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This topic explains how to build and use the C++test runtime library.
Runtime libraries must be built with a cross compiler in order to use C++test for testing on a platform other than the host (the environment where C++test is installed). If you plan on running testing only on the host, you do not need to build the C++test runtime library (because C++test is shipped with prebuilt libraries for host-based testing).
C++test can build the runtime library automatically as a part of the test-executable preparation phase. Manual preparation of the C++test runtime library is not required unless you want to prepare a custom build of the C++test runtime library.
Sections include:
Throughout this topic, helper keywords are used to represent complete paths. These helper keywords are defined as follows:
<C++test_runtime_sources> = <C++test Install Dir>/engine/runtime/src
<C++test_includes> = <C++test Install Dir>/engine/runtime/include
The C++test runtime library is distributed with the C++test installation in the form of C source and header files. The source for the runtime library is located in the directories referenced in the above box
In most cases, you can let C++test automatically build the runtime library. If desired, you can build the runtime library using the make utility and one of the pre-configured make configurations for the supported platforms (see Building the C++test Runtime Library with 'make'). C++test provides special project files that facilitate runtime library building for popular IDEs.
Please note that a discrete version of a runtime library needs to be built for every target. Thus, if your project is built for more than one architecture, then most likely you'll need to build more than one version of the C++test runtime library (one for each architecture).
The runtime library sources include configuration macros for all officially-supported embedded platforms, as well as lower-level function-based configurations. These macros need to be correctly set for a build configuration in the IDE.
The following steps describe that general approach:
.a file to Project Properties> C++test> Build Options> Linker Option
Use an absolute path, or use ${workspace_loc} and ${project_loc} variables if the runtime library is in the same workspace.
C++test's instrumentation references many symbols that must be resolved during the linking of the test object. Those symbols are provided in the C++test runtime library.
C++test ships with a prebuilt, full-featured runtime shared library. However, this runtime is designed for rich host platforms. Considering the multitude of embedded platforms on which testing may occur, as well as their capabilities and limitations, the runtime typically needs to be adjusted before being built for different embedded environments. That's why the runtime library's pure-C sources are also available.
The library can be configured to support features that are available on the target platform, or to block those that are not. The default configuration is full-featured, but you might need to block troublesome features—especially if you experience compile-time or runtime crashes. Embedded developers are familiar with the pros and cons of the platform(s) they use, and should be able to build an appropriately-configured library and append its path to the linker command line.
The runtime library's sources are available at <C++test_runtime_sources>
(<C++testInstallDir>/<C++test Install Dir>/engine/runtime/src). The header files needed to build the runtime library are located in <C++test_includes> (
<C++test Install Dir>/engine/runtime/include ).
For example, in the Windows C++test 7.3 distribution, the runtime source code would be located in:
C:\Program Files\ParaSoft\C++test7.3\engine\runtime\src
The corresponding include files would be located in:
C:\Program Files\ParaSoft\C++test7.3\engine\runtime\include
Never modify the files in <C++test Install Dir>. Instead, copy the sources into a different directory before modifying them. Then, specify this new path in the Runtime library source option in the C++test Project Options Panel (see Specifying Options in the C++test Project or File Options Panel for details). The Automated Runtime Library Building feature will use this directory to build the library as described in Building the C++test Runtime Library.
The C++test runtime distribution consists of the following subdirectories or files placed in the
<C++test_runtime_sources> directory:
The C source code is divided into parts, represented by the following subdirectories or files:
In the target directory, there are multiple target configurations available for various platforms, architectures, and compilers. The target configuration defines variables used by the Makefile to compile the runtime source files (for example, CC, CFLAGS, etc.) and variables such as LIBTOOL, LIBTOOL_FLAGS, etc. that the Makefile uses to create a runtime library from compiled sources (see Building the C++test Runtime Library with 'make').
C++test can build the testing runtime automatically as a part of the test-executable preparation phase. This approach is recommended. In most cases, manual preparation of the C++test runtime library is not required.
In some cases, you may want to prepare a custom build of the C++test runtime library. You can build the C++test runtime library using the Makefilein the <C++test_runtime_sources> directory. You can also use one of the provided preconfigured IDE projects to build the runtime library; these are available in <C++test_runtime_root>/runtime/projects. Optionally, you can create an IDE project on your own
Basically, building the runtime library involves selecting the communication channel, then running the IDE builder or 'make' in the directory containing the Makefile. You may also need to change the compiler and platform-specific configuration if the default one causes problems or if there is no default configuration for your compiler and target platform (see Configuring the C++test Runtime Library).
The following test execution step should be used for automated building of the C++test runtime:
<BuildRuntimeLibStep additionalFlags="<build options>" />
This execution step will compile all source files found in the C++test Runtime library source location using the environment (compiler executable, build options) of the tested project. The compiled objects will then be linked into a test executable. The
additionalFlags attribute is optional and can be used to specify additional build options.
Before C++test builds the unit testing runtime automatically (as a part of the test execution flow), ensure that the C++test runtime library is removed from the Build Settings> Linker options.
The first step in manually building the runtime library is to choose one of the communication channel implementations that will be used by the runtime. The following communication channel implementations are in the C++test runtime distribution:
You can select a communication channel implementations by adding the appropriate CHANNEL_TYPE parameter to the 'make' command line:
Or, if you use your IDE instead of a make tool, you can add one of the following defines to the compiler options
Calling the 'make' command in the directory containing the Makefile will compile the runtime sources with the gcc compiler and will create the C++test runtime library using the ar library tool. To change the compiler and library tool, you need to specify the target configuration at the 'make' command line. For example:
make TARGET_CFG=WR_DKM_gcc3_4_simlinux_VxWorks6_4.mk
The following configurations are available in the C++test runtime distribution (in <C++test_runtime_sources>/target/ directory):
The target configuration provides definitions for the following variables that are used when building the C++test runtime library:
|Compiler executable used to compile C++test runtime sources.
|Flags used during compilation.
|Flag used with a directory for storing compilation products:
|Flag used with output file name. The
$(CC_OUT_FLAG)"<output-file-name>" is added to the compiler command line.
|Object file extension used when creating an output file name
|Executable that is able to create a library from compiled sources.
|Flags used with lib tool when creating a C++test runtime library
|Flag used with output file name. The
$(LIBTOOL_OUT_FLAG)"<output-file-name>" is added to the lib tool command line.
|These variables are used when creating a C++test runtime library name:
The LD, LDFLAGS, LD_OUT_FLAG and OUT_EXT are also defined by available configurations, but they are not required to build the C++test runtime library. They are only used to build a simply test executable when the 'test' target from make file is called.
