text:
The word logos (from the root of the Greek verb lego, "to say") figures prominently in a number of Greek and Christian philosophical doctrines. Although the word's earliest meaning probably was "connected discourse," by the classical period it already had a wide variety of other meanings: "argument," "rational principle," "reason," "proportion," "measure," and others. For this reason, it is difficult to interpret the logos doctrines of philosophers and dangerous to assume a single history for these doctrines.
Heraclitus was the earliest Greek thinker to make logos a central concept. He urges us to pay attention to the logos, which "governs all things" and yet is also something we "encounter every day." We should probably emphasize the linguistic connections of logos when interpreting Heraclitus's thought. In our efforts to understand the world, we should look to our language and the order embodied in it, rather than to scientific or religious views that neglect this.
|BELIEVE Religious Information Source - By Alphabet Our List of 2,300 Religious Subjects
In the New Testament, the Gospel According to Saint John gives a central place to logos; the biblical author describes the Logos as God, the Creative Word, who took on flesh in the man Jesus Christ. Many have traced John's conception to Greek origins - perhaps through the intermediacy of eclectic texts like the writings of Philo of Alexandria. More recently, however, scholars have emphasized that the Old Testament contains a doctrine of the Word of God; and in Aramaic paraphrases the "Word of God" takes on some of the functions of God. Later Christian thinkers clearly did incorporate the Stoic logos doctrine; logos was associated particularly with Christ and later, in Arianism, no longer identified with God.
Martha C Nussbaum
J Carey, Kairos and Logos (1978); W J Ong, Presence of the Word (1967).
Logos (Greek, "word,""reason,""ratio"), in ancient and especially in medieval philosophy and theology, the divine reason that acts as the ordering principle of the universe.
The 6th-century BC Greek philosopher Heraclitus was the first to use the term Logos in a metaphysical sense. He asserted that the world is governed by a firelike Logos, a divine force that produces the order and pattern discernible in the flux of nature. He believed that this force is similar to human reason and that his own thought partook of the divine Logos.
In Stoicism, as it developed after the 4th century BC, the Logos is conceived as a rational divine power that orders and directs the universe; it is identified with God, nature, and fate. The Logos is "present everywhere" and seems to be understood as both a divine mind and at least a semiphysical force, acting through space and time. Within the cosmic order determined by the Logos are individual centers of potentiality, vitality, and growth. These are "seeds" of the Logos (logoi spermatikoi). Through the faculty of reason, all human beings (but not any other animals) share in the divine reason. Stoic ethics stress the rule "Follow where Reason [Logos] leads"; one must therefore resist the influence of the passions-love, hate, fear, pain, and pleasure.
The 1st-century AD Jewish-Hellenistic philosopher Philo Judaeus employed the term Logos in his effort to synthesize Jewish tradition and Platonism. According to Philo, the Logos is a mediating principle between God and the world and can be understood as God's Word or the Divine Wisdom, which is immanent in the world.
At the beginning of the Gospel of John, Jesus Christ is identified with the Logos made incarnate, the Greek word logos being translated as "word" in the English Bible: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. .Ā.Ā. And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us .Ā.Ā." (John 1:1-3, 14). John's conception of Christ was probably influenced by Old Testament passages as well as by Greek philosophy, but early Christian theologians developed the conception of Christ as the Logos in explicitly Platonic and Neoplatonic terms (see Neoplatonism). The Logos, for instance, was identified with the will of God, or with the Ideas (or Platonic Forms) that are in the mind of God. Christ's incarnation was accordingly understood as the incarnation of these divine attributes.
Robert S. Brumbaugh
The most usual Greek term for "word" in the NT: occasionally with other meanings (e.g., account, reason, motive); specifically in the prologue to the Fourth Gospel (John 1:1, 14) and perhaps in other Johannine writings (I John 1:1; Rev. 19:13) it is used of the second person of the Trinity. In ordinary Greek parlance it also means reason.
The prologue thus sets out three main facets of the Logos and his activity: his divinity and intimate relationship with the Father; his work as agent of creation; and his incarnation.
In I John 1:1 "the Logos of life," seen, heard, and handled, may refer to the personal Christ of the apostolic preaching or impersonally to the message about him. Rev. 19:12 pictures Christ as a conquering general called the Logos of God. As in Heb. 4:12, it is the OT picture of the shattering effects of God's word (cf. the imagery of vs. 15) which is in mind.
The rabbinic me'mra,' hardly more than a reverent substitution for the divine name, is not sufficiently substantial a concept; nor is direct contact with Hermetic circles likely.
The source of John's Logos doctrine is in the person and work of the historical Christ. "Jesus is not to be interpreted by Logos: Logos is intelligible only as we think of Jesus" (W. F. Howard, IB, VIII, 442). Its expression takes its suitability primarily from the OT connotation of "word" and its personification of wisdom. Christ is God's active Word, his saving revelation to fallen man. It is not accidental that both the gospel and Christ who is its subject are called "the word." But the use of "Logos" in the contemporary hellenistic world made it a useful "bridge" word.
In two NT passages where Christ is described in terms recalling Philo's Logos, the word Logos is absent (Col. 1:15-17; Heb. 1:3). Its introduction to Christian speech has been attributed to Apollos.
A F Walls
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
R. G. Bury, The Logos Doctrine and the Fourth Gospel; C. H. Dodd, The Fourth Gospel; W. F. Howard, Christianity According to St. John; Commentaries on John by B. F. Westcott, J. H. Bernard, C. K. Barrett; R. L. Ottley, Doctrine of the Incarnation; A. Debrunner, TDNT, IV, 69ff.; H. Haarbeck et al., NIDNTT, III, 1078ff.; F. E. Walton, The Development of the Logos Doctrine in Greek and Hebrew Thought.
The Word (Gr. Logos), is one of the titles of our Lord, found only in the writings of John (John 1:1-14; 1 John 1:1; Rev. 19: 13). As such, Christ is the revealer of God. His office is to make God known. "No man hath seen God at any time; the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him" (John 1: 18). This title designates the divine nature of Christ. As the Word, he "was in the beginning" and "became flesh." "The Word was with God " and "was God," and was the Creator of all things (comp. Ps.33: 6; 107:20; 119:89; 147:18; Isa. 40:8).
(Easton Illustrated Dictionary)
The word Logos is the term by which Christian theology in the Greek language designates the Word of God, or Second Person of the Blessed Trinity. Before St. John had consecrated this term by adopting it, the Greeks and the Jews had used it to express religious conceptions which, under various titles, have exercised a certain influence on Christian theology, and of which it is necessary to say something.
It is in Heraclitus that the theory of the Logos appears for the first time, and it is doubtless for this reason that, first among the Greek philosophers, Heraclitus was regarded by St. Justin (Apol. I, 46) as a Christian before Christ. For him the Logos, which he seems to identify with fire, is that universal principle which animates and rules the world. This conception could only find place in a materialistic monism. The philosophers of the fifth and fourth centuries before Christ were dualists, and conceived of God as transcendent, so that neither in Plato (whatever may have been said on the subject) nor in Aristotle do we find the theory of the Logos.
It reappears in the writings of the Stoics, and it is especially by them that this theory is developed. God, according to them, "did not make the world as an artisan does his work, but it is by wholly penetrating all matter that He is the demiurge of the universe" (Galen, "De qual. incorp." in "Fr. Stoic.", ed. von Arnim, II, 6); He penetrates the world "as honey does the honeycomb" (Tertullian, "Adv. Hermogenem", 44), this God so intimately mingled with the world is fire or ignited air; inasmuch as He is the principle controlling the universe, He is called Logos; and inasmuch as He IS the germ from which all else develops, He is called the seminal Logos (logos spermatikos). This Logos is at the same time a force and a law, an irresistible force which bears along the entire world and all creatures to a common end, an inevitable and holy law from which nothing can withdraw itself, and which every reasonable man should follow willingly (Cleanthus, "Hymn to Zeus" in "Fr. Stoic." I, 527-cf. 537). Conformably to their exegetical habits, the Stoics made of the different gods personifications of the Logos, e.g. of Zeus and above all of Hermes. At Alexandria, Hermes was identified with Thoth, the god of Hermopolis, known later as the great Hermes, "Hermes Trismegistus", and represented as the revealer of all letters and all religion. Simultaneously, the Logos theory conformed to the current Neoplatonistic dualism in Alexandria: the Logos is not conceived of as nature or immanent necessity, but as an intermediary agent by which the transcendent God governs the world. This conception appears in Plutarch, especially in his "Isis and Osiris"; from an early date in the first century of the Christian era, it influenced profoundly the Jewish philosopher Philo.
Quite frequently the Old Testament represents the creative act as the word of God (Genesis 1:3; Psalm 32:9; Sirach 42:15); sometimes it seems to attribute to the word action of itself, although not independent of Jahveh (Isaiah 55:11, Zechariah 5:1-4; Psalm 106:20; 147:15). In all this we can see only bold figures of speech: the word of creation, of salvation, or, in Zacharias, the word of malediction, is personified, but is not conceived of as a distinct Divine hypostasis. In the Book of Wisdom this personification is more directly implied (xviii, 15 sq.), and a parallel is established (ix, 1, 2) between wisdom and the Word.
In Palestinian Rabbinism the Word (Memra) is very often mentioned, at least in the Targums: it is the Memra of Jahveh which lives, speaks, and acts, but, if one endeavour to determine precisely the meaning of the expression, it appears very often to be only a paraphrase substituted by the Targumist for the name of Jahveh. The Memra resembles the Logos of Philo as little as the workings of the rabbinical mind in Palestine resembled the speculations of Alexandria: the rabbis are chiefiy concerned about ritual and observances; from religious scruples they dare not attribute to Jahveh actions such as the Sacred Books attribute to Him; it is enough for them to veil the Divine Majesty under an abstract paraphrase, the Word, the Glory, the Abode, and others. Philo's problem was of the philosophic order; God and man are infinitely distant from each other, and it is necessary to establish between them relations of action and of prayer; the Logos is here the intermediary.
Leaving aside the author of the Book of Wisdom, other Alexandrian Jews before Philo had speculated as to the Logos; but their works are known only through the rare fragments which Christian authors and Philo himself have preserved. Philo alone is fully known to us, his writings are as extensive as those of Plato or Cicero, and throw light on every aspect of his doctrine; from him we can best learn the theory of the Logos, as developed by Alexandrian Judaism. The character of his teaching is as manifold as its sources:
sometimes, influenced by Jewish tradition, Philo represents the Logos as the creative Word of God ("De Sacrific. Ab. et Cain"; cf. "De Somniis", I 182; "De Opif. Mundi", 13);
at other times he describes it as the revealer of God, symbolized in Scripture by the angel of Jahveh ("De Somniis", I, 228-39, "De Cherub.", 3; "De Fuga", 5; "Quis rer. divin. haeres sit", 201-205).
Oftener again he accepts the language of Hellenic speculation; the Logos is then, after a Platonistic concept, the sum total of ideas and the intelligible world ("De Opif. Mundi", 24, 25; "Leg. Alleg.", I, 19; III, 96),
or, agreeably to the Stoic theory, the power that upholds the world, the bond that assures its cohesion, the law that determines its development ("De Fuga", 110; "De Plantat. Noah," 8-10; "Quis rer. divin. haeres sit", 188, 217; "Quod Deus sit immut.", 176; "De Opif. Mundi", 143).
Throughout so many diverse concepts may be recognized a fundamental doctrine: the Logos is an intermediary between God and the world; through it God created the world and governs it; through it also men know God and pray to Him ("De Cherub.", 125; "Quis rerum divin. haeres sit", 205-06.) In three passages the Logos is called God ("Leg. Alleg.", III, 207; "De Somniis", I, 229; "In Gen.", II, 62, cited by Eusebius, "Praep. Ev.", VII, 13); but, as Philo himself explains in one of these texts (De Somniis), it is an improper appellation and wrongly employed, and he uses it only because he is led into it by the Sacred Text which he comments upon. Moreover, Philo does not regard the Logos as a person; it is an idea, a power, and, though occasionally identified with the angels of the Bible, this is by symbolic personification.
