to have to be mandatory in order to avoid adverse selection: the deicison by young health people to go uninsured and rely on the fact that they can sign up for health insurance after they get sick. So Obama isn't doing the next Democratic President, whoever it turns out to be, any favors by denouncing a feature that will eventually have to be included in any sensible national health insurance scheme.
In any case, it's pointless for his campaign to publish "oppo research" on Krugman, who has certainly earned himself some slack by his brave and lonely opposition to All Things Bush since before the 2000 election.
The right move now on Obama's part seems obvious: He ought to pick up the phone, call Krugman, and apologize, and publicly say that he has instructed the campaign staff not to pull any such stunt in the future. "Always do right," said Mark Twain. "This will gratify some people and astonish the rest."


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Robert Davidson (inventor)
Robert Davidson
Tarbolton, South Ayrshire, Scotland
|1894 (aged 90)
|civil engineer
|Known for
|Built the first known electric locomotive
Robert Davidson (1804–1894) was a Scottish inventor who built the first known electric locomotive in 1837. He was a lifelong resident of Aberdeen, northeast Scotland, where he was a prosperous chemist and dyer, amongst other ventures. Davidson was educated at Marischal College, where he studied second and third year classes from 1819-1821,[1] including lectures from Professor Patrick Copland. He got this education in return for being a lab assistant.
In the 1820s, he set up in business close to the Aberdeen-Inverurie Canal, at first supplying yeast, before becoming involved in the manufacture and supply of chemicals.[1]
He became interested in the new electrical technologies of the day. From 1837, he made small electric motors on his own principles.
Davidson staged an exhibition of electrical machinery at Aberdeen, Scotland, and in Edinburgh where it was viewed on February 12, 1842, by the young James Clerk Maxwell.[2]
Later he exhibited at the Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly in London, where he hoped to attract sponsorship for his work.[1] Among the machines shown were his locomotive, an electrically driven lathe and printing press, and an electromagnet capable of lifting 2 tons.[3]
Electric locomotives[edit]
Davidson made a model electric locomotive in 1837. His Galvani of 1842 was a four-wheeled machine, powered by zinc-acid batteries. It was tested on the Edinburgh-Glasgow line in September 1842 and, although found capable of carrying itself at 4 mph, it did not haul any passengers or goods.[4]
Davidson's legacy[edit]
He has been described as a forgotten hero and electrical visionary.[3] He could not interest the rail companies; the technology he employed was too expensive.[1]
In 1840, the Aberdeen Banner had predicted that the type of machinery he was producing "will in no distant date supplant steam"; however, it was only when electric locomotives were introduced in the 1890s that the media came to recognize what he had done. He was described as the "oldest living electrician" and The Electrician magazine reported " Robert Davidson was undoubtedly the first to demonstrate the possibility of electrical traction in a practical way".[3]
A working model of his electrical motor can be seen at the Grampian Transport Museum.
After 1843, at home in Aberdeen, he settled down to family life and, for the next fifty years, the running of his business at Canal Road. His earlier invention of a method for large-scale production of yeast, one of the staples of his chemical business,[5] and the manufacture of perfumes were so remunerative that it allowed him to indulge his many interests of astronomy, collecting of fine china, valuable pictures and a large collection of violins.
See also[edit]
- ^ a b c d John S. Reid Robert Davidson — pioneer electrician from Natural Philosophy Museum, University of Aberdeen
- ^ Anthony F. Anderson (11 June 1981) Forces of Inspiration, The New Scientist, pages 712,3 via Google Books
- ^ a b c John S. Reid (2007). "Scottish Scientific Heroes from the East Coast" (PDF). University of Aberdeen. Natural Philosophy Museum, University of Aberdeen. p. 8. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
- ^ Gordon, William (1910). "The Underground Electric". Our Home Railways. Vol. 2. London: Frederick Warne and Co. p. 156.
- ^ Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1966). "Davidson, Robert". Biographical dictionary of the history of technology. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-06042-4.
Further reading[edit]
- The Practical Mechanic Vol II, November 1842 pp 48–51.
- J.H.R. Body, "A Note on Electro-Magnetic Engines", Newcomen Society Transactions: 14: 103–107.
- Robert C. Post (1974) "Electro-Magnetism and Motive Power: Robert Davidson's "Galvani" of 1842", Railroad History, pages 5–23.
