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by Avinash Prasad, P.E., L.S., PhD. (C), Metropolitan Transit Authority – New York City Transit.
A greater utilization of advanced NDT methods can help spot potential problems in suspension bridges.
During the past 200 years, suspension bridges have been at the forefront in all aspects of structural engineering. Their spans have grown from 50 to 2,000 meters (164 to 6,561 feet) with designs for 3,000 meters (9,842 feet) under consideration.1
A suspension bridge is a special type of bridge in which loads from the bridge deck are carried by vertical suspenders that are supported by suspension cables suspended between towers and anchored at both ends of the bridge. The anchorage should be strong enough to take the high-tensile forces of suspension cables. The main suspension cable of modern bridge cables are made from multiple strands of wire. This contributes greater redundancy in case of structural failure.
Suspension bridges are showing signs of distress due to aging, improper repair or rehabilitation or lack of proper maintenance. Normally, visual inspections (including 100 percent hands-on inspection of fracture-critical fatigue prone details) are done for structural evaluation of critical components of a suspension bridge.
Extending the service life of aging suspension bridges is important for the transportation industry. Proper non-destructive testing (NDT) can identify most of the structural problems. Thereafter, necessary repair/rehabilitation can be executed with minimum funding. Additional research is required on this topic, which would be beneficial to the industry.
As it pertains to structural evaluation of suspension bridges carrying railroad traffic and/or vehicular traffic, it is important to include in the design of a suspension bridge that the centerline of the railroad tracks and associated structures are symmetrical with respect to the transverse centerline of the suspension bridge to avoid unnecessary and/or additional torsional forces. Additionally, the dead load of the suspension bridge should be significant compared to other types of load.2
Why suspension bridges fail
The Silver Bridge over the Ohio River at Point Pleasant collapsed in 1967 due to a brittle fracture of an eye-bar of the suspension system. Some of the suspected reasons were poor quality control during construction, inability to inspect, ignorance of fatigue behavior and lack of redundancy, among other factors.3 After this incident, the Federal Highway Administration made it mandatory for biennial inspection of all bridges.
An additional outcome was the National Bridge Inventory (NBI), which currently contains data on more than 600,000 vehicular bridges, 200,000 railroad bridges and more than 100,000 culverts. Fracture-critical details became an important part of the inventory and special provisions were designed for their inspections.4
Structural failure of a suspension bridge may be a combination of poor design, construction, maintenance, failure to inspect fracture-critical and fatigue prone details thoroughly, severe weather conditions or a combination of all these factors. Normally, suspension bridges are visually inspected along with checking of interior wires through a wedging process for selected critical locations biannually. There are limitations in current visual inspection of suspension cables, as visual inspection reports vary when compared with NDT method results.
Taking the above points into consideration, it is imperative to develop various NDT techniques to evaluate the structural condition of suspension bridges to avoid catastrophic failures.
Structural evaluation of suspension bridges
Suspension bridges are more susceptible to vibration due to flexibility compared to other rigid bridges. In design, there are variations in the type of vehicular and railroad live load. The dynamic effect by railroad traffic is more significant than vehicular traffic on a suspension bridge. Railroad live load, in a train length of approximately 600 feet, can be uniformly distributed as the load crosses over the bridge. In the case of vehicular loading, live load is a series of point loads as vehicle wheels cross over the bridge.
Railroad traffic can be allowed on a suspension bridge under specific circumstances and the following considerations are required:
- The dead load of suspension bridge should be higher compared to other types of load on the bridge.
- A provision should be made for increased stiffness of the bridge (by providing inclined cable stays, etc.).
- It is important to make consideration in design that the railroad centerline of track and associated structures are symmetrical with respect to the transverse centerline of suspension bridge to avoid unnecessary and/or additional torsional forces.
In New York City, Manhattan Bridge and Williamsburg Bridge are examples of suspension bridges, which carry both highway and railroad traffic.
The Williamsburg suspension bridge is an example where the railroad centerline of track and associated structures are symmetrical with respect to transverse centerline of the bridge, which avoids unnecessary and/or additional torsional forces.6 However, in the Manhattan suspension bridge, the railroad centerline of track and associated structures are unsymmetrical with respect to the transverse centerline of the bridge causing unnecessary additional torsional forces. As a result of this positioning, the Manhattan Bridge, over the years, has suffered damage and had to be retrofitted with a torsion tube to increase its resistance to torsional forces. This special arrangement is not proving effective year after year and serves as one of example of additional stress caused to a suspension bridge due to poor design, carrying railroad and vehicular traffic together.6
Advancement of NDT methods
Current NDT methods can be used to check the material properties of a structure and to verify the structural condition without damaging the infrastructure. The numerous NDT methods used on suspension bridges are based on the bridge structures inherent material properties, various types of electromagnetic radiation, etc. When electromagnetic radiation passes through suspension bridge structural elements, it shows distinct characteristics on account of material flaw. Dye penetrant testing for nonmagnetic materials and a magnetic particle test for magnetic materials can be performed to discover new cracks and/or any discontinuity in material properties.7, 8
Alternative NDT methods include electromagnetic testing, infrared and thermal testing, radiographic testing, C-scan, laser technology testing, ultrasonic testing, hardness testing, vibration analysis and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
Even with these options, advancement of NDT methods for structural evaluation is needed. One reason is that the current practice of visual inspections and subjective observations are not sufficient enough for precise structural evaluation of suspension bridges. Additionally, even the current practice of visual inspection of suspension bridges is not done properly, sometimes due to fear factor, as well as improper access to bridge inspectors.
Apart from regular visual inspection, wedging of cables is performed to check the condition of cable strands, but this method covers only a portion of cable surface area as most of the cable area remains inaccessible. Inspecting a 20-foot length cable with wedging at eight points exposes less than 0.1 percent of the wire for a typical suspension bridge (4,000 foot main cable with 15,000 wires).4 The factor of ignorance in cable inspection is high due to the current wedging technique, as mentioned above. This process of wedging is tedious and can be preferably performed for the smaller size of cable strands.
In structural evaluation of suspension cables, visual inspection cannot detect the actual deterioration (corrosion, breakage of wires, etc.) of cable strands due to the protective cable wrap over the actual load bearing cable. Hence, we are limited to visual inspection (that includes free climbing on suspension cables) and limited wedging of cable strands. This situation forces us to think about various innovative NDT methods to check the actual condition of the suspension cable.
It is highly disappointing that not many NDT methods are commonly used for structural evaluation of suspension bridges. Catastrophic failures have occurred for various reasons on a few suspension bridges. This could have been avoided had various advanced NDT methods been put to use.
Saving aging suspension bridges is important for the transportation industry. It is highly recommended to use various advanced NDT testing for structural evaluation of aging suspension bridges. Since every NDT method is unique, it is imperative to select particular methods based on the suitability for a successful inspection.
Some of the NDT methods, such as MRI, are costly and need specialized training for effective structure evaluation. Normally, most of the high technology NDT tests are not performed on account of higher cost and effort in developing and using these methods for structural evaluation of suspension bridges. It is better to spend time and resources to use newly-developed NDT techniques to find a hidden structural defect. The transportation industry has to gear up to make use of these NDT methods. By following these norms, there will be higher chances of avoiding catastrophic failures of suspension bridges in the future.
There are not enough NDT methods that are practiced in structural evaluation of suspension bridges. It is the author's opinion that visual inspection cannot cover many areas of suspension bridges. Many inspectors are not able to pay close attention during inspection due to the height factor and poor access. The current structure evaluation is based on the visual observation and its subjective interpretation. Based on the limitations of visual structural evaluation, there is an urgent need of sophisticated NDT technology, which can extend the structure evaluation coverage. To further solidify the use of NDT technology, the author suggests that federal and state transportation agencies consider mandating the use of additional NDT methods of suspension bridges as part of the existing biennial inspection.
