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A small business needs to implement a certain number of essential business systems among which is CRM (Customer Relationship Management). Having a capable and efficient CRM is as essential as the employees you hire for your small business. The long term effects of CRM for small business will be much more than what a single employee could bring you.
Business analytic experts reveal that a business can increase their sales by 29% if they utilize organized and powerful CRM (Customer Relationship Management) software. However, a CRM can only be effective it is being used by everyone in your workforce, including you. Finding a CRM for small business that has the following characteristics will bring your small business in line with the big names and skyrocket your sales charts.
1. A Simple CRM:
What makes small businesses stand out is their simplicity, and the same simplicity must be maintained in your CRM software. If your small business CRM is not designed for the simple tasks and functionalities, it is practically useless for your employees. If the CRM is too complicated for your employees, it will be harder for them to implement it and even more time-consuming. For a small business CRM, features such as client information database, follow-ups, tasks, and action must be simplified for the layman employees as well.
2. CRM That Can Collaborate:
It is important that the CRM for small business that you select is a team player and works well with other business software. Whether it is importing data from your external database or working in synchronization with the other business programs, a good CRM for small businesses must be able to work in collaboration.
3. Self Training CRM:
CRM software can be complex even for the smart users, so it is important that the CRM offers a guide or tutorial for the users to refer to. Helping out every employee and walking them through the process of CRM implementation can be a gruesome task. Hence, the CRM must train the employees and help them understand the processes without your assistance at every step.


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U.S. 36 carpool program seeks to reduce traffic, improve air quality
Early Monday chill couldn't dampen the enthusiasm of Audrey DeBarros and Saila Hanninen, who were eager to kickstart Colorado's first on demand ride-share program at the U.S. 36 and Table Mesa transit station.
They handed out freebies along with fliers announcing Casual Carpool on U.S. 36 to commuters waiting or getting ready to board public transit buses.
"I'll look into it," said Dan Mandle of Boulder. He has been commuting daily to Denver for 2 1/2 years, he said. Though the transit bus works for him, it's good know of other options, Mandle said.
Casual Carpool on U.S. 36 is a pilot program of Louisville-based Commuting Solutions, said DeBarros, executive director of the organization. The program was developed with the help of a federal grant to reduce traffic and improve air quality, she said. An estimated 100,000 vehicles travel daily on U.S. 36, and the great majority of people using the express lanes are solo drivers, she said.
The innovative app-based program matches drivers and riders traveling in the same direction on the busy corridor with the aim to reduce the number of cars on the road, said Hanninen, director of partnerships, Waze Carpool for the Rocky Mountain Region.
Read more at dailycamera.com.
Note from WSOE.Org : This content has been auto-generated from a syndicated feed.

subset: commoncrawl


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Some private life insurance companies can be hard-pressed for capital to keep pace with business growth. An annual growth of 15-20 per cent has been projected for insurance.
None of the new life insurance companies has broken even so far. Therefore, capital cannot raised from profits. Raising money from the capital markets is also ruled out for the same reason as a track record of profitability is needed.
"Some, especially the domestic partners in sectors other than the financial may have miscalculated the extent of the (capital) requirement," Deepak Satwalekar, managing director of HDFC Standard Life, said.
Life insurance companies need sufficient capital to provide for long-term liabilities in terms of insurance coverage they promise.
Life insurers injected Rs 1,109 crore (Rs 11.09 billion) into the sector 2004-05, hiking their capital by 34.2 per cent to Rs 4352.81 crore (Rs 43.53 billion) in March 2005. The pace has not abated.
Since March, seven insurers have already pumped in Rs 661 crore (Rs 6.61 billion) and two more players, Aviva and IFFCO-Tokio, plan to inject Rs 200 crore (Rs 2 billion) in the next couple of months.
How deep the problem gets will largely depend on how soon the government delivers on its promise to hike the cap on foreign ownership to 49 per cent, from the current 26 per cent.
Of the 14 life insurers, all except Life Insurance Corporation, Sahara and Reliance are joint ventures, with foreign partners owning 26 per cent stake in each.
For many players, the need for increased capital in insurance has come when they need capital to meet the growing demands of their core businesses. At the same time, the need to put in more capital is not a hindrance for financially strong joint ventures.
"We are keen to enter this fast growing market and do not expect the FDI cap to impact our entry plans. Our joint venture with the Bharti group is expected to invest over Rs 300-500 crore (Rs 3-5 billion) over the first three to four years of operations," says Tim Thomas, AXA Business Services' chief representative in India.
This reflects the company's expectation that private insurers will continue to outgrow the industry as a whole and gain a market share of 45-50 per cent over the next 5 years.
Capital is not an issue in the general insurance industry, in which, unlike the retail business, corporate products are covered by re-insurance. Therefore, the general insurer's risk retention capacity and its line of business will determine how much capital will be needed.
Another factor that makes capital an important issue is the fact that foreign players have entered the market with an understanding that the foreign equity limit will be raised to 49 per cent.They will be keen to bring in global expertise and resources and run the business with higher stakes than the 26 per cent permissible at present.


