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Credit cards are such a big part of the airline loyalty programs. More people earn the majority of their miles from credit card spend versus actually flying. Whether that continues in the future remains to be seen, but it's likely to remain the status quo for a while.
Airlines sell boatloads (plane loads?) of miles to their credit card partners as part of those relationships. As credit card miles have grown in popularity, so have the value of the contracts the banks enter with their airline partners.
United and Delta had already negotiated new contracts with their bank partners. American Airlines has had two relationships since the merger with US Airways. American has been partners with Citibank since the early days of loyalty programs, where US Airways' relationship was with Barclaycard.
As the merger progressed, the relationship with the respective banks changed a bit. Barclaycard wasn't allowed to issue new cards anymore, but they rolled out a new premium card that they could upgrade existing customers to. That was a plus for folks who seek elite status, as it guaranteed there would be two cards that members could earn elite-qualifying miles with.
American kept sending out obvious signals that change was coming to their credit card relationship. Scott Kirby mentioned more than once in an earnings call how American was at a competitive disadvantage to their peers because of weaker co-branded credit card deal. We've all been waiting for that renegotiation to see who the winner would be.
It turns out it'll be both Citibank and Barclaycard continuing to issue credit cards, which means Barclaycard gets to start issuing cards again.
As View From The Wing notes:
American has entered into new agreements with both Citi and Barclaycard US. The agreements will allow Citi to continue offering its lineup of cards to new customers through multiple exclusive channels such as digital – including aa.com – mobile, direct mail, and Admirals Club lounges.
The agreements will also allow Barclaycard US, the payments business of Barclays in the United States, to offer its cards to new customers in airports and exclusively during flights beginning in January 2017.
It's certainly not a solution I would have expected, but it's an interesting one nonetheless. I think Gary's right in how this came to be. American likely asked for more money than either Citibank or Barclaycard was willing to pay for exclusivity. The final deal appears to be a nice save on American's part to increase the size of the commitments.
This Is Good For Frequent Travelers
United doesn't currently offer a credit card that allows travelers to earn elite-qualifying miles (PQMs in the UA world) for credit card spend. They have offered such cards in the past; I still carry one. I think the lack of a PQM offering right now is a byproduct of United trying to trim their elite ranks. Delta offers the ability to earn MQMs from more than one credit card.
American is likely to continue offering the ability to earn EQMs from both the Citibank and Barclaycard products, which means frequent travelers should be able to continue earning up to 20,000 EQMs from credit card spending. Considering that the highest level of elite status, Executive Platinum, requires 100,000 EQMs, being able to get 20% of them from credit card spend makes status much more achievable for folks who can focus their credit card spending.
I'm biased, because elite-qualifying miles from credit cards that are precisely the reason I can maintain elite status with two separate airlines. Without these miles, I wouldn't be able to maintain elite status on both American and United.
Competition Likely Means Better Offers For Customers of American Airlines
The Citi Executive card had 100,000 mile sign-up bonuses the last time American renegotiated their agreement with them and shut out American Express. Now that Barclaycard can issue cards again, they're competing with Citibank for new customers. Even though they can't offer cards in the same channels, they're still fighting over the same customer base, so I wouldn't be surprised to see sign-up bonuses increase again.
It wasn't until last year that I can recall seeing the first targeted spending promo from the Citi Executive card. It was just a few months later that another offer appeared. Things have been a little quieter since, but the possibility of additional benefits due to competition is an increased possibility.
Just Two More Pennies
I prefer American Airlines to United and Delta. There was a time when I would have said that American was head and shoulders above the rest, but they've come back to the pack with the introduction of revenue-based earning and chopping the number of systemwide upgrades Executive Platinum members earn.
But, I still prefer American. It's more of a personal preference than a clear-cut increased value proposition given my travel patterns. And, the ability to earn 20,000 EQMs from credit card spending means I'm still likely to want to qualify for Executive Platinum again in 2017.
That being said, the introduction of a 75,000 mile level at American, matching United and Delta, might lead to a strategy for me to maintain that level at both American and United next year, which means I'd only need 55,000 EQMs from flying if I max out the two credit card offers.
I'm hoping two card issuers leads to increased sign-up bonuses and better promotions, and I'm really hoping that both continue to make it possible to earn EQMs.
The post American Airlines Keeps Two Credit Card Providers. Why That's Good For You was published first on Pizza in Motion


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What makes a movie appealing? Is it having a lead actor or actress you can identify with, or an opposite-sex lead you find romantically desirable?
Newly published research, which both refutes and confirms conventional wisdom, points strongly to the latter.
"Star power does play a relevant role in driving consumers' evaluations," Michela Addis of the University of Rome 3 and Morris Holbrook of Columbia University report in the journal Psychology & Marketing. "But this role seems to depend more on attraction than identification, at least with regard to actual age and gender.
"Indeed, stars' emotional impacts on audiences, and their consequently high salaries, appear to derive from their power as romantic and sexually attractive models. Hence, star power … should be interpreted as romantic appeal."
Addis and Holbrook's study — which also suggests exotic settings add to a film's appeal — uses information taken from the Internet Movie Database. A remarkably comprehensive film-centric reference source, IMDb has a feature in which its registered readers evaluate movies on a 10-point scale.
The professional version of the site groups those evaluations in terms of age and gender. This allowed the researchers to determine which films had particular appeal for, say, 18- to 29-year-old men, or women 45 and older. They matched this data with the ages of the movies' stars and directors, and the eras in which the films were set.
To ensure they were comparing films of roughly equal quality, the researchers looked only at data for the 440 movies nominated for the Best Picture Academy Award from 1927 to 2003. Each was evaluated by an average of 11,475 viewers — a sizable sample.
Addis and Holbrook tested four propositions. Their working thesis was that moviegoers prefer films in which:
• The same-sex lead is roughly their own age, making them easy to identify with.
• The opposite-sex lead is younger than they are, making him or her more sexually desirable.
• The director is older than they are, which implies they are in the hands of an experienced, veteran filmmaker.
• The setting is exotic enough to allow for escapism — that is, the film is set in the distant past, the future or some mythological time and place.
The researchers found three of the four factors did indeed contribute to higher satisfaction scores on the consumer-rating scale. The surprising exception was the first proposition: They found no correlation between enjoyment of a film and age-related identification with the main character.
They speculate that this may be due to "a fantasizing process," noting that moviegoers may relate to characters they see as "similar to their ideal selves — what they would like to be — rather than their actual selves. And if the ideal self differs from the actual self in age, viewers might identify with older or younger stars and characters."
As anticipated, there was a correlation between quality ratings and younger opposite-sex stars. And escapism was a big plus: Filmgoers "appear to prefer unfamiliar settings found in escapist or fantasy-evoking motion pictures representing eras that they have never actually experienced."
The researchers' oddest finding: "The relationship that links directors' ages and viewers' evaluations is U-shaped, indicating that consumers favor films made by very young or very old directors."
While that's difficult to explain, it's worth noting that the data is taken from a site that appeals to people in the industry and serious fans. It may be representative of moviegoers as a whole, but it may also reflect tastes that are at least somewhat more refined than average.
The researchers conclude with some marketing advice for the studios. Movie trailers and posters should be focused on scenes starring the opposite-gender leading star — that is, the leading actor if the film is targeted to female audiences, or the leading actress if the movie appeals primarily to men," they write.
They concede this "might lead to overemphasizing their respective roles" (a sleight-of-hand trick film studios have never been reluctant to engage in). But their findings suggest the stars' sexual appeal is a major driver of audience satisfaction and presumably a signal people use when considering what movies to see.
This suggests Eat Pray Love might have been a bigger hit if Javier Bardem had occupied a prominent place on the posters, alongside star Julia Roberts. Eating and praying are fine, but when it comes to cinematic satisfaction, you can't underestimate love.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sinergiaycredito also fundraises for the project
Sinergiaycrédito is an online tech platform which aims to foster social and local economy as well as development cooperation, solidarity and human ethics.
To ensure these goals the platform generates synergies when using its own technology based in trades between users. The trades don't have to be between same users or at the same time. The system balances all the offers and bids allowing a fairer trade.
Also, Sienrgiaycrédito, integrates social and cooperation projects in the trades. For each 10€ given to a social cause, the user gets a reward of 200€ in credits to spent in trades within the platform.
Here, is where the relationship between Worldcoo and Sinergiaycrédito takes place. The project "Construction of a fenced area for crops" is now listed also inside the Sinergiaycrédito's platform allowing users to fundraise it.
We expect that this collaboration helps the project in its funding needs and allows Fundació Campaner NGO to bring the needed help to the beneficiaries of Diffa.
The Worldcoo Team.


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"I am fed up with my boyfriend accusing me of things I haven't done"
Dear Ayal, my name is Terika. My boyfriend and I have been together for almost 3 months. He is a DJ for a lot of clubs in our area. He never has a problem with me going along with him and I actually enjoy it. But if I'm not with him he's constantly accusing me of things like talking to other guys or being with another guy. I'm so good to him and respectful of everything he does. But I feel like he doesn't support me at all with anything I say or do. But when I'm ready to talk about our issues and how I'm just tired of him accusing me of things he brings the fact that his daughter loves me so much and how she'd be hurt if I left. I really care about him but I just get so fed up with him accusing me of things and I don't know how to deal with it. Can you give me some advice?
This guy does not sound as if he uses ethical means to have a relationship. He uses guilt and coercion to make you feel you have to stay in the relationship, to feel bad if you don't, in other words, and to distract you from the real issues. That way he stops himself from having to deal with the real issues in an honest way. He "hooks" you, in other words, and uses guilt on you, telling you in so many words how you'll "hurt" someone by making a choice that is better for you, and how you're a "bad" person therefore, if you leave him. That's not ethical or honest. That's manipulation. Also, he accuses you out of his own deep sense of insecurity and a need to control. He is doing everything he can think of, from a negative place, to keep you tied to him. Now, the question is, what has had you attract a guy like this? What in you has you create such an unhealthy relationship, one that is not based on clarity or honesty?
You must have a belief that relationships are like that - that they are not based on having good ethics - that relationships do not honor one another by being clear or treating one another with honesty and coming from a clean, clear place. Where does that belief come from? What is your role model for relationship? When you change that belief, you will create a relationship that is healthy. This one isn't. My info said the best thing you can do is cut the cords binding you to this guy, and work on healing this belief you carry that creates unhealthy relationships in your life. Read the article on cutting cords listed at the end of the home page on this site, if that is what you choose to do.
There is also a belief you have called "unreciprocated affection" - a belief that says no matter how much love you put out, you won't have it returned to you. And then you settle for what you can get - in this case, a lot of unhealthy stuff that doesn't feel good to you. This belief comes from feeling rejected by your family. This belief has led you to have feelings of being incompetent. If you feel incompetent, then you think you have to take what you can get, as you don't think you can have or deserve anything better. That is a false conclusion. This has, in turn, led to an issue called "self destruct" - which is what you have going on with this guy. It is self destructive to be in a relationship that keeps you hooked into something not good for you because someone is manipulating your emotions and using that kind of evasion and guilt and negativity on you. The questions to ask yourself are: what in me allows myself to have this kind of relationship, and what do I need to change within myself to create a healthy relationship?
Doing a shamanic journey would be useful for you. I invite you to look up the Foundation for Shamanic Studies, and find some classes near you to work through these issues.
Blessings, Ayal


