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Network Working Group C. Jennings Internet-Draft P. Jones Intended status: Standards Track R. Barnes Expires: March 5, 2018 Cisco Systems A. Roach Mozilla September 1, 2017 SRTP Double Encryption Procedures draft-ietf-perc-double-07 Abstract In some conferencing scenarios, it is desirable for an intermediary to be able to manipulate some RTP parameters, while still providing strong end-to-end security guarantees. This document defines SRTP procedures that use two separate but related cryptographic operations to provide hop-by-hop and end-to-end security guarantees. Both the end-to-end and hop-by-hop cryptographic algorithms can utilize an authenticated encryption with associated data scheme or take advantage of future SRTP transforms with different properties. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on March 5, 2018. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Cryptographic Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Original Header Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5. RTP Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.1. Encrypting a Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.2. Relaying a Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.3. Decrypting a Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6. RTCP Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7. Use with Other RTP Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7.1. RTX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7.2. RED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7.3. FEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7.4. DTMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8. Recommended Inner and Outer Cryptographic Algorithms . . . . 9 9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10.1. RTP Header Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10.2. DTLS-SRTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Appendix A. Encryption Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1. Introduction Cloud conferencing systems that are based on switched conferencing have a central Media Distributor device that receives media from endpoints and distributes it to other endpoints, but does not need to interpret or change the media content. For these systems, it is desirable to have one cryptographic key from the sending endpoint to the receiving endpoint that can encrypt and authenticate the media end-to-end while still allowing certain RTP header information to be changed by the Media Distributor. At the same time, a separate cryptographic key provides integrity and optional confidentiality for the media flowing between the Media Distributor and the endpoints. Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 See the framework document that describes this concept in more detail in more detail in [I-D.ietf-perc-private-media-framework]. This specification defines an SRTP transform that uses the AES-GCM algorithm [RFC7714] to provide encryption and integrity for an RTP packet for the end-to-end cryptographic key as well as a hop-by-hop cryptographic encryption and integrity between the endpoint and the Media Distributor. The Media Distributor decrypts and checks integrity of the hop-by-hop security. The Media Distributor MAY change some of the RTP header information that would impact the end- to-end integrity. The original value of any RTP header field that is changed is included in a new RTP header extension called the Original Header Block. The new RTP packet is encrypted with the hop-by-hop cryptographic algorithm before it is sent. The receiving endpoint decrypts and checks integrity using the hop-by-hop cryptographic algorithm and then replaces any parameters the Media Distributor changed using the information in the Original Header Block before decrypting and checking the end-to-end integrity. One can think of the double as a normal SRTP transform for encrypting the RTP in a way where things that only know half of the key, can decrypt and modify part of the RTP packet but not other parts of if including the media payload. 2. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. Terms used throughout this document include: o Media Distributor: media distribution device that routes media from one endpoint to other endpoints o end-to-end: meaning the link from one endpoint through one or more Media Distributors to the endpoint at the other end. o hop-by-hop: meaning the link from the endpoint to or from the Media Distributor. o OHB: Original Header Block is an octet string that contains the original values from the RTP header that might have been changed by a Media Distributor. Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 3. Cryptographic Context This specification uses a cryptographic context with two parts: an inner (end-to-end) part that is used by endpoints that originate and consume media to ensure the integrity of media end-to-end, and an outer (hop-by-hop) part that is used between endpoints and Media Distributors to ensure the integrity of media over a single hop and to enable a Media Distributor to modify certain RTP header fields. RTCP is also handled using the hop-by-hop cryptographic part. The RECOMMENDED cipher for the hop-by-hop and end-to-end algorithm is AES-GCM. Other combinations of SRTP ciphers that support the procedures in this document can be added to the IANA registry. The keys and salt for these algorithms are generated with the following steps: o Generate key and salt values of the length required for the combined inner (end-to-end) and outer (hop-by-hop) algorithms. o Assign the key and salt values generated for the inner (end-to- end) algorithm to the first half of the key and salt for the double algorithm. o Assign the key and salt values for the outer (hop-by-hop) algorithm to the second half of the key and salt for the double algorithm. The first half of the key is referred to as the inner key while the second half is referred to as the outer key. When a key is used by a cryptographic algorithm, the salt used is the part of the salt generated with that key. Obviously, if the Media Distributor is to be able to modify header fields but not decrypt the payload, then it must have cryptographic key for the outer algorithm, but not the inner (end-to-end) algorithm. This document does not define how the Media Distributor should be provisioned with this information. One possible way to provide keying material for the outer (hop-by-hop) algorithm is to use [I-D.ietf-perc-dtls-tunnel]. 4. Original Header Block The Original Header Block (OHB) contains the original values of any modified header fields. In the encryption process, the OHB is appended to the RTP payload. In the decryption process, the receiving endpoint uses it to reconstruct the original RTP header, so that it can pass the proper AAD value to the inner transform. The OHB can reflect modifications to the following fields in an RTP header: the payload type, the sequence number, and the marker bit. Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 All other fields in the RTP header MUST remain unmodified; since the OHB cannot reflect their original values, the receiver will be unable to verify the E2E integrity of the packet. The OHB has the following syntax (in ABNF): BYTE = %x00-FF PT = BYTE SEQ = 2BYTE Config = BYTE OHB = ?PT ?SEQ Config If present, the PT and SEQ parts of the OHB contain the original payload type and sequence number fields, respectively. The final "config" octet of the OHB specifies whether these fields are present, and the original value of the marker bit (if necessary): +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |R R R R B M P Q| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ o P: PT is present o Q: SEQ is present o M: Marker bit is present o B: Value of marker bit o R: Reserved, MUST be set to 0 In particular, an all-zero OHB config octet (0x00) indicates that there have been no modifications from the original header. 5. RTP Operations 5.1. Encrypting a Packet To encrypt a packet, the endpoint encrypts the packet using the inner (end-to-end) cryptographic key and then encrypts using the outer (hop-by-hop) cryptographic key. The encryption also supports a mode for repair packets that only does the outer (hop-by-hop) encryption. The processes is as follows: 1. Form an RTP packet. If there are any header extensions, they MUST use [RFC5285]. Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 2. If the packet is for repair mode data, skip to step 6. 3. Form a synthetic RTP packet with the following contents: * Header: The RTP header of the original packet with the following modifications: * The X bit is set to zero * The header is truncated to remove any extensions (12 + 4 * CC bytes) * Payload: The RTP payload of the original packet 4. Apply the inner cryptographic algorithm to the RTP packet. 