The term Logos is found only in the Johannine writings: in the Apocalypse (19:13), in the Gospel of St. John (1:1-14), and in his First Epistle (1:1; cf. 1:7 - Vulgate). But already in the Epistles of St. Paul the theology of the Logos had made its influence felt. This is seen in the Epistles to the Corinthians, where Christ is called "the power of God, and the wisdom of God" (1 Corinthians 1:24) and "the image of God" (2 Corinthians 4:4); it is more evident in the Epistle to the Colossians (1:15 sqq.); above all in the Epistle to the Hebrews, where the theology of the Logos lacks only the term itself, that finally appears in St. John. In this epistle we also notice the pronounced influence of the Book of Wisdom, especially in the description which is given of the relations between the Son and the Father: "the brightness of his glory, and the figure of his substance" (cf. Wisdom 7:26). This resemblance suggests the way by which the doctrine of the Logos entered into Christian theology; another clue is furnished by the Apocalypse, where the term Logos appears for the first time (19:13), and not apropos of any theological teaching, but in an apocalyptic vision, the content of which has no suggestion of Philo but rather recalls Wisdom 18:15.
In the Gospel of St. John the Logos appears in the very first verse without explanation, as a term familiar to the readers, St. John uses it at the end of the prologue (i, 14), and does not mention it again in the Gospel. From this Harnack concludes that the mention of the Word was only a starting-point for the Evangelist, and that he passed directly from this Hellenic conception of the Logos to the Christian doctrine of the only Son ("Ueber das Verh├żltniss des Prologs des vierten Evangeliums zum ganzen Werk" in "Zeitschrift fur Theol. und Kirche", II, 1892, 189-231). This hypothesis is proved false by the insistence with which the Evangelist comes back on this idea of the Word, it is, moreover, natural enough that this technical term, employed in the prologue where the Evangelist is interpreting the Divine mystery, should not reappear in the sequel of the narrative, the character of which might thus suffer change.
What is the precise value of this concept in the writings of St. John? The Logos has not for him the Stoic meaning that it so often had for Philo: it is not the impersonal power that sustains the world, nor the law that regulates it; neither do we find in St. John the Platonistic concept of the Logos as the ideal model of the world; the Word is for him the Word of God, and thereby he holds with Jewish tradition, the theology of the Book of Wisdom, of the Psalms, of the Prophetical Books, and of Genesis; he perfects the idea and transforms it by showing that this creative Word which from all eternity was in God and was God, took flesh and dwelt among men.
This difference is not the only one which distinguishes the Johannine theology of the Logos from the concept of Philo, to which not a few have sought to liken it. The Logos of Philo is impersonal, it is an idea, a power, a law; at most it may be likened to those half abstract, half-concrete entities, to which the Stoic mythology had lent a certain personal form. For Philo the incarnation of the Logos must have been absolutely without meaning, quite as much as its identification with the Messias. For St. John, on the contrary, the Logos appears in the full light of a concrete and living personality; it is the Son of God, the Messias, Jesus. Equally great is the difference when we consider the role of the Logos. The Logos of Philo is an intermediary: "The Father who engendered all has given to the Logos the signal privilege of being an intermediary (methorios) between the creature and the creator . . . it is neither without beginning (agenetos) as is God, nor begotten (genetos) as you are [mankind], but intermediate (mesos) between these two extremes "(Quis rer. divin. haeres sit, 205-06). The Word of St. John is not an intermediary, but a Mediator; He is not intermediate between the two natures, Divine and human, but He unites them in His Person; it could not be said of Him, as of the Logos of Philo, that He is neither agenetos nor genetos, for He is at the same time one and the other, not inasmuch as He is the Word, but as the Incarnate Word (St. Ignatius, "Ad Ephes.", vii, 2).
In the subsequent history of Christian theology many conflicts would naturally arise between these rival concepts, and Hellenic speculations constitute a dangerous temptation for Christian writers. They were hardly tempted, of course, to make the Divine Logos an impersonal power (the Incarnation too definitely forbade this), but they were at times moved, more or less consciously, to consider the Word as an intermediary being between God and the world. Hence arose the subordinationist tendencies found in certain Ante-Nicene writers; hence, also, the Arian heresy (see NICAEA, COUNCIL OF).
The Apostolic Fathers do not touch on the theology of the Logos; a short notice occurs in St. Ignatius only (Ad Magn. viii, 2). The Apologists, on the contrary, develop it, partly owing to their philosophic training, but more particularly to their desire to state their faith in a way familiar to their readers (St. Justin, for example, insists strongly on the theology of the Logos in his "Apology" meant for heathens, much less so in his "Dialogue with the Jew Tryphon"). This anxiety to adapt apologetic discussion to the circumstances of their hearers had its dangers, since it was possible that in this way the apologists might land well inside the lines of their adversaries. As to the capital question of the generation of the Word, the orthodoxy of the Apologists is irreproachable: the Word was not created, as the Arians held later, but was born of the very Substance of the Father according to the later definition of Nicaea (Justin, "Dial.",128, Tatian, "Or.", v, Athenagoras, "Legat." x-xviii, Theophilus, "Ad Autolyc.", II, x; Tertullian "Adv. Prax.", vii). Their theology is less satisfactory as regards the eternity of this generation and its necessity; in fact, they represent the Word as uttered by the Father when the Father wished to create and in view of this creation (Justin, "II Apol.", 6; cf. "Dial.",6162; Tatian, "Or.", v, a corrupt and doubtful text; Athenagoras, "Legat.", x; Theophilus, "Ad Autolyc.", II, xxii; Tertullian, "Adv. Prax.", v-vii). When we seek to understand what they meant by this "utterance", it is difficult to give the same answer for all Athenagoras seems to mean the role of the Son in the work of creation, the syncatabasis of the Nicene Fathers (Newman, "Causes of the Rise and Successes of Arianism" in "Tracts Theological and Ecclesiastical", London, 1902, 238), others, especially Theophilus and Tertullian (cf. Novatian, "De Trinit.", xxxi), seem quite certainly to understand this "utterance" as properly so called. Mental survivals of Stoic psychology seem to be responsible for this attitude: the philosophers of the Portico distinguished between the innate word (endiathetos) and the uttered word (prophorikos) bearing in mind this distinction the aforesaid apologists conceived a development in the Word of God after the same fashion. After this period, St. Iren├"us condemned very severely these attempts at psychological explanation (Adv. Haeres., II, xiii, 3-10, cf. II, xxviii, 4-6), and later Fathers rejected this unfortunate distinction between the Word endiathetos and prophorikos [Athanasius (?), "Expos. Fidei", i, in P. G., XXV, 201-cf. "Orat.", II, 35, in P. G., XXVI, 221; Cyril of Jerusalem "Cat.", IV, 8, in P. G., XXXIII, 465-cf. "Cat.", XI, 10, in P. G., XXXIII, 701-cf. Council of Sirmium, can. viii, in Athan., "De Synod.", 27-P. G., XXVI.
As to the Divine Nature of the Word, all apologists are agreed but to some of them, at least to St. Justin and Tertuilian, there seemed to be in this Divinity a certain subordination (Justin, "I Apol.", 13-cf. "II Apol.", 13; Tertullian, "Adv. Prax.", 9, 14, 26).
The Alexandrian theologians, themselves profound students of the Logos doctrine, avoided the above mentioned errors concerning the dual conception of the Word (see, however, a fragment of the "Hypotyposes", of Clement of Alexandria, cited by Photius, in P. G., CIII, 384, and Zahn, "Forschungen zur Geschichte des neutest. Kanons", Erlangen, 1884, xiii 144) and the generation in time; for Clement and for Origen the Word is eternal like the Father (Clement "Strom.", VII, 1, 2, in P. G., IX, 404, 409, and "Adumbrat. in Joan.", i, 1, in P. G., IX, 734; Origen, "De Princip.", I, xxii, 2 sqq., in P. G., XI, 130 sqq.; "In Jer. Hom.", IX, 4, in P. G., XIII, 357, "In Jo. ', ii, 32, in P. G., XIV, 77; cf. Athanasius, "De decret. Nic. syn.", 27, in P. G., XXV, 465). As to the nature of the Word their teaching is less sure: in Clement, it is true, we find only a few traces of subordinationism ("Strom.", IV, 25, in P. G., VIII, 1365; "Strom.", VII, 3, in P. G., IX, 421; cf. "Strom.", VII, 2, in P. G., IX, 408); elsewhere he very explicitly affirms the equality of the Father and the Son and the unity (" Protrept.", 10, in P. G., VIII 228, "Paedag.", I, vi, in P. G., VIII, 280; I, viii, in P. G., VIII, 325 337 cf. I, ix, in P. G., VIII, 353; III, xii, in P. d., V*I, 680). Origen, on the contrary, frequently and formally defended subordinationist ideas (" De Princip.", I, iii, 5, in P. G., XI, 150; IV, xxxv, in P. G., XI, 409, 410; "In Jo." ii, 2, in P. G., XIV, 108, 109; ii, 18, in P. G., XIV, 153, 156; vi, 23, in P. G., XIV, 268; xiii, 25, in P. G., XIV, 44144; xxxii, 18, in P. G., XIV, 817-20; "In Matt.", xv, 10, in P. G., XIII, 1280, 1281; "De Orat.", 15, in P. G., XI,464, "Contra Cels.", V, xi, in P. G., XI,1197); his teaching concerning the Word evidently suffered from Hellenic speculation: in the order of religious knowledge and of prayer, the Word is for him an intermediary between God and the creature.
Amid these speculations of apologists and Alexandrian theologians, elaborated not without danger or without error, the Church maintained her strict dogmatic teaching concerning the Word of God. This is particularly recognizable in the works of those Fathers more devoted to tradition than to philosophy, and especially in St. Iren├"us, who condemns every form of the Hellenic and Gnostic theory of intermediary beings (Adv. Haer., II, xxx, 9; II, ii, 4; III, viii, 3; IV, vii, 4, IV, xx, 1), and who affirms in the strongest terms the full comprehension of the Father by the Son and their identity of nature (Adv. Haer., II, xvii, 8; IV, iv, 2, IV, vi, 3, 6). We find it again with still greater authority in the letter of Pope St. Dionysius to his namesake, the Bishop of Alexandria (see Athan., "De decret. Nic. syn.", 26, in P. G., XXV,461-65): "They lie as to the generation of the Lord who dare to say that His Divine and ineffable generation is a creation. We must not divide the admirable and Divine unity into three divinities, we must not lower the dignity and sovereign grandeur of the Lord by the word creation, but we must believe in God the Father omnipotent, in Christ Jesus His Son, and in the Holy Ghost, we must unite the Word to the God of the universe, for He has said: 'I and the Father are one', and again: 'I am in the Father, and the Father in me'. Thus we protect the Divine Trinity, and the holy avowal of the monarchy [unity of God]." The Council of Nicaea (325) had but to lend official consecration to this dogmatic teaching.
After the Council of Nicaea, all danger of Subordinationism being removed, it was possible to seek in the analogy of human speech some light on the mystery of the Divine generation; the Greek Fathers especially refer to this analogy, in order to explain how this generation is purely spiritual and entails neither diminution nor change: Dionysius of Alexandria (Athan., "De Sent. Dion.", 23, in P. G., XXV, 513); Athanasius ("De decret. Nic. syn.", 11, in P. G., XXV, 444); Basil ("In illud: In principio erat Verbum", 3, in P. G., XXXI, 476-77); Gregory of Nazianzus ("Or.", xxx,20,inP.G., XXXVI, 128-29) Cyril of Alexandria (" Thes." iv, in P. G., LXXV, 56; cf. 76, 80; xvi, ibid., 300; xvi, ibid., 313; "De Trinit.", dial. ii, in P. G., LXXV, 768 69), John Damasc. ("De Fide Orthod.", I, vi, in P. G., XCIV, 804).
St. Augustine studied more closely this analogy between the Divine Word and human speech (see especially "De Trinit.", IX, vii, 12 sq., in P. L., XLII, 967, XV, x, 17 sq., ibid., 1069), and drew from it teachings long accepted in Catholic theology. He compares the Word of God, not to the word spoken by the lips, but to the interior speech of the soul, whereby we may in some measure grasp the Divine mystery; engendered by the mind it remains therein, is equal thereto, is the source of its operations. This doctrine was later developed and enriched by St. Thomas, especially in "Contra Gent.", IV, xi-xiv, opusc. "De natura verbi intellectus"; "Quaest. disput. de verit." iv, "De potent.", ii-viii, 1, "Summa Theol.", I-I, xxvii, 2; xxxiv. St. Thomas sets forth in a very clear way the identity of meaning, already noted by St. Augustine (De Trinit., VII, ii, 3), between the terms Son and Word: "eo Filius quo Verbum, et eo Verbum quo Filius" ("Summa Theol.", I-I, xxvii, 2, "Contra Gent.", IV, xi). The teaching of St. Thomas has been highly approved by the Church especially in the condemnation of the Synod of Pistoia by Pius VI (Denzinger, "Enchiridion", 1460). (See JESUS CHRIST; TRINITY.)
Publication information Written by J. Lebreton. Transcribed by Joseph P. Thomas. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume IX. Published 1910. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York
This page - -
- - is at
This subject presentation was last updated on - -
Copyright Information
Send an e-mail question or comment to us: E-mail
The main BELIEVE web-page (and the index to subjects) is at: BELIEVE Religious Information Source - By Alphabet http://mb-soft.com/believe/indexaz.html


