text:
Be sure to check out our constantly updated concert calendar!
Friday, September 19
Katy Perry, Tegan and Sara
Katy Perry has long been a fascinating paradox. "I'm capable of anything and everything," she simultaneously brags and warns on "Dark Horse," from her fourth and latest album, Prism. Such seemingly limitless pop potential also has been the Santa Barbara singer's curse. The onetime Katy Hudson was already a charismatic performer when she was still a "good" Christian folk singer appearing in local coffeehouses, and she's just as captivating now as a "bad" sex symbol gussied up with slick pop arrangements and decked out in fantastic cupcake costumes. Perry's ongoing dilemma is how to reconcile her serious creative instincts with the artifice and plastic production in which she's often encased, which could be why she's chosen to tour with Tegan and Sara, the thoughtful Canadian duo who balance folk influences with commercial hooks. Also Saturday, Sept. 20. —Falling James
Angel City Jazz Festival
This now-venerable event offers L.A. jazzheads a rare-ish chance to savor and learn from the cream of the progressive-jazz crop. Scheduled stalwart guardians of jazz's future include NEA Jazz Masters Anthony Braxton and Toshiko Akiyoshi, pianist Craig Taborn, trumpeter-composers Wadada Leo Smith and Bobby Bradford, multi-brass/reeds boss Vinny Golia, sax man Azar Lawrence and a mind-blowing host of others. The festival is held at various fine venues around the city, including REDCAT, the Blue Whale, LACMA, the Aratani/Japan America Theatre and Barnsdall Art Park, where it wraps up on Sunday, Sept. 28, with an all-day, free event on two stages, accompanied by food, beer, wine and sunshine. For a complete schedule, go to angelcityjazz.com. Also Sept. 20-22 and Sept. 25-28. —John Payne
Ides of Gemini
This Los Angeles power trio conjures up heavily psychedelic drone rock on its second album, Old World New Wave. The centerpiece of this arrangement is bassist/vocalist Sera Timms, also of similarly psychedelic locals Black Math Horseman. Timms has a hearty bellow, which does not change much in register. Within the framework of Ides of Gemini, that's a positive. Her roars add a ghostly, goth-rock vibe to the already spirit-conjuring, Sabbath-y riffs of guitarist J. Bennett. Their approach would not be as hypnotic without the earth-shattering drums of Kelly Johnston-Gibson, whose drumming style places greater emphasis on raw power than flash, with every beat of the skins shaking the Richter scale. The band's newer material is a little catchier than their previous work, but that just adds more power to their sound. —Jason Roche
Saturday, September 20
Sunset Strip Music Festival
Over the last seven years, the Sunset Strip Music Festival has gone from veteran, hard-rock Strip bands to indie-oriented, international acts whose reputations weren't established 30 years ago. The intention of the festival remains the same: the preservation and promotion of the legendary, raunchy reputation of the Strip. Festivalgoers will oscillate between the Roxy, Whisky A Go Go and three outdoor stages, one of which is curated by Murs and features hip-hop. Australia's Empire of the Sun brings its Technicolor production to headline Sunday, offsetting homegrown Jane's Addiction's gritty and visceral presentation headlining Saturday. Strip originals L.A. Guns grace the Whisky stage on day one, which also features modern-day rockers Nightmare and the Cat and rabble-rousing MC Riff Raff. On day two, soul crooner Mayer Hawthorne contrasts against the party-starting Destructo, the soft pop of Sweden's Tove Lo and the electropop of the U.K.'s Fenech-Soler. —Lily Moayeri
Bedrocktoberfest with ?Head Wound City
Yeah Yeah Yeahs guitarist Nick Zinner takes over Echo Park's "massive music mecca" Bedrock.LA as he curates the second annual Bedrocktoberfest. The complete lineup had yet to be revealed at press time but the few acts that have been announced are reason enough to check it out: Deap Vally and Cherry Glazerr, local garage rockers who have blown up this year; Black Sabbitch, a scorching, all-female tribute to the heaviest metalers in history; and a rare performance by Head Wound City, a band that's part San Diego grindcore group The Locust, part Seattle post-hardcore legends The Blood Brothers (who also recently reunited for FYF this year) and Zinner himself on guitar. There also will be beer, food trucks and magic curated by the Academy of Magical Arts, aka Hollywood's famous Magic Castle. All this and more for just five bucks. —Artemis Thomas-Hansard
Bobby McFerrin
Santa Monica College's Broad Stage kicks off its 2014-15 jazz series with the human instrument extraordinaire, Bobby McFerrin. Since achieving unexpected worldwide fame with his 1988 tune "Don't Worry, Be Happy," McFerrin has gone on to perform and record with major artists including Chick Corea, Yo-Yo Ma and Living Colour guitarist Vernon Reid, as well doing numerous recordings for film, television and children. Between 1985 and 1993, McFerrin amassed 10 Grammy Awards. His solo performances often display his unique skill set combined with a high level of audience participation. His latest recording, Spirityouall, offers a selection of spiritual and gospel songs, including original compositions, Bob Dylan's "I Shall Be Released" and traditional hymns such as "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot." —Tom Meek
Miranda Lee Richards, ?Bart Davenport, Paula Frazer
Miranda Lee Richards is that rarity among singer-songwriters, able to coo beautifully lulling ballads without drifting off into easy-listening bathos. She once sang the most endearingly spectral version of "Dandelion" this side of The Rolling Stones, and her gentle, original songs on 2001's The Hereafter and 2009's Light of X evoke dreamily pastoral wonderlands infused with hints of mystery and sadness. You can hear Richards' inspirations Mazzy Star and Neil Young in her low-key delivery and loping chords, but then she opens up with a soaring, radiant voice that's all her own, glowing like a desert sun. Bart Davenport cuts right through with a ruefully charming voice that sounds like a more soulful, less solipsistic version of Morrissey, draped in '60s-pop arrangements. Tarnation's Paula Frazer summons ghosts with her eerie Ozark lamentations. —Falling James
Sunday, September 21
Meshell Ndegeocello
Meshell Ndegeocello has so many ways of getting through to you. She's an utterly sublime bassist who can seamlessly cover the waterfront of jazz, funk and soul before floating off into pure psychedelia. She's an enchanting vocalist who can soothe with her tone while startling you with her frank yet poetic lyrics. She's bold enough to stand her ground against her former champion, Madonna, and flexible enough to have collaborated with John Mellencamp, Basement Jaxx, The Rolling Stones and The Blind Boys of Alabama. From the soul-deep entreaties of her 1993 debut album, Plantation Lullabies, to the spaced-out jazz-reggae idylls on her latest release, Comet, Come to Me, Ndegeocello always manages to be confrontational and fearless, even as her music shape-shifts through various layers of dreamy hypnosis. —Falling James
Like us on Facebook at LAWeeklyMusic
The 20 Worst Hipster Bands
The 20 Worst Bands of All Time
10 Reasons the Door Guy at the Club Hates You
Advertising disclosure: We may receive compensation for some of the links in our stories. Thank you for supporting LA Weekly and our advertisers.


text:
Building A Model Airplane Engine that Runsby
Roger J Schroeder
Last update: September, 2009
To many of us, building our own model airplane engine has been a long sought goal. The idea that we can create a miniature engine that runs and produces useful power has a lot of attraction. However, many potential builders question if they can really do it. My answer is that, if I can build a decent engine and have it run, anyone can.
The following pages are based upon the engine building experience of my friends and me.
BASIC EQUIPMENT NEEDSNow, to be practical, building your own engine does require a metal cutting lathe and some experience in running it. Not much else is required if you have a toolpost milling attachment for your lathe. My basic machine is a Logan 9 x 18 lathe with a Palmgren tool post milling attachment... My first engine was a Schroeder Twin which used "store bought" Cox pistons and cylinders to simplify the work. That was in 1965. Other more complicated projects followed and the Logan was sufficient to handle them all.
SKILL REQUIREDSkill is, first of all, an attitude of the mind that you can do it. You must place little priority on time and emphasizes the pride of doing a job to the best of your ability. With such a mind set you may spend an hour polishing a connecting rod just because you are proud of its appearance when you are finished. The skilled craftsman probably has a larger scrap pile than others, because he will not keep parts that represent less than he is capable of producing. The craftsman also knows how to get out of trouble, once it is encountered.
Skill is also a learning process. The best way to learn is to start cutting metal. Begin with simple projects and go to more demanding work as you gain skill. You may scrap some parts along the way, but the time loss will be small compared to the learning rewards. You can't acquire skill by buying books. Books can provide ideas for things to try. You acquire skill by doing.