5. Replace the header of the protected RTP packet with the header of the original packet, and append to the payload of the packet (1) the authentication tag from the original transform, and (2) an empty OHB (0x00). 6. Apply the outer cryptographic algorithm to the RTP packet. If encrypting RTP header extensions hop-by-hop, then [RFC6904] MUST be used when encrypting the RTP packet using the outer cryptographic key. When using EKT [I-D.ietf-perc-srtp-ekt-diet], the EKT Field comes after the SRTP packet exactly like using EKT with any other SRTP transform. 5.2. Relaying a Packet The Media Distributor has the part of the key for the outer (hop-by- hop), but it does not have the part of the key for the (end-to-end) cryptographic algorithm. The cryptographic algorithm and key used to decrypt a packet and any encrypted RTP header extensions would be the same as those used in the endpoint's outer algorithm and key. In order to modify a packet, the Media Distributor decrypts the packet, modifies the packet, updates the OHB with any modifications not already present in the OHB, and re-encrypts the packet using the cryptographic using the outer (hop-by-hop) key. 1. Apply the outer (hop-by-hop) cryptographic algorithm to decrypt the packet. If decrypting RTP header extensions hop-by-hop, then [RFC6904] MUST be used. Note that the RTP payload produced by this decryption operation contains the original encrypted payload with the tag from the inner transform and the OHB appended. Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 2. Change any parts of the RTP packet that the relay wishes to change and are allowed to be changed. 3. If a changed RTP header field is not already in the OHB, add it with its original value to the OHB. A Media Distributor can add information to the OHB, but MUST NOT change existing information in the OHB. 4. If the Media Distributor resets a parameter to its original value, it MAY drop it from the OHB. Note that this might result in a decrease in the size of the OHB. 5. Apply the outer (hop-by-hop) cryptographic algorithm to the packet. If the RTP Sequence Number has been modified, SRTP processing happens as defined in SRTP and will end up using the new Sequence Number. If encrypting RTP header extensions hop-by- hop, then [RFC6904] MUST be used. 5.3. Decrypting a Packet To decrypt a packet, the endpoint first decrypts and verifies using the outer (hop-by-hop) cryptographic key, then uses the OHB to reconstruct the original packet, which it decrypts and verifies with the inner (end-to-end) cryptographic key. 1. Apply the outer cryptographic algorithm to the packet. If the integrity check does not pass, discard the packet. The result of this is referred to as the outer SRTP packet. If decrypting RTP header extensions hop-by-hop, then [RFC6904] MUST be used when decrypting the RTP packet using the outer cryptographic key. 2. If the packet is for repair mode data, skip the rest of the steps. 3. Remove the inner authentication tag and the OHB from the end of the payload of the outer SRTP packet. 4. Form a new synthetic SRTP packet with: * Header = Received header, with the following modifications: * Header fields replaced with values from OHB (if any) * The X bit is set to zero * The header is truncated to remove any extensions (12 + 4 * CC bytes) Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 * Payload is the encrypted payload from the outer SRTP packet (after the inner tag and OHB have been stripped). * Authentication tag is the inner authentication tag from the outer SRTP packet. 5. Apply the inner cryptographic algorithm to this synthetic SRTP packet. Note if the RTP Sequence Number was changed by the Media Distributor, the synthetic packet has the original Sequence Number. If the integrity check does not pass, discard the packet. Once the packet has been successfully decrypted, the application needs to be careful about which information it uses to get the correct behaviour. The application MUST use only the information found in the synthetic SRTP packet and MUST NOT use the other data that was in the outer SRTP packet with the following exceptions: o The PT from the outer SRTP packet is used for normal matching to SDP and codec selection. o The sequence number from the outer SRTP packet is used for normal RTP ordering. The PT and sequence number from the inner SRTP packet can be used for collection of various statistics. If any of the following RTP headers extensions are found in the outer SRTP packet, they MAY be used: o Mixer-to-client audio level indicators (See [RFC6465]) 6. RTCP Operations Unlike RTP, which is encrypted both hop-by-hop and end-to-end using two separate cryptographic key, RTCP is encrypted using only the outer (hop-by-hop) cryptographic key. The procedures for RTCP encryption are specified in [RFC3711] and this document introduces no additional steps. 7. Use with Other RTP Mechanisms There are some RTP related extensions that need special consideration to be used by a relay when using the double transform due to the end- to-end protection of the RTP. The repair mechanism, when used with double, typically operate on the double encrypted data then take the results of theses operations and encrypted them using only the HBH Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 key. This results in three cryptography operation happening to the repair data sent over the wire. 7.1. RTX When using RTX [RFC4588] with double, the cached payloads MUST be the encrypted packets with the bits that are sent over the wire to the other side. When encrypting a retransmission packet, it MUST be encrypted in repair mode packet. 7.2. RED TODO - Add text to explain how to use RED as described in Option A of slides presented at IETF 99. 7.3. FEC When using Flex FEC [I-D.ietf-payload-flexible-fec-scheme] with double, the negotiation of double for the crypto is the out of band signalling that indicates that the repair packets MUST use the order of operations of SRTP followed by FEC when encrypting. This is to ensure that the original media is not revealed to the Media Distributor but at the same time allow the Media Distributor to repair media. When encrypting a packet that contains the Flex FEC data, which is already encrypted, it MUST be encrypted in repair mode packet. The algorithm recommend in [I-D.ietf-rtcweb-fec] for repair of video is Flex FEC [I-D.ietf-payload-flexible-fec-scheme]. Note that for interoperability with WebRTC, [I-D.ietf-rtcweb-fec] recommends not using additional FEC only m-line in SDP for the repair packets. 7.4. DTMF When DTMF is sent with [RFC4733], it is end-to-end encrypted and the relay can not read it so it can not be used to control the relay. Other out of band methods to control the relay need to be used instead. 8. Recommended Inner and Outer Cryptographic Algorithms This specification recommends and defines AES-GCM as both the inner and outer cryptographic algorithms, identified as DOUBLE_AEAD_AES_128_GCM_AEAD_AES_128_GCM and DOUBLE_AEAD_AES_256_GCM_AEAD_AES_256_GCM. These algorithm provide for authenticated encryption and will consume additional processing time double-encrypting for hop-by-hop and end-to-end. However, the Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 approach is secure and simple, and is thus viewed as an acceptable trade-off in processing efficiency. Note that names for the cryptographic transforms are of the form DOUBLE_(inner algorithm)_(outer algorithm). While this document only defines a profile based on AES-GCM, it is possible for future documents to define further profiles with different inner and outer crypto in this same framework. For example, if a new SRTP transform was defined that encrypts some or all of the RTP header, it would be reasonable for systems to have the option of using that for the outer algorithm. Similarly, if a new transform was defined that provided only integrity, that would also be reasonable to use for the hop-by-hop as the payload data is already encrypted by the end-to-end. The AES-GCM cryptographic algorithm introduces an additional 16 octets to the length of the packet. When using AES-GCM for both the inner and outer cryptographic algorithms, the total additional length is 32 octets. If no other header extensions are present in the packet and the OHB is introduced, that will consume an additional 8 octets. If other extensions are already present, the OHB will consume up to 4 additional octets. 