text:
Gold and silver are tentatively lower this morning despite the dollar and especially the yen being under pressure. The possibility of Japan being downgraded has seen the yen join the dollar under pressure and gold has risen to over 124,000 Japanese yen per ounce, some 2% below the record nominal high just over 126,000/oz.
Gold in Yen – 1 Day (Tick)
Japan's public finances were already very poor prior to the earthquake and nuclear catastrophe and are set to worsen considerably, which should see the yen fall sharply versus gold.
Sovereign debt risk remains elevated in the eurozone and the cost of servicing peripheral nations' debt continues to rise. The cost of insuring debt sold by Greece, Portugal and Ireland rose to records this morning as have bond yields in Greece which have leapt to new records – over 16% on the 10-year and 25% on the 2-year. Irish and Portuguese 10-year yields have risen to 10.63% and 9.65% respectively.
Cross-currency Table
Sovereign debt risk can now be seen in the eurozone but also in Japan and the US, and as long as sovereign debt risk remains elevated, precious metals will continue to be bought as hedges and for safe haven purposes. This should lead to the continuation of gold and silver's secular bull markets. Although, participants should as ever realise that there will be corrections – some of which can be sudden and sharp.
Evidence shows that speculation in gold and silver remains muted as seen in the Commitment of Traders reports and the total gold and silver ETF holdings – neither of which have shown huge increases or signs of "irrational exuberance" or investors "piling in".
Commitment of Traders (COT) data is hardly indicative of an overly bullish sentiment extreme that would normally precede a sharp sell off.
Total Gold ETF Holdings – 1 Year (Daily)
Total ETF gold holdings (see above) are near the levels seen last June and below the levels seen in September, October, November and December.
Total ETF silver holdings (see below) have risen in recent days but are not far above the levels seen in December 2010 – some 5 months ago.
Total Silver ETF Holdings – 1 Year (Daily)
Indeed, the ETF holdings appear to show that ETF precious metal holders are "stickier hands" than had been expected as gold holdings look to have consolidated above the 64 million ounce mark.
Total ETF gold holdings at 66.55 million ounces are worth nearly $100 billion at $1500/oz ($99,825,000,000). Total silver holdings of 498.914 million ounces price at $45.50/oz are worth only some $22.7 billion, suggesting that silver remains under-owned when compared to gold and could see a sharp increase in holdings in the coming months and years.
The $22.7 billion (total silver ETF holdings) is a small number when compared to the huge sums of money at the disposal of high net worths, hedge funds and sovereign wealth funds. The last quarter saw Apple's iPhone revenue alone top $12 billion. This puts the silver holdings figure in perspective.
One hedge fund alone, the Man Group, has assets of over $69 billion.
Some Clients Taking Profits and More Opting for Coins and Bars
Many of our clients have taken profits on certificates in recent days. Most continue to be prudent and continue to maintain a core holding (for portfolio diversification and financial insurance purposes) but there are definitely concerns amongst some of a bubble.
Others have taken profits on certificates and bought gold and silver coins and bars (in secure storage or delivered). Recently orders for coins and bars have outweighed those for certificates and there is definitely an increased preference for physical coins and bars and for taking delivery.
Our ratio of sell orders to buy orders is the highest it has ever been. Industry associates confirm that they have been seeing an increase in selling on behalf of the public and that speculative buying continues but is minimal.
The majority of the western public remain unaware of gold and silver as investments and as stores of value. Most do not even know how much an ounce of gold costs in local currency terms as precious metals continue to be ignored by most of the non financial press or media.
This is in stark contrast to the Middle East and Asia where demand remains robust and may even be increasing due to inflation concerns.
Ignorance regarding gold and silver in much of the western world is hardly indicative of a mania or speculative bubble.
Gold is trading at $1,508.25/oz, €1,028.10/oz and £911.05/oz.
Silver is trading at $45.44/oz, €30.97/oz and £27.44/oz.
Platinum Group Metals
Platinum is trading at $1,807.00/oz, palladium at $749/oz and rhodium at $2,250/oz.
(Reuters) — Silver steadies, gold perky ahead of Fed decision
* Gold, silver may be rangebound ahead of Fed meeting
* India shows strong appetite for physical silver
* Coming up: U.S. Fed chief Bernanke briefing; 1815 GMT
Silver steadied on Wednesday, after its largest one-day slide in over a month the previous day, while gold profited from a weaker dollar which came under pressure ahead of a U.S. Federal Reserve interest rate decision.
The Fed is not expected to signal any rush to scale back its multi-billion dollar support mechanisms for the economy, so investors are waiting to hear more on the outlook for monetary policy from chairman Ben Bernanke when he gives the central bank's first post-decision news conference later in the day.
With the dollar under pressure and its inverse link to gold strengthening for the first time in a week, the bullion price was set for a second day of gains, although a string of public holidays in the United Kingdom restricted volumes.
Spot gold XAU= was last up 0.4 percent at $1,506.90 an ounce by 0940 GMT, about 0.8 percent below Monday's record high at $1,518.10. U.S. futures for June delivery GCv1 were last up 0.3 percent at $1,507.30.
"It's consolidation. Gold has done a bit better than silver over the last couple of days, but we're still in a holiday period here in London so trading volumes are not as high as normal and I don't think there will be a huge move (ahead of the Fed," said Mitsubishi analyst Matthew Turner.
"I don't think there's much outlook until after the press conference," he said.
Gold could continue to draw strength from any weakness in the dollar, particularly if the Fed maintains its accommodative policy stance, in contrast with the European Central Bank, which has raised rates as it attempts to curb inflation.
"The market is a bit mixed ahead of the Fed meeting, which will influence the move of the dollar and precious metals," said Peter Fung, head of dealing at Wing Fung Precious Metals based in Hong Kong.
Silver steadied somewhat, following its largest one-day fall in a month the previous day. The price is on track for a 21 percent gain this month and a 47-percent rise this year, making it the top performing precious metal.
Dealers in Asia said strong physical demand was offering some support to silver, although holdings of silver in the world's largest exchange-traded funds staged their largest one-day outflow in nearly two weeks by April 26. [GOL/ETF]
Spot silver XAG= was last flat at $45.48 an ounce, having recovered from a 3-percent drop on Tuesday, its largest one-day slide in six weeks.
U.S. silver SIcv1 was last up 1 percent at $45.52. Implied volatility in silver options has been at its highest this week since November last year as the spot price has swung from lows around $43 to highs above $49 in the space of a week.
"The recent sharp increase in volatility is an indication of the increasing nervousness of market players and could be a sign that the rally in the silver price is approaching an end," said Commerzbank in a note.
In fundamental news for silver, MMTC, India's largest bullion importer, plans to double its silver purchases this fiscal year to 1,500 tonnes, to catch up with exploding investment interest.
Platinum XPT= was last up 0.4 percent at $1,804.49 an ounce, while palladium XPD= was flat at $750.00.
(Yonhap) — S. Korean depositors look to foreign currency, gold
An increasing number of South Korean bank depositors are putting their money into foreign-currency denominated deposits or gold-buying deposits this month, data showed Monday, pointing to a growing appetite for safe assets.
Four local banks including top lender Kookmin Bank drew US$12.6 billion in foreign-currency deposits as of Thursday, up $149 million from the end of March, according to industry data. The deposits rebounded in February after falling for the fourth consecutive month in January.
The rise came as customers try to put their money into such deposits at a time when the value of the dollar remains weak.
The South Korean currency, which hit a 32-month high to the dollar last week, has risen about 5 percent per the greenback since the start of this year. The won is widely expected to be under upward pressure against the dollar, aided by robust exports and sustained inflows of foreign capital.
As the dollar has slid against major currencies amid the U.S. Federal Reserve's soft monetary policy, gold has extended its rallies, sending the price of the precious metal above $1,500 per ounce.
The risks of global inflation are raising expectations that the price of gold might rise as a tool of hedging inflation risks, market experts say.
Demand for gold-buying deposits in South Korea has risen, reflecting the popularity of gold as a form of investment, industry watchers said.
Such deposits came to 269.1 billion won (US$248.9 million) as of Thursday, up 13.6 billion won from the end of the previous month, according to Shinhan Bank. The deposits rose by 68.7 billion won from the end of last year.
If people put their money into such gold-buying deposits, they can invest in the equivalent amount of gold in accordance with changes in gold prices.
(Reuters Life) — South Korean infants hit by gold price surge
Surging gold prices have forced South Koreans to cut down on traditional rings given to mark the first birthday of the children of friends and relatives, making jewellers to come up with a lighter and cheaper alternative to boost sales.
A gold ring is a traditional present to wish a baby good luck and fortune, but a rise in gold prices to a record $1,508 an ounce on Thursday has priced even the most devoted out. The rings are sized to the baby's finger and its name may be engraved inside.
"On average, monthly sales of dol (first birthday) rings is only one-tenth compared to last year," said Yoo Dong-soo, chairman of the Korea Precious Metals Association.
A new one-gram ring, much lighter than the customary baby gift weighing an eighth of an ounce or 3.75 grams, would help lift sales and preserve the long-standing tradition, he added.
The first birthday is a huge ceremonial occasion in Korean tradition that includes a birthday party. During the party, a baby, sometimes wearing gold rings, selects an item from among things such as thread, a pencil or money to predict their future, while families and guests watch.
"The one-gram ring sounds just doable for both party hosts and guests, we don't have to feel it's a burden," said Park Su-yeon, a 34-year-old mother who's planning her baby's first birthday party in May.
But sentiment only goes so far. Some parents have actually sold the rings engraved with their infant's name to take advantage of rising gold prices.
(Bloomberg) — Silver May 'Pull Back' in Short Term, Standard Chartered Says
Silver may drop in the short term after the metal's ratio to gold was "overextended" and prices touched a record in London, Standard Chartered Plc said.
"We look for a pullback in prices in the short term amid continued volatility," analysts led by London-based Dan Smith said in a report today.
(Financial Times) — Does every pause have a silver lining?
Count references to the Hunt brothers in leading newspapers and the results for 2011 look not unlike the stratospheric rise of silver – the market they infamously tried to control in 1980.
But since Monday's $49.70 an ounce peak – close to the record just above $50 reached during the Hunt brothers' episode – the metal is off more than 8 per cent.
Is this market "sticker shock" – the jittery trading that surrounds big round numbers – that can be overcome? Or is this the end of a frothy, speculative rally?
There has certainly been speculation in the form of market-savvy momentum-chasing hedge funds and the sort of retail investor interest often seen during bubbles.
But there is also genuine end-user interest: Indian consumers, priced out by the rally in gold, are increasingly turning to silver.
US consumers too have been doing their bit. Sales of silver coins have rocketed since the financial crisis. Some of this is linked to fear of the damage to the dollar from the Federal Reserve's ultra-loose monetary policy.
Silver's rally needs to be put into perspective. At almost 150 per cent over seven months, it is stunning, but far short of the spectacular 400 per cent in five months managed during the Hunt brothers episode.
Put against gold, silver does look distinctly racy. The ratio of gold to silver prices is at its lowest since 1980, and has plunged from 46 in January this year to 33.
There are reasons enough to think silver's rally could fade. Fed "fears" should ease if, as expected, it confirms today that it will end its quantitative easing in June, even if no rate rises are yet in sight.
There is, however, no logical reason for $50 an ounce to be anything more than a psychological issue for investors.
But it would do no harm for investors to at least pause to take stock before even considering another push higher.
(Bloomberg) — Hong Kong Mercantile Bourse to Start Trade With Gold May 18
The Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange, backed by the world's largest lender, will start trading dollar- denominated gold futures on May 18, tapping demand for the metal which has rallied for 10 consecutive years.
The exchange received permission from the city's Securities and Futures Commission, it said today in an e-mailed statement. The futures will be the bourse's first product, and there are plans for industrial and other precious metals, energy, agriculture and commodity indices, it said. Gold futures are currently traded on the Comex division of the New York Mercantile Exchange.
Immediate-delivery gold soared almost 30 percent last year and this week reached a record $1,518.32 an ounce, as investors sought to protect their wealth from further currency debasement and accelerating inflation. Chinese demand may advance 15 percent this year as investors seek a hedge against inflationary pressure, according to the China Gold Association.
"Our new platform will offer Asia a bigger say in setting global commodity prices," Barry Cheung, chairman of the exchange, said in the statement. "Market participants in the region have had to rely on Western exchanges for price discovery," he said.
The new Hong Kong gold futures will be 1 kilogram per contract, with physical delivery in Hong Kong. Trading hours will be between 8 a.m. and 11 p.m. local time.
Trade on the Hong Kong bourse will start with at least 16 members including Morgan Stanley and MF Global U.K. Ltd., the exchange said. Transactions will be cleared through London-based LCH.Clearnet Ltd., the company said.
LCH.Clearnet is Europe's largest clearing house, and has members including the London Metal Exchange, the world's largest marketplace for copper and aluminum.
The Industrial & Commercial Bank of China, the world's largest lender by market value, bought a 10 percent stake in the Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange in December to become a founding shareholder.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Typing Com Hack
Typing Com Hack. Hire script kiddie (0) (500 h) technichian (0) (2500 h) hacktivist (0) (8000 h) insider (0) (20000 h) cryptographer (0) (55000 h) upgrades typing speed (0/5) (500 h) worker speed (0/5) (1600 h) buffer size (0/5) (800 h). Test your typing speed online now for free on our free typing test speed calculator :
Aug 28, 2018 — how touch typing is a universal life hack that will benefit you the rest of your life. Save load options hacking sfx text glow start typing. Works on, nitro type, typing.com, and 10fastfingers.
Using A Typing Tutor Like Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing,.
With a team of extremely dedicated and quality lecturers, edutyping classic hack will not only be a place to share knowledge but also to help students get inspired to explore and discover many creative ideas from themselves.clear and. Play against real live people from all over the world. Start typing random text on your keyboard to simulate that you're hacking a computer.
Below You Can See The Last 5 Results In Each Category That Are Currently Not Counted.
My total wpm went from the mid 50's up to the mid 80's in just a little over a month while if i hadn't been using this hack i think that my. Watch popular content from the following creators: Ok, let me in ()
Typing Speed Adjustment With Easy Scroll.
Typing bot for typing.com that completes your lessons and tests automatically. One click hack in ultimate online typing bot. Type quotes from popular music, songs, anime, comic books and more.
Aug 28, 2018 — How Touch Typing Is A Universal Life Hack That Will Benefit You The Rest Of Your Life.
Created in 2011, hacker typer arose from a simple desire to look like the stereotypical hacker in movies and pop culture. Test your typing speed online now for free on our free typing test speed calculator : This is a novelty page designed to parody silly hacking done in tv shows and movies.
Thou Shalt Not Look At The Keyboard!
Typing.com may be free, but it rivals the best paid typing tutor software in features and usability. Get it from madcap hacker Typing.com is a comprehensive website that really has it all.