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By Frances Wilkinson,Linda Lewis,Rebecca Lubas
Updated and more suitable, the second one version of this article offers either library scholars and practitioners with an intensive knowing of procedural and philosophical techniques in acquisitions management.
• accommodates completely up to date info that displays state-of-the-art fast-changing international of acquisitions administration and addresses the altering panorama of publishing overall
• Highlights new web-based materials
• Takes an built-in method of acquisitions capabilities and operations
• Serves as either a handbook for practising acquisitions librarians and help employees and as a textbook for college kids in library and data technological know-how programs
Read or Download The Complete Guide to Acquisitions Management, 2nd Edition (Library and Information Science Text Series) PDF
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Additional resources for The Complete Guide to Acquisitions Management, 2nd Edition (Library and Information Science Text Series)
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The Complete Guide to Acquisitions Management, 2nd Edition (Library and Information Science Text Series) by Frances Wilkinson,Linda Lewis,Rebecca Lubas
by David


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Massage is an excellent treatment for relieving the symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). Massage therapists use diverse methods with similar results. Among the more applied techniques are acupressure, reflexology, aromatherapy accompanied essential oils and a combination of Swedish massage with neuromuscular therapy; but the most effective massage vary according to the preferences of each person. Some physicians also recommend yoga, gentle exercise or other relaxation/meditation therapies.
PMS is a set of physical and emotional symptoms (not a disease) related to a woman's menstrual cycle. The majority of women experience the symptoms that may include: breast swelling and tenderness, stomach disorders, headaches, joint or muscle aches, changes in the appetite, sensation of tension, irritability, mood swings or crying spells, fatigue and anxiety. The symptoms appear in week before the period and once it begins, PMS habitually vanish. However, PMS is different in each woman. Some women may be more sensitive to hormone level fluctuations; hence their symptoms are worse and may continue even after the flow has begun.
The exact source of PMS is not known, but stress and fluid retention that occurs during the menses seem to aggravate the discomfort. Many women respond very well to massage therapy. Massage can redress the flow changes triggered by hormone production that lead to retention and bloated feeling. Massage also promotes circulation and lymphatic drainage, restoring the body's natural balance.
Some lifestyle changes may also reduce the symptoms, like limit intake of alcohol and caffeine the week before the period, and be regular in the daily routine. These advices could prevent drastic hormonal changes that worsen the symptoms. Ingesting analgesics are also helpful to control the aches.
PMS massage doesn't require to be performed by a professional, because the discomfort is temporary and slight. However, there is a severe form named Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) that needs a medical treatment, but it is very uncommon.
Massages coupled with exercise are also very helpful treating the effects of Menopause that may cause local bone loss, degenerative disc disease and osteoarthritis. Well-developed therapies limit these tendencies and help the body to feel better.


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Here's a hot offer for those who like to add some spice to their life!
Habanero peppers are not for the faint of heart, but if you can stand the heat then this chili pepper can add a great, unique flavor to a variety of dishes. Smokin' Dave's is offering samples of his smoked habanero to try first. Just make sure to have some milk and bread on hand in case things get too spicy!
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text: Gamazine wall coating is a blend mixture of ply sand, carefully selected same size stones and a blend of different chemicals that makes a paste to ensure the product sticks on wall. A color is then added to the final product giving you the desired finish. Gamazine wall coating is applied on plastered walls preferably smooth plaster. Where rough plaster (rough cast) was applied before, a first coat of Gamazine is applied to smooth-en the surface before applying the final coat. The first coat is also applied on walls that were previously painted by oil paint or walls experiencing dampness, chipping and cracking. A bucket of Gamazine is designed to cover between 5 square meters and 11 square meters depending on the thickness of the coat. The coat is normally applied up to 5mm thick, giving your already plastered wall an extra thick layer to reduce chipping and minor cracking.