To create your own target configuration, make a copy of an existing one that best describes your target, then modify it as needed. To build the C++test runtime library with your new target configuration, add the TARGET_DIR parameter to the 'make' command line
make TARGET_DIR=<directory with my target configuration>
You can also change the directory in which the runtime library is created (by default, it is set to ./build directory). To change this, add the OUT_DIR parameter to the 'make' command line. For example:
make OUT_DIR=<output directory for my C++test runtime library> ...
You can perform the build in the location where C++test is installed, or you can copy the C++test runtime source files and build them in a different location. In such cases, remember to adjust the path to C++test includes (which are stored in <C++test_includes>). To do this, modify the value of the CPPTEST_INC_DIR variable inside the make file to an absolute path. For example:
To build a custom Runtime Library with the multi-thread support, add "-DCPPTEST_THREADS_ENABLED=1" to the compiler command line.
Because different target platforms have different limitations, the C++test runtime library is designed to be easily configured to suit different environments. The C++test runtime library can be configured—mainly with the help of the available macro definitions. If your target has some non-standard limitations, it may also be necessary to make some additional changes to the runtime source code.
Include files used for building the runtime library (located in <C++test_includes>) are also included by the generated test harness (test source files automatically generated by C++test). If you need to modify these files, be extremely careful. Even a small mistake could cause the test harness compilation to fail. It is typically safe to introduce target-specific changes using the preprocessor conditional instructions (#ifdef...#endif).
The available compiler configurations are placed in the
<C++test_includes>/config/ directory. There is also a
cpptest_portinfo.h header file in the C++test include directory that determines which compiler configuration should be used when building the C++test runtime library. A compiler configuration header file defines a set of macros that adapt the runtime to the target platform. It also may define the macros that disable some C++test features that cannot be supported on target platform. The full list of features that can be disabled can be found in the
cpptest_features.h header file.
In most cases, if you need to change the value of some configuration macros, you don't need to modify or create a new configuration file. You can add to the CFLAGS variable in your target configuration file (or to the compiler options, if you use the IDE for building the runtime) the proper -D options that set the value of the given macros to the required values.
The available common configuration defines are listed in the following table (note that the specified defaults depend on the specific compiler and target environment):
|When building DLLs for Windows platform, these are expanded to __declspec(dllexport),
__declspec(dllimport), Microsoft-specific extensions for importing/exporting functions and data to and from a DLL.
|When building with a Microsoft compiler, this is expanded to __cdecl Microsoft-specific extensions for calling convention.
|If defined as 1, then the runtime library will be built with support for wchar types. When defined as 0, the C++test runtime library will be built without support for wchar types.
|If defined as 1, signal handling routines are used to recover if an exception is thrown during test case execution. In this case, C++test logs the exception and tries to continue test cases execution.
|If defined as 1, then the following functions are used for signals handling: longjmp , setjmp. If 0, then siglongjmp and sigsetjmp are used. And analogically with data types: sigjmp_buf versus jmp_buf. Note that you need to have CPPTEST_SETJMP_ENABLED set to 1 for CPPTEST_USE_ANSI_SETJMP to take effect.
|If defined as 1, then the uncaught_exception function is used for uncaught exception handling.
|Define to 0 when C++test should not use the std namespace or when your compiler doesn't support namespaces.
|This macro controls which functions are used for time measuring. The list of allowed values is available in the cpptest_time.h header file.
The available feature configuration defines are listed in the following table:
|If defined to 1, the c streams (stdin, stdout, stderr) redirection is enabled.
|If defined to 1, the cpp streams redirection is enabled
|If defined to 1, the wcin, wcout, wcerr, wclog are used instead cin, cout, cerr and clog. Note that you need to have
CPPTEST_CPP_STREAMS_REDIRECT_ENABL ED set to 1 for CPPTEST_USE_WSTREAMS to take effect.
|If defined to 1, the exception handling is enabled.
|If defined to 1, the std::exception is handled separately from other exceptions. Note that you need to have
CPPTEST_EXCEPTIONS_ENABLED set to 1 for CPPTEST_SPECIAL_STD_EXCEPTIONS_HAN DLING_ENABLED to take effect.
|If defined to 1, the data sources are enabled.
|If defined to 1, the csv data sources are enabled.
|If defined to 1, the setUp and tearDown functions are allowed for c suites.
|If defined to 1, the support for threads is enabled.
This section covers:
The file communication channel utilizes standard file I/O operations to save test results. There are two data streams: one for testing results and one for coverage results. The implementation contains three variants:
In the first mode (CppTestTransportFile.c), each data packet produced during testing is immediately saved to a file. In this mode, it is up to the operating system to decide when the actual physical write will be performed.
The second mode (CppTestTransportFileSplit.c) is similar to the first mode in that it also uses plain file I/O writes. But in CppTestTransportFileSplit.c mode, data packets are saved to a series of files. The maximum size for each file is configured by setting a value using the CPPTEST_MAX_ALLOWED_NUMBER_OF_BYTES_PER_FILE macro. The default is size is 2000000000 bytes (2 GB). The files produced are named sequentially, for example: 'cpptest_results.clog', 'cpptest_results.clog.0001', 'cpptest_results.clog.0002'. See the descriptions of the ReadDynamicCoverageStep and ReadTestLogStep Test Execution Flow Steps for information about loading the generated result files into C++test.
In the third mode (CppTestTransportFileBuffered.c), the intermediate memory buffer is introduced to reduce the frequency of writing small data packets. This mode should be used for environments in which performing multiple writes of small data chunks is more expensive than writing a combined, larger portion of data. You can determine the size of the intermediate buffer by using the FILE_COMMUNICATION_BUFFER_SIZE define. The larger your buffer size, the less frequently write operations will occur.