text:
All the preliminaries have been completed. We've been to the pre-party, we've sampled the hors d'oeuvres, made small talk with weirdos, and stared at the vodka ice fountain, we've tipped the coat-check girl, found our place card, and taken our seat and now it's time. The banquet begins in earnest. Did you have plans this weekend? Did you think maybe you'd take the family on a nice drive in the country? Stop it! Don't be insane! Clear your schedule. Believe me, you're busy. No, it's not just the playoff semi-finals. It's Penn State-USC! It's Auburn-Oklahoma! Don't you realize Western Michigan is playing Wisconsin? Don't you want to see if they go undefeated? Okay, deep breath. It's going to be okay. Don't blow a gasket Harbaugh-style. You've been training all year for this. The Horn Of Plenty is here. Lets get buckled up and ride this (Auburn, LSU, Clemson?) tiger home.
Friday 3:30 PM
Music City Bowl
Nebraska vs. #21 Tennessee
Two teams with a considerable amount in common will meet at the Music City Bowl as the SEC's up and down 8-4 Volunteers take on injury-plagued, Big 10 also-ran Nebraska. The Huskers began their season 7-0 and appeared to be a playoff contender before being brutally exposed by Ohio State in a 59-point loss. Since then it's been a mixed bag with wins over Minnesota and Maryland and a 30-point loss at Iowa. The Vols came into the season heavily thought of, but never looked exactly convincing, even during their five-game winning streak to start the season. Three consecutive bubble-bursting losses against Texas A&M, Alabama, and South Carolina put their playoff ambitions on ice, but they remain a dangerous side in any contest. Tennessee is a small favorite. Take Nebraska and the points.
Friday 8 PM
Orange Bowl
#6 Michigan vs. #11 Florida State
While the expanded four-team playoff is clearly an improvement over the brain-exploding practices of the BCS, it nevertheless continues to rankle the mind when you consider what kind of shop Jim Harbaugh's 10-2 Wolverines might wreck in an eight-team scenario. A last-second loss to Iowa and a possibly fraudulent 30-27 defeat at Ohio State doomed Michigan's playoff ambitions, but rest assured this is one of the 10 best teams in the nation. Over the course of an 8-3 campaign, the 2016 Seminoles had the feeling of an imperial power in patient wait of its next conquest. They won five of six to end the season, and Coach Jimbo Fisher's status as a genius recruiter in a talent-rich state guarantees they will be back in the national championship picture before long. This year, however, they don't quite have the horses to hang with the Wolverines.
Saturday 11 AM
Citrus Bowl
#20 LSU vs. #13 Louisville
The Tigers' tumultuous campaign included an in-season firing of the wily, under-appreciated Les Miles followed by big wins over Arkansas and Texas A&M, and tough losses to Alabama and Florida. Having apparently stabilized their coaching situation by giving interim-man Ed Oregon the job long term, their talented, tenacious defense will provide a stiff challenge for Louisville's Heisman-winning quarterback Lamar Jackson. Jackson was truly sensational this season, and deserving of the award, but after season-ending losses to Houston and Kentucky, there are legitimate questions as to whether the Cardinals can hang in with leather-tough LSU. Even with future NFL first-round running back Leonard Fournette taking the game off to protect against injury, I like the Tigers to slow the game to a crawl and dominate physically.
Saturday 11 AM
Taxslayer Bowl
Georgia Tech vs. Kentucky
I don't know if the Taxslayer Bowl is the best or worst bowl name ever conceived, but this year's edition features an entertaining matchup between two under-appreciated teams. Georgia Tech was a quietly impressive 8-4 this season, with quality wins over Vanderbilt, Virginia Tech, and Georgia. With former Navy coach Paul Johnson at the helm, they run the ball a lot and extremely effectively, with QB Justin Thomas operating a triple-option attack that can be lethal at times. Kentucky was 7-5 under coach Mike Stoops, but outside of blowout losses to Florida and Alabama, the Wildcats never appeared out of their depth in the brutal SEC. They're capable, but a leaky defense bodes poorly against the Yellow Jackets' thundering ground game.
Saturday 3 PM
Peach Bowl
#4 Washington vs. #1 Alabama
Finally we get some answers! The first playoff semi-final pits the upstart Huskies against the implacable defending champion Crimson Tide. Chris Petersen's Washington team has been vastly impressive for most of the season, with athletic quarterback Jake Browning leading an inventive, explosive offense that scored 40 or more 10 times this season. That is unlikely to impress Nick Saban's rock-ribbed defense, which frequently made the cream of the SEC look ordinary during an unblemished 13-0 campaign. It is possible, maybe, to outscore an Alabama team that is not quite as talented on offense as they have been in recent years. Possible, but not likely. Those looking for clues to the outcome will be worried by the Huskies' one loss of the season, when they were bullied at home against USC. There is no bigger bully on the block then the Crimson Tide. Look for them to cover the two-touchdown spread.
Saturday 7 PM
Fiesta Bowl
#3 Ohio State vs. #2 Clemson
Conventional wisdom has had the Buckeyes as the team most likely to pose a threat to Alabama in the playoffs, but it has arguably been last year's runner-up Clemson who has played better football down the stretch. They've been dominant in their last three games, and are a sloppy one-point loss against Pitt from a perfect 13-0 season. One-loss Ohio State is clearly loaded with talent, and in Urban Meyer they possess the best head coach in the game not named Saban. Having said that, they were fortunate to win their last two games against Michigan State and Michigan and have looked extremely shaky at times with quarterback JT Barrett struggling for long stretches. Meyer has been a sterling 10-2 in postseason games, and the Buckeyes are slight favorites, but I like Clemson to pull off the upset behind all-world QB Deshaun Watson.
Monday 1 PM
Outback Bowl
#17 Florida vs. Iowa
The good news for the Gators season is that they made the SEC championship game. The bad news is that they looked so soft in doing so that they came into that game three-touchdown underdogs against Alabama and didn't come close to covering. They had been previously throttled by Florida State and Arkansas, and the only truly impressive win on their resume was a close triumph at LSU. They are better on defense than offense, but not elite on either side of the ball. Iowa acquitted themselves well against a nasty second half schedule, beating Minnesota, Michigan, and Nebraska, and giving Wisconsin a struggle. They are smart, well-coached, and seemingly catching Florida on a downward trajectory. The Gators are a slight favorite, but this looks like the Hawkeyes' day.
Monday 1 PM
Cotton Bowl
#15 Western Michigan vs. #8 Wisconsin
The 13-0 MAC champion Broncos wanted to test themselves against the Power 5 conferences, and they'll get all they can handle against the double-tough Badgers. Western Michigan handled both Northwestern and Illinois earlier in the season, so we know they can line up and beat Big Ten competitors. They are efficient on offense with quarterback Zach Terrell completing 70 percent of his passes and bruising Jarvion Franklin providing a power run game. Wisconsin was outstanding all year, and held a big lead over Penn State in the Big 10 title game before a late collapse. They prefer brute force on both sides of the ball, and will look to impose their will over a mid-major lacking the same sort of depth. It would be fun to see Western Michigan prove their mettle against big time competition, but this is an extremely rough spot.
Monday 5 PM
Rose Bowl
#9 USC vs. #5 Penn State
Two storied programs who began their season in disarray have completely managed to turn around their fortunes, with both likely believing they would have a real shot at making noise in the four-team playoff. Instead, they'll meet one another in what figures to be a fascinating Rose Bowl with a throwback feel. Big Ten champs Penn State have a right to feel annoyed at missing out on the playoffs. All they've done is won nine straight, the conference championship, and beaten the Ohio State team that made it in instead of them. The Nittany Lions have evolved an uptempo attack featuring gifted multi-purpose back Saquon Barkley. As proven in their stirring comeback win against Wisconsin in the conference championship game, they can score quickly and rally from big deficits. The Trojans were atrocious at the start of their season, losing three of four and being absolutely humiliated at Alabama. Since then, they've been brilliant, with eight straight wins including a thrashing of four-team finalist Washington. They've always had top-tier talent and their outstanding defense would pose a challenge to any team in the nation at this point. Considering it is practically a home game in Pasadena, lean towards the Trojans in what figures to be a fun and competitive affair.
Monday 8:30 PM
Sugar Bowl
#14 Auburn vs. #7 Oklahoma
Two outstanding teams who played brutal schedules find themselves with one more tough game on their 2016 slate. Auburn has losses to playoff finalists Alabama and Clemson on their resume, but also impressive wins against Arkansas and LSU. Tough and sturdy on defense and streaky week to week on offense, they'll need the version of the team that hung up 56 against the Razorbacks to keep up with the high-flying Sooners. Oklahoma's early season struggles included a disappointing loss at Houston and a blowout defeat at home by Ohio State. But man, they have been sensational since then. Led by gifted quarterback Baker Mayfield, they've won nine straight, frequently laying waste to top-flight talent like Kansas State, West Virginia, and Oklahoma State. The defense is merely adequate, but the offense is almost impossible to stop. Auburn coach Gus Malzahn would dearly love to provide a Sugar Bowl victory for his demanding fan base, but it's hard to imagine the Sooners losing here.
For access to exclusive gear videos, celebrity interviews, and more, subscribe on YouTube!


