text:
Publicité ▼
voter turnout (n.)
1.the total number of voters who participated"they are expecting a large vote"
voir la définition de Wikipedia
Publicité ▼
voter turnout (n.)
quantity, quantum - choose, opt for, pick, pick on, pick out, select, single out, take[Hyper.]
vote - ballot, balloting, label, sign, suffrage, ticket, vote, voting - franchise, right to vote, suffrage, vote - vote, voter turnout - vote - burgess, elector, voter[Dérivé]
numerical quantity[Hyper.]
voter turnout (n.)↕
Publicité ▼
|Part of the Politics series
|Politics portal
Voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election (eligible voters can change in every country, and should not be confused with the total adult population. For example some countries discriminate based on sex, race, and/or religion). After increasing for many decades, there has been a trend of decreasing voter turnout in most established democracies since the 1960s.[1] In general, low turnout may be due to disenchantment, indifference, or contentment. Low turnout is often considered to be undesirable, and there is much debate over the factors that affect turnout and how to increase it. In spite of significant study into the issue, scholars are divided on reasons for the decline. Its cause has been attributed to a wide array of economic, demographic, cultural, technological, and institutional factors. There have been many efforts to increase turnout and encourage voting.
Different countries have very different voter turnouts. For example, in the United States 2008 presidential election turnout was 63%[2] and 68% among African Americans (generally credited to Barack Obama's candidacy[3]). In Australia, which has compulsory voting, and Malta, which does not, participation reaches 95%. These differences are caused by a mix of cultural and institutional factors.
In Australia there is a high proportion of unregistered voters, and once this is taken into consideration, the proportion of eligible voters who vote is only 81%[4]. Australia also has relatively high levels of informal votes (deliberate invalid votes) and what is known as a Donkey vote when the elector numbers candidates randomly as they appear on the ballot [5]. Donkey votes and informal votes are included within the 81% figure.
In any large election the chance of any one vote determining the outcome is low. Some studies show that a single vote in a voting scheme such as the Electoral College in the United States has an even lower chance of determining the outcome.[6] Other studies claim that the Electoral College actually increases voting power.[7] Studies using game theory, which takes into account the ability of voters to interact, have also found that the expected turnout for any large election should be zero.[8]
The basic formula for determining whether someone will vote is[9]
Here, P is the probability that an individual's vote will affect the outcome of an election, and B is the perceived benefit that would be received if that person's favored political party or candidate were elected. D originally stood for democracy or civic duty, but today represents any social or personal gratification an individual gets from voting. C is the time, effort, and financial cost involved in voting. Since P is virtually zero in most elections, PB is also near zero, and D is thus the most important element in motivating people to vote. For a person to vote, these factors must outweigh C.
Riker and Ordeshook developed the modern understanding of D. They listed five major forms of gratification that people receive for voting: complying with the social obligation to vote; affirming one's allegiance to the political system; affirming a partisan preference (also known as expressive voting, or voting for a candidate to express support, not to achieve any outcome); affirming one's importance to the political system; and, for those who find politics interesting and entertaining, researching and making a decision.[10] Other political scientists have since added other motivators and questioned some of Riker and Ordeshook's assumptions.[citation needed] All of these concepts are inherently imprecise, making it difficult to discover exactly why people choose to vote.
Recently, several scholars have considered the possibility that B includes not only a personal interest in the outcome, but also a concern for the welfare of others in the society (or at least other members of one's favorite group or party).[11][12] In particular, experiments in which subject altruism was measured using a dictator game showed that concern for the well-being of others is a major factor in predicting turnout[13] and political participation.[14][15] Note that this motivation is distinct from D, because voters must think others benefit from the outcome of the election, not their act of voting in and of itself.
High voter turnout is often considered to be desirable, though among political scientists and economists specialising in public choice, the issue is still debated.[16] A high turnout is generally seen as evidence of the legitimacy of the current system. Dictators have often fabricated high turnouts in showcase elections for this purpose. For instance, Saddam Hussein's 2002 referendum was claimed to have had 100% participation.[17] Opposition parties sometimes boycott votes they feel are unfair or illegitimate, or if the election is for a government that is considered illegitimate. For example, the Holy See instructed Italian Catholics to boycott national elections for several decades after the creation of the State of Italy.[18] In some countries, there are threats of violence against those who vote, such as during the 2005 Iraq elections, an example of voter suppression. However, some political scientists question the view that high turnout is an implicit endorsement of the system. Mark N. Franklin contends that in European Union elections opponents of the federation, and of its legitimacy, are just as likely to vote as proponents.[19]
Assuming that low turnout is a reflection of disenchantment or indifference, a poll with very low turnout may not be an accurate reflection of the will of the people. On the other hand, if low turnout is a reflection of contentment of voters about likely winners or parties, then low turnout is as legitimate as high turnout, as long as the right to vote exists. Still, low turnouts can lead to unequal representation among various parts of the population. In developed countries, non-voters tend to be concentrated in particular demographic and socioeconomic groups, especially the young and the poor. However, in India, which boasts an electorate of more than 670 million people, the opposite is true. The poor, who comprise the majority of the demographic, are more likely to vote than the rich and the middle classes[citation needed], and turnout is higher in rural areas than urban areas.[20] In low-turnout countries, these groups[clarification needed] are often significantly under-represented in elections.[citation needed] This has the potential to skew policy. For instance, a high voter turnout among seniors coupled with a low turnout among the young may lead to more money for seniors' health care, and less for youth employment schemes. Some nations thus have rules that render an election invalid if too few people vote, such as Serbia, where three successive presidential elections were rendered invalid in 2003.[citation needed]
|India (1988)
|50.1 %[22]
|62 %
|Income (Quinitile)
|Lowest 20%: 36.4 %
|57 %
|Highest 20%: 63.1
|No High School 38 %
|Illiterate 57 %
|Some High School 43
|Up to Middle 83
|High School Graduate 57
|College 57
|Some College 66
|Post-graduate 41
|College Grad 79
|Post-Graduate 84
|Community (1996)
|White 56
|Hindu 60
|Black 50
|Hindu (OBC) 58
|Latino 27
|Muslim 70
|Sikh 89
In each country, some parts of society are more likely to vote than others. In high-turnout countries, these differences tend to be limited. As turnout approaches 90%, it becomes difficult to find significant differences between voters and nonvoters, but in low turnout nations the differences between voters and non-voters can be quite marked.[19] These differences appear to persist over time; in fact, the strongest predictor of individual turnout is whether or not one voted in the previous election.[23] As a result, many scholars think of turnout as habitual behavior that can be learned or unlearned, especially among young adults.[24]
Socioeconomic factors significantly affect whether or not individuals develop the habit of voting. The most important socioeconomic factor affecting voter turnout is education. The more educated a person is, the more likely he or she is to vote, even controlling for other factors that are closely associated with education level, such as income and class. Income has some effect independently: wealthier people are more likely to vote, regardless of their educational background. There is some debate over the effects of ethnicity, race, and gender. In the past, these factors unquestionably influenced turnout in many nations, but nowadays the consensus among political scientists is that these factors have little effect in Western democracies when education and income differences are taken into account.[25] However, since different ethnic groups typically have different levels of education and income, there are important differences in turnout between such groups in many societies. Other demographic factors have an important influence: young people are far less likely to vote than the elderly; and single people are less likely to vote than those who are married.[citation needed] Occupation has little effect on turnout, with the notable exception of higher voting rates among government employees in many countries.[25]
There can also be regional differences in voter turnout. One issue that arises in continent-spanning nations, such as Australia, Canada, the United States and Russia, is that of time zones. Canada banned the broadcasting of election results in any region where the polls have not yet closed; this ban was upheld by the Supreme Court of Canada. In several recent Australian national elections, the citizens of Western Australia knew which party would form the new government up to an hour before the polling booths in their State closed.
While socioeconomic factors undoubtedly play a role in determining voter turnout, new evidence suggests that genetic factors may also be important. Scholars recently used twin studies of validated turnout in Los Angeles and self-reported turnout in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to establish that the decision to vote in the United States has very strong heritability.[26] If so, it could help to explain why parental turnout is such a strong predictor of voting in young people,[27] as people inherit genes as well as behaviors from their parents. It might also help to explain why voting appears to be habitual.[28] If there is an innate predisposition to vote or abstain, this would explain why past voting behavior is such a good predictor of future voter reaction.
In addition to the twin study method, scholars have used gene association studies to analyze voter turnout. Two genes that influence social behavior have been directly associated with voter turnout, specifically those regulating the serotonin system in the brain via the production of monoamine oxidase and 5HTT.[29] (This study was recently rerun and the findings shown to be the result of several significant errors. Once these errors were corrected, there was no longer any statistically significant association between common variants of these two genes and voter turnout [30]).
Within countries there can be important differences in turnout between individual elections [31]. Elections where control of the national executive is not at stake generally have much lower turnouts—often half that for general elections.[citation needed] Municipal and provincial elections, and by-elections to fill casual vacancies, typically have lower turnouts, as do elections for the parliament of the supranational European Union, which is separate from the executive branch of the EU's government. In the United States, midterm congressional elections attract far lower turnouts than Congressional elections held concurrently with Presidential ones.[32] Runoff elections also tend to attract lower turnouts.
In theory, one of the factors that is most likely to increase turnout is a close race. With an intensely polarized electorate and all polls showing a close finish between President George W. Bush and Democratic challenger John F. Kerry, the turnout in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, was close to 60%, resulting in a record number of popular votes for both candidates; despite losing the election, Kerry even surpassed Ronald Reagan's 1984 record in terms of the number of popular votes received. However, this race also demonstrates the influence that contentious social issues can have on voter turnout; for example, the voter turnout rate in 1860 wherein anti-slavery candidate Abraham Lincoln won the election was the second-highest on record (81.2 percent, second only to 1876, with 81.8 percent). Nonetheless, there is evidence to support the argument that predictable election results—where one vote is not seen to be able to make a difference—have resulted in lower turnouts, such as Bill Clinton's 1996 re-election (which featured the lowest voter turnout in the United States since 1924), the United Kingdom general election of 2001, and the 2005 Spanish referendum on the European Constitution; all of these elections produced decisive results on a low turnout.
Bad weather can reduce turnouts,[8] [33] [34] as can the season and the day of the week (although many nations hold all their elections on the same weekday). Weekend and summer elections find more of the population on holiday or uninterested in politics, and have lower turnouts. When nations set fixed election dates, these are usually midweek during the spring or autumn to maximize turnout. Variations in turnout between elections tend to be insignificant. It is extremely rare for factors such as competitiveness, weather, and time of year to cause an increase or decrease in turnout of more than five percentage points, far smaller than the differences between groups within society, and far smaller than turnout differentials between nations.[35]
|Y (not enforced)
|New Zealand
|Y (not enforced)
|Czech Republic
|Costa Rica
|United Kingdom
|South Korea
|United States
|*Compulsory voting until 1998
|**Excludes pre-1968 elections, when voting was compulsory.
|***Turnout rates during the period ranged from 55%
for general election years, to 40% to off-year elections
(those for which the presidency was not on the ballot).
|Statistics from Mark N. Franklin's "Electoral Participation", found in
Controversies in Voting Behavior (2001). Includes only "free" elections.
|†Excludes pre-1989 elections. Sources: Electoral Service,
Election Qualifying Court. Voting is no longer compulsory in Chile.
Voter turnout varies considerably between countries. It tends to be lower in the United States, Asia and Latin America than most of Europe, Canada[citation needed] and Oceania. Western Europe averages a 77% turnout, and South and Central America around 54% since 1945.[36] The differences between nations tend to be greater than those between classes, ethnic groups, or regions within nations. Confusingly, some of the factors that cause internal differences do not seem to apply on a global level. For instance, nations with better-educated populaces do not have higher turnouts. There are two main causes of these international differences—culture and institutions—although there is much debate over the relative impact of the various factors.
Wealth and literacy have some effect on turnout, but are not reliable measures. Countries such as Angola and Ethiopia have long had high turnouts, but so have the wealthy states of Europe. The United Nations Human Development Index shows some correlation between higher standards of living and higher turnout. The age of a democracy is also an important factor. Elections require considerable involvement by the population, and it takes some time to develop the cultural habit of voting, and the associated understanding of and confidence in the electoral process. This factor may explain the lower turnouts in the newer democracies of Eastern Europe and Latin America. Much of the impetus to vote comes from a sense of civic duty, which takes time and certain social conditions to develop. that can take decades to develop:
Demographics also have an effect. Older people tend to vote more than youths, so societies where the average age is somewhat higher, such as Europe; have higher turnouts than somewhat younger countries such as the United States. Populations that are more mobile and those that have lower marriage rates tend to have lower turnout. In countries that are highly multicultural and multilingual, it can be difficult for national election campaigns to engage all sectors of the population.
The nature of elections also varies between nations. In the United States, negative campaigning and character attacks are more common than elsewhere, potentially suppressing turnouts. The focus placed on get out the vote efforts and mass-marketing can have important effects on turnout. Partisanship is an important impetus to turnout, with the highly partisan more likely to vote. Turnout tends to be higher in nations where political allegiance is closely linked to class, ethnic, linguistic, or religious loyalties.[38] Countries where multiparty systems have developed also tend to have higher turnouts. Nations with a party specifically geared towards the working class will tend to have higher turnouts among that class than in countries where voters have only big tent parties, which try to appeal to all the voters, to choose from.[39]
Institutional factors have a significant impact on voter turnout. Rules and laws are also generally easier to change than attitudes, so much of the work done on how to improve voter turnout looks at these factors. Making voting compulsory has a direct and dramatic effect on turnout. Simply making it easier for candidates to stand through easier nomination rules is believed to increase voting. Conversely, adding barriers, such as a separate registration process, can suppress turnout. The salience of an election, the effect that a vote will have on policy, and its proportionality, how closely the result reflects the will of the people, are two structural factors that also likely have important effects on turnout.
The modalities of how electoral registration is conducted can also affect turnout. For example until "rolling registration" was introduced in the United Kingdom, there was no possibility of the electoral register being updated during its currency, or even amending genuine mistakes after a certain cut off date. The register was compiled in October, and would come into force the next February, and would remain valid until the next January. The electoral register would become progressively more out of date during its period of validity, as electors moved or died (also people studying or working away from home often had difficulty voting). This meant that elections taking place later in the year tended to have lower turnouts than those earlier in the year. The introduction of rolling registration where the register is updated monthly has reduced but not entirely eliminated this issue since the process of amending the register is not automatic, and some individuals do not join the electoral register until the annual October compilation process.
Another country with a highly efficient registration process is France. At the age of eighteen, all youth are automatically registered. Only new residents and citizens who have moved are responsible for bearing the costs and inconvenience of updating their registration. Similarly, in Nordic countries, all citizens and residents are included in the official population register, which is simultaneously a tax list, voter registration, and membership in the universal health system. Residents are required by law to report any change of address to register within a short time after moving. This is also the system in Germany(but without the membership in the health system).
The elimination of registration as a separate bureaucratic step can result in higher voter turnout. This is reflected in statistics from the United States Bureau of Census, 1982–1983. States that have same day registration, or no registration requirements, have a higher voter turnout than the national average. At the time of that report, the four states that allowed election day registration were Minnesota, Wisconsin, Maine, and Oregon. Since then, Idaho and Maine have changed to allow same day registration. North Dakota is the only state that requires no registration.[40]
One of the strongest factors affecting voter turnout is whether voting is compulsory. In Australia, voter registration and attendance at a polling booth have been mandatory since the 1920s. Several other countries have similar laws, generally with somewhat reduced levels of enforcement. If a Bolivian voter fails to participate in an election, the citizen may be denied withdrawal of their salary from the bank for three months.[41] In Mexico and Brazil, existing sanctions for non-voting are minimal or are rarely enforced. When enforced, compulsion has a dramatic effect on turnout. In Venezuela and the Netherlands compulsory voting has been rescinded, resulting in substantial decreases in turnout. In Greece voting is compulsory, however there are practically no sanctions for those who do not vote. In Belgium voting is compulsory, too, but not strongly enforced.
Mark N. Franklin argues that salience, the perceived effect that an individual vote will have on how the country is run, has a significant effect on turnout. He presents Switzerland as an example of a nation with low salience. The nation's administration is highly decentralized, so that the federal government has limited powers. The government invariably consists of a coalition of parties, and the power wielded by a party is far more closely linked to its position relative to the coalition than to the number of votes it received. Important decisions are placed before the population in a referendum. Individual votes for the federal legislature are thus unlikely to have a significant effect on the nation, which probably explains the low average turnouts in that country. By contrast Malta, with one of the world's highest voter turnouts, has a single legislature that holds a near monopoly on political power. Malta has a two-party system in which a small swing in votes can completely alter the executive.[42] On the other hand, countries with a two party system can experience low turnout if large numbers of potential voters perceive little real difference between the main parties. Voters' perceptions of fairness also have an important effect on salience. If voters feel that the result of an election is more likely to be determined by fraud and corruption than by the will of the people, fewer people will vote.[43]
Another institutional factor that may have an important effect is proportionality, i.e., how closely the legislature reflects the views of the populace. A pure proportional representation system is fully proportional to the votes of the populace and a voter can be sure that he will be represented in parliament even if it is only the opposition bench; the only exception to this rule is for voters of parties that get less than a certain required percentage as a precondition to make it into parliament. Some countries have such electoral thresholds in place, e. g. 5% in Germany. By contrast, a plurality system will almost always see districts in which one party is so dominant that there is little reason for voters of other parties to vote because votes for "losing" parties are in a sense lost.
Proportional systems tend to produce multiparty governments (coalition governments). This may reduce salience, since the voters have little influence over which parties are included in the coalition.[44] For instance, after the 2005 German election, the creation of the executive not only expressed the will of the voters of the majority party but also was the result of political deal-making. Although there is no guarantee, this is lessened as the parties usually state with whom they will favour a coalition after the elections.[citation needed]
Political scientists are divided on whether proportional representation increases voter turnout, though in countries with proportional representation voter turnout is higher.[45][46][47] There are other systems that attempt to preserve both salience and proportionality, for example, the Mixed member proportional representation system in New Zealand (in operation since 1996), in Germany and several other countries. However, these tend to be complex electoral systems, and in some cases complexity appears to suppress voter turnout.[48] The dual system in Germany, though, seems to have had no negative impact on voter turnout.
Ease of voting is a factor in rates of turnout. In the United States and most Latin American nations, voters must go through separate voter registration procedures before they are allowed to vote. This two-step process quite clearly decreases turnout. U.S. states with no, or easier, registration requirements have larger turnouts.[49] Other methods of improving turnout include making voting easier through more available absentee polling and improved access to polls, such as increasing the number of possible voting locations, lowering the average time voters have to spend waiting in line, or requiring companies to give workers some time off on voting day[which?]. In some areas, generally those where some polling centres are relatively inaccessible, such as India, elections often take several days. Some countries have considered internet voting as a possible solution. In other countries, like France, voting is held on the weekend, when most voters are away from work. Therefore, the need for time off from work as a factor in voter turnout is greatly reduced.
Many countries have looked into internet voting as a possible solution for low voter turnout. Some countries like France and Switzerland use internet voting. However, it has only been used sparingly by a few states in the US. This is due largely to security concerns, although the US Department of Defense has been looking into making internet voting secure. The idea would be that voter turnout would increase because people could cast their vote from the comfort of their own homes. The United States is looking into implementing this plan slowly, and it would happen state by state.[50]
Voter fatigue can lower turnout. If there are many elections in close succession, voter turnout will decrease as the public tires of participating. In low-turnout Switzerland, the average voter is invited to go to the polls an average of seven times a year; the United States has frequent elections, with two votes per year on average, if one includes all levels of government as well as primaries.[51] Holding multiple elections at the same time can increase turnout; however, presenting voters with massive multipage ballots, as occurs in some parts of the United States, can reduce turnouts.[52]
In some countries voter turnout is low because citizens are prevented from voting. Prevention could be due to legal, racial, or political reasons. In many cases suppression is done to ensure the people in power remain in power. In other states, supporters of candidates who are unable to either get nominated or have their nominated candidature listed on the ballot paper often self-suppress in protest.
This suppression can be in the form of unfair tests or requirements to vote. For example, In the southern United States before and during the civil rights movement, white southerners used many methods to prevent minorities from voting. These included literacy tests, a poll tax, and if all else failed intimidation by threats of violence. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 put a stop to literacy tests and any other methods of preventing people from voting.[53] Excluding convicted from voting and re-including them only on case-by-case decisions by State Governors, as is the case in numereous U.S. states, can lead to voter suppression and can induce biaised voting, as there can be a class biais in the state's decision.
Differing methods of measuring voter turnout can contribute to reported differences between nations. There are difficulties in measuring both the numerator, the number of voters who cast votes, and the denominator, the number of voters eligible to vote.
For the numerator, it is often assumed that the number of voters who went to the polls should equal the number of ballots cast, which in turn should equal the number of votes counted, but this is not the case. Not all voters who arrive at the polls necessarily cast ballots. Some may be turned away because they are ineligible, some may be turned away improperly, and some who sign the voting register may not actually cast ballots. Furthermore, voters who do cast ballots may abstain, deliberately voting for nobody, or they may spoil their votes, either accidentally or as an act of protest.
In the United States, it has been common to report turnout as the sum of votes for the top race on the ballot, because not all jurisdictions report the actual number of people who went to the polls nor the number of undervotes or overvotes.[54] Overvote rates of around 0.3 percent are typical of well-run elections, but in Gadsden County Florida, the overvote rate was 11 percent in November 2000.[55]
For the denominator, it is often assumed that the number of eligible voters was well defined, but again, this is not the case. In the United States, for example, there is no accurate registry of exactly who is eligible to vote, since only about 70–75% of people choose to register themselves.[56] Thus, turnout has to be calculated based on population estimates. Some political scientists have argued that these measures do not properly account for the large number of illegal aliens, disenfranchised felons and persons who are considered 'mentally incompetent' in the United States, and that American voter turnout is higher than is normally reported.[57] Professor Michael P. McDonald constructed an estimation of the turnout against the 'voting eligible population' (VEP), instead of the 'voting age population' (VAP). For the American presidential elections of 2004, turnout could then be expressed as 60.32% of VEP, rather than 55.27% of VAP.[dead link][58]
In New Zealand, registration is supposed to be universal. This does not eliminate uncertainty in the eligible population because this system has been shown to be unreliable, with a large number of eligible but unregistered citizens, creating inflated turnout figures.[59]
A second problem with turnout measurements lies in the way turnout is computed. One can count the number of voters, or one can count the number of ballots, and in a vote-for-one race, one can sum the number of votes for each candidate. These are not necessarily identical because not all voters who sign in at the polls necessarily cast ballots, although they ought to, and because voters may cast spoil their votes. In the United States, it has been common to report turnout as the sum of votes for the top race on the ballot, because not all jurisdictions report the actual number of people who went to the polls nor the number of undervotes or overvotes.[54] Overvote rates of around 0.3 percent are typical of well-run elections, but in Gadsden County Florida, the overvote rate was 11 percent in November 2000.[55]
Over the last 40 years, voter turnout has been steadily declining in the established democracies.[1] This trend has been significant in the United States, Western Europe, Japan and Latin America. It has been a matter of concern and controversy among political scientists for several decades. During this same period, other forms of political participation have also declined, such as voluntary participation in political parties and the attendance of observers at town meetings. The decline in voting has also accompanied a general decline in civic participation, such as church attendance, membership in professional, fraternal, and student societies, youth groups, and parent-teacher associations.[60] At the same time, some forms of participation have increased. People have become far more likely to participate in boycotts, demonstrations, and to donate to political campaigns.[61]
Before the late 20th century, suffrage — the right to vote — was so limited in most nations that turnout figures have little relevance to today. One exception was the United States, which had near universal white male suffrage by 1840. The U.S. saw a steady rise in voter turnout during the century, reaching its peak in the years after the Civil War. Turnout declined from the 1890s until the 1930s, then increased again until 1960 before beginning its current long decline.[62] In Europe, voter turnouts steadily increased from the introduction of universal suffrage before peaking in the mid to late 1960s, with modest declines since then. These declines have been smaller than those in the United States, and in some European countries turnout have remained stable and even slightly increased. Globally, voter turnout has decreased by about five percentage points over the last four decades.[63]
Many causes have been proposed for this decline; a combination of factors is most likely. When asked why they do not vote, many people report that they have too little free time. However, over the last several decades, studies have consistently shown that the amount of leisure time has not decreased.[citation needed] The perception that one is busier is common, and might be just as important as a real decrease in leisure time. Geographic mobility has increased over the last few decades. There are often barriers to voting in a district where one is a recent arrival, and a new arrival is likely to know little about the local candidate and local issues. Francis Fukuyama has blamed the welfare state, arguing that the decrease in turnout has come shortly after the government became far more involved in people's lives. He argues in Trust: The Social Virtues and The Creation of Prosperity that the social capital essential to high voter turnouts is easily dissipated by government actions. However, on an international level those states with the most extensive social programs tend to be the ones with the highest turnouts. Richard Sclove argues, in Democracy and Technology, that technological developments in society such as "automobilization," suburban living, and "an explosive proliferation of home entertainment devices" have contributed to a loss of community, which in turn has weakened participation in civic life.[64][not specific enough to verify]
Trust in government and in politicians has decreased in many nations. However, the first signs of decreasing voter turnout occurred in the early 1960s, which was before the major upheavals of the late 1960s and 1970s. Robert D. Putnam argues that the collapse in civil engagement is due to the introduction of television. In the 1950s and 1960s television quickly became the main leisure activity in developed nations. It replaced earlier more social entertainments such as bridge clubs, church groups, and bowling leagues. Putnam argues that as people retreated within their homes and general social participation declined so too did voting.[65] Rosenstone and Hansen contend that the decline in turnout is the product of a change in campaigning strategies as a result of the so-called new media. Before the introduction of television, almost all of a party's resources would be directed towards intensive local campaigning and get out the vote initiatives. In the modern era, these resources have been redirected to expensive media campaigns in which the potential voter is a passive participant.[66] During the same period, negative campaigning has become ubiquitous in the United States and elsewhere. Attack ads and smear campaigns give voters a negative impression of the entire political process. The evidence for this is mixed: elections involving highly unpopular incumbents generally have high turnout; some studies have found that mudslinging and character attacks reduce turnout, but that substantive attacks on a party's record can increase it.[67]
The decline in voter turnout is almost wholly concentrated among non-seniors.[citation needed] Those who began voting prior to 1960 maintain the same high turnout rates of that era. For each subsequent generation, starting with the one that came of age in the 1960s, turnout has steadily declined. Recent programs to increase the rates of voting among young people—such as MTV's "Rock the Vote" and the "Vote or Die" initiatives in the United States—may have marginally increased turnouts of those between the ages of 18 and 25 to vote.[not in citation given][68] On a related note, the 2004 American election saw young adults vote in greater numbers since any election where 18-year-olds were eligible to vote, a statistic Michael Moore claims may have been driven by his Slacker Uprising 2004 tour.[69] A number of governments and electoral commissions have also launched efforts to boost turnout. For instance Elections Canada has launched mass media campaigns to encourage voting prior to elections, as have bodies in Taiwan and the United Kingdom.
Much of the above analysis is predicated on voter turnout as measured as a percentage of the voting-age population. In a 2001 article in the American Political Science Review, Michael McDonald and Samuel Popkin argued, that at least in the United States, voter turnout since 1972 has not actually declined when calculated for those eligible to vote, what they term the voting-eligible population.[70] In 1972, noncitizens and ineligible felons (depending on state law) constituted about 2% of the voting-age population. By 2004, ineligible voters constituted nearly 10%. Ineligible voters are not evenly distributed across the country - 20% of California's voting-age population is ineligible to vote - which confounds comparisons of states. Furthermore, they argue that an examination of the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey shows that turnout is low but not declining among the youth, when the high youth turnout of 1972 (the first year 18–20 year olds were eligible to vote in most states) is removed from the trendline.
alphabetical by title and work
Toutes les traductions de Voter turnout
Contenu de sensagent
dictionnaire et traducteur pour sites web
Une fenêtre (pop-into) d'information (contenu principal de Sensagent) est invoquée un double-clic sur n'importe quel mot de votre page web. LA fenêtre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles, c'est-à-dire sans obliger votre visiteur à quitter votre page web !
Solution commerce électronique
Augmenter le contenu de votre site
Ajouter de nouveaux contenus Add à votre site depuis Sensagent par XML.
Parcourir les produits et les annonces
Obtenir des informations en XML pour filtrer le meilleur contenu.
Indexer des images et définir des méta-données
Fixer la signification de chaque méta-donnée (multilingue).
Renseignements suite à un email de description de votre projet.
Jeux de lettres
Les jeux de lettre français sont :
○ Anagrammes
○ jokers, mots-croisés
○ Lettris
○ Boggle.
Lettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de Tetris. Chaque lettre qui apparaît descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment (gauche, droit, haut et bas) et que de la place soit libérée.
Il s'agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres. Il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases. Les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs. Participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! Jouer
Dictionnaire de la langue française
Principales Références
La plupart des définitions du français sont proposées par SenseGates et comportent un approfondissement avec Littré et plusieurs auteurs techniques spécialisés.
Le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout dérivé du dictionnaire intégral (TID).
L'encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence Wikipedia (GNU).
Les jeux de lettres anagramme, mot-croisé, joker, Lettris et Boggle sont proposés par Memodata.
Le service web Alexandria est motorisé par Memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur Ebay.
Changer la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions.
Astuce: parcourir les champs sémantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent.
calculé en 0,094s


