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10 Dec 2015: Durgin T, Witt EA, Fishman J (2015) Correction: The Humanistic and Economic Burden of Restless Legs Syndrome. PLOS ONE 10(12): e0145139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145139 View correction
To evaluate the humanistic and economic burden of a restless legs syndrome (RLS) diagnosis with regard to health-related quality of life, work productivity loss, healthcare resource use, and direct and indirect costs.
Study Design
Self-reported data came from the 2012 National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS), a large, annual, nationally representative cross-sectional general health survey of US adults.
RLS patients (n = 2,392) were matched on demographic and health characteristics to Non-RLS respondents via propensity score matching differences between groups were tested with Bivariate and multivariable analyses.
RLS patients had significantly lower health-related quality of life scores: Mental Component Summary (44.60 vs. 48.92, p<.001), Physical Component Summary (40.57 vs. 46.78, p<.001), Health Utilities (.63 vs. .71, p<.001) and higher levels of work productivity loss in the past seven days including absenteeism (8.1% vs. 9.3%, p<.001), presenteeism (26.5% vs. 15.8%, p<.001), and overall productivity loss (30.1% vs. 18.1%, p<.001) as well as general activity impairment (46.1% vs. 29.7%, p<.001). RLS patients had significantly higher healthcare resource use in the past 6 months than non-RLS patients: healthcare provider visits (7.46 vs. 4.42%, p<.001), ER visits (0.45 vs. 0.24, p<.001), and hospitalizations (0.24 vs. 0.15, p<.001). RLS patients also had higher estimated direct and indirect costs than non-RLS patients. Finally, it was found that across outcomes increasing severity is associated with increased economic and humanistic burden for RLS patients.
Citation: Durgin T, Witt EA, Fishman J (2015) The Humanistic and Economic Burden of Restless Legs Syndrome. PLoS ONE 10(10): e0140632. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140632
Editor: Andrea Romigi, University of Rome Tor Vergata, ITALY
Received: April 17, 2015; Accepted: September 29, 2015; Published: October 26, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Durgin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: NHWS data used in this study are available for noncommercial research and validation purposes, upon request. Interested individuals may access these data for the purposes above in the same manner as the authors did without any additional restrictions. Interested parties should contact Marco DiBonaventura (email@example.com) to request these data.
Funding: UCB Pharma and Kantar Health provided support in the form of employment salaries or authors (EW, TD, JF), but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are provided in the 'author contributions' section of the manuscript.
Competing interests: This work was commercially funded by UCB Pharma. JF and TD are employees of UCB Pharma. EW is an employee of Kantar Health and worked on this project as a paid consultant of UCB Pharma. There are no patents, products in development, or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Restless legs syndrome (RLS)/WED is a sensorimotor disorder defined by a strong urge to move the legs usually associated with unpleasant sensations in the legs. [1] A review of RLS epidemiology studies from North America and Western Europe—comprising over 230,000 participants— reported a prevalence ranging from 4% to 29%.[2] Primary RLS (i.e., RLS not secondary to another pathology, such as iron deficiency or end-stage renal disease) is a common neurological disorder. Prevalence estimates range from 1.5–10% in industrialized countries, though are slightly higher in certain rural populations (e.g., U.S. Appalachia at 10.1–19.6%) and increases with age.[3–7] Representative US panel data estimate 1.5% of primary RLS sufferers experience symptoms at least twice per week (termed moderate to severe RLS), with women most likely to experience severe symptoms.[5,7] Despite its notable prevalence, less than 41% of severely-symptomatic patients report an actual physician diagnosis of RLS.[5]
Consequences of RLS include discomfort, pain, inability to rest, sleep loss, difficulties sitting/relaxing, decreased physical functioning, psychological distress, and lowered cognitive function—all of which are associated with reduced health-related quality of life (HR-QoL).[8,9] Patients with RLS show physical and mental health HR-QoL scores more than a standard deviation lower than sex- and age-adjusted general population norms.[10,11] Moreover, RLS patients show poorer HR-QoL than those with other chronic medical and psychiatric conditions, such as hypertension, type II diabetes, osteoarthritis, and depression.[2,4] Patients with untreated RLS show significantly higher depressive symptoms than treated patients and healthy controls.[12] Strikingly, male RLS patients show elevated mortality rates, independent of known risk factors.[13] RLS-related burden has been shown to increase with symptom severity, symptom frequency, and level of symptom-related distress.[5,10,14,15] For example, frequent symptoms (i.e., occurring at least two days per week) have been associated with impaired frontal lobe executive function (e.g., thinking about abstract concepts, attention, and verbal function).[16,17] These types of impairments are thought to relate to an increase in RLS-related sleep disturbances with greater severity.
A systematic literature review found that compared with matched controls, RLS patients show significantly higher health expenditures from a third-party payer's perspective.[4] Indirect costs due to productivity loss, with loss as high as 20% of normal productive capacity, are also thought to be a large contributor to the economic burden associated with RLS.[2] Patients with symptoms at least two days per week and moderate-to-severe distress have shown mean productivity loss of one entire day per week, reported as directly-attributable to RLS.[5] This degree of productivity loss for RLS patients is similar to reports of productivity loss for diabetes with neuropathy, or bipolar disorder, and is thought to relate to RLS-associated sleep disturbances.[18–20]
RLS-related burden appears to be significant, but further research is needed to substantiate and clearly define the economic burden of RLS.[8] Existing economic studies, for example, have relied on claims data or did not account for potential confounding variables. Furthermore, U.S. studies have not included comparisons to control cohorts. In addition, there has been little U.S. research reported investigating the economic burden of RLS as a function of disease severity. Given this need for further research, the objectives of the current study were to examine the humanistic and economic effects of an RLS diagnosis and to evaluate whether or not increased RLS severity is associated with worse outcomes. To answer this question, we contrasted individuals with RLS and a matched comparison of patients not reporting a diagnosis of RLS across a variety of health outcomes including health-related quality of life, work productivity, healthcare resource use, and direct and indirect costs. For those with an RLS diagnosis, we also compared these outcomes across symptom severity groups (mild, moderate, and severe).
Data Source and Analysis Sample
Data were drawn from the 2012 US National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS; n = 71,141) a self-administered, annual, internet-based questionnaire of US adults. The NHWS is fielded through an opt-in panel using a random stratified sampling framework to match the demographic composition of the United States adult population (18+). Previous suggests that NHWS data compares favorably with estimates of U.S. demographic composition according to the census as well as estimates from the National Health Interview Survey.[21–23] The survey was approved by the Essex Institutional Review Board (Lebanon, NJ).
RLS Diagnosis and Severity.
Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) Diagnosis: Patients were presented with a list of medical conditions and asked to indicate which conditions they had ever experienced. If they selected "restless legs syndrome" from the list, they were asked "Has your Restless Legs Syndrome been diagnosed by a physician?" If the patient answered "yes", he or she was categorized as "RLS" (n = 2,392) all other patients were categorized as "Non-RLS".
RLS Severity: RLS patients also self-reported their current perceived RLS severity as either "mild" (n = 904), "moderate" (n = 1,130), or "severe" (n = 358) via one question.
Outcome Measures.
Health-Related Quality of Life (HR-QoL): HRQoL was measured using the short form health survey version 2 (SF-36v2), specifically, the mental and physical component summary scores (MCS and PCS, respectively) and health utility score. MCS and PCS scores are normalized based on the US population with mean of 50 indicating the health of an average US citizen and a standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better health status. The health utility score has interval scoring properties and yields summary scores on a theoretical 0–1 scale. Higher scores indicate better health status.[24]
Labor Force Participation and Work Productivity Loss: Labor force participation was measured via one item: "What is your employment status?" Responses of "employed full time", "employed part-time", or "self-employed" were categorized as "employed". Work productivity loss and activity impairment were measured via the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment scale (WPAI-GH).[25]
Disability Status: Patients were categorized into one of three disability statuses: long-term, short-term, and not disabled based on the responses from the employment status question.
Healthcare Resource Use: Healthcare resource use was measured with three questions asking patients to report the number of times they used three different forms of healthcare resources (ER visits, hospitalizations, and physician visits) over the past 6 months.
Costs: Estimated healthcare resource use costs were calculated by extrapolating data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)[26] to apply as unit costs to healthcare resource use variables from the NHWS. Estimated wages were obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)[27] and applied to work productivity impairment measures to estimate indirect costs.
Demographics measured included age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education (university degree vs. <university degree), household income, body mass index (BMI), smoking status (current, former, never), alcohol use (current vs. not current), exercise behavior (currently exercise vs. not currently exercise), Charlson comorbidity index (CCI).[28]
Statistical analysis
RLS/Non-RLS: Pre-match differences between groups (RLS/Non-RLS) were assessed via Chi-square tests and one-way ANOVAs. RLS patients were then matched to Non-RLS patients via a 1:1 propensity score match: First, a logistic regression model where RLS/Non-RLS was regressed on all measured demographic and health characteristics was conducted and the predicted scores (i.e., propensity scores) for each individual were calculated. Next, target individuals were matched via a greedy algorithm to Non-RLS patients based on propensity scores. Finally, differences between the newly matched groups on covariates used in the match were tested inferentially (using Chi-Square tests and one-way ANOVAs), variables that remained significant post-match were controlled for in subsequent analyses.
RLS Severity: Bivariate associations between RLS Severity (Mild, Moderate, Severe) and outcomes were calculated using Chi-square tests and one-way ANOVAs. For multivariable comparisons, general linear- and generalized linear models were used to assess differences in health outcomes across levels of severity holding covariates constant. The type of model and link function was dictated by the distribution of the specific variable under examination.
Pre-Match Analyses
RLS patients (n = 2,392) were older (55.99 vs. 55.07, p<.05), and high proportions reported being female (56.9% vs. 50.5%, p< .001), non-Hispanic white (83.9% vs. 71.1%, p< .001), married (60.7% vs. 58.2%, p = .012), without a college degree (44.4% vs. 51.7%, p<.001), lower incomes (% < $50k = 54.6% vs. 43.2%, p<.001), higher BMIs (% Obese = 47.1% vs. 31.4%, p<.001), and being a current or former smoker (62.7% vs. 46.2%, p<.001) compared to non-RLS comparison patients. Fewer of them were also currently pregnant (.4% vs. .9%, p = .007), currently drinking alcohol (56.7% vs. 64.3%, p<.001), and had exercised in the past thirty days (52.3% vs. 65.6%, p<.001). In addition, RLS patients had a significantly higher comorbidity burden than non-patients (Mean CCI = 1.01 vs. .36, p<.001). All of these variables were included in the propensity score matching model.
Post-Match Analyses
Two RLS patients could not be matched to a compatible propensity score in the pool of non-RLS participants. This left two equally sized groups for comparison (n = 2,390 each). Race/ethnicity, BMI, and exercise status were still statistically significantly different between the groups post-match and were controlled for in subsequent analyses.
Compared to matched non-RLS patients, RLS patients had significantly lower MCS (44.60 vs. 48.92, p<.001), PCS (40.57 vs. 46.78, p<.001) and Health Utilities scores (.63 vs. .71, p<.001). These differences are considerable given that a difference of 3 points on the MCS and 2 points on the PCS scores constitute a "minimally important difference".[24]
Fewer RLS patients were employed (34% vs. 43%, p<.001) and more were on short or long-term disability (15% vs. 7%, p<.001) than matched non-RLS patients. Across all work productivity metrics examined, RLS patients experienced significantly higher work productivity loss than non-RLS comparison patients (see Fig 1). RLS patients also reported significantly more activity impairment in their day-to-day lives than non-RLS patients (Fig 1).