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If you can think of a better cartoon series to program against the Oscars than this, we'd like to hear it! Today only, we're streaming every episode of The Critic EVER!
If you're caught up on the latest Laser Time news, A) The 2017 Edition of our annual Oscar Time is now available, and B) We just launched a little experiment Laser Time TV, a free 24/7 streaming channel, with oodles of fun shows, movies, game streams and more. And if you're a Talking Simpsons fan, you've undoubtedly heard us sing the praises of The Critic, a short-lived movie-centric toon from Simpsons pioneers Al Jean and Mike Reiss. It skews a little 90s, but we figured Oscar day would be the best possible time to enjoy a marathon of each and every Jon Lovitz-starrin' episode of The Critic ever made, along with some trailers for Academy Award winning movies, and some celebratory Oscar shorts for context. IT SHOULDN'T STINK, SERIOUSLY!
–You can watch this on your TV via Roku, PS4, and Xbox internet browsers.
-Time Zones are specific to you. No math required!
-Yes, we've even opted to include the mercifully short "Season 3" of The Critic. Find out why nobody talks about this forgotten Atom Films exclusive!
-Chat below with people live, just know that folks will be seeing different episodes in different time zones. Yes, we know, we're working on it.
-If you're reading this Monday or later, you done fucked up! But don't worry, we're currently running The Critic every weekday at 7:30 PM. After Duckman!


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Ordinarily, you'd be at the right spot, but we've recently launched a brand new community website... For the community, by the community.
Yay... Take Me to the Community!
Welcome to the DNN Community Forums, your preferred source of online community support for all things related to DNN.In order to participate you must be a registered DNNizen
Been away from DNN for a while and am jumping back into DNN 9 and finding that the login control isn't responsive on the DNNSoftware site nor is it responsive in OOTB DNN 9 install. I thought maybe it was due to the fact that the login shows in a popup dialog, but I can't find a way to disable that feature in DNN 9. I've tried a couple of responsive themes with no luck as well. This seems like a basic thing, so I feel like I'm overlooking something here--maybe a config option that's moved somewhere new in DNN 9.


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Transporter 0.1.0 ReleasedPublished
The latest release of Transporter, Compose's open source data transfer and replication application, brings a couple of new features, including one "big ticket" breaking change, and a number of smaller fixes as we move the development on, towards the still far off target of a version 1.0.
Multiple Namespaces
The "big ticket" item in this Transporter is the multiple-namespace support. Namespaces are how the Transporter identifies the collection, index or other structure in the source or destination for the data and since it's initial release up until now, the Transporter has only had one option, a statically specified namespace such as
mydb.mycollection. It made life difficult though. If you wanted the data from more than one collection, you could have ended up running multiple Transporters.
With version 0.1.0, it's possible to create the messages – database records wrapped for traveling through the transporter – from multiple collections. It uses the namespace parameter and extends it to support regular expressions, a powerful matching mechanism. Using the same enhanced namespace parameter, you can also filter which transformers and database sinks work on those messages so they can follow the most appropriate path through your Transporter pipelines. There's a lot to take in with this new namespace system, so we'll have an article about that later this week.
.op field of the message to
Environmentally friendly
As Transporter has been deployed on more platforms, the Transporter has had to accommodate the best practices of those sites. For example, some services pass all user settings over as environment variables and the Transporter has had little in its toolkit to see those variables. In 0.1.0, we've added environment variable substitution into the
config.yaml file parsing. Just use the syntax
${FOO} and the FOO environment variable will be inserted. Other environment variables are available.
Fixes and more
There are of course various fixes in this new release, improved instructions, better tests and small changes - like testing tailing Transporters have oplog access before they complete their time-consuming first pass of copying data over - which make life a little easier for all. It's all open source and we welcome pull requests, bug reports and any other ideas as we continue to build out the Transporter.
You'll find Transporter at https://github.com/compose/transporter. We'll have a binary build of the latest version available soon.
Photo Source: Stephen Tierney CC-BY-NC-2.0


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Lavender Earl Grey
Soft floral aroma of lavender complements the sweet citrus and full-bodied flavor of fair trade Earl Grey tea. With 100% natural essential oil pressed from bergamot citrus fruit. The floral aroma of lavender is perhaps the perfect complement to the sweet citrus and full-bodied flavor of Earl Grey. Our contemporary version of this classic blend was developed in French tea salons and has pleased the palate and raised the eyebrows of more than a few Earl Grey purists. Earl Grey Lavender is handcrafted in small batches and infused with pure essential oils of real fruit and flowers. Water: 212?F / Boiling / Leaves: 1 teaspoon per 8 ounces / Infusion Time: 4 minutes / Ingredients: Organic Fair Trade Certified? black tea, Organic lavender flowers, natural essential oils of bergamot and lavender. / Origin: Rishi Blend.
- Item #: 505


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We use the Pareto graph or sorted histogram to determine our most important factors and their mode of frequency. In this tutorial, we will learn how to create a Pareto Chart in different versions of Excel, carry out Pareto Analysis in Excel and make Pareto chart online.
Figure 1 – Excel Pareto Chart
Using the Pareto Chart Generator in Excel and Google Sheets
The Pareto chart generator is different in every version of Excel. For the 2016 version, the Pareto graphical tool is quickly assessed and implemented without problems. When we wish to use an Excel model lesser than Excel 2016, we will have more work to do as displayed in this article.
How to create a Pareto chart in excel 2016
The Pareto chart in excel 2016 is easy to use because it is a built-in function. All we need is our list of items, factors, categories on one column and their frequency on another column. We can have a data set displayed in figure 2.
Figure 2 – Setting data for Pareto chart on excel
- Next, we make our Pareto graph by selecting our table
- At the top of the Excel sheet, we go to the Insert Tab, navigate to the Charts group and tap, Recommended Charts
Figure 3 – How to create Pareto chart
- Next, we go to the All Charts Tab and click on Histogram in the left pane and select the Pareto thumbnail.
- Click OK
Figure 4 – How to make a Pareto chart in excel
Customizing a Pareto graph in Excel
After creating our Pareto chart in Excel 2016, we can change the style, color, and many other things to suit our wishes.
Designing the Pareto chart
We will click anywhere on the Pareto chart to see the Chart Tools tab appear on the ribbon. We can switch to the Design tab to glance through the different chart colors and styles.
Figure 5 – Pareto graph in Excel
Hide or show data labels
By default, our Pareto graph in Excel has no data labels. We can add data labels by:
- Click on Chart Elements button, select the Data labels box and choose where we want to place labels in the drop-down menu.
Figure 6 – Formatting Pareto graph in excel
- Next, we hide the primary vertical axis, by clicking again on the Chart Elements button, tap the little arrow next to Axes and unmark the Primary Vertical Axis box.
Figure 7 – Pareto chart Excel 2016
Making a Pareto chart in Excel 2013
In Excel 2013, we do not have all those great automatic manipulations like the Pareto chart in Excel 2016 edition. We will have to carry out plenty of functions manually using the following milestones.
Shaping data for Pareto analysis
First, we need to shape our data by using the following steps:
Calculate the cumulative percentage of total
We will add a column to our data set and enter the formula below. Then, we will use the fill handle tool to copy the formula down the column.
Figure 8 – Pareto analysis in Excel
Next, we will highlight the Column, navigate the Home tab, and click the Number group. In this tray, we will click "Percent Style" to display our decimal fractions results as percentages.
Figure 9 – How to create Pareto
Sort by Count in descending order
We plot bars in the Pareto chart in descending order, by selecting any cell, we will tap the Data Tab. Next, we will select the Sort and Filter group and mark to sort by values in descending order.
Figure 10 – Pareto excel 2010
Drawing a Pareto chart
After shaping our data, we can now draw our Pareto chart with ease by following these steps:
- We will select any cell or place in the table
- In the Insert Tab, we go to Charts group and select Recommended Charts
- Next, we will select the All Charts Tab and select Combo on the left side.
Figure 11 – Making a Pareto chart by hand
- Under the count series, we will tap clustered column
- In the Cumulative series section, we will select Line Type and mark the Secondary Axis box.
Figure 12 – Pareto chart Example
Adjusting the Pareto chart
Although we now have a Pareto diagram, we may wish to adjust a few things such as:
Setting the maximum percentage value
By default, the secondary vertical axis is set to 120%. If we wish to set it to 100%, we can right click on the Y-axis (right hand) and choose Format Axis. In this pane, we find Bounds and in the Maximum box, enter 1.0.
Figure 13 – Formatting Pareto chart in excel
Remove extra spacing between bars
To make bars plotted closer to each other, we right click on the bars and select Format Data Series, then set the desired Gap Width.
Figure 14 – Creating a Pareto chart
How to create a Pareto chart in Excel 2010
We do not have the Pareto or Combo chart type in Excel 2010. In its stead, we have more manipulations before we can get the Pareto chart. Here are the steps we will take.
Shaping our data
Our first step is to sort our data by count in descending order and evaluate the cumulative total percentage by using the formula below.
- Next, we tap the Data Tab, select the Sort and Filter group and mark to sort by values in descending order.
Figure 15 – Setting up data for Pareto chart
Drawing the Pareto chart
Now, we will select the table, go to the Insert Tab and find 2-D Clustered Column Chart type under the Charts group.
Figure 16 – A 2D clustered column for making Pareto chart in excel
- We will insert a chart with 2 series of data (count and cumulative percentage)
Figure 17 – Making Pareto by hand in Excel 2010
- We will right-click on the cumulative % bars and select Change Chart Series Type.
Figure 18 – Making Pareto Chart in Excel 2010
- In the Change Chart Type dialog box, select a Line
Figure 19 – Line graph insertion for Pareto chart
- Now, we will right-click the cumulative % line and then select Format Data Series
- In the Format Series Dialog box, we will select Series Options and choose Secondary Axis, then close the dialog box.
- Next, we can set the maximum value by following the steps described in the Pareto Chart for Excel 2013.
- Performing the Pareto Analysis in Excel
The Excel Pareto chart or diagram is based on the Pareto principle. It was named after Alfred Pareto the economist and is sometimes called the 80/20 rule. It works by stating that major events (80%) are caused by smaller causes (20%).
- Using the Pareto Chart Generator
When we plot the Pareto diagram, it looks like a sorted histogram with vertical bars and a horizontal line cutting across. The line represents our cumulative total percentage while the bars represent the frequency of values.
Instant Connection to an Excel Expert
Most of the time, the problem you will need to solve will be more complex than a simple application of a formula or function. If you want to save hours of research and frustration, try our live Excelchat service! Our Excel Experts are available 24/7 to answer any Excel question you may have. We guarantee a connection within 30 seconds and a customized solution within 20 minutes.