- A.C. Davidson (January 1976) "An Ingenious Aberdonian", The Scots Magazine
- John R. Stevens (editor) (1989,90) Pioneers of Electric Railroading: Their Story in Words and Pictures, Chapter 1, pages 1 – 6, published by The Electric Railroader's Association
- John Aspinall (1909) Presidential Address to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (appendix) includes extract from Railway Times, 10 December 1842.


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Guest essay by Eric Worrall
United Nations Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon, and Kamalesh Sharma, Secretary General of the Commonwealth, have proposed that third world countries should be allowed to pay off their debts, by taking "action" on climate change.
According to The Independent;
Swapping national debt for action on climate change could be the solution we've been looking for
The Commonwealth's proposal for a Multilateral Debt Swap for Climate Action alongside green investment and multilateral action from both developed and developing countries are the actions we need post Paris to halt climate change.
Last month's global agreement on climate change was a remarkable gift to the world and to future generations. One hundred and eighty-eight countries have submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, setting out what they are prepared to do to reduce emissions and build climate resilience. Developed country governments have reaffirmed their commitment to raise $100 billion a year for climate action, with small and vulnerable countries first on the list for assistance. As the Prime Minister of Tuvalu – a Pacific nation threatened by catastrophic sea level rises – said during the Paris summit: "If you save Tuvalu, you save the world."
Now the New Year has arrived and it's time to act on these resolutions. A rapid and sustained flow of climate finance for the vulnerable developing countries is central to managing the climate challenge. Thus far the flow of climate financing has been less than satisfactory. This must change. Climate financing should not lead to a reduction in traditional official development assistance.
That's why global warming was a top priority of Commonwealth leaders at their recent meeting in Malta. Their Statement on Climate Change provided timely, important political impetus to the Paris Conference. And they generated some good ideas to free up funds for climate action.
Here's one: swapping national debt for climate change action. Many vulnerable countries are so burdened by debt they simply can't afford to address global warming. Jamaica, for example, is struggling with a public debt to GDP ratio of 140 per cent. For the Seychelles, it's 65 per cent. Think what could happen if countries like these lowered their burden by taking action on climate change: they could expand marine protected areas, strengthen coastal defences, reform fisheries policies, promote water conservation, manage coastal zones, invest in renewable energy and create institutions to advance their plans — working their way out of debt at the same time.
Read more: http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/swapping-national-debt-for-action-on-climate-change-could-be-the-solution-weve-been-looking-for-a6802561.html
What a plan. Unless I missed something, Ban-ki Moon's plan means third world despots get to fund their armies and secret police, and fill their offshore bank accounts, by running up huge national debts. Then to have those debts "forgiven", so the tyrants can borrow even more money, all they have to do is to "create new institutions" (employ lots of UN affiliated bureaucrats), restrict access to irrigation, and ruin their domestic fishing industry.


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What exactly is the New Jersey Matrimonial Early Settlement Panel (ESP)?Is it an opportunity to try to settle your entire divorce case quickly and fairly?
Is it an interesting name for a panel of lawyers who try to read a judge's mind (you know, "esp"?)
Well, the truth is that it is probably a little of both.
Nobody knows for certain how a particular judge will decide a specific issue in a given divorce case if the case does not settle and actually goes to trial.
On the other hand, many issues in divorce are fairly routine and can be "predicted" with a good deal of accuracy by a highly experienced New Jersey divorce lawyer.
Several months into your divorce case, the county court will schedule your case for an Early Settlement Panel, known informally as an "ESP."
The Early Settlement Panel (ie. "ESP") is a group of two lawyers assigned to your case once your divorce complaint has been filed for several months. You, your spouse, and both of your attorneys will appear before the Panel in a room at the county courthouse.
The two Early Settlement Panel members, or panelists, are local lawyers who either deal with divorce issues exclusively or practice a substantial amount of divorce law.
Some panelists are more experienced than others.
Some panelists are nicer or meaner than others.
All panelists are volunteering their time to try to help you settle your case quickly, fairly, and efficiently.
In advance of the panel date your lawyer will (or should) prepare a special form that explains the issues briefly and gives your position on how those issues should be resolved.
The ESP Case Profile form is handed to the panelists by the lawyers as the room becomes occupied and the panelists spend a few minutes reviewing these forms.
The panelist normally begins by asking lawyer for the person who filed for divorce to explain to the panelist their version of the case and how it should settle. Thereafter, the other side is given the same opportunity.