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What was the average price of a home in 1980?
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the average home price in January, 1980 was $72,400. The average price rose to $81,400 in December, 1980. However, real estate agents prefer to use median home ...
Read More »
What is the average new home price?
The average United States home price in 2009 was $270,900. The United States Census Bureau monitors the median and average sales prices of new homes sold in the United States each year.References:U...
Read More »
What is the average price of a modular home?
A modular home is not a trailer; it looks like a regular house. The difference is that a modular home isn't built "on-site." It's a house built in an environmentally protected building center then ...
Read More »
What is the average price of home heating oil?
The price of home heating oil varies over time and by region of the country. The US Dept of Energy carefully tracks and reports on trends in heating oil prices. For the early part of the 2010 heat...
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What is the average price of a new home in Arizona?
Arizona has a population of over five million people and, every year, thousands of those people put their homes on the market. According to Trulia, the median price of a home was $115,900 as of 201...
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Whether you have a layover, overnight sleepover or you are just quickly passing through, our Taiyuan Airport Guide is a great place to start planning your visit. Here, you'll find information on services and facilities available inside the airport – including details about airport lounges, WiFi, mobile charging points, lockers, 24-hour food options, nearby hotels, and everything in between.
Airport Overview
What to Expect
- The airport serves both domestic and international flights and is well connected to transportation systems for onward travels.
- Modern amenities are available such as a mother and child room, medical clinic and banking services.
- Economy class travellers can buy a pass and relax in one of the airport's lounges. See Airport Lounges in the airport guide below for locations and access information.
Where to To Sleep
- As of February 2019, we have no reviews from travellers who have used this airport. Write a review to help future travelers!
- For uninterrupted sleep, there are hotels near the airport. See Airport Hotels in the airport guide below.
In this guide we may refer to locations as "landside" and "airside". Landside is the public area of the terminal located in the non-secure zone, before security. Airside is the secure area of the terminal that you must reach by going through security.
Airport Lounges
Pay-per-use, Single Visit Passes & Lounge Memberships
Regardless of what class of service you are flying, there is a lounge that you can enter by purchasing a lounge pass. Visit the individual lounge page for more details about the lounge itself and to also find out how you can gain lounge access with just an economy class ticket!
First Class Lounge (Terminal 1) – Location: Terminal 1, Airside, Domestic Departures, 2nd Floor, opposite Gat 105. Lounge Access: Lounge membership programs. [ more lounge info ]
First Class Lounge (Terminal 2, Domestic) – Location: Terminal 2, Airside, Domestic Departures, after Security Checks, across from Gate 9. Lounge Access: Lounge membership programs. [ more lounge info ]
First Class Lounge (Terminal 2, International) – Location: Terminal 2, Airside, International Departures, 2nd Floor, next to Duty Free Shops. Lounge Access: Pay at the Door • Prepaid lounge passes • Lounge membership programs. [ more lounge info ]
Passes Golden Century VIP Lounge – Location: Terminal 1, Landside, Arrival Hall, near the escalators. Lounge Access: Prepaid lounge passes. [ more lounge info ]
Airport Hotels
If sleeping in Taiyuan Airport does not appeal to you, there are hotels near the airport:
- Meixuan Business Hotel – (1.0 Mile from the airport) Airport shuttle service is not available. » Check Rates
- Jinju Express Hotel – (1.6 Miles from the airport) Airport shuttle service is not available. » Check Rates
- Gangwan Express Hotel – (1.7 Miles from the airport) Airport shuttle service is not available. » Check Rates
To find a cheap room, there is a list of hotels near Taiyuan Airport on Tripadvisor that can be sorted by price, distance, traveller rating and popularity.
Airport WiFi/Internet
WiFi is available at Taiyuan Airport inside the lounge. At the time of this update, we did not have any information about WiFi availability elsewhere in the terminal.
More Services, Facilities & Things To Do On A Layover At The Airport
ATMs / Cash Machines – Need cash? ATMs are available. Fees may apply, so be sure to check your bank's fee schedule and your daily withdrawal limit if you are travelling internationally. You may also want to notify your bank of your travel plans. Locations: 2nd Floor, East Area (China Merchants Bank) and West Area (Agricultural Bank of China and Bank of Communications).
Baby Care Facilities – A mother and child room is available. Location: Terminal 2, between Gates 13 and 14. Hours: unknown.
Drinking Water – Thirsty? Drinking water fountains are available free of charge. Locations: throughout the airport.
Duty Free & Shopping – Information not available.
Food & Drinks – Information not available.
Luggage Storage & Lockers – Information not available.
Medical Services – A medical clinic is available. Location: unknown.
Mobile Charging – At the time of this update, we did not have any information about mobile charging availability. If you know,click here to update this airport guide.
Rest Zones – Information not available.
Showers – Information not available.
Airport Hours
As of this update, we were unable to confirm airport hours of operation. If you know the airport hours, click here to update this airport guide and we will update this airport guide.
As of February 2019, Taiyuan airport is served by the following airlines: 9 Air • Air China • Air Macau • Beijing Capital Airlines • Chengdu Airlines • China Eastern • China Express Airlines • China Southern Airlines • EVA Air • Far Eastern Transport • Fuzhou Airlines • GX Airlines • Hainan Airlines • Jiangxi Airlines • Joy Air • Juneyao Airlines • Kunming Airlines • Lanmei Airlines • Loong Air • Lucky Air • Okay Airways • Ruili Airlines • Shandong Airlines • Shanghai Airlines • Sichuan Airlines • Spring Airlines • Thai Lion Air • Tibet Airlines • Vietnam Airlines • West Air • XiamenAir.
Airport Transportation: Getting To/From The Airport
Information not available.
Last updated: 2019-02-20
This guide is for informational purposes only to assist with your planning. All information, including rates and hours, are subject to change at any time without notice. The information in this airport guide is based on information collected and/or received from the airports, lounges, hotels, transportation providers and their web sites. We are not representatives of any of the above mentioned service providers. To report errors or to add/update any items mentioned in the guide: update the airport guide or write a review.


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Oktober ist Vegan MoFo, der Monat, in dem ich und andere versuchen, so viel wie möglich über veganes Essen und sowieso über Veganismus zu schreiben. Aus Zeitgründen sind in diesem Monat alle Einträge nur auf Englisch.
(English) Barberry Poppy Seed Cookies
13 comments
Wow, those yellow fruit look crazy! And the cookies? Look super tasty. I can't wait to see more of your cookie recipes! I have too much almond flour on my hands and was thinking of using it for cookies, too!
Add me to the list of people who've never heard of barberries! Your cookies look awesome, I wish I had some cookies right now!
i havent heard of barberries either. but i love poppy seeds and these cookies look fabulous!
Your cookies look yummy, but I haven't a clue what a barberry is. Are they tart like cranberries?
Hooray for more cookie recipes! I don't think I've ever heard of barberries before. Or I just don't know the translation for them.
Oooh, I don't think I have ever used barberries but now I want to because these cookies look lovely!
cool idea! I have lots of barberries in my freezer that I use – like you said – for Persian food. What a neat idea to put them in cookies. :)
I love poppyseeds! My mom does too. I'll have to try this recipe next time she comes to visit.
Such pretty looking cookies! One for the "to bake" list!
I have never had barberry before. I will have to scour a few international markets and see if I can find some! These are so intriguing. I love adding poppy seeds to all sorts of things.
Comments are closed.


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Corrosion: Environments and Industries
Corrosion by Nitric Acid
Nitric acid is a strongly oxidizing acid that is aggressively corrosive to many metals. Its oxidizing nature is affected by acid temperature and concentration, and composition of the alloy exposed to it. This article focuses on the corrosion behavior of various ferrous and nonferrous metals and alloys when exposed to a nitric acid environment. The ferrous and nonferrous metals and alloys discussed are carbon and alloy steels, stainless steels, aluminum alloys, titanium, zirconium alloys, niobium and tantalum, and nonmetallic materials.
Sign in
Hira S. Ahluwalia, Paul Eyre, Michael Davies, Te-Lin Yau, 2006. "Corrosion by Nitric Acid", Corrosion: Environments and Industries, Stephen D. Cramer, Bernard S. Covino, Jr.
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Mager Scientific is your exclusive source for Qness hardness testing equipment in the United States.


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Wallace: Why are Ebola mistakes made daily?15:00
Top Talkers: Amber Vinson, the second Ebola-infected health care worker from Dallas, contacted the CDC before flying, and she was not barred from flying. And the president is canceling another day of travel to address Ebola response. Dr. Emily Senay joins the discussion.