Future work
With the increasing pace of changes in the technology and the current economic downturn, organizations around the world are focused more on cost-effective and value-added technology to develop new NDT methods to pinpoint the critical defects of the different components of suspension bridges. A broad level of research with adequate funding could be initiated down the road to promote the use of NDT methods of suspension bridges in the transportation industry. The author is continuing his research on this topic to explore additional facts, which will be published in the future when available.
The author acknowledges the help of Ms. Indira Prasad, PMP, in peer reviewing this article. The author sincerely thanks his professors at NYU-POLY, as well as his colleagues at Metropolitan Transportation Authority-New York City Transit (MTA-NYCT) for their help and encouragement.
Disclaimer, about the author
Even though the author works for MTA-NYCT, any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material does not reflect the views or policies of MTA-NYCT nor does mention of trade names, commercial product or organizations imply endorsement by MTA-NYCT. MTA-NYCT assumes no liability for the content or the use of the materials contained in this document. The author makes no warranties and/or representation regarding the correctness, accuracy and or reliability of the content and/or other material in this paper. The contents of this file are provided on an "as is" basis and without warranties of any kind, either express or implied.
Avinash Prasad works for MTA-NYCT as a civil engineer-level III and has more than 25 years of professional experience. He is a registered professional engineer and land surveyor in multiples states and is a structural evaluator as a professional engineer of high-rise structures (suspension bridges, towers, etc.) in the United States and abroad.
- Yanev. B. 2009. "Suspension Bridge Cables: 200 Years of Empiricism, Analysis and Management." PDF document. Retrieved from http://www.pwri.go.jp/eng/ujnr/tc/g/pdf/25/5-4.pdf.
- "Cable-Suspended Bridges for Rail Loading Definition Structural Steel Civil Engineering Lectures, Books, Notes." N.p., n.d. Retreived from http://lecture.civilengineeringx.com/structural-analysis/structural-steel/cable-suspended-bridges-for-rail-loading/; Web. 06 Mar. 2013.
- Dubin, Earl E.; Yanev, Bojidar S. August 2001. "Managing the East River Bridges in New York City." Proc. SPIE Vol. 4337, p. 60-74.
- Sreenivas A. November 2009. "National and New York State Highway Bridge Inspections." MCEER/[email protected], Buffalo, N.Y.
- State of New York Department of Transportation. Bridge Inspection Manuel. 1997, with latest revisions/circulars.
- 2010 Biennial Inspection of Manhattan Bridge, Volume 1, summery report, by Haks Engineering, Inc., for NYSDOT. Contract no. D030696, PIN X760.81.121.
- Charles Hellier. 2003. Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. Pp. 1.1. ISBN 0-07-028121-0.
- Cartz, L. 1995. Nondestructive Testing. ASM International. ISBN 978-0-87170-517-4.
- U.S. Department of Transportation. Primer for the. Rep. no. FHWA-IF-11-045. Federal Highway Administration. May 2012. Web. 05 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/pubs/if11045.pdf.


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We are already halfway through February and, according to Punxsutawney Phil, spring 2013 is just around the corner.
With spring comes the annual Small Business Week, which will be celebrated May 20 through May 24. There are opportunities during the week to present two awards — the Blue Ridge Business Growth Awards presented by TD Bank, and the sixth annual ATHENA Award given in memory of Vanessa Y. Mintz and presented by Morris Broadband and Judy Stroud/State Farm Insurance.
The Chamber is currently accepting applications for both awards.
The Blue Ridge Business Growth Awards are presented to Henderson County Chamber of Commerce member businesses that have experienced business success in 2012 and have helped grow our local economy.
Through quality management, inventiveness, old-fashioned hard work and courage, they have managed to grow their business during tough economic times.
The awards are used to recognize these companies for employment growth, revenue growth and/or a combination of the two.
Deadline for nominations is April 12, and a nomination form can be found on the Chamber's website, www.hendersoncountychamber. org. Recipients will be recognized during Small Business week at a reception co-sponsored by the Southern Appalachian Craft Brewery on May 20.
Attorney Joe Guy is volunteer chairman of the BRBGA program.
He says that his committee looks forward to recognizing the businesses in our area that have been innovative and determined to succeed. Joe adds that these companies are leading the way toward sustained economic recovery, and it is an honor to acknowledge their accomplishments.
This is the third year for the BRBGA, and it is possible that we may have some three-peat winners.
The Chamber, Morris Broadband and Judy Stroud/State Farm Insurance present the sixth annual ATHENA Leadership Award in Henderson County in memory of Vanessa Y. Mintz.
Nominations are now being accepted for the ATHENA Leadership Award, which also will be presented during Small Business Week in May at the Professional Women's Luncheon.
The award winner will be an exemplary leader who has achieved excellence in their business or profession, served the community in a meaningful way and, most importantly, actively assisted women to achieve their full leadership potential.
Founded nearly 30 years ago, ATHENA International is a women's leadership organization that supports, develops and honors women leaders through the programs it administers.
Vanessa Y. Mintz brought the ATHENA award to Henderson County in 2008, and she embodied the values underlying ATHENA International's philosophy of incorporating the talent and expertise of women into the leadership of our businesses, our communities and our government.
The program is facilitated locally by the Henderson County Chamber, a licensed ATHENA host organization. Nominations are sought throughout the community, and recipients are selected by a diverse group of community leaders based on the criteria above.
Past Henderson County ATHENA recipients include: Myra Grant, Pardee Hospital Foundation (2012); Joyce Mason, Four Seasons Compassion for Life (2011); Pat Shepherd with Pat's School of Dance (2010); Ragan Ward with Carolina First (2009); and Robin Reed with Bares It All (2008). Nominations will be accepted until April 12 and forms may be obtained by contacting the Henderson County Chamber of Commerce at 828-692-1413 or at www.hendersoncountychamber. org.
The Chamber strives to be a community resource, an information source and link for our area. For more information on what the Chamber can do for you and your business, stop by our office at 204 Kanuga Road or give us a call at 828-692-1413.
Chamber seeks nominees for ATHENA, business awards
We are already halfway through February and, according to Punxsutawney Phil, spring 2013 is just around the corner.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Blackwoods is located at 20 Greens Rd, Dandenong South, VIC, 3175. Please contact Blackwoods using the contact details provided on this page for more information.
Blackwoods - Open / Closed
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- TUE open
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Details may change at any time. Please verify with the event coordinator or venue before making plans or arrangements. If you see a mistake, report any inaccurate information here


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PHP Event Calendar is a modern, Ajax based, multi-user calendar/scheduling application. It supports multiple calendars, shared calendars, event drag and drop, Google Calendar import, email reminders, repeating events, multiple calendar views, and many other features. It can be customized easily to integrate into your own environment or it can be used right out of the box as a standalone event calendar/scheduling application. It supports all major Web browsers as well as mobile devices.
Outline is a note-taking application that features a unique design, intuitive hierarchy, and free placement of notes like a paper notebook, support for various types of content (text, images, inks, tags, Web content, etc.), synchronization options, and Microsoft OneNote compatibility. Outline's hierarchy resembles that of a real notebook: there are notebooks for general subjects, section tabs for specific topics, and pages for actual notes. For more complex notebook structures, additional section groups can be created within a notebook. There are no limitations on the number of notebooks, section groups, section tabs and pages.
PrestaShop Custom Fields is a module that allows merchants to add extra fields to the checkout page. These can be used to get extra information from customers. Fields can be text, text area, date, yes/no, multi-select, drop-down, check box, radio button, and message only. Input validation is supported.
PHP Autocomplete is an auto-complete and combo box component for PHP developers. A working auto-complete text box requires only two lines of PHP code. It features support for multiple dependent, cascading, nested drop-downs, customization with templates and images, the ability to quickly set up fields for tagging, built-in combo box support, and loading of remote data with built-in AJAX/JSONP support.