Once the panel has heard from both sides, there is usually some discussion, including input from the husband and wife directly if they choose to participate verbally.
The parties and their attorneys are then asked to step out of the room, and the two Early Settlement Panel members discuss their particular take on both parties' positions.
The panel then gives its recommendations as to how they feel your particular judge is likely to rule at a trial on the issues just discussed based upon the particular facts of your case.
The Early Settlement Panel is then concluded.
I have heard different judges say different percentages in terms of how effective the Matrimonial Early Settlement Panel is in resolving divorce cases. To my knowledge, no reliable study has ever been done.
However, I can say as a New Jersey divorce lawyer with 34 years of divorce law experience that in my experience the Early Settlement Panel has been an extremely useful tool for helping me to help my clients settle their cases.
CLICK HERE to learn options if your Early Settlement Panel fails


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TS LAWCET 2022 Syllabus – Get Telangana LAWCET Syllabus Here
TS LAWCET 2022 Syllabus will be released on the website along with the release of notification. The entrance examination will be organized for providing admission to the candidates in UG Law courses offered by the various Government and Private universities in the limit of Telangana state. The examination is organized by the Kakatiya University. The exam is organized on the behalf of Telangana State Council of Higher education. This is a state Level Exam. The exam is organized for 3 year & 5 year LLB courses. Here we are discussing about detailed TS LAWCET Syllabus 2022.
TS LAWCET 2022 Syllabus
The Test is designed to evaluate the candidate's ability and aptitude to pursue the study of Law. The Test consists of three parts.
Total number of questions will be 120 and the duration of test is 90 minutes. Maximum marks will be 120. For 5 year Law Course, the standard expected is of Intermediate level and for 3 year Law Course, the standard expected is of Degree Level.
Part – A:
Consists of 30 questions carrying 30 marks: General Knowledge and Mental Ability
General Knowledge section will include questions from:
- Indian History
- Indian Constitution
- Indian Culture & Heritage
- Indian Polity
- Current Affairs – National & International
- Economy etc.
Mental Ability will include questions from:
- Complex Arrangements
- Coding & Decoding
- Non-Verbal Series
- Direction and Distances
- Linear Arrangements
- Blood Relationships
- Routes & Networks
- Verbal Series
- Alphabet Test
- Symbols and Notations
- Data Interpretation Test
- Data Sufficiency Test
- Problems Based on Symmetry
- Ordering & Sequencing
- Problems Based on Visual Ability
- Analytical Reasoning
Click here to view official TS LAWCET Syllabus (Last Year)
Also Check:
Part – B:
Consists of 30 questions carrying 30 marks: Current Affairs
Current Affairs will include questions from:
- Polity
- Economics
- Awards and Achievements
- Scientific Discoveries and Inventions
- And further topics of relevance
Part – C:
Consists of 60 questions carrying 60 marks: Aptitude for the Study of Law
The questions in Part-C, Aptitude for the study of Law, elementary knowledge of the basic principles of Law and Constitution of India, on the Part of the Student is assumed.
Aptitude for the Study of Law will include questions from:
Public International Law:
- International Law and Municipal Law
- Subjects, State Territory, Air, Sea and outer space
- Nationality and Statelessness
- State Jurisdiction
- United Nations
Mercantile Law:
- General Principles of Contract
- 1-75
- Indian Contract Act-1872
Labour Law:
- Trade Union Act 1926
- Industrial Disputes Act 1947
Crimes and Torts:
- Indian Penal Code -General Principles & General Exceptions
- TORTS: General Principles of Tort
- Joint liability
- State liability for torts; Consumer Protection Act,1986
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) & Other Law:
- Copyright Act, 1957; Patents Act, 1970
- Environmental Protection Act, 1986
- Human Rights, The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993
- Salient features of Information Technology Act, 2000
- The Right to Information Act 2005
If you have any query about TS LAWCET 2022 Syllabus, You can ask us by leaving your query in comment box given below.