9. Security Considerations To summarize what is encrypted and authenticated, we will refer to all the RTP fields and headers created by the sender and before the pay load as the initial envelope and the RTP payload information with the media as the payload. Any additional headers added by the Media Distributor are referred to as the extra envelope. The sender uses the end-to-end key to encrypts the payload and authenticate the payload + initial envelope which using an AEAD cipher results in a slight longer new payload. Then the sender uses the hop-by-hop key to encrypt the new payload and authenticate the initial envelope and new payload. The Media Distributor has the hop-by-hop key so it can check the authentication of the received packet across the initial envelope and payload data but it can't decrypt the payload as it does not have the end-to-end key. It can add extra envelope information. It then authenticates the initial plus extra envelope information plus payload with a hop-by-hop key. This hop-by-hop for the outgoing packet is typically different than the hop-by-hop key for the incoming packet. The receiver can check the authentication of the initial and extra envelope information. This, along with the OHB, is used to construct Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 a synthetic packet that is should be identical to one the sender created and the receiver can check that it is identical and then decrypt the original payload. The end result is that if the authentications succeed, the receiver knows exactly what the original sender sent, as well as exactly which modifications were made by the Media Distributor. It is obviously critical that the intermediary has only the outer (hop-by-hop) algorithm key and not the half of the key for the the inner (end-to-end) algorithm. We rely on an external key management protocol to assure this property. Modifications by the intermediary result in the recipient getting two values for changed parameters (original and modified). The recipient will have to choose which to use; there is risk in using either that depends on the session setup. The security properties for both the inner (end-to-end) and outer (hop-by-hop) key holders are the same as the security properties of classic SRTP. 10. IANA Considerations 10.1. RTP Header Extension This document defines a new extension URI in the RTP Compact Header Extensions part of the Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Parameters registry, according to the following data: Extension URI: urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:ohb Description: Original Header Block Contact: Cullen Jennings <mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com> Reference: RFCXXXX Note to RFC Editor: Replace RFCXXXX with the RFC number of this specification. 10.2. DTLS-SRTP We request IANA to add the following values to defines a DTLS-SRTP "SRTP Protection Profile" defined in [RFC5764]. Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 +------------+------------------------------------------+-----------+ | Value | Profile | Reference | +------------+------------------------------------------+-----------+ | {0x00, | DOUBLE_AEAD_AES_128_GCM_AEAD_AES_128_GCM | RFCXXXX | | 0x09} | | | | {0x00, | DOUBLE_AEAD_AES_256_GCM_AEAD_AES_256_GCM | RFCXXXX | | 0x0A} | | | +------------+------------------------------------------+-----------+ Note to IANA: Please assign value RFCXXXX and update table to point at this RFC for these values. The SRTP transform parameters for each of these protection are: DOUBLE_AEAD_AES_128_GCM_AEAD_AES_128_GCM cipher: AES_128_GCM then AES_128_GCM cipher_key_length: 256 bits cipher_salt_length: 192 bits aead_auth_tag_length: 32 octets auth_function: NULL auth_key_length: N/A auth_tag_length: N/A maximum lifetime: at most 2^31 SRTCP packets and at most 2^48 SRTP packets DOUBLE_AEAD_AES_256_GCM_AEAD_AES_256_GCM cipher: AES_256_GCM then AES_256_GCM cipher_key_length: 512 bits cipher_salt_length: 192 bits aead_auth_tag_length: 32 octets auth_function: NULL auth_key_length: N/A auth_tag_length: N/A maximum lifetime: at most 2^31 SRTCP packets and at most 2^48 SRTP packets The first half of the key and salt is used for the inner (end-to-end) algorithm and the second half is used for the outer (hop-by-hop) algorithm. 11. Acknowledgments Thank you for reviews and improvements to this specification from Alex Gouaillard, David Benham, Magnus Westerlund, Nils Ohlmeier, Paul Jones, Roni Even, and Suhas Nandakumar. In addition, thank you to Sergio Garcia Murillo proposed the change of transporting the OHB information in the RTP payload instead of the RTP header. Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 12. References 12.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc- editor.org/info/rfc2119>. [RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K. Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, March 2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3711>. [RFC5285] Singer, D. and H. Desineni, "A General Mechanism for RTP Header Extensions", RFC 5285, DOI 10.17487/RFC5285, July 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5285>. [RFC5764] McGrew, D. and E. Rescorla, "Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Extension to Establish Keys for the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 5764, DOI 10.17487/RFC5764, May 2010, <https://www.rfc- editor.org/info/rfc5764>. [RFC6904] Lennox, J., "Encryption of Header Extensions in the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 6904, DOI 10.17487/RFC6904, April 2013, <https://www.rfc- editor.org/info/rfc6904>. [RFC7714] McGrew, D. and K. Igoe, "AES-GCM Authenticated Encryption in the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 7714, DOI 10.17487/RFC7714, December 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7714>. 12.2. Informative References [I-D.ietf-payload-flexible-fec-scheme] Singh, V., Begen, A., Zanaty, M., and G. Mandyam, "RTP Payload Format for Flexible Forward Error Correction (FEC)", draft-ietf-payload-flexible-fec-scheme-05 (work in progress), July 2017. [I-D.ietf-perc-dtls-tunnel] Jones, P., Ellenbogen, P., and N. Ohlmeier, "DTLS Tunnel between a Media Distributor and Key Distributor to Facilitate Key Exchange", draft-ietf-perc-dtls-tunnel-01 (work in progress), April 2017. Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 [I-D.ietf-perc-private-media-framework] Jones, P., Benham, D., and C. Groves, "A Solution Framework for Private Media in Privacy Enhanced RTP Conferencing", draft-ietf-perc-private-media-framework-04 (work in progress), July 2017. [I-D.ietf-perc-srtp-ekt-diet] Jennings, C., Mattsson, J., McGrew, D., and D. Wing, "Encrypted Key Transport for DTLS and Secure RTP", draft- ietf-perc-srtp-ekt-diet-05 (work in progress), June 2017. [I-D.ietf-rtcweb-fec] Uberti, J., "WebRTC Forward Error Correction Requirements", draft-ietf-rtcweb-fec-06 (work in progress), July 2017. [RFC4588] Rey, J., Leon, D., Miyazaki, A., Varsa, V., and R. Hakenberg, "RTP Retransmission Payload Format", RFC 4588, DOI 10.17487/RFC4588, July 2006, <https://www.rfc- editor.org/info/rfc4588>. [RFC4733] Schulzrinne, H. and T. Taylor, "RTP Payload for DTMF Digits, Telephony Tones, and Telephony Signals", RFC 4733, DOI 10.17487/RFC4733, December 2006, <https://www.rfc- editor.org/info/rfc4733>. [RFC6465] Ivov, E., Ed., Marocco, E., Ed., and J. Lennox, "A Real- time Transport Protocol (RTP) Header Extension for Mixer- to-Client Audio Level Indication", RFC 6465, DOI 10.17487/RFC6465, December 2011, <https://www.rfc- editor.org/info/rfc6465>. Appendix A. Encryption Overview The following figure shows a double encrypted SRTP packet. The sides indicate the parts of the packet that are encrypted and authenticated by the hob-by-hop and end-to-end operations. Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<+<+ |V=2|P|X| CC |M| PT | sequence number | I O +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ I O | timestamp | I O +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ I O | synchronization source (SSRC) identifier | I O +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+ I O | contributing source (CSRC) identifiers | I O | .... | I O +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<+ O | RTP extension (OPTIONAL) ... | | O +>+>+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<+ O O I | payload ... | I O O I | +-------------------------------+ I O O I | | RTP padding | RTP pad count | I O O +>+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<+ O O | | E2E authentication tag | | O O | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | O O | | OHB ... | | O +>| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |<+ | | | HBH authentication tag | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | | | | | | +- E2E Encrypted Portion E2E Authenticated Portion ---+ | | | +--- HBH Encrypted Portion HBH Authenticated Portion -----+ Authors' Addresses Cullen Jennings Cisco Systems Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Paul E. Jones Cisco Systems Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Richard Barnes Cisco Systems Email: email@example.com Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft Double SRTP September 2017
Adam Roach
Email: email@example.com
Jennings, et al. Expires March 5, 2018 [Page 16]


text:
The prices of imported vehicles is likely to increase because of the increase in the exchange rates, especially the Japanese Yen, Vehicle Importers' Association of Sri Lanka (VIASL) said yesterday.