A book that provides at lot of good ideas about selecting a lathe, setting it up, and operating is, "The Amateur's Lathe" by L.H. Sparey. It is an English book published by:
TEE Publications The Fosse, Fosse Way, Nr Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, CV31 1XN, England
(see Suppliers Page)
Ron Chernich's web site is a valuable resource for model engine builders because it has a wealth of information on the pages. Recently Ron has reorganized the material and added a search engine to make it easy to find answers to your questions. Especially valuable is the new addition "How To". To find it, go to the web site at:
There will be a menu on the left hand site; click on "Resources" and then click on the sub-menu "How To? "
BUYING A LATHEWhat sort of lathe do you need? Don't settle for anything less than a lathe that can cut screw threads. If you can't cut threads, you are really limited in the projects you can try. American threads are fine now for those of us in the US. Metric threading capability is desirable. Try to get a set of change gears that will let you do both
Also, buy a lathe with a 9 or 10" swing if your budget can stand it. Better a 9" or 10" used lathe in good condition than a 3" new lathe. However get someone with experience to help you evaluate used lathes. A worn and abused lathe will cost plenty to put into reasonable condition.
Used LathesI believe my Logan is an ideal home shop lathe. However, there are not many out there and the current owners are not prone to sell. The South Bend is an excellent choice. There are old South Bend lathes around in fair condition, but be careful of abused equipment. Do not buy a used lathe that does not have all the change gears or is incomplete in any way. It will be expensive to obtain the needed parts.
There are also a lot of used Atlas and Sears Craftsman lathes out there. These are not as heavy as the Logan and South Bend lathes, but they are capable of good precision work as long as you do not try to take "heroic" cuts. Go for the older models made before 1980.
Other good used lathes are LeBlond, Sheldon, Harding, and the English Myford. Here we are talking about some expensive machinery.
Before you pay money for a used lathe, get your hands on it. Try shaking the spindle and all the slides. If you can move anything in a direction it should not go, cut your offering price a lot. The ways on a lathe bed contain an indelible record of the care the lathe has received. Read the record. If the ways have been abused, so has the rest of the lathe.
Also remember that the price of the new imported lathes puts a lid on the price of used lathes, assuming comparable equipment.
New LathesThe oriental lathes are pretty good now and they are reasonably priced, however check all the specifications before you buy. Especially check the graduated feeds. Some are metric disguised as imperial. Talk to someone who has one. Enco is offering a small 6-in. imported lathe for about $1000 and a 7x10" mini-lathe for $500, or less on sale. For $2000 to $2500 you can get a 10 x 36 in. imported lathe with a certificate of tested accuracy. The English Myford lathes are some of the best.
I am not impressed with combination lathe, drill and vertical mills that are being sold because I am not convinced that they can do all those different jobs well.
My good friend Randy Ryan has an oriental mini-lathe and a mini-mill. Here are his comments regarding them:
"The lathe is from Harbor Freight. It comes with a 3 jaw chuck (flange mounted) w/inside and outside jaws, a Jacobs type (way cheap but useable) tailstock chuck mounted on a tapered arbor and a live center. It has a turret type tool rest that indexes in 4 positions 90 degrees apart, 5/16 tools. It also comes with a set of change gears for cutting American threads and I think there is a metric set available. No rests but then being so short you hardly need them. It has solid state speed control with direct and backgear.
The only thing I wish was that it would run a little slower for threading, sometimes I have to engage the screw and roll it by hand, especially small female threads. Spindle will pass about 3/4" but the 3 jaw will only pass 5/8". It's also tapered and could be used with collets if you built up the drawbar etc. Can't remember the taper but can get it if you want. The spindle is mounted on deep groove ball bearings that are packed and sealed.
Little Machine Shop has all maintenance parts for it as well as a 14" bed and screw so you can expand it. I was going to do that but decided that I'd rather wait and get back into a larger machine.
The Harbor Freight mill is quite a bit less impressive that the lathe, though an experienced machine hand can make it work. It's terribly flexible and column squareness is questionable. I had to shim the column to get anywhere near in tram. Its now within about .001" over 4" in X & Y. Not the best, but since most of my work is about 1/2 that height, I can do pretty acceptable work on it.
It also has solid state speed control and back gear. #2 Morse in the spindle and only about 1 1/8 useful quill travel. The screw for quill feed is odd and the graduations are in .002 increments. It comes only with a chuck identical to the one that came with the lathe.
If I where to do it again I'd steer toward a larger more conventional machine. They have a pretty nice looking tiny universal knee mill but it's about $1400 before you buy a tool for it. All in all I get by with it, but it's not very pleasant to use. Little Machine Shop also has all the maintenance parts..."
Price is a fair indicator of quality and value. Shop the catalogs (see Suppliers: Tools and Tooling).
Go see it before you buy it, or talk to someone who has one. The manufacturer or dealer should be willing to provide a list of (satisfied only) owners. Take any negative comments seriously. The present owner will not be overly critical of his decision to purchase the lathe
LATHE ACCESSORIESJust a bare lathe will not do much. You will need tool bits, boring bars, and holders for them. I like the carbide tipped cutting bits. They are already shaped and they last a long time. While you are at it, you will need to obtain a grinding wheel capable of handling carbide to bits. Free hand bit sharpening is very difficult. Buy or build a fixture that will hold your tool bits while you are forming and sharpening them. The one I built a few years ago has really improved my tool bits and, in turn, my surface finishes.
Next, you need some drills and some chucks to hold the drills. Buy a Jacobs style tail stock chuck. Don't run out and buy a complete set of fractional, number, and letter drills all at once. Buy a modest set of the ordinary sizes first, and add more as required by your projects. Better the supplier pays for a tool inventory than you. The same for reamers, taps and dies.
We are not through yet. You need something to hold the work. A four jaw chuck is a necessity. Get a big one. Collets are nice, but you can build engines without them. A 5-in. three jaw, centering chuck is a very handy device and some of the import chucks are priced reasonably. I have a Chinese 5" chuck that centers within .002" TIR.
You can greatly expand the uses of your lathe with a milling attachment and I very much recommend one. Get the largest size Palmgren that will fit your lathe. They are expensive, but, trust me, you will never be sorry you shelled out the bucks for this one. You can buy a few end mills and also make some fly cutters. Now you have a lathe, a milling machine, a drilling machine, and a boring machine.
Buy set of center drills. Besides drilling lathe centers, use them to start every drilled hole. Twist drills wander a lot, and starting a hole with a center drill insures that the twist drill starts in the right place.
Don't invest in an expensive tool post grinder. You can finish pistons, cylinders and shafts better by lapping. You can adapt a Dremel motor to your tool post and/or milling attachment do light grinding and drilling.
MEASURING TOOLSYou must be able to measure the parts you make. Get a good 0 to 1 in. micrometer. Buy one that has a vernier that will let you estimate to .0001 in. or one of the electronic micrometers. The electronic micrometers are unbelievably accurate.
Dial calipers are another must. They can be used where high precision is not required and are useful for dimensions greater than 1 in, measuring depths, and measuring inside diameters. The dial is much easier to read than the barrel of a mike.
You will need a dial indicator to center work in the chuck, check for tapers, detect out of round work, and measure crank pin offsets. Get one that has a 1 in. travel. Buy a magnetic base at the same time.
Get a set of telescoping gages for ID measurements. A mike, a dial caliper, a dial indicator, and a set of telescoping gages (all imported) can be bought for about $25 to $40 each and will be quite adequate for the home shop.
Initially for press fits and close running fits, you will machine, or lap, the mating parts to size by a cut and trial method. There is nothing wrong with cut and trial. Clock and watch makers have been working this way for 100 years. It just takes time and you may scrap a part now and then.
If you can afford more and better measuring instruments, you can machine your parts to fit quickly and skip all but the latter stages of cut and trial. I like Starrett measuring tools. I found you can buy good, used Starrett tools on eBay for about ˝ the price of new ones. They are very accurate, and they hold their resale value, if you decide to take up golf instead.
MATERIALSAlmost as important as having a good lathe is the use of good material. Leaded steel stock is a joy to machine and well worth the investment. Model engine components do not usually have to be extra strong. Building a crankshaft from drill rod can be a real pain and a waste of time. Make it of leaded steel and case harden the high wear areas. I always case harden cam surfaces and drive washers. If you need a higher strength steel that does not need to be heat treated, get some "Stress Proof". Stress Proof machines very well and is really tough.
For cylinders, I like the leaded steel, C12L14. So do a lot of the commercial engine manufacturers. For pistons, try leaded 4140 steel or Stress Proof. Some like a high grade of cast iron. If you intend to do a lot of running, use Stress Proof.
The 2024 Alloy aluminum is strong and easy to machine, especially if you squirt a little cutting fluid on it. Pure aluminum is not nice to machine. It comes off in hunks and tools tend to dig in. If you need to cut deep cooling fins in aluminum, buy some 2011-T3 free machining aluminum.
Free cutting brass, CA360, cuts like butter and will finish out beautifully. A few well finished brass components will make your engine look good and you even better.
Buy a can of Kasnit Surface Hardening Compound. With it, and a propane torch, you can harden the surface of mild steel parts like cams and drive washers. I have surface hardened pistons, but cleaning up the resulting distortion usually removes parts of the hard surface.
Good materials in small quantities can be mail ordered the Internet. See Suppliers Page: Materials.
PROJECTSA simple glow or diesel engine will be a good first engine project. With these you don't need to worry about building a spark ignition system and making it work
Be sure to visit the web site of Ron Chernich for engine pictures, descriptions, building and design help.