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Battle of Austerlitz
|Battle of Austerlitz
|Part of the War of the Third Coalition
Rapp Presenting Prince Repnin-Volkonsky, François Gérard
|French Empire
|Commanders and leaders
|Units involved
|Casualties and losses
The Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805/11 Frimaire An XIV FRC), also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars. The battle occurred near the town of Austerlitz in the Austrian Empire (modern-day Slavkov u Brna in the Czech Republic). The decisive victory of Napoleon's Grande Armée at Austerlitz brought the War of the Third Coalition to a rapid end, with the Treaty of Pressburg signed by the Austrians later in the month.[6] The battle is often cited as a tactical masterpiece, in the same league as other historic engagements like Cannae or Gaugamela.[7][8]
After eliminating an Austrian army during the Ulm Campaign, French forces seized Vienna in November 1805. The Austrians avoided further conflict until the arrival of the Russians bolstered Allied numbers. Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies,[clarification needed] but then ordered his forces to retreat so he could feign a grave weakness. Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near Austerlitz. He deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time. Meanwhile, the heavy Allied deployment against the French right weakened the allied center on the Pratzen Heights, which was viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult. With the Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing thousands of prisoners in the process.
The Allied disaster significantly shook the faith of Emperor Francis II in the British-led war effort. France and Austria agreed to an armistice immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after, on 26 December. Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the Coalition while reinforcing the earlier treaties of Campo Formio and of Lunéville between the two powers. The treaty confirmed the Austrian loss of lands in Italy and Bavaria to France, and in Germany to Napoleon's German allies. It also imposed an indemnity of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs and allowed the fleeing Russian troops free passage through hostile territories and back to their home soil. Critically, victory at Austerlitz permitted the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, a collection of German states intended as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe. The Confederation rendered the Holy Roman Empire virtually useless, so the latter collapsed in 1806 after Francis abdicated the imperial throne. These achievements, however, did not establish a lasting peace on the continent. Prussian worries about growing French influence in Central Europe sparked the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1806.
Europe had been in turmoil since the start of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1792.[9] In 1797, after five years of war, the French Republic subdued the First Coalition, an alliance of Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, and various Italian states.[10] A Second Coalition, led by Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal and Naples,[11] was formed in 1798, but by 1801, this too had been defeated, leaving Britain the only opponent of the new French Consulate.[12] In March 1802, France and Britain agreed to end hostilities under the Treaty of Amiens.[13]
But many problems persisted between the two sides, making implementation of the treaty increasingly difficult.[14] The British government resented having to return the Cape Colony and most of the Dutch West Indian islands to the Batavian Republic.[15][16] Napoleon was angry that British troops had not evacuated the island of Malta.[17] The tense situation only worsened when Napoleon sent an expeditionary force to crush the Haitian Revolution.[18][19] In May 1803, Britain declared war on France.[20]
Third Coalition[edit]
In December 1804, an Anglo-Swedish agreement led to the creation of the Third Coalition.[21] British Prime Minister William Pitt spent 1804 and 1805 in a flurry of diplomatic activity geared towards forming a new coalition against France, and by April 1805, Britain and Russia had signed an alliance.[22][a] Having been defeated twice in recent memory by France, and being keen on revenge, Austria joined the coalition a few months later.[22]
French Imperial army[edit]
Before the formation of the Third Coalition, Napoleon had assembled an invasion force, called the Armée d'Angleterre (Army of England) around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France. He intended to use this force, amounting to 150,000 men,[24] to strike at England, and was so confident of success that he had commemorative medals struck to celebrate the conquest of the English.[25] Although they never invaded, Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for any possible military operation. Boredom among the troops occasionally set in,[26] but Napoleon paid many visits and conducted lavish parades in order to boost morale.[27]
The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon would later call La Grande Armée.[28] The army was organized into seven corps, which were large field units that contained 36 to 40 cannons each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue.[29] A single corps (properly situated in a strong defensive position) could survive at least a day without support.[30] In addition to these forces, Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22,000 organized into two cuirassier divisions, four mounted dragoon divisions, one division of dismounted dragoons and one of light cavalry, all supported by 24 artillery pieces.[29] By 1805, the Grande Armée had grown to a force of 350,000 men,[31] who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers.[32]
Russian Imperial army[edit]
The Russian army in 1805 had many characteristics of Ancien Régime organization.[33] There was no permanent formation above the regimental level,[34] and senior officers were mostly recruited from aristocratic circles; commissions were generally given to the highest bidder, regardless of competence.[35] Nonetheless, the Russian infantry was considered one of the hardiest in Europe,[according to whom?] with fine artillery manned by experienced professional soldiers.[36]
Austrian Imperial army[edit]
Archduke Charles, brother of the Austrian Emperor, had started to reform the Austrian army in 1801 by taking away power from the Hofkriegsrat, the military-political council responsible for the armed forces.[37] Charles was Austria's most able field commander,[38] but he was unpopular at court and lost much influence when, against his advice, Austria decided to go to war with France. Karl Mack became the new main commander in Austria's army, instituting reforms on the eve of the war that called for a regiment to be composed of four battalions of four companies, rather than three battalions of six companies.[39]
Preliminary moves[edit]
In August 1805, Napoleon, Emperor of the French since December of the previous year,[40] turned his sights from the English Channel to the Rhine to deal with the new Austrian and Russian threats.[41] On 25 September after a feverish march in great secrecy,[42] 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine[43] on a front of 260 km (160 mi). [44][45] Mack had gathered the greater part of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia.[46]
Napoleon swung his forces southward in a wheeling movement that put the French at the Austrian rear, while cavalry attacks were launched through the Black Forest, keeping the Austrians at bay.[47] The Ulm Maneuver was well-executed and on 20 October, 23,000 Austrian troops surrendered at Ulm, bringing the number of Austrian prisoners of the campaign to 60,000.[45] Although this spectacular victory was soured by the defeat of the Franco-Spanish fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar[48] the following day, French success on land continued as Vienna fell in November. The French gained 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and intact bridges across the Danube.[49]
Russian delays prevented them from saving the Austrian armies; the Russians then withdrew to the northeast, to await reinforcements and link up with surviving Austrian units.[50] Tsar Alexander I appointed general Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov commander-in-chief of the combined Russo-Austrian force.[51] On 9 September 1805, Kutuzov arrived at the battlefield, quickly contacting Francis I of Austria and his courtiers to discuss strategy and logistics. Under pressure from Kutuzov, the Austrians agreed to supply munitions and weapons in a timely manner. Kutuzov also spotted shortcomings in the Austrian defense plan, which he called "very dogmatic". He objected to Austrian annexation of the land recently under Napoleon's control, because this would make the local people distrust the allied force.[52]
The French followed after Kutuzov, but soon found themselves in a difficult position. Prussian intentions were unknown and could be hostile, the Russian and Austrian armies had converged, and French lines of communication were extremely long, requiring strong garrisons to keep them open. Napoleon realized that to capitalize on the success at Ulm, he had to force the Allies to battle and defeat them.[53]
On the Russian side, Kutuzov also realized Napoleon needed to do battle; so instead of clinging to the "suicidal" Austrian defense plan, Kutuzov decided to retreat. He ordered Pyotr Bagration to contain the French at Vienna with 600 soldiers, and instructed Bagration to accept Murat's ceasefire proposal so that the Allied Army could have more time to retreat. It was later discovered that the proposal was false and had been used in order to launch a surprise attack on Vienna. Nonetheless, Bagration was able to hold off the French assault for a time by negotiating an armistice with Murat, thereby providing Kutuzov time to position himself with the Russian rearguard near Hollabrunn.
Murat initially refrained from an attack, believing the entire Russian army stood before him. Napoleon soon realized Murat's mistakes and ordered him to pursue quickly; but the allied army had already retreated to Olmütz.[52] According to Kutuzov's plan, the Allies would retreat further to the Carpathian region[54] and "at Galicia, I will bury the French."[52]
Napoleon did not stay still. The French Emperor decided to set a psychological trap in order to lure the Allies out. Days before any fighting, Napoleon had been giving the impression that his army was weak and that he desired a negotiated peace.[55] About 53,000 French troops—including Soult, Lannes and Murat's forces—were assigned to take Austerlitz and the Olmütz road, occupying the enemy's attention. The Allied forces, numbering about 89,000, seemed far superior and would be tempted to attack the outnumbered French army. However, the Allies did not know that Bernadotte, Mortier and Davout were already within the supported distance, and could be called in by forced marches: Bernadotte from Iglau, and Mortier and Davout from Vienna which would raise the French number to 75,000 troops.[56]
Napoleon's lure did not stop at that. On 25 November, General Savary was sent to the Allied headquarters at Olmütz to deliver Napoleon's message expressing his desire to avoid a battle, while secretly examining the Allied forces' situation. As expected, the overture was seen as a sign of weakness. When Francis I offered an armistice on the 27th, Napoleon accepted enthusiastically. On the same day, Napoleon ordered Soult to abandon both Austerlitz and the Pratzen Heights and, while doing so, to create an impression of chaos during the retreat that would induce the enemy to occupy the Heights.
The next day (28 November), the French Emperor requested a personal interview with Alexander I and received a visit from the Tsar's most impetuous aide, Prince Peter Dolgorukov. The meeting was another part of the trap, as Napoleon intentionally expressed anxiety and hesitation to his opponents. Dolgorukov reported to the Tsar an additional indication of French weakness.[57]
The plan was successful. Many of the Allied officers, including the Tsar's aides and the Austrian Chief of Staff Franz von Weyrother, strongly supported an immediate attack and appeared to sway Tsar Alexander.[58] Kutuzov's plan to retreat further to the Carpathian region was rejected, and the Allied forces soon fell into Napoleon's trap.
The battle began with the French army outnumbered. Napoleon had some 72,000 men and 157 guns for the impending battle, with about 7,000 troops under Davout still far to the south in the direction of Vienna.[59][60] The Allies had about 85,000 soldiers, seventy percent of them Russian, and 318 guns.[59]
At first, Napoleon was not totally confident of victory. In a letter written to Minister of Foreign Affairs Talleyrand, Napoleon requested Talleyrand not tell anyone about the upcoming battle because he did not want to disturb Empress Joséphine. According to Frederick C. Schneid, the French Emperor's chief worry was how he could explain to Joséphine a French defeat.[61]
The battle took place about six miles (ten kilometers) southeast of the city of Brno, between that city and Austerlitz (Czech: Slavkov u Brna) in what is now the Czech Republic. The northern part of the battlefield was dominated by the 700-foot (210-meter) Santon Hill and the 880-foot (270-meter) Zuran (Žuráň) Hill, both overlooking the vital Olomouc/Brno road, which was on an east/west axis. To the west of these two hills was the village of Bellowitz (Bedřichovice), and between them the Bosenitz (Roketnice) stream went south to link up with the Goldbach (Říčka) stream, the latter flowing by the villages of Kobelnitz (Kobylnice), Sokolnitz (Sokolnice), and Telnitz (Telnice).
The centrepiece of the entire area was the Pratzen (Prace) Heights, a gently sloping hill about 35 to 40 feet (10 to 12 meters) in height. An aide noted that Napoleon repeatedly told his marshals, "Gentlemen, examine this ground carefully, it is going to be a battlefield; you will have a part to play upon it."[62]
Allied plans and dispositions[edit]
The Allied council met on 1 December to discuss proposals for the battle. Most of the Allied strategists had two fundamental ideas in mind: making contact with the enemy and securing the southern flank that held the communication line to Vienna. Although the Tsar and his immediate entourage pushed hard for a battle, Emperor Francis of Austria was more cautious and, as mentioned, he was seconded by Kutuzov, the Commander-in-chief of the Russians and the Allied troops.[63] The pressure to fight from the Russian nobles and the Austrian commanders, however, was too strong, and the Allies adopted the plan of the Austrian Chief-of-Staff, Franz von Weyrother.[63] This called for a main drive against the French right flank, which the Allies noticed was lightly guarded, and diversionary attacks against the French left. The Allies deployed most of their troops into four columns that would attack the French right. The Russian Imperial Guard was held in reserve while Russian troops under Bagration guarded the Allied right. The Russian Tsar stripped Kutuzov of his authority as Commander-in-Chief and gave it to Franz von Weyrother. In the battle, Kutuzov could only command the IV Corps of the Allied army, although he was still the nominal commander because the Tsar was afraid to take over in case his favoured plan failed.[52]
French plans and dispositions[edit]
Napoleon was hoping that the Allied forces would attack, and to encourage them, he deliberately weakened his right flank.[64] On 28 November Napoleon met with his marshals at Imperial Headquarters, who informed him of their qualms about the forthcoming battle. He shrugged off their suggestion of retreat.[65]
Napoleon's plan envisaged that the Allies would throw many troops to envelop his right flank in order to cut the French communication line from Vienna.[52] As a result, the Allies' centre and left flank would be exposed and become vulnerable.[66] To encourage them to do so, Napoleon abandoned the strategic position on the Pratzen Heights, faking the weakness of his forces and his own caution.[65] Meanwhile, Napoleon's main force was to be concealed in a dead ground opposite the Heights.[67] According to the plan, the French troops would attack and recapture the Pratzen Heights, then from the Heights they would launch a decisive assault to the center of the Allied army, cripple them, and encircle them from the rear.[52][66]
If the Russian force leaves the Pratzen Heights in order to go to the right side, they will certainly be defeated.— Napoleon
The massive thrust through the Allied centre was conducted by 16,000 troops of Soult's IV Corps. IV Corps' position was cloaked by dense mist during the early stage of the battle; in fact, how long the mist lasted was vital to Napoleon's plan: Soult's troops would become uncovered if the mist dissipated too soon, but if it lingered too long, Napoleon would be unable to determine when the Allied troops had evacuated Pratzen Heights, preventing him from timing his attack properly.[68]
Meanwhile, to support his weak right flank, Napoleon ordered Davout's III Corps to force march all the way from Vienna and join General Legrand's men, who held the extreme southern flank that would bear the heaviest part of the Allied attack. Davout's soldiers had 48 hours to march 110 km (68 mi). Their arrival was crucial in determining the success of the French plan. Indeed, the arrangement of Napoleon on the right flank was very risky as the French had only minimal troops garrisoning there. However, Napoleon was able to use such a risky plan because Davout—the commander of III Corps—was one of Napoleon's best marshals, because the right flank's position was protected by a complicated system of streams and lakes,[52] and because the French had already settled upon a secondary line of retreat through Brunn.[69] The Imperial Guard and Bernadotte's I Corps were held in reserve while the V Corps under Lannes guarded the northern sector of the battlefield, where the new communication line was located.[52]
By 1 December 1805, the French troops had been shifted in accordance with the Allied movement southward, as Napoleon expected.[66]
Battle begins[edit]
The battle began at about 8 a.m. with the first allied lines attacking the village of Telnitz, which was defended by the 3rd Line Regiment. This sector of the battlefield witnessed heavy fighting in this early action as several ferocious Allied charges evicted the French from the town and forced them onto the other side of the Goldbach. The first men of Davout's corps arrived at this time and threw the Allies out of Telnitz before they too were attacked by hussars and re-abandoned the town. Additional Allied attacks out of Telnitz were checked by French artillery.[70]
Allied columns started pouring against the French right, but not at the desired speed, so the French were mostly successful in curbing the attacks. Actually, the Allied deployments were mistaken and poorly timed: cavalry detachments under Liechtenstein on the Allied left flank had to be placed in the right flank and in the process they ran into, and slowed down, part of the second column of infantry that was advancing towards the French right.[65] At the time, the planners thought this slowing was disastrous, but later on it helped the Allies. Meanwhile, the leading elements of the second column were attacking the village of Sokolnitz, which was defended by the 26th Light Regiment and the Tirailleurs, French skirmishers. Initial Allied assaults proved unsuccessful and General Langeron ordered the bombardment of the village. This deadly barrage forced the French out, and at about the same time, the third column attacked the castle of Sokolnitz. The French, however, counterattacked and regained the village, only to be thrown out again. Conflict in this area ended temporarily when Friant's division (part of III Corps) retook the village. Sokolnitz was perhaps the most contested area in the battlefield and would change hands several times as the day progressed.[71]
While the Allied troops attacked the French right flank, Kutuzov's IV Corps stopped at the Pratzen Heights and stayed still. Just like Napoleon, Kutuzov realized the importance of Pratzen and decided to protect the position. But the young Tsar did not, so he expelled the IV Corps from the Heights. This act quickly pushed the Allied army into its grave.[52]
"One sharp blow and the war is over"[edit]
At about 8:45 a.m., satisfied at the weakness in the enemy centre, Napoleon asked Soult how long it would take for his men to reach the Pratzen Heights, to which the Marshal replied, "Less than twenty minutes, sire." About 15 minutes later, Napoleon ordered the attack, adding, "One sharp blow and the war is over."[72]
A dense fog helped to cloud the advance of St. Hilaire's French division, but as they went up the slope the legendary 'Sun of Austerlitz' ripped the mist apart and encouraged them forward.[71] Russian soldiers and commanders on top of the heights were stunned to see so many French troops coming towards them.[73] Allied commanders moved some of the delayed detachments of the fourth column into this bitter struggle. Over an hour of fighting destroyed much of this unit. The other men from the second column, mostly inexperienced Austrians, also participated in the struggle and swung the numbers against one of the best fighting forces in the French army, eventually forcing them to withdraw down the slopes. However, gripped by desperation, St. Hilaire's men struck hard once more and bayoneted the Allies out of the heights. To the north, General Vandamme's division attacked an area called Staré Vinohrady ("Old Vineyards") and, through talented skirmishing and deadly volleys, broke several Allied battalions.[74]
The battle had firmly turned in France's favour, but it was far from over. Napoleon ordered Bernadotte's I Corps to support Vandamme's left and moved his own command center from Žuráň Hill to St. Anthony's Chapel on the Pratzen Heights. The difficult position of the Allies was confirmed by the decision to send in the Russian Imperial Guard; Grand Duke Constantine, Tsar Alexander's brother, commanded the Guard and counterattacked in Vandamme's section of the field, forcing a bloody effort and the only loss of a French standard in the battle (a battalion of the 4th Line Regiment was defeated). Sensing trouble, Napoleon ordered his own heavy Guard cavalry forward. These men pulverized their Russian counterparts, but with both sides pouring in large masses of cavalry, no victory was clear.
The Russians had a numerical advantage but soon the tide swung as Drouet's Division, the 2nd of Bernadotte's I Corps, deployed on the flank of the action and allowed French cavalry to seek refuge behind their lines. The horse artillery of the Guard also inflicted heavy casualties on the Russian cavalry and fusiliers. The Russians broke and many died as they were pursued by the reinvigorated French cavalry for about a quarter of a mile.[75] The casualties of the Russians in Pratzen included Kutuzov, who was severely wounded, and his son-in-law Ferdinand von Tiesenhausen who was killed.[52]
I was ... under fierce and continuous canister fire ... Many soldiers, now incessantly engaged in battle from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m., had no cartridges left. I could do nothing but retreat ...— Lieutenant General Przhebishevsky[76]
Meanwhile, the northernmost part of the battlefield was also witnessing heavy fighting. Prince Liechtenstein's heavy cavalry began to assault Kellerman's lighter cavalry forces after eventually arriving at the correct position in the field. The fighting initially went well for the French, but Kellerman's forces took cover behind General Caffarelli's infantry division once it became clear Russian numbers were too great. Caffarelli's men halted the Russian assaults and permitted Murat to send two cuirassier divisions (one commanded by d'Hautpoul and the other one by Nansouty) into the fray to finish off the Russian cavalry for good. The ensuing mêlée was bitter and long, but the French ultimately prevailed. Lannes then led his V Corps against Bagration's men and after hard fighting managed to drive the skilled Russian commander off the field. He wanted to pursue, but Murat, who was in control of this sector in the battlefield, was against the idea.[77]