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May is Cystic Fibrosis Awareness month. This is the month many CF Foundations do their Great Strides fundraising walks. I am very aware of CF every day obviously. Now is the time to educate others. If you have questions about CF or what I have to do every day feel free to comment on this post and I will answer them. Continue reading
Tag Archives: diagnosis
CF Awareness Month: Signs & symptoms of CF
Very salty-tasting skin (my mom used to kiss my forehead and lick her lips to see if I needed to eat a salty snack to replenish salt)
Persistent coughing (coughing is what we do and we do it well)
Coughing that produces thick sticky mucus (oh the things that come out of our lungs)
Frequent lung infections (frequently diagnosed as pneumonia or bronchitis before CF diagnosis and classified as CF Exacerbation and/or pneumonia after diagnosis)
Wheezing or shortness of breath (a lot of people with CF also have asthma like I do…double whammy)
Poor growth and slow weight gain, in spite of a good appetite, failure to thrive (what lead to my diagnosis)
Frequent greasy, bulky stools or difficulty in bowel movements (oh boy, you don't even want to know)
Small, fleshy growths in the nose, called nasal polyps (there have been people that have been diagnosed because their polyps led to questioning CF because they are so prominent in CF patients) (I have had multiple sinus surgeries which I will talk about on another day)
Liver issues, enlarged or scaring or narrowing of the ducts
CF affects multiple parts of the body but is mostly known as a lung disease and/or problems with pancreatic/stomach.
CF Awareness Month: The history of CF & statistics
I thought I would share a little history about Cystic Fibrosis so you can see where it all began. Well, I mean that metaphorically.
In 1936: A Swiss pediatrician first named the disease. He referred to it as cystic fibrosis with Bronchiectasis. A scientist from Columbia University first developed a complete profile and description of cystic fibrosis symptoms.
In 1938: Dr. Dorothy Andersen described the characteristic cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, correlating it with the lung and intestinal disease prominent in CF, but this was not yet much help with treatment.
Continue reading
Chapter 1 – Cystic Fibrosis Facts & My Diagnosis
"Playing the Cards Life has Dealt"
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and digestive system of about 30,000 children and adults in the United States (70,000 worldwide). A defective gene and its protein product cause the body to produce unusually thick, sticky mucus that:
- clogs the lungs and leads to life-threatening lung infections; and
- Obstructs the pancreas and stops natural enzymes from helping the body break down and absorb food.
Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis (source: http://www.cff.org/AboutCF/)
People with CF can have a variety of symptoms, including:
- very salty-tasting skin;
- persistent coughing, at times with phlegm;
- frequent lung infections;
- wheezing or shortness of breath;
- poor growth/weight gain in spite of a good appetite; and
- frequent greasy, bulky stools or difficulty in bowel movements


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Egypt's Interior Miinstry warned in a statement about an American website, dubbed 'GCL Internet Services', which has been allegedly offering e-visas to Egypt at double the official price.
The ministry stressed that tourists who are looking to obtain an Egyptian visa must do so using the official government website.
Egypt's tourist visa is issued for $25, or at $60 for multiple entries.
Since December, incoming tourists and visitors were able to apply for an online visa from the comfort of their homes without the need for embassy appointments, after Egypt officially launched its electronic visa services at the Cairo ICT Expo, aiming to lure tourists back into the country.
"The Egypt eVisa aims to simplify the process for visitors to Egypt to obtain the correct travel authorization. The online visa program will not only accelerate the process for visa applications prior to traveling but also improve the system of customs and border control upon arrival in Egypt," Egypt's eVisa website said.
Eligible applicants from 41 countries, including the US, Canada, France and the UK, will be able to apply for travel authorization online and will receive their visa electronically. The applicants for the Egypt eVisa must be nationals from an eligible country and have a passport with a validity of six months from the arrival date.
According to the website, the eVisa for Egypt is a single-entry visa. It is valid for a maximum stay of 30 days, and is "compulsory" for travelers wishing to visit Egypt for tourism, business and transit purposes.


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November 29, 2018
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This apple crumble recipes is tasty, requires very few ingredients , can be eaten as dessert or breakfast, and is ridiculously easy to make. Added plus that it's mostly sweetened by good apples.
Tag: crumble
Summer Berry Crumble
Summer Berry Crumble Crust Ingredients 1/3 cup honey (or 1/2 cup brown sugar) 1/3 cup coconut oil 3/4 cup oats 1 cup oat flour 1/3 cup sliced almonds Bottom layer: 1 cup strawberries 1 cup blueberries 5 sliced nectarines Directions: Preheat oven to 375 F Mix all crust ingredients in a bowl. You may need [...]


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Refer to https://gitee.com/help/articles/4113 to register Gitee account.
Set your primary mail box in gitee settings https://gitee.com/profile/emails.