VIASL Chairman Dinesh Senanayake said the selling rate of a Japanese Yen is Rs.1/40.
"Therefore, a vehicle worth Rs.5 million will be increased by Rs.200,000. This will only effect future vehicle imports," he said. (Chaturanga Pradeep)


text:
West's syndrome
Related people
A form of myoclonus epilepsy with onset in infancy or early childhood. It is characterized by seizures involving the muscles of the neck, trunk, and limbs, with nodding of the head and flexion and abduction of the arms as typical features. Mental retardation is associated in most cases. EEG shows hypsarrhythmia. There is a propensity to infections with a high mortality due to bronchopneumonia. Some cases are transmitted as an X-linked trait.
West described the syndrome in his son, James Edwin West (1840-1860), who showed the first symptoms at the age of about four months.
- W. J. West:
On a peculiar form of infantile convulsions. Letter. Lancet, 1840-1841, I: 724-725.
- T. E. Cone Jr:
On a peculiar form of infantile convulsions (hypsarrhythmia) as described in his own infant son by Dr. W.J. West in 1841.
Pediatrics, October 1970, 46 (4): 603.
- C. T. Lombroso:
Neonatal seizures: historic note and present controversies.
Epilepsia, 1996, 37 Supplement 3: 5-13.
- L. Lux:
West & son: the origins of West syndrome.
Brain & Development, November 2001, 23 (7): 443-446.
- R. Duncan R. Related:
Infantile spasms: the original description of Dr West. 1841.
Epileptic Disorders, Montrouge, January-March 2001, 3 (1): 47-48.
- P. Eling, W. O. Renier, J. Pomper, T. Z. Baran:
The mystery of the Doctor's son, or the riddle of West syndrome.
Neurology, Minneapolis, March 26, 2002, 58 (6): 953-955.
- L. Carmant:
Infantile spasms: West syndrome.
Archives of Neurology, Chicago, February 2002, 59 (2): 317-318.


text:
What are the most common email marketing mistakes?
28 grudnia 2018 16:41
What are the most common email marketing mistakes and how to avoid them?
1 Odpowiedź
28 grudnia 2018 16:41
Are you responsible for sending mailing campaigns? Once again, you can see a text about how not to make mistakes in e-mail marketing - but you do not intend to read it, because you think it does not concern you? However, if you find a few minutes to read this article, you will come across 11 mistakes that you may be making. Familiarize yourself with them, save, remember and I assure you that your campaigns will be more effective. 1. Shipment of a mailing campaign despite disagreement If despite a disagreement, you have decided to send emails to your database with your offer, you risk a lot. And not only with your reputation or falling into SPAM, but also breaking the law. 2. Lack of required elements of the message Another mistake, which is one of the most serious, is the lack of two important elements that should appear in the message - namely the footer containing information about your company and the unsubscribe link from the newsletter. 3. Technical errors in the content of the message There is one more type of error that should not happen in your template. They can reduce conversion from your mailings. I am talking about such errors, such as links that do not drive anywhere, or CTA buttons, which are not really buttons at all. 4. No strategy Lack of strategy or a coherent vision of e-mail marketing communication is really short-term. Sending mailings only when you remember about it will not help you build relationships and loyalty of your recipients. Irregular shipping will also cause that your subscriber can forget about you and when you receive another message - he will simply unsubscribe from the newsletter. 5. Sending the graphic itself If you send to recipients only one large graphic - then you should change your tactics immediately. This is the first step to finding a place in the SPAM Folder. As you can see, there are many mistakes in email marketing that can greatly reduce the results of your campaigns and which could easily be avoided. I will not save you from everyone but remember those few mentioned. I hope that thanks to this your campaigns will be even more effective and better converting.
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text:
FORMBY, England – Italy's Matteo Manassero hasn't stopped making history. He will enter the record books again next April when he becomes the youngest competitor in Masters history.
Manassero was born April 19, 1993. He will still be 16 when he tees it up at Augusta next April.
He will break Tommy Jacobs' record as youngest competitor. Jacobs was 17 years, 1 month and 21 days when he played in the 1952 Masters.


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First Orbit – the movie
Now available in 30 languages on BluRay and DVD from www.firstorbit.org – this real time recreation of Yuri Gagarin's pioneering first orbit, was shot entirely in space from on board the International Space Station. The film combines this new footage with Gagarin's original mission audio and a new musical score by composer Philip Sheppard. For more information visit http://www.firstorbit.org/


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|Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has stated that under no circumstances would Iran agree to destroy any of its centrifuges.
— by Steve Sheffey
Those who favor the Kirk-Menendez Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act are not warmongers. They favor the bill because, in their view, it will increase the chance for diplomacy to succeed.