Napoleon's focus now shifted towards the southern end of the battlefield where the French and the Allies were still fighting over Sokolnitz and Telnitz. In an effective double-pronged assault, St. Hilaire's division and part of Davout's III Corps smashed through the enemy at Sokolnitz, which persuaded the commanders of the first two columns, Generals Kienmayer and Langeron, to flee as fast as they could. Buxhowden, the commander of the Allied left and the man responsible for leading the attack, was completely drunk and fled as well. Kienmayer covered his withdrawal with the O'Reilly light cavalry, who managed to defeat five of six French cavalry regiments before they too had to retreat.[77]
General panic now seized the Allied army and it abandoned the field in all possible directions. A famous episode occurred during this retreat: Russian forces that had been defeated by the French right withdrew south towards Vienna via the Satschan frozen ponds. French artillery pounded towards the men, and the ice was broken due to the bombardment. The men drowned in the cold ponds, dozens of Russian artillery pieces going down with them. Estimates of how many guns were captured differ: there may have been as few as 38 or more than 100. Sources also differ about casualties, with figures ranging between 200 and 2,000 dead.[78] Many drowning Russians were saved by their victorious foes.[4] However, local evidence, only later made public, suggests that Napoleon's account of the catastrophe may have been totally exaggerated; on his instructions the lakes were drained a few days after the battle and the corpses of only two or three men, with some 150 horses, were found. However, Tsar Alexander I confirmed the incident after the wars.[79]
Military and political results[edit]
Allied casualties stood at about 36,000 out of an army of 89,000, which represented about 38% of their effective forces. The French lost around 9,000 out of an army of 66,000, or about 13% of their forces. The Allies also lost some 180 guns and about 50 standards. The great victory was met by sheer amazement and delirium in Paris, where just days earlier the nation had been teetering on the brink of financial collapse. Napoleon wrote to Josephine, "I have beaten the Austro-Russian army commanded by the two emperors. I am a little weary. ... I embrace you."[80] Napoleon's comments in this letter led to the battle's other famous designation, "Battle of the Three Emperors". However, Emperor Francis of Austria was not present at the battlefield. Tsar Alexander perhaps best summed up the harsh times for the Allies by stating, "We are babies in the hands of a giant."[81] After hearing the news of Austerlitz, British Prime Minister William Pitt referred to a map of Europe, "Roll up that map; it will not be wanted these ten years."[82]
France and Austria signed a truce on 4 December and the Treaty of Pressburg 22 days later took the latter out of the war. Austria agreed to recognize French territory captured by the treaties of Campo Formio (1797) and Lunéville (1801), cede land to Bavaria, Württemberg and Baden, which were Napoleon's German allies, pay 40 million francs in war indemnities and cede Venice to the Kingdom of Italy. It was a harsh end for Austria but certainly not a catastrophic peace. The Russian army was allowed to withdraw to home territory and the French ensconced themselves in Southern Germany. The Holy Roman Empire was extinguished, 1806 being seen as its final year. Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine, a string of German states meant to serve as a buffer between France and Prussia. Prussia saw these and other moves as an affront to its status as the main power of Central Europe and it went to war with France in 1806.[citation needed]
Napoleon's words to his troops after the battle were full of praise: Soldats! Je suis content de vous (English: Soldiers! I am pleased with you).[83] The Emperor provided two million golden francs to the higher officers and 200 francs to each soldier, with large pensions for the widows of the fallen. Orphaned children were adopted by Napoleon personally and were allowed to add "Napoleon" to their baptismal and family names.[84] This battle is one of four for which Napoleon never awarded a victory title, the others being Marengo, Jena, and Friedland.[85]
Popular culture[edit]
Artists and musicians on the side of France and her conquests expressed their sentiment in populist and elite art of the time. Prussian music critic E. T. A. Hoffmann, in his famous review of Beethoven's 5th Symphony,
singles out for special abuse a certain Bataille des trois Empereurs, a French battle symphony by Louis Jadin celebrating Napoleon's victory at Austerlitz.[86]
Leo Tolstoy memorably dramatized the battle as the conclusion of Book 3 and Volume 1 of War and Peace, making it a crucial moment in the lives of both Andrei Bolkonsky, who is badly wounded, and of Nikolai Rostov.[87]: 118, 152–169
Archibald Alison in his History of Europe (1836) offers the first recorded telling of the apocryphal story that when the Allies descended the Pratzen Heights to attack Napoleon's supposedly weak flank,
The marshals who surrounded Napoleon saw the advantage, and eagerly besought him to give the signal for action; but he restrained their ardour ... "when the enemy is making a false movement we must take good care not to interrupt him."[88]
In subsequent accounts, this Napoleonic quote would go through various changes until it became: "Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake."[89]
In his poem "Grass", Carl Sandburg refers to the battle in the line, "Pile the bodies high at Austerlitz and Waterloo".
In the HBO series Succession Connor Roy's character, a Napoleon enthusiast, names his New Mexico ranch "Austerlitz".
Historical views[edit]
Napoleon did not succeed in defeating the Allied army as thoroughly as he wanted,[85] but historians and enthusiasts alike recognize that the original plan provided a significant victory, comparable to other great tactical battles such as Cannae.[90] Some historians suggest that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a "personal Napoleonic one" after the battle.[91] In French history, Austerlitz is acknowledged as an impressive military victory, and in the 19th century, when fascination with the First Empire was at its height, the battle was revered by the likes of Victor Hugo, who "in the depth of [his] thoughts" was hearing the "noise of the heavy cannon rolling towards Austerlitz".[92][full citation needed] In the 2005 bicentennial, however, controversy erupted when neither French President Jacques Chirac nor Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin attended any functions commemorating the battle.[93] On the other hand, some residents of France's overseas departments protested against what they viewed as the "official commemoration of Napoleon", arguing that Austerlitz should not be celebrated since they believed that Napoleon committed genocide against colonial people.[93]
After the battle, Tsar Alexander I laid all the blame on Kutuzov, the Commander-in-chief of the Allied Army.[94] However, it is clear that Kutuzov's plan was to retreat farther to the rear where the Allied Army had a sharp advantage in logistics. Had the Allied Army retreated further, they might have been reinforced by Archduke Charles's troops from Italy, and the Prussians might have joined the coalition against Napoleon. A French army at the end of its supply lines, in a place which had no food supplies, might have faced a very different ending from the one they achieved at the real battle of Austerlitz.[95]
Monuments and protection of the area[edit]
In the years following the battle, many memorials were set up around the affected villages to commemorate both the individual episodes of the battle and the thousands of its victims. Since 1992 the area where the Battle of Austerlitz took place is protected by law as a landscape monument zone.[96] Its value lies in the historical peculiarities of the place, in the historical connections of settlements, landscapes and terrain formations, and in the overall landscape image. The area extends to 19 of today's municipalities:[96]
Near Prace is the Cairn of Peace Memorial, claimed to be the first peace memorial in Europe.[97] It was designed and built in the Art Nouveau style by Josef Fanta in 1910–1912. World War I postponed the monument's dedication until 1923.[97] It is 26 m (85 ft) high, square, with four female statues symbolizing France, Austria, Russia and Moravia. Within is a chapel with an ossuary. A nearby small museum commemorates the battle.[98] Every year, the events of the Battle of Austerlitz are commemorated in a ceremony.
Other memorials located in the monument zone include among others:
- The Staré vinohrady height near Zbýšov saw the bloody collision of the French and Russian guards. In 2005, the Monument to the Three Emperors has been erected here.[99][100]
- Stará Pošta ("Old Post") in Kovalovice is an original building from 1785, which now serves as a hotel and restaurant. On 28 November 1805, the French cavalry general Murat set up his headquarters here. On the day of the battle, the Russian general Bagration had his headquarters here. After the battle, Napoleon slept in this house and held preliminary negotiations about an armistice. A small museum commemorates these events.[99][101]
- On Santon Hill in Tvarožná is a small white chapel.[102] The hill was a mainstay of the French position and allowed the French artillery to dominate the northern portion of the battlefield. Below the hill, the yearly historical reenactments take place.[99]
- On Žuráň Hill where Napoleon had his headquarters, a granite monument depicts the battlefield positions.[103][99]
- Slavkov Castle, where an armistice was signed between Austria and France after the battle on 6 December 1805. There is a small historic museum and a multimedia presentation about the battle.[99][104]
Several monuments to the battle can be found far beyond the battle area. A notable monument is the Pyramid of Austerlitz, built by French soldiers stationed there to commemorate the 1805 campaign near Utrecht in the Netherlands.[105] In Paris, the 44-metre-high bronze Colonne Vendôme, a celebration of Napoleon, also stands on the Place Vendôme. The monument was originally called the Column of Austerlitz and, according to propaganda, was cast from the melted down barrels of Allied guns from the Battle of Austerlitz.[106] A number of other sites and public buildings commemorate the encounter in Paris, such as Pont d'Austerlitz and nearby Gare d'Austerlitz. A scene from the battle is also depicted on the bas-relief of the eastern pillar of the Arc de Triomphe and Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel.
See also[edit]
Explanatory notes[edit]
- ^ The Baltic was dominated by Russia, something Britain was not comfortable with, as it provided valuable commodities like timber, tar, and hemp, crucial supplies to the British Empire. Additionally, Britain supported the Ottoman Empire against Russian incursions towards the Mediterranean. Meanwhile, French territorial rearrangements in Germany occurred without Russian consultation and Napoleon's annexations in the Po valley increasingly strained relations between the two.[23]
- ^ French numbers at the battle vary depending on the account; 65,000, 67,000, 73,000, or 75,000 are other figures often present in the literature. The discrepancy arises because about 7,000 men of Davout's III Corps were not at the battle right when it started. Including or not including these troops is a matter of preference (in this article, they will be included as separate from the 67,000 French soldiers originally on the field). David G. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon. p. 416 gives 67,000 (without Davout's III Corps)
- ^ Allied numbers at the battle vary depending on the account; 73,000, 84,000, or 89,000 are other figures often present in the literature. Andrew Uffindell, Great Generals of the Napoleonic Wars. p. 25 gives 73,000. David G. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon. p. 417 gives 85,000. In Napoleon and Austerlitz (1997), Scott Bowden writes that the traditional number given for the Allies, 85,000, reflects their theoretical strength, and not the true numbers present on the battlefield.
- ^ Andrew Roberts: Napoleon
- ^ a b Chandler 1966, p. 432.
- ^ Andrew Roberts, Napoleon, A Life. p. 390
- ^ de Méneval 1910, pp. 233–308, Chapter V.
- ^ Farwell p. 64. "Austerlitz is generally regarded as one of Napoleon's tactical masterpieces and has been ranked as the equal of Arbela, Cannae, and Leuthen."
- ^ Dupuy p. 102
- ^ Hall & Davis 1957, p. 31.
- ^ Schroeder 1996, pp. 172–174.
- ^ Pearson 1994, p. 5.
- ^ Schroeder 1996, pp. 178–180, 226–228.
- ^ Schroeder 1996, p. 226.
- ^ Grainger 2004, pp. 129–130.
- ^ Schroeder 1996, pp. 241–243.
- ^ Grainger 2004, pp. 33.
- ^ Chandler 1966, p. 304.
- ^ Chandler 1966, p. 320.
- ^ Grainger 2004, p. 55.
- ^ Grainger 2004, p. 221.
- ^ Jorgensen 2004, pp. 25–28.
- ^ a b Chandler 1966, p. 331.
- ^ Chandler 1966, p. 328.
- ^ Grehan & Mace 2013, p. 17.
- ^ Lane-Poole 1894, p. 250.
- ^ Gallaher 2008, p. 122.
- ^ Chandler 1966, p. 323.
- ^ Addington 1984, p. 29.
- ^ a b Chandler 1966, p. 332.
- ^ Wood 1997, p. 16.
- ^ Chandler 1966, p. 333.
- ^ Kuehn 2015, p. 93.
- ^ Gerges 2016, p. 171.
- ^ Wasson 2014, p. 43.
- ^ Mikaberidze 2005, pp. xx–xxxi.
- ^ Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 33.
- ^ Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 31.
- ^ Uffindell, p. 155.
- ^ Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 32.
- ^ Lyons 1994, p. 113.
- ^ Chandler 1966, pp. 325–326.
- ^ Kobtzeff 2016, p. 378.
- ^ Cook & Paxton 1981, p. 85.
- ^ Brooks, p. 108.
- ^ a b Uffindell, p. 15.
- ^ Schneid 2005, pp. 113–114.
- ^ Gerges 2016, p. 158.
- ^ Tibbetts 2016, p. 420.
- ^ Chandler 1966, p. 407.
- ^ Bassett 2015, pp. 233–234.
- ^ Kagan 2006, p. 368.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lê Vinh Quốc, Nguyễn Thị Thư, Lê Phụng Hoàng, pp. 154–160
- ^ Chandler 1966, p. 409.
- ^ Brose, Eric Dorn. German history, 1789–1871: From the Holy Roman Empire to the Bismarckian Reich. p. 46.
- ^ McLynn, p. 342.
- ^ Chandler 1966, p. 410.
- ^ Chandler 1966, pp. 410–411.
- ^ Chandler 1966, p. 411.
- ^ a b Uffindell, p. 19.
- ^ David Nicholls, Napoleon: a biographical companion pp. 9–10.
- ^ Frederick C. Schneid, Napoleon's conquest of Europe: the War of the Third Coalition, p. 137
- ^ Chandler 1966, pp. 412–413.
- ^ a b Chandler 1966, p. 416.
- ^ Richard Brooks (editor), Atlas of World Military History. p. 109
- ^ a b c Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 48.
- ^ a b c Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Napoleon Bonaparte: leadership, strategy, conflict, p. 19
- ^ Chandler 1966, p. 413.
- ^ Gregory Fremont-Barnes (2010). Napoleon Bonaparte: leadership, strategy, conflict. Great Britain: Osprey Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84603-458-9.
- ^ Chandler 1966, p. 412.
- ^ Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, pp. 48–49.
- ^ a b Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 49.
- ^ Uffindell, p. 21.
- ^ Chandler 1966, p. 425.
- ^ Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 51.
- ^ Grant, p. 203
- ^ a b Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 52.
- ^ Abbott, John S. C. (1888). "Chapter XXXL: Austerlitz". In Low, Sampson; Abbot Mead, Susan (eds.). The History of Napoleon Bonaparte. Vol. L (3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom of Great Britain: Harper & Brothers Publishers. pp. 475–486 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Rose, J. Holland (1 July 1902). Poole, Reginald L. (ed.). "The Ice Incident at the Battle of Austerlitz" (PDF). The English Historical Review. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press/Longmans, Green & Company, Limited/Johnson Reprint Corporation Limited. XVII (67): 537–538. doi:10.1093/ehr/XVII.LXVII.537. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 00138266. LCCN 05040370. OCLC 474766029.
- ^ Chandler 1966, pp. 432–433.
- ^ Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 54.
- ^ Stanhope's Life of the Rt Hon. William Pitt (1862), vol. iv, p. 369
- ^ Napoleon's Proclamation following Austerlitz. Dated 3 December 1805. Translated by Markham, J. David.
- ^ Chandler 1966, p. 439.
- ^ a b Uffindell, p. 25.
- ^ Rumph, Stephen (Summer 1995). "A Kingdom Not of This World: The Political Context of E. T. A. Hoffmann's Beethoven Criticism". 19th-Century Music. 19 (1): 50–67. doi:10.2307/746719. JSTOR 746719.
- ^ Tolstoy, Leo (1949). War and Peace. Garden City: International Collectors Library.
- ^ Archibald Alison, History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution in 1789 to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Volume 5, London: Thomas Cadell, 1836, p. 476.
- ^ "Quote Investigator: "Never interfere"". Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
- ^ Adrian Gilbert (2000). The Encyclopedia of Warfare: From Earliest Time to the Present Day. Taylor & Francis. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-57958-216-6. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
- ^ McLynn, p. 350.
- ^ "France's history wars" Archived 24 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed 20 March 2006
- ^ a b "Furore over Austerlitz ceremony" Archived 11 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, Accessed 20 March 2006
- ^ David Nicholls, Napoleon: a biographical companion, p. 138
- ^ Ian Castle, Christa Hook, Austerlitz 1805: the fate of empires, pp. 89–90.
- ^ a b "Bojiště bitvy u Slavkova" (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
- ^ a b Kopecký 2006, p. 11.
- ^ "The Cairn of Peace Memorial". Brno Museum. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Kopecký 2006, p. 178.
- ^ "Pomníky". Československá napoleonská společnost (in Czech). Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "Stará Pošta u Kovalovic". Kudy z nudy. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "kaple Panny Marie Sněžné". Památkový Katalog. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "památník bitvy u Slavkova". Památkový Katalog. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "zámek Slavkov". Památkový Katalog. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "The Pyramid of Austerlitz". Ontdek Utrecht [Discover Utrecht] (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ Chandler, David G. (1995). The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 320. ISBN 9781439131039.
General references[edit]
- Addington, L. F. (1984). The Patterns of War Since the Eighteenth Century. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-25330-132-1.
- Bassett, R. (2015). For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619–1918. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30021-310-2.
- Brooks, Richard, ed. (2000). Atlas of World Military History. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-7607-2025-8.
- Castle, Ian. Austerlitz 1805: The Fate of Empires. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002. ISBN 1-84176-136-2
- Castle, Ian. Austerlitz: Napoleon and the Eagles of Europe. Pen & Sword Books, 2005. ISBN 1-84415-171-9.
- Chandler, D. G. (1966). The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York: Simon & Schuster. OCLC 185576578.
- Cook, C.; Paxton, J. (1981). European Political Facts 1789–1848. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-34903-308-9.
- de Méneval, Claude-François (1910). de Méneval, Napoléon Joseph Erenst; Collier, Peter Fenelon (eds.). Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte: The Court of the First Empire (PDF). Vol. II. New York: P.F. Collier & Son Publishers. ISBN 9781355218760. OCLC 566100622. Retrieved 15 June 2021 – via Internet Archive.
- Dupuy, Trevor N. 1990). Understanding Defeat: How to Recover from Loss in Battle to Gain Victory in War. Paragon House. ISBN 1-5577-8099-4.
- Farwell, Byron (2001). The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Land Warfare: An Illustrated World View. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-04770-9.
- Fisher, T.; Fremont-Barnes, G. (2004). The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-831-1.
- Gallaher, J. G. (2008). Napoleon's Enfant Terrible: General Dominique Vandamme. Campaigns and Commanders 15. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-80613-875-6.
- Gerges, M. T. (2016). "Chapter 6: Ulm and Austerlitz". In Leggiere, M. V. (ed.). Napoleon and the Operational Art of War: Essays in Honor of Donald D. Horward. History of Warfare no. 110. Leiden: Brill. pp. 221–248. ISBN 978-90-04310-03-2.
- Goetz, Robert. 1805: Austerlitz: Napoleon and the Destruction of the Third Coalition (Greenhill Books, 2005). ISBN 1-85367-644-6.
- Grainger, J. D. (2004). The Amiens Truce: Britain and Bonaparte, 1801–1803. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-041-2.
- Grehan, J.; Mace, M. (2013). British Battles of the Napoleonic Wars 1793–1806: Despatched from the Front. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-78159-332-5.
- Hall, Walter Phelps; Davis, William Sterns (1957). The Course of Europe Since Waterloo (4th ed.). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- Jorgensen, C. (2004). The Anglo-Swedish Alliance Against Napoleonic France. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-23028-774-7.
- Kagan, F. (2006). The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801–1805. London: Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0-30681-645-1.
- Kobtzeff, O. (2016). "Napoleonic Wars: Art of War, Diplomacy and Imperialism". In GardnerH.KobtzeffO. (ed.). The Ashgate Research Companion to War: Origins and Prevention. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-31704-110-8.
- Kopecký, František (2006). 200 let tradic bitvy u Slavkova : vydáno k 40. výročí prvního příjezdu Norberta Brassinna na slavkovské bojiště (in Czech). Brno: Onufrius. ISBN 80-903432-5-2. OCLC 842394018.
- Kuehn, J. T. (2015). Napoleonic Warfare: The Operational Art of the Great Campaigns. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-44083-308-3.
- Lane-Poole, S. (1894). Coins and Medals: Their Place in History and Art (2nd ed.). London: E. Stock. OCLC 1114793772.
- Lyons, M. (1994). Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-31212-123-5.
- Marbot, Jean-Baptiste Antoine Marcelin. "The Battle of Austerlitz," Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents, ed. Rafe Blaufarb (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008), 122–123.
- McLynn, Frank (1997). Napoleon: A Biography. New York: Arcade Publishing Inc. ISBN 1-55970-631-7.
- Mikaberidze, A. (2005). Russian Officer Corps of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. New York: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-61121-002-6.
- Pearson, R. (1994). The Longman Companion to European Nationalism 1789–1920. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-31789-777-4.
- Roberts, Andrew (2014). Napoleon, A Life. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-670-02532-9.
- Schneid, F. C. (2005). Napoleon's Conquest of Europe: The War of the Third Coalition. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-27598-096-2.<
- Schroeder, P. W. (1996). The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (1st pbk ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19820-654-5.
- Tibbetts, J. (2016). 50 Great Military Leaders of All Time. New Delhi: Vij Books. ISBN 978-9-38550-566-9.
- Tolstoy, Leo. War and Peace. London: Penguin Group, 1982. ISBN 0-14-044417-3
- Uffindell, Andrew (2003). Great Generals of the Napoleonic Wars. Kent: Spellmount Ltd. ISBN 1-86227-177-1.
- Wasson, J. N. (2014). Innovator or Imitator: Napoleon's Operational Concepts and the Legacies of Bourcet and Guibert. Pickle Partners. ISBN 978-1-78289-587-9.
- Wood, W. J. (1997). Civil War Generalship: The Art of Command. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-27595-054-5.
External links[edit]
- (In French) Austerlitz order of battle
- Austerlitz
- (In German) The Battle of Austerlitz 2005
- (In French) Austerlitz 2005: la bataille des trois empereurs
- (In French) Austerlitz Online Game (Pousse-pion éditions, 2010)
- Austerlitz: The Battle of the Three Emperors (Napoleonic Miniatures Wargame Society of Toronto)
- Austerlitz AKA The Battle of Austerlitz (1960) at IMDb
- (In Czech) View on battle place – virtual show
- Bellum.cz – "Battle of Austerlitz 2nd December 1805"
- Media related to Battle of Austerlitz at Wikimedia Commons
|Preceded by
Battle of Schöngrabern
|Napoleonic Wars
Battle of Austerlitz
|Succeeded by
Siege of Gaeta (1806)
- Battle of Austerlitz
- 1805 in France
- 1805 in the Austrian Empire
- Battles in Moravia
- Battles involving Austria
- Battles involving France
- Battles involving Russia
- Battles of the Napoleonic Wars
- Battles of the War of the Third Coalition
- Conflicts in 1805
- Czech lands under Habsburg rule
- December 1805 events
- War of the Third Coalition
- Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe


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Green Toys
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PHOTOS: Man Turns Into Woman After His Body Develop Breasts
Meet a man, who was born a boy but turned into a woman and now has breasts, a penis and testicles at the same time.
Charles Darling was raised as a normal boy by his parents until he reached the age of 13, when his breasts and hips began to grow. Since then he started wearing baggy clothes, trying to hide his changing body for five long years.
Eventually, at the age of 18 he was diagnosed with the Klinefelter's syndrome – a genetic disorder which means Charles was born with an extra female chromosome.
READ ALSO: 5 ways to identify a man with SMALL penis
The man even underwent a breast reduction operation but breasts grew back again. But the diagnosis became the starting point for Charles' new life, who changed his name to its female variant and embraced himself as a woman.
READ ALSO: You remember this man? He is now a woman
Now the 38-year-old brave woman even prepares to take part in the Miss Transgender beauty contest. And wants to raise awareness of Klinefelter's syndrome to ensure no one else has to go through what she did.
Source: YEN.com.gh


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Halloween is coming. And that means lot's of spooky happenings. Pumpkins galore and a great deal of dressing up. There are also books being released. I was thrilled to be asked by Debbie Flint of QVC fame if I would like to contribute to a Halloween compilation of horror stories. So, I shut myself in the cellar and played scary music for a few days and came up with the story 'Camilla' which you can read in this fab book along with contributions by other authors including Adrienne Vaughan, Carolyn Mahony, Alison May, Jane O'Reilly, Jules Wake, Lizzie Lamb, Lynda Renham, Debbie Flint, Litty Williams, Mary Jane Hallowell, Tina K Burton and Stef Edward.
More exciting is that we have a Facebook page that you can like and which will help you find out more about us, the authors. All links are below and the Kindle download will be free to begin with, so make sure you get yours.
So, prepare your pumpkin, buy the sweets and sit down with this scary book and be prepared to be frightened, after all that's what Halloween is all about isn't it?
In our cottage there will be lots of noise, laughter and screams. The screams are usually from me when Andrew (my husband) plants a rubber spider in the bed. Any excuse for him to play practical jokes.
Have you had anything strange happen on Halloween? My mother in law was telling me how paintings used to move in their house. I'd love to hear your stories.
'Hocus Pokus 2014' will launch on the 10th October and we're having a fab online launch party. Don't miss it. We already have a lot of people.
It's going to be fun, scary and very exciting.
Go here for the Facebook event
Go here to like our 'Hocus Pocus' page
See you on Halloween. Have fun.