REQUIREMENTS FOR RUNNINGAssuming you have the tools and are starting a project, there are five principal requirements that you should keep in mind for making a two stroke cycle engine that runs. They are:
- The parts of the engine must fit together and turn freely.
- There must be good cylinder compression
- There must be good crankcase compression
- The ignition system, spark, diesel, or glow, must be effective
- Fuel must be supplied to the engine
Each of these four rules are discussed in detail below.
1. The Parts Must FitIt is easy to make a single engine part. It gets tougher to make two parts that fit together and run freely. I have a tendency to put things together with very little clearance. I am afraid that I will remove too much metal and spoil a part. As a result, I spend some time running in the parts to reduce friction. You must have to have the parts in the proper alignment. No amount of running in is going to help parts that are not aligned. You can avoid trouble by observing the following:
- Get things lined up properly. The cylinder bore must be 90 deg. to the crankshaft bearing. The cylinder must also be centered over the crank pin. The crank main bearing and crank pin journals must be parallel. The rod bores must be parallel. Do not depend upon your eye to make cuts and bores in the proper alignment. Use the built in accuracy of your lathe and your measuring tools to get things machined in alignment. Watch out for tapered journals or bearings.
- Provide adequate running clearances. This is especially true for small engines. Make sure the rod is not rubbing on the crankcase interior. For crankshaft journal bearing engines, there must be .005 to .010 in. fore and aft clearance. Crankshaft bearings can have about .001 radial clearance. The same with connecting rods. The piston to cylinder fit must be closer, especially for a lapped fit. More on this fit in the discussion of rule No. 2.
- Avoid hand filing as much as possible. A round part does not stay round with filing, and a flat part will not stay flat. Sharpen your cutting tools as described in Sparey's book and your surfaces can be turned to size and finished with some emery paper, a good Arkansas stone, or by lapping.
2. Cylinder compressionCylinder compression depends upon the seal between the piston and cylinder. Diesels must have a really good seal. Some builders prefer piston rings, but I like to lap the piston and cylinder because it is difficult to make small piston rings correctly. It is not difficult to make simple internal and external laps from aluminum, charge them with diamond compound, and lap the piston and cylinder. I machine the mating surfaces and leave about .001 to remove by lapping. The piston and the cylinder are lapped separately and only worked together at the last. Lapping goes quickly and results in pistons and bores that are straight, round, and have a really good finish. Buy 36 grit (fast lapping grade) diamond lapping compound from Enco or Travis Tool. A little lasts a very long time.
The late George Aldrich convinced me to taper cylinder bores. The bottom should be from .0005 to .001 in. larger in dia. than the top (.0005 for ˝ A engines). You simply spend more time lapping the bottom of a bore than the top to produce a tapered bore. Taper the piston about .0002 also. Tapering puts the closest fit at the top of the stroke were the combustion pressures are highest. The piston should just go tight (zero clearance) at the top of its travel. A tapered piston then fits like a keystone. The loose fit at the bottom will reduce friction and make the engine easier to start.
A taper is also a real advantage when fitting a piston. Finish the tapered bore first and then lap the piston until it will just enter the tapered bore. You then know that about another .0005 to .0010 in. of piston diameter reduction is necessary. Lap a little (10 sec.) and then try the piston in the bore. You can gage progress by cleaning both parts and determining how far the piston enters the bore. Quit lapping when the piston is a push fit at the top of the stroke. Before I started tapering the bores, I could not gage how the lapping was progressing and thus made a lot of pistons that were too small.
3. Crankcase CompressionCrankcase compression is as necessary as cylinder compression. Without it, the crankcase can not function as a pump to suck in fresh air and fuel, compress it, and force the mixture into the cylinder. An engine lacking crankcase compression will fire once but not consecutively.
To test for crankcase compression, remove the head (and contra piston, if a diesel) from the engine and rotate the crankshaft slowly. You should feel the crankcase compression on the down stroke and hear a "poof" of air when the bypass port opens. You should feel a drag on the upstroke until the inlet port opens and then you should hear a "pop" when the port opens and air rushes into the crankcase. If you don't hear and feel all these things, find out why not.
The common causes of poor crankcase compression are leakage through, around, or between the following:
- A back plate gasket
- A crankshaft bearing that has too much clearance
- A loose fitting piston
- The inlet, exhaust and/or bypass ports
- The cylinder base gasket
- Too much cylinder taper
For those engines where the cylinder slips into the crankcase, the fit is very important because of the potential to leak between the ports. If this is a suspected problem, Bert Striegler showed me that it can easily be cured by smearing a thin coating of red RTV gasket material around the cylinder where it contacts the case. A thin coating of silicone grease will also do the trick and is not as messy as RTV.
To get the benefit of good crankcase compression, the port timing must be reasonable. Follow the dimensions for your design. As a check, for a piston ported engine, the following durations are conservative:
- Inlet 90 deg. (for piston porting)
- Exhaust 130 deg.
- Transfer 110 deg.
Shaft and disk rotary valves should open just as the exhaust closes and remain open until just after top center.
4. The ignition systemDiesel fuel will ignite if your fuel has a significant ether content and the engine has good cylinder compression. Ignition timing is controlled by the compression ratio which is adjusted by positioning the contra piston. A break-in diesel fuel will consist of the following:
- One part castor oil
- One part ether (this is 25% ether; go to 35%, or more, for bores smaller than 1/2 in.)
- Two parts of No. 2 diesel fuel (truck fuel)
- (optional) 1-1/2 % hexyl nitrate to improve ignition
Ether is difficult or impossible to obtain. John Deere motor starting ether works for some engines; it has 70 to 80% ether. Get a spray can and put it in the deep freezer. When the can is cold, go outside, and spray the liquid ether into a suitable container. Be aware that not all motor starting ether has a high ether content.
Glow fuel will ignite if you have good cylinder compression, fresh commercial glow fuel with 10% or better (especially for small engines) nitro content, and a good glow plug connected to a battery that is delivering the full 1 1/2 volts. The compression ratio and nitro content controls the ignition timing. Gas/oil or alcohol/castor oil fuels will ignite with spark ignition if you have reasonable cylinder compression, a good spark plug, and an ignition system that will deliver 1/4 in. long sparks at all operating speeds. A typical ingition system wiring diagram is shown on Drawing "A".
Ignition timing is usually adjustable by rotating the timer assembly. For starting, ignition should occur at the top of the stroke. There should be about 30 deg. of advance available from that point. I use a 3 to 1 mixture of unleaded gasoline and 70 wt. oil with about 5 % ether added to give volatility. Alcohol base fuels run cooler and provide more power.
The critical element is the ignition points. There must be a lot of spring tension, or the points will bounce on the cam at running speed. The points must close and then open cleanly during each crank rotation. I have found that the time the points are together (dwell) before breaking is very important. The dwell should be at least 70 deg of crank rotation. If the dwell is too short, the engine may not 2-cycle well and it may not respond to a spark advance.
Tungsten tipped contact points have become difficult to find. Some builders have made points from tungsten welding rod material, but if you are not going to do a lot of running, hardened steel contact points will work well.
Model engine points that are designed like automotive ignition points have the best chance to succeed. Example are the McCoy, Hornet, OK, Super Cyclone, and Atwood Champion engines. These points have a rigid moving arm and a separate spring to close the points. Some timer designs combine the spring and the moving arm as one part. This can lead to trouble unless the spring action is well back at the fixed end of the moving arm and the arm does not flex in the middle. The Bunch engines had the combination spring and arm, and they always worked very well. If in doubt about your design, copy a design that works. The Hall effect, transistor-switched ignition systems work well on model engines.
A good spark plug is also required. For new spark plugs and ignition components, see Suppliers Page: Coils and Ignition Components.
5. Fuel must be suppliedThe level in the fuel tank should be about 1/4 in. below the fuel delivery hole in the needle valve assembly. Bert Striegler tells me that the bleed hole should always be pointed toward the engine, unless you have two holes at 180 deg. to each other. In that case the holes should be cross-wise to the air flow.
The tapered portion of the needle must be round and concentric with the needle shaft. If you use a spray bar, the needle should be a snug fit in the spray bar tube so that you suck fuel and not air.
The diameter of the intake tube at the needle valve (the venturi) is important. The venturi throat must be small enough to have a good fuel lift (a least an inch) at a low engine speed. If the venturi dia. is too small, the engine will have really good fuel suction, but it will be very sensitive to the needle valve setting. Conversely, a large venturi dia. will reduce the fuel suction and the engine will not be as sensitive to the needle valve setting, but if the engine (and fuel tank) is tilted while running, the fuel mixture setting will be upset and the engine may die. Look at the venturi size in commercial engines to estimate the correct size for your engine.
CLOSINGBuilding your own engine is a lot of fun and is a rewarding experience. Attention to the information described in the preceding will help you build a better engine.
Back to Roger Schroeder's Catalog
This page designed to look best when using anything but IE!
Please submit all questions and comments to email@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sections in this issue:
1) Patrick Gowen, Jr, Cordwainer, Became Wealthy Man at Berwick, Maine;
2) Researchers Seeking Kinship Between KY Goins and Goings;
3) Going and Goins, Continued;
4) Edward Gowen Sold Interest In Bass Estate to Thomas Goin;
5) Dear Cousins.