text:
Did you know that you can make money from your videos? I'm not talking about high-end professionally created videos. I'm talking your everyday smartphone videos, from capturing a rainstorm to your pet fails, to your heartwarming moments or your kids just being funny!
I made £23.23 from just a 15 second long video of my sons playing in the kitchen! 15 SECONDS!!!!
We've all heard of YouTube – however, there are many other platforms that can offer a lot more money for your videos by distributing to media organisations and TV productions. If you've got some great videos stuck on your phone, it's time to start sharing!
Choosing a platform
My choice in platform has been Newsflare, a marketplace for all sorts of videos. My friend Sian from LittleMissFrugal used to work there and was the first to recommend the friendly team to me!
Newsflare has a large number of buyers from news organisations, online publishers, TV production companies and brands. Such organisations include The Weather Channel, The Daily Mail, ITV news, NBC and more.
You can see from the image above, my own 15 second video sold straight away to Microsoft, Liveleak, AOL and Associated Press!
When a buyer is interested in a video they purchase a license to publish it. This license fee is then split between you the member and Newsflare. You always remain the owner of the video and can request its removal from the platform at any time.
Others in the market are Jukin Media, StoryFul and ViralHog – however, most operate a closed platform meaning they will contact you if you have a newsworthy video whereas Newsflare is open for anyone to start uploading!
What makes a great video?
If you've ever captured a video which makes your friends say:'Aww, Oh my God or What the hell?!"' then there is a good chance that you can make money from it!
The best-selling videos are those that have a compelling moment, whether it's shocking or laughter, you'll be surprised at what can sell! For example, people love to watch babies falling asleep eating, Britain's wild weather moments or just cat and dog fails!
If you're stuck for inspiration, you can also check out the video briefs or even the trending videos for an idea of what Newsflare are looking for.
With my first video, it was around the time of the last Winter Olympics and that was the hook for my little 15 second movie made in my kitchen. You can view it here.
How to get started?
- Sign up for free to create an account to earn money for your videos.
- Go through the steps to verify your account – this helps the team know that you're a trusted member.
- Add in your PayPal details to ensure you get paid!
- Check your smartphone for any videos that may be worth uploading and get started!
How much can you earn?
The amount you earn is never going to be guaranteed, it really depends on how compelling the video is and the demand from the buyers.
My friend Sian has earned over £2000 in the last two years from her videos – some of which are surprisingly not what she would have considered compelling!
Making money from uploading videos is really a long game, Sian has had sales months down the line and it is always a nice welcome surprise when you get the congratulatory email!
The best thing to do is sign up and give it a go!
They even have a handy mobile phone app you can upload directly too!
TOP TIP: Visit Newsflare's video briefs for up-to-date requests of what videos the buyers are wanting and look out for the ones for TV productions!
Disclosure – this was a post written in collaboration with Sian from LittleMissFrugal. Although no fee was exchanged, this post does include my referral link to join Newsflare.
If you click through and use Newsflare, they will give me and you £10 each when you make your first sale.
Check out more ways to make money with your family.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
celeriac sushi rice
celeriac, declared the ugly ducking of the veggie world, easily becomes a beautiful wheat, gluten and grain free sticky sushi rice. found in the same family as the turnip and potato, celeriac is a low starch cousin of the starchy winter root vegetables. it is a great alternative to its more starchy family members. this ugly duckling is high in both potassium and soluble fiber, which may help lower blood pressure while reducing the amount of cholesterol found in the blood respectively. pungent, crunchy and rumored to taste better the more beastly it looks, let celeriac be the way your nori rolls.
celeriac sushi rice
3 cups celeriac, peeled and chopped (typically, 1 large or 2 medium celeriac)
1 tablespoon apple cider vinegar
1 teaspoon sea salt
1 teaspoon active manuka honey (or sticky sweetener of your choice)
1. place celeriac, apple cider vinegar and sea salt in food processor. run until rice-like mixture forms, 20-40 seconds.
2. place mixture in bowl and stir in sticky sweetener. reserve in a glass jar in the refrigerator for up to one week.