Sign your CLA in https://clasign.osinfra.cn/sign/Z2l0ZWUlMkZvcGVuZ2F1c3M=.
Prepare your git environment refering to https://gitee.com/help/articles/4107.
Understand blog format
The blog is written in markdown format. You can read https://gitee.com/opengauss/blog/blob/master/content/en/design/content_posts.md to get understand how the blog is designed.
The head includes the following information:
title = "Sample Post"
date = "2020-03-03"
tags = ["Sample", "ABC", "cccc"]
archives = "2020-03"
author = "Blog Maintainer"
summary = "Just about everything you'll need to style in the theme: headings, paragraphs, blockquotes, tables, code blocks, and more."
Here you can edit your blog.
Tips: you can copy content/_example/2020-03-03-sample-post.md to your folder and edit it.
Post your blog
The blog posting follows the pull request of Gitee.
Fork openGauss blog project https://gitee.com/opengauss/blog to your own gitee. Refer to https://gitee.com/help/articles/4122 for detailed guidance.
Clone the code to your local environment.
git clone https://gitee.com/<your-gitee-id>/blog
Create a branch
git checkout -b <branch-name>
Create a folder in the blog floder
cd content\post mkdir <your-gitee-id> cd <your-gitee-id> touch YEAR-MONTH-DAY-title.md
And You can put the resources in the same folder as your text file's, and name the resources as
Where the YEAR, MONTH, DAY, and title are the same as your blog file, and NN is the serial number of the pictures, like 01, 02 and so on. The MARKUP is the file extension, and for pictures it is recommended to use png. The following are one example.
Commit your post
git add <file-path> git commit -m "<message>" git push origin <branch-name>:<branch-name>
Refer to https://gitee.com/help/articles/4122to submit your Pull Request
Wait for reviewing and merging.


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Plymouth, MI, USA – October 18, 2022 – Book Title Generator: A Proven System in Naming Your Book, by book publicist Scott Lorenz garnered it's 26th win for Best in Business at The International Impact Awards. The judges presented their award based on book content, quality, writing style, presentation and cover design.
Scott Lorenz, President of Westwind Book Marketing with 30+ years in the PR business, has witnessed and adapted to the massive technological and societal changes which have altered the book marketing landscape. "Besides writing a good book, the most important thing for a book's success is an excellent title," says Lorenz. "Nobody buys a book unless they're first attracted by the title and cover. If the title doesn't grab them, it's game over." Using the latest methods of getting a book ranked on search engines and in Amazon, Lorenz shows authors how to get the right title for their book. "I ask authors to consider all options in the quest for the perfect book title. From using numbers, alliteration, idioms, and keyword research, Book Title Generator covers them all."
Lorenz offers this sage advice: "If you take the time and utilize the tools laid out for you here and choose the right search engine-optimized title, your book will have an inside edge in turning big sales at the top of the Amazon rankings. Choose the wrong title and your book languishes in obscurity."
Book Title Generator has received dozens of awards in numerous categories ranging from writing and publishing to business and marketing. The awards include: The Pacific Book Awards, The Independent Author Network Award, Pinnacle Book Achievement Award, eLit Award, Literary Titan Book Award, Royal Dragonfly Award, American Book Fest, Book Readers Appreciation, Wishing Shelf, The New England Book Festival, Firebird Book Awards, New York Book Festival, San Francisco Book Festival, The Presidents Book Award, IPPY Book Award, Next Generation Award, AXIOM Business Book Award, Book Excellence Award, AMG International, PenCraft Book Achievement, Book of the Year Award, Best Book Award, B.R.A.G. Medallion, FAPA's President's Silver Award and the International Book Award.
Watch the official book trailer at https://bit.ly/BookTitleGeneratorTrailer.