text:
We are instrumental in manufacturing a wide gamut of ACP Signage Board for our clients.
We use Alloy 3003 as part of our manufacturing process. T.. Read More..
Mumbai, Maharashtra
The Interior Aluminum Composite Panel Sheets are delivere.. Read More..
C-55, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-I,New Delhi - 110020 (India)
Copyright © 2020 McCoy Mart, all rights reserved
Resend OTP


text:
Workers' compensation missed time benefits do not replace your entire salary. Supplementing is using accrued leave to add to the workers' compensation missed time benefits to bring your income during the healing period up to as close to your normal salary as possible.
If you choose not to supplement and elect to take workers' compensation benefits only, you will save your accrued leave. However, if you choose not to supplement, your department will put you on a leave of absence, removing you from "in pay" status.
If you are not in pay status, you will lose all University benefits except health care coverage, which will continue for up to four months. These four months will run concurrently with your FMLA rights.
If you are missing time, once you satisfy the waiting period of 3 days you will receive a Benefit Election Form from the University of Iowa Benefits Office. You will make your Benefit Election decision and return the form to the Benefits office through regular or campus mail.
Report your injury to your supervisor or HR Unit Representative within 24 hours. This person will ask you several important questions to gather information to complete a First Report of Injury form on Employee Self Service. The First Report of Injury form must be completed and sent to the Benefits Office within 24 hours of the injury/illness.
You can find your HR Unit Representative by clicking on "My HR Unit Rep" on Employee Self Service.
This will require that you know your HawkID and password. If you do not know your HawkID or password, you can find assistance on the HawkID Guide website.
Continued authorized medical care is care received at these same locations. UI Occupational Health, or Sedgwick CMS may direct you to additional providers. If your claim is approved by Sedgwick CMS, authorized medical treatment will be paid at 100%. There are no co-payments or deductibles.
Payment for unauthorized care may be denied by both your private health insurance carrier and workers' compensation. It is important that treatment for all workers' compensation injuries is authorized by Sedgwick CMS. This is consistent with the laws of the State of Iowa.
With authorized care, you may receive a statement indicating the charges have been filed with your private health insurance provider as well as workers' compensation. You may also receive a statement from your private health insurance provider stating that payment has been denied because this is a workers' compensation claim. THIS IS THE NORMAL PROCEDURE of many insurance companies, and is not within the control of the University Benefits Office.
UIHC and other providers normally bill both the workers' compensation provider and your private health insurance carrier.
If your health insurance Explanation of Benefits (EOB) indicates that these charges are pending, you should assume the payment issue between the two companies will be resolved. If the statement indicates you are to pay any amount for services related to your claim, contact the medical provider and inform them this is a workers' compensation matter.
If you receive a "Past Due" notice or a collection letter, please contact the Benefits Office at (319) 335-2676.
If your claim is not approved, contact your personal insurance carrier. Notify them that your worker's compensation claim was denied and provide them with any additional information they require. Your personal insurance should pay any bills according to the terms of your insurance policy.
Sedgwick CMS (866) 342-3920. This is a toll-free call. You may also contact an HR Specialist in the Benefits Office: Amy Edeker or Bethany Kaplan.
Workers' compensation benefits are not taxed by the Federal or State governments.
At the end of year, you pay taxes based on reported income from The University of Iowa. THIS INCOME DOES NOT INCLUDE ANY WORKERS' COMPENSATION PAYMENTS.
Report each work-related injury/condition to your supervisor or HR Unit representative as soon as possible within 24 hours.
Obtain medical care from an approved facility.
Provide your supervisor with the Patient Status Report (PSR), completed and signed by the authorized medical provider within 24 hours (or one business day) following a medical appointment. The PSR provides specific information regarding the medical diagnosis, treatment plan, recommended physical restrictions and their duration, and next medical appointment date/time.
Do not return to work until the PSR is reviewed with your UI supervisor. Failure to provide the PSR to your supervisor may result in disciplinary action.
Attend all scheduled appointments related to your workers' compensation claim. If you fail to attend a scheduled appointment, you will not be allowed to work until an updated PSR is provided and reviewed.
Follow recommended restrictions/capabilities at work and in all non-work activities. Restrictions will remain unchanged until the next scheduled appointment with an authorized provider. However, an authorized medical provider may alter the recommended limitations and provide updated restrictions as appropriate. Failure to comply with restrictions may jeopardize an employee's workers' compensation benefits.
Review information on the current PSR with your supervisor to confirm indicated restrictions/capabilities and discuss availability of appropriate temporary work. Restricted work assignments may change with your restrictions, or based on available duties, and may be scheduled outside your normal work hours/week.
Respond to departmental restricted work offers in writing, within 24 hours of notification. If you feel you are unable to perform the temporary restricted-duty work, specific reasons for the refusal must accompany the reply. Refusal of a temporary restricted duty assignment may affect your Workers' Compensation benefits.
Complete only assigned work based on current PSR and the discussion you had with your supervisor.
Immediately contact your supervisor with questions or concerns related to temporary restricted-duty work assignments (i.e., increasing discomfort, etc.). Temporary restricted-duty work assignments should not exceed 6 months in duration.
No. If your claim is approved by Sedgwick CMS, medical and therapy appointments scheduled during work hours are counted as time worked. Routine medical appointments, including physical therapy appointments and follow-up appointments with UI Occupational Health, should not exceed two hours in duration: 30 minutes to and from the provider location and one hour for the medical appointment. Time required for appointments with the UI Work Injury Recover Center, or similar specialty clinics, are reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
By law, missed time benefits begin after a waiting period of three calendar-days of absence. If you miss work for more than 14 calendar days, missed time benefits will also be paid for the waiting period.
Workers' compensation missed time benefits typically represent approximately 2/3 of a person's regular weekly salary, depending on their income. Workers' compensation missed time benefits have a maximum payment, so the income replacement percentage will be lower for higher income employees. You receive workers' compensation missed time benefits during the healing period when you are unable to work, or when your department is unable to provide you with work within the identified restrictions.
Please note that you may elect to supplement workers' compensation benefits with accrued leave. The combination of your workers' compensation benefits and accrued leave should approximate your regular weekly salary.
If you are able to work "restricted duty" during the healing period, you will receive your full salary instead of workers' compensation missed time benefits.
Receipt of your first missed time benefits check from workers' compensation is dependent on the completion time of the Sedgwick CMS investigation. Once a claim is approved, missed time is paid weekly. The checks are sent directly from Sedgwick CMS to your home address.
You should stay in contact with the Workers' Compensation Specialist to determine what effect payment of missed time benefits may have on your financial situation. Notify the Workers' Compensation Specialist in the Benefits Office at (319) 335–2676 when you receive your first workers' compensation missed time benefit check.
Yes. You must continue with any follow-up appointments as directed by the treating physician. Failure to attend related appointments may result in discontinuation of your workers' compensation benefits and your department should not allow you to work until an updated PSR or communication is provided.
Mileage Reimbursement:
Mileage reimbursement is provided for individuals using their personal vehicle to travel to and from treatment for a work-related injury. The Travel Reimbursement form can be requested from the UI Benefits Office at 335-2676. A receipt for parking is required if included in the reimbursement request.
Taxi Reimbursement:
Reimbursement of a taxi fee is provided for individuals traveling to and from their university work location to UI Occupational Health in Coralville, Iowa. The Travel Reimbursement form can be requested from the UI Benefits Office. A receipt for taxi fare is required.
Taxi Use:
The University of Iowa has established an account with Yellow Cab of Iowa City to provide taxi service to and from an individual's university work location to UI Occupational Health in Coralville, Iowa. Individuals should call Yellow Cab of Iowa City at 319-338-9777 to request cab service. At the time of pick-up, individuals will be required to show their University ID to the Yellow Cab driver. The taxi will not wait during the clinic appointment. Rather at completion of the appointment, a return ride should be scheduled. Individuals using Yellow Cab of Iowa City and following the established process will not be required to pay a fee at the time of service.
*It is important to note that travel outside of these locations is not a covered expense, and is the individual's responsibility.
Use of a University Vehicle for Transportation:
A university vehicle may be used for transportation to UI Occupational Health as approved by the employee's department.
Use of Personal Vehicle to Transport a Colleague:
It is not recommended that individuals use their personal vehicle to transport a colleague to UI Occupational Health for medical treatment. Mileage reimbursement will not be provided in this case.
If you do not feel you can perform the work under those restrictions, contact the treating physician for an appointment to discuss the current limitations/restrictions.
Respond to departmental restricted work offers in writing within 24 hours of notification. If you state you are unable to perform the temporary restricted-duty work, specific reasons for the refusal must accompany the reply. Refusal of a temporary restricted-duty assignment may jeopardize your workers' compensation benefits and may result in discipline according to attendance policies.
Yes, Sedgwick CMS must approve the treatment. Contact the Workers' Compensation Specialist in the UI Benefits Office at (319) 335-2676 to begin the process.
This means you are not expected to improve beyond your present status. When you attain MMI, your physician will determine the extent of any permanent injury and inform Sedgwick CMS. Your benefit status will change to Partial Permanent Impairment, or "Permanency" benefits. You will be entitled to a certain number of weeks of workers' compensation benefits based on the Impairment Rating, if any, as provided by your physician. There is a possibility of receiving zero weeks of workers' compensation benefits, based on the impairment rating.
The provisions of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) may apply in situations where a work-related injury does not permit work. Contact your HR Unit Representative with any questions.
Yes, after you have exhausted your sick leave and vacation.
For more information, visit the Catastrophic Leave web page.
An employee is eligible to transfer to another department or position while on temporary restricted work due to a work related injury if the following applies:
- the employee must be responsible for informing the other department of any temporary restrictions in place related to a work injury
- the hiring department must be able to accommodates the temporary work restriction in place at the time of the transfer
You may need to complete:
Return to Work Offer
Benefit Election Form
Mileage Reimbursement Form
The department uses the Patient Status Report in order to determine restrictions, authorization to return to work, etc. You should not request completion of a DOL medical certification form.
Yes. Information shared with Workers' Compensation staff is confidential. Only restrictions are shared with the employing department, unless the employee signs a Release of Information Form permitting the sharing of medical information.