Those who oppose the bill are not soft on Iran and are no less concerned about Iran obtaining nuclear weapons. They oppose the bill because, in their view, the bill violates the interim agreement, would lessen the likelihood of a diplomatic solution, and weaken the sanctions architecture.
This is not some kind of a litmus test. There are strong friends of the U.S.-Israel relationship on both sides of this issue. No one should equate support for new sanctions with support, or lack of support, for Israel.
Some people are judging the interim agreement by the standards of what we hope will be the final agreement.
The purpose of the interim agreement is to delay, not end, Iran's progress, so that Iran cannot run out the clock while we negotiate. It cannot and will not be the final agreement. If Iran does not fulfill its obligations under the interim agreement, it will lose even a limited sanctions relief.
More after the jump.
If talks with Iran fail, the world must know that they failed because of Iran, not because of the U.S.
If talks fail, we will need a unified international community to back us on increased sanctions or military action. If we impose sanctions that might contravene the interim agreement, the world will perceive — with some justification — that we, not Iran, are the intransigent party.
As Steven Spiegel wrote in Roll Call, "if the interim agreement is seen to have been upended by actions of the U.S. Congress, both the potential sanctions and military options will be threatened."
It will be much more difficult, even almost impossible, to gain international support for sanctions and military action if the talks were seen to have broken down because of a controversial action by the U.S. Congress.
In that sense, voting for sanctions now could create the worst of both worlds: Iran will walk away from the talks as the offended party, and sanctions will be diminished as the Iranians develop an excuse to complete their nuclear ambitions. Congress should not give Tehran an opportunity for such a victory.
In a long but important article in the New York Review (I do not agree with all of it, but I agree with most of it), Jessica Matthews wrote that, "The bill's authors, Senators Robert Menendez and Mark Kirk, argue that it strengthens the president's hand. It does the reverse by making even more acute Iranian doubts that the president can deliver the relief from sanctions they are negotiating for."
Its passage, as an act of bad faith on the U.S.'s part after having just agreed not to impose new sanctions during the term of the six-month deal, would probably cause Iran to walk away from the negotiations. Rouhani would risk political suicide at home if he did not.
Alternatively, in the all too familiar pattern of the past decade, he might stay at the negotiating table and match unacceptable American demands with his own so that blame for failure would be muddled.
America's negotiating partners and others whose support makes the sanctions work would feel the sting of bad faith as well. The sanctions regime that has been so painstakingly built through ten years of effort by determined American leaders of both parties could easily unravel.
Mathews concluded that, "A final agreement is by no means assured, but the opportunity is assuredly here."
The price of an agreement will be accepting a thoroughly monitored, appropriately sized enrichment program in Iran that does not rise over 5 percent. The alternatives are war or a nuclear-armed Iran. Should this be a hard choice? Astonishingly, too many members of Congress seem to think so.
In Bloomberg, Jeff Goldberg wrote that, "Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has just stated that under no circumstances would Iran agree to destroy any of its centrifuges. I would also like to note that this unequivocal statement, if sincere, means that there is no possibility of a nuclear deal between Iran and the six powers set to resume negotiating with it next month."
And if that is the case, we will need all the international support we can muster for whatever comes next. Maybe now is not the time to muddy the waters with sanctions legislation that could scuttle the talks and undermine our international coalition.
Click here to sign up to Steve Sheffey's newsletter.


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Garcetti Announces "Great Streets" to Be Named After Current Councilmembers
(UPDATE 2:03 p.m.: Yes, this is an April Fool's story. No streets, Great or otherwise, were harmed in the writing of this satire. – DN)
Celebrating some of the successes of the Great Streets program, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti announced a new program to honor the collaborative efforts with the fifteen City Councilmembers that have driven the program. Now every Great Street will be officially renamed on the map for a current City Councilmember.
The Great Streets program seeks to transform a portion of L.A.'s iconic boulevards into "Great Streets" that accommodate all modes of transportation and make the best use of public space by increasing access to shops, restaurants, schools, and parks.
"People have called Great Streets a legacy program," Garcetti stated. "Think of how proud these leaders will be when these beautiful boulevards become the centers of their districts. Their children and grandchildren will remember the great work they did to make their city a better place."
Of course, the opposite is true for recalcitrant Councilmembers who have used their offices to block progress in the name of, well, we have yet to figure out why.
"Think of how embarrassed generations of Koretzs will be every time someone is killed by speeding traffic on Paul Koretz Boulevard," opined Eric Trojans with the Los Angeles City Coalition of Bicycle Coalitions.
For their part, Koretz and other Councilmembers are pushing back against the mayor's renaming proposal, seeking to block it at the City Council. Koretz spokesperson April Feuel writes, "This proposal flies in the face of the Councilman's plans to be forgotten 20 minutes after he leaves office." Curren Price just asked if maybe they could name a parallel street to Central Avenue after him instead.
Street renaming proposals have an uphill fight in the City Council. A proposal by former 4th District Councilmember Tom LaBonge to rename every east-west street in his district "Tom" and every north-south street "LaBonge" was passed by the Council last June. However, the Council overturned its decision in its first meeting in July.
Which is not to say the street-renaming-proposal doesn't have its supporters. Felipe Fuentes and Mike Bonin just gave the project a thumbs-up. Joe Buscaino proposed an amendment to rename every street along his entire 25-mile bike commute after him instead. Jose Huizar asked that they just rename the butterfly bicycle racks on 1st Street "Huizars."
Councilmember Mitch Englander also expressed support for the proposal.
"Reseda Boulevard now has the city's best protected bike lane and has regular programming by business on all the space that's been reclaimed," stated Englander on the Council floor. "And I'm supposed to be the conservative in the Council. What the heck is taking the rest of you so long to get your acts together?"


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I had a big "ah ha" about this and realized I should share it. This is an example of something I've known about and used as the big "why" for some recommendations I make to clients—except I haven't been sharing this particular "why" piece. This is all about marketing, a big "turn off" to some, but if you are in business
to make money (!) then it is one of those realities that it helps to understand.
1. The process starts with attracting people to your site. This can be done with blog posts, reports, special offers—basically whatever "freebie" you can fulfill easily that is also desirable to your people.
2. The next step is to capture the contact information from site newcomers. This is where the opt-in form on your website comes in, with language inviting them to submit their information in exchange for the incentive you have offered.
3. At this point having an autoresponder starts to become very helpful. You can create a "nurture campaign" with automated, even personalized, follow-up messages. This helps with getting your people to "know, like and trust" you. We all prefer to do business with those we are familiar with. As with social media posts, it is possible to schedule these in advance.
4. As you develop new products or services, or perhaps a special offer or an event, you are now in a better position to convert people ("prospects") into customers.
5. You then provide them with the purchased product or service and a positive customer experience.
6. From here on the nurture process continues, encouraging them to think of your business as the "go to" source for your niche. You can then come up with new ways to serve them.