Note:Values represent least square means controlling for significant post-match differences on Race/Ethnicity, BMI, and Exercise Status. All comparisons significant at p < .001.
As can be seen in Fig 2, RLS also reported statistically significantly more healthcare resource use across use categories than matched non-RLS patients. Relatedly, RLS responds had significantly higher estimated annual costs for ER visits, hospitalizations, and physician visits, resulting in significantly higher overall direct healthcare resource costs (Fig 3). Similarly, RLS patients had significantly higher indirect costs from absenteeism and presenteeism than matched non-RLS patients (Fig 3).
Note:Values represent least square means controlling for significant post-match differences on Race/Ethnicity, BMI, and Exercise Status. All comparisons significant at p < .001.
Note:Values represent least square means controlling for significant post-match differences on Race/Ethnicity, BMI, and Exercise Status. All comparisons significant at p < .001.
Severity Analyses
The analyses above using the same outcomes (quality of life, work productivity, and healthcare resource use, direct and indirect costs) were replicated within RLS patients to determine the effect of severity (mild, moderate, severe) on these outcomes controlling for covariates.
There were several demographic differences that were significantly associated with RLS severity. Specifically, as severity increased, so did age (Mean age: Mild = 55.20, Moderate = 56.59, Severe = 56.01), the proportion of female patients (Mild = 54.2%, Moderate = 56.8%, Severe = 63.7%), and comorbidity burden (Mean CCI: Mild = .90, Moderate = 1.07, Severe = 1.73). In contrast, as severity increased, income decreased (% ≤ $50k: Mild = 49.2%, Moderate = 56.7%, Severe = 61.5%), as did the proportion currently consuming alcohol (Mild = 61.5%, Moderate = 54.5%, Severe = 51.4%), the proportion with a college degree (Mild = 48.6%, Moderate = 43.8%, Severe = 35.5%), and the proportion of patients who have exercised in the past 30 days (Mild = 58.6%, Moderate = 49.3%, Severe = 45.8%). Race/ethnicity, marital status, BMI, smoking status, and pregnancy status did not differ significantly by severity. To adjust for confounding and better isolate the unique association of severity with health outcomes, all of the above variables, regardless of whether or not they differed statistically between groups, were controlled for in subsequent analyses. Table 1 contains estimated least square means controlling for covariates for all health outcomes examined.
As RLS symptom severity increased from mild to severe RLS, estimated means for health related quality of life decreased (Table 1). These trends were significant (all p<.001) for MCS, PCS, and Health Utility scores. Moreover, all levels of RLS severity were associated with lower health related quality of life scores relative to individuals with no symptoms at all (non-RLS). Similar to health related quality of life, increases in severity were associated with increases in likelihood of short or long term disability and decreased likelihood of labor force participation. Those without RLS (non-RLS) had significantly higher levels of employment and lower levels of disability than all levels of RLS severity.
Severity level was also significantly associated with work productivity loss and activity impairment such that individuals with higher levels of severity reported higher estimated levels of work productivity loss and impairment and in all cases productivity loss and impairment were higher for those with RLS symptoms than those without (Table 1).
Finally, severity was also associated with subsequently higher estimates of traditional health care provider visits, ER visits, and hospitalizations (Table 1). Relatedly, estimates of direct and indirect costs also increased as severity increased (Fig 4).
Values represent least square means controlling for significant differences on age, gender, income, alcohol status, college degree status, and exercise status. ER = Emergency Room, HCP = Healthcare provider, M = Mean, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.
This study illustrates the magnitude of the humanistic and economic burden associated with RLS and lends further insight into the effect of RLS severity on these outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive survey study to describe RLS-associated humanistic and economic burden across these domains. Consistent with the available literature, patients reporting an RLS diagnosis experienced significantly worse health outcomes, including lower HR-QoL, and more healthcare resource use than comparison individuals. Diagnosed patients reported significantly more work productivity loss (both for absenteeism and presenteeism) and overall activity impairment than their matched counterparts. Furthermore, it appears that RLS diagnosis places a significant financial burden on those diagnosed and the healthcare system, as diagnosed patients had higher estimated direct, indirect, and total costs of healthcare resource use compared to comparison individuals. This finding corroborates other available estimates in the literature. For example, in a large U.S. managed care database study, 91% of patients had one or more RLS-related office visits, and patients filled an average of 6.5 RLS-related prescriptions during a one-year follow-up period, with opioids being the most common adjunctive treatment. RLS-related health care costs were 6.7% of total all-cause health care costs [M = $774(SD = $1,504)]. Furthermore, higher symptom frequency/degree of disease-related distress may relate to increasing economic costs.[5,8] For example, the mean direct annualized costs of RLS-specific healthcare resources/medications were estimated at USD $350.54 per patient—with an increase to $490.70 for patients with symptoms at least two days per week and moderate-to-severe distress.[5] This effect is striking when considered in the context of estimated costs for other diseases (e.g., bipolar disorder and asthma)[29] It should be noted, however, that the overall estimates found here are higher than those previously reported which was likely due to the fact that we annualized general healthcare resource use as opposed to the RLS-specific healthcare resource use. Finally, in line with the small body of previous literature, the degree of RLS symptom severity was found to be associated with an increase in the humanistic and economic burden of RLS.[2,5,10,14,15]
Strengths of this study included the recency of the data, the sample size relative to previous work, and the use of a propensity score matching approach. Such an approach allowed for the comparison of groups based on measured confounders, which is essential in a cross-sectional study. Data were self-reported so the limitations self-report (e.g., recall bias) applied to this study and it was not possible to verify responses (e.g., diagnosis) via some other means (e.g., physician assessment). Moreover, as the NHWS is a broad general health survey, it did not include diagnostic criteria or validated instruments for measuring RLS diagnosis and severity. The degree to which this may have affected the results is unclear and these results should be interpreted with these caveats in mind. The NHWS is a cross-sectional study and this analysis was restricted to U.S. respondents—therefore, only correlational inferences to be made and the results may not generalize to ex-U.S. populations. We chose an a priori significance cutoff of p < .05 for all our conducted analyses, given this and the number of comparisons conducted there is a higher likelihood of Type 1 error in these results than if we had chosen a smaller p critical value and/or conducted fewer comparisons. Previous research studies have eliminated conditions that might be mistaken for RLS, such as end-stage renal disease from analyses. As the NHWS is a general survey, we were restricted to the conditions surveyed and were thus limited in our ability to eliminate these conditions. It is reasonable to speculate that, were we able to remove those patients from the analyses the estimated burden of RLS may have been lower than what was found in these analyses. Finally, this study adjusted for measured confounders but results could have been affected by non-measured confounders.
An RLS diagnosis confers a heavy humanistic and economic burden. This burden increases with symptom severity and is highest in certain demographic groups. The burden affects diagnosed individuals across a range of health domains. This strain may be directly and indirectly affecting the work force, the healthcare system, and individuals' finances—and may be worse in those with severe symptoms—who may also have lower income levels to begin with. Improved management of RLS symptoms may offset this degree of distress, dysfunction, and disability endured by patients and effects on economic and health care systems.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: TD EAW JF. Performed the experiments: EAW. Analyzed the data: EAW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TD EAW JF. Wrote the paper: TD EAW JF.
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The linear industrial processes of 'take, make, dispose' that have driven economic growth and shaped lifestyles in the developed world are not sustainable.
The platform of the linear economy has been an easily accessible supply of cheap materials and energy, and both are expected to become significantly more expensive during the course of the 21st century.
Radical change by business and civil society is needed to enable the transition to a more circular economy, where waste is reduced or eliminated entirely. This could be through means such as development of new business models, eco-design and product life extension.
There is evidence of emergence of a grassroots movement around the world focused on 'making', where individuals are coming together in FabLabs and Makerspaces, for example, to share information and collaborate to create new prototypes for products.
A less well-documented trend is the emergence of more informal places and spaces that have been set up to experiment with, modify and fix products, such as Hackerspaces and Repair Cafés. These are becoming potential catalysts for the development of innovative products and services that are fit for purpose and longer-lasting. The convergence of these grassroots movements has the potential for a new industrial revolution focused on postconsumer, more sustainable, localised approaches to production and consumption enabled through local peer production.
Increasing product longevity is one of the central considerations of circular economy thinking, as documented by the Ellen Mc-Arthur Foundation. It is a concept the newly emergent 'fixer' movement appears to embrace.
The 'fixer economy' has existed for a long time, for example car repair, but new organisations are now helping product owners to repair and maintain consumer products. Reading Hackerspace recently highlighted at a 'makers and fixers' workshop that it had used 3D printing to produce plastic parts to repair a child's cot, demonstrating how use of technology can extend the lifetime of consumer goods.
The Centre for Sustainable Design, a research centre focused on product sustainability and sustainable innovation based at the University for the Creative Arts, Farnham, Surrey, completed a survey of members of Repair Cafés and Hackerspaces worldwide in May.
Survey questions explored their motivations for participation, activities undertaken and expectations for the future. Emphasis was placed on understanding the importance of sustainability as a driver for participation and in relation to the activities undertaken.
The resulting report, Grassroots Innovation and the Circular Economy: Global Survey of Repair Cafés and Hackerspaces (download at www.cfsd.org.uk/news/circular- economy-innovation), documents the demographics, interests and motivations of members of the two organisations around the world. It records the activities undertaken in these community workshops and members' opinions on how they expect their organisations to change during the next five years.
Focus was placed on understanding the importance of the environmental, social and economic drivers as motivations for participation and of the activities undertaken.
Repair Cafés
The Repair Cafés Foundation, founded in The Netherlands in 2010, provides support to a global network of more than 500 active Repair Cafés. A Repair Café offers a free meeting place for people to bring products in need of repair and to work together with volunteer fixers to repair broken products.
In the research, 158 responses were received from participants at 144 Cafés from nine countries, including The Netherlands, Germany, the UK, Belgium and the US.
The findings suggest that volunteers at Repair Cafés are most strongly motivated to take part because of what they can do for others: to help people live more sustainably, to provide a service to the community and to help improve product repairability and longevity of products – one of the central considerations of the circular economy.
Hackerspaces are where people with an interest in technology can meet and work on their projects. Projects characteristically include software and hardware development, but can also include the more traditional arts and crafts.
The growth of Hackerspaces has been rapid, increasing from fewer than 20 in 2005 to 1,035 active sites in 2014. Their growth has been facilitated by new and affordable technologies, particularly the advent of cheap computing and digital fabrication devices, such as 3D printers, the use of social media as a means of sharing information and the principles and products of open source.
In total, 95 responses were received from participants of 45 Hackerspaces from 18 countries, including the UK, US, Australia, The Netherlands and Germany.