The socket communication channel utilizes TCP/IP sockets to save test results. There are two sockets opened: one for sending test results and one for sending coverage results. There are two available implementations are:
Data emitted from the target via the TCP/IP sockets should be captured with the help of a socket listener. The listener is a simple utility program shipped with C++test. It is located in <C++test install dir>/ engine/runtime/listeners/socket_listener, and it accepts the following parameters:
-cl, --channel [email protected]_file
|Communication channel specification. Information about the port number to listen for results and the file to save data captured on this port.
-sf, --sync_file filename
The path to the file that will be used for synchronization. The listener will use this path to create the two "synchronization files":
-to, --timeout timeout (in seconds)
|Timeout to wait for results. If this is exceeded, the program will stop.
|Displays the help information.
The serial communication module is designed to handle testing results transport for devices where only serial communication is available. The implementation of this communication consists of two parts:
There are two communication modes available:
Data sent via serial link is partitioned into packages. The packages are represented as shown below. Here is a frame example for "raw" mode:
Here is a frame example for "safe" mode:
Here is a description of the symbols used:
|STX (0x02)
|Start of text
|ETX (0x03)
|End of text
|EOT (0x04)
|End of transmission
|ENQ (0x05)
|ACK (0x06)
|Affirmative acknowledgement
|NAK (0x15)
|Negative acknowledgment
In "safe" mode, checksum is compute with exclusive-or. For "raw" mode, checksum is not computed and zero value is sent for all frames.
The default maximum amount of data is set to 250 bytes. This value can be changed using the MAX_PACKET_SIZE macro.
In "safe mode", the client sends the ENQ to enquire about availability. It cannot start the transmission until it receives the ACK. After the client receives the ACK, it sends another frame. Every frame is confirmed with an ACK by the host machine. At the end, the client sends the EOT. In response, the host sends an ACK to complete the transmission. Checksum is calculated only in safe mode. In the normal mode, it is always 0.
In "raw" mode the transmission is one way only. The target platform emits data without waiting for an ACK at any data sending stage.
The following steps need to be accomplished in order to add another implementation of serial communication:
Add a new file in the <C++test Install dir>/engine/runtime/src/transport directory with the implementation of the custom serial communication. Follow this template:
#define CPPTEST_RUNTIME_IMPLEMENTATION #include "cpptest_portinfo.h" #ifdef CPPTEST_USE_RS232_MYPLATFORM_COMMUNICATION #include "CppTestTransportRS232Common.h" int localRsInitInternalSerial(CppTestStreamParameters *par) { return RS_OK; } int localRsUninitInternalSerial(CppTestStreamParameters *par) { return RS_OK; } int localRsSendInternalByte(CppTestStreamParameters *par, unsigned char byte, unsigned char *is_send) { return RS_OK; } int localRsSendInternalStr(CppTestStreamParameters *par, unsigned char *bytes, int *nBytes) { return RS_OK; } int localRsRecvInternalByte(CppTestStreamParameters *par, unsigned char *pByte, unsigned char *is_recv) { return RS_OK; } int localFlushInternalRS(CppTestStreamParameters *par) { return RS_OK; } void localSetStop(int *stop_bit, int result) { } void localSetParity(int *parity, char *result) { } void localRsSleep(unsigned int msec) { } #endif
Struct CppTestStreamParameters: typedef struct { char serial_device[16]; Device name (COM1, /dev/ttyS0, cua0 etc). Depend on platform int baud_rate; Device speed int byte_size; Byte size int parity; Parity int stop_bit; Stop bit int timeout; Timeout between two operations. long max_timeout; If exceeded tranmision broken. } CppTestStreamParameters;
To integrate a new implementation with the runtime library:
channel subdirectory, insert a new file named
myplatform-rs232.mk. To this new file, add the line:
In the
include/cpptest_portinfo.h file, replace:
#if !defined(CPPTEST_USE_FILE_COMMUNICATION) && \ !defined(CPPTEST_USE_FILE_BUFFERED_COMMUNICATION) && \ ... !defined(CPPTEST_USE_RS232_STM32F103ZE_COMMUNICATION) && \ ... !defined(USE_CUSTOM_COMMUNICATION_CHANNEL) # define CPPTEST_USE_FILE_COMMUNICATION #endif
#if !defined(CPPTEST_USE_FILE_COMMUNICATION) && \ !defined(CPPTEST_USE_FILE_BUFFERED_COMMUNICATION) && \ ... !defined(CPPTEST_USE_RS232_STM32F103ZE_COMMUNICATION) && \ !defined(CPPTEST_USE_RS232_MYPLATFORM_COMMUNICATION) && \ ... !defined(USE_CUSTOM_COMMUNICATION_CHANNEL) # define CPPTEST_USE_FILE_COMMUNICATION #endif
-DCPPTEST_USE_RS232_MYPLATFORM_COMMUNICATION to the compiler flags in the C++test project.
additionalFlags="-DCPPTEST_USE_RS232_MYPLATFORM_COMMUNICATION" />
Data emitted from the target via the serial link should be captured with the help of a serial port listener. The listener is a simple utility program shipped with C++test. It is located in <C++test install dir>/engine/runtime/listeners/rs232_listener, and it accepts the following parameters:
|-d (--device)
|Used device. e.g.
-d 1,19200,N,1,8. We use the COM1 port, at a rate of 19200, no parity, one stop bit and 8 byte size.
|-sf (--syncfile) <sync file>
|Filename to synchronize
|-cn (--channel) number<mode>@<fil e path>
|Communication channel. C++test uses two channel -test log and coverage log. The mode can be 'b' for binary or 't' for text (default)
|-to (--timeout)
<timeout in second>
|Time to wait for results. If this is exceeded, the program stops.
|-fi <file_name>
|File mode. Reads results from binary file. All RS232 settings will be ignored.
|-rm (--rawmode)
|Raw mode (no ACK and checksum). This option is required if transport was used in non safe mode.
|-v (--verbose)
|Verbose mode.