7. The final step is to encourage testimonials and recommendations. The best customers are the ones who have been referred to you by someone they already know, like and trust. You benefit from their social endorsement. An option is to have a reward policy for the clients who provide you with new referrals. This can be in the form of a Starbucks card, a discount on services, really the possibilities are endless. It's a way for you to say "thank you" and to make that client feel appreciated.
To your business success!


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H&M sweater; H&M skirt; Asos mules; Ray Ban sunglasses
When we were in grade school we had to do a project on complimentary colors. Mine was purple and yellow and it made me love those two colors together, but especially in pale purples and soft yellows. The color combo screams spring.


text:
Building #03943
Size: 10x12
Price: $4,593.00
Discounted Price: $4,493.00 or Rent to Own for
$212.64 / 36 mo
$273.39 / 24 mo
Discounted Price: $4,493.00 or Rent to Own for
$212.64 / 36 mo
$273.39 / 24 mo
Location: Sabattus
Building color: Oak
Trim color: Riehl Green
Roof color: Black MTL
This building is for display only.
This A Frame Classic has the following features:
- 2 windows to let in the light
- A workbench
- A metal roof to shed snow
- A 5' double door with transom windows
We stand behind our buildings with a limited 5 year warranty. Ask us about preparing your gravel pad for you!
Rent to own statement: Consumer does not acquire ownership right until the total of payment to acquire ownership is paid.
Copyright© 2019 all rights reserved. Hill View Mini Barns
Maine Web Design by Maine Graphics
Maine Web Design by Maine Graphics


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Fred Grandy Exposes Sharia in Maryland
February 23, 2012
Creeping Sharia 2/22/2012 Source …..
Muslims, backed by a host of Muslim Brotherhood front groups, threatened to protest and shut down this Maryland panel last year. Unlike other venues that have caved in to Islamic thuggery, this one went on and no protesters showed up. The audio crackles, it's not your speakers.
Turning the Tides Conference Shariah Law Panel
Creeping Sharia posts on Maryland here.
No comments yet


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Being on a therapeutic diet can bring up a myriad of feelings – from frustration to guilt to boredom. Here are seven easy ways to help you enjoy your food more NOW.
- Set a beautiful table. Sit at the dining room table instead of in front of the TV. Set cut flowers on the table. Bring out the nice dishes and the cloth napkins. Make it an aesthetically beautiful event instead something to get through. You may not have the time to do this at every meal but incorporate special touches when you can.
- Chew and Taste your Food. This isn't meant to bring back memories of your mom yelling at you at the dinner table or slipping unwanted food to the dog on the sly. Nor do I recommend counting how many times you chew every single bite of food. But it can be helpful to be more present while you eat. Taste the texture of the food in your mouth. Does it change as you chew? How long after you finish chewing does the taste linger in your mouth? Does it feel ok to put the fork down in between bites? There are no right or wrongs here; the key is being present, even if it's for a short period of time.
- Let go of Anxiety and Guilt when you Sit Down to Eat. Whether you're testing a new food or you've decided to eat off of your regular therapeutic diet, once you've made a decision, let it go. If you are in a state of anxiety while eating it will definitely affect your digestion. Once you make a choice to eat a certain way, do your best to enjoy your meal as much as possible.
- Accept Help. If a friend or family member offers to do the cooking – accept! If you're worried about ingredients, offer to give them a specific recipe to follow so you'll know exactly what is in the meal. Hiring a personal chef can also be an option. It sounds expensive, but there is a wide variety of price ranges and since it's a professional, they may be able to produce a larger quantity of meals in a shorter amount of time than you can. If you think of it as part of your health care it can feel much less extravagant.
- Eat a Variety of Food. Eat the largest variety of foods in your diet as possible. This will guarantee better nutrition and higher food enjoyment. This might mean eating smaller amounts of certain foods or eating certain foods with less frequency if they cause symptoms in larger/more frequent amounts. If you need to make larger batches of food, freeze some portions to eat later.
- Express Gratitude. Expressing gratitude before a meal, silently or out loud, can help us enjoy our food and slow down before eating. It can be in the form of a prayer, or simply thanking the people (the farmers, the truck drivers, the cook, the grocery store clerk, etc.), who helped bring this food all the way to you. It can also be helpful to feel gratitude for the nutritive and healing qualities the food has for you.
- Try New Recipes and Foods. Sure, there are some foods and meals that are part of everyone's regular rotation. But mix it up now and then by trying new recipes or ingredients. When you find a website you like, subscribe to their newsletter to get their latest recipes. Also, shop at the farmers market for what's in season to get inspiration. Food that is fresh and vital will taste so much better! Having issues figuring out which foods to test and when? Feel free to set up an appointment!


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Thanksgiving shopping 'totally worth it' for eager bargain hunters
Before and after the second helpings of turkey, Rochester-area shoppers rose early and lined up after dusk in a ritual once reserved for the day after Thanksgiving.
For the first time, Macy's department stores opened on Thanksgiving, while other major retailers began offering doorbusters as early as 8 a.m.
"This is easy," said Tom Macks, of Henrietta, who ventured into the Macy's at The Marketplace mall when the store opened at 8 p.m.
Macks said he and his 12-year-old son, T.J., were one of the first shoppers at the store. Within an hour, they were able to grab a few items, check out and head to the next destination.
"We waited two minutes for someone ahead of us," he said. "We're off to buy more jewelry."
Customers crowded the aisles at the Henrietta Toy R Us. Some said they found the evening to be pleasantly simple and organized.
Dawn Pixley, of Rochester, said blocked-off aisles initially made navigation a little tough, but store employees were readily available to help out.
"The shoppers have been great," she said. "I think everyone's sort of like, 'We're in this together'."
A half-day earlier, Ward and Mary Blasko sat warm and dry inside her idling minivan in a Victor parking lot. The parking lot was deserted. Not a soul was in sight. It was 7:30 a.m. and 17 degrees outside.
Mary and Ward Blasko, brother and sister from Rochester's eastern suburbs, were in line at Best Buy. They were first in line for a store that wouldn't open until 6 p.m.
"I was surprised there was nobody here," Ward Blasko said of their arrival sometime earlier.
Some observers said the push for earlier openings and longer hours on Thanksgiving Day may be due in part to the fact that the holiday, which by federal law is observed on the fourth Thursday of November, falls this year on the latest date the calendar allows.
There are only 26 shopping days between Thanksgiving and Christmas this year — 27 counting Thanksgiving.
Perhaps that was in the minds of some of the 50 or so people lined up Thursday outside the Kmart in Victor, which opened at 6 a.m. Those who stomped their feet and blew on their hands in the frigid air — the earliest early bird got there shortly after midnight — were given tickets that reserved doorbuster sale items for them.