text:
Mighty Mouse [weighted] Pincushion
You will need:
(1) 6 inch charm square [I used Anna Maria Horner 'Field Study – Spotted in the Crowd Amelia']
(2) beads or buttons for eyes
(2) 1 inch x 2 inch [approx – adjust to how big you want them to be] felt rectangles for ears
(1) 6.5" piece of cord (or yarn) for tail
Needle and black thread
Polyfil toy stuffing
1. Fold square diagonally, right sides together to make a triangle.
2. Sew along one open edge using small stitches, backstitching at the beginning and the end.
3. Clip corner near stitches and turn so right side out, making sure to use a pencil or chopstick to ensure a tidy point (the nose of the mouse).
4. Trim off corner (you can trim right to the opposite edge if you want to make a better cone).
5. Press a hem around the open edge.
6. Baste stitch along this hemmed edge using strong thread (or doubled up thread).
7. Gather thread so the opening is cinched slightly and add stuffing, making sure it goes into pointed nose.
8. Cinch more and add stone if desired (helps keep the mouse upright on an angle).
9. Cinch closed and secure thread. Sew tail to the bottom near the closure. Stitch felt over this area if you feel the cinched area is untidy or not closed tight.
10. For the whiskers on the nose, thread three pieces of black thread through near the nose tip and tie each side with a knot close to the body to secure.
11. Add beads or buttons for eyes. French knots would work as well.
12. For the ears, take the felt pieces and trim the corners off so you have semi-circular tops. Pinch the bottom of one ear together so the ear has some dimension and stitch these gathers in place. Now stitch to the body of mouse. Repeat.
14. Adjust the stone in the bottom to get the desired angle of your mouse.
15. Now you have a weighted mouse pin cushion!! Enjoy!


