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Lex Fori International Lawyers
This study was produced by Lex Fori for Health & Consumer Protection DG and represents the contractant's views. These views have not been adopted or in any way approved by the Commission and should not be relied upon as a statement of the Commission's or Health & Consumer Protection DG's views. The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study, nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof.
Study to identify best practice in the use of soft law and to analyse how this best practice can be made to work for consumers in the European Union
There have been various responses to the crisis of the State: some tend to limit the activities of the State to its purely law-making functions, while others seek to make the activities of the State more effective but do not limit them.
It is as part of the search for solutions (especially alternative ways of solving conflicts1) that the drafting of rules by private individuals has been encouraged, especially in the area of consumer affairs.
Rules of this kind, commonly called "soft law", are designed to address the unsuitability or non-existence of State rules. Accordingly, certain sectors are ill-suited to State law-making because of the speed at which they develop (e.g. the Internet).
Two difficulties emerge from the start: first, there is no precise definition of the concept of soft law and, second, this phenomenon actually covers different situations, depending on the country and the sector of activity concerned and the instruments used.
Once these difficulties have been overcome, it is possible to establish the conditions for effective development of these rules in general and in services of common interest in particular.
I/ Soft law in practice
I.1 The state of the law
There are several characteristics of the state of the law concerning soft law: first, the lack of a commonly accepted definition, second, the large number of regulation instruments and, last, the diversity of national practices.
I.1.1 The lack of a commonly accepted definition
There is as yet no consensus on what is covered by the terms and instruments referred to as soft law. Accordingly, the expressions "self-regulation", "voluntary regulation", "co-regulation" or "quasi-regulation" are commonly used, often with different meanings.
From a theoretical standpoint, several objectives are assigned to soft law, ranging from a "supplement" to legislation, through "added value" to legislation to the replacement of legislation (Fair Trading Act in the United Kingdom, consumer affairs policies in Australia and New Zealand).
The approaches and definitions in the area of soft law vary from one country to another (self-regulation in Australia, soft law and self-regulation, voluntary agreements and a multidisciplinary approach in Canada, self-regulation in France, etc.).
It is essential to have a prior definition of the terms used in the area of soft law.
This is because it is impossible to have a constructive debate without a precise vocabulary that is used by all concerned.
There are two possible definitions:
In a broad sense, all rules other than laws, regulations and contracts may be referred to as soft law;
In a stricter sense, soft law, drawn up by professionals on their own initiative or in cooperation with consumers or the State, or on the basis of a State authorisation, is a set of instruments applied on a consensual basis; in general, it does not have legal force.2
I.1.2 Numerous instruments that everyone needs to know about
Soft law instruments are characterised by their extreme diversity. In order to ascertain the extent of this diversity, various classifications have been drawn up that are worth mentioning.
Accordingly, the National Consumer Council (United Kingdom) has identified eight main types of instrument (unilateral codes of conduct, consumers' charters, unilateral codes by sector, negotiated codes, negotiated codes approved by a State body, recognised codes, official codes, statutory codes).
In the same spirit, Margot Priest, a Canadian researcher, has identified five categories of instrument (voluntary codes of conduct, self-regulation provided for by the statutes or self-regulation laid down by law, internal rules of businesses, self-regulation supervised or monitored by government agencies, self-management based on regulations).
The European Commission (DG SANCO), in its desire to simplify and clarify the situation, has divided up these various instruments into two categories: self-regulation (legal rules drawn up by and for an enterprise) and voluntary regulation (rules encouraged by decision-makers and drawn up in cooperation with the players concerned). It also uses a classification into three categories of self-regulation, voluntary agreements and co-regulation.
It was decided to distinguish, on the basis of the extent to which the law is legally binding and the way in which it is adopted, between self-regulation (individual or by sectors) and negotiated regulation (private, approved by a public body, given official recognition or even incorporated into positive law).
Self-regulation has been discredited by certain clumsy or unambitious initiatives. This bad reputation generally encourages the State authorities to prefer co-regulation or voluntary agreements. However, it would be wrong to rule out self-regulation from the process of reflection on state policy in the area of soft law. It should not be forgotten that self-regulation contains some of the best examples of soft law (advertising in many countries, Better Business Bureau in North America, for example).