Readers of the book are equally impressed and have this to say about Book Title Generator:
"This guy NAILS IT! A real pro who knows exactly what he's talking about. Grabbing a copy before you publish your book is a no-brainer – especially if you're a first-time author."– Brian F. Amazon, 5-Stars
"Bottom line: this is a compilation of clever ideas from a highly-experienced book publicist. Even the most experienced author will benefit from them."– Richard B. Schwartz, Amazon Top 500 Reviewer, Top Contributor, 5-Stars
"I particularly enjoyed his analysis on the effectiveness of idioms, alliteration, and metaphors in developing effective book titles. I recommend the book to both new and experienced authors."– Barbara Mojica, Amazon Top 1000 Reviewer, Top Contributor, 5-Stars
"This is an indispensable, first rate adjunct to the art of writing – and selling- your book. The goal: discoverability! Very highly recommended."– Grady Harp, Amazon Top 50 Hall of Fame Reviewer, 5-Stars
"Book Publicist Scott Lorenz gives you the ABCs and XYZs of picking the perfect title for that book you have put your heart into. It's required reading for aspiring or experienced writers."– John Kelly, Detroit Free Press, 5 Stars
"I am an author, and I have been writing for over 10 years. This book is exactly what I have been looking for all this time. Scott Lorenz understands the creative side while delving into the marketing side of naming a book. It explains how to set yourself up for success."– Iris, Amazon reviewer, 5 Stars
Strategies put forth by Lorenz hold true for aspects of online marketing beyond the book world, which could prove valuable for authors seeking to showcase their professional services. Many authors employ a book as an entrée for seminars, speaking engagements, consulting or marketing a specific expertise.
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Media ContactCompany Name: Westwind Communications Book MarketingContact Person: Scott LorenzEmail: Send EmailPhone: 734-667-2090Country: United StatesWebsite: https://www.westwindbookmarketing.com


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By Zubeida Mustafa
IS the world really waking up to the population crisis that received a lot of international publicity at the London Summit on Family Planning last week? One wishes it were. But all the noise seems to be emanating from the developed states which have managed their own demographic affairs very well while generously supporting the Third World countries' population programmes. Their success is to be attributed mainly to their strategy of working honestly within a holistic socioeconomic framework.
Unfortunately, developing countries, which are the biggest contributors to the galloping global population growth and that have restricted resources, have shown a poor record. According to the UN, the current world population stands at 7.6 billion and is expected to be 8.6bn by 2030 and 9.8bn in 2050. The world has roughly 83 million new mouths to feed every year.
Take our case. With a population of about 200m — we still await the recent census results — Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and a major contributor to the annual global population growth. It has failed to meet its demographic goals.
The Punjab finance minister, who attended the London summit, can hardly be credited with high intelligence when she stated the obvious that Pakistan had no time to lose to reduce its fertility rates. With every woman producing an average of 3.8 children in her reproductive years, a contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) as low as 35.5 per cent and the population growing at 1.86pc per annum, the country still has a long way to go. In the last three years, Pakistan has managed to reduce its growth rate marginally by a measly 0.06 percentage point by the official reckoning.
Is population planning following the same path as education?
What was most disturbing was the minister's statement that "a definite political will had been translated into budgetary allocations by the provincial governments". One should normally have welcomed this move. But a look at some facts and figures pointed out by an Islamabad-based NGO called Research and Development Solutions tells another story. It says government budgets across all provinces have reportedly exceeded Rs10bn — 2.5 fold in one year between 2012 and 2013. But it is doubtful if this has translated itself into a proportionate increase in the CPR or reduction in the total fertility rate. Only a survey, whenever it is held, will tell.
Where is all this funding going? It is revealing to dig into the information given in various documents released by the government agencies annually and the two demographic surveys of 2006 and 2012. Here is my assessment, which should give some food for thought to those who care.
First, the population programme, like our education projects, is receiving heavy funding from various foreign sources and a lot of it is going into increasing manpower at the population department and to build infrastructure. Thus family welfare centres, reproductive service centres, mobile reproductive units, registered practitioners have grown (on paper?) requiring funds but not necessarily producing results. It is calculated that 96.5pc of the funds pay for salaries and overheads. More significantly, since 2013, the supply of contraceptives has actually gone down. As for the contraceptive users only a third receive their supplies from a public-sector facility with the remaining two-thirds being served by NGOs or procuring their own supplies after paying for them in the market.
All this doesn't inspire much hope. Is population planning following the same path as education with its main goal being job creation? One would have to obtain the manpower strength at the Population Welfare Department and its performance to assess the effectiveness of the programme.
One would like to believe that the population staff is serving as motivators to create the demand for family planning services and the desire for small families. But creating demand without providing the services can be a frustrating exercise. Empirical evidence does not suggest that much has changed on the demographic front. Look at what demographers call unmet need (UMN), meaning there are women who do not want more children but who have no access to contraceptives. This has not grown substantially and the UMN has stagnated at 20pc in the last decade.