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After-Hours Emergency care for your pet is available through our partner hospitals below. Both hospitals are fully equipped animal emergency facilities located in San Antonio.
We are very proud to recommend these emergency facilities as they provide excellent quality of care and compassion in your time of need.
Blue Pearl Specialty & Emergency Pet Hospital
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8202 N Loop 1604 W,
San Antonio, TX 78249


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Showing 1-1 of 1
By: Goebel OFM.Cap., Fr. Bernardine
Price: $32.00
Publisher: Detroit, Michigan., Province of St. Joseph of the Capuchin Order.: 1951
Seller ID: 19369
Condition: Very Good
12mo - 19 x 12.5 cm.; 480 - [8] pp. Dark blue cloth with gilt lettering on front board and a gilt volume number on the spine. Translated from the German by Fr. Berchmans Bittle, OFM.Cap. Each meditation is structured with a short summary, a comment on a virtue, applications and considerations ending with a prayer. An index at the back is day by day on a weekly basis with the virtue or inner disposition listed with the daily meditation. The book shows mild shelf wear to t... View more info


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What is high cholesterol?
High cholesterol is a well-known danger factor for coronary/heart illness. Cholesterol itself is a waxy, fat-like substance that is made by the liver but can also come from eating routine. It is a basic segment of cell membranes and is utilized by the body to deliver hormones and vitamin D.
The development of cholesterol limits narrows arteries, slowing or hindering the flow of oxygen-conveying blood to the heart, which can manifest as chest pain. In the event that blood flow to the heart is cut off as a result of clogged arteries, the outcome is harm to the heart muscle – a heart attack.
What are the causes of high cholesterol?
High cholesterol is hereditary but the fact that eating routine also impacts cholesterol levels. Different elements that can influence cholesterol levels which includes being overweight and being physically inactive. The elder you get, the more likely your cholesterol levels are to rise.
If you experience the ill effects of high cholesterol, you realize that you have to accomplish something to diminish it. The scary thing is that numerous individuals don't know when they have high cholesterol.
Increment your Fiber consumption
The best place to begin is with the change in your eating routine. Counting more Fiber in your eating routine will enable you to keep up ideal cholesterol levels as soluble dietary fiber remove Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) from the body, preventing plaque from working up in the arteries.
Great sources of fiber are:
- whole-grain bread and oat
- raw oats
- fruit, veggies and kidney beans.
Pick The Right Protein
Likewise, with fats, different proteins effectively affect cholesterol levels.
Red meat and full-fat milk are extraordinary sources of protein, yet in addition, contains huge measures of cholesterol.
Soy items, for example, tofu are incredible non-meat substitutes and can be utilized as a part of a variety of dishes.
Lose Weight
If you have begun to eat healthier, this step should be a lot easier. Losing weight (when you are overweight) is an incredible way to resolve various medical issues like high blood sugar, hypertension and obviously, high cholesterol.
Get Enough Exercise
Exercise isn't just about looking thin, it's enhancing and keeping up your overall wellbeing. Regardless of whether you're not overweight, you can in any case experience the ill effects of high cholesterol levels.
Stress management
Stress causes inflammation and oxidative stress. Better stress management skills will improve how your body responds to stress which in turn reduces inflammation and oxidation.
Acupuncture and massage are also useful stress busters. The above-mentioned is a general treatment for all individuals. Also, come to GNCC and normally say goodbye to your high cholesterol levels.


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Dear Amalia, thanks so much for the shopping trip the other evening. It was great to see, and try on the types of clothes I should be wearing – most of them I would have walked right past. I realise now that I have always shopped for the same boring types of clothes and I've found it difficult to start looking at different styles.
The fashion world can seem so daunting and confusing. With 3 young children I rarely get time to browse and try things on, so now that I know what I'm aiming for, it's so much easier and quicker and better! I can make the most of a short shopping trip. I can go shopping and know that I should be looking for skinny jeans, waistcoats, furry or chunky knitted ones especially, shorter tops, big necklaces and thick scarves. Now I love shopping and know exactly what I want and I can walk past those tops which don't suit my body shape or are the wrong colour. I find that I'm a more focused, economical shopper. I think I buy less but I'm focussing on style rather than heaps of cheap things that aren't really that good. I've realised that it's the stylish items that make you feel good about yourself, but it's very difficult to buy them when your confidence is low.
Thanks for your time and your honesty. It was great to know that you were truly on my side and wanted to show me clothes that are good for me, rather than on the shops side just trying to make a sale. I went back after that shopping night and bought the wooden flower necklace, and I looked again at that green dress in Myer too. I don't have any green in my wardrobe – I will soon.
Thanks so much for the lift you've given Mum and I. Amalia, you have inspired and energised us to find the best clothes we can, for us. I'm still so pleasantly surprised when I see Mum sometimes – she looks so much healthier and happier in the right colour make-up. Thanks for that.
Also, when I was telling the lady at 'diva' (Kim, manager at Eastland) about you doing colours and shopping etc. for me she asked for your business cards to display at her shop. I said you didn't have any and she said the best place to get them was yos.com.au cards/marketing. I'm not sure about any of this but thought I'd pass it on to you anyway.