There are certain disadvantages to co-regulation and voluntary agreements, especially the cumbersome nature of the negotiating process (disputes concerning representativeness etc.) and the fact that businesses do not have a sense of owning systems that they have not developed themselves.
Rather than adopting a somewhat dogmatic attitude (blanket rejection of self-regulation), it is preferable to adopt a pragmatic approach: the whole range of soft law may be used, provided that the instrument or the method of soft regulation3 chosen is appropriate for its area of application (structuring and organising the market and consumers, in particular).
In the same spirit, certain attitudes should be outlawed: on the one hand, leaving all initiative to industry and expecting miracles, only to conclude that soft law is ineffective and, on the other hand, insisting on imposing negotiation in all situations, whereas success in the area of soft law depends on the motivation of the players themselves (producers, consumers).
I.1.3 Diversity of national practices
Each country has its own approach to soft law, and these approaches differ on many points (role of the authorities, ideology, level of awareness of soft law, legal context).
The Europe of soft law suffers from a basic imbalance between the Anglo-Saxon countries and the others. Continental Europe communicates very little on this subject. Many potential players in the area of soft law have neither the vocabulary nor the concepts, which limits the scope and development of any process of reflection.
While most Anglo-Saxon countries have been practising soft law for longer than the countries of continental Europe, there are nevertheless differences between them.
The Anglo-Saxon countries
The United Kingdom is without doubt the country that has conducted the fullest studies of soft law. In Europe, it has a virtual monopoly on the analysis of, and reflection on, soft law. The concept of soft law, the related vocabulary and the reports of various bodies are highly developed there. And yet, specialists consider that these experiments have produced mixed results.4
Australia is also very active in the area of soft law, using a clever combination of self-regulation and co-regulation. The assessment given by the Australian authorities is more positive. It seems that soft law has made it possible to improve trading practices and provide better services to consumers. For many countries, Australia is an example to be followed in this area (especially for Canada).
The United States of America differs from the two previous countries by the lack of thought given to the theory of soft law. Self-regulation is carried out in a pragmatic way and is limited to certain sectors (undertakers, alcoholic drinks, the Internet). Canada, on the other hand, has a overall vision of soft law and a multidisciplinary approach, as reflected in the specialised committee of the Federal Office of Consumer Affairs.
The countries of continental Europe
The countries of continental Europe differ in their practice of and experience with soft law. By way of example, it is possible to contrast two countries: on the one hand, Germany, which has conducted a limited experiment in self-regulation in the area of advertising and, on the other, the Netherlands, which has developed a high level of self-regulation, especially in all areas of consumer affairs law, including the establishment of disputes committees with the participation of consumers. The Scandinavian countries tend to practise negotiation between the authorities (ombudsman) and professionals, in other words a form of co-regulation. France does not even know the term "soft law" (little theoretical thought and few publications on this subject), but practises this form of regulation (in the French sense of the term) without referring to it as such (advertising). With the exception of one or two specialists, few economic players in continental Europe know about soft law as a concept. Often soft law exists but has a low profile.
I.2 The conditions for the success of soft law: adaptation, evaluation and effectiveness of soft law
Everyone agrees that the objective that must be pursued by any rules, whether or not they come from the State, is effectiveness.
In order to be effective, rules must have a number of characteristics: they must be clear, appropriate, and must be able to be monitored and enforced, among other things following consumer initiatives. Certain conditions for the effectiveness of the rules relate to the context for their development, while others concern the method followed by the promoters of soft law.
The question of the criteria of effectiveness is fundamental, and yet it is the poor relation of the practice of soft law. The measurement instruments are comparatively undeveloped, and there is a need to encourage research in this area. The measurement of effectiveness cannot be limited to an inventory of the breaches of existing soft law. As well as considering such breaches, it is necessary to take account of progress accomplished in consumer protection.
In other words, the only question that needs to be answered is whether more consumers are now protected. The higher the number of consumers who are really protected, the more soft law shows its effectiveness.
I.2.1 Need for a propitious environment
The best instruments have been developed in a context characterised by four factors: a cultural environment that is favourable to soft law, the existence of well-organised partners, substantial State involvement and, lastly, the determination of entrepreneurs to defend their corporate image.