PrestaShop Store Locator Module allows you to show different stores locations on Google Maps like Google places. It adds a new tab to product pages that shows different store locations with availability of product. It can also automatically sense the user's location if enable from the backend.
PrestaShop Advance Search Friendly URL Module is used to remove dynamically generated IDs and numbers from the URLs of different Web pages. The default URL typically contains different IDs, tags, and numbers that are not according to the guideline of search engines. This PrestaShop friendly URL module removes auto generated session IDs quickly, e.g. if your URL is www.domain.com/56product-a.php/profile&5649876, it will replace the number and IDs, e.g. www.domain.com/product-a.
iWinSoft Mac CD / DVD Label Software lets you create CD/DVD labels, CD jewel cases, and print direct to CD with ease and flexibility. It comes with custom art for holidays and special occasions like birthdays, Christmas, vacations, Valentines, weddings, and more. It automatically imports track information from iTunes, Burner, WinAmp, Easy CD Creator, or any other popular playlist or previously burnt CD. It can print on standard paper, stock sticker labels, CD jewel case templates, or print directly on a CD or DVD.
A multi-threaded scripting language targeting logic embedding and interface development.
A modern platform independent OO language with a native JIT compiler.


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Essential CVS/Introduction/What Is CVS?
From WikiContent
(Initial conversion from Docbook)
(Initial conversion from Docbook)
Revision as of 12:25, 7 March 2008
|Essential CVS
CVS is a version tracking system. It maintains records of files throughout their development, allows retrieval of any stored version of a file, and supports production of multiple versions. CVS enables multiple developers to work simultaneously on a single file without loss of data. Each developer works on her own copy of a file, and all changes are later merged into a single master copy. CVS can be integrated with bug-tracking and feature-tracking systems, and it provides features that can assist a project manager by tracking changes to a project over time.
CVS can be used in many environments for many purposes. It is used for maintaining configuration files, mail aliases, source code, FAQ files, art, music, articles, essays, and books. Some system administrators keep everything in the /etc directory under CVS in order to track system configuration changes over time. CVS is also used to store and automatically publish content to web sites and FTP servers.
CVS follows the Unix ethos of small programs doing what they do well. The RCS (Revision Control System) program handles revision control of single files, so CVS uses RCS to store file data. CVS adds features to RCS, most notably the abilities to work over collections of files, and to work out of a repository that may be local or remote.
What Is a Versioning System?
Version control is the process of recording and retrieving changes in a project.[1] A version control system can enable you to retrieve an old version to fix bugs or update features, branch development to allow the project to progress along multiple tracks simultaneously, and generate reports that show the changes between any two arbitrary stages of a project.
Most version control systems store notes with each change, and many provide tools that allow a project leader to analyze the changes. Most also include the ability to retrieve differences between arbitrary versions of files, which makes it easier to create patches or locate bugs.
The benefits of a version control system such as CVS include:
- Any stored revision of a file can be retrieved to be viewed or changed.
- The differences between any two revisions can be displayed.
- Patches can be created automatically.
- Multiple developers can work simultaneously on the same project or file without loss of data.
- The project can be branched to allow simultaneous development along varied tracks. These branches can be merged back into the main line of development.
- Distributed development is supported across large or small networks. (CVS offers a variety of authentication mechanisms.)
Using version control for a project requires some extra work on an ongoing basis. In addition, previous versions of files, or records of changes to the various files in a project, occupy disk space that you might otherwise use for something else. However, the features that a good version control system makes available are well worth the investment of time and disk space. For example, without version control, project backups typically are timestamped copies of an entire project, hopefully stored together in a logical fashion. Version control provides organized storage and retrieval of the complete record of project changes, rather than whichever copies someone gets a chance to make.
Version control systems store files as the files are created and updated, in a way that allows any saved version of a file, or related versions of a set of files, to be retrieved at any given time. Many version control systems, including CVS, encourage a project's files to be stored together, which means that backups are easy to produce.
The ability to recover any earlier version of a given file allows you to roll back to support feature requests for previous releases and is critical when you create a bugfix branch of the project. CVS (and some other version control systems) allows simultaneous storage of the bugfix branch of a project and its main trunk code.
Many version control systems, including CVS, can display the differences between versions in a computer-readable format. The format CVS uses produces a file that allows the Unix patch program to automatically convert one version of a file (or set of files) to another.
Version control often allows multiple projects to use the same files, which helps divide a larger project among smaller teams. You can give each team a version-controlled copy of the section they're working on, as well as the latest stable version of the files they need to use to test their section.
Sometimes, two or more developers may make changes to the same file. Those changes may be in different parts of the file, and they may be made in such a way as not to conflict with each other. Other times, two or more developers may make conflicting changes to the same portion of a file. In such a case, CVS does its best to merge conflicting changes, but it only knows which lines of a file have been changed. It doesn't know what the changes mean. CVS provides tools to display changes between arbitrary revisions, which can help locate and resolve problems.
Version control is not a substitute for team members communicating with each other. File updates should be passed through CVS, but the meaning of the changes must be passed to other team members by actually discussing them. If one developer needs to change the arguments to a function or the chapter numbering of a book, that must somehow be communicated to the other developers.
Versioning systems are most commonly used for programming, but they are also useful for writing (I used CVS to write this book), system administration (configuration files), and anything else that requires files that change, where you might want to retrieve older versions of those files, or for situations where several people may be working on the same files. One family I know uses CVS to store their shopping list, to keep them from overwriting each other's entries.
CVS in the Field
CVS records file changes during a project's development. Project files are added to the repository as they are created, and developers check out a personal sandbox — a personal copy of the project's files — to work from. Each developer works in her own sandbox and regularly commits her changes to the repository. Developers also update the contents of their sandboxes regularly to ensure that changes to the repository are reflected in each sandbox.
The term project can take on many different meanings. The stereotypical CVS project is a programming project in which files contain source code for the various programs written as part of the project. But that's a narrow view of what a CVS project can be. CVS can be used in many other settings as well, as the next few sections demonstrate.
System Administration
CVS can store configuration files, mail aliases, domain records, and other files for which changes should be tracked. Import the files (or all of /etc) into a repository and require administrators to check them out into a sandbox to make changes. Commit the files back to the repository and export the changes to the server. If the changes fail, rolling back to the previous state is easy.
Multiple servers with varied but similar configurations can be maintained using different branches of the same files. Changes to any given branch can be merged into other branches selectively.
Every change made through CVS is recorded in a file history, along with the username of the person making the change, the date the change was made, and any notes recorded with the change. All this information can help, for example, when trying to spot which change to which configuration file broke the mail server.
Both the CVS server and the client run on all Unix and Linux operating systems. Third-party graphical clients are available for Unix, Linux, Windows, and Macintosh systems, and for the Java runtime environment. The CVSNT CVS server is available for Windows NT or later. This makes CVS particularly useful for cross-platform environments.
Software Development
Program development is perhaps the most common use for version control systems. After the initial release of a program, two versions usually need to be maintained: the new version that will eventually be the next release and the bugfix version for the current release. CVS allows you to split the development into two or more parts, called a trunk and a branch. Typically, the branch is used for bug fixes, while the main trunk is used for new feature development. Both versions of the program, the bugfix branch and the main trunk, are stored in the same repository. This allows the changes from the bugfix branch to ultimately be merged into the main trunk, ensuring that all bugfixes get rolled into the next release of the program.
A CVS repository can be hosted on the machine that most developers will be using, or you can host the repository on a machine that developers access via a local or wide-area network. A repository can be accessed simultaneously by multiple computers. If you need to authenticate your CVS users, there are a variety of authentication mechanisms available.