Depending on the run mode (safe or raw), the listener may or may not compute the transmission check sum and send the ACK.
All data passed to the runtime library during test or application execution are processed, interpreted, and passed to the communication stream only if the runtime library is correctly initialized. If the runtime library is not initialized or has been finalized, then data such as coverage, unit test messages, asserts and runtime violations will be ignored.
The runtime library is initialized during the first call of the CppTest_InitializeRuntime() function, which initializes runtime library modules and opens a communication channel for messages and coverage data. The CppTest_InitializeRuntime() function is called as soon as possible by default. In projects that contain C++ code, this call is made before constructors for global objects are called. In C projects, this function is called at the beginning of the main() function. The runtime library is finalized during the first call to the CppTest_FinalizeRuntime() function, which finalizes runtime library modules and closes the communication channel. This function is called automatically after global objects destructors are called. In C projects, it is called before exiting from the main() function.
There are two special functions that you can implement to contribute custom initialization and finalization code to the test harness execution:
This function is called at the beginning of the CppTest_InitializeRuntime function, even before C++test runtime library modules are initialized.
This function is called at the end of CppTest_FinalizeRuntime after the test results communication channel is closed.
These functions are typically used if your project requires early initialization code to be executed, such as hardware-specific initialization code (e.g. disabling the watchdog timer) or any other type of initialization that is expected to happen very early in execution sequence. Analogously for finalization code
When running unit tests, initialization code existing in your original project will be omitted from execution because original application entry point (typically the main function) is replaced by C++test with automatically generated test harness entry point. This is why the initialization/finalization code may need to be hooked via the CppTest_Initialize/Finalize function.
In Application Memory Monitoring mode, by contrast, there is usually no need to provide hardware initialization code in form of a C++test-specific function. This is because the original initialization code should be called for this purpose, since C++test does not replace the application entry point in Application Monitoring mode. However, if you do need to perform a C++test-specific initialization/finalization in Application Monitoring mode, the CppTest_Initialize/Finalize functions can be used the same way.
CppTest_Initialize and CppTest_Finalize functions can be added directly to your project. You can also place them in a source file that does not belong to your project. The source file must be placed in a dedicated directory that is not a part of your originial project and matches one of the locations specified in your test configuration:
When a definition of this function(s) is provided, C++test will detect it during test preparation and generate a call to it at an early stage of the test executable startup.
C++test ships with a dedicated wizard for automating the installation of CppTest_Initialize and CppTest_Finalize funtion skeletons. If preferred, users can still manually add these functions.
To access the "Runtime - Custom initialization & finalization" wizard:
Applying the settings generates a source file in the specified location. The new file will contain the following empty definitions:
You can then extend these functions with your custom initialization and finalization code.
The following external symbols are used by the C++test runtime library:


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Free Events Thursday: 4th of July Edition!
Hey Everyone! I hope all of you have exciting plans to celebrate America's Independence Day! Don't have any? Don't worry, check out some of the amazing events that are going on this weekend here in Houston. Go see what events are happening in your neck of the woods this 4th of July and keep coming back for the latest news and events of the Framers!
A Star Spangled Salute
July 04, 2014 at 8:30pm
Miller Outdoor Theatre
6000 Hermann Park Drive, Houston, TX 77030
Enjoy an evening with Principal Pops Conductor Michael Krajewski and the Houston Symphony listening to patriotic, toe-tapping American music. Make sure to stay until the end for the 1812 Overture-complete with booming cannons! This celebration concludes with a magnificent display of fireworks provided by Miller Theatre Advisory Board. As always, open seating on the hill.
Price: FREE!!!
17th Annual Red, Hot & Blue Festival
July 04, 2014 from 6pm-10pm
The Woodlands Town Center
31 Waterway Square Place, Woodlands, TX 77380
This all evening event celebrating the American Dream, will have two locations along the Waterway. Enjoy your Independence Day at both Town Green Park and Waterway Square, each featuring a main stage and activities for all ages.
In addition to live bands, the festivities will also include face painting, games, vendor booths and concessions. But we can't forget American food staples for the Fourth of July, hot dogs and watermelon! There will be an eating contest for each of these, which are sponsored by HEB.
End the night at the Waterway Square, which will have the best view for the 23-minute fireworks extravaganza.
Price: The Festival is FREE and open to the public!!!
Cocktails & Covers feat Skyrocket! – 4th of July Kick Off
July 04, 2014 at 8 pm
House of Blues
1204 Caroline Street, Houston, TX 77002
Join the House of Blues in their 4th of July celebration featuring the party band Skyrocket.
Price: $17.33
A Thin Wall of Air: Charles James
May 31, 2014 – September 07, 2014 (Recurring daily)
The Menil Collection
1515 Sul Ross, Houston, TX 77006
Artistic, difficult, and imaginative, Charles James was well suited to the eclectic spirit of his most unique patrons and clients, John and Dominique de Menil. As a couturier, Charles James was known for his virtuosic design and construction. His clothes fuse Victorian design approaches with forms derived from nature and are defined by dramatic curves and metamorphic extensions from the body, accentuated by unusual color choices and combinations.
Price: FREE!!!
Francesca DiMattio: Housewares
June 01, 2014 – August 30, 2014
Blaffer Art Museum
120 Fine Arts Building, Houston, TX 77204
For her first solo museum exhibition, Francesca DiMattio will create a new series of painting and ceramics that cut across art-historical genres, historical eras and cultural currents. Her work has been included in exhibitions at the Zabludowicz Collection and Pippy Houlsworth Gallery, London, Conduits Gallery, Milan, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, The National Arts Club, New York, LAXART, Los Angeles, The Saatchi Gallery, London, and Locust Projects, Miami. She is represented by Salon 94 in New York.
DiMattio creates intricately layered paintings where objects and figures collide in continually shifting planes. Space and subject are carved out by juxtaposing different swatches of color, pattern, and form into a fragmented but choreographed whole. Likewise, her multi-faceted ceramic sculptures fluctuate between illusionism and abstraction, high art and craft, exploring shifting ideas of beauty, femininity, and art. The exhibition is organized by Claudia Schmuckli.