The Anglo-Saxon countries have a favourable environment for the development of soft law, in particular because of their legal system, the strength of the protagonists in civil society (trade unions, consumers' associations) and the deregulation policies conducted in the 1980s (USA and United Kingdom).
By contrast, notably because of the role assigned to the law and the weakness and low level of organisation of the protagonists of civil society (low level of trade union membership, fragmentation of trade unions and consumers' and users' associations), the Roman Law countries are less receptive to soft law.
Contrary to certain generally accepted ideas, the State plays an indispensable role in the development of soft law by contributing to its incorporation into the domestic legal order and providing legislative support (for example, the Australian Corporation and Financial Services Commission), especially concerning the mechanisms for monitoring the application of soft law (including the imposition of sanctions).
Directors of enterprises also have a key role to play in the development of this soft law. Experience has shown that the most propitious areas are the sectors with a bad image (mail order, direct selling, managing agents of blocks of flats), those that wish to allow their members to distinguish themselves from other occupations or from less-qualified competitors (the independent professions), those that are under strong pressure from consumers and the new sectors (Internet, new technologies).
The participation of consumers and their representatives is always desirable but is not always easy to organise (negative attitude to soft law, lack of resources, lack of representativeness, weakness of structures, etc.).
I.2.2 Essential factors for success
The factors for success can be divided up into two groups:
� three key elements: drafting and definition, monitoring, sanctions and means of redress;
� three principles to be followed: information, independence and participation.
In order to ensure that soft law is effective, it must be drawn up with the involvement of all concerned (enterprises, consumers, independent individuals). Once it has been drawn up, it must be disseminated as widely as possible.
It is necessary to inform consumers (and the professionals themselves) of the actual existence of the soft law in each of the sectors concerned. In order to ensure that the soft law is applied more widely, advertising (publication of an annual activity report, advertising of the charter or code) of the soft law mechanisms is essential (e.g. annual report of the Irish Banking Ombudsman, television advertising of the ASA in the United Kingdom, inclusion of the direct selling code with each parcel in France).
The involvement of independent individuals in the drafting of soft law increases consumer confidence (e.g. the case of estate agents in Ontario).
Soft law must be drawn up in a pragmatic, concerted fashion, with the involvement of consumers, governments and consumer affairs agencies (e.g. New Zealand code of banking practice, French contract for improving the quality of "multiservice" repair services in France).
The success of soft law depends largely on the monitoring of its application by those concerned. To this end, independent monitoring mechanisms need to be put in place.
The existence of mechanisms for monitoring the application of soft law must be made widely known among consumers (e.g. hotline of the Australian supermarkets code).
In order to ensure that the soft law is effective, provision must be made for its application to be monitored by a specially appointed group (professional code for mail-order in France or the convention on the sound administration obligation of Swiss banks). It is preferable to use monitoring bodies that are independent of the drafters of the soft law (Australian code of manufacturers of pharmaceutical products, provisions of the European direct selling code).
If the monitoring is to be effective, all concerned must be involved. It must be possible for checks to be carried out not just as a matter of course but also at the initiative of consumers or competitors (Australian Code of Conduct for Fruit Juice Producers).
Consumers must have effective means of redress at their disposal in order to ensure that infringements are punished. These may take the form of mediation, arbitration or the examination of the dispute by a committee set up for this purpose (Market Ethics Council (MER) in Sweden).
To this end, the principles established by the Australian ministry of trade (accessibility, independence, fairness, responsibility, effectiveness, efficiency) or by the European Commission 5 (independence, transparency, possibility of involvement for all sides, effectiveness, legality, freedom, representation) are exemplary. In the same way, the mechanisms involving ombudsmen have proved to be effective (Canadian, Irish and UK banking ombudsmen, SNCF mediator). If there are no effective mechanisms of sanctions and means of redress, there is a risk that consumers will rapidly lose confidence in soft law.
The effectiveness of the system can also be enhanced by informing all concerned that, in the event of infringements of existing soft law, it is possible to use means of redress (mention in Australian insurance policies of the possibility of referring a matter to Insurance Enquiries and Complaints ltd. (IEC)) and to have dissuasive sanctions imposed of a psychological/financial nature (IPC system for postal services) or a disciplinary nature (system of the professional code of conduct for mail order in France). Information provision may also take the form of advertising the sanctions imposed ("name and shame" policy of the OFTEL Office of Telecommunications, and the website of the ASA in the United Kingdom).