All Gowen Manuscript Pages and Newsletters: https://goyengoinggowengoyneandgone.com/gowen-research-foundation-pages-and-info/
Volume 10, No. 8 April 1999
1) Patrick Gowen, Jr, Cordwainer, Became Wealthy Man at Berwick, Maine
Patrick Gowen, Jr, [Patrick3, Nicholas2, William Alexander1] son of Patrick Gowen and Miriam Shackley Gowen, was born December 21, 1745 at Berwick, Massachuetts [later Maine]. He was the second child of that name to be born to his parents; an earlier Patrick Gowen, Jr. died in infancy. He was also a great-grandson of William Alexander Gowen, the Scottish soldier who was captured in the Battle of Dunbar and deported to New England by Oliver Cromwell.
He was married January 1, 1771 to 16-year-old Abigail Woodsum of Berwick, according to "Saco Valley Families" by Ridlow. She was born at Berwick December 23, 1754, the oldest child of John Woodsum and Mary Brackett Woodsum. She was baptized May 18, 1755 in the First Church of Berwick. Patrick Gowen, Jr. removed from Berwick to Lebanon, some 15 miles north about 1782. There he became a cordwainer, a colonial term used to describe a leather worker and a shoemaker. The word orignally designated a man who worked with Cordovan leather which was developed in Cordova, Spain. Later the definition was broadened to include any leather worker, including tanners.
Additionally he operated a tanyard and was a partner in a sawmill located at Salmon Falls. John Libbey, one of the apprentices who was bound to him to learn the tanner's trade, became a son-in-law.
His household appeared in the 1790 census at Lebanon, York County, Massachusetts [later Maine] as "Gowen, Patrick, 6 white males over 16 and 5 white females."
Patrick Gowen, Jr. died April 12, 1804 at Lebanon, Maine. He was buried on the farm of Jeremiah Libbey at Little River Falls. Abigail Woodsum Gowen was appointed administratrix of his estate:
"At a court of Probate, holden at Waterborough August 27, 1804:
Abigail Gowen makes oath that the foregoing inventory contains all the estate of her said Intestate that has come to her hand, possession or knowledge, and that if any thing hereafter appears, not named therein, she will render an additional inventory thereof into this court.
Edw'd. Cutts, Judge
An Inventory of the Estate of Patrick Gowen, late of Lebanon in the County of York, Cordwainer, deceased, appraised upon oath by us, the subscribers duly appointed to that service by the Hon'ble Edward Cutts, Esq, Judge of the Probate of Wills for said county:
Real Estate: The Homestead of said deceased situate in said Lebanon [York] County, 100 acres with the buildings thereon, $600; 25 Acres of land in said Lebanon, being one-half of Lot No. 6, Range 4 & 3rd Division, $100; 6¼ Acres of land lying in Baker Grant, so called, in Shapleigh in said county with the Lumber thereon, $21; 1/24 part of a Saw Mill and Mill Privileges standing on Salmon Falls on Little River in said Lebanon distinguished by the name of the Lower Mill, $25.00; 1 Pew, No. 22 in the Baptist Meeting house at Little River Falls in said Lebanon $25. Total, $771.
Personal Estate: Muse Saddle & bridle, $25; 1 yoke oxen, $40: 6 Cows, $50; 1 two-year-old steer, $8; 1 year-old heifer, $4; 10 Sheep, @$1; 1 Plough, $4; 1 Harrow, $3.58; 4 Chains @$1.50; Sundry other implements of Husbandry, $5.25; 1 Handsaw, $1; 1/2 Mill Saw, $4; Sleigh Irons, $1; Sundry Mechanical Tools, $2; 1 Flute, 25c; Deceased's Wearing Apparel & cloth, 5.35; 2 Beds, bedspreads, cards & bedding, 23.67; 1 Chest & drawers, $2, 1 case, 25c; 2 Looking glasses, $1; 6 Kitchen chairs, $3; 3 tables, $1, 1 Warming pan, $2; Andirons, shovel & tongs, $1.75; 1 pr. steelyards, 25c; Pewter, $3.25; Pot iron, $4, Sundry small articles, 25c; 3 Sides upper leather, 4.50; 8 Calves skins, $3.00; Loom & Spinning wheels, 3.00; 3 Swine, $8 and Sow leather, $4.45. Total $223.78; grand total $1,004.78.
Lebanon, June 20th AD 1804
John Libbey, Daniel Woods, Isaac Hanscom, Appraisers."
Abigail Woodsum Gowen died 32 years later, June 2, 1836.
According to the bible records of Rhoda Butler, a granddaughter, children born to Patrick Gowen, Jr. and Abigail Woodsum Gowen include:
Mary "Molly" Gowen born September 8, 1771
James Gowen born October 24, 1774
Samuel Gowen born April 23, 1777
Sarah Gowen born April 21, 1779
Abigail Gowen born September 12, 1781
James Gowen born March 5, 1784
John Gowen born June 23, 1787
Johanna Gowen born June 25, 1789
Draxey Gowen born October 9, 1791
Miriam Gowen born September 5, 1793
Benjamin Gowen born December 2, 1798
2) Researchers Seeking Kinship Between KY Goins and Goings
By Jamie Friedman Frederick
Editorial Boardmember
Box 361, Scobey, Montana, 59263, 406/487-2738 firstname.lastname@example.com
Recently there has been an exchange of messages on the Internet regarding Melungeon/Mulatto Edward Goins and others who lived in Logan County and Butler County, Kentucky in 1800. Previously he and other family members were in Indiana and Illinois. They and their back-tracking movements were regarded as mysterious and unexplainable. Because they appeared in the community in Livingston County where my Goins ancestors lived, my mother [Anna Going Friedman] and I decided to take a closer look at them.
Edward Goins was a cosignor on a mortgage note with my g-g-g-g-grandfather, John Levi Going in 1818 in Livingston County, Kentucky. Because Edward Goins undertook this obligation, we suspect that he was related to John Levi Going, but our research so far has not been able to document it.
Accompanying Edward Goins were Jabez Goins, William Goins and Isaac Goins. Other families in their group included the Portees, the Coles/Coals, the Byrds/Birds and the Andersons. They remained in the Logan-Butler County area in the early 1800s. By the mid-1820s they had relocated to Illinois, in the Crawford County-Lawrence County area.
(Continued on Page ?)
3) Going and Goins, Continued
When I contacted present-day descendants in Illinois, they told me that their family lore identified these Goins men as slaves in South Carolina who went to Vincennes, Indiana as slaves of some white pioneers. According to the legend, their owners had sent these men into Illinois Territory to see if the Indians there were hostile or if white settlers could survive there.
The group of "slaves" they sent out never returned. It was a mystery to the present-day descendants as to where their ancestors were for some 20 years, because they didn't show up in Illinois until around 1820. I was able to show them where their families were just prior to 1820–they were living in Northern Kentucky with my family members!
These descendants gave me a document proving that their ancestors came from South Carolina while I had already documented that my family had come to Kentucky from Georgia. [Newsletter, March 1996].
Although they thought these men were slaves, my research had already revealed them to be "Free Persons of Color." They had petitioned the courts in South Carolina for exemption from taxes because "they were as poor as slaves." So when these men moved to Indiana, they were employees, not slaves.
If the scouts were good observers, they would have recognized danger signs; the British were stirring up the Indians. They financed the Indian Chief Tecumseh and encouraged him to make a stand against the incursion of the Americans. The flames of war flared up in the Battle of Tippecanoe fought between the Indians and the troops of Gen. Harrison in 1811. The battle, regarded by historians, as the beginning of the War of 1812, was won by the Americans, and provided a spring-board for the popular Gen. Harrison to be elected president.
My assumption is that when they finished reconnoitering the Indian situation in Illinois Territory, they simply crossed the Ohio River and settled in a safer area in Kentucky.
In addition to the previously mentioned Goins in Butler County and Logan County Kentucky, there was included William Goins, Jr, Edward Goins, Jr. and Levy/Levi Goins. Levi is also a family name in my Going family. The Portee, Byrd, Cole, and Anderson families stayed close to these Goins and intermarried among them for years. Many of these family members are buried in the Portee Cemetery in Lawrence County. This is considered a black cemetery. Earl Goins and Nancy Goins, among others, are buried there. Descendants of Isaac Goins went on north in later years into Vermillion County, Illinois.
Some 1850 and 1860 census returns, provided by Donna Gowin Johnston and the Lawrence County Illinois Genealogical Society, show all these families in Lawrence County. The older members of these family groups were shown as born in South Carolina and North Carolina. The Goins were enumerated as Mulattos, while the other families were often enumerated as Negroes.
In my contact with the present day descendants of these people, they told me that they had a mixture of Negro and Native American blood in their ancestry. I have often wondered how my family could appear so light skinned, and obviously white
in photographs I have of some of my ancestors, and still be called "Mulattos."