The research found that Hackerspace members, although interested in sustainability, are not motivated to be members because of this. Their participation is largely related to meeting others who share interests, to being intellectually stimulated and learning skills. But they undertake activities pertinent to sustainability/ circular economy such as repair, upcycling and specifically projects related to home energy monitoring and control.
Respondents expected that, in the next five years, there would be greater links with other Hackerspaces and Makerspaces. They also predicted that Hackerspace activities would lead to more business start-ups, with 40% expecting their Hackerspace to provide space and support for such companies.
Professor Martin Charter is director of The Centre for Sustainable Design at the University for the Creative Arts.
Further information: firstname.lastname@example.com
Research findings
Repair Café
About respondents and their Cafés
- Male: female ratio 60: 40
- Most (35%) aged 55-65
- c. 70% have Bachelors or postgraduate degree
- c. 75% meet at a fixed venue
- c. 60% meet once a month
- c. 95% existed for 2 years or less
Top three reasons why respondents volunteer/participate at Repair Cafés:
- To encourage others to live more sustainably
- To provide a valuable community service
- To be a part of the movement to improve product repairability and longevity
Activities at the Repair Café
Items most frequently brought to Repair Cafés include small kitchen appliances, clothing, bicycles, lighting and DVD/CD players, with printers and electrical tools considered to be the most frequently in need of repair. Respondents believe this is due to 'planned or in-built obsolescence'.
Product modification and upcycling are also undertaken at Repair Cafés. For example, around 40% of respondents' state that modifications to clothing to improve fit are undertaken 'always or often' at their Repair Café, and around 10% 'always or often' undertake the upcycling of waste electrical equipment or sub-assembles into new applications.
The top three expectations of how Cafés might change in the next five years
- Greater links with other Repair Cafés to form more effective local repair networks
- Greater involvement with campaigning to improve product repairability/longevity
- More involvement with wider sustainability issues
About respondents and their Hackerspaces
- Male : female ratio 90:10
- Most (40%) aged 25–34
- c. 70% have Bachelors or postgraduate degree
- c. 95% meet at the same fixed venue
- c. 70% open all/most days
- c. 55% existed for four or more years, open all/most days
Top five Hackerspace interests
- Coding and software development
- Making electronic devices
- Modifying electrical /electronic devices
- Repairing/fixing electrical/electronic devices
- Hacking for sustainability
Top three reasons why respondents participate at their Hackerspace
- To meet others who share interests
- To be intellectually stimulated
- To learn new skills
Activities at the Hackerspace
Coding, making and fixing electrical/ electronic devices were given as the most frequently undertaken activities at Hackerspaces. Other activities included reuse of scavenged components, upcycling projects, art projects and home energy monitoring/control systems.
Top three expectations of how Hackerspace might change in the next five years
- Greater links with other Hackerspaces
- Greater links with Makerspaces
- Hackerspace activities will lead to more business start-ups
Interview with Victoria Jackson, co-founder of Brighton Repair Café
By Professor Martin Charter
When did you set up Brighton Repair Café (BRC)?
November 2012.
What are the main changes you have seen since you set up BRC?
It has gained momentum through word of mouth and social media. The interest in our acti viti es from mainstream media and institutions has also increased in the past six months as the 'fixer and maker' movement have become more visible.
What was your inspiration to set up BRC?
The Repair Café Foundation in The Netherlands. One of our co-founders, Susanne Malmqvist, read an article and said "why don't we set up a Café in Brighton?". We were all studying for masters degrees in sustainable design at Brighton University at the time, and saw it as a social activity that embodied our interests in sustainability.
What is the age range and background of attendees?
From seven to 90. But due to the age group of the volunteers, organisers and our network of friends, there are marginally more 25 to 45- year-olds. The backgrounds are varied, from the retired locals to internationals who are only in Brighton for a short time, as well as teachers, students, the unemployed and everyone in between.
The split between males and females is fairly equal now. When we were more focused on clothing and textiles there were more women, but as we added bikes, electrical and furniture repair the number of men has risen.
What are the main products you deal with?
Varies from one session to the next, depending on which repairs we are offering according to volunteer availability. It ranges from clothes to socks and household electrical goods. We have a lot of enquiries about electronic repairs, but we don't have any volunteers as yet who can help with this.
What are the motivations of attendees?
Curiosity, not knowing where else to go to ask about their broken things or not being able to afford repair costs.
Are there concerns emerging in relation to built-in product obsolescence?
Yes, there is a frustration among participants on the short lifespan of modern goods.
Do you have any professional repairers?
Not so far. Everyone who volunteers has a day job – some relate to the repairs they offer but they would not call themselves professionals.
What is the role of BRC in the Brighton repair community?
We network with Freegle reuse network, the bike hub, Cranks, Space Place, Magpie and other community groups who are interested in waste reduction.
What role do you think repair cafés can play in the movement to a circular economy?
They shift consumers' relationships with products, and get us to start thinking beyond the service of a product to consider the materials that go into them and how they are designed. This affects future consumption choices and raises awareness of product lifecycles.
Further information
Many of the issues highlighted in the research will be discussed at Sustainable Innovation 2014, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, 3 & 4 November 2014.
Grassroots Innovation and the Circular Economy: Global Survey of Repair Cafes and Hackerspaces can be downloaded from:www.cfsd.org.uk/news/circular-economy-innovationor www.cfsd.org.uk/research.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Star Wars The Force Awakens Teaser T
Download Songs Star Wars The Force Awakens Teaser T only for review course, Buy Cassette or CD / VCD original from the album Star Wars The Force Awakens Teaser T or use Personal Tone / I-RING / Ring Back Tone in recognition that they can still work to create other new songs. DMCA Removal Requests Send to [email protected] Download Full Album songs For Android Star Wars The Force Awakens Teaser T Click Here
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London Metro
The alarm clock went off at 2am on Sunday, then a second later the realisation of what I was about to do struck: I was probably going to make headlines during the day – and hopefully not for falling to my death.
After breakfast, I drove from my Plymouth home to pick up my fellow protester en route to the "target" in the capital. We arrived just before 8am and our crew were there. After a quick check, we found access to the rooftop. But what about the security that our target must have in place? What about the police marksmen, barbed wire, guard dogs and CCTV you would expect at the home of the deputy Labour leader? No, not a thing.
So, my partner in crime and I donned our superhero suits. It was all systems go. We took our banner and scaled ladders to get on to the roof. The road was silent. We wondered, at first, if anyone would see us. Then, about 30 minutes later, a young girl appeared in the garden opposite. She waved, then disappeared, before reappearing with mum, dad and siblings. Neighbours came out.
We waited, with still no sign of the occupants of the house. An hour after our climb, a car cruised by carrying what looked like plain-clothes police. A young officer appeared below.
I explained that Harriet Harman, the occupant of the house, had declared a year ago, as the then minister for justice, that family courts should be opened up to the public. He asked whether it would not have been better for us to write to her with our complaints. I said that I had done that twice, and had sent her a copy of a book written by myself and my daughter, Family Court Hell.
He asked what he could do to resolve matters and I passed him down a copy of my book. I asked him to give it to her. Ten minutes later, he reappeared, saying that Harman had declined to read the book. I decided to remain on the roof until she thought again.
Hours later, with a smile and a quick comment to the hordes of press, Harman left her house. If only she had agreed to look at the book and see for herself what had happened in my case (and countless others). If she had, she could have stayed at home in peace that sunny day and we would have been back in Devon in time for tea.
Mark Harris, 46, is a Fathers 4 Justice protester. He has been bailed by police investigating the protest.
Wednesday, 11 June 2008
Minister hit the roof at my protest
Posted by Devoted Dad at 13:01
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One Year Master in Working Life Science
60 ECTS credits
Study programme
The impact of globalisation and social change will increasingly affect working life structures and conditions in the twenty-first century. This Master level programme provides knowledge of these changes and a critical and analytical approach to them. Students learn to assess current trends in society and in working life.
This programme is carried out in collaboration with Göteborgs universitet and Högskolan i Borås. Lectures/seminars can take place at any of these universities or Karlstads universitet. Some distance technique will also be used.
This programme is carried out in collaboration with Göteborgs universitet and Högskolan i Borås. Lectures/seminars can take place at any of these universities or Karlstads universitet. Some distance technique will also be used.
Education level: Master's level
Bachelor's degree of at least 180 ECTS credits in Working Life Science, or equivalent. Upper secondary level Swedish 3 or B, or Swedish as a Second Language 3 or B, or equivalent. Upper secondary level English 6 or A, or equivalent.
While studying
EducationThe aim of the programme is that students develop the scientifically-based skills in analytical and constructive thinking needed to deal with issues relating to the organisational as well as the labour market level. Students acquire specialised and advanced knowledge of how work is organised at these different levels. The Swedish labour market system is analysed in relation to that of other industrial countries and to the development in Sweden. Different theoretical explanatory models are discussed. There are also methodological discussions on approaches and applications of qualitative and quantitative methods and on the process of carrying out a degree project. The supervised degree project requires the students to identify and formulate a working life science problem, to plan and carry out an empirical investigation, and to present the study and its result in an essay written in a formal style and following standard academic procedure.
Form of InstructionThe Working Life Science Master Programme at Karlstad University is offered in conjunction with the University of Göteborg and the University of Borås. This means that some lectures and seminars will take place at a different venue than Karlstad. Instruction will also in part be in the form of distance education. All instructors are active researchers and teach in the area of their expertise. In this way a unique network of researchers and advanced students is set up.
ExaminationExamination usually takes place at the end of each course, model or unit. The forms of the examination may vary. There are written exams, take home exams, oral exams and seminars. You are also expected to submit other work throughout the course. There are no set examination periods, and generally no final exam at the end of a semester, an academic year, or a complete study programme.
Professional ContactThe programme is established by the network AiV, Arbetsvetenskap i Västsverige (Working Life Science in Western Sweden). AiV is a network aiming at making connections between universities and actors in the working life.
Course of StudyThe programme comprises four courses (4 x 15 ECTS cr.): 1) Organizational and leadership trends in perspective of sustainibility, dealing with national and international production and service processes; 2) The Labour Market from a Swedish and International Perspective, dealing with power and influence; 3) Research Methods, dealing with the theory and application of qualitative and quantitative methods; 4) Degree Project, involving independent work under the supervision of an experienced researcher.
Course 1 will take place at the University of Borås, course 2 at the University of Gothenburg. Course 3 and 4 will take place at Karlstad University. Therefore, only courses 3 and 4 are shown in the table below.
Course of study
|Semester 2
|ECTS credits
|Research Methods within Working Life Science (Obligatory)
|Working Life Science - Master's thesis (one year) (Obligatory)
Total ECTS credits: 30
Elective course: Students are free to choose among certain alternative courses, often depending on their choice of specialisation.
Optional course: Students are free to choose any course offered at Karlstad University or at other universities. Courses listed are examples of recommended or frequently chosen courses for a specific programme.