When multiple developers are trying to work on the same project, it's likely that two or more developers will eventually want to work with the same file at the same time. Without version control, this would lead to problems, as developers would soon find themselves overwriting one another's changes. One way that some version control systems prevent such conflicts is to enable developers to lock whatever files they are working on, so that no one else can make changes at the same time.
Instead of locking files to prevent conflicts, CVS simply allows multiple developers to work on the same file. CVS's file-merging feature then allows you to merge all changes into one file. File merging aids development across remote time zones, as developers can work on different sections of the same file, regardless of the lock status. In fact, there is no lock status, because there is no locking. With a file-locking system, a developer may have to email someone and then wait until that person wakes up, reads his email, and unlocks the needed file. The CVS approach prevents one developer from blocking another, thus increasing productivity. However, if your project team needs file locking, you can use the cvs watch command to emulate it.
The cvs diff command displays the differences between any two revisions of a file (or set of files) in the repository. A variation of the command creates a Unix standard patch file to update one revision to another, which is useful when sending patches or updates to customers.
CVS can be configured to record commit messages in bug-tracking systems. Chapter 7 explains how to use the administrative files to provide message templates and run scripts automatically during commits. This does not necessarily record the stage of each change (completed, tested, etc.). Unless you rigorously enforce a requirement to write meaningful commit messages, you should maintain a separate change log.
Store your build and installation scripts in CVS to maintain a record of changes and to ensure that such scripts are kept with the project files. Releases should always be built from a freshly checked-out sandbox and tagged with a human-friendly name.
CVS does not include build or installation tools, though cvs export should be part of the installation process for your project. I like to use make for build and installation scripts.
Content-Controlled Publishing
Many people use CVS to maintain web sites and other file servers, and they use scripts to automatically publish updates to those servers. Some people use scripts to distribute and apply patch files on remote machines, saving bandwidth by distributing only the changes. A variety of such scripts are available at http://www.cvshome.org, and some are discussed in Appendix B.
Other Uses for CVS
CVS is also useful for managing any other type of file, from book chapters to blueprints, music to art, mailing lists to shopping lists. The features that make it useful to programmers are also useful to anyone who produces something that can be stored as a computer file.
- ↑ Computer scientists define version control, source control, and change management as different but overlapping tasks. The term version control is the best fit for the aspects of the field that apply to CVS.


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Buying Advice
Use our car buying advice to get the best deal on your next purchase. Learn how to negotiate with new-car dealers and what to look for when buying a used car. Plus, research the most dependable cars and trucks, learn which models have the best and worst resale values and find out which vehicles are most popular among Cars.com users.
Buying Advice Index
Quick Quiz
Find out if you should buy a new car or a used car by taking this short online quiz. Read more
Quick Start Guide
Are you ready to buy a car but aren't quite sure how to begin the process? Cars.com's editors help you find the right vehicle with these four easy steps. Read more
Manufacturer Warranties
Which manufacturers have the best warranty coverage? Make sense of new-car and used-car warranties and compare basic, powertrain, corrosion and roadside assistance warranties from 50 manufacturers. Read more
Negotiating With Car Dealers
Many buyers are uncomfortable with the new-car shopping experience, but they don't have to be. Learn how to negotiate with car dealers in order to get the best deal on your next new car. Read more
How to Buy a Used Car
Buying a used car can save you some money, but it won't necessarily save you any time. If you research a used-car purchase like you would a new car, you're far more likely to get a great deal. Read more
Best & Worst Car Resale Values
Resale values, also known as residuals, should be a key factor in any new-car purchase. Which cars will retain the most value in three years when you're ready to sell? And which will retain the least? Read more
Should You Buy New or Used?
Used cars and new cars each have their own pros and cons. Examine the benefits and drawbacks to decide whether you should purchase new or used. Read more
Most Dependable Cars
Find out which cars and trucks are the most dependable during the first three years of ownership, according to a study by J.D. Power and Associates. Read more
What's on the Window Sticker?
A car's window sticker contains a wealth of valuable information for car shoppers. It can also serve as a valuable reference for eventual repairs or a private-party sale. Read more


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Commissioned by BBC1 to commemorate the 70th anniversary of World War II, LAND GIRLS follows the lives, loves, highs and lows of four young English women who left their homes and families to join the Woman's Land Army. A civilian organization, the WLA sent city women to rural farms to replace the male workers who had been called up to the military.
Episode #305 / Length: 45 minutes


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Historical, Demographic, Economic, and Social Data: The United States, 1790-2002 (ICPSR 2896)
Published: May 21, 2010
Principal Investigator(s):
Michael R. Haines, Colgate University; Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
Version V3
This data collection contains detailed county and state-level ecological and descriptive data for the United States for the years 1790 to 2002. Parts 1-43 are an update to HISTORICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL DATA: THE UNITED STATES, 1790-1970 (ICPSR 0003). Parts 1-41 contain data from the 1790-1970 censuses. They include extensive information about the social and political character of the United States, including a breakdown of population by state, race, nationality, number of families, size of the family, births, deaths, marriages, occupation, religion, and general economic condition. Parts 42 and 43 contain data from the 1840 and 1870 Censuses of Manufacturing, respectively. These files include information about the number of persons employed in various industries and the quantities of different types of manufactured products. Parts 44-50 provide county-level data from the United States Census of Agriculture for 1840 to 1900. They also include the state and national totals for the variables. The files provide data about the number, types, and prices of various agricultural products. Parts 51-57 contain data on religious bodies and church membership for 1906, 1916, 1926, 1936, and 1952, respectively. Parts 58-69 consist of data from the CITY DATA BOOKS for 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1983, 1988, 1994, and 2000, respectively. These files contain information about population, climate, housing units, hotels, birth and death rates, school enrollment and education expenditures, employment in various industries, and city government finances. Parts 70-81 consist of data from the COUNTY DATA BOOKS for 1947, 1949, 1952, 1956, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1983, 1988, 1994, and 2000, respectively. These files include information about population, employment, housing, agriculture, manufacturing, retail, services, trade, banking, Social Security, local governments, school enrollment, hospitals, crime, and income. Parts 82-84 contain data from USA COUNTIES 1998. Due to the large number of variables from this source, the data were divided into into three separate data files. Data include information on population, vital statistics, school enrollment, educational attainment, Social Security, labor force, personal income, poverty, housing, trade, farms, ancestry, commercial banks, and transfer payments. Parts 85-106 provide data from the United States Census of Agriculture for 1910 to 2002. They provide data about the amount, types, and prices of various agricultural products. Also, these datasets contain extensive information on the amount, expenses, sales, values, and production of farms and machinery.
Export Citation:
National Science Foundation. RANN Division (GS-1435, GS-1435A1, GS-1231, GS-2473, and APR75-01320)
Subject Terms
Geographic Coverage
Time Period(s)
1790 -- 2002
Data Collection Notes
Parts 98 and 105 do not have documentation available in the "Data Sources" section of the codebook.
For Parts 44-50 much of the basic information for 1840-1860 and 1880 was furnished by Lee A. Craig (North Carolina State University, Department of Economics) and Thomas Weiss (University of Kansas, Department of Economics). The price and output data for 1840-1860 were calculated by Lee Craig. Some variables were taken from ICPSR 0003. The data in this collection were compiled and corrected by Michael R. Haines (Colgate University, Department of Economics).
Variable labels for many variables in Parts 44-50, 85-97, 99-104, and 106 are truncated; please refer to the "Variable List for Parts 44-50, 85-97, 99-104, and 106 (Provided by the Data Producer)" section of the ICPSR codebook for the full version of the variable labels. For the other parts, variable labels for some variables are truncated; however, there is no documentation available for the full version of the variable labels.
Part 7, 1850 Census (County and State); Parts 58-69, CITY DATA BOOKS; and Part 85, United States Census of Agriculture, in the previous version have been replaced with an updated version.