Obviously some of our kinsmen were noticeably darker than others. When my family moved to Kentucky from Georgia in the early 1800s, for seven years they were listed on tax rolls as "white." Then John H. Going, a cousin moved to Kentucky from Georgia. My mother has documented him to be the son of Moses Going and Agnes Going, progenitors of our family in Georgia [Newsletter, May 1998]. John H. Going was apparently extremely dark, so dark that he had to apply to the Crittenden Circuit Court for manumission papers in 1847 to travel from Kentucky to Mississippi to administer the estate of his deceased brother, Dr. Thomas Going [Newsletter, March 1999].
When John H. Going came to Kentucky, where his cousins were, it branded our family Mulattos. When he appeared on the tax rolls there, our family went from white to Mulatto. My feeling is that when they accepted John H. Going into their family, the townspeople discovered their heritage, and we became Mulattos.
The Goins individuals in Logan County must have been lighter complexioned than the other families, and when they moved into Illinois they stuck together with these other families. Because of their darker skin color and natural gravitation to others in the area that were also considered Negro/Indian/Mulatto the Goins were considered Negro / Mulatto.
The only difference here being that they tended to stick to their community, marrying into the various darker groups generation after generation. So now they are considered African-American.
The men of my family married women that were considered white; they kept moving west, and the darker skin colors eventually were overshadowed by the lighter skin colors as they kept diluting the gene pool. Thus we became white, and many of our cousins became and are still considered black.
My ancestors must have kept in contact with these Goins in Illinois. The given name similarity is uncanny. They have an Earl, Ollie [which is a female name in both of families], Otis, Lafayette, Monroe, and of course, the Johns and Williams, which are not as uncommon. They also told me that they knew some of their Goins were "passing" [for white] long ago, and that some of them went into Oklahoma. This happens to be where my particular Going branch settled.
My g-grandfather James Lafayette Going went to Oklahoma, taking my grandfather Earl Monroe Going and his siblings, one of which was Otis Going.
In addition, there was a Nancy Goins, who was considered to be a fortune teller in Marion, Kentucky in Crittenden County. When I visited there, the older townspeople, all spoke of Nancy Goins, the fortuneteller [Newsletter, March 1996]. I was never able to find her there in any documentation though.
I did, however, find "Nancy Goins, Mulatto, born in Kentucky, laundress," there with her children in the same community in Lawrence County, Illinois with all the other Goins and various families. She started showing there at later dates when my Going family in Crittenden County broke up heading west. Apparently instead of going west with her family, she decided to settle with the cousins in Illinois.
4) Edward Gowen Sold Interest In Bass Estate to Thomas Goin
Edward Gowen, Melungeon/Mulatto son of Edward Gowen, Jr. and grandson of Edward Gowen, was born about 1727, probably in Charles City County, Virginia. He was brought to Brunswick County, Virginia by his father about 1744. He was married shortly afterward, wife's name unknown. He appeared in the 1753 tax list of adjoining Granville County, North Carolina in the list of Osborn Jeffreys. "Edward Gowen, mulatto" appeared on the October 8, 1754 muster roll of the Granville County militia under Capt. Osborn Jeffreys.
"Edward Gowen and wife, black" were taxable in the 1771 tax list of Philemon Hawkins in Bute County, along with his brother, Michael Gowen. Bute County was organized in 1764 with land from Granville County, and Edward Gowen found himself in the new county.
By June 3, 1778 Michael Gowen, brother of Edward Gowen, had removed to Craven County, North Carolina and had permitted Edward Gowen to move to his land in Bute County on Taylor's Creek. On that date Michael Gowen deeded 80 acres on Taylor's Creek to his son, Jenkins Gowen with the proviso that Edward Gowen and his wife be permitted to live there as long as they lived. Jenkins Gowen left for Revolutionary service about this time, and the sheriff sold the land for unpaid taxes August 3, 1779, according to Deed Book M, page 179. By 1782 Edward Gowen was back in Granville County where he was taxed on 90 acres on Ft. Creek District.
The household of "Edward Going" was listed in the North Carolina state census of 1786, page 56 as "white male 21-60, white male under 21 or over 60 and three white females."
This enumeration was adopted by the federal government as its 1790 census of North Carolina. Edward Gowen reappeared there in the 1810 census as the head of an "other free" household composed of five people.
"Edward Goen" conveyed his interest in the estate of Elizabeth Bass to his "nephew Thomas Goin" for £25 on October 14, 1788, according to Granville County Will Book 2, page 79. Elizabeth Bass is regarded as the mother of Edward Gowen who had remarried Jeremiah Bass, and Thomas Goin is regarded as her grandson. The estate of Elizabeth Bass was administered in Greene County, North Carolina [later Tennessee] where Thomas Goin had applied for the administration.
Greene County Court Minutes reveal: "August 1788. On motion of W. Avery, Esqr. atto. for Thomas Going for obtaining letter of administration on the Estate of Elizabeth Bass, dcsd. ordered that the same be laid over until next term, for proof of sanguinity [kinship, blood relationship] & that a dedimus potestatem [a commission to take testimony] issue in favour of said Thomas Going to Anson & Richmond Counties and to the State of South Carolina . . . "
Children born to Edward Gowen include:
Edward Gowen, born about 1745
Reeps Gowen born about 1749
Jenkins Gowen born about 1761
Jesse Gowen born about 1762
Goodrich Gowen born about 1764
David Gowen born about 1766
Isham Gowen born about 1770
Patsy Gowen born about 1772
5) Dear Cousins
I recently came across your Website, and I am interested to see if any of your researchers have records on John Goin of Gloucester, MA who was born May 2, 1780. He was married to Sally Story March 16, 1806. From a bible record contained in Gloucester Vital Records their children were: Hannah, b1806; Sally, b1808; Mary G, b1810; Adeline, b1813; Addison, b1815 and Lucy, b1817. I am descended from Hannah Goin who was m1828 to Aaron Pool. Thanks for any assistance you can give. Richard Sherman, 2 Denbow Rd, Durham, NH, 03824-3103, firstname.lastname@example.com.
==Dear Cousins==
I'm searching for information on the following Arkansas Confederate soldiers: Pvt. William Goin, Co. A, 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment and Pvt. William Goings, Co. C & Co. I, Cocke's Regiment, Arkansas Infantry.
I am attempting to connect my William Thomas Goin, b1838 KY to his parents who were born in GA. Family lore indicates that William Thomas Goin was a Confederate soldier and was wounded during the war. He was mc1870 Elizabeth Ann Cannon. They had five known ch: twins, William Arthur and Willis Oscar, b1871; James Hunter, b1872, Anna Belle, b1876 [my grandmother] and Walter Lawrence, b1880.
The first known record on William Thomas Goin is his listing in cs1870 Tarrant County, TX. About 1890, he removed to Norman, OK Terr. About 1895 he was near Okmulgee, Creek Nation, Indian Terr. He died about 1905 in Ellis County, OK Terr. Jim Young, Route 3, Box 329-A, McAlester, OK, 74501, 928/423-4788, firstname.lastname@example.com.
==Dear Cousins==
I am researching the Goings family of Hardy County, VA [later WV]. My gggf Martin M. Goings was b 1847 in VA and m 1865 Jemima Gillenwater in Madison Co, OH. Jemima died there in 1912, and he died there in 1926.
They had 10 ch: James Seymour, b1870; William Henry, bc 1872; John Washington, b 1874; Charles VanVert, b1876; Mahala, b1877; Noah Solomon, b 1879; Cora May, b 1883; Laura Belle, b1884; Nellie Mae, b1886 and Frank Ellison, b 1893.
We have a photo of Martin M. Goings standing beside the tombstone of his mother which is inscribed "Mahala, widow of S. Goings, died 1861, age 60 years." My aunt, Betty Morett of Springfield, OH has extensive information on our family which we are willing to share with any researcher. David W. Goings, 329 Lyonnaise Drive, Creve Cour, MO, 63141, 314/205-9792, email@example.com.
==Dear Cousins==
I have received a copy of a letter written in 1968 by Mrs. Freddie N. Tyer, daughter of J. D. Nelson, to a Mrs. Yowell stating that the William Goins family came to Louisiana from Bladen County, North Carolina before 1812. According to this information, they settled along the road somewhere between Bladen County and Nashville, Tennessee.
There the Goins family met Hugh Nelson and his family. Nelson's wife died after three children were born to them: Aaron Nelson, Robert Nelson and Charlotte Nelson. Charlotte Nelson was later married to William Moses Goins, and they moved to Opelousas, Louisiana.
This was before Louisiana was divided into parishes. Fannie Goins, sister to William Moses Goins, was married to Aaron Nelson. Robert Nelson was married at Johnson's Bayou about 1832. Later he went to Orange County, Texas and fought in the Mexican War. He left his wife in Orange County. Later she returned to Louisiana and was married to Isaac Perkins. They lived on Bearhead Creek in Louisiana and raised a big family.
Joshua Goins is a son of William Moses Goins. Joshua Goins, Jr. was Mrs. Yowell's grandfather, according to the information included in Mrs. Tyer's letter to Mrs. Yowell. I would like to know if any researcher has a census record of the Goins family from Bladen County, NC before they moved away. No one seems to be able to prove conclusively the names of the parents of William Moses Goins. Can anyone help? Willie Dell Weaver, 151 John Burns Rd, Leesville, LA, 71446, 318/239-6606, email@example.com.