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USA (747,020) > Illinois (31,351) > Clinton County (306) > Clinton County Land Records (8)
USA (747,020) > Illinois (31,351) > Illinois Land Records (856) > Clinton County Land Records (8)
Note: This page primarily lists records kept at the county level. Statewide collections are found on the Illinois Land Records page.
Clinton County, Ohio land ownership map, 1859 Family History Library
Deeds, 1818-1915 Family History Library
Entry books, 1818-1920 Family History Library
Family maps of Clinton County, Illinois : with homesteads, roads, waterways, towns, cemeteries, railroads and more Family History Library
Federal Land Patents Bureau of Land Management
Land atlas and plat book, Clinton County, Illinois, 1985 Family History Library
Mortgage records, 1858-1890 Family History Library
Original Land Owners of Clinton County US Gen Web


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Residents wanting to request or plant trees on a verge area must contact the City for advice on what is allowable. Many tree species are not suitable for verge planting and can cause damage to underground services, footpaths and roads. Sometimes trees cannot be planted because of overhead service wires, insufficient space for the tree on the verge or blocking sight lines for motorists.
In most instances one (1) tree will be provided to the frontage of the property. On corner lots where there is suitable space, 2 trees may be provided. The species of trees for a specific street may already be determined by existing plantings.
The link below identifies trees which are suitable for planting on verges within the City, however other trees may be considered subject to assessment.
If you want to apply for a street tree please call the Operations Centre on 9397 3000 or fill in the form below and a council officer will inspect your verge for eligibility:
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M50S J3 (M1/N32) to J17 Shankill
Visit the TII website for more information
Your FAQ's on everything M50 - Answered!
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With the Easter holidays coming up, we have made a list of the top events running throughout the city
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ACTIVE MLS # 1819091, Listed by Rowe Ventures
ACTIVE MLS # 1819091, Listed by Rowe Ventures
108 Sea Level Loop is a $279,000, 2 bedroom, 2.0 bath home located in Pawleys Island, SC.
Rare opportunity to own this hidden 2 bedroom 2 bathroom in popular Channel Bluff Community. Just one row back from the marsh in Litchfield. Enjoy Kayaking Paddle Boarding The large loft area would easily make an office, recreational room, or a 3rd bedroom! Brand new roof! Large oversized corner lot with plenty of space for outdoor living.
Foundation - Raised Beach
Kitchen - Range
Kitchen - Garbage Disposal
Kitchen - Refrigerator
Kitchen - Microwave
Water Heater - Electric
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Estimated Heated Square Feet - 1901-2000
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Dining Room - Living Room/Dining Room Combo
Dining Room - Family Room/Dining Room Combo
Family Room/Great Room - Vaulted/Cathedral Ceiling
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Dining Room - Area
Master Bedroom - 1st Floor Level
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Washer/Dryer Connection
Floor Cover - Tile
Floor Cover - Wood
Floor Cover - Carpeting
Master Bath - Shower
Master Bath - Tub
Master Bath - Vanity
Master Bath - Whirlpool Tub
|Cooling Types
Living Room - Ceiling Fan
Master Bedroom - Ceiling Fan
Central Air
|Heating Types
Central Heat
|# Parking Spaces
|Parking Types
Under House - Raised Beach
|Exterior Features
For Sale
Front Porch
Rear Porch
Outside Storage Attached
Amenities Available - Owner Allowed Motorcyle
Amenities Available - Tenant Allowed Motorcycle
Amenities Available - Owner Allowed Golf Cart
Amenities Available - Tenant Allowed Golf Cart
Utilities Available - Electricity
Utilities Available - Cable TV
Utilities Available - Telephone
|Construction Types
|Land Type
Topography - Corner
|Water Source
Utilities Available - Water Public
Utilities Available - Sewer
|Property Type
|Property Sub Type
|Architectural Style
Raised Beach
|Year Built
|HOA Fee
|HOA Fee Frequency
Does Not Have HOA
Channel Bluff
Provided courtesy of The Coastal Carolinas Association of REALTORS®. Information Deemed Reliable but Not Guaranteed. Information is provided exclusively for consumers' personal, non-commercial use, that it may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. All properties are subject to prior sale or withdrawal. Copyright 2019 of the Coastal Carolinas Association of REALTORS® MLS. Information last updated 04/24/2019 at 04:40am MDT.