Kmart is an exception in that it has opened early on Thanksgiving morning for 20 years, said store manager Tom Barnard. New this year, though: the store closed for a breather at 5 p.m. Thursday, then reopened two hours later. It won't close again until 11 p.m. Friday.
"It's been very good for us. It's extremely popular," Barnard said of retailing on what is becoming known as Brown Thursday.
Susan Davenport of Livonia, Livingston County, said early-morning Thanksgiving shopping was "totally worth it." While she agreed in principle that Thanksgiving is a holiday meant to be spent with family, Davenport noted wryly that "at this time of the morning, the rest of my family is still home in bed. They're not missing me."
And she had, after all, brought a part of her family with her — 16-year-old Dakota, who remarkably said he didn't really mind pushing a cart through Kmart with his mom at 6:30 a.m.
"She needs me, more for the heavy lifting," Dakota said.
The trend to open stores earlier and earlier on Thanksgiving has prompted a backlash. Some retailers, including Eastview newcomer Von Maur, pointedly refused to open so employees and shoppers could relax on the holiday.
Thousands have signed petitions against rampant Thanksgiving retailing and some public demonstrations were planned. Protests were scheduled outside several local Walmart stores on Friday, but they were aimed at worker rights, not doorbuster timing.
As he strolled empty-handed through Kmart Thursday morning — his fiancee had the full shopping cart — Hassan Cora of Waterloo, Seneca County, agreed it would be tough to work on the holiday and said those who do staff the stores should be volunteers.
Still, he was there. Cora, who rattled off a list of gifts for which he was looking, said the Thanksgiving Day deals were irresistible. "We decided to come out and taken advantage of the sales," he said, adding that he and his fiancee planned to return home at mid-morning, enjoy a meal and then be back at Walmart for its popular doorbusters.
Tinita Tucker of Fairport said her strategy, fine-tuned in several Turkey Day retail expeditions, was similar. "You put the bird in when you come out and the food is already going," she said.
She planned to return home, enjoy dinner, and hit the aisles again later on Thursday. Then she will call it quits.
"I'm not going back on Friday at all. I refuse to do that. Too crazy, with all the traffic, the lines," Tucker said. "This is peaceful."
As Tucker and her fellow shoppers looked for bargains at Kmart, seemingly stress-free, the Blasko siblings waited in their solitary queue.
Ward Blasko, a Perinton resident, was in the market for a television and a game console for his grandsons. Mary Blasko of Pittsford had her eye on a tablet.
A year ago, they'd shown up at Best Buy on Thanksgiving at 2 p.m., putting them 10th in line for a midnight opening. By the time the doors swung open, the line stretched around the building, he said. They'd had to slip into neighboring Old Navy — also an established open-on-Thanksgiving emporium — to use the bathrooms.
The competition was nowhere in sight this Thursday morning, but then, the sun had just begun to illuminate the well-plowed but virtually empty parking lot. Other Best Buy Thanksgiving Day shoppers, the Blaskos knew, would be appearing soon, forcing them to abandon their warm vehicle for an icy lineup outside the electronics giant's doors.
And they were ready.
"We have seats," Blasko said, gesturing at the back of the van, "and blankets."
What, you have no heater? he was asked.
"We do," Blasko said with a grin. "You have to be prepared."
Includes reporting by staff writer Donyelle Davis.


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THERMOMETER 2018 Tuvalu 2oz silver coin
Out of stock
Thermometer 2018 2oz Silver Antiqued Coin
Thermometer 2018 2oz Silver Antiqued Coin: A striking example of The Perth Mint's ingenuity, this new release incorporates an operational dial thermometer surrounded by Aztec style patterns and iconography. Featured in the circular Aztec agricultural, or solar, calendar depictions of gods is believed to help govern the weather and temperature. The intricate design includes representations of the fire-breathing sun god Tonatiuh as well as Itztlacoliuhqui, the god of frost and cold.
- 2oz 99.99% Pure Silver
- Weight 62.27g
- Thickness 6mm
- Intricate High Relief Design with Antique Finish
- Limited Mintage – 2,500
- Numbered Certificate of Authenticity
- Presentation Packaging
- State of the Art Design Featuring a Thermometer
The fascinating design, which incorporates symbols of the Aztec circular calendar, is enhanced by an antique finish to give the coin the appearance of a historical artefact. The spectacular design is enhanced by an antique finish to give the coin the appearance of a historical artefact. The operational dial thermometer set into the coin features a stylized image of the sun's rays.
The coin is issued as Tuvalu legal tender and its obverse features the Ian Rank-Broadley effigy of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, the 2018 year-date and the monetary denomination.
The coin is housed in a latex display case and is accompanied by a numbered Certificate of Authenticity.
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[Editor's note – as with all the articles in this month's social justice issue, the following is a first-hand essay from an active member of the indie music community. Their experiences and opinions are their own, and we encourage you to join the discussion in the comments section below or on our social media pages.]
Homoground promotes LGBTQ equality by supporting LGBTQ and allied musicians through our website, podcast, zines and live events. The project launched in 2011 to combine a love for music with activism. At the time, I found myself listening to the same bands I was listening to a decade ago. There had to be fresh, new music out there that I could relate with but I didn't know where to look. I started featuring music my friends were making on the podcast. After a couple episodes, people I didn't know started contacting me asking if I could feature their bands. The podcast fills a void by giving bands a way to get their music out to an audience that can relate to their experiences while feeling welcomed and safe.
Bands express their biggest challenges to us. They experience the same challenges as any other band: scheduling rehearsals, finding/keeping band members, getting exposure, not having enough time or money to pursue creative passions, mental health and traumatic life events.▼ Article continues below ▼
They also struggle with questions like: What is my gender/sexuality? How do I identify? Do I feel comfortable enough being out about my sexuality? Are people going to judge or hurt me because of who I am? Or how I look? What pronouns should I use, if any, when I sing about romance? How will the vocals in my songs change during/after my transition to another gender?
Homoground is more than just music promotion. We're about strengthening our communities, creating visibility and promoting equality.
We seek to promote groups and projects that are advancing social change.
Over the years, many rock camps have popped up in cities all over the planet empowering young girls and queer youth to play instruments in an environment where they won't feel judged. Queer rock camps exist in places in the US like the Pacific Northwest, Southern California, and the South.
Music connects people with others who can understand similar struggles, victories, and emotions. Homoground provides ways for music lovers, especially those living in more isolated areas, to discover and access music they might otherwise never be exposed to. Recently, I received a message from someone living on a remote island off of Alaska saying that living on their island is very isolating, but the Homoground podcast helps them feel more connected. The podcast is able to provide a sense of community that otherwise doesn't exist in reality.