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U-Pick Blueberries, Strawberries and Thornless Blackberries
June 14, 2014 – July 05, 2014 (Recurring daily) from 8am – 1pm
Blessington Farms
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Gather the family and head to Blessington Farms for a fun time picking fresh, delicious blueberries, strawberries and thornless blackberries. It does not get any fresher than this. The fun does not have to end after picking berries. Also enjoy other farm fun festivities like giant slides, hay maze, pedal cars, chickens, barrel train ride, hay rides, sand mountain and much more. No admission fee for berry picking – just pay for berries picked. Farm Funland is $5 to $8 per person depending on the day. Closed Sundays.
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MARVAILLOSSO! A Contemporary Circus
July 03, 2014- July 04, 2014 at 7 pm
Discovery Green
1500 McKinney
Don't miss the Texas premiere of "ile O" by Barolosolo Cirkus Company, from Carcasonne, France, featuring a mash-up of modern physical theater. Houston's own Cirque La Vie and FrenetiCore Dance Company also will perform.
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Free Events Thursday


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Frequent Flier Miles and Your Estate
If you are a member of an airline rewards program, take a look at the fine print of the program's terms and conditions. You will most likely find language to the effect that any accumulated points are not transferrable on death. However, that might not actually be true.
Airlines are eager to sign customers up to rewards programs. For frequent travelers these are often great deals, as they can often get free or reduced cost airfare, especially if they fly on the same airline repeatedly. There is a real monetary value for the account holders.
Nevertheless, not everyone uses his or her accumulated point balance before passing away. Since the accumulated points do have a real value, the question then becomes whether or not they are part of a decedent's estate.
The answer to that turns out to be no, unless an airline decides to make an exception.
Time recently reported on this issue in an article titled "What Happens to Your Airline Miles When You Die?"
It turns out that while most rewards programs have an official written policy that points are not transferrable on death, in reality most airlines will make exceptions to that policy on a case-by-case basis.
If the points are bequeathed to someone, most airlines are willing to transfer the points upon receiving proof of death and proof that the person asking is the appropriate beneficiary.
This practice is discretionary, however, and the real key to getting the rewards transferred appears to be to ask nicely.
Airline employees are not required to transfer the points, but if the beneficiary is nice they normally will.
For more information about estate planning, please visit my estate planning website.
Reference: Time (July 31, 2015) "What Happens to Your Airline Miles When You Die?"


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This is a letter I wrote to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel that was published recently:
Would someone please explain to me how further tax cuts and deregulation are going to have different effects on our economy than they did during the George W. Bush years?
I don't recall substantial job growth, but rather jobs being shipped overseas, a real estate bubble followed by a stock market bubble, companies becoming "too big to fail" (needing taxpayer bailouts) and the richest becoming much richer. Since I began following politics in the Reagan '80s, there has been only one president to leave office with the economy in better condition than when he came in (Bill Clinton), and he wasn't primarily about deregulation and ultra-low taxes.
The genius of the new conservative machine is that many of its loudest proponents are mostly hurt by its policies – like my friend always posting on Facebook about "Obamacare" yet working full time and can't afford health insurance.
I run a small business, and, yes, Bush cut my taxes by $1,000 a year, but I'd gladly give that back for future access to student aid for my kids, a regular music class for my son, solid roads and bridges, affordable health care and a coherent energy policy that looks to the future rather than the past.
Guy Fiorentini


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Processed with VSCO with fn16 preset Growing up in New Jersey, JupiterJames, whose real name is Philip James, first began rapping in the 90's. A pure fan of Hip Hop, he was originally introduced to the art when he overheard a record his cousin was playing from a California based Hip …Read More »
Self-Help Festival Hits Philly, Orlando and Detroit!
Celebrating its 4th year, the popular punk rock event of the year SELF HELP FESTIVAL will make its anticipated return in 2017 with shows in multiple cities including Philadelphia, Detroit and Orlando and an encore bash in 2018 in San Bernardino. Today, SELF HELP has announced lineups for the 2017 dates, which will include performances by festival founders A …Read More »
Gallery: Alter Bridge at Pointfest in St. Louis, MO on 5.13.17
Interview: CANE HILL
Elijah Witt of Cane Hill takes some time at Warped Tour to talk about how rock and metal are becoming weak, parties in Florida, and why kids shouldn't sneak behind merch tables. You see photos of Cane Hill at Welcome To Rockville by clicking here = Cane Hill at Welcome …Read More »
Interview: I SEE STARS
Interview with Brent Allen of I See Stars where he discusses the new album Treehouse, Warped Tour, and the current state of creativity in music. You see my photos of I See Stars live at Warped Tour by clicking here = Photos of I See Stars at Warped Tour 2016 You …Read More »
Gallery: I See Stars at Warped Tour in Orlando, FL 07.02.16
Photos of I See Stars live at Warped Tour 2016. All photos taken by Luke Spencer in Orlando, FL on 7/2/2016 I See Stars performed midday on the Poseidon Stage at Warped Tour in Orlando. They are currently promoting their new album Treehouse. You can see my review for Treehouse …Read More »
Can You Hear Me? Unveils Pride Tee to Support the Victims of Pulse Orlando
The non-profit organization Can You Hear Me? (CYHM?) is proud to unveil their special edition t-shirt which will go to support the victims of Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, Florida. The Pride Support Tee can be purchased on the organization's website and will also be available this summer at CYHM's tent …Read More »
Photos: FRANK TURNER & THE SLEEPING SOULS at THE BEACHAM in ORLANDO, FL 6-11-2016
Photos of Frank Turner & The Sleeping Souls live in Orlando, FL. All photos taken by Luke Spencer at The Beacham on 6-11-2016. Frank Turner performed for over an hour on a co-headlining tour with Gogol Bordello that also supported his latest album Positive Songs For Negative People. During the …Read More »
Trivium – 2015 HardDrive Live Tour – with Tremonti and Wilson – The Culture Room, Ft. Lauderdale, FL – 9/9/15 – Gallery
Tremonti – 2015 HardDrive Live Tour – with Trivium and Wilson – The Culture Room, Ft. Lauderdale, FL – 9/9/15 – Gallery
Tremonti and Trivium, with Wilson – 2015 HardDrive Live Tour – The Culture Room, Ft. Lauderdale, FL – 9/9/15
2015 HardDrive Live Tour The Culture Room, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 9/9/15 The Culture Room is a great venue that's large enough to hold a decent sized crowd but intimate enough where you feel like you're part of the show. Wilson opened the concert with a mix of heavy riffs and …Read More »
Farewell to Anberlin
On November 26, 2014 Anberlin performed their final concert in their backyard of Orlando, FL. Instead of me just giving a recap of the show, I decided to give the fans in attendance a chance to send a message to the band. Thank you, Anberlin. Click here to see my …Read More »


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DO IT ANYWAY – Best Motivational Video
A short motivational video giving us the advice to get on with things rather than waiting or distracting ourselves, and as such getting the things we really want.