The emphasis appears to be on supply side strategies. The reason stated by the NGO for this failure is plausible. There is little effort on retaining users, young couples (especially girls) are systematically ignored and little research has been done on the demand factors such as reasons for refusal, clearing up misconceptions and devising ingenious counselling techniques. There is also the need to focus on the growing urbanisation. Health and educational facilities in our urban slums are badly neglected. These aspects must be looked into seriously if the population growth rate is to be slowed down.
Source: Dawn


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Brigham Young University Bachelors of Science – Economics
Wake Forest University
Legacy Portland (Oregon) Hospitals
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Malta Dynamics High Visibility Yellow Safety Surveyor Vest, Type R Class 2 (each)
High visibility safety vests are a required necessity in many of today's work environments. Whether you are on construction sites, in hazardous working areas, or along the roadsides across the country, there are plenty of distractions that draw attention away from your presence – placing you in harm's way. The attention of drivers, machine operators, or even your co-workers can be the difference between a safe work environment and a dangerous one. The Malta Dynamics Hi-Vis Safety Surveyor Vest improves your ability to be seen with our vibrant, highly visible colors and contrasting reflective stripes. Our vest is ANSI compliant and is suitable for use during the daytime as well as in low light conditions. The breathable yet durable design makes it easy to wear, even in the hottest, harshest conditions. The zipper closure allows for easy on/off and 7 thoughtfully placed pockets ensure that everything you need is with you at all times. There are even mic tabs for easy, hands free communication.
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What Problems Can a Corporation Merger Have?
Corporate mergers can have a profound impact on the business world. Mergers occur when two or more businesses combine to create a new and larger business entity that combines the resources of the original companies. This process can go off without a hitch, but this is not always the case. Businesses looking to combine their efforts may run into certain problems along the way.
One of the primary reasons that mergers sometimes fall apart before they can ever be completed is due to the differences between those attempting the merger in the first place. Differences in opinion or management style may cause potential partners to fail to see eye-to-eye, causing the merger negotiations to break down. This can happen for other reasons as well. Differences in personality may cause two potential partners to part ways even though it may be mutually beneficial to combine their efforts.
Legal Issues
Legal issues present another major snafu the companies may run into during the merger process. Since the passage of the Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890, companies in the United States have been forbidden to form any type of business entity that might result in the restriction of fair trade. This applies to mergers at the corporate level as well. The act indicates that any "combinations" in restraint of trade are also illegal. It has taken well over a century for U.S. policymakers to fully spell out what this means, but it is an important consideration that companies must make when moving forward in the merger process.
Differences in corporate culture from one organization to the next also can pose problems for businesses looking to combine efforts and resources. This is closely related to the differences seen between partners but applies to the entire organization as a whole rather than the differences between those at the top of the corporate food chain. The ability to combine two organizations with cultures that are seeming polar opposites of one another requires both planning and a certain level of artistry. Cultural differences can threaten the outcome of a merger.
One of the most significant problems that occurs in relation to a corporate merger is the post-merger integration that must take place. Companies that combine their efforts and resources must learn to do so by bringing all of the constituent elements of their organizations together. This is easier said than done. The amount of planning and negotiating required to bring this about is fairly significant and usually takes place during the merger process. This integration planning is closely related to cultural issues because it requires those involved in the planning process to determine what corporate culture will look like after the merger.
Writer Bio
Jared Lewis is a professor of history, philosophy and the humanities. He has taught various courses in these fields since 2001. A former licensed financial adviser, he now works as a writer and has published numerous articles on education and business. He holds a bachelor's degree in history, a master's degree in theology and has completed doctoral work in American history.


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In the event that you just require advances sometimes, I'd recommend ActiveHours. Their spend what you need model is tough to beat, and you may receives a commission typically (rather than invest any money that is extra whenever you don't require cash straight away. Nevertheless, using screenshots of your title, hours worked, and profits in a file that is single be tough to accomplish from your own phone and delivering a file from your own Computer to your phone could be a bit of an inconvenience. Once you master the procedure though, it is pretty easy.
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If you are using some of these solutions, it is crucial to help keep an eye on your charges to help you deduct them in your Schedule C. You are able to record the deals under "Commissions and Fees" within QuickBooks one-man shop plus they will look after the remainder for you personally. It lets you observe how much you may be investing over a to have these services year. This is one way you'd manually record the deal within QuickBooks one-man shop.
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