The bodies which examine claims and impose sanctions, regardless of the method chosen to settle disputes (arbitration, appeals committee, ombudsman), must be independent of both producers and consumers (life insurance ombudsman in the Netherlands, EASA (advertising) Europe).
The actual use of appeal procedures by consumers is essential to ensure the credibility of the mechanism for settling disputes (the ASA in the United Kingdom receives about ten thousand complaints every year).
I.3 Example of best practices
I.3.1. The most favourable sectors:
A pragmatic analysis shows that certain sectors have developed soft law mechanisms that have proved their worth.
Certain sectors, such as the financial sector (financial markets, banks, insurance) or sales (advertising, very strongly established throughout the world, EASA, European structure including, among others, the BVP in France, the ASA in the United Kingdom or the Jury d'Ethique Populaire (People's ethics jury) in Belgium), are choice areas for soft law. The same is true of the Internet, where the principle of self-regulation enjoys a certain popularity, even though it lacks effectiveness.
Conversely, almost all experts and specialists agree that soft law seems ill-suited to matters relating to consumer health and safety, which must be governed by State rules.
I.3.2. Definition of the favourable sectors
Following the study, the sectors that are favourable for the development of soft law may be described as follows:
- The markets in which the costs of dysfunctions are borne largely by other enterprises in the sector, which has the effect of encouraging enterprises to adopt new forms of behaviour in order to reduce dysfunctioning (advertising, different forms of sales outside shops, the independent professions);
- Competitive and well-organised markets with homogeneous products (banks, financial institutions, insurance);
- The markets in which there are many conflicts between consumers and professionals (insurance, travel agencies);
- The markets which have reached a sufficient degree of maturity for the players to be organised and take account of the concerns of consumers;
- The markets in which the product is not essential to consumer health and safety.
I.3.3. The most effective instruments
Some soft law instruments produce better results than others. This is true of co-regulation, in the broad sense, which involves the State authorities as well as professionals and consumers.
On the other hand, the practice of self-regulation, with a few notable exceptions (advertising), proves to be disappointing in the vast majority of cases because it is often limited to a list of good intentions.
The most effective soft law instruments include:
- The mechanisms for settling disputes (advertising, Better Business Bureau) in general; the Better Business Bureau operates as an agency for protecting consumers while at the same time being an offshoot of the enterprises that belong to it.
- The ombudsmen (Canadian banks ombudsman), and the mediators in particular;
- Certain codes of good conduct (out-of-shop sales, ethics of the independent professions, organisation of the financial markets).
In addition, it would seem that soft law instruments are all the more effective in a given sector when they are combined (code of conduct + mechanism for settling disputes + sanctions). Here, instruments that are of limited scope but have a single, specific objective are more effective than more ambitious instruments (code of good conduct) that are difficult to implement (Australian supermarkets code, codes of fruit juice producers).
It emerges from the practices observed in the first part of the report that soft law has the best chance of being effective if it is devised as a complement to traditional State regulation, since the State is no longer in a position to take account of all problems and solve them in everyone's interests. This assumes, however, that the law fixes the area of intervention of soft law, with soft law then providing added value in relation to the law.
It is only in very exceptional cases that soft law will be able to take the place of the law (especially where there is no realistic prospect of effective legislation, for example for certain aspects of the Internet).
Soft law is better accepted in areas such as consumer fraud, advertising and the financial sector, and when physical safety and health are not the main concerns.
II. Soft law in decentralised environments and the role of the European Union
II.1 Soft law in decentralised environments
The presence of a decentralised environment (Belgium, Australia, United States, Spain, Canada) does not generally have a noticeable direct or indirect effect on the development of soft law. It is rare to find two levels of soft law in the same sector, for example regional soft law forming part of national soft law.
In the countries mentioned above, soft law is most often applied at national or federal level, rather than at regional or federal State level. The constitutional delegation of powers to the local level can promote the creation of local soft law mechanisms (sale of motor vehicles in Ontario, residential building guarantee in Quebec).