==Dear Cousins==
Daniel Gowen, of Fairfield County, SC and one of the five Gowen brothers who served in the American Revolution, named seven children in his will. Hugh Gowen, his eldest son from whom I descend, was married to Nancy Fogg. She and Hugh had nine children, five girls and four boys. They are listed as pioneers of Butts County, GA where they lived for some 20 years. After several way stops in Georgia, they spent their final years in Pike County, AL. I have a lot of questions for any researcher who is actively pursuing this line. William J. Wolfe, 1600 Dover Drive, Newport Beach, CA, 92660-4419, email@example.com.
NOTE: The above information produced by the Gowen Research Foundation (GRF), and parts of the "Gowen Manuscript" they worked on producing. It has tons of information – much of it is correct, but be careful, some of it is not correct – so check their sources and logic. I've copied some of their information in the past researching my own family, only to find out there were some clear mistakes. So be sure to check the information to verify if it is right before citing the source and believing the person who researched it before was 100% correct. Most of the information I found there seems to be correct, but some is not.
Their website is: Internet: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gowenrf
There does not seem to be anyone "manning the ship" at the Gowen Research Foundation, or Gowen Manuscript site any longer, and there is no way to contact anyone about any errors. The pages themselves don't have a mechanism to leave a note for others to see any "new information" that you may have that shows when you find info that shows something is wrong, or when something has been verified.
Feel free to leave messages about any new information found, or errors in these pages, or information that has been verified that those who wrote these pages may not have known about.


text:
Tom: Thanks, Gary. Dave, we've been saying that in order to understand what God has revealed in the Bible to mankind concerning where history is heading, there are some critical distinctions to be made. The first one is between Jews and Gentiles—or, Gentiles meaning non-Jews. The second one is between Jews, Gentiles, and the church. What's the significance of these distinctions?
Dave: Well, if you don't recognize that there is a difference between Israel and the church, you will be very confused both as to salvation and the Rapture, the Second Coming. God has a plan for Israel. He has laid it out; He has prophesied; He has promised full restoration of Israel to her land. There's no restoration to a land for the church. There's no way that you can make the prophecies to Israel fit the church, but people try to do that. For example, you have 2 Chronicles:7:14: "If my people, who are called by my name, will humble themselves and seek my face and turn from their wicked ways and confess their sin, and pray, and so forth, then will I hear from heaven and will heal their land."
Now, there are people who try to apply that to the church. And they say, "Now, look, if the church in America would just confess her sins, and get right with God, and really—let's have a campaign of prayer; and prayer and prayer for our country—God would turn America into a Christian nation." But of course, that's not what it's talking about.
"If my people…" God is speaking of His people. And "their land" is the land God gave them, the land of Israel. He never gave the Americans America, and he certainly never gave the Christian Americans America. So they are badly mistaken when they try to apply that. Now we can learn things from the Old Testament: "These things were written for our admonition," they're examples; and we can learn about prayer; we can learn about humility…
Tom: We can see how God acts among His people…
Dave: That's right.
Tom: And we as believers are in the family of God.
Dave: But we cannot turn Israel into the church or the church into Israel. But this is what people are trying to do. And when you don't make that distinction, well the distinction of course is made in 1 Corinthians:10:32. Before the Cross, you had Jew and Gentile. And God had—well, Gentiles were perfectly welcome to become Jews and to come into the blessings that God had planned for Israel. Very few did. But that was not eternal salvation. That had to do with the land, and those promises have never been abrogated. But after the Cross, a new entity came into existence—Christ, in fact, said, Matthew 16: "I will build my church." So the church did not exist. So if you try to find the church in the Old Testament, it isn't there. It may be there in type; there may be some shadows and some examples, but the church is not there. Christ said, "I will build my church, and the gates of hell will not prevail against it."
So Paul says in 1 Corinthians:10:32: "Giving none offense, neither to the Jew nor to the Gentile, nor to the church of God." And in Ephesians 2, Paul reminds us—he says, "You Gentiles were aliens to the covenants of promise. You were strangers. You had no claim upon God as Gentiles. Those promises in the covenants were given to Israel. But now in Christ Jesus, you who were sometime afar off are made nigh by the blood of Christ. For he is our peace. He broke down this wall of partition that was between Jew and Gentile. And he made of two, Jew and Gentile, one new man." And then it goes on and it talks about the church at the end of that chapter. "The church is built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, and Jesus Christ is the chief cornerstone."
So a Jew who becomes a believer in Jesus, and in fact, in Matthew 16, He says, "It's on this rock…"— 'this rock' not being Peter, of course—a very unstable person; in fact, right there, he is denying the very basics of the gospel. Christ says, "I'm going to have to go to the Cross and I'm going to have to be crucified. They're going to reject me and crucify me."
And Peter says, "Oh be that far from you, Lord!" Well, so Peter is denying the necessity of the Cross. He's denying the very heart of Christianity. And if He had just been made the first pope, he got off to a very bad start."
Tom: Right.
Dave: His first pronouncement ex cathedra—to the whole church—was false. False doctrine. But anyway, it was Peter's confession: "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God…." And Jesus said, "On this I will build my church." So all those who believe in Christ as their Savior, the Son of God, who died for their sins, they're in the church. So Gentiles believe—they're in the church. Jews who believe—they are in the church. So the church today is made up of both Jew and Gentile—and, in fact, the first church, the early church, was all Jews! It began there in Jerusalem. And we need to keep these distinctions clear.
Tom: Dave, if we don't, as you say in your book, confusion's going to come about. Matthew:24:29-30—I'm going to read that, and if you don't know…if you can't make the distinction here, then you've got some confusion afoot. It says, "Immediately after the tribulation of those days, shall the sun be darkened, and the moon not give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the powers of the heaven shall be shaken. And then shall appear the sign of the Son of Man in heaven, and then shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of Man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory."
Now, here we have—the Tribulation's already taken place. So is this referring to the church?
Dave: The Tribulation has just ended…
Tom: Right.
Dave: It says, "Immediately after the tribulation of those days."
Tom: So you have to understand what He's talking about here, or, again, as I said, confusion…is going to be a problem.
Dave: Now, you know, we've talked about it in the past, I presume, although we haven't spent much time, but there are people called "preterists" who believe that everything Christ talked about in Matthew 24 took place in AD 70. Nero was the Antichrist. And we are futurists. They believe it all took place in the past.
Now, you just read, "Immediately after the tribulation of those days, the sun will be darkened, the moon won't give its light, the stars—the powers of the heavens will be shaken. They will see the Son of Man—the sign of the Son of Man coming in power and great glory, with his angels," and so forth. That did not happen in AD 70, of course. And many other things Jesus talks about that did not happen in AD 70. So what is He talking about? Obviously, it's future. The Tribulation spoken of is yet future. It says that it would be worse than anything that ever was or ever would be. Well, Hitler's tribulation of the Jews was far worse than they suffered in AD 70, so AD 70 couldn't be it either.
So of whom is He speaking when He says, "He will send his angels and gather his elect from the four winds"? Well, in 1 Thessalonians 4 Paul tells us that at the Rapture, "the Lord himself will descend from heaven with the voice of the archangel and the trump of God," and so forth, and we will be caught up—the dead will be raised, the living will be transformed—caught up to meet Him in the air, but it's the Lord himself. Nothing about sending His angels to gather His elect.
Now the Old Testament speaks of "Israel, mine elect." These are Jews. These are believing Jews who have believed in Christ and will be brought back to that land, and there won't be one Jew left anywhere on this earth. You see, the Rapture talks about "caught up to meet him in the air, and we will forever be with the Lord." Well, where is the Lord? He's in His Father's house of many mansions. John 14, He said, "I'm going to go away, and I'll come again and receive you unto myself that where I am, there you may be also." Paul says, "So shall we ever be with the Lord," okay? If you turn to Ezekiel:39:28: "Then shall they know that I am the Lord their God which caused them to be led into captivity among the heathen, but I have gathered them unto their own land and have left none of them any more there."
Now this has not happened, right? Not happened yet. There are many Jews—there are more Jews outside of Israel than there are inside Israel. When is this going to occur? Well, Ezekiel 38 and 39 are talking about Armageddon. And Ezekiel:39:29: "Neither will I hide my face any more from them, for I have poured out my Spirit upon the house of Israel, saith the Lord God." Well, that's Zechariah 12. He says, "I'm going to pour upon the children of Israel the spirit of supplication and they will look on me whom they have pierced," okay? And in fact, "They will mourn…" And there's a great mourning here. There's no mourning at the Rapture. This is talking about Revelation:1:7: "Every eye shall see him…" What you read in Matthew 24, all the kindreds of the earth will wail because of Him. Every eye is going to see Him at that time, okay?
So He sends His angels, and they gather from the four corners of the earth back to a central place on earth, that is, Israel. He will leave no Jew anywhere. Now, this isn't Jews kind of trickling in and eventually they all decide "Well, we'd like to go back to Israel," and one by one over a period of many years…. This is a sudden, miraculous intervention by God. And He has His angels gather every Jew. Two-thirds of the Jews will be killed. Zechariah 13 says that. Two thirds will be killed. It will be the worst Holocaust. This is what Jesus is talking about when He says, "Nothing like this has happened, and nothing like it will ever happen thereafter."