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The Girl From Kandahar
By: J.J. WardA female British agent suffers memory loss after a drone attack in Afghanistan in 2010. Little by little, she is recruited by terrorists.
In Britain, her MI7 fiancé is assigned to stop her.
Only he doesn't know it's her.
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NC's Ag Commissioner Pleased with Senate Version of 2013 Farm Bill
We are about a third of the way home on the farm bill with the Senate passing their version and then it has to go to the House and so on. How do you feel about the Senate version?
"From a national perspective and me being the president of the National Association of the Departments of Agriculture, the things that we had targeted as priorities were treated very well. So from that perspective I am satisfied with it. The one thing we need is certainty and this does provide a measure of certainly.
One of the biggest issues will be SNAP. On one hand we have House members who think enough was not removed from the nutritional programs and on the other side they think there was too much removed so there will have to be a compromise on that. I think it points out the misnomer of calling this a farm bill when only 15% of this bill is actually about agriculture. A lot of people have an influence on how it will be written.
We took the approach this year that we were not going to advocate for everything but ot pick the things that were most important. One of those was the specialty crop grant program that is administered by the states. It is up from $55 millino to $70 million per year. This is very beneficial to our specialty crop organizations and research.
The Market Access Program that we have a lot of dealings with helps producers compete in foreign markets. There are multiple success stories, especially small start up companies, that have been able to use this program and get into the exportation of their product and grown. There is sustained funding for that.
But more important to the ag world is crop insurance. There is an expansion of that and it provides more coverage for fruit and vegetable farmers that maybe had not been there before. Crop insurance is much more desirable than an ad hoc disaster relief program. When you have insurance up front to manage risk and to minimize the problems with the disaster, then you don't need the ad hoc relief programs and a farmer can actually go in to a lending institution and with crop insurance on their crop it will make sure they don't have a total disaster and it helps. So its preferable. Ad hoc programs are 100% tax payer funded vs crop insurance that the farmers pay into. Ad hoc programs can take years after a disaster to develop."