text:
Landscaping DALIYAT AL-KARM
Address: 8, DALIYAT AL-KARM 3005600
Phone: +972-4-8393561
FAX: Not Available
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Website: Not Available
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Equipment Required For Wedding Photography In Jakarta – For a new comer photographer who wanted to enter in the world wedding photography, there are several check list obligatory equipment to be prepared before taking a marriage photoshoot. The following summarizes some tools standard credentials needed to withdraw the wedding photos. So, we are not confused when we check a list preparation instrument or impressed bring equipment that they are not too needed so we do not too burden with the equipment that too much.
Main Equipment Needed for WeddingPhotography
• Main camera and spare camera
At least, we should set two cameras, one as the main camera and another one as the spare camera. It is very important to prepare the spare camera, if there is a problem on a main camera when the process of the photograph would be kept running in accordance with the schedule because we have prepared the spare camera.
• Tele lens
We are going to need the lens to take a picture from a far distance, like when moment ceremonial. Most of the wedding photographer will stand side by side or in front of super-special stage and take the distance that are quite far from the main stage, because so that they do not obstructing the view of those who had been invited and that have the flexibility to take pictures of 70 until 200 mm by means of a lens. A lens can also be used to close up photograph.
• Flash speed light
The use of external flash would be very helpful if we do the actual shot in the wrong place that relatively dark. Most photographers use flash to withdraw the wedding photo at night. With the help of flash, we can produce an image of it with the shades of dark and faint.
• Memory card and batteries
Always got memory card and battery more than we need when we take wedding photography. Usually, we are going to need more space to save memory as much as 50 or 60 GB and use two sets of battery for batteries and flash. Do not forget make sure when we take battery full filled when we take.