text:
No products in the cart.
Every Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) is both proud and humbled in his / her work...
Username or email address *
Password *
Remember me Log in
Lost your password?
Username *
Email address *
Your personal data will be used to support your experience throughout this website, to manage access to your account, and for other purposes described in our privacy policy.


text:
LAS VEGAS — AfterShokz will add to its headphones lineup during International CES at booth 26522 in the South Hall.
The company's open-ear headphones feature its patent-pending bone-conduction technology, meant to let users stay better aware of their surroundings while listening to music, the company said.
The Bluez Bluetooth headphones rest in front of the ear and use the bone-conduction technology to transmit sound through the listener's cheekbones to the inner ear, bypassing the eardrum completely and keeping both ears open, the company said.
They feature an ergonomic one-piece wraparound headband that has an adjustable and removable inner tension band meant to comfortably accommodate a range of head sizes.
Other features include a make/take call button on the right transducer and a pause/advance button on the left transducer. They are currently available for an $89.99 suggested retail.
AfterShokz is also showing its first sport headphones with the Sportz M2 model. Features include the bone-conduction technology, a wraparound headband, a reflective strip along the back, an in-line control box that is said to be 30 percent smaller and lighter than the company's first generation design, and sweat and water resistance. They are currently available for a $79.95 suggested retail.