text:
Assist. Prof. Dr. Alaadin Naqshibandi
The Dean
The College of Pharmacy of Hawler Medical University was the first college of pharmacy established in the Kurdistan region, Iraq. The college was founded in 1997 at the University of Salahaddin-Erbil. Then, it has become under the management of Hawler Medical University when the university was established in 2005. The college offers BSc degree in Pharmacy. The college admits around 70 undergraduate students each year. The college also offers MSc degree in different topics of pharmacy in addition to PhD degree in a number of topics.
The College of Pharmacy is committed to the education of professional and graduate students who, upon graduation, can meet the public need for safe and effective pharmaceutical care. Students and college staff generate and disseminate knowledge contributing to the education and continual professional growth of pharmacists, educators, scientists, and other healthcare professionals. The characteristics of quality instruction, basic and applied research, community and professional service, and extensive instruction in all types of pharmacy practice settings contribute to making the College of Pharmacy programs rewarding and satisfying experiences.


text:
Privacy is a major concern of Web systems. Traditional Web systems employ static privacy agreements to notify its users of how their information will be used. Recent social networks allow users to specify some privacy concerns, thus providing a partially personalized privacy setting. However, still privacy violations are taking place because of different privacy concerns, based on context, audience, or content that cannot be enumerated by a user up front. Accordingly, we propose that privacy should be handled per post and on demand among all that might be affected. To realize this, we envision a multiagent system where each user in a social network is represented by an agent. When a user engages in an activity that could jeopardize a user's privacy (e.g., publishing a picture), agents of the users negotiate on the privacy concerns that will govern the content. We employ a negotiation protocol and use it to settle differences in privacy expectations. We develop a novel agent that represents its user's preferences semantically and reason on privacy concerns effectively. Execution of our agent on privacy scenarios from the literature show that our approach can handle and resolve realistic privacy violations before they occur.
PriNego also provides a mobile application. More details can be found here.
In this experiment, we have chosen 10 pictures from the Web. Our aim was to understand the privacy concerns of the social network users. For this, each user has been shown 5 pictures in different contexts. We had a personal interview with each user who answered privacy-related questions per picture. Each interview took approximately 30 minutes. The questionnaire is available here.
The dataset is listed below and can be accessed online:
- A Tool for Negotiating Privacy Constraints in Online Social Networks (Demo Paper) [PDF]
Kekulluoglu Dilara, Kökciyan Nadin, Yolum Pınar. European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), 2016
- Strategies for Privacy Negotiation in Online Social Networks (Short Paper) [URL] [PDF]
Kekulluoglu Dilara, Kökciyan Nadin, Yolum Pınar. European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), pp. 1608-1609, 2016
- Strategies for Privacy Negotiation in Online Social Networks [URL] [PDF]
Kekulluoglu Dilara, Kökciyan Nadin, Yolum Pınar. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on AI for Privacy and Security (PrAISe), pp. 2:1-2:8, 2016
- Negotiating Privacy Constraints in Online Social Networks [URL] [PDF]
Mester Yavuz, Kökciyan Nadin, Yolum Pınar. Multiagent Foundations of Social Computing Workshop at International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS), pp. 112-129, 2015