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MK-677 is a potent supplement that mimics the growth-stimulating characteristics of ghrelin. Ghrelin is basically responsible in informing the pituitary gland to release GHs (Growth Hormones) within the body. Currently, MK-677 is being researched in treating children with GH deficiency.
Blackstone Labs is the pharmaceutical company responsible for the creation of MK-677 and other SARM products. They continue to produce SARMs and are also venturing into traditional supplements with an aggressive approach on labeling and name tagging. If one intends to purchase an MK-677 purchase from them, then it's worth reaching out to.
Compared to other SARMs, MK-677 was actually tested on live human subjects. This doesn't often happen since a majority of today's designer drugs or supplements are tested on lab rodents. Many were intrigued with the results from the tests carried out. Based on the studies done, the supplement can aid in increasing an individual's muscle mass.
At the same time, it enhances the density of bone minerals and encourages the metabolism of body fat. Therefore, the clinical trials done on the drug prove that Blackstone Labs is legit.
At the time of production, Blackstone Labs recommends to take two capsules of the supplement daily. The drug should be taken with meals for optimal results. The company advised users to avoid exceeding the recommended dose for safety purposes. One can cycle the product for an average of 4 to 6 weeks. It's imperative to avoid using MK-677 for another 4 to 6 weeks prior to cycling it back once again.
Stacking is a known practice in the bodybuilding world. A majority if users do this to maximize the potential of the drug and minimize any occurring side effects. Ideally, MK-677 can be stacked with other SARMs or pheromones. If one is taking the supplement for the first time, it's recommended to take it as a standalone product before combining it with other drugs.
MK-677 is a widely known supplement due to the benefits it gives to users. There have been numerous reviews online that prove its amazing value in the bodybuilding world. This is due to the fact that it has the ability to boost the body's GH levels. It also minimizes the activity of somatostatin, a hormone responsible for halting the secretion of hormones.
A single dose of the supplement can be felt almost immediately. For instance, one will notice an increase in endurance during workouts and training. Another is its metabolic properties wherein the cells are signaled to rapidly grow resulting to more muscles. MK-677 is also known to enhance skin integrity and complexion.
The MK-677 made by Blackstone Labs is, no doubt, one of the best products intended for bodybuilders. Not only is it highly effective as a standalone supplement, but it can also work well with other SARMs and supplements to deliver amazing results. These are just some of the reasons why Blackstone Labs continue to produce this supplement. They continue to do so for the sake of catering to their growing number of customers.


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The federal Cannabis Act comes into effect on October 17, 2018. As such, the recreational use of cannabis is now legal in Canada. What does this mean for employers? To prepare for the legalization of recreational cannabis, employers should have four (4) key things in place:
- clear prohibitions against the use of recreational cannabis in the workplace;
- a comprehensive drug and alcohol policy;
- tools that enable supervisors to spot impairment and know when to require testing to determine if employees are impaired, on a balance of probabilities; and,
- plans developed with individual employees to accommodate either the prescription use of cannabis or employees with disclosed addictions issues.
Prohibiting the Recreational Use of Cannabis at Work
While the recreational use of cannabis is now legal, this does not mean that employers must permit the recreational use of cannabis at work. To address this, Ontario has enacted its own legislation, also named the Cannabis Act, that explicitly prohibits the smoking or vaping of recreational cannabis in the workplace.
A clear drug and alcohol policy will set out a company's expectations with regards to cannabis use within the broader context of prohibited drug and alcohol use.
Drug and Alcohol Policies
Recreational cannabis use can be treated similarly to use of other drugs or alcohol in the workplace. If employers already have a drug and alcohol policy in place, this can apply to any potential recreational use of cannabis as well. If employers don't already have a drug and alcohol policy in place, they should develop one. The language of any prohibition on impairment should be directed at job performance, and not focus simply on detecting and punishing those who use drugs or may have addictions issues.
Training for supervisors should be twofold. Supervisors should be trained on how to detect observed impairment. This may include providing a checklist of symptoms of cannabis use. Supervisors should also be trained on the proper procedures to follow once they spot potential impairment. This includes determining when it is appropriate to require testing for impairment, and what action should be taken if an employee tests positive for cannabis use. This training will help to ensure that company drug and alcohol policies are being appropriately enforced.
If an employer suspects that an employee is unfit for work due to using cannabis, drug testing may confirm this, and help to determine whether an employee is violating the company's drug and alcohol policies. Testing should be conducted to help confirm impairment if:
- there is a reasonable basis to believe that an employee is currently impaired by drugs or alcohol, (which may arise through observation); or,
- a significant event such as a workplace accident or "near miss" involving the employee, occurs.
Oral fluid testing is the preferred testing method because it is less invasive and quicker than urinalysis. Oral fluid testing is the best indicator of recent drug use currently available, however it may also detect historic use. For example, if an employee used cannabis two days ago, and is no longer impaired, oral fluid analysis may still result in a positive test. As such, it should be used cautiously, and test results should be considered in conjuncture with documented observations or apparent impairment.
Using observation or results of a drug test alone will be risky if used as grounds for discipline. Employers should record pre-test observations, conduct testing where appropriate, and then follow-up with questioning to determine whether, on a balance of probabilities, an employee is impaired at work.
Accommodation of Employees with Addictions
The Ontario Human Rights Code ("Code") requires employers to accommodate employees with disabilities or perceived disabilities, including addictions and the use of prescription cannabis, to the point of undue hardship.
The legalization of cannabis for recreational use does not change the current laws for the use of prescription cannabis. Under the Code, prescription use of cannabis and addictions must be accommodated up to the point of undue hardship. As such, employees should be required to disclose their addiction or their prescription use of cannabis. This disclosure should be accompanied by a doctor's note confirming treatment for addiction or medical use of cannabis. To accommodate this, employers and employees will work together to create an accommodation plan that ensures any addiction or prescribed use of cannabis does not compromise the performance, or safety, of anyone in the workplace. An employee will have a positive duty to co-operate and comply with such a plan.
While accommodation must be done up to the point of undue hardship. It does not require:
- employees to compromise their own safety or the safety of others;
- to smoke or be impaired in the workplace; or,
- to be late or absent without excuse.
Key Takeaways
As of October 17, 2018, it is legal to use cannabis recreationally. Employers should be prepared. Companies should have drug and alcohol policies that are aimed at ensuring positive job performance and a safe workplace. Employers will not have to permit the recreational use of cannabis in the workplace. However, they should be prepared to accommodate those employees with addictions, and employees using prescription cannabis. Employers should seek legal advice regarding the language of, and implementation of any drug and alcohol policies dealing with the use of recreational and medical cannabis.
The foregoing is for informational purposes only, and should in no way be relied upon as legal advice. For legal advice tailored to your circumstances and business, please contact any of SOM LLP's lawyers by email or telephone.