And it's quite clear what will take place. This is a gathering of the Jews who have come to faith in Christ. They are the only survivors among the Jewish people of the Great Tribulation, and they will all be gathered back to Israel. Why? Because there the Messiah will reign over them on the throne of His father David.
So, Matthew:24:29, the verses you read: This is not the Rapture. It doesn't fit the Rapture. But it is the Second Coming, and it is the regathering of every Jew still alive at that time on the face of this earth back to Israel, where they will inherit this kingdom, the entire land that God promised them. And Jesus will reign on the throne of His father David over them and over the world.
Tom: Dave, I think about some listeners out there that maybe they had the same background that I had, growing up in Roman Catholicism. And we, you know, we had no sense of what you're talking about. We had no idea of the prophetic historical things that—not of prophecies that were fulfilled, and yet those that are to be fulfilled. So…and I know that after becoming a Christian, this was all really new to me. It was exciting, but I couldn't get a handle on it. I didn't have an overview of God's plan—His historic plan from the beginning, from Genesis to—we could go to Revelation, but those things that are going to happen in the last days, the Millennial reign of Christ, and so on.
Could you…would you—I 'm asking here—could you kind of lay out an outline of the events in chronological order? That might be helpful to some of our listeners.
Dave: Well, Tom, of course as a Catholic, you were a follower of the pope. And this is the largest church in the world, the oldest one.
Tom: Right. One billion plus.
Dave: Right. Jesus, of course, said to Pilate, "My kingdom is not of this world. If my kingdom were of this world, then my servants would fight." And the Catholic popes had armies and navies. At one time they controlled the entire world. They fought emperors. They fought emperors—they conquered emperors. And they controlled the world. As you know, Pope Alexander VI drew a line from North to South down the world, and he gave the West to Isabelle and Ferdinand of Spain. That's why they speak Spanish over there. And he gave the eastern part of the world to Portugal, and that's why—look on a map, Brazil sticks out. And that's why they speak Portuguese in Brazil to this day, okay?
So the Catholic Church has no comprehension of Israel returning to its land. They teach that they are Israel—the new people of God. And you get that in many Catholic documents. The church…
Tom: Right. Many of the names of Jerusalem, that are applied to that, the Church has taken to its own breast. They've…
Dave: They've put it to Rome. Now Rome is called the Holy City, and the City of God, and the Eternal City, and so forth. Okay, so what does the Bible teach? Well, the Bible teaches that there are three groups of people: Jews, Gentiles, and the church of God, as we've been saying. The church is established on the gospel. And we are to go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature. And Paul says, "The gospel is the power of God unto salvation to everyone who believes."
The church has no earthly heritage. We're not cast out of the land that we were given. And we're not brought back into a land. We are a "heavenly people." Our citizenship, Paul says in Philippians:3:20, is in heaven. And we're waiting for our Savior. And He's going to come back and change our vile bodies to be like His. We're looking forward to the resurrection, or, some of us will not die. I hope that I would be among them, but I may not be, and those who are living will be transformed into new bodies—heavenly bodies—taken to heaven to be with Christ, okay?
But Israel was promised a land. God's integrity is tied to Israel. Two hundred and three times in the Bible He calls Himself "the God of Israel," twelve times "the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob." Never does He call Himself the God of the Arabs, never does He call Himself the God of the Americans. Only Israel was given the land, okay, as we've mentioned. And we have to have that distinction in mind.
Now, Israel was warned that because of her sin, rejecting God, she would be scattered and hated and persecuted and killed like no other people. And that happened! This is history. But God said He would not let them be destroyed. He would preserve them an identifiable ethnic group of people, and in the last days, He would bring them back into their land.
Well, this has happened! People say, "Yeah, but those unbelieving Jews—they crucified Christ, and they don't believe the gospel. They don't deserve to be back there. And most of them don't even—well, thirty or forty percent claim to be atheists. What are they doing back there?"
Well, it's a simple fact that if they are to believe in Christ—they become believers in their land, Zechariah 12. This is where He returns to reveal Himself to them and to rule over them in the midst of Armageddon and to rescue to them. Then they must come back into that land as unbelievers. If Armageddon is all about the armies of the world attacking Israel, then Israel must be back in its land in unbelief. Because that is when they will believe—when Christ intervenes to rescue them.
So the Bible foretold that Israel would go back to her land in unbelief. Now there are many Jews who believe. Probably a lot of secret believers—more than we know—in Israel. But nevertheless, as a whole, Israel is in unbelief. That He would make Jerusalem—well, we've been talking about the book by this title, "a cup of trembling, a burdensome stone around the necks of all the nations of this world. That has happened. That is true today. And that one day, there would be a false peace. The Antichrist, Daniel:8:25—and we know it's the Antichrist because it says he will stand up against the Prince of princes. That's the Messiah. But he will be cut off without hand. So, he will destroy many through peace. And we are in the process of forming a false peace in the Middle East, and Paul writes in 1 Thessalonians:5:3: "When they [that is the world] say peace and safety, then sudden destruction comes."
So we have to have a time of a false peace. Israel will even believe—and I happen to have my Bible open here to Ezekiel:38:11: "And thou shalt say, I will go up to a land of unwalled villages." Right now, Israel is building a wall. For good reason! To keep the terrorists out—the suicide bombers, and so forth. That wall will come down. The Bible says so: "I will go to them that are at rest, that dwell safely, all of them dwelling without walls, having neither bars nor gates to take a spoil, to take a prey, to turn thine hand upon the desolate places [that are now inhabited] and upon the people that are gathered out of the nation, and are prospering."
So here we have the picture of a people who have been scattered around this world. God has brought them back, Jeremiah:31:10: "Nations, listen to this. I scattered Israel, and I will regather her, and you'd better watch what you try to do to her," okay?
So this is where we are. We're leading up to this point now. And Israel will believe the Antichrist. They will think they're safe. The wall will come down. The world will say Peace and Safety. The Antichrist will allow the Temple—in fact, he will enforce it, he will make the Temple be rebuilt. Israel thinks he's their friend. No, he really intends to double-cross them, and he is going to put his own image in there and demand to be worshiped as God.
I think we're getting very close to this. The church is going to be taken out of this world before this horrible Tribulation. This is the "time of Jacob's trouble," not the time of the church's trouble.
Tom: Right.
Dave: So, we are very close to this, Tom, and I don't think anyone can deny that these prophecies have been fulfilled, and just as they have been fulfilled, that gives us confidence—I mean, we know for certain that the ones that yet lie in the future will be fulfilled as well.
Tom: Right. And of course, we look forward to the Millennial reign of Christ that's going to happen right here on this earth. And, Dave, my point here is that if people—if they don't have a sense of not just history and prophecy fulfilled, a sense of eschatology, the things that are going to happen in the last days—if they don't understand who the players are, in effect, they're not going to understand it. I have some Catholic friends who try to read the Bible, and when they get into the Old Testament, they get lost because they have no basis for understanding that these things are to be taken literally. There will be a thousand-year reign of Christ. There are these entities that need to be identified, and that's how you—you need to come to the Lord for deeper understanding, but basically, you can't make sense of it if you don't understand the chronology, the history, the people that the Lord is referring to.
Dave: Amen.


text:
Amy Sacker's bookplates
Sacker's bookplates from Charles Goodspeed Family Bookplates Other bookplates
Among her many artistic skills, Amy Sacker was a designer of elegant bookplates. In 1903, the Boston bookseller Charles E. Goodspeed produced a small pamphlet of her work called simply "The Book Plates of Amy M. Sacker" and printed at the Troutsdale Press of Boston, a press known for publishing bookplate books.
The slim volume illustrates 12 of Sacker's works. Included are plates for Harold Murdock (1862-1934), banker, author and important book collector, and for Julia de Wolf Addison (b.1866), for whom Sacker designed at least two book covers.
Some of her designs show the possible influence of Boston colleague Theodore Hapgood, only a year or two older than Amy. In fact, the two had bookplates together in an exhibition in 1897, reported in American Architect and Building News. Amy's in particular were praised:
"The exhibits in several places of a number of very ingenious and artistic book-plates, by Edmund H. Garrett, Theodore Brown Hapgood, Jr., the Misses Brown and particularly those of Miss Amy M. Sacker, lend vivacity and interest to show-cases in which they are exposed." 1
In his introduction
to the pamphlet, Goodspeed describes Sacker's work
as follows:
"Her designs are strong and virile and the product of a practiced hand. They are in no way amateurish but show the impress of good training and hard study. The decorations, on the other hand, are somewhat feminine in spirit and execution, and in this wise form a fitting foil to the inevitable bold of the book-plates."
This description was reiterated in William E. Butler's American Bookplates (2000).