However, the crucial criterion for the scope of soft law is not linked to the existence of a decentralised or federalist system. The existence of a market to be regulated seems to be the crucial criterion for the development of soft law.
Markets in countries with a federal system are usually of a national - or even transnational - nature. That is why, in general, soft law instruments tend to be developed at national level.
II.2 A role for the European Union as a provider of incentives
Given the diversity of national situations, the European Union could encourage and support this process.
In order to play this role to the full, Europe has to overcome many obstacles: psychological obstacles (reticence of national administrations, consumers, and even enterprises), legal obstacles (incorporation techniques, interaction between European law and national law), cultural obstacles (diversity of legal and economic cultures, diversity of structures, organisations and concepts of representativeness) and material obstacles (geographical scope, inadequacy of human and financial resources to tackle the many sectors and projects).
While it would appear to be useful to distinguish the purely European dimension of a policy to encourage soft law from its national dimension, these dimensions naturally continue to complement each other.
In order to exercise the European dimension of this policy, the European institutions must adopt a proper methodology based on strictness, selectiveness and flexibility. The choice of projects to be encouraged will be crucial. The European State authorities will have to adapt and combine the various functions that they can exercise, viz.:
� catalyser (impetus, launching of initiatives)
� facilitator (provision of equipment, moderator of discussions)
� supporter (moral support, labels, approval of projects)
� organiser (establishment of permanent structures for meetings, assistance to consumers' organisations, reform of the method of representation)
� negotiator (participation as party to European agreements)
� legislator (establishment of frameworks for European soft law - general frameworks for soft law techniques and specific frameworks for each sector, Eurocodes).
As far as encouraging national policies is concerned, the role played by the European institutions could take three main forms.
The law-making function (transposition of directives by soft law, recommendations, directives on soft law).
The laboratory of ideas (encouraging reflection among future players, research, decompartmentalisation, definition, discussion, information/promotion).
We suggest several concrete measures (data base, user's guide, consultation process, soft law institute, measures to reduce asymmetrical information provision, establishment of a European Better Business Bureau).
Protector (combating anti-competition practices and supervision of supervision).
A soft law policy for Europe will necessarily have to take several forms and be flexible. Soft law is, by essence, consensual and diverse. Although this policy takes several forms on the ground, it will nevertheless have to flow from a certain degree of shared direction in the form of a clear definition of the concepts and vocabulary, and a central point of reference in the form of a set of experiments and declared methodological principles.
Moreover, the main objective of such a policy must not be the production of soft law as a matter of principle, "simply for the sake of it", but rather that the State authorities, professionals and consumers' representatives consider the possibility of employing soft law, where this is appropriate. In other words, the aim of a soft law policy is for decision-makers to consider the possible use of soft law whenever they examine a regulatory response to a given problem.
Once the framework has been strictly defined, it will be necessary to talk about it as much as possible and to organise numerous exchanges and experiments.
III/ The application of soft law to services of general interest
As a rule, there has been very little development of soft law in services of general interest.
Before examining the role that could be assigned to the European Commission, it is necessary to present the factors that are conducive or unconducive to the development of soft law in services of general interest.
III.1 The unconducive factors
The various services of general interest are very heterogeneous and employ very different techniques in markets that have reached different stages of development and liberalisation, with major national variations.
Accordingly, certain sectors are more familiar with soft law (audiovisual, telecommunications, postal services) than others (water, transport, energy).
It would therefore be unrealistic to seek to develop the same mechanism of soft law in each of these sectors.
Overall, soft law instruments are not very widespread or developed, especially in Europe. Where they exist, they are often fairly "primitive" (in comparison with best practices in other sectors):
- complaints management service, satisfaction surveys, performance indicators, benchmarks (RENFE (Spanish Railways); satisfaction survey, electricity, Spain; benchmarks, water, Netherlands);
- service charter, code of conduct, code of ethics (OFTEL, United Kingdom, obligation of a service quality code for telecommunications operators; users' charter, water, Spain/United Kingdom, France Telecom's customers' charter, sports advertising, "Evin" code, France; code of audiovisual ethics in various countries);
- ombudsman, mediator, settlement of disputes (energy ombudsman, Victoria, Australia; EDF mediator, France; RATP/SNCF mediator, transport, France; postal services mediator, France; disputes committee, water, Netherlands, proposal for a directive on postal services, May 2000; Telecoms ombudsman, Australia);
- more rarely, organised systems of soft law (cable television in Canada, Telecoms Act in Australia).