text:
What would you like to do now?
Bedrooms: 3
Bathrooms: 3
Sq Feet: 2,689
City: Phoenix
Zip: 85085
Sub Division: Fireside AT Norterra
To start a new search please click: Start New Search
Property Description
Gorgeous single story located in the highly sought after master planned community of Fireside at Norterra. This stunning home has an open flowing floorplan, custom color scheme, cozy fireplace, natural lighting and built in shelving. A dream kitchen with rich wood cabinetry, granite countertops, stainless steel appliances, and an island/breakfast bar. Master ensuite has his and her vanities, separate shower/tub and generously sized walk in closet and a private exit to the backyard. Huge resort like backyard with beautiful mountain views, swimming pool/spa, mini putting green and 3 fire features. Perfect for entertaining. Fireside is full of amenities like state of the art community center with gym, spa, rock climbing wall and media room. Also, enjoy tennis, two pools and tons of parks!


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30k+ Links Built In-House
10k+ Page 1 Rankings
100+ Website Ranking Campaigns
Hours developing, researching, testing, implementing.
Spencer, West Virginia Search Engine Optimization Experts
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How many times do you pass multiple billboards on your way to work in Spencer? If you see it advertising a sale in a clothing store, visit that store, and possibly try some new brands, thus contributing to the growth of the store. SEO works in a similar way. Search engine users looking for specific information will become interested in a business that keeps showing among the search results.
Search engines use spiders to crawl the web, collect information and organize it. The optimization process includes editing titles and meta descriptions. There are countless people using the internet on a daily basis and thousands of business are taking advantage of this and optimizing their websites. This is a list of reasons why a business should consider investing in SEO, regardless its size or area of activity.
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The first thing business owners should do is to start seeing SEO as an investment, rather than a cost. Investments bring you more money, while costs have a negative impact on your profit. As making a website is extremely easy today, skeptics have a tendency to consider SEO as a hoax. However, it is vital to keep in mind that the role of SEO is to drive traffic to your firm.
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Advertisements are usually shown to millions of internet users, some of them not even needing them, hence making this strategy expensive. SEO is way more profitable than other online marketing strategies.
SEO is regarded as the foundation whereby many startup businesses in State have been able to succeed as there is no high operating costs involved. The internet is the best tool for startups to build popularity among their target consumers.
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6. Growing Number Of Mobile Searches
There are more people using the web on their mobile devices than ever. This is simple to grasp, thinking that smartphones are easy to carry around with you, being therefore convenient in a wide range of situations when you need urgent solutions. However, mobile users totally neglect paid ads and look at the organic searches. This is a consequence of the fact that organic results cater to specific users, being therefore more inclined to suit their needs. Business owners who understand the significance of mobile internet search should concentrate on SEO.
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Many small businesses will completely ignore SEO, considering it an added expense. Nonetheless, a small business could gain a lot from SEO, because most people tend to search online for solutions in their neighborhood. For instance, a new person in town trying to find a restaurant to have lunch in will check the internet to find a famous eatery in the area that serves their best dish. Top ranking business are the most likely to benefit from such users. Keep in mind that users conduct reviews after finishing their transaction, which adds up to the credibility.
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8. SEO Offers Firms Vital Insight
SEO is a source of traffic that can be monitored by Google Analytics. This data can help you gain a better understanding of the consumer behavior: how they use online search, how many hours a day they are active, the language they use, and the geographic location they live in. Each of these information bits can help a smart business owner develop strategic plans that can bring them both short term and long term profits.
9. The Competition Does The Trick
You can not just SEO a site once and expect it to rank forever. The site needs to be monitored on a regular basis to help maintain rankings. If you ignore the need for maintenance, other businesses with overtake you in search, as they are more aware of the importance of constant SEO. When a business gives up taking care of its website, it leaves money on the table by not taking advantage of its potential clients.
10. SEO Isn't Going Anywhere Any Time Soon
It is just the face of the times that more people are online than ever before. Their hectic life and busy schedules don't prevent them from using the internet as a source of information, learning and entertainment, and sometimes as a business place. This means people tend to depend less on television and print media. Channeling your resources in SEO indicates that your firm will be relevant now and in the future.
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In the past, it was hard for a small business in Spencer to compete with the big guys. SEO is the number one way to compete with a much smaller budget. There are many big businesses who are not concerned with SEO and it is allowing smaller businesses to sneak in a get a much bigger piece of the pie. Eventually, one time buyers become loyal customers, as they start trusting the small business more and more.
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Once your site is worked on by an SEO professional, it continues to attract consumers. SEO will never become sick or resign, thus being better than any human employee you could possibly get. It is a vital tool for all businesses, and it saves you money with every single visitor that becomes your paying customer.
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Facebook, Twitter and other social networks make use of SEO parameters such as meta descriptions and page titles when they generate listings and posts. An SEO expert will be able to take full advantage of this by watching what is being shared on social media and increasing your marketability.
14. You Can Outsource SEO
There may times when you do not have the budget or need for a full-time SEO expert. Luckily, there are several SEO companies in the market, and they can work on your site and attract traffic to your company, from the outside.
Outsourcing will cost you less than hiring an in-house SEO expert, as agencies can dedicate more resources to your website, thus being able to obtain a better outcome.
Always keep in mind that outsourcing allows you to focus on growing your business and on catering to your customers, while the SEO expert creates a platform that attracts qualified leads.


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Here is the main page covering our visits to Argentina and Chile during our 6-month stay in Montevideo, Uruguay, plus a slide show of pictures at the end. Our main interest was exploring Patagonia but we also wanted to include other interesting sites in these two huge countries.
For journal postings from Argentina and Chile, CLICK HERE.
Our first visit was to Buenos Aires, where we toured the central city as well as walked and rode by bicycle along the barrios of San Telmo, La Boca, Retiro, Recoleta, Barrio Norte, and Palermo – plus the new district of Puerto Madero and the amazing ecological reserve at the river's edge of the town.
A second trip covered Easter Island (Rapa Nui/Isla de Pascua) and Atacama Desert, including San Pedro de Atacama, the alteplano, the Cordillera de Sal, Valle de la Luna and Rainbow Valley.
Next up…Patagonia. We will update our itinerary as we go!
You can browse the map below for where we've been in Argentina and Chile (and posted an article). Click a pushpin to find the posted articles from the marked locations.
Loading map...
SLIDE SHOW HINT: If you've already seen the earlier pictures in the slide show, keep clicking the Prev link below to get to the end of the group and view our most recent ones.