For Parts 44-50 most of the basic crop output data apply to the previous harvest year. Since the censuses were taken in June, this means the data refer to 1839, 1849, 1859, 1869, 1879, 1889, and 1899. Only after 1880 was a distinction made as to time period in the published data. The stock variables, such as value of farms, numbers of livestock, and acreage, apply to the time of the census.
This collection has been updated to now include SAS, PASW (SPSS), and Stata setup and ready-to-go files for all 106 parts.
For Parts 44-50 the principal investigator made several adjustments to the data files. (a) Data were checked to ensure that county totals added up to the states and that states added up to the country total whenever counts were involved. (b) Some regular extra variables were added, including the county and state FIPS codes, codes for census region, and a variable "level" (1 = county 2 = state 3 = USA) to allow for selection. (c) For 1840-1860, some additional variables were created. These involved the inclusion of prices (by state) for various commodities, the multiplication of the physical quantities by those prices to obtain value of output of those commodities, and the summing of various values to obtain different measures of the value of agricultural output. This was not done for 1870 and subsequent censuses.
The augmented and corrected version of HISTORICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL DATA: THE UNITED STATES, 1790-1970 (ICPSR 0003)differed from the original version of ICPSR 0003 in several respects: (a) Data were checked to ensure that county totals added up to states and that states added up to the country total. (b) This collection includes all missing territories and the District of Columbia, and the national totals were added in, including Alaska and Hawaii, when the data were available. The original dataset did not include the District of Columbia, some territories at some dates, and the national totals. (c) New variables were added. One example is the information on housing from the censuses of 1890 to 1920. An entire new dataset from the United States Census of 1930 on "Families" was added (Part 30). (d) Some regular extra variables were added, including the county and state FIPS codes, codes for census region, and a variable "level" (1 = county, 2 = state, 3 = USA) to allow for selection. Most of the published county data on population and housing were included up to the early 20th century. Some data on manufacturing and agriculture are also present. (e) Some new variables have been created. Most notably, the urban population of each county in the United States has been calculated from the original Census Bureau worksheets for the period 1790 to 1930. When urban areas cut across county boundaries, the population was allocated according to the census data. (f) Some new variables have simply been calculated from the existing data, such as total population and total population by age and sex (when not presented).
Parts 86-106 (all of which are derived from Censuses of Agriculture 1920-2002) have been added to the data collection.
Parts 82-84 contain data from USA COUNTIES 1998. Due to the large number of variables from this source, the data were divided into three separate data files. The three parts can be merged into one large data file.
Original Release Date
Version Date
Version History
2010-05-21 Parts 7, 58 through 69, and 85 have been replaced with the updated version of the datasets. Parts 86 through 106 have been added to this version of the data collection. Also, SAS, PASW (SPSS), and Stata setup and ready-to-go files were produced for Parts 1-106.
2006-03-30 File CB2896.ALL.PDF was removed from any previous datasets and flagged as a study-level file, so that it will accompany all downloads.
2005-04-29 These data are currently available as Stata system files. Technical issues were discovered with the files released with the previous version of this study. Also, Part 85, 1910 Census of Agriculture (County and State) has been added to this version.
Data in this collection are available only to users at ICPSR member institutions.
This study is provided by ICPSR. ICPSR provides leadership and training in data access, curation, and methods of analysis for a diverse and expanding social science research community.


text:
Thursday, July 22, 2010
The Martha Stewart Score Board is Back in Stock!
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Yvie Bandy
New comments are not allowed.


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USFWS National Digital Library
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1 1 Interview with Spencer Smith… Former FWS Director as Interviewed by Steve Chase < Tape Begins> Spencer Smith: Very fine evening , we had the opportunity to be with Lynn Greenwalt and Judy for dinner. Then John Connor joined us and a great review of many things that did happen and some things that didn't happen. Steve Chase: Well did you come over from California just for this? SS: Oh yes… <SC: interjects.." oh that's great, that's wonderful."> I guess Steve was the instigator, or someone was, I' m not sure. SC: Well a couple of us have been talking about it for awhile, and you have been on our radar screen for over a year to try to get you to come and talk to us. So we are glad that you could. Where did you go to school to get your Biology degree. SS: I did my college work at Oregon State University, came out of the Navy right after WWII. Was located in Corvallis, Oregon. An individual that I had been with for a number of years in the Navy, was the former Instructor of Wildlife at Purdue University. He rather introduced me into the Fish and Wildlife profession during those years of Navy time. In fact he and I were stationed in Corvallis, Oregon on our last segment of duty and so I chose Oregon State as my school, I am quite pleased that I did. As you know back in those days there where only four or five schools that offered degrees in Fish and Wildlife management. SC: What do you, recall, were there any influential text books back then. SS: The lack of text books was a real problem. A couple of Ira Gablesons books and quite frankly I don't recall the name of them, but, more of a philosophical concept of wildlife management. Al Day was a past graduate of the school, the then Director of the 2 2 Fish and Wildlife Service, and he was out several times for seminars and so forth. So we did get and introduction not only to the fishery management aspects of our education, but equally important we had some good insight from leadership at both the State level and Federal level during the time that I was there. SC: Interesting, excuse me I want to take your name tag off… When did you first join the Fish and Wildlife Service. SS: I joined the Fish and Wildlife Service in 19 and 48, interestingly enough I graduated, I got my Bachelors from Oregon State and received a teaching assistantship appointment at Texas A&M University. I went there to study under a Leonard Wing who was an outstanding fisheries man of that day. By the time I arrived at A & M he had just accepted a job at another school. After a bit of chatting with the new individual, I decided not to continue my education there. The individual that introduced me to the Fish and Wildlife field, Gordon Ferdeen, at that time was Regional Supervisor of River basin studies in Atlanta Georgia. I joined him, at a salary of $2,900.00 per year. With an income of $101.00 every two weeks take home pay. After nine months I starved out in Atlanta, and at about that time the State of Mississippi was looking for there first professional Fishery Biologist as you know the state of Mississippi has both a very large inland fishery both commercial and sport, as well has the coastal fishery. Which at that time was quite an income for the state. The Governor of the state looking around for trained scientist learned that I was trained, and that I was from Texas, I was raised on the Texas Coast, so he asked me to come over and establish a Fisheries Commission for the State, and I did so, was there some five and a half years. Felt that I had pretty well accomplished what I set out to do, and then went back to work for the Fish an Wildlife Service, in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Handling the lower Mississippi Valley project studies for the Corp. of Engineers for the Fish and Wildlife Service. I worked there until I moved to Atlanta in …Oh I don't know …58, 57 or 58…1957 or 58. As the Assistant Regional Supervisor of river basin. A couple of years later I was made the Regional Supervisor of river basins, and then a couple years later I was named the Assistant Director of Operations for the Atlanta Region. Stayed there until I went to Washington on a six month assignment to serve as the Assistant Director under John Godshelt on a training type assignment , seven years later I left Washington. During my time in Washington I was named the Deputy Director of the Service. At one point in my Washington period I served under the Assistant Secretary as his Special Assistant. A Dr. Leslie Valasco who was the Assistant Secretary under Secretary Hickcock. Was appointed acting Director, I guess in 68 or…69 it was. 3 3 We were in Washington as the Director for three years, and my wife became very ill with a allergy situation that we had no choice but to get to high and dry country, so we relocated in Denver Colorado. SC: Lets jump back to Vicksburg. Bottom land hardwood habitats were vanishing more and more during that time period. What was it like during your fist couple years working in that office. What did you focus on and do you have any neat stories about back then? SS: Well the interesting part of my Mississippi days was both at the State level then at the Fish and Wildlife Service level. Yes… at that point and time major studies Corp. of Engineers studies, were going on for flood control of that total Delta region of Mississippi. A region some 220 miles long and 100 miles wide, that had formerly flooded by the Mississippi River almost every year. One of the most beautiful bottom land, hardwood, Oxbow Lake, southern type streams you could find. So I witnessed the destruction of a great deal of that by flood control projects. I also learned to be an environmentalist the hard way. In that in many instances when I would appear at a Corp. of Engineers hearing either for the State or for the Service. In both capacities, when it became for me to present the Fish and Wildlife plan for the project, most of the audience would get up and walk out to show their distaste of Fish and Wildlife interference in their flood control. So I came up in the service with a bit different background of seeing public reaction and seeing the attitudes of other interests as it related to Fish and Wildlife habitat. And probably from that acquired a bit different look at the real role of the Fish and Wildlife Service than perhaps some of my earlier pedessesors had looked at the Service. I came to the Directorship looking at the total role of