text:
I spent a wonderful weekend of songs, stories and laughter in Kells at the Hay Festival Kells.
The heritage town was filled with writers, musicians and artists, including Hanif Kureishi. We strolled around town together, discussing the Book of Kells, medieval round towers, Brehon laws, and Cromwell. I don't have many claims to fame, but I can now say that I explained the origin of the term Beyond the Pale to Hanif Kureishi.
We also talked about Brexit (it was the day after the result). He's distraught. "When are you heading back to London?" I asked him. "We might just stay here," he responded, only half-jokingly, I think.
Did you know that pole-vaulting was invented in Kells?
Or that under the Brehon code divorces were public affairs, with the couple standing on two mounds, facing each other and airing their grievances in front of a crowd before husband and wife turned their back on each other and walked away?
Those two facts are unrelated, by the way.
In the run-up to the Festival I interviewed poet Patrick Deeley about his wonderful memoir, The Hurley Maker's Son. He gave a fantastic reading from the book, peppering it with anecdotes and asides, all delivered with a giddy, infectious enthusiasm and tremendous warmth, and was as delightful in person as he was on the telephone.
He was also very grateful for the interview: he'd promised to buy me a pint.
I am happy to report that Patrick Deeley is a man who keeps his promises.
I had hoped to catch The Lost Brothers in concert but unfortunately missed them (see above), and it was one of those gigs that everyone was talking about on Sunday morning as one of the best I've ever seen. The duo are on tour with Glen Hansard in Europe now.
Another highlight was getting to meet the brilliant, hilarious, scarily-talented Jax Miller. Because there were so many events at Hay, several readings happened simultaneously. Jax was reading from her thriller, Freedom's Child at the same time as Eleanor Fitzsimons was discussing her book, Wilde's Women. Jax was talking about bikers, meth, and hookers, and hurling f-bombs from the podium. A woman of a certain age arrived late and listened for a few minutes before she realised she was in the wrong room and loudly pronounced 'This isn't Oscar Wilde!'
Zlata Filipović would probably prefer if you would stop referring to her as 'the Anne Frank of Sarajevo' (not least because she actually survived the Balkan siege). More than twenty years after her diary put a human face on the siege of Sarajevo, Zlata spoke with remarkable frankness and a great deal of humour about the hardships her family endured.
Speaking with Zlata about putting a human face on tragedy reminded me of the Kells Type Trail, art installations that are a celebration of typography. One of the installations is a tribute to Alan Kurdi, the toddler who drowned while fleeing Syria.
The last event that I attended before hopping on the bus back to Dublin was Mike McCormack reading from Solar Bones, a novel set in Mayo, a place that can seem "a penitential enclave" with its proliferation of shrines, hermitudes and penitential houses.
My scribbled notes from the talk include mention of a woman granted license by the Vatican to live as a hermit, and who later emerged from her hermitude confirming that "Hell is real, and it's not empty."
Afterwards, I asked him if there really is a resurgence in Irish literature. "I don't know if there's a causal link between the resurgence of Irish editors and the resurgence in experimental writing," he said. "I'm not sure if there's a link there, or if it's just a coincidence. You're the journalist, you figure it out!"
For a so-called writer and journalist, you'd think I'd have a pen to hand always, so I have to thank Lisa Coen from Tramp Press for lending me one so Mike could sign my copy of his book.
Historically, hospitality was highly important under the Brehon Law, and its spirit is alive and well in Kells. Thank you to everyone at the Hay Festival Kells, The Kells Experience and Teach Cuailgne for their warm welcome.


text:
Nearly $200 million that could help charities serving coronavirus victims is instead sitting in dormant campaign war chests of former politicians who have either retired or no longer have any imminent campaign, according to an NBCLX review.
Now, one prominent former U.S. senator wants his fellow "zombie campaigners" to put that money to good use by helping Americans in a desperate time.
Former U.S. Ambassador and Sen. Max Baucus, D-Mont., pledged $25,000 for Montana food banks and a relief fund for out-of-work restaurant employees. He's been joined by other former lawmakers, such as former Congressman Mark Foley, R-Fla., and Sen. Joe Donnelly, D-Ind., in donating to charities aiding those impacted by the coronavirus crisis.
"I'd like to challenge every other former member of Congress & Senate who has campaign funds leftover to do the same," Baucus said. "It's a good opportunity for members of Congress, who ran for those jobs because they wanted to serve people – and here's another way for them to continue to serve people."
NBCLX identified hundreds of former federal office-holders and candidates who are no longer campaigning but have carried nearly $200 million in old campaign donations with them into their political afterlives – in some cases, for decades after leaving office.
Federal law gives politicians three options for leftover campaign cash when their campaign days are over: return funds to donors, transfer to other political committees, or donate to IRS-recognized nonprofits in America.
But while many politicians close their campaign accounts when they retire, others choose to exploit a legal loophole to keep the campaigns open indefinitely. A 2018 investigation by the Tampa Bay Times and TEGNA television stations exposed how many of the former lawmakers found a way to convert their leftover funds into fancy meals, posh travel, and paychecks for family members.
Others, such as former Rep. Joseph Kennedy II, D-Mass., have kept their robust war chests open but mostly idle for more than 20 years. Kennedy reported $2.6 million cash-on-hand at the end of March 2020, but – aside from a handful of small political contributions – no donations to any nonprofit in at least a decade. His campaign responded to NBCLX with "no comment" this week.
NBCLX reached out to more than 50 other dormant campaigns that each had more than $200,000 in the bank, to see which former lawmakers would commit funds back to the communities that sent them to Washington in the first place. Charities that provide food, counseling and protection for families in need have indicated an unprecedented demand on their resources.
Foley, who has more than $1 million left in his campaign fund after resigning abruptly amid scandal in 2006, began cutting $10,000 checks to local nonprofits in March and says he'll continue to do so.
"I am very fortunate to have these funds," Foley said in an email, "(and) it's wonderful to know I can help humanity at this perilous time...I am also investigating nursing scholarships and other critical groups that are involved in the local charities."
Former Sen. Donnelly also committed to donating $30,000 from his old campaign account to Indiana food banks, restaurant worker aid funds, and a medical worker/first-responder aid fund after he was contacted by NBCLX this week.
"The people of Indiana were so kind as to give me the chance to be their senator and I donated to food banks during the time I was in the Senate," Donnelly told NBCLX. "So I want to do that again so everyone in our state has a full stomach in this time of need."
Yet the overwhelming majority of the 50-plus campaigns contacted by NBCLX did not respond to the outreach, or would not commit to making any coronavirus-related contributions from their leftover principal campaign funds.
Some campaigns responded that their candidates were holding on to their large war chests for potential future campaign runs, including the Democratic mayor of Englewood, N.J., Michael Wildes ($804K on-hand), and potential California Democratic candidate Joe Simitian ($442K on-hand). A representative for Congressman Jim Moran, D-Va., said his $132,000 sitting in the bank for the last five years is earmarked for 2020 political purposes.
Other campaigns responded that they had previously committed their leftover funds for other nonprofits, including those of former Sen. Bill Nelson, D-Fla., former Sen. Johnny Isakson, R-Ga., former Congressman Trey Gowdy, R-S.C., and the late Speaker of the House Tom Foley, D-Wash.
A representative for Franken, who has more than $2.6 million left over after he resigned his seat in 2018, defended the former senator's lack of campaign spending by pointing to a $25,000 donation he made from a different political action committee and other charitable efforts.
Bachmann, another prominent former member of Congress from Minnesota, defended her lack of charitable spending with a statement pointing to a $25,000 donation last year to the nonprofit Family Research Council, a right-wing Washington D.C.-based think tank dedicated to "promoting and defending traditional American values." There is no evidence the group has done any work for families impacted by the recent crisis, and the nonprofit donation was the only one Bachmann's reported in the five years since leaving office. She has $1.6 million cash-on-hand.
On Thursday, some former candidates and officeholders contacted by LX said they would now donate campaign funds, including one-time congressional candidate Eric Lynn (D-Fla.), longtime Congressman Jerry Costello (D-Ill.) and one-term Congressman Ruben Kihuen (D-Nev.), who pledged funds to a local food bank, domestic violence shelter, Culinary Workers Union relief fund, and nonprofits that assist undocumented immigrants.
"Nevada was born in the midst of one of our country's darkest moments, and we rose from those depths to greatness. I know that together we will rise once again," Kihuen said.
Additionally, the campaign of the late Elijah Cummings (D-Md.) donated the final $576,000 in its account this week to three charities: the Morgan St. University Foundation, the Howard University Foundation, and the Elijah Cummings Youth Program.
The funds were all disbursed within six months of the Congressman's death. Yet several other former members of Congress, who passed away years ago, still have active campaign accounts open and operating.
The FEC began reviewing dormant campaign spending for the first time in 2018, following the Times/TEGNA investigative series. But large loopholes in the law combined with a lack of enforcement have allowed questionable behavior to continue, including putting family members on the campaign payroll and subsidizing lobbying activities.
"Campaign funds are supposed to be used to support a public official's duties while in office," said Maggie Christ with Washington watchdog group the Campaign Legal Center. "They should not be able to be used to support a candidate's post-office lifestyle."
Subscribe to NBC LX videos on YouTube and follow @NBCLX on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook.
Noah Pransky reports on national politics for LX. Previously, he covered politics and investigations in Florida for 14 years and was a recipient of the 2019 Walter Cronkite Awards for Excellence in Television Political Journalism.