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About Us
Dave Hinton
founder & Owner
Dave Hinton was the founder and president of DJ Central for over 40 years. He grew his company from a one man operation with turntables and albums to one of the largest disc jockey services in Canada. Dave made an incredible impact on the DJ and wedding industry over the past 40 years – he truly was an innovator and pioneer with a vision to always grow and develop but maintain the excellent one of a kind services he was so proud of. This is a legacy that DJ Central will continue as we set new trends in this exciting industry.
Aaron has been DJing professionally for 10 years moving his way up the ranks at DJ Central under the guidance of his father, Dave. Aaron has played numerous venues all over Ontario spanning from Niagara to Muskoka and all the way to Chatham Ontario. Aaron is highly skilled both behind the decks and on the microphone having the ability to entertain any crowd on any occasion. Aaron's roots are in Dance Music but he takes pride in his deep all encompassing musical knowledge and his ability to please any crowd.
Aaron Hinton
Disc Jockey
Disc Jockey
My passion for music began in childhood. Hip Hop and Rock have been influential; Dance, House, and Club music are my favourites. I started DJing in 2005 and have been DJing in a professional capacity since 2010. I've held residency at several bars, and have played approximately 85 weddings. I've had the opportunity to play many types of events, dances, promos, fundraisers and functions to name a few. I will always have the desire to DJ, and hope to produce my own music as well.
Christian is a musician from the Hamilton area. His career has spanned two decades and includes touring large swaths of North America as an entertainer, performing in all manner of larger and smaller venues in southern Ontario and writing and recording his own original music. Christian specializes in Karaoke and hosts Karaoke Nights in various bars in the area. In addition to playing guitar, Christian loves to sing and enjoys meeting fellow singers at the events that he hosts."
Disc Jockey
Disc Jockey
My DJ style is to have songs that are easy to dance to, songs that everyone knows and even some songs that may be unheard of, so I can expose people to new music while also enjoying themselves. I enjoy dance, Latino, pop and rap the most but I also have wide knowledge of 80s and 90s dance music. When I DJ, I am focused on the technical aspect, that is to make sure that every transition sounds the best, that the tempo stays high and that the crowd keeps dancing.
steve has over 30 years of experience and has performed over a thousand weddings. his extensive knowledge of music along with his outgoing personality will keep your guests entertained all night. steve is just as comfortable performing at a wedding as he is at a night club, school dance, banquet, fundraiser, retro nights, themes event, and even karaoke. in addition, steve has a dozen readers choice awards for best disc jockey.
Disc Jockey
Dave & Donna Hinton
Founder & Owner