Moreover, the question of the representativeness of consumers' associations in services of general interest could also hinder the development of soft law.
It has also been shown that national approaches to soft law vary very widely even within the European Union (differences in legal culture).
The considerable development of national regulating bodies (agencies, independent administrative authorities, specialised committees) in the area of services of general interest (especially telecommunications, the audiovisual sector and water) could also prove to be a major hindrance to the development of soft law. This is because the development of soft law will probably be to the detriment of these new institutions, which will not immediately agree to have their powers reduced.
In most Member States, there is insufficient information and documentation on soft law (especially in the Roman-Law countries). In certain cases, the lack of information is accompanied by consumers' mistrust of the phenomenon itself (especially self-regulation).
However, services of general interest have a number of features that could be conducive to the development of soft law.
III.2 The conducive factors
The sectors which are described as being services of general interest are those with a high degree of economic concentration. In each of the Member States of the European Union, and sometimes even in the Union as a whole, there is only a limited number of operators (especially in the water sector). There are many users and they are comparatively organised.
These sectors are in the process of liberalisation, are shifting and are constantly developing. Soft law could prove to be a more suitable form of regulation than State regulation.
What is more, services of general interest are governed by a number of common principles (continuity, equal access, adaptability), which could be specified and put into practice in each of the sectors concerned by means of soft law.
To this end, it is possible to draw on the experience gained in the other sectors and propose a unique corpus of recommendations, which can then be adapted to the specific characteristics of the sectors concerned.
In order to be a success, soft law will have to be combined with mechanisms for ensuring the supervision of soft law and imposing sanctions for any infringements. Otherwise, the soft law will not enjoy the confidence of consumers.
We believe that the European Union has a role to play at several levels:
- as well as organising an information network, it could analyse which systems work well in which countries, and group them together in an administrative cooperation structure;
- act as a disseminator of soft law governing principles, leaving it up to the regulatory authorities to adapt and interpret this soft law as effectively as possible depending on the local market conditions;
- consult and inform; 6
- check regularly that the soft law mechanisms operate correctly. For verification of this kind to be possible, there should be an obligation to provide information, to be paid for by operators. This obligation could be useful for other markets and would foster transparency.
The state of the law in Europe concerning services of general interest is not particularly conducive to the development of voluntary rules, with national governments and the new regulators being unwilling, as a rule, to delegate part of their powers to soft law mechanisms.
However, there is no insurmountable obstacle to the development of soft law. Once the movement has been launched, soft law could develop very rapidly, and possibly more rapidly than in other sectors. Soft law has an important role to play for consumer protection and in sectors of general interest.
1 Alternative ways of solving conflicts are a form of soft justice but do not constitute soft law. BACK
2 However, contrary to a widely held opinion, soft law is compulsory for those who subscribe to it. BACK
3 Regulation is used here in the French sense of the term. BACK
4 See the reports of the Office of Fair Trading, the National Consumer Council, the Better Regulation Task Force, etc. BACK
5 Recommendation on out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes (98/257/EC) BACK
6 In its Communication on services of general interest, the Commission advocates "maintaining a step-by-step approach based on evaluation of reform and consultation with the various parties concerned" and mentions the publication of green papers, accompanied by public consultation (COM (2000) 580 final, p. 23). BACK
© 2001 Lex Fori International Lawyers


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Firebolt, Take me Away!
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(English) Clay-based Buchholz re-writes jewel because Red-colored Sox earn 3-0
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A national bestselling collection of comedian Jack Handey's "Deep Thoughts"--short, funny observations on life that were shown in between sketches on Saturday Night Live....
|Deep Thoughts: Inspiration for the Uninspired
|Format Type
|Number of Pages
|96 Pages
|Available For Download
|Last checked
|21 Minutes ago!