text:
O.J. Simpson Plays the Race Card, Loses
Before being found guilty of kidnapping and assault with a deadly weapon, O.J. Simpson spent his three week trial in Nevada complaining to friends and associates that he's a victim of racism. If only the Dream Team had still been around to defend him! If only Johnny Cochran wasn't dead! If only you hadn't stormed a seedy hotel room with a gang of armed thugs to get some stupid old trinkets! "This is really depressing," O.J. told an associate. "I feel like I'm back in the '50s—a black man in a white justice system. The judge is helping the prosecution as much as she can. I only hope one juror does the right thing." [P6]


text:
One of the best ways to find out which college is the right fit for you is to take a tour. Most tours are student led, so you'll see the college from the viewpoint of someone who was recently in your shoes and now knows the ropes.
Wisconsin's private, nonprofit colleges offer many opportunities for high school students to visit campus with their families throughout the year. When you schedule your visit, ask about the possibility to meet with a financial aid representative, sports coach, or other individual on campus who can answer your questions and help you get all of the information you need to feel confident in your college decision.
Categories: Counselors, Our Colleges, Student Resources, Visit


text:
"A square is a rectangle, but a rectangle is not necessarily a square." My fourth grade math teacher calmly repeated this phrase as we all murmured that the statement didn't make sense. It took a few days for the idea to sink in to us all, and it left a memorable impression on me.
When people ask what the difference is between a Credit Manager and a Collector, I can't help but smile and think back to that class period in the fourth grade. So here it comes:
A Credit Manager is a Collector, but a Collector is not necessarily a Credit Manager.
Confused? Let's explain this one out.
Let's say we have a team of Collectors. These people all will use the Collections Management module, send out emails, and make phone calls:
Each of these people will be assigned a Collector ID in Collections Management. They can create new notes and queries, and have tasks assigned to them.
That's all you really need at an absolute minimum. Everyone can create tasks, assign them, and use the product to its fullest. But this can become tricky. With everyone contacting customers independently, what happens when some of your accounts fall severely behind? Who takes charge to correct this? Put another way, at the end of the day, which Collector can say "The buck stops here"?
Enter Credit Managers. Credit Managers are just like any other Collector. They have a Collector ID, can make notes, tasks, etc. The only real difference is that the Credit Manager is the primary Collector assigned to a customer account.
You set the Credit Manager in the Customer Information window (Sales pane —> Cards —> Customer Info).
Once set, you will see them listed on the Collection Main window. Essentially, the Credit Manager is the primary Collector responsible for this customer account.
Whenever Collection Plans are run, unless otherwise specified, the Collection Actions will always be assigned to the Credit Manager. So if a Collection Plan step says to make a phone call, that phone call tasks will show up in the Collection tasks of the Credit Manager assigned to the customer account..
Of course, any Collector can take action on the account if they don't have any type restricted security. So even if a Credit Manager was out for the day, another Collector could step in and do the tasks for them instead.
So that's basically all there is to it! A Credit Manager is just another name for "Primary Collector responsible for this Customer".
My fourth grade teacher would be proud.
A Credit Manager is a Collector, but a Collector is not necessarily a Credit Manager.


text:
Only well-targeted passing, good ball control, keeping to the running paths and a successful duel will make a goal possible at the end of this sequence. The small start markers for two groups make sure that players come towards the pass and make controlling the ball more difficult.
There are lots of things that may not work, but I'm sure your team can do it.
Form three groups. The first group stands at a small marker, far away from the goal, on the right-hand side of the field. In this group, every player has a ball. The second group is positioned, also on a small marker, vertically opposite. We have built cone goalposts a little bit away from this group. The third group stands on the left side of the field; they move horizontally to the goal. This group is also posted at a small marker. The goalposts should be directly in front of them.
The players who start the sequence are those from the group with balls. The sequence begins with a pass to the cone goalposts on the opposite side. The first player in front of the goal starts towards the ball and - after controlling the ball for a short time - passes to a player on the other side of the field, who has started towards the ball by this time. The last passer then becomes a defender and the last receiver becomes an offender, who goes against the defender one-on-one.
After this sequence, the starting player changes to the group at the goal, the attacker retrieves the ball (not as lazily as in the animation) and switches to the ball group. The defender joins the group on the left side of the field.
- Direct passing only
- Repeat from the other side
- Encourage aggressive defence
- Mix the distances up
Category: Advanced training, children's training, youth training, seniors
Minimum group size: 4, one goalkeeper
Maximum group size: 6, one goalkeeper
Materials required: Enough balls, four cone markers, three small markers, one goal
Field size: According to group's ability


text:
Toyota Prius Owners Manual
Floor matOPERATION OF INSTRUMENTS ANDCONTROLS / Other equipment / Floor mat
Use a floor mat of the correct size.
If the vehicle carpet and floor mat have2 holes, then they are designed for usewith locking clips. Attach the floor mat tothe vehicle carpet using the clips. Lockthe clips into the holes in the vehiclecarpet.
Make sure the floor mat is properlyplaced on the vehicle carpet. If thefloor mat slips and interferes with themovement of the pedals during driving,it may cause an accident.
© 2022 www.mytoyo.com. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Little analytical acumen is needed to grasp that a Palestinian state will comprise a multi-dimensional threat to Israel. Whether one considers height, width, length, or depth, such a state would entail existential dangers for Israel "It is difficult to imagine any other issue for which the international media have been …Read More »
Press release: Oslo Accords Anniversary, Fatah Praises "Intifada" Calls for "Resistance"
Press release – On Anniversary of Oslo Accords, Abbas' Fatah Praises "Intifada," Calls for "Resistance" Mahmoud Abbas' Fatah party, the dominant faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization and Palestinian Authority, marked the 27th anniversary of the Oslo Accords on Sunday by praising intifada and calling for resistance. "We are inspired …Read More »
From Israel: It's True What They Say about the Devil!!
As promised, this is my follow-up posting on the "Deal of the Century." I think it likely that there will be a follow-up #2, at some point. The situation is highly complex and still in flux. In fact, the further the situation is exposed, the more complex it seems – …Read More »
Into the fray: "Palestine" – Time to say "No!"
The two-state paradigm's deadly detriments are now so glaringly apparent that it is becoming increasingly difficult to reconcile calls for Palestinian statehood with genuine concern for the well-being of the Jewish nation-state. Ladies and gentlemen, when the Palestinians say "two states" they do not mean what we mean—Maj-Gen. (res.) …Read More »
Trump Rejects UN and UNESCO's Fictitious Palestinian State.
President Trump's National Security Adviser – John Bolton – has exposed the fiction that there is a legally-constituted "State of Palestine" – shredding United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and United Nations (UN) resolutions misleadingly recognising such a state when none – in fact – exists. Bolton was …Read More »
Into the Fray: Obsessing over Oslo – Einat Wilf in "The Atlantic".
Wilf seems oblivious to "pesky details" such as the murderous terror unleashed by the Palestinians, their Judaeophobic indoctrination and Judaeocidal incitement, as "grand obstacles to peace" Hear this, O foolish and senseless people, who have eyes, but see not, who have ears, but hear not – Jeremiah 5:21 There Are …Read More »
INTO THE FRAY: A Palestinian State? What could possibly go wrong?
There is precious little reason to believe that any Palestinian state established in areas evacuated by Israel would not swiftly degenerate into a mega-Gaza overlooking greater Tel Aviv. The nightmare stories of the Likud are well known. After all, they promised rockets from Gaza as well. For a year, Gaza …Read More »
From Israel: For Real?
On November 11, the New York Times put out a report saying that the Trump team was now starting to put together a Middle East "peace plan." The immediate gut response to this in many quarters was simply to wonder what the team could be thinking. This was immediately followed …Read More »
From Israel: Balfour Declaration: Speak Out!
Thursday is Balfour Day: Marking 100 years since British Foreign Secretary Lord Walter Balfour wrote a letter on behalf of the British government to Lord Walter Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain. "His Majesty's Government view with favor the …Read More »
NSW Labor's Faustian pact.
In choosing politics over principle, the NSW branch of the Australian Labor Party has moved further down the treacherous path laid out by Bob Carr and his ilk. That path is contrary to the interests of peace for the people of the Middle East and to the values of freedom and …Read More »
Why I Hate That Bibi Raised The Issue Of A Population Exchange
I am not talking here about the merits or lack thereof of the proposal itself — but of its context. Supposedly big news coming out of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's office in the form of a "leaked" phone call with USA President Trump. Bibi is now supporting an idea floated …Read More »
Into The Fray: What now?
Persisting with its declared willingness to establish a Palestinian state while being unable to make the perilous concessions this calls for, makes Israel looks disingenuous and devious. Al-Aksa [Mosque on the Temple Mount] is ours… they [the Jews] have no right to defile it with their filthy feet. We will …Read More »
Considering a Failed Palestinian State.
Failed Countries. On July 9, 2011, the world welcomed a new country, South Sudan, which separated from Sudan. South Sudan rapidly became a failed state, one in which the central government lost the ability to control the security and economy of the country. Failed states suffer from many terrible and …Read More »
From The Desk of Dr Ron Weiser AM.
Well, we are off to Israel next week for the meetings of the Jewish Agency and it will be great to be back there. When discussing matters pertaining to Israel one of the challenges is how to differentiate between rhetoric and reality. In a nutshell, broad based opinion in Israel, …Read More »
A "Viable" Palestinian State.
Summary: Pundits parrot Palestinian propaganda and state that Jews living in homes on the west bank of the Jordan River (WBJR) threaten the viability of a Palestinian state, Jodi Roduren of the Times being the latest. As Shakespeare wrote "The lady doth protest too much, methinks." The New York Times' …Read More »
Palestinian Response to Israeli Election Results.
Palestinian Arabs are not joining in the celebrations, perhaps because no Jews were killed in the process? Israelis have spoken- they want more Bibi. Despite all the efforts of the liberal Israeli media, and regardless of President Obama's whining about Netanyahu's speech to Congress and the subsequent Israeli fear of …Read More »
Arlene from Israel – Without Recourse
It should be, even in our less than perfect world, that international courts were bastions of ethical judgment and impartiality. OK, maybe that's expecting too much. Shall we say, just institutions that model some degree of ethical judgment and impartiality. But even this is expecting too much in today's climate …Read More »
Palestinians are "Desperate" for…
On January 1, 2015, the New York Times editorial page led with a piece titled "The Palestinians Desperation Move." The opinion piece advanced the case that acting Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas must be frustrated in his mission to create a new Palestinian State. …Creating a State? Desperate people take …Read More »
Arlene from Israel – A Somber View.
A Somber View Very somber, my friends. The situation in the world is not worrisome – it's terrifying. Consider: In an interview with NPR, President Obama said that Iran could become a "very successful regional power" if it agrees to a nuclear deal. He said things must move slowly but he …Read More »
Arlene in Israel – This Way and That.
Some news a tad encouraging, and other news that's nothing short of infuriating. Sometimes it's hard to determine whether we have, on average, broken even. Doesn't look so here. ~~~~~~~~~~ But let's put that aside from a moment, and attend to first things first. It is Chanukah, and I want …Read More »