the Fish and Wildlife resources. Rather than looking at the structural division or the functional division of each of the things that the Fish and Wildlife Service did. An example here is refuges, over the several decades of building refuges, in our organization, which was an appropriate thing to do. But we had reached the point that refuges were becoming an end into themselves, and I felt my challenge was to try to make the Fish and Wildlife Service an agency responsive across the board to all resources. So I set up a different management approach. Which in substance looked at the role of the Service rather than the function of the Service. We left the functions in place, the columns in place, but then we cross sectioned that with horizontal lines looking at major program areas. For example Migratory Birds, Wetlands our Habitat. Then you would take a migratory bird problem and see what part refuges played in that program, you'd look at what part Law Enforcement played in the program, what part fisheries could play in this particular type of program and this program was put into effect. It gained good support in the Congress. When I took over the leadership of the agency our budget was,140 million dollars. Three years later we 4 4 were well over 400. In Lynn Greenwalts second year of office which was my last budget cycle we were well over 500 million. So I felt that the approach did demonstrate the proof of the puddin' . SC: Were you discouraged when people would turn around and walk out of those meetings on ya or did it just make you more determined. SS: Oh yes, at first anybody would like to be liked. You like to be one of the guys. But after while you had to come that hard decision, what am I here for. Then you begin to get aggravated then your determination begins to grow, Then you begin to protect yourself politically, because you are in many cases out there by yourself. I can recall for example on one particular project that incorporated both Louisiana, Mississippi, and, Arkansas. Within a three week period I was instructed to appear at three Senators offices and two Congressmen's offices. So that they could inform me to get "my you know what" out of their project and if I didn't that they would assure me that the Fish and Wildlife Service would dispense of my services in short order. That was a bit discouraging but it didn't seem to interfere with what I felt that I needed to do. Fortunately we had good Washington support, so we kept our nose to the grindstone and I think we in the end became fairly successful. We were practicing ecology, and environment, and all of those things before many of the environmentalists of today were out of their cradles, and sort of doing it the hard way. SC: Did you ever get discouraged? SS: No. . . I probably not because I am not a person that discourages very easy. I guess , if anything I have the name, " if you don't want me to do something don't tell me not to do it." I am sure that was to my benefit over the years, entering into a occupation as I did and more importantly entering at the time that I did. So it was such a delight to see the seventy's arrive, and see that new movement of environmental awareness, begin to grow. To see the Earthday happenings in Washington, and I happened to be there when that occurred. I looked out the Department of Interior Building windows, and I thought to myself where have you been the last forty years, a bit late in coming. < SC: interjects " I was in New York on Earthday in 1970, I was ten years old and my parents brought me there. There were people everywhere. "> It was the same way in Washington as you well know. 5 5 SC: Lets talk a bit about your fisheries back ground, as far as how do you think the Service did with its fisheries programs back in the sixties and seventies? Do you think the fisheries were put in the right place in the Fish and Wildlife Service, I know that we moved the commercial fisheries over to Commerce at one point. How do you think the Federal Government has done with fisheries? SS: Now you are speaking of fisheries total both commercial and sport . Yes, there were those years that we were one Agency the old Fish and Wildlife Service, then came the years of having us as two bureaus, Bureau of Commercial Fishers and Bureau of Sport Fishers and Wildlife. And then the decision to abolish the commissioner and send the Commercial Fishers over to Noah, or to Commerce I feel that was a good decision. I feel that the Commercial Fisheries because of the commerce aspects of it, and as we were really getting into a worldwide fisheries consideration, that this was a good move. I thought it was a better move after the decision was made to place them under Noah. Because it seemed to fit so well with those things that that particular assignment was dedicated to. Looking at the Fisheries within the Service, and I look back first at basically the hatchery years. Then you look at those years of the early fishery services, in which we provided technical service to military installations, we provided technical service to in some instances the Forest Service other Federal entities, and fisheries services too, to individual groups. I think we did a outstanding job of bringing an awareness of fisheries, an understanding of fisheries into focus. Through that select group of people within the Fish and Wildlife Service. As I recall I think John Gotshalt was the father of that concept, and that it did add a great deal to the fishery understanding and fishery interest, in this nation. Where we will go in the future with fisheries I'm not sure, I look at hatcheries, at times you wonder will hatcheries go the way that whale hatcheries did. I doubt that they will. I think that some part of the hatchery program probably will. As we learn more about the total environment, and we can appreciate better how to have natural fishery production, and as we are now seeing some real resentment on the part of some of the fishing interest groups, on this matter of certain types of hatchery production, particularly on the West Coast. I think that there are going to have to be some new concepts brought into play as we look at the future of the hatchery operation within the Service. Yes, there will be certain levels of mitigation that you are producing fish for replacement porpoises. But I'm not sure where it will go, and I think that it is incumbent upon the Service right at this time to begin to decide what is the best route. As I 6 6 understand that is now being done within the Service, which I think is their most appropriate step. SC: Rick said last night that you guys were talking about an airplane in Alaska can you tell us that story. SS: Yes I can, I am not sure if this should become part of the public record but yes we should tell this story. In the days of John Greenwalt as Director, we had a Commissioner but the name of Clarence Posskey, who was a Washington State individual. I had been the Director of Fisherys for the State of Washington for long a number of years. Quite a good Commissioner. He was a close friend to the then, Madame Chairman of the appropriations Subcommittee for Interior in the House. Her name was Julie Butler Hanson, and she loved to take trips to Alaska, and every time we would take her up on the old amphibious Goose, aircraft that we were using, we had a number of them. There was no way she could get out of that aircraft without bumping her head. And she was quite a salty gal, and could use those words quite eloquently, and one day she made the comment, I will not come back to Alaska until you come up with a different type of airplane. Our response was if you have the money, we got the time. So we started with a Grumman Goose, a two engine radio, amphib job, with a short body and we put a center section in it, extended the center of the aircraft. We put a couple of General Electric turbines on it, and we made it a almost fail safe working platform. After awhile we began to call it the "Golden Goose" because of the price of, the cost on converting the thing. After we completed all of the rebuilding then of course, we had to take it through the total certification process. Because it was a completely new airplane, it was not a X airplane, not an experimental, it was an airplane that was developed for our use. And we could really not fly it without a great deal of liability unless we went through the complete process of wing stress, all of the floatation stress on it. So we took it everywhere in the United States getting all of these tests done. And I think when Lynn came in as Director he then renamed it the Platinum Goose, interestingly enough John Turner was telling me last night that on his last trip to Alaska, he flew the airplane, and every trip that he went up he flew the airplane, and what a great working platform that it still is. During the days of the refurbishing and the rebuilding of it. We began to run into those normal problems of excessive cost on real small items. Like all of the control knobs up above the wind shield on the thing, and they had installed a lot of additional navigational gear in, the little knobs ya know, cost over a hundred dollars apiece if you bought them from an aircraft production company. In one of our well intentioned and intelligent aircraft mechanics said ya know I drink a wine that the tops on those bottles look just like those knobs. Lets drill them and put pins in them. When I first saw the 7 7 airplane and I assume they are still in there all of the upper control section, all of the control knobs were off the top of wine bottles and they worked perfectly. So there was a great deal of innovation, but as you know in Alaska you have to have a safe working platform, and the only feasible working platform in Alaska is a aircraft. And this airplane has been well worth its money. Because it has provided our people and many other people with the ability to move about the state and do it in a safe manner. The airplane was equipped navigationally and fuel wise in the event of a fog out in the northern part of the state, that the aircraft could either fly to the Hawaiian Islands or it could fly to Seattle, and it had the best radio communication, instrument landing and so forth in it. So it proved out to be a good investment. SC: Did you see that sense of innovation in Service people everywhere you went when you were Director. SS: Fish and Wildlife Service people are people that can get anything done even with a piece of baling wire pair of pliers, and a screwdriver. They can make things happen. But now let me add to that, and let me put it this way so I hope it will not be misunderstood. Ya know at times an agency can be shoulder deep in people that know how to do things, and not have enough capability in people that know what to do. That is a real distinction as you begin to look at leadership of an agency. I think that we have seen some very good changes in the last couple of decades in bringing people into the organization that know what to do. That is where the real decision process has to