In 1902, Wilbur Macey Stone, in Women Designers of Book-Plates (New York: Randolph R. Beam, for the Tripych), wrote as follows:
"Miss Amy Sacker of Boston, whose book-cover designs all lovers of decoration know and admire, has also made a number of book-plates. The best known is the one for the Loring Reading Room. This shows a fine old ship full of action, and rich in decorative feeling. Miss Sacker's medieval students, in their picturesque garments are always interesting. The plate for Mr. Swan pleasingly typifies the owner's profession."
Finally, a comment about Sacker's cover design for The Kindred of the Wild (1902), by Charles G. D. Roberts, might also apply to her bookplate designs:
"[Her design] achieves a sense of depth and drama with . . . simple, linear illustrations." 2
1) American Architect and Building News, April 10, 1897, p. 13
2) Ellen Lupton, "Colophon: women graphic designers", in Women Designers
in the USA, 1900-2000, edited by Pat Kirkham, New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press, 2000
Amy Sacker by Mark Schumacher is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.amysacker.net/schumacher.html


text:
Today forward-thinking restauranteurs understand that their businesses extend well beyond food and beverage to a platform of caring and community. With this insight they find ways to make an impact that is tied to their business and turn to Growth Raiser to help them achieve more in their communities than ever before.
Restaurants partner with
GrowthRaiser to strengthen
their community ties, accelerate growth and make a bigger impact on the causes in their communities that matter most.
A GrowthRaiser Fundraiser Can Bring Over 100 People Into Your Restaurant, On Even Your Slowest Night.


text:
Adding a vignette to landscape and portrait images can help direct the viewer's eye to important areas. There are times, however, when you need more control than a single vignette can provide. That's when the double-vignette technique can prove helpful.
By using two vignette controls instead of one, you have more control over the gradation. Photo by Derrick Story.
Setting this up is easy. First make sure Vignette is active in your Adjustments pane. If not, go to the Add Adjustment popup menu and choose it. My first vignette usually has a radius just for the edges of the image. Adjust intensity to taste.
Then click on the gear icon in the Vignette brick, and choose Add New Vignette Adjustment. The radius for the second brick often covers more ground. By balancing the two Vignette adjustments, I have more control over the tones than with a single adjustment.
More Aperture Tips and Techniques
To learn about portrait retouching in Aperture, take a look at Portrait Retouching with Aperture. You may want to check out my other Aperture titles, including Aperture 3.3 Essential Training (2012), Using iPhoto and Aperture Together, and the latest, Enhancing Product Photography with Aperture. Also, take a look at our Aperture 3 Learning Center. Tons of free content about how to get the most out of Aperture.
Want to Comment on this Post?
You can share your thoughts at the TDS Facebook page, where I'll post this story for discussion.


text:
Until Jill Abramson speaks directly about her abrupt firing from the New York Times last week we probably won't know all the details of what happened. And based on her singularly classy address to graduates at Wake Forest University Monday morning—where she noted, "we human beings are a lot more resilient than we often realize,"—it seems she is going to be taking the high and silent road. But maybe at this point the facts have ceased to matter.
Not because the facts aren't important, but because the furor her firing triggered—it has basically sucked up the newshole since last Wednesday—is as much the story here as what happened behind closed doors at the New York Times.
Related: Jill Abramson Is Out at the New York Times
More From ELLE
Women's issues, for lack of a better term, have been dominating the news cycle ever since Hillary Clinton ran for president in 2008. From the moment Barack Obama condescendingly referred to her as "likeable enough" at the New Hampshire debate infuriating legions of women voters who recognized in the seemingly innocuous phrase a thousand invisible cuts, we have been talking about the treatment of women, in one form or another, at a fever pitch not seen since the '70s heyday of Second Wave feminism.
Related: Jill Abramson Delivered an Inspiring Commencement Speech at Wake Forest
The intervening years have brought us Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In, a seemingly endless number of Atlantic magazine covers pondering some variation of the question 'Can Women Have it All,' an explosion of women's conferences, women's networking groups (including the one I co-founded), a general awareness that ratios need changing (the changing part, alas, is still a challenge) particularly in the start-up world, and what feels like a greater and sustained focus on women's reproduction rights, which are still dire in many parts of the country. I sometimes refer to this cumulatively as the Hillary Tsunami effect.
But none of these developments unleashed the immediate, passionate, angry, and despairing sort of conversation that has swirled around the web and blazed across my e-mail and phone and Twitter feed, since news of Abramson's ouster broke last Wednesday. Tone-wise, it was the same sort of anguished, outraged cacophony that I remember so clearly from Hillary's run. I think, too, it's worth noting that both women refused to go quietly: Hillary was criticized for not exiting gracefully, Abramsonfor choosing to bring this on herself.
People with knowledge of what went down have been noting publicly, and in private conversations that what happened was about Jill the person—specifically, her noted lack of management skills—not Jill the woman, or women in general. What many of the (mostly male, it must be said) media folk currently parsing the facts of Abramson's firing and then brandishing them to demonstrate it was not due to "sexism" but specific, recognizable behavior—as if sexism declares itself in blazing neon letters like a exit signpost on the career highway—seem to be missing, is that there are so few women in true positions of power that when one rises to the top it is both about her and about all women.
Too many professional women recognize both their worst experiences in the language surrounding this story —Abramson was "brusque," "mercurial," "difficult," behavioral code words that are frequently considered acceptable for men but lethal for women—and their worst fear. Can exceptional and talented women who work hard and navigate workplace politics successfully to rise to the very top really only expect to be treated badly once there and unceremoniously deposed of? It's too depressing.
But lest you despair too much let's consider this: In 2008 you could turn on the TV and listen to MSNBC's Chris Matthews describe Hillary as a "she-devil" or "witchy" or "Madame Desfarge" and that's the short list.
Or perhaps you'll recall Tucker Carlson, who once noted, again on MSNBC, that when Hillary appeared on television he "inadvertently crossed his legs." (So funny.) So deep was the pile of verbal crap aimed at Hillary during that election season it can, in hindsight, be difficult to keep track (though people did).
Six years later we are having serious, mainstream discussions about why "brusque" and "mercurial" can be construed as loaded, gendered language. We may not be there yet, and we may be moving frustratingly slowly, but we are moving.
Oddly, it is Hillary who may end up benefitting from this whole fiasco, if only because it is proof that many of the issues that she ran on, and that propelled her to a sort of rock star status as Secretary of State, are still atop of many voters minds; the same voters who won Obama the last two elections. If Hillary was interested a midterm temperature taker before officially casting her hat in the ring in 2016 she certainly got it this week thanks to Jill Abramson. She couldn't have asked for a better forecast.
Glynnis macnicol is a new york city-based writer, speaker, digital media consultant, and podcast editor. She is the author of /No One Tells You This.\


text:
WASHINGTON — President Donald Trump has welcomed families to the White House for the annual Easter Egg Roll.
Speaking on Monday at the popular "egg-stravaganza," Trump said: "we will be stronger and bigger and better as a nation than ever before."
Trump was accompanied by his wife, Melania, 11-year-old son Barron and the Easter Bunny.
Thousands of children are expected at the White House for its biggest social event of the year. There had been some hand-wringing over whether the Trump administration would be able to pull off a successful event.
A downsized version of the 139-year-old event has kicked off on the South Lawn.
The White House is expecting more than 21,000 children and adults to attend the festivities. That's down from the 35,000 people who attended last year.
Darlene Superville, The Associated Press


text:
Dotty Tulle Bra
Girls on film. Our ultra flirty Dotty Tulle Bra cut from sheer tulle with beautiful embroidered dot detailing. Scalloped underwire cups offer great support and shape. Features front bow and silk covered adjustable straps with o-ring detail. Center back closure. Complete the set with the matching Dotty Tulle Heart Shaped Cheeky, or take it out with the Knit Shrug.
Materials & Care
- Body: 100% Polyamide
- Trim: 95% Silk & 5% Elastane
- Hand wash cold & lay flat to dry
Size & Fit
- Model is wearing a size 34B.
Shipping & Returns
- Enjoy complementary shipping on all U.S. orders. Click here to learn more.
- This item is returnable for refund, store credit or exchange.
- Please see our full return policy here.
Get 10% off
Subscribe & enjoy 10% off your next full-price purchase.
Bridal Services
Here comes the Fleur bride.
- Book a bridal or bachelorette party private shopping appointment here.
- For custom monogramming email email@example.com.
- Gift wrapping available at our NYC and LA flagship boutiques. Visit us, baby.
- Shop curated gift sets.


text:
"Was I supposed to say that, despite my best efforts, the power of gay porn was too strong for me, and I was asked to step down because of it? Was I supposed to go into detail about the guys I ended up blowing in the bathroom at Splash that summer in New York? Though there may seem like an obvious "yes" answer here, at that point, there was still a part of me that wanted to hide that from her. A part of me that wanted there to still be a chance with her."
Sometimes the idea of "conversion therapy" seems more like an exercise in self-deception. Then again, those are the good days. From what we hear, most days were a bit like the Spanish Inquisition, minus the Comfy Chair.
Then again, there are those of us who tried self-therapy, and it is possible to find something positive amid the years of lying to ourselves. I got a daughter out of the attempt, and she is a result I will never resent or regret. (more…)