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SPRINGER-Fred. The Board of Directors, Administration, Medical Board and Staff of Peninsula Hospital Center and Peninsula General Nursing Home mourn the passing of our esteemed member of the Board of Directors, Fred Springer. He served as Treasurer of the Board until his death, and was an extraordinary man who exemplified only the highest ideals through his leadership and community service. He will be sorely missed by all who knew him. Sincere condolences are extended to his son, Jay Springer. Joel A. Miele, Sr., P.E. Chairman of the Board Robert V. Levine President and CEO Janet Miele-Powers Administrator, Nursing Home Leonard Schiffman, DMD President, Medical BoardContinue reading the main story
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Let's discuss a meal that got a lot of attention on social media a couple of weeks ago and even more in the office the next day. It's not often I feast on lobster of a Tuesday evening but Belgo's 25th birthday celebrations were calling and it had to be done. I'm usually loyal to... Continue Reading →
Nothing screams summer more than Taste of London at Regents Park in 26 degrees, sipping blush rosè and tasting the cities most famous dishes. And nothing says middle class more than what I just said. If you still don't know about Taste then you've obviously been living under an anti-foodie rock these past few years... Continue Reading →
Haché. Posh burgers. Really, really good posh burgers. Somehow I've missed out on sampling one of these delights in all my years of burger tasting. This week I got to experience the Haché x Holborn pop-up and I'll never look back. Although a little hard to find, hidden in the basement of Holborn's famous Hush... Continue Reading →
A little while back you may recall I went to the launch night of B.Y.O.C. Soho and had a seriously good night. We were served up incredible food by James Cochran and a lovely man called Marvin made us cocktails all night long. Well, it's happened again. B.Y.O.C. East has launched and it's just as... Continue Reading →
It's that time of year again, last week Taste of London popped up in Regents Park and London's foodie scene flocked to enjoy some of the cities best dishes. I was of course there with bells on (twice) and have nothing but praise for the event that kills it every single time. Please remember that the... Continue Reading →
Right so, bottomless brunching in London. This is something of a hot topic these days and I'm always asked which ones are the best. I've been working my way through them (not as quickly as I'd have liked) and I've been planning on a mega blog post outlining the best and the worst in London... Continue Reading →
Celebrating my birthday this year has unintentionally become a month long ordeal and the meals just have not stopped. On Monday I visited Absurd Bird as a post birthday/post NYC treat with two foodie friends. I'd not heard of Absurd Bird before but after 3 minutes perusing the extremely satisfying menu online I was won over... Continue Reading →
When you're invited to dinner in a train station you're not really sure what to expect right? I mean I wasn't expecting much from a pub I'd never heard of, slap bang in the middle of St Pancras international. But I was so, so wrong to underestimate The Betjeman Arms and have nothing but praise for... Continue Reading →
I first experienced The Palomar last summer at Taste Of London. I was sold from the moment I laid eyes on the neon pink sign and the business cards. 'Branding on point' comes to mind when I think of this cute little restaurant situated in the heart of Soho. The Palomar serves the food of... Continue Reading →


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If you do not care for the premium support option but you simply want to support the RedBeanPHP Open Source efforts you can use the button below to donate as a token of appreciation. Donations are used to cover server costs and to allocate time time to maintain this website, the github repository, the groups forum, the code base and the CI account.
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In this futurist reality TV show, you are gambling with your life, trapped in a prison composed of 25 rooms with unexpected effects. Cooperate with each other to find the exit: Room 25. But be careful, a guard might be hiding among you, the prisoners and he won't hesitate to use whatever force necessary to keep you from escaping.


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Lessons Learned from Years with Answering
Tips to Consider When Selecting the Best Call Center Software Features
The call center software has been advanced and will continue to be modified to meet different business needs. Knowing the exact problem in your business is the starting point to decide the features to include in your call center software or not. The only way to increase your sales is by improving your customer's services which is possible through installing the right features on your call center software. Identifying the most important feature for your call center software is hectic and time-consuming. This article will give you some insight on some of the important call center services that you can employ to improve your call services.
One of the important call center software features is the telephony. It's hard to run your call center software without the telephone feature. This call center feature allow you to communicate with more than two people at the same time. You can either purchase a calling software with an inbuilt telephony or have your incorporate your own.
The other feature is the interactive voice response. Its imperative to have this feature in your call center software. Callers get access to their respective segments depending with their needs through the use of the interactive voice response. Once the customer makes a call to the business s/he is welcomed by an auto voice that helps to identify the right destination of the customer. The caller can also be put in awaiting queue if the department is busy with other customers. Much time as saved by the use of the feature.
Another feature is the call queues. When the team is not able to respond to the caller due to another caller on the line, the caller can be set to wait on the line. You … Read More


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Apopka High
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Q Bridge to be lit red, white and blue in honor of Veterans Day
NEW HAVEN — The Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge, commonly known as the "Q Bridge," will be lit up in red, white and blue on Saturday and Sunday evening in honor of Veterans Day.
Gov. Dannel P. Malloy announced the plan in a Saturday release.
According to the release, "beacons capable of projecting lights nearly six miles into the clear night sky will shine on the bridge from sunset until 1:00 a.m." both evenings.
"America's men and women in uniform — and their families — have made immeasurable sacrifices in the course of their service. We are grateful for the steadfastness with which they have performed their duties to protect the United States at home and overseas, and for their unfaltering response to the call to duty whenever the country requires," said Malloy in the announcement.
"As we thank our veterans for creating a safer world, we are mindful that we have Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Coast Guardsmen, and Marines stationed around the globe, thousands of miles away from their families for extended periods of time. We pray for their safe and speedy return and continue to keep them in our thoughts every day."
"On this Veterans Day, the State of Connecticut honors the service and sacrifices that the men and women of our military have made to protect our freedom and way of life. We will reflect and be forever grateful to our Veterans and their family members for their bravery and courage," said Lt. Gov. Nancy Wyman in the release. "We will continue to pray for our active troops overseas and ask for a quick and safe return home to their families."


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I recently had a new QDS user admit that he was afraid to send his first survey for fear of what the clients might say. Funny as that sounds, it is a real fear and he isn't alone. Surveying is the first step towards improving client satisfaction Here's Martha's take on why you need to… Read More >
Surveying to increase increase employee retention, you ask? Well, let me tell you… A favorite book of mine is called "The 3 Signs of a Miserable Job" by Patrick Lencioni. I'm not sure I would have read this book if it weren't recommended to me, but I'm so glad that I did. It was one… Read More >
Do you ever want to look and see if an employee does better when working on a different team or with a different Team Lead? Here's an example of an employee who we're trying to pull her scores up and how we analyze that data. https://youtu.be/BdRs02GG2uk
Individual pay for performance systems are great, but they can lead to pitting one team member against to another, if you're not careful. It's a good idea to mix in some team incentive programs that lead to a culture of team, not just "what's in it for me". In this video, I briefly cover some… Read More >
Our employees crave feedback. They want to know their work matters. They want to know how they measure up against their peers. Did you know that QDS can make that happen? Even if you don't use QDS, share the phone calls and emails with your staff. I took a screenshot of a typical post we… Read More >
Employee performance software is usually evaluated on its ability to help managers and supervisors perform evaluations. But, if you don't see how employee performance software can be used to do more than compensate employees you are missing a large part of the picture. The right employee performance software can help attract and retain employees, support… Read More >