occur within an agency. Now I probably should have not have added that last little comment with regard to the question you asked me. But I think it is so important that you balance your organization with people that know how to get things done but equally important that you have those individuals that know what should be done. Because in so many instances agencies will get off on a tangent that involves how you do things and not what the real issue is, and what the real resource need is. SC: What did you most enjoy about being Director? SS: The day when I had to advise them I would no longer be a Director, no I am kidding. Because of my back ground of looking at the total biology, looking at the resource programming rather than the functional programming it was a pleasure to have come into leadership at the time that the new Environmental movement was starting up, was taking place . Because this gave the opportunity to fulfil some of those things that I had felt so deeply in those early years when ya know I was standing up before a crowd and most of them was leaving the room. And to have the type of support and assistance that I was 8 8 given by the then Secretary of the Interior Roger Morton, and the then Assistant to the Secretary of the Interior Nat , Nathaniel Reed, Nat Reed. Two people who both had a real interest both in the harvest side as well as the protection side. But more importantly they had a conservation ethic. And both men that knew their way around, Secretary Morton was the first Eastern Secretary in I do not know how many decades maybe since the beginning of Interior. So he had a different view point toward hunting and fishing, than many of the Western Secretaries had had, and he was a world wide hunter and fisherman. So he came to the agency saying I want my Fish and my Wildlife Service to be something new and different. I want to see the real national leadership for the protection and the use of the resource. Most Secretaries don't come into the interior with that much focus on Fish and Wildlife. SC: Spencer you mentioned the close working relationship you had with Secretary Morton, and how a lot of the focus on Fish and Wildlife Service came into being during that era, and under his leadership. Can you tell us some of the issues that really resonated in the administration or with the Secretary where he really got involved in working with you on Fish and Wildlife Service? SS: The first and perhaps the most important issue and to a degree it is initiative, in one of one of my first meetings with he and Nathaniel Reed, and I think in this particular meeting Russell Train was there at that point as the Under Secretary, and as I recall, and I would have to go back to my notes to check this but I think George Bush was there, At that time George Bush was a Congressman from Texas, George Bush and Russ Train were very close friends, tennis partners and so forth. Nat Reed and George Bush became very close friends. We had a, I guess you would call it just a get together chat one afternoon, late one afternoon, up in the secretaries office, and he looked at me and he said, one thing I would like to see happen during my tenure of office would be the development of a biological service. He said I want an activity that is non advocate that undertakes the understanding of biology and environment, the way geological surveys understands water issues and geology issues and so forth. So that was the beginning, my immediate response was, ya know write the check and we are on our way, of which he did. We had several chats with regard to Law Enforcement, in those days Law Enforcement was primarily an own site type of enforcement capability. Done primarily with regard, or in harmony with states. There was some thought, and I think very good thought that perhaps a great deal of illegal products were coming into this Nation that we should be monitoring, that it was our duty to get into that area of enforcement. With in a couple of years we had revamped our law enforcement set up, we had changed the entire concept toward enforcement, and began to get into the undercover and even some of the 9 9 foreign undercover activities that resulted in some of the major, major cases. Another area that he showed a real interest in and was most helpful in, perhaps we could not have done it without his really getting in and saying I will go with you. Was this matter of converting to steel shot, we came to the decision with in the Service that lead shot just could not be tolerated, we just could not accept that as a position. We chatted a bit with two of the major manufacturers, and of course as you can imagine we got it can't be done, no way you could package a load. I had the uncomfortable duty of going to St. Louis , sitting down in Mr. John Olands office, who was owner and president of Oland Industries, and Winchester arms. And saying to Mr. Oland , "Mr. Oland, we are simply going to have to produce a steel shot. Had Secretary Morton not been in real support of this we probably would have not made it because , as you can imagine Remington Standard, and Winchester, both came back with the answer it can't be done. Secretary Morton said then we will go to Europe and find a way to do it. And he stood his ground along with Nat Reed, and within a year we had the first steel shot being produced in a very limited way, and we went trough a good year of testing. In harmony and in company with the ammunition companies. To make sure the shoot that was developed was satisfactory. So a very good example of how the Secretary and the Assistant Secretary became actively involved in getting things done through the Fish and Wildlife Service. SC: Well let look at it from a different perspective, what one issue did you feel strongly or passionately about that you went up the chain of command and successfully lobbied the Secretary or the Administration on. What one issue did you really put on their agenda? SS: The major issue that I took to them, and took a bit of selling for their complete acceptance and full support which I would not have attempted without it. Was to convert the Service from a functional Administration system to a program Administration system. We called it management by objectives. We changed the entire system of programming, the entire system of making that what decision of what you do, and as you are well aware we received a great deal of opposition from within the turf protectors of the functional activities within the Service. Which we that knew we would receive. So I knew that it would not be possible to bring that type of management in without the full support of both the Assistant Secretary and the Secretary, as well as the people on the hill. So we did our selling job to bring the program in prior to bringing it in and it survived well for a number of years. I am sure most of it is now changed. But it was the key to well to getting those dollars that we needed as an agency to do appropriate management. We had some close to 100 million acres of refuge land at that time. Our 10 10 average layout for refuges was somewhat less than 25 cents per acre per year for operations. You can't do justice to the public trust and to the public resource with that kind of dollars. So we needed a way to gain an understanding first within the Administration and then within the Congress. To begin to look at Fish and Wildlife as a total program, and get away from well we need another refuge or we need another hatchery or we need another Law Enforcement capability here or there. That we have responsibilities for example in the National Water fowl program or the Migratory bird program, and here are the things that we need to do, we tried to instill within the agency that a refuge is not the end product. 100 acres of corn on a refuge was not a measure of success. In many instances that hundred acres could be doing more harm than it could be doing good. Cause there might be the need to move those birds on down the flyway at a earlier date. So we went into the activity knowing that the turf reaction was going to be tough and it was. SC: Well I think we can wrap up. Wrap it up with this last question, the porpoise of this tape is for Archival porpoise so that people that come to the N.C.T.C can learn from your experience, so do you have anything that you would like to say to future Fish and Wildlife employees that might view this tape in twenty years. SS: It's most difficult to look twenty years, ten years, thirty years down the road. If I had to come up with a scenario of what I would feel would likely be those things that would be happening thirty years from now, I would look to there being a Federal Land Management activity, in which perhaps all federal lands would be managed for the good of the public. You probably will not have refuges as such, you probably will not have Park Services as such. You will have those lands that are there for all purposes, including forest service, and BLM lands. I think as you go to other nations and you look at evolution of governments, that, that is a way that we should suspect that this nation will go as we look at federal land use. You know right now the only difference between a National Park and a National Wildlife Refuge, is that on a National Wildlife Refuges in most instances you can have some hunting. You take that out of a Refuge and you essentially have the same thing as a National Park. Now this I'm sure would not be well received by Fish and Wildlife Service people as what the future might be, but I think if you take a hard look, at where we may be going in the direction of Federal Land Administration at the federal level I think that is a very likely way that the public will take us. I feel that if you try to say, what will the Fish and Wildlife Service be thirty years from now, we may be called Biological Services, that's what we started off as. If you remove such thing as refuges, and you put the Service back in to a resource managing agency, and I should not infer that it is not now a resource managing agency, 11 11 but you make that their primary goal, then perhaps we will go back more to a biological services concept. Rather than a functional management concept, for such things as hatcheries, refuges and so forth. Because I think that the Environmental Movement of this country, the environmental awareness, as it grows it's going to look to someone to say these are the facts, these are the real understandings of all of those biological questions that still have to be answered, and we want a agency we want to put those kind of things under a public trust situation that perhaps to some degree is similar to Geological survey. In that they are so called non advocate agencies and they attempt to provide the best scientific data on our water resources of the country. So perhaps not a bright prediction but I would suggest that there is a need to look at where we are now and where we may be thirty years from now, and don't overlook that particular scenario in trying to look to the future. SC: Thanks, thank you.