Deep Thoughts: Inspiration for the Uninspired Reviews
There was a time when "Deep Thoughts by Jack Handy" was the only part of SNL's hour and a half that made me laugh. Handy's absurdist humor touched my funnybone, and my funnybone is a queer little fella. It takes odd observations, as seen below, to set me to tittering. Handy and his Deep Thoughts collection's got what I need! To me, clowns aren't funny. In fact, they're kinda scary. I've wondered where this started, and I think it goes back to the time I went to the circus and a clown killed my dad. The face of a child can say it all, especially the mouth part of the face. I believe in making the world safe for our children, but not our children's children, because I don't think children should be having sex. I wish I would have a real tragic love affair and get so bummed out that I'd just quit my job and become a bum for a few years, because I was thinking about doing that anyway.If you're a cowboy and you're dragging a guy behind your horse, I bet it would really make you mad if you looked back and the guy was reading a magazine. I hope life isn't a big joke, because I don't get it.
I just pulled out my old copy of this today. What a timeless classic! One on my favorites- "If a kid asks where rain comes from, I think a cute thing to tell him is 'God is Crying'. And if asks why God is crying, another cute thing to tell him is "Probably because of something you did'.
Review (about to be) underway.
You're probably familiar with Jack Handey's hilarious Deep Thoughts if you watched Saturday Night Live in the 1990's. This super quick read provides random and completely irrelevant thoughts on life and many other odd things. Don't come here looking for eloquent prose or thought-provoking text, simply read Handey's hilarious one liners and enjoy the feel of the smile that will without a doubt appear on your face. There are several sequels to this book along with a collection of family-related anecdotes called "Fuzzy Memories." Don't be sad when you finish the book, simply run out and get the next one!Let these remind you of old times. Better times. Times when SNL was funny!
If you start reading this, you might, at first, think it's a lame quotations book, but as you read further, you'll realize it's actually not - it's a lame AND FUNNY quotations book.Just to give you taste of it's dry humour:Sometimes when I feel like killing someone, I do a little trick to calm myself down. I'll go over to the persons house and ring the doorbell. When the person comes to the door, I'm gone, but you know what I've left on the porch? A jack-o-lantern with a knife stuck in the side of it's head with a note that says "You." After that I usually feel a lot better, and no harm done.Real deep thoughts!
If a kid asks where rain comes from, I think a cute thing to tell him is "God is crying." And if he asks why God is crying, another cute thing to tell him is "Probably because of something you did."One thing kids like is to be tricked. For instance, I was going to take my little nephew to Disneyland, but instead I drove him to an old burned-out warehouse. "Oh no," I said, "Disneyland burned down." He cried and cried, but I think that deep down, he thought it was a pretty good joke. I started to drive over to the real Disneyland, but it was getting pretty late.
i found this gem in a thrift store for 50 cents. it never ceases to make me laugh. i'll often just pick it up off the coffee table and read a page and it will keep a smile on my face for the day. my favorite part being the disneyland piece (too funny!) it's a great coffee table book for homes of the dry & witty humored!
"Dad always thought laughter was the best medicine, which I guess is whyseveral of us died of tuberculosis."
"I wonder if we'd be so cavilier about cutting trees down if they could scream. I but we would if they screamed all the time and for no good reason."
Totally hilarious.
This book defines my sense of humor.
Yup, still disturbing. Heres a few I really laughed at though.I wish I had a kryptonite cross, because then you could keep both Dracula and Superman away.If you're a young Mafia gangster out on your first date,I bet it's really embarrassing if someone tries to kill you.I think in one of my previous lives I was a mighty king, because I like people to do what I say.If the Vikings were around today, they would probably be amazed at all the glow-in-the-dark stuff we have, and how we take so much of it for granted. See where this book travels next, at: http://www.bookcrossing.com/journal/5...
The best thing about this book was reading it sitting on the floor in the bible section of Barnes and Noble with Jenny and cracking up to the point where we almost got kicked out. Reading them aloud with someone else is the best thing ever - or maybe only when it is done with The Jenny. Many, many people are not hilarious enough to "get" the jokes, though. I, however, am not one of those people.
A laugh a minute. Great john reading. Place it in the guest washroom for company.
This book has always helped me when I am in a grumpy mood.
There is no mood so bad I can't be made happy again by reading some Deep Thoughts.