You need to commit to the action or activity regardless of everything else going on around you. When it is tough, or just easier to do nothing rather than that thing you really need to do – you must fight the urge and push onward.
Make habits routine so you do not end up battling against yourself and they become your life. It is so much easier to do the things you need to do if they are your normality day by day. Start these things small and build up to the larger tasks ahead.
Create the building blocks of your life by simply doing the things you need each day without hesitation.
Video by Chispa Motivation


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About - The Web Forger
Thoughtful. Dedicated. Pro.
We're a nimble team of designers, developers, and future-minded creatives. We help new and growing businesses build exceptional web, mobile, and brand experiences.
Who we are
The Web Forger provides the simple solutions to the complex problems and give you the power to achieve your goals. We help to build your brand identity. We are a creative agency build by young, inspiring people. Each of us have unique traits which makes us a team. Our core skills target on Software Development,Website Designing & Development, Digital Marketing Services(SEM/PPC/SEO/SMO/SMM etc.) and mobile development. We are positive, trustworthy and determined to give our best and create only the most exceptional projects.
Our Certified Experts, who have gained knowledge and expertise under the guidance of Certified Professionals and Google,Bing etc.
We start our work right from the beginning, doing in-house market research and customer analysis for Web Solution.
Customer satisfaction is the main motive of our company. We work on long term relationship between the clients and the company.
Start selling today !
Take care of your business by generating more leads with us..
Why Us
By selecting to companion with cross The Web Forger, you may be guaranteed to have a full-functioning website with a purpose to efficaciously reach your targeted target market and help growth your enterprise's on-line profile. Availing any go net layout service can make certain that your organisation receives an part inside the increasingly more competitive online market due to the fact we ensure that your website is professionally built and works across more than one display screen sizes and device kinds including mobile telephones, iPads and different Tablets.
Right here, we provide you with extra reasons to are seeking our knowledge:
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Our group has worked with heaps of people, small corporations, start-up companies, and huge businesses. We layout cellular and search engine friendly CMS web sites. We realize web layout, and we make the website design manner an clean one for all customers.
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At move internet design, we provide exceptional provider that can be custom designed according to your organization's needs and price range. The enterprise's design packages are fairly priced, starting as low as $899 for a high-quality 5-web page responsive CMS website design.
Search Engine Friendly.
All of our website designs, inclusive of e-commerce web sites, are seek engine friendly.
Availability and Time to Marketplace.
At cross web layout, we understand a corporation's need to have an effective online presence as soon as feasible. Our agency employs designers, picture artists, programmers, and machine professionals who work efficaciously and put in an intensive attempt with a view to meet your tight schedule. In truth we give reductions to clients who approve and assist us finish their websites on time.
Generate Even more leads from your website, how ?
by calling us @ +91-886-093-1895.
Traits of a Successful Marketing Agency
1. Incredible Staff
An advertising employer's fulfillment is dependent on the skills and achievement of its team of workers. Our personnel recognize each other's person roles, and be capable of depend upon each other to meet the ones roles. to fulfill all of a client's wishes, our staff is varied of their abilties and skills.
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You cannot run a a hit advertising campaign with out appropriate verbal exchange. This pertains to correct communique within our team, and additionally conversation along with our clients. One crucial thing of developing appropriate communique is making sure that you have a present and personal reference to our group and customers.
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Creativity is what in the end will make your enterprise stand out. You want a group of those who think outside the box and push the bounds. A fresh and authentic idea will probably win a purchaser over greater than some other advertising and marketing ability. Does your crew keep a lookout for the trendy trends and react to the ones projects, or does it set the traits? if you discover your crew is constantly playing capture-up, it could want some sparkling blood.
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An outstanding concept will bring a purchaser in the door, however long-time period fulfillment will never take place in case you fail to execute those ideas. A a success advertising enterprise has attempted-and-real methods in place that allow it to supply on guarantees to clients – and to do so within the promised deadline. Customers want to understand that they can expect you to deliver consequences. Is your team all bark and no chew? in that case, investing in producers must be a concern.
5. Problem-Solving Capabilities
No marketing campaign goes to move off with out a hitch. It is not the capability to keep away from troubles this is crucial to a successful enterprise, however alternatively the capability to cope with troubles as they increase. it's miles critical with a purpose to understand and cope with problems fast so that you stay on target with promised closing dates.
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If you are going to reveal that you may market some other enterprise or product, you want as a way to marketplace your self. You need to constantly rank excessive on search engines like google and must make a huge mark on social media. Any time which you are placing out cloth about your agency, it need to be paintings that you could be proud to provide to your customers.
7. Mastery of Facts
The usage of large information is a ought to for advertising and marketing corporations. You need with a purpose to use information control to benefit a broader know-how of your client's audience and clients. this can, of route, include parsing via Google Analytics to find regions in want of improvement, however it will additionally involve competitor and enterprise research. What does your consumer do, and the way does this method fluctuate from its competitors? They're going to ask you, so that you higher ensure you have got the solution.
8. Global Branding
To be significantly a success, you want to reach a worldwide target audience. this doesn't mean that you want to have bodily places around the world, however you should be capable of connect digitally to a worldwide audience. understanding how customers from around the globe hook up with your brand and know-how their digital behaviors, will assist you amplify your attain and provide clients with a broader consumer base.