text:
Legislation and Policy Report
July 2009
WASHINGTON, D.C. – Congress returned after the July 4th District Work period and spent the month addressing FY2010 appropriations measures and health care reform. House members left the Capitol on July 31 for the summer recess while the Senate remained in session through August 7.
Appropriations and Budget – The House passes all 12 FY2010 appropriations bills and the Senate passes three.
Higher Education – Updates on student aid and reconciliation efforts.
Health Care Reform - Three House Committees come together to finalize legislation from their chamber, but the Senate continues to develop its version of the bill.
NASA – A new report from the National Research Council urges the agency to renew its commitment to advanced technology development.
Research – Recent developments on stem cell guidelines, animal testing, and comparative research.
Odds and Ends – Miscellaneous items of interest.
Comings and Goings – Appointments, resignations, deaths.
Members of the General Assembly went home to their districts in mid-July for a summer recess and will return after Labor Day for the fall session.
FY2010-2011 Biennial Operating Budget – The Governor and General Assembly agree on a final budget bill, with the Governor exercising his authority to line-item veto 61 items in the legislation.
Other States – Arizona moves forward with a constitutional amendment ballot initiative to ban affirmative action at public colleges/universities.
Comings and Goings – Appointments, resignations, deaths.
LOCALLY... An update on Cuyahoga County government reform.
Sources of information for this report include the Association of American Universities, American Institute of Physics, the Chronicle of Higher Education, the Association of Independent Colleges and Universities of Ohio's updates and reports, newspapers, political and legislative wire services, and others.


text:
Experience the incredible pop culture art of Mondo, beloved by fans and iconic filmmakers alike.
Based in Austin, Texas, Mondo is an art gallery and online store devoted to the love of film, art, music, and collectibles. Over the years, the company has received global recognition for its incredible art posters that bring to life classic films, TV shows, and comics in a refreshing and utterly striking new way, offering a unique perspective on everything from Star Wars to Robocop, Back to the Future, Jurassic Park, Game of Thrones, Godzilla, Kill Bill, and many, many more.
For the first time, The Art of Mondo will bring together this much sought-after art in one deluxe volume that showcases the incredible ingenuity of the studio's diverse stable of artists whose vastly different styles are united by one guiding principle: limitless passion for their subject matter.
Adored by the creative talents to whom Mondo's art pays tribute—including Paul Thomas Anderson, Guillermo del Toro, Zack Snyder, Quentin Tarantino, and Edgar Wright, to name but a few—this richly imaginative work is fueled by a love of pop culture that fans recognize and identify with, giving Mondo's output a rare and valuable synergy with its audience. While these posters are normally produced in a limited quantity and sell out in minutes, The Art of Mondo will allow fans to explore the studio's remarkable back catalog, including Olly Moss's iconic Star Wars trilogy work, Laurent Durieux's brilliantly subtle Jaws poster, and Tyler Stout's evocative Guardians of the Galaxy art. Other key Mondo artists such as Jock, Martin Ansin, and Aaron Horkey will also feature. Definitive, visually stunning, and filled with art that celebrates some of the biggest and best-loved properties in pop culture, The Art of Mondo will be the ultimate book for cult art fans everywhere.
The Art of Mondo will be published as a 304 page hardcover from Insight Editions on September 12, 2017.


text:
Open Digital 8
I've often complained that no one seems to make a proper indie movie camera anymore. There are phones with cameras and there are still cameras that can shoot movies and there are even "action cams" which can be mounted anywhere and take enormous abuse, but there doesn't seem to be a modern equivalent to the Panasonic DVX-100 or Canon XL-2 of the original digital filmmaking revolution. So I sat down and made a list of things I'd like if I were designing such a camera, and interestingly the list looked a lot like features of the Super8 cameras I've experimented with. I really loved shooting Super8, but it's just too expensive and time-consuming (in terms of shoot-edit-release) for my projects. However thinking about this reminded me of an effort in the early days of digital phototography to create a "digital film" that could be used to convert a film camera to digital. This got me thinking about applying the same idea to a Super8 film cartridge, and re-using Super8 cameras instead of building the entire thing from scratch. It turns out someone else thought of the same idea, and designed a very attractive version called "Nolab". However it doesn't appear to have actually been produced, so it may have just been a prototype or a design study. Regardless, there are a few things I think are important that the Nolab design doesn't address. First I want the design to be open (both hardware and software) so that it can be modified and improved by anyone without constraint. Second I want to use as much off-the-shelf tech as possible so that hackers and filmmakers with more time than money can build their own and access the technology. Third, I want anything that isn't a commodity part to be 3D printable so it can be re-created without a lot of special tools, materials, etc. Openness is very important to me, because I've owned a number of digital cameras whose hardware was capable of doing more than the factory software would allow. I've often wished I could customize the behavior of the camera to suit my shooting style and that's just not possible with proprietary hardware and software. I started out with some 3D modeling to attempt to re-create a Super8 film cartridge that I could use to see how much room there would be to work with. This would have been much easier if I had a film cartridge in hand. That not being the case, I took some measurements from the two Super8 cameras I have and iterated on the model a few times. After awhile I had something that seemed to fit in both cameras. The next step was to figure out what electronics I could cram in there. I started with a Raspbery Pi because I happened to have one along with the Raspberry Pi camera module, but it was immediately apparent that a regular Pi wasn't going to fit. I would have preferred to have used a Next Thing Co CHiP, but I'm not aware of a tightly-integrated camera module for the CHiP, so instead I decided to try a Raspberry Pi Zero W. While waiting for the new electronics I did a few basic tests with the Pi and camera I had on-hand. This revealed another problem. The film of a Super8 cartridge is off-center, so the camera's apreature is offset to match. Given the size of the Rapberry Pi camera module (and the fact that the lens is in the center of the module), it might not be possible to place the camera module in-line with the aperature as I originally imagined. Determining this for certain will require additional testing, but if it's not possible it might be necessary to use a mirror or prism to place the camera module at a 90 degree angle to the aperature. Another problem with using a Raspberry Pi is that it has no facility for charging or running from a battery. To address this I ordered a li-ion battery charger/power supply that will provide 5 vdc to power the Pi and camera board from a small li-ion battery I had on-hand. I think this will fit along with the Pi and camera module inside the printable film cartridge, but we'll know for sure once the parts arrive. At this point I have a good starting point for the printable case and a complete set of electronics for the project. Aside from waiting on parts, there's a few immediate problems to solve:
- How to get the camera module aligned with the Super8 camera aperature
- How to fit all of the electronics inside the film cartridge
- How to synchronize the digital camera frames with the frame rate and mechanical shutter of the Super8 camera Of course there are a lot of other problems to tackle but these are the ones I think need to be taken on next. I'm hoping to do a few more tests aligning the optical path while I'm waiting on parts so I can have a working plan to place the camera module when the hardware arrives. I'm also doing research on how the software side of driving the Raspberry Pi camera works to see how the GPIO could be used to synchronize the digital camera with the mechanical camera's timing. For the curious I'm posting the design files and code on Gitlab. There's not a lot there yet, but that will change as the experiments continue and the project begins to take more shape