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CBI raids Delhi Deputy CM Manish Sisodia's residence
A CBI team reached Delhi Deputy CM Manish Sisodia's house at noon on June 16.
Initially, media reported raids, but CBI denied it, saying they were seeking clarification over the AAP's 'Talk to AK' campaign.
In January, the CBI had launched a preliminary enquiry against Sisodia for alleged irregularities in the project.
Afterwards, Sisodia had said he was expecting raids.
In context
Why is CBI probing Manish Sisodia?
The birth of 'Talk to AK' and allegations of irregularities
In July'16, on the footsteps of PM Narendra Modi, Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal announced the launch of his interactive program, 'Talk to AK', which started airing from July 17.
The party reportedly proposed hiring a famous PR company for its promotion.
It is alleged that despite the principal secretary's objection, the government went ahead with the move.
No raids allowed in a PE
A Preliminary Enquiry (PE) was launched against Sisodia and others in January based on a complaint by the Vigilance Department of the Delhi government. According to rules, no raid or search is allowed in a PE.
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Media advisors of Kejriwal, Sisodia hit out at 'caged parrot'
Reacting to the development, Sisodia's media advisor Arunoday Prakash tweeted: "If they think Manish Sisodia will get afraid and stop working for schools after CBI raids, they are mistaken!"
Kejriwal's media advisor Nagender Sharma also slammed the move: "When not a penny was spent on 'Talk to AK' program, how does CBI come into the picture? Caged parrot not briefed properly by masters again."
Verizon closes $4.5B acquisition of Yahoo, Marissa Mayer resigns
GST roll-out on 1 July: How prepared is India?
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Affordable Tennis Lessons in Fontana
Local Fontana Tennis Instruction
Ready to take your game to the next level? Our Fontana tennis coaches train adults and kids, beginners and experts. Tennis classes and camps in Fontana are offered on a seasonal basis and must be discussed with your Fontana tennis professional. Private lessons are also available from one of our 1 verified tennis lessons instructors in Fontana.
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If you're searching for a tennis instructor, feel free to use our tools and we'll find you the best options for a local tennis lesson near Fontana, CA. Chat with your Fontana tennis pro by contacting them directly, before you ever step foot on the court. From indoor to outdoor Fontana tennis facilities, our instructors can train you wherever is most convenient. All of our tennis coaches in Fontana are certified and bring years of experience to the court. Learn what they know.
Cost of Fontana Tennis Lessons
Tennis lessons prices in Fontana are most affected by the level of experience of the instructor and whether you prefer 1 on 1 or group lessons. Many highly reputable tennis instructors in Fontana teach at private facilites, which can also affect price. We've broken down costs for camps, group lessons, or private instruction.
Below are estimated tennis lessons costs in Fontana:scroll right to see prices
|Type of Tennis Instruction
|Tennis Lessons
|1 on 1 Instruction (Public Court)
|1 on 1 Instruction (Private Court)
|Semi-private Group Instruction (3 or 4 adults/kids)
|1 Hour Lesson
|30 Minute Lesson (when available)
|Series of 5
|Series of 10
Note: Prices subject to change. These costs are based on an average of Alluvit's Fontana tennis instructors. For a detailed description, visit our tennis lessons page.
Tennis Lessons with Fontana Experts
Certified Instructors
Michael Bennett
Fontana, CA 92337-1076


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What Happened on This Date In History? – July 21st
There were many events that happened on this date in history, including: A famous Civil War battle, a famous outlaw's first train robbery and the recovery of JFK Jr.
154 years ago In 1861, Confederate troops defeated the Yankees at the BATTLE OF BULL RUN CREEK. It was the first major battle of the Civil War. Sixty thousand men fought for 10 hours while many of the pompous rich folk, dressed in their finest, came to PICNIC and watch the battle!
142 years ago In 1873, JESSE JAMES held up the Rock Island Express near Adair, Iowa, in his FIRST TRAIN ROBBERY. Only $6,000 was reported lost, but it was more like $65,000. The train company didn't want the public to know they carried that much money.
90 years ago In 1925, The "MONKEY TRIAL" ended in Dayton, Tennessee, with school teacher JOHN T. SCOPES being found guilty and fined $100 for teaching DARWIN'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION. The conviction was later overturned. Scientists STILL HAVE NOT FOUND THAT 'MISSING LINK', though several fakes surfaced in later years.
61 years ago In 1954, "Surprisingly", France surrendered North Vietnam to the Communists.
54 years ago In 1961, CAPTAIN VIRGIL "GUS" GRISSOM became the second American to rocket into a sub-orbital pattern around Earth, flying aboard the Liberty Bell Seven.
46 years ago In 1969, NEIL ARMSTRONG and EDWIN "BUZZ" ALDRIN blasted off from the moon after 21-and-a-half hours on the surface.
43 years ago In 1972, GEORGE CARLIN was arrested and charged with disorderly conduct and profanity at Summerfest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for "using indecent language in front of wheelchair-bound children." (One of the many reasons we loved him.)
40 years ago In 1975, WILLIE NELSON made his debut on the album charts with "Red Headed Stranger", which contained the hit, "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain".
35 years ago In 1980, DRAFT REGISTRATION began in the U.S. for 19- and 20-year-old men.
16 years ago In 1999, Navy divers found the bodies of shirtless rollerblader and amateur pilot JOHN F. KENNEDY JR., his wife, CAROLYN, and sister-in-law, LAUREN BESSETTE, in the wreckage of John-John's plane in the Atlantic Ocean off Martha's Vineyard.
That's it for what happened on this date, now go make history today!


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oh right gotta see if the car is working
had to work from home bc it wouldn't start this morning
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After years of looking forward to the moment I would get to choose the amazing university I would go to because of my amazing grades due to hard work and efforts, finally came the time to decide.
And here I was, after the hours spent on the computer, or eating, or outside, or just anywhere but at my desk studying, looking at my very average grades and the image of Cambridge, or Oxford, or Harvard, slowly fading away, and this time, for real. But being the seventeen years old that I was, my hidden hope (and only interest) was to move or get as close as I could to my first (summer) love's city: Milan – and, actually, everything but my sister's university.
The simple thought of the conversation between my parents and relatives "so where is she going to study – at the same university of her sister" was unimaginable to me, and would have been a proof of my own failure. Why? Because it's what the stubborn teenager that I was had decided, despite my, of course, unconditional love for my sister.
Bocconi and any university in Milan offering courses in English being way out of my lead, and finding no other universities in a decent place – which meant cheap and warm weather and not in Spain – that would offer a study abroad year in Milan, I opted for… Barcelona, and the same university as my sister.
I reasonably thought it could be my last opportunity to be living in the same city as her while both being students; and they offered the best study abroad program I could find with at least a hundred destinations all over the world, a Bachelor in Business Management with an option to specialize in Digital Marketing, and a very small campus, which is what I thought would suit me better.
And so did it!
The Barcelona Campus counts less than 400 students for the bachelor program (3 years). The first year is divided into two tracks – the Spanish track (classes in Spanish) and the English track, which itself is divided into two classes of more or less 25 people: the morning group (classes from 8 to 2:15) and evening group (classes from 2:30 to 8:45).
Everyone knows everyone, the teachers, most of administrations and heads of departments know most of our names, which make a very familiar and warm atmosphere. However, like anything else in the world, it has its downside: you cannot miss more than a certain number of hours, they will know who skips often classes etc. It's very much like high school, and unfortunately, I found the student's attitude to be so too.


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Name: Icq for android phone
File size: 435mb
Language: English
Rating: 2/10
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