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Time-lapse imaging is a fundamental tool for studying cellular behaviours, however studies of primary cells in complex co-culture environments often requires fluorescent labelling and significant light exposure that can perturb their natural function over time. Here, we describe ptychographic phase imaging that permits prolonged label-free time-lapse imaging of microglia in the presence of neurons and astrocytes, which better resembles in vivo microenvironments. We demonstrate the use of ptychography as an assay to study the phenotypic behaviour of microglial cells in primary neuronal co-cultures through the addition of cyclosporine A, a potent immune-modulator.
Observing cells over time utilising either brightfield or fluorescence based techniques is a valuable tool to study cellular behaviour in co-culture models1. Whilst brightfield microscopy does not require cell labelling, the suitability of this approach in mixed cell co-cultures is limited by lack of contrast and presence of imaging artefacts making it difficult to easily distinguish different cell types. Fluorescence labelling of living cells is therefore frequently used to overcome these limitations, where cells are either labelled using organic dyes or as expression of fluorescently encoded reporter genes. Although fluorescence labelling provides the contrast needed to differentiate between cells it has the potential to alter normal cell function. Furthermore extended time-lapse imaging of fluorescently labelled cells can cause significant phototoxicity2, which limits the duration of continuous imaging. Focal drift is an additional problem associated with prolonged time-lapse imaging as specimen movement from the focal plane can result in experimental failure as images become uninterpretable. Although autofocusing hardware and algorithms are available, these require additional light exposure and are susceptible to culture artefacts. To overcome these limitations, there has been a steady rise in the development of label-free imaging platforms that exploit phase shifted information from specimens3,4,5,6,7,8. These label-free technologies are ideally suited to cell cultures and stem cells where labelling of cells may be undesirable or not possible (e.g. primary human cells). We demonstrate the use of ptychography as a novel label-free imaging assay that permits continuous and prolonged time-lapse imaging of complex primary co-cultures. Ptychography also allows virtual post-acquisition focusing, preventing loss of images due to focal drift during image collection.
Through the use of an iterative phase retrieval algorithm, ptychography generates label-free, high contrast quantitative phase images3. In this technique the specimen is moved through a coherent illumination probe yielding an array of overlapping diffraction patterns that are recorded onto a CCD camera. The collected diffraction patterns are then processed by the ptychographic algorithm to produce an image that has both amplitude and phase information that relate to the refractive index and the thickness of the specimen3. Recently, ptychography has been used to quantify key cellular and biological events such as mitosis, cell cycle6 and angiogenesis9. In these studies, ptychographic imaging only required very low illumination power densities in the region of pW/μm2 at 635 nm, which permits the near continuous imaging of cells over many days.
Results and Discussion
Previously we demonstrated the advantages of ptychography to image commonly used immortalised cell lines6. Here we reveal a new application of ptychography for long-term imaging of complex primary neuronal cultures10, where phenotypic behaviour of microglia can be studied. Microglia are the resident macrophages of the mammalian brain where they exhibit either a surveillance role11,12 in the healthy brain or respond to neurological insults by adopting an activated state13. In many studies immortalised microglial cell lines are used to examine the function of activated microglia14. However, the use of such cell lines lacks the contextual environment within which therapeutics for treating neurological conditions would need to act to be effective in vivo. Microglia behaviour has been shown to be dynamically linked to interactions with both neurons15 and astrocytes16. Neurons in particular are able to provide on or off signals that can manipulate microglial activity15 and conversely microglia have been shown to modulate neuronal plasticity17. Here we have developed and demonstrated the potential of a novel phenotypic assay using ptychography for label-free imaging of primary microglia activity/behaviour over prolonged time periods in the presence of both astrocytes and neurons.
We began by comparing the capability of ptychography and established label-free imaging techniques to image cells in a co-culture environment. Differences between ptychographic phase and classic bright field imaging, are highlighted in Fig. 1a; although cells could be identified in all cases, brightfield (BF)/differential interference contrast (DIC) and phase contrast microscopy possess inherent problems and artefacts that undermine their suitability to image and track cells over time. Brightfield microscopy, as expected, lacked sufficient contrast to discern cellular details and cellular boundaries were not readily identified. DIC similarly struggled with the grey levels varying relatively little between different cell types. Imaging using Zernike phase contrast effectively displayed the neurites, however it suffered from the classic halo artefacts around neuronal cell soma, which can become detrimental at higher cell densities or where cells are in close proximity. Imaging of primary neuronal cultures using ptychography offered superior contrast without generating imaging and post-processing artefacts, enabling cellular identification even when cells were in direct contact in the co-cultures.
Maintaining the specimen in the focal plane is a crucial requirement for successful time-lapse imaging. We tested the post-acquisition refocusing capability of ptychography by defocusing the specimen by 50, 100 and 200 μm (Fig. 1b). Brightfield images of the sample when moved 50 μm from the imaging plane are incomprehensible. Strikingly, due to its inherent post-acquisition refocusing capability, ptychographic phase images taken at the same z positions as the brightfield images maintain contrast and quality.
We next sought to test the non-invasive properties of ptychography by imaging dissociated primary hippocampal cultures in prolonged time-lapse experiments. A large (550 × 550 μm) field of view of the primary cultures starting at day one in vitro, was imaged every six minutes for six days (Fig. 1c). Over the duration of the time-lapse, maturation of these cultures can be seen clearly as the hippocampal neurons develop extensive neurite connectivity together with the proliferation of both microglia and astrocytes (supplementary video S1).