text:
Each year, Portland's best events and festivals come and go in the blink of an eye, and 2020 will be no exception. Here is a list of Portland's events to help you plan, whether you're visiting Portland and want to make it special or a Portlander who doesn't want to miss out on the fun. Looking for a Portland food festival? How about Feast Portland or Portland Dining Month, an entire month dedicated to the city's local foodie scene? Looking for a music festival? How about Soul'd Out Music Festival, PDX Jazz Festival, or Pickathon? Want a more unusual Portland event? Try the Adult Soap Box Derby or the West Coast Giant Pumpkin Regatta. There are great film festivals in Portland, too, such as the Portland International Film Festival.
And don't forget the epic running events, like the Shamrock Run and the Hood to Coast Relay. I suggest you get our 12-month wall calendar, which has all the Portland events and their dates on it. (If you don't want to buy it, you can still see all of the events on the Big Weekend Calendars website for free.)
Only in Portland would adults lovingly build soapbox racers and hurl themselves down a volcanic cinder cone. Free.
This massive fine arts and crafts festival in Portland's North Park Blocks includes world music, hands-on activities, and artist demonstrations.
Start that diet tomorrow — run for chocolate today! Choose from a 5K run/walk or a 10K run.
It's the perfect snapshot of Oregon cuisine: all-star chefs, lots to eat and drink, and proceeds go toward ending hunger in the US.
Celebrate the holidays in Pioneer Courthouse Square with fellow beer lovers and hundreds of potent winter ales.
Register a 12-member team to run day and night from Mt. Hood to Seaside. Expect an epic beach party at the end of the 198-mile route.
Kells St. Patrick's Irish Festival
May the luck of the Irish be there with you. It's Portland's largest St. Patrick's Day party, with a good mix of traditional entertainment for families and revelers.
Head to Southeast's Sunnyside neighborhood to tour an entire street of elaborately decorated Tudor homes. Look for pedestrian-only nights.
For nearly 30 years, it's brought Oregon beer lovers and brewers from around the world together in Waterfront Park.
For almost 2 weeks, some of the best jazz musicians on earth play shows in venues across the city. Now in its 17th year.
Head out to Happy Valley's Pendarvis Farm for this music festival, featuring camping and top indie musicians.
Get to know the food scene on the cheap. Restaurants citywide serve up 3-course meals for one low price.
Portland International Film Festival
The largest filmfest in Oregon brings hundreds of critically acclaimed movies, by both celebrated and under-the-radar directors, to theaters citywide.
Portland Pride Festival & Parade
Diversity rocks! Party with DJs on Saturday; on Sunday, get ready for one of the city's biggest parades.
It's our city's parade! Flower-bedazzled floats, spectacular costumes, marching bands, and more.
Tour over 3500 vendor stalls to find the rarest and most random car parts. Vintage cars on display, too.
Whether you're a pro or amateur cyclist, ride to the beach and raise money for the American Lung Association.
Bringing the funk from far and wide, it's a huge showcase of hip-hop, jazz, R&B, and beats. 2020 is the 11th anniversary edition.
Blues and rock musicians lay down the jams on dueling stages in Waterfront Park at this Oregon Food Bank fundraiser.
The largest running event in the state always sells out and always ends with brews. Choose half marathon, 5K, 8K, or 15K.
Get inspired by some of the world's most famous authors. Multiple dates throughout the year.
West Coast Giant Pumpkin Regatta
Watch costumed competitors row across Tualatin Lake in boat-sized pumpkins. Funny-looking fun for everyone.
In December, more than a million lights transform the zoo into another world.


text:
ALONE welcomes announcement of €3M to tackle loneliness
The Loneliness Taskforce, established by ALONE and Sen. Keith Swanick, called for investment and responsibility of loneliness allocated to a specific Minister in June 2018
Dublin, 17th April 2019 ALONE, the charity that supports older people to age at home, has welcomed the Government's announcement of a €3 million fund, separate to the mental fund, which will be used to combat loneliness across Ireland. The move is welcome recognition from this Government of the seriousness of loneliness as a health issue and highlights the willingness to tackle it.
ALONE CEO, Seán Moynihan, collaborated with Senator Keith Swanick to form the Loneliness Taskforce, an initiative to coordinate a response to loneliness and social isolation in Ireland. The Loneliness Taskforce endeavours to increase awareness about the issue and to achieve the implementation of a set of recommendations set out for Government, state agencies and all policy makers.
Seán Moynihan, said of the announcement, "Today's news is a significant achievement for the Loneliness Taskforce and the ongoing work across Ireland to highlight the loneliness epidemic, which is affecting people of all age groups. ALONE is proud to have worked on this for more than a year with Senator Swanick and the other members of the Taskforce. Our work has highlighted just how important this is to people across Ireland and we welcome the Government's response."
Moynihan continued, "Loneliness can seriously impact your physical and mental health, and evidence has shown that older people experiencing high levels of loneliness are almost twice as likely to die within six years compared to those who are not lonely. It is vital to support grassroots community organisations which have emerged because they have witnessed, first-hand, the need to combat loneliness, and to ensure supports are community-led. Many organisations are already working on this and we must make sure these receive adequate support. The €3 million funding announced this morning will go a long way to ensure that this happens."
Considering loneliness and social isolation as one of the greatest public health risks today, the charity was grateful for a productive discussion with Minister Daly held in the Seanad recently and was glad to see the support for this issue and discussion points taken on board.
Moynihan commented, "Minister Daly has demonstrated considerable support for the work of ALONE and the Loneliness Taskforce over the last year and more. We are pleased to see that the issue of loneliness, under the heading of 'civic connectedness' will now be recognized under his remit as Minister for Mental Health. There is much work still to be done in research, campaigning and on other Loneliness Taskforce recommendations over the coming months and years but we hope that this just the beginning of this journey."
For those who have concerns about their own wellbeing, or the wellbeing of a vulnerable older person in the community, ALONE can be contacted on (01) 679 1032 or visit www.alone.ie.
About the Loneliness Taskforce
The Loneliness Taskforce was established by Senator Keith Swanick in collaboration with the CEO of ALONE, Seán Moynihan, to coordinate a response to the epidemic of loneliness and social isolation in Ireland. Members of the Taskforce include Professor John Hillery, Justin McNulty MLA, Professor Brian Lawlor, Dr Eddie Murphy, Professor Roger O'Sullivan, Sabrina McEntee, Sinead Dooley, Anne Lynott and Sean Gallagher.
About ALONE
Established in 1977, ALONE supports older people to age at home. ALONE works with those who have issues with loneliness and social isolation, lack of services, poor health, poverty, homelessness or housing. ALONE provides Support Coordination, Housing with Support, Befriending and Campaigning services to over 1,000 older people nationwide every week. ALONE's services are quality approved and are delivered 365 days a year.
For more information contact:
Lauren Freir, Limelight Communications, [email protected], 01 668 0600, 087 238 0853
Kathryn Byrne, Limelight Communications, [email protected], 01 668 0600, 085 233 6033
|11 months
|This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics".
|11 months
|The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional".
|11 months
|This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".
|11 months
|This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.
|11 months
|This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance".
|11 months
|The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It does not store any personal data.


text:
Turkey and Armenia agree on roadmap to normalize relations
Ankara says the two sides will work towards peace, security and stability. Tensions between the countries are rooted in Ottoman-era massacres of Armenians by Turks which Yerevan says were genocide. READ MORE
Turkey and Armenia Relations Continue to Warm as Deal to Reopen Border Inches Forward
On March 17, Congressmen Adam Schiff, George Radanovich and Congressional Armenian Caucus Co-Chairmen Frank Pallone and Mark Kirk introduced a resolution to the U.S. House of Representatives co-sponsored by over 70 House colleagues to recognize the Armenian "genocide" of 1915. The resolution is identical to the one introduced in both the House and Senate in the 110th Congress, which was adopted by the House Foreign Affairs Committee. The timing of the legislation is especially critical, since President Obama will visit Turkey on April 6-7. Obama promised his American-Armenian supporters during his presidential election campaign that he would recognize the 1915 "genocide," yet his trip to Ankara will seek to improve U.S. relations with Turkey after the difficulties experienced in recent years. READ MORE


text:
Given the fact that many of my clients are asking me about wedding on the beach, I am going to do a specific post about it ! I'll also suggest you a turquoise decoration which is really perfect for a wedding on the beach.
Doing a wedding on the beach is something very exclusive and magical ! I am very pleased to plan many weddings like this. Usually the guests are totally amazed by the venue. If you add a wonderful decoration, the result looks perfect ! That's the reason why I recomend turquoise wedding decoration.
Indeed, the beach allows you to organise something less formal, with a casual spirit. So your decoration can be fun but still elegant. As you can see on the pictures, turquoise decoration is one of the best idea to create a beautiful and welcoming atmosphere.
Even the wedding dress or the bouquet can be linked with the turquoise decoration ! I am sure you'll like these ideas for your wedding on the beach ! So enjoy and do not hesitate to ask us questions about turquoise decoration and wedding on the beach !


text: Just downloaded this game, been on level 20 for 3days and read lots of these threads.... quickly realizing this game is set up for in game purchases as a money maker only not to be fun. Little rewards for very difficult levels, with long wait times for new lives. Not fun! Your best bet, if you have got on here to figure this game out, un-install and find something better to waist your time on.... your only gonna get more frustrated!


text:
Spectacular Reading Shows In A VIRTUAL Setting & Also Live In Person!
Hi, I'm Dean Alan, the Wizard of Reading, and I use magic as a teaching tool to bring out the magic inherently found in every book. In addition to that, I am a master at using Virtual Technology to share my message.
My Wizard of Reading Shows are designed to get kids so excited about books, they can't wait to check them out! The programs use magic and other theatrical techniques as visual tools to illustrate select books and stories.
Ralph Waldo Emerson said, "Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm." I totally believe that! In my case, I am very enthusiastic about reading. My enthusiasm guides me towards the best books to cover and the ones I think the kids will be the most excited by.
For the 2021-22 School Year, I have my Marvelous Magical Stories Assembly which is ideal for grades k-5. And I have my always popular Dr. Seuss show called The Seusstacular Reading Show. I'll be adding a few new books and stories this year. You can read a little more about them on the School page. For Libraries, I will also be doing the Seuss-tacular Show in the Spring, and I'll offer other shows in the Fall and Winter. To find out more about those shows, click Libraries.