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As a hit advertising company we will meet the various advertising wishes of a customer, ranging from print to social media. All of these items have a digital connection, so digital fluency is a need. You have to have a mastery of the brand new technology even as additionally waiting for and responding to technological adjustments. In case your team finds itself scrambling whenever that Google releases an replace to its search set of rules.
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The lowest line in commercial enterprise almost always comes down to money, so an important trait of a a success advertising business enterprise is fee and transparent billing practices. Be in advance approximately your prices and make the billing manner easy in order that clients understand exactly what they're getting and for what fee. at the same time as you don't ought to be the most inexpensive organisation around, you need to provide offerings at expenses which are comparable to other advertising companies, except you could show a clean purpose for any pricing discrepancies.


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ONE Championship on Tuesday announced two more bouts for the Ben Askren-headlined "Valor of Champions" fight card set for April 24.
ONE Championship flyweight titleholder Adriano Moraes continued his domination with a win at Friday's "Age of Champions" in Kuala Lumpur.
Flyweight champion Adriano Moraes and challenger Asuka Mikami both came in bang on the 125-pound limit ahead of their ONE: Age of Champions title match.
From dominating in India, Rajinder Singh Meena takes aim at a much bigger stage with ONE Championship on Friday.
Peter Davis intends to continue proving the doubters wrong at ONE Championship's "Age of Champions" on Friday.
Often finding herself training amidst a forrest of giants, 105-pound fighter Kirstie Gannaway believes she's well-prepared for ONE: Age of Champions.
A former underground fighter, Asuka Mikami has a shot at a world title at Friday's ONE: Age of Champions.
ONE Championship on Friday announced two additional bouts for ONE FC: Valor of Champions, which is set for the SM Mall of Asia Arena in
Already a world-champion boxer, Ana Julaton is eyeing the opportunity not only for another boxing championship in 2015, but also a shot at a ONE
ONE Championship on Friday announced the next three installments of the ONE FC: Dynasty of Champions series.
Angling for a ONE FC tile, top Filipino bantamweight Mark Striegl hopes to fight in front of Manny Pacquiao on his home turf.
With interest from the UFC and ONE FC floating in the air, top prospect Mark Striegl is joining the Evolve MMA fight team.
ONE Championship announced eight new signings on Friday, including undefeated BJJ black belt Christian Uflacker.
ONE FC: Age of Champions is set for Kuala Lumpur on March 13 and six fights have been added to the promotion's first card of
ONE FC's 2015 schedule is starting to come together with the first three cards of the year confirmed for Kuala Lumpur, Manila, and Singapore.
ONE FC returns to Manila on April 24 with a card that will be headlined by one of the promotion's biggest stars, as Ben Askren
Masakatsu Ueda is set to make his return to fighting in February, after failing to capture the belt from ONE FC champion Bibiano Fernandes last
Seemingly rising out of nowhere to win the ONE FC middleweight title, Igor Svirid talks about his approach to becoming a champion.
China's top two bantamweights went to war in the main event of "ONE FC: Destiny of Champions," the promotion's first foray into mainland China.
The ONE FC: Dynasty of Champions line-up is set after Thursday's weigh-in in Beijing with Ji Xian vs. Song Ya Dong headlining ONE FC's first
Leading up to his promotion's mainland China debut, ONE FC CEO Victor Cui spoke exclusively to MMAWeekly.com about his ambitious plans for China.
Adrian Pang was in the process of establishing himself as one of the top 155-pound fighters in Asia when he was the victim of a
Shinya Aoki doesn't want to give up his ONE FC lightweight title, but would drop to 145 pounds for a "super fight" with bantamweight champ
Jens Pulver looks set to come out of retirement to return to the ONE FC cage for a fight with Fransino Tirta.
Bibiano Fernandes registered a ninth straight victory at ONE FC: Warrior's Way in Manila on Friday night, possibly setting up a fight with Shinya Aoki.
ONE Fighting Championship announced Friday that all but one of the mixed martial artists competing on Friday have made weight and are ready for ONE
Jake Butler determined to avenge loss and take ONE FC's top light heavyweight spot.
The full fight card for ONE FC: Dynasty of Champions was released on Wednesday with ten fights set for the Olympic Sports Centre Gymnasium in
When Dae Hwan Kim stopped Kevin Belingon in March, he knew instinctively what was coming next, reigning champion Bibiano Fernandes.
Igor Subora may have already claimed a championship, but believes a win over UFC veteran Brandon Vera at ONE FC: Warrior's Way would be historic.


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Scranton Cultural Center's Summer Camp presents musical 'Hairspray Jr.' Aug. 4-5
From a press release:
The Scranton Cultural Center at the Masonic Temple's 2017 Summer Program will present its production of "Hairspray Jr." on the building's historic Main Stage. The production will take place on Friday, Aug. 4 at 7 p.m. and Saturday, Aug. 5 at 11 a.m. The show is based on the Broadway smash hit "Hairspray," which was recently made into a live action production on NBC.
The production is approximately 60 minutes in length and features campers from the SCC's SummerStage program, which provides programming for students in 5th through 12th grades.
It's 1962, and spunky, plus-size teen Tracy Turnblad has one big dream – to dance on the popular "Corny Collins Show." When she finally gets her shot, she's transformed from social outcast to sudden star. In balancing her newfound power with her desire for justice, Tracy fights to dethrone the reigning Miss Teen Hairspray, Amber von Tussle, and integrate a TV network in the process. With the help of her outsized mom, Edna, and guest DJ Motormouth Maybelle, the rhythm of Tracy's new beat just might prove unstoppable.
The Scranton Cultural Center's Summer Camp Program is presented by Toyota Scranton and sponsored by Wells Fargo, DePietro's Pharmacy, and NEPA Pediatrics. It is supported by the Lackawanna County Arts and Culture Department and the Pennsylvania Council on the Arts.
Doors will open one half-hour prior to curtain for each performance. A cash bar and light fare will be available for purchase.