Having demonstrated the long-term label-free imaging capability of ptychography, we next investigated the extent to which individual cell types within the culture could be distinguished. To achieve this a hippocampal culture specimen was imaged using ptychography (Fig. 2a) followed by confocal microscopy of the identical field of view, where cells were fluorescently labelled with antibodies raised against microglia (Fig. 2b) or neurons (Fig. 2c). Hippocampal neurons were easily identified due to their distinct morphology in the ptychographic phase images. The cell soma were small, yet their phase shift was relatively large due to their thickness giving the cells a unique bright characteristic in the ptychographic phase images. Neurites were also easily distinguishable against the background. Conversely astrocytes were relatively thin and therefore did not appear as bright in terms of phase intensity. The morphology of the astrocytes and microglia in the culture was also very different from the hippocampal neurons; whilst the shape of the microglia was similar to that of astrocytes, they differed greatly with regards to intracellular morphology. Microglial cells have a granular cytoplasmic structure and often appear vacuolated.
Quantitative analysis was then undertaken on the segmented cells of the ptychographic phase image shown in Fig. 2e. Here we measured the standard deviation of pixel intensity and the mean intensity within each cell. Microglia, astrocytes and neurons were individually distinguished based on these two parameters (Fig. 2e–h) where the individual cell types had a clear subset of characteristics. Microglia displayed a significantly higher standard deviation of pixel intensity (4.55 × 103 ± 361) than astrocytes (1.20 × 103 ± 117), although their mean pixel intensity was similar (10.6 × 103 ± 407, 8.89 × 103 ± 274, respectively). This likely reflects the differences in intracellular granularity between the cell types. Neurons on the other hand displayed a significantly higher mean intensity (17.0 × 103 ± 426) than either microglia (10.6 × 103 ± 407) or astrocytes (8.89 × 103 ± 274).
Furthermore by viewing the culture in time-lapse the individual cells types could be identified due to their motion and behaviour. Microglia cells are very motile in comparison to astrocytes and also exhibited characteristic phagocytic activity (Fig. 2i and supplementary video S2). This ability to distinguish the individual cells without labels provides a platform to assess microglial cell behaviour and activity. The dynamic interplay that exists between the three cell types15,16,17 clearly identifies a requirement to study them in co-cultures without the introduction of labels that have the potential of perturbing the underlying cell behaviours.
To exploit the ability of long-term imaging together with the capability to identify individual cell types within neuronal cultures, we assessed biologically relevant aspects of microglial behaviour and its pharmacological modulation. Cyclosporine A (CsA) has previously been reported to reduce microglia activation and activity using biochemical and immuno-fluorescent assays18,19. Here we investigated the effects of CsA on phenotypic traits of microglia in vitro, without the addition of any fluorescent labels and therefore monitoring their activity in an un-perturbed system.
Following application of 1 μM CsA, microglia motility was tracked in the time-lapse videos over a 72 hour period. The effects of CsA on microglial speed, Euclidean distance and meandering index was calculated for each 24-hour time-window over the 72 hours of continuous imaging. Microglia tracks are presented as migration plots from their point of origin at each time window (Fig. 3a). The application of 1 μM CsA significantly reduced microglia speed by 32.3%, 20.7% and 27.2% at the time points of 0–24, 24–48 and 48–72 hours, respectively when compared to controls (Fig. 3c,f). However, CsA had no effect on the Euclidean distance (Fig. 3d,f) or meandering index (Fig. 3e,f). Moreover, cultures treated with CsA for 72 hours (Fig. 3b) displayed evidence of more cellular debris and the neuronal processes were less pronounced. Taken together, our data indicate that CsA reduces microglia speed without affecting the size of the domain within which they migrate. This reduction in speed defines a novel phenotypic trait of microglial behaviour that is influenced by CsA; this is in addition to the already established effects of CsA on cytokine release19. Such behavioural traits could be used for low or medium throughput screens for candidate compounds that could be used to treat neurological conditions14.
Cells in culture and in particular co-culture are heterogeneous in nature, and averaging these populations in assays undermines the properties of subpopulations20,21. Imaging studies are often limited to end-point assays that remove critical behavioural information. Here we have demonstrated the use of ptychography for prolonged time-lapse imaging of multiple cell types in co-cultured environments, revealing behavioural and phenotypic information of microglia.
The use of ptychography in the present study offers significant advantages over conventional label-free imaging techniques such as Zernike phase contrast microscopy. The superior contrast alone enables greater confidence and robustness in tracking the microglia, especially in confluent complex cell cultures (Fig. 1a). Ptychography also has the inherent ability to re-focus images post acquisition, without the need for additional autofocusing hardware (Fig. 1b). This capability is crucial to overcome focal drift when performing time-lapse imaging studies. Furthermore, ptychography offers quantitative outputs that relate to physical properties of the cell itself (Fig. 2e–h), thus demonstrating the future applicability of this type of imaging to quantitatively differentiate between multiple cell types. Taken together, these features are a notable advantage over conventional label-free imaging.
We anticipate that the label-free, non-invasive and quantitative features of ptychography will be widely applicable across many live-cell imaging studies providing subtle behavioural and phenotypic information that has not before been studied.
Primary hippocampal cell culture and preparation
Mixed cultures of hippocampal neurons, astrocytes and microglia were prepared from new born Wistar rats as described in Belfield et al. (2006)10 except that the growth medium was Neurobasal medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) containing 2% B27 (Invitrogen), 5% foetal calf serum (PAA Lab, Pasching, Austria), 1 mM L-glutamine, 35 mM glucose (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 100 U/ml of penicillin, and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen).
Cells were plated in poly-l-lysine treated 8 well Lab-Tek II chambered coverslips (Nalge Nunc Int, Rochester, NY). Immediately prior to imaging the wells were filled with conditioned media and sealed with a coverslip (22 × 50 mm, no. 1.5, SLS, Hessle, UK) and high vacuum grease (Dow Corning Corp, Midland, MI). This eliminated the meniscus and provided an airtight seal so that only the temperature was to be maintained.