text:
my little corner of the internet......hope you're all well & having a lovely weekend!
up & sort out! I've found a few things (as you do lol) that I've never used....some
Jo. I hope you are feeling a bit better? Nothing worse when you get flare ups as I seems to hit harder every time. Like you I have been trying to sort out my craft space, I seem to have got there at last. Take care. Hazel xxReplyDelete
Lovely candy Jo, thanks for the chance to win. Hope things are better today. Carol xReplyDelete
Yummy candy!!! Love to win this coordinating die set and gorgeous stamps!!!! Thanks for a chance to win! Hope all things sorted out and take care of your health!
Hugs and Crafty Wishes!
Hopefully your feeling better Jo....Great candy Jo ...thank you for giving us a chance to win...
Poor Jo, I hope you feel better soon, and don't worry about comments if you are unwell...
Thank you for the chance to win this lovely candy and will place on my side bare in a sec after I comment. I am always finding stash unused but always say 'one day' but never do....keep well..xx
The Journey is the Start
Hope you feel better soon, will pop you on my sidebar net, thanks for the chance,xxxxReplyDelete
Thank you so much for your comments on my card Jo - I really appreciate them. Also what a lovely Candy prize, I have added my link - thanks again.
Hugs to you Sue Pxxx
Sorry to hear you are having health issues - I've had a rough spring/summer myself - it has been slow going. Hope you are soon on the mend and feeling better. On a happy note, I am looking at your candy and I love everything! Very excited about it! I just added it to my sidebar for you. Feel better! Sending hugs and prayers.ReplyDelete
hi jo ... sorry you have been a bit poorly ... hope you are on the mend ... thank you for the chance to win your lovely candy ... have added you to my side bar ,... have a great rest of the weekend ... happy crafting and love sandy xxReplyDelete
sorry to hear your not feeling well....thank you so much for the chance to win some amazing candy....ReplyDelete
So sorry to hear you suffer with IBS as my mum was, so know what your going throught sweetie....
Fab candy Jo !!
hugs Diane xx
Hope you feel better soon and can get some mojo back. It is tough when you are not feeling well. Thanks for the chance to win you are now on my side bar.ReplyDelete
Thank you Jo for a chance to take part in your amazing candy giveaway........l hope your feeling better soon take card xxReplyDelete
I'm sorry to hear that you are poorly Jo, I hope you soon feel better.
Thank you for the chance to win your fabulous candy, I have popped the pic on my sidebar.
Sending you huge bog off IBS hugs....so know how you feel hunnie our Katie who's 16 now has suffered with it since she was about 8 poor love its awful when you can't physically do anything to help. The only thing that makes her smile is the fact that we call it 'irritable bitch syndrome' lol!
Thank you for the chance to win your fab candy
Take care hun xx
I hope you are feeling better soon Jo- It's not a nice thing I know!!
Puts you right of your stride sometimes!
So generous of you to offer a candy giveaway and it looks fabulous especially the kits set. Thanks for the chance.
Hope you have all managed to settle back into some sort of routine after the holidays-take care
x catherine
Good evening Joe,
Sorry to hear you have not been too good, hope that horrible condition clears up soon.
Love all the wonderful goodies.........this is where my NO computer knowledge comes in. Have not got a clue as to how to add anything to my side bar. I know I have a few things on mine ....... but how I got them there well that's a whole other story!!! I know I pressed buttons ah! ha! but which ones???
(((((Hugs))))) to help
Patricia xx
Wonderful candy Jo. Thanks for the chance to win. Hugs, joann sassy raggedyReplyDelete
That's an awesome collection of goodies you're giving away! I have my fingers crossed.
Thanks for the chance!
Hi Jo! I found your blog and take a look at your lovely projects. Following you via bloglovin. Thank you for this super sweet candy.
xx Tamara xx
Hi Jo, thanks for the chance to win your lovely candy - it looks fab! I have linked it in my sidebar!
Thanks also for all your lovely comments... I know I haven't always been the best of bloggers, so really appreciate you sticking with me! :-)
Big hugs
Sue xx
Hi Jo, Thanks for sharing some lovely candy. I intend to have a candy treat for my followers early in the New year so mark that in your calender.
Margaret M
Wonderful candy Jo. Very kind of you to do this - Michelle xReplyDelete
PS - hope you feel much better soon xReplyDelete
I hope you are feeling a bit better
Thanks for the chance to win your lovely candy
Jo, Your so Sweet, I sure hope that your feeling better now. Thank You for the chance to win your Giveaway. I'm already a follower of yours and I have posted your giveaway on my Side Bar. Take Care of yourself. :0)ReplyDelete
Jo, this is fabulous! I was already a follower of your fabulous creations. Thank you for the chance to win. I have posted your candy on my blog. Hoping your feeling better. :)
Fabulous candy Jo! I have posted your candy on my blog and I am your newest follower. I would love for you to post my candy as well. My 2 yr celebration only lasts 12 more days. Thanks so much. Hugs, Gloria
I am following on Bloglovin; in case you are trying to see me as a follower. Thanks. Hugs, Gloria
What a lovely candy. Thanks for the chance to win.
Hope, you feel better soon.
Hugs Annett
Thanks for the chance to win your candy. I will pop it onto my blog for you. Get well soon!ReplyDelete
Hi Jo,
thanks for the chance to win this great candy. You have a very nice blog. :) Enjoy your weekend.
Greetings, Natalie
Great candy! I'm a new follower and there's a link in my sidebar . Greetings from Belgium, AnneliesReplyDelete
Hope you're okay dearie.Thank you for the chance to win.Fab array of crafting goodies.Very generous.Hugs Debbie xReplyDelete
I'm your newest follower :) Hope everything gets better for you :) thanks for the giveaway!! tc..
Moxie Craftie


text:
Best airfares from Atlanta to ThessalonikiJetradar compares airfares from Atlanta to Thessaloniki with hundreds of airlines (including United Airlines, American Airlines, Lufthansa) and dozens of online travel agencies in one single place. We provide you with all the options to find the cheapest flights to Thessaloniki, you choose where to book. Also there you can find airlines special offers from Atlanta to Thessaloniki. The cheapest round-trip price found within the last week was $1,089. The cheapest oneway price found within the last week was $764.
Cheapest Flights from Atlanta, GA to Thessaloniki
Airline One Way One Way / Round-Trip Round-Trip United Airlines $823 $1,045 American Airlines $1,256 $1,362 Lufthansa $855 $1,054 Turkish Airlines $764 $843 British Airways $1,383 $1,236
Airline One Way One Way / Round-Trip Round-Trip Air France $857 $944 Air Canada $802 $1,045 KLM $2,888 $826 Alitalia $927 $913 Swiss International Air Lines $1,323 $1,252
Airline One Way One Way / Round-Trip Round-Trip Aeroflot $1,061 Find Austrian Airlines $812 $1,245 Iberia $3,074 $1,123 Air Berlin $3,238 $1,930 Brussels Airlines $1,389 $1,545
Airline One Way One Way / Round-Trip Round-Trip Finnair $1,258 $2,055 Scandinavian Airlines $3,112 Find Vietnam Airlines $5,071 Find Lufthansa CityLine $3,580 $1,223 Aegean Airlines $4,224 $5,223
Flights from Atlanta to Thessaloniki
Travelling from Atlanta to Thessaloniki advices and facts
- The distance between Atlanta and Thessaloniki is 5544 miles (or 8923 kilometers).
- When you fly from Atlanta to Thessaloniki, don't forget about the time difference. The time in Thessaloniki is 07:00 from the Atlanta time. The current time in Thessaloniki is 02:45pm and 07:45am in Atlanta. Check this again shortly before your flight.
- The currency exchange rate between Atlanta (ATL) and Thessaloniki (SKG) is 1 USD = 0.9296 EUR.


text:
Rotten Tomatoes Score:
Jamie Foxx, Robert Downey Junior, Meggan Anderson, Halbert Bernal, Matt Besser, Troy Blendell, Jayce Bradley, Pete Brown, Michael Bunin, Joshua Cabrera
117 minutes
UK, USA, France
These pages copyright Union Films, 2001-2022. All views expressed in these pages are those of Union Films, and are not necessarily those of the University Of Southampton, or the Students' Union. All logos and trademarks are property of their respective organisations.
| Privacy Policy | Terms and Conditions. Movie images provided by themoviedb.org


text:
This section contains 470 words
(approx. 2 pages at 400 words per page)
The Christopher Killer: A Forensic Mystery Summary & Study Guide Description
The Christopher Killer: A Forensic Mystery Summary & Study Guide includes comprehensive information and analysis to help you understand the book. This study guide contains the following sections:
This detailed literature summary also contains Topics for Discussion on The Christopher Killer: A Forensic Mystery by Alane Ferguson.
"The Christopher Killer" by Alane Ferguson is a forensic mystery novel about Cameryn, a seventeen-year-old girl who begins to work as the assistant to the county coroner, her dad. When Cameryn is called to aid in the autopsy of her friend who happens to be the recent victim of the serial killer known as the Christopher Killer, her dedication to finding justice puts Cameryn's life in danger. "The Christopher Killer" is an intriguing and entertaining forensic novel that is sure to capture readers' attention.
After convincing her father, the county coroner, to hire her as his assistant, Cameryn excels at her case, proving her knowledge of forensics and her excellent instincts. She is plagued by Deputy Justin Crowley. Her father dislikes the deputy for an unknown reason. Cameryn's second case is a murder and she is devastated when she recognizes the victim as her nineteen-year-old friend and co-worker, Rachel Geller. She is determined to identify the killer who they suspect is a serial killer known as the Christopher Killer after they find his calling card, a St. Christopher medal, in Rachel's bra. After Dr. Moore dismisses Cameryn from the autopsy because of her know-it-all attitude, she discusses the case with Justin and learns that her father dislikes the deputy because he is friends with Hannah, Cameryn's mother who abandoned her when she was very young.
Renowned psychic, Dr. Jewel, plans to visit Silverton to aid in the investigation because he claims Rachel's spirit visited him. Cameryn visits Dr. Jewel with her best friend, Lyric, to clear their friend Adam of suspicion since he was the last person to be seen with Rachel, but some of Dr. Jewel's claims begin to convince Cameryn that he is legitimate and seem to point to Justin. When she revisits Dr. Jewel, she notices him mixing DMSO in his drink, which could cause some of the oddities she noticed during Rachel's autopsy. However, when Dr. Moore refuses to run the tests, Cameryn sneaks into Dr. Jewel's hotel room to search for evidence. She hides under the bed when Dr. Jewel returns to the room and she overhears him talking about a car rental on the phone, which disproves his alibi. Unfortunately, Cameryn's phone rings as Dr. Jewel leaves the room and hearing it, he returns with the intentiom to kill Cameryn, confessing he became Christopher Killer to ensure the success of his television show.
Justin and Sheriff Jacobs arrive in time to save Cameryn and arrest Dr. Jewel because Dr. Moore called them after running tests that confirmed Cameryn's hypothesis. Later, Cameryn finally reads Hannah's letter, learning her mother left because she could not deal with the death of Cameryn's three-year-old twin sister. Cameryn did not know that she had a sister before reading the letter. Cameryn dials Hannah's phone number.
Read more from the Study Guide
This section contains 470 words
(approx. 2 pages at 400 words per page)