Submit your music through the following link for consideration: http://www.homoground.com/submissions
Lynn Casper organizes the Homoground podcast, and in 2012 launched a set of feminist playing cards via Kickstarter. To discover music by queer & allied musicians, visit homoground.com. Subscribe to the Homoground podcast on iTunes at homoground.com/iTunes.
The choice is YOURS! After an exhaustive nationwide search, we found 4 amazing artists from all over the States to participate in a project we're calling "The Sound of...
4 Tips To Set Up Studio Monitors and Improve Home Studio Acoustics
Focusrite Vocaster Two USB-C Podcasting Audio Interface REVIEW
The choice is YOURS! After an exhaustive nationwide search, we found 4 amazing artists from all over the States to participate in a project we're calling "The Sound of...
4 Tips To Set Up Studio Monitors and Improve Home Studio Acoustics
Focusrite Vocaster Two USB-C Podcasting Audio Interface REVIEW
4 Tips To Set Up Studio Monitors and Improve Home Studio Acoustics
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As Congress debates whether to support President Obama's call for a limited strike against Syria for the alleged use of chemical weapons, Iran is vowing to back Bashar al-Assad's regime to the hilt and threatening to unleash terrorism should the U.S. strike.
Qassem Soleimani, the head of Iran's Quds Forces, Wednesday told the Assembly of Experts — the body that chooses the supreme leader — that "[w]e will support Syria to the end."
And in an unprecedented statement, a former Iranian official has warned of mass abductions and brutal killings of American citizens around the world and the rape and killing of one of Obama's daughters should the United States attack Syria.
Alireza Forghani, the former governor of southern Iran's Kish Province, threw down the gauntlet last week. Forghani is an analyst and strategy specialist in the supreme leader's camp and closely aligned with Mehdi Taeb, who heads the regime's Ammar Strategic Base, a radical think thank, and thus speaks with the blessing of the Islamic regime.
"Hopefully Obama will be pigheaded enough to attack Syria, and then we will see the … loss of U.S. interests [through terrorist attacks]," he threatened. "In just 21 hours [after the attack on Syria], a family member of every U.S. minister [department secretary], U.S. ambassadors, U.S. military commanders around the world will be abducted. And then 18 hours later, videos of their amputation will be spread [around the world]."
A similar act was committed in a video of the torture of William Buckley, a CIA station chief who was abducted in Beirut in 1984 and later killed by Hezbollah on Iran's order. That video was dropped off at the U.S. Embassy in Athens. Former CIA Director William Casey later described what he saw in the video: "They had done more than ruin his body. His eyes made it clear his mind had been played with. It was horrific, medieval and barbarous."


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Scientists have identified 'an entirely new super-toxic' strain of E.coli which has infected more than 1,600 people worldwide, including seven in the UK.
Chinese and German researchers have been working round the clock to identify the strain, which has struck people in 10 countries and killed at least 16.
A statement from the Beijing Genomics Institute, which has been working on sequencing the strain, said it contained several genes that were resistant to antibiotics.
Analysis shows the bacterium is an enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) O104 strain, but is a 'new serotype' - not previously involved in any E.coli outbreaks. More than 90 per cent of the bacterium is the same as a virulent strain that causes serious diarrhoea, but the new strain has 'also acquired specific sequences', the statement said.
These are similar to those involved in hemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) - a deadly complication of E.coli.
Earlier, Hilde Kruse, a food safety expert at the World Health Organisation (WHO), told the Associated Press the strain was 'unique' and 'has never been isolated from patients before'.She said the new strain had 'various characteristics that make it more virulent and toxin-producing', although it is not uncommon for bacteria to continually evolve and swap genes.The most severe E.coli cases are usually seen in children and the elderly, but all age groups are currently affected.
So far, seven people in the UK have been affected by the strain, including three Britons and four German nationals.
According to the Health Protection Agency (HPA), all the UK cases caught the infection in Germany, where the outbreak began, with three now being treated for HUS.
It has issued a warning urging people travelling to Germany to avoid eating raw tomatoes, cucumbers and leafy salad, including lettuce, while experts try to find the source of the outbreak.
Anyone returning from Germany with an illness, including bloody diarrhoea, is also urged to seek medical attention.
Victims can require hospital treatment because HUS affects the blood, kidneys and, in severe cases, the central nervous system.
Dr Dilys Morgan, head of the gastrointestinal, emerging and zoonotic infections department at the HPA, said: 'The HPA continues to actively monitor the situation very carefully and we are working with the authorities in Germany and with our counterparts across Europe as to the cause of the outbreak.
'We have alerted health professionals to the situation and advised them to urgently investigate and report suspected cases with a travel history to Germany.'
Cases of HUS and EHEC have continued to rise in Germany in recent days.
Nine patients in Germany have died of HUS and another six of EHEC. One person has also died in Sweden, bringing the total number of deaths to 16, according to WHO. There are unconfirmed reports of at least one more death.
Many more patients are in hospital, with several needing intensive care, including dialysis.
All cases except two are among people who had recently visited northern Germany. In one case, the person had contact with a visitor from northern Germany.
Professor Brendan Wren, from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said EHEC was usually caught from the consumption of meat products, particularly beef.
EHEC is found in the gut microflora of humans and livestock, he added.
'Improper water/sewage disposal and slurry procedures can contaminate fresh produce, which isn't cooked, so therefore does not kill adherent bacteria.'
Prof Wren said whole genome DNA sequencing could identify what sparked the outbreak, but 'as in many food borne disease outbreaks, the real culprit may never be identified and the epidemic just fades away'.
Anthony Hilton, reader in microbiology at Aston University, said: 'The pattern of infection in this outbreak is unusual in the proportion of adults presenting with HUS, which is normally observed in children, and the bias towards females.
'If the current strain is indeed a novel virulent type, it will be important to determine if this is simply surface contamination of vegetables or if the organism has developed a mechanism of intracellular invasion and persistence, as that will greatly influence the effectiveness of the simple washing of vegetables intended to be eaten raw as a means of reducing the risk of infection.'
Douglas Noble, lecturer in the centre for primary care and public health at Queen Mary, University of London, said: 'This is obviously a very serious outbreak of a rare strain of E.coli with the exact source of contamination remaining undetermined.
'The UK has in recent years been very strong in its response to such threats to human health, and this episode particularly highlights the need for a joined-up public health response across Europe.'
Russia has extended its ban on vegetables to the entire European Union - a move described as disproportionate by EU officials. Meanwhile, Spain's prime minister has demanded an explanation from Germany for suggesting Spain's produce was a possible source of the outbreak.
Refer: http://www.dailymail.co.uk for the complete article.