Ptychographic phase imaging
Ptychographic phase images were acquired as described previously6, however in the current study we used the inverted VL21 microscope (Phasefocus, Sheffield, UK). Briefly the specimen was moved in the x-y plane through the 635 nm diode laser illumination. The resulting diffraction pattern was collected using a 16-bit, 1megapixel Pike AVT (F-100B) CCD camera set in the detector plane. An Olympus LMPlanFLN 20x/0.40 objective was used to collect the exit wave leaving the specimen.
Time-lapse imaging was performed by placing the chamber slide on the VL21 microscope surrounded by a Solent Scientific environmental chamber (Solent Scientific Limited, UK) maintaining the cells and the microscope at 37 °C. A 22 × 22 tile scan was selected that generated 484 overlapping diffraction patterns through movement of the x-y stage, with an acquisition time of approximately 90 s. Images were acquired in this manner by sequentially visiting 4 wells of the chamber slide with a time of 6 minutes between imaging the same well. Image reconstruction was performed post acquisition using the extended Ptychographic Iterative Engine (ePIE) algorithm (The Phase Focus Virtual Lens®, Phasefocus, UK, www.phasefocus.com). Time-lapse video sequences and 16-bit Tiff images were created using the Cell Analysis Toolbox (CAT) software package (Phasefocus, UK, www.phasefocus.com).
Correlative DIC and Zernike phase contrast images were acquired using Zeiss LSM 510 confocal microscope equipped with a Zeiss AxioCam HRm CCD camera and Axiovision software.
Correlative confocal microscopy
Neurons were fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde in PBS supplemented with 4% sucrose and processed for immunocytochemistry as described in Belfield et al. (2006). The following primary antibodies were used at the indicated dilutions. Anti-Iba1 rabbit polyclonal antibody (Wako Chemicals, USA) was used at 1:200 to detect microglial cells. Anti-β-tubulin III (TuJ1) mouse monoclonal antibody (Sigma, St Louis, MO) was used at 1:500 to detect neurons. Anti-GFAP raised in guinea pig (Advanced Immunochemical, Long Beach, CA) was used at 1:200 to detect astrocytes. Images were acquired using a Zeiss LSM 780 confocal microscope.
Quantitative analysis of ptychographic phase images
Ptychographic phase images were imported into ImageJ(Fiji), where manual segmentation was performed. The standard deviation of pixel intensity and mean intensity were measured for each segmented cell.
Cell tracking and analysis
Time-lapse videos were generated using the CAT software (Phasefocus, UK) and loaded in to ImageJ(Fiji). The MtrackJ plugin was then used to track individual microglia over the 72 hour time-lapse. Quantitative cell motility parameters such as speed, meandering index and Euclidean distance were measured. Briefly the mean speed was calculated by dividing the total distance travelled by the microglia by the total time of the track. The meandering index was calculated as the final displacement of the microglia from the point of origin divided by the total distance travelled by the microglia. The Euclidean distance was calculated as the final displacement in a straight line from the point of origin of the microglia. The data was presented as rose-plots by importing the tracking co-ordinates into the Chemotaxis tool software (Ibidi GmbH, Germany).
Statistical analysis
Data are represented as mean values ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined using one way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test or Mann-Whitney non-parametric test of significance, where appropriate. All statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad Prism Version 6.0.
Additional Information
How to cite this article: Suman, R. et al. Label-free imaging to study phenotypic behavioural traits of cells in complex co-cultures. Sci. Rep. 6, 22032; doi: 10.1038/srep22032 (2016).
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We thank Gareth Evans, Jo Marrison and Ian Morrison for helpful insight and practical expertise to resolve experimental issues. This work was supported by Innovate UK and EPSRC in the form of a Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP No. 009111) between Phasefocus and The University of York, and pump priming funds from the Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York.
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Quadriwave lateral shearing interferometric microscopy with wideband sensitivity enhancement for quantitative phase imaging in real time
Scientific Reports (2017)
Classification of M1/M2-polarized human macrophages by label-free hyperspectral reflectance confocal microscopy and multivariate analysis
Scientific Reports (2017)
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By Blok W.J.
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In particular, a commutative simple ring is thus necessarily a field. 9. 6 by considering the eigenvalues of left multiplication maps. 10. , a left identity element with respect to multiplication) if and only if every map f : R → R satisfying f (xy) = f (x)y, x, y ∈ R, is of the form f = La for some a ∈ R. Describe all such maps f in the case where R = Mn (2Z). 11. Let A be a unital F-algebra with [A : F] = n. Show that [M(A) : F] ≥ n, and find an example where [M(A) : F] = n > 1. 25. 12. Find an element in M(H) that cannot be written as La Rb , a, b ∈ H.
Let u := w − w◦v v◦v v. Observe that u = 0 and u ◦ v = 0. 1 1 √ √ Set i := u, j := v, and k := ij. 2) is a positive real number for any α0 , α1 , α2 , α3 ∈ R that are not all 0. This proves, in particular, that 1, i, j, k are linearly independent. 1) can be easily remembered by the following picture: 4 1 Finite Dimensional Division Algebras Going clockwise, the product of two consecutive elements is the third one; going counterclockwise, we obtain the negative of the third one. 3 rules out the case where n = 3.
M} is a basis of K over F, and {aj | j = 1, . . , n} is a basis of A over K, then {ki aj | i = 1, . . , m, j = 1, . . , n} is easily seen to be a basis of A over F. 34 A subfield that is not properly contained in a larger subfield of A is called a maximal subfield of A. 35 Each of R ⊕ Ri, R ⊕ Rj, and R ⊕ Rk is a maximal subfield of H, 2-dimensional and isomorphic to C. With some abuse of notation, we can therefore regard H as a complex vector space (but not as a complex algebra). If K is a subfield of A, then Ru ∈ EndK (A) for every u ∈ A.
2^(x o) varieties of Heyting algebras not generated by their finite members by Blok W.J.
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Name: Zt2 sloth
File size: 779mb
Language: English
Rating: 4/10
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Final render for the ground sloth minipack I've been working on since last month, for the game ZT2. Sloth species clockwise from top right. Notes. I don't think that we should have notes on the scientific accuracy of the renderings of the . We, for example, don't yet know for sure whether the Sloth is mainly Grassland, Scrub or Savannah CBFan , 7 October (UTC).


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