Tickets, which are $5, are on sale now and can be purchased at the Fidelity Bank Box Office at the SCC (420 N. Washington Ave., Scranton), by calling 570-344-1111, online at sccmt.org and ticketmaster.com, and all applicable Ticketmaster outlets.
For more information and a full schedule of events, visit sccmt.org.
The Scranton Cultural Center at the Masonic Temple's 2016-17 Season is presented by Toyota of Scranton and sponsored by LT Verrastro and Giant Floor. It is supported by the Pennsylvania Council on the Arts, and the Lackawanna County Office of Arts and Culture, and Commissioners Patrick M. O'Malley, Jerry Notarianni, and Laureen A. Cummings.


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2013 Sports-Flavored Honda Jazz Si Edition certainly raises a storm
The Honda Jazz Si is a limited edition car that made its premiere in the Geneva Motor Show this March. This is the latest member in the family of Honda Jazz and it has been inspired by sports. The car even has a tweaked chassis to live up to its sports features.
The car is a stylish looking one. It has rear sport bumpers, a bespoke front as well as side skirts. The wheels are sixteen inch ones and they are made of alloys. There is a branding on the boot as well. The other features that the car comes with are tinted windows, leather trimmed steering wheels, front fog lights, supportive seats, cruise control, etc. The supportive seats on the car come in black and white as well. The car comes with two options for engines. There is a 1.2 liter engine with 89 bhp and there is a 1.4 liter one with 99 bhp. The car has wonderful fuel economy as it can provide a breezy 55.4 mpg.
Since the car is influenced by sports, suspension settings of the car have been revised. The straight line stability of the car has been improved by adding a larger anti roll bar in the front. The electric powered steering system has also been improved. The Honda Jazz Si is available in the following colors: White Orchid, Crystal Black, Azure Blue and Milano Red.
The car was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2012 and bookings have been open since before then. It is available for order now. The on- road price of the vehicle is £14,550 for the standard model. The Si- T model (the one that comes with integrated Bluetooth and SD navigation) costs £15,545.


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Indian AA Artillery at VJ Parade 1945
On 15 June 1945, a VJ Parade was held at Rangoon in which 2 Indian LAA Regiment took part. The parade was reviewed by Lord Mountbatten.
Two SP guns of 7/2 Battery, one SP gun of 8/2 Battery and one SP gun of 9/2 Indian LAA regiment took part in the parade, with the 6/2 Indian LAA Battery providing LAA defence of the parade area.
Contingents of the Regiment were commanded by Capt. Noddings and Lt Lashkar Singh.
Later, at Delhi a VJ Parade was held in which the 1st Indian LAA Regiment participated.


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Manchester: Manchester United striker Marcus Rashford has asked the government to continue providing free meals for vulnerable children during the school holidays.
When schools were shut down in March as part of the coronavirus lockdown, a food voucher scheme was set up to guarantee meals to children who had been reliant on food being provided at schools. Vouchers worth 15 pounds (USD 19) are available to spend each week in supermarkets.
In a letter to members of the House of Commons, Rashford expressed concern about the scheme being due to end next month.
An Open Letter to all MPs in Parliament…#maketheUturn
Please retweet and tag your local MPs pic.twitter.com/GXuUxFJdcv
— Marcus Rashford (@MarcusRashford) June 14, 2020
"The government has taken a 'whatever it takes' approach to the economy — I'm asking you today to extend that same thinking to protecting all vulnerable children across England," Rashford wrote.
"I encourage you to hear their pleas and find your humanity. Please reconsider your decision to cancel the food voucher scheme over the summer holiday period and guarantee the extension. This is England in 2020, and this is an issue that needs urgent assistance.
"Please, while the eyes of the nation are on you, make the U-turn and make protecting the lives of some of our most vulnerable a top priority."
Growing up in the northern city of Manchester, Rashford relied on breakfast clubs and free school meals. He does not want other children to miss out on opportunities if they do not have access to similar schemes.
"As a black man from a low-income family in Wythenshawe, Manchester, I could have been just another statistic," the England international wrote.
"Instead, due to the selfless actions of my mum, my family, my neighbors, and my coaches, the only stats I'm associated with are goals, appearances and caps.
"I would be doing myself, my family and my community an injustice if I didn't stand here today with my voice and my platform and ask you for help."
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson has announced 63 million pounds in a local welfare assistance fund to help 'the most vulnerable families' but the opposition Labour Party said it only amounted to just over half the 115 million pounds it would have cost to extend the school meal voucher scheme over the summer.


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NYPL Treasures: Race, Politics, and Photography
Where: New York Public Library—Grand Central Library
135 E. 46th St.
212-621-0670 Price: Free
Buy tickets/get more info now
See other events in these categories:
Join us at the Grand Central Library (46th btw Lexington and 3rd Aves.) for a panel on race, politics and photography presented by the Doctoral Program in Art History, Graduate Center, CUNY. The event will feature rare and seldom seen images from the Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs and showcase their relevance in our ongoing conversation on identity and art.
Topics Will Include:
Early Photography of Chinese Traditional Music: Mobility in Instrument and Body, ca. 1860-1898
Souvenirs of Lima: Visualizing Peruvian Identity through Courret's Photo Album, 1860s
Mariette Pathy Allen's Transformations, 1979
Double Vision: Art, Commerce & Race in George Barnard's Stereographs, ca. 1874
Dorothea Lange & Delta Cooperative Farm, 1937
Politics of Visibility in Lisa Larsen's Photographs of Harlem's LaFargue Clinic for Mental Health, 1956
Ota Benga in the New York Zoological Society Journal, 1906
Indian Women in the Workplace from Family of Woman (1979) photobook
Edward Curtis, North American Indian & his Hand-Colored Lantern Slides, ca. 1900
Join the conversation at Grand Central Library.


text: The Dark Knight is no man of limited fame and importance. An original page from Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns is bidding $100,000 at the Heritage Auctions' New York Signature Vintage Comics and Comic Art Auction to be held tomorrow. This belongs to Miller's 1986 limited series and is reportedly one of the 'most valuable pieces of comic book art to go up under the gavel in years.' The estimated value of this collectible is $125,000.