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Lionel Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo & Andres Iniesta on Ballon d'Or list
Last updated on .From the section Football
Lionel Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo and Andres Iniesta have been named on a three-man shortlist for this year's Ballon d'Or prize, Fifa has announced.
Messi, 25, has scored 82 goals this calendar year - just three short of the record set by Gerd Mueller in 1972.
Real Madrid's former Manchester United player Ronaldo also makes the list, along with Barcelona's Iniesta.
Pep Guardiola, Vicente del Bosque and Jose Mourinho are shortlisted for coach of the year.
The winners will be announced on 7 January.
Manchester United's Wayne Rooney, Britain's sole representative on the initial 23-man list, failed to make it through. His Old Trafford team-mate Robin van Persie also missed the cut, as did Manchester City trio Sergio Aguero, Mario Balotelli and Yaya Toure.
After 50 goals last season in La Liga - including breaking Barcelona's 60-year-old goalscoring record with a hat-trick in a 5-3 win over Granada in March - Messi is expected to win Fifa's player of the year award for the fourth successive year.
Ronaldo, who won it in 2008, provides strong competition after playing a key role as Real Madrid edged arch-rivals Barca to the Spanish title.
The Portuguese scored 60 goals in all competitions in the 2011-12 season as Mourinho's side also reached the last four of the Champions League before being knocked out by Bayern Munich.
He already has 19 to his name so far this term.
Iniesta, a team-mate of Messi's at Barcelona, was named as the tournament's best player as Spain won Euro 2012.
There was also a Spanish theme to the Fifa world coach of the year award.
National team boss Del Bosque was nominated for his role in guiding Spain to a successful defence of their European crown in Poland and Ukraine.
Mourinho steered Real Madrid to the league title in 2011-12 while Guardiola is on a sabbatical after leaving Barcelona at the end of last season following a highly successful spell in charge.
"It shows how strong football in Spain is," said Fifa secretary general Jerome Valcke.
"We have seen again what they did at the Euros and it will be interesting to see what happens in the [2013] Confederations Cup."
The three shortlisted for the women's player of the year includes Brazilian player Marta, who is nominated for the ninth time in a row and has already won the trophy five times.
She faces competition from United States duo Abby Wambach, who won her second Olympic gold medal at London 2012, and Alex Morgan.
Meanwhile, Liverpool's Luis Suarez and Rooney are among 15 forward players on the shortlist for the Fifa FIFPro 2012 World XI.
Messi and Ronaldo are also on the list along with the likes of Samuel Eto'o, Karim Benzema, Didier Drogba and Radamel Falcao.
Three of the 15 will be selected for the team, which will be announced during the Fifa Ballon d'Or Gala on 7 January.
British quartet Gareth Bale, Ashley Cole, Rio Ferdinand and John Terry were among 20 defenders named on the shortlist for the 2012 FIFPro World XI last week.


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22-Year-Old Trans Rights Activist Brutally Raped And Burned To Death In Turkey
Brutality to the core
In a gruesome incident, transgender rights activist and sex worker, Hande Kader, was killed in Turkey last week. Her body was found raped and brutally burned on August 12 in Istanbul. While the LGBT community in Turkey is now mourning her loss, activists across the world are demanding justice for her death and the cruelty inflicted upon her.
Rise in discrimination
According to reports, Kader's friend saw her in a client's car for the last time. Crime and discrimination against the LGBTQ community are on the rise in Turkey, though homosexuality is not illegal in the country. 22-year-old Kader always raised her voice in bringing awareness to the violence against the sex workers and the LGBTQ community in Turkey. She also appeared in the Gay Pride march in Istanbul in 2015, where police opened fire at protestors with rubber bullets and water cannons. According to a 2016 Transgender Europe report, Turkey has one of the highest rates of anti-trans killings. Since Kadar's death, the hashtag #HandeKaderSesVer has been trending in protest against anti-trans violence.
The Logical Indian is shocked and appalled at this gruesome incident. Back in India we indeed have made huge progress wrt progressive laws on LGBT community, but, we have a long way to go in ending the discrimination and stereotypes that they face. Let us together with the government change that for good.


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As energy costs continue to soar find out why more people are turning to LED lighting. Discover what makes LED lights so cost-effective and why they are transforming the way we light our homes.
Many advances have been made in the world of technology but one thing which has remained fairly constant is the light bulb. First developed in the early 19th Century the basic design has changed very little in the intervening centuries. However the major design flaw of the incandescent bulb is that almost 90% of the energy it produces creates heat rather than light.
Now the commercial development of LED lighting looks set to replace the traditional incandescent bulb in a changeover that seems both swift and brutal. From early beginnings as a novelty feature for indoor Christmas lights and outdoor solar lamps, this form of lighting quickly became synonymous with bicycle lights and head torches before moving into our homes. Now many homeowners are recognising the benefits of employing LED lighting solutions for their visible lighting downlighting and task lighting requirements.
Principle benefits of LED Lighting
LED lights can initially be slightly more expensive to buy than their incandescent counterparts, but this initial outlay is quickly recouped. LED lighting offers a number of benefits:
The light emitted is of a superior nature to that from an incandescent bulb
The light creates almost no heat, using all of the energy to create light
LED lights can last for several years without needing replacing
People who have switched to LED lighting throughout their homes report greatly reduced energy bills as a result, along with a greatly improved atmosphere within the home, thanks to LED lightings incredible versatility.
Most people will be familiar with the now old-fashioned concept of a single light bulb hanging from the central point of a room's ceiling. Task lighting and table lamps have often been utilised in addition to uplighters and downlighters to create mood lighting effects, but the results have not always been completely satisfactory.
Recessed spotlights became a popular trend which created better general lighting downlighting within a room, but spotlights use a lot of energy, give out a great deal of heat and are awkward to replace. Now thanks to the cooler and much more energy-efficient LED lighting solutions available to the homeowner, lighting solutions are available for a wide range of purposes.
Bathrooms and kitchens are traditionally the most difficult rooms to light adequately, thanks to the presence of water and the need for bright task lighting. LED spotlights can be positioned above a shower or bath and can be fitted underneath worktops to provide high-quality lighting exactly where it is most needed.
Moreover many LED lights can be fitted with dimmer switches, allowing you to control the mood of a room with the simple turn of a switch. Some LED lights can even be fitted in colour-changing options, allowing you to ring the changes. From general lighting to feature lighting, LED creates the perfect look and atmosphere to suit your mood.
With modern LED lighting offering such a huge range of options from visible lighting downlighting, task lighting, dimming capabilities and colour-changing options too, it's little wonder that so many people are discovering its versatility within the home.
James Holden is the digital content manager of Visible Lighting and has many years' experience in the LED Lighting industry. To find out more information on James Holden, you can follow him on Google Plus.


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The College Parents & Friends (P&F) exists to serve the College community and seeks to model Christ-like servanthood. All families are most welcome to be involved. The P&F meetings, held monthly, are an opportunity for parents to play an active role in working collaboratively with the Principal and Staff in the service of our College community.
Furthermore, the P&F:
• Support the partnership between home and school
• Assist in identifying College needs
• Raise funds to assist in the provision of prioritised needs
• Provide opportunities through organised events to build a positive College community
• Support the College Tuckshop


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This is a game without free block that you can play anywhere, at home, at school or at work. Unblocked moto x3m 6 spooky land.
Moto X3M cool math Full Gameplay Walkthrough all Levels
Use this site for teaching a variety of math concepts, lessons in geometry, trigonometry, calculus, and algebra.
Moto x3m 2 unblocked cool math. The latest version of the moto z has been updated with extreme graphics, vivid sound. On our site you will be able to play moto x3m unblocked games 76! Your task in the moto z is extremely difficult to complete the race in the fastest time possible to win the first, second, or third prize or create.
Cool math games unblocked play free cool math 4 kids games at school math games can help children to increase their thinking ability and it can also be considered as one of the greatest forms of real. Moto x3m bike race online! This game has versions available for the web browser, android and ios (you can find the mobile links below).
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Moto z is an adventure racing flash game that can be played for free and online right from the web browser. Moto x3m 2 is an exciting winter bike racing game. Ics 2 cool math games unblocked play free cool math 4 kids games at school learn lot of things check your skills.
Hop in your tank and destroy the enemy base. Play x3m 4 winter motorcycle at friv ez online. The obstacles are designed to be much more difficult, you will have to face the familiar giant gear wheels and run the roads filled with explosives or you will have to control the motor to launch three helicopters in the sky.in addition to the unique flip feature, the game also supports players with save points.
Moto x3m 2 is the second part of this extremely exciting terrain racing game series. Snatch your motorbike, do cool stunts and pass all levels! The name of our game is moto x3m, a game that we think you will play without being bored for 2 hours.
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Moto x3m 2 brings you more levels full of obstacles, speed, and stunts. Revel in free racing game and basic bike race! Here you will find best unblocked games at school of google unblocked games 76.
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See more ideas about fun math games, math games, fun math. Drive the jelly truck to the end of each level. Your task is to ride a bike to overcome dangerous obstacles.
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Race and do unwell stunts and insane tricks as you flip and wheelie by means of levels! Can you make it through the course? Added on 11 feb 2016.
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