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|Spencer Smith oral history transcript
|Alternative Title
|Interview with Spencer Smith... Former FWS Director
|Chase, Steve
Spencer Smith oral history interview with Steve Chase.
Mr. Smith discusses coming to work for the Fish and Wildlife Service, various positions he held, and his time as Director. Mr. Smith also talks about innovations that occurred during his time with the Service and as Director, including the use of aircraft.
Organization: FWS
Name: Spencer Smith
Years: 1948-
Program: Director(FWS); Administration
Keywords: History, Biography, Personnel, Directors (USFWS), innovations, military, fisheries, Al Day, John Gottschalk, management, refuges, politics, Lynn Greenwalt, public attitudes, flood control, administration, law enforcement, Rogers Morton, Nat Reed, John Turner, Clarence Passkey, Walter Hickel
Directors (USFWS)
Employees (USFWS)
Work of the Service
Wildlife refuges
Law enforcement
Public attitudes
Washington, DC
Region 4
|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
|Chase, Steve
|Date of Original
|Item ID
NCTC Archives Museum
|Public domain
|File Size
|Original Format
|16 p.
Interview with Spencer Smith… Former FWS Director
as Interviewed by Steve Chase
< Tape Begins>
Spencer Smith: Very fine evening , we had the opportunity to be with Lynn Greenwalt
and Judy for dinner. Then John Connor joined us and a great review of many things that
did happen and some things that didn't happen.
Steve Chase: Well did you come over from California just for this?
SS: Oh yes…
|Images Source File Name
|Date created
|Date modified


text:
Bobby Wayne Burns was born October 22, 1952 in Clarendon, Ark., to Billie Jean Shores and Wayland Lee Burns. Shortly after his birth he moved to Rockford, Ill., where he met his loving wife of 36 years, Susie Sparacino.
They were married September 10th, 1977, in Rockford, where they rode motorcycles, played cribbage, attended Saint Anthony of Padua Parish, made mischief with good friends and family, and raised two beautiful girls, Tiffany Erica and Julianne Elise. Bobby attended Auburn High School in Rockford, Liberty Christian College in Owatonna, Minn., Rock Valley Community College in Rockford, and Cardinal Stritch University in Milwaukee, Wis. In 1989, Bobby and his family moved to Las Vegas, Nev., where he spent the next twenty-three years.
Bob worked as a hospital maintenance technician, where he satisfied his lifelong hobby of taking things apart, seeing how they work, and putting them back together again. He eventually worked in real estate, and then as a manager in the funeral industry. On the day he retired in 2006 he swore he would only wear a tie on two more occasions in his life: his daughters' weddings. He held true to his vow and also declined to cut his hair for the rest of his life.
He loved music, books, sports, and movies. He loved his family more. When his first grandson became ill as an infant, Papa donned his cape and flew to Mexico to care for him for nearly six months despite not speaking a word of Spanish. When his daughters moved to Oregon, he packed up and headed north to spend time with his girls and their families. He especially loved his grandchildren, Harper John Dickinson, Aven Rosalie Dickinson, and Christopher Wayne Keller.
Bobby battled pulmonary fibrosis for over three years, not complaining once, before he passed away in Susie's arms at home on Saturday, November 16th, 2013. He is survived by his parents; his brother Terry Burns of Rockford; the love of his life, Susan Burns; his daughters, Tiffany Erica Burns and Julianne Elise Keller; their husbands, who were proud to call themselves his son-in-laws, Alec Dickinson and Christopher Keller; his grandchildren; and numerous family and friends who will miss him forever. We love you, Son, Husband, Dad, Pop, Papa... rest in peace.
Visitation will be held this Saturday, Nov. 23, 2013, from 10 a.m. to noon, at Perl Funeral Home in Medford. A Catholic Mass will be held Saturday, Nov. 23, at 1 p.m., at Sacred Heart, Medford. Father Arturo Romero will officiate.


text:
To start out, I am 28, M, bi, and still a virgin. Looks wise I'm nothing particularly special nor do I have a big cock. Several months ago I met this younger guy who lives relatively close by and is 20 and a virgin too. The other night we were chatting online and all of a sudden he says 'I want to get fucked.' Which caught me off guard a bit. He has kind of a cute face, but is a bit chubby. I think he wants or is open to me fucking him.
I'm kind or torn on what I should do, and whether I should do it and maybe then I'd be more comfortable with things sexually. I've been kind of holding off because I had been talking to a guy that I thought was a relationship possibility, but he seems to not want to talk anymore. So, that seems like less of a possibility now.
Any thoughts on what I should do? Should I fuck this guy?


text:
So basically, Sigma has started selling individual eye shadows. You may recognize some shades from their palettes. To me, the formula is even better on these and the pigmentation is amazing. It's a great range of 30 shades. I love the packaging... it's slim, yet it doesn't feel cheap. I also love the little boxes they come in.
...Presh, right?
So without further ado, here's the eye candy...
*I photographed these in groups of 3 because there are so many. I just grouped them into similar shades so you all can better compare the colors.


text:
PHP Menu Builder is a class that can be used to display nested menus of HTML links. It takes an array of menu items eventually with nested arrays that define sub-menus. The class generates HTML lists with links for each menu item. CSS classes can be used to configure the presentation styles of the menus, regular items, and the current page item.
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CSS Stacker and Compressor is a PHP class that can be used to compact several CSS files into a single file. It can take several CSS files and generate a single file by concatenating all files after having stripped any white-space. The class can serve the resulting CSS file as the current script output. The CSS may be compressed with GZIP. If the original files were not modified, the class may return HTTP status 304 to make the browser use a cached version and prevent serving a file that was not changed.
PCMS is a content management system (CMS) for PHP programmers to build Web sites. It uses no HTML, XML, or special markup scripts. Templates are built in PHP as a block structure mirroring what you see on the page, using a library of PHP classes corresponding to HTML tags. The package includes an easy-to-use content editor (fckeditor) for use by customers to manage their own Web sites online. Full documentation is provided and a limited number of free subdomains are available in which you can evaluate the product without having to install it on your own server.
The uFlex class can be used to manage registrations and authenticate users with records in a MySQL database. It can perform several types of operations with registered users of a site. Currently, it can create or update registered user records, activate user accounts, reset passwords, authenticate a user and start a login session, end a login session, and automatically login. As its name implies, the class is very flexible as you can add, modify, and validate any field in the registration and updating process.
ApPHP Hotel Site is a PHP script for creating a hotel management and reservation Web site. This script can be used to manage small to medium-sized hotels, holiday flats, or guest houses. Visitors to a hotel's site will be able to search rooms for their availability with an online booking reservation system. They also can view room inventory, check availability, and book reservations in real time.