text:
Hey! Sign up for the mailing list below to receive advance notice of upcoming performance dates and music releases. Members also get special updates on albums or special project progress, and super-double-secret information (such as: Stevie Z is completely scared of needles. And microphones. Shhhhhhhh.)
Not only are all of the amazingly awesome things listed above included, but we'll also send you links to special MP3s of live performances and studio cuts not always available to the general population who aren't on the list.
Prove to all of your friends how smart and cool you are and sign up today! You do want to be smart and cool, right? I mean, all of the other kids are doing it :)
**Please note that we would never, ever trade, barter or sell your email address to anyone. Ever. Not even for doughnuts.**


text: Private Excursions specializes in private tours. On tours with us you are the boss and we will do our best to fulfill your dreams. The best way to enjoy Iceland is to go on a private tour with experienced local driver/guide. We offer several predetermined options of day tours. Of course, we can customize your trips.


text:
ChopCult member Shane Burkholder's story is like many told here before. Shane searched for a used motorcycle that he could modify to fit his liking. He spent hours behind the keyboard bartering and proving himself a worthy candidate to the Internet seller. Once agreeing to the terms, he had to figure out how to get the bike, which was 20 hours away. Luckily, Shane's dad is an avid motorcycle enthusiast and didn't hesitate to help his son retrieve the bike. But Shane's Dad didn't stop helping after the 40 hour haul. He spent countless hours helping Shane attain his vision. The bike you see here is more than a raw motorcycle; it's the final product of a father and son working together. In this day and age, this story of unity is priceless and we hope Shane continues to enjoy the ride!
Photos by Holly Redden
Owner name, location: Shane Burkholder, Ontario, Canada
Engine, year and make, model, modifications: 1968 Triumph Bonneville
Frame: Trophy TR6 frame with a bolt-on survivor plunger tail.
Fork: Stock Bonneville + 2'
Tire/wheel size and style:
Rear: 16" Dunlop
Front: 19" Dunlop K70 Dual Sport
Favorite thing about this bike: The history in the 48-year-old motor; the hours my dad and I put into it to make it the bike it is now; and the raw, bare bones look of it are just a few favorites.
Next modification will be: + 2 Springer Front end, 21" front wheel, Avon SpeedMaster Front Rubber, Duro HF904 Dual Sports Rear Tire & a bolt-on hard tail
Other mods, accessories, cool parts, etc: MityMax Box which allows it to be started and run indefinitely without the battery, handmade brass foot pegs, Survivor Plunger Tail bolt-on frame, King/Queen seat.
Any building or riding story or info you'd like to include: I saw this bike online, posted by a guy who was just showing off what he owned and in the back of the photo I could see an awesome King/Queen seat. I asked him what he wanted for it, and when we started talking he told me that he had a 68 Bonneville motor in a TR6 Trophy frame. He said he'd be willing to part with it if he was convinced it was going to a good home. I explained to him that I had motorcycles bred into me by my dad and that he and I had put a lot of time and care into restoring my 1983 Honda Nighthawk. We worked out a deal but there was still the issue of how I was going to get the bike, as it was over 20 hours away in Northern Ontario. I had to work that week, so I ended up paying my dad and uncle to drive our old minivan to pick it up. It was a crazy trip in a van that has no high gear, in -40C temperatures, but absolutely worth it. Along with the Bonneville, they had a 1969 Triumph Trophy motor and frame in tow on which we are working now.
I'd like to thank my uncle, Chris Byrnes, who did the 40 hour round trip with my dad to bring back these bikes; my mom, Donna Burkholder, whose indoor renovation projects got put on hold for my dad to help me work on the bikes; my girlfriend, Holly Redden, who put up with me being isolated in the shop for hours on end and also for taking these pictures; and lastly my dad, Rob Burkholder, who's the best mechanic I know, and the only person I would have wanted to spend the crazy amount of hours in the shop with. This bike wouldn't be what it is without him, and for that, I am thankful for all of the patience and hard work that he put into it. - Shane
ADVERTISE | CONTACT | ©2009 - 2017 ChopCult | REPORT ABUSE | CONDUCT


text:
On June 5 the World Socialist Web Site published an article exposing how the Philippine Maoists were engaged in war-mongering against China and were "playing a vital role in the service of US imperialism."
The context is Washington's sharp escalation of pressure on Beijing over the South China Sea, including the threat to fly military aircraft within the 12-mile territorial limit around Chinese-controlled atolls. Philippine President Benigno Aquino has supported the US to the hilt, last week comparing China to Nazi Germany.
The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and its legal front organizations, including Bagong Alyansang Makabayan (BAYAN), were stung by the WSWS analysis because it exposed their machinations on behalf of Washington to the Philippine working class.
On June 7, Renato Reyes, the secretary general of BAYAN, posted a link to the article on Facebook, announcing simply, "This article is stupid and ignorant."
Within hours, Joma Sison, the head of the CPP, responded to Reyes on Facebook. "You need to immediately spread the position of P1NAS opposing the violations of Philippine sovereignty and territorial integrity by both the US and China."
He continued, "The World Socialist web [sic] is Trotskyite. It is always anti-CPP and anti-communist. Prove to everyone that you are not one-sided for any interfering foreign power, but rather are for the national sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Philippines in accordance with the UN Charter and UNCLOS [United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]."
On June 12, Renato Reyes wrote a brief response, repeating the defense that BAYAN was opposed to both the US and China in defense of national sovereignty. He then asks the World Socialist Web Site, "when are you going to oppose China's violations of our sovereignty? Or do you think it is a non-issue?"
The responses of Sison and Reyes graphically expose the class orientation of the CPP. Neither makes any effort to deny that they are promoting a war against China in the name of national sovereignty and the UNCLOS. This is the preoccupation of the Philippine bourgeoisie.
The CPP is a bourgeois political party, staffed with petty-bourgeois operatives who work in the service of bourgeois interests. There is not the slightest trace of a socialist perspective in their politics. They have no concern for, and they make no reference to, the working class.
Socialists are not indifferent to the question of national sovereignty in relation to oppressed countries such as the Philippines, but it is entirely subordinate to the development of the international unity and independent organization of the working class.
The task of Philippine workers is the defense of the working class in every country against the war-drive of US imperialism and the predations of international finance capital. This is only possible through the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism, including the criminal Stalinist regime in Beijing.
The hostility of Sison and Reyes to Trotskyism and the WSWS underscores the fundamentally opposed class perspective of Maoism, which is based on nationalism and has always been oriented to the national bourgeoisie.
The CPP's frothing support for national sovereignty is aimed at subordinating the working class and oppressed masses to the most right-wing sections of the Philippine bourgeoisie, who seek to advance their venal interests by embracing the former colonial ruler, calling for the return of US military bases and promoting the US war drive against China.
The CPP has all but abandoned its previous empty demagogy against US imperialism. BAYAN has stated that it is opposed to the US basing deal because there is no guarantee that the US will go to war on behalf of the Philippines in the South China Sea. In other words, if Washington provided such an assurance, they would welcome new American bases with open arms.
Moreover, the CPP and its front organizations have taken it upon themselves to provoke war. Sison has called for the modernization and expansion of the Philippine Armed Forces. At the same time, he has written, because the Philippines "cannot as yet wage naval, air and missile warfare," other means of fighting China are needed.
Sison called for the "broad masses of the Filipino people" to "disable and dismantle the enterprises of any hostile imperialist power." He added in an interview that "they only need to have a patriotic will, a lighter or match box and cans of petrol to disable or even destroy any unwanted enterprise."
The CPP is threatening to target terrorist violence at the ethnic Chinese Filipino community, as an examination of the speeches of CPP front organization leaders makes clear.
In protests outside the Chinese embassy on June 4, Elmer Labog, the chair of the CPP labor union umbrella Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU) delivered a speech in which he race-baited Filipino businessmen of Chinese ancestry, drawing attention to their surnames. "It's no surprise that the largest Filipino-Chinese millionaire, last name Henry Sy, is colluding with those Chinese to exploit our labor power."
Labog was followed by Tonying Flores, secretary general of the CPP's peasant wing, the Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (KMP). His anti-Chinese racism was particularly vile. "Why are these Chinese here in the Philippines?" he asked. "From toothpick factories, corner bakeries ( panaderia ), and barbershops to the malls, we now see it's almost all owned by Chinese."
He denounced a string of Chinese surnames, and accused them of owning all of the country's transportation and controlling all of the land, which should belong to the Filipino peasants. He concluded, "We need to kick the Chinese out of our country."
The majority of Filipinos of Chinese ancestry are workers. Most were born and have lived their entire lives in the country. Throughout history, they have been marginalized and at times subjected to pogroms whipped up by the ruling class. The CPP has now taken on the role of fomenting violent chauvinism against this vulnerable population.
On June 12, Sison reiterated this call, threatening that "the patriotic and progressive forces of the Filipino" would undertake "a wide range of revolutionary punitive actions."
The CPP is openly aligning itself with "patriotic" sections of the bourgeoisie—i.e., to the most reactionary, militarist layers.
On June 8, Bayan and several other CPP front organizations joined with a group of former Senators to establish a new political coalition, Pilipinong Nagkakaisa para sa Soberanya (P1NAS) [Filipinos United for Sovereignty]. On June 12, they staged rallies outside both the Chinese and US embassies.
Who are these people? They are headed by:
Rene Saguisag, the former Senator and defense attorney of former President Joseph Estrada. He called last year for the United States to place a military base in the disputed Spratly islands.
Ernesto Maceda, former executive secretary under Ferdinand Marcos and ambassador to the United States under President Joseph Estrada.
Leticia Ramos Shahani, sister of former President Fidel Ramos and a former senator. She voted in 1991 to extend the lease of US bases in the country.
These new allies of the CPP are the longstanding friends of US imperialism. P1NAS issued a statement announcing that they "vehemently oppose" China and are "wary" of the United States. This lopsided press statement reflects the politics of the organization and of the CPP itself.
The CPP is bent on mobilizing its social base behind the US drive to war against China in the name of national sovereignty, while attempting to maintain the appearance of independence from Washington.
For workers and the urban and rural poor of the Philippines, what is at stake is not a question of national sovereignty, but rather one of class. The only way in which the working class can stop the drive to war and the relentless attacks on its living standards is to establish its political independence from all factions of the bourgeoisie and mobilise the peasantry in the fight for political power. A workers' and peasants' government must be established to implement socialist policies as part of the struggle for socialism internationally.
The International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI) alone fights for this perspective and for the interests of the working class.