Nice, dry humor in short quotes. Handey (SNL writers) is crazy, funny, and seemingly fixated with death and dismemberment. I read it while hanging out in B&N.
cute and funny, love the TV skits
Always cheers me up to read these :)
Mrs. J.D. Johnson, my 11th grade English teacher, confiscated this book from me. To retaliate, I refused to read Pride and Prejudice.
Someone just gave this to me, very funny. I would have rated it higher but a third of the material wasn't funny but the rest more then made up for it.
This should be public domain it's such a classic. ;) Inane, insane, and pretty much just ridiculously funny.
I wish I had a cross made of kryptonite so I could keep both Dracula and Superman away
a really good pick me up on your lunch break from your shitty job and you need a laugh.
demented and hilarious!
This one never gets old :)
I forgot I had this little book and reading it brought back happy memories & laughs.
If I have to explain why any Jack Handey book would receive 5 stars, then don't even bother picking up the book.
Would I have had anything besides Simpsons to quote in middle school without this book? Who knows.


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For Grace
What moves someone to be what they will be? If the answer was so simple, we would not have those drowning in distractions. We would not have others in painful anxiety about their lives. We would not have resentment in the world. All that would be left were those immersed in self-satisfaction, for they had the answer on how they should lead their lives towards a destination of upmost happiness.....Continue reading


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wow, bicentennial man here we come !
I've read about that one, Spidey. It's an interesting development in AI. We can expect to see amazing progress in robotics this century. The Japanese are doing a nurse robot that turns patients and stuff.
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Hannah Royer grew beautiful African violets on the windowsill of her home. In 1937, she began to sell these plants at a local garment factory and area farmer's markets in order to augment the family's income. As interest grew, so did the business.
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On Sunday, March 23, Make-A-Wish Massachusetts and Rhode Island is hosting their third annual "Walk for Wishes" at the Warwick Mall in Warwick, Rhode Island!
Isabella Corcelli took a break from her college studies this weekend to dance with a star.The 19-year-old student at the University of New Hampshire put on a black, backless dress with a sequined top and high-heeled Capezio shoes and salsa danced with Driton "Tony" Dovolani, of ABC-TV's "Dancing With the Stars" fame, at his studio in Manhattan's SoHo district.
Dreams will come true for seriously ill children in the Ocean State thanks to $249,000 raised at an evening with Make-A-Wish Massachusetts and Rhode Island at the Crowne Plaza in Warwick. The gala featured a silent auction, musical entertainment by Colin Nagle and a lively performance by Wish child Nick and his friend Julia.
Joined by his family, a few close friends, and two representatives of Make-A-Wish Massachusetts and Rhode Island at the Ocean View Restaurant in Oak Bluffs Saturday, 13-year-old Gabriel Nascimento was all smiles and in good spirits as he spoke excitedly about his upcoming trip to Disney World in Orlando, Florida.
Make-A-Wish® Massachusetts and Rhode Island is pleased to announce that the third annual Walk for Wishes® will take place on Sunday, March 23, 2014 at the Warwick Mall.
Celebrate the New Year and the spirit of wish-granting with Winston Flowers' January 2014 Charity in Bloom arrangements, designed exclusively for Make-A-Wish® Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
The Golden State Warriors hosted Warriors Wish Week, in partnership with Make-A-Wish®, during the team's home games at Oracle Arena on December 11 and 13. Warriors guard Stephen Curry hosted 14-year-old Anthony Guzman and his family for the team's contest against the Dallas Mavericks.
The spirit of a Middleboro girl lives on as friends and family members gathered at Macy's in Silver City Galleria to donate 4,600 letters to Santa in a tribute to 7-year-old wish recipient Hailey Olson's strength and character.
Make-A-Wish Massachusetts and Rhode Island hosted its inaugural Wine and Spirits Tasting for Boston-area young professionals at Morton's The Steakhouse, Seaport. From left: Event committee member Peter Neal of John Handcock Investments; volunteers Alexis Street, Andrea Desmond and Lynn Belkin; wish recipient McKinley Nicholas; and committee members Victoria Goldberg of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLC and Christian McGowan of John Hancock Investments.
The Golden State Warriors will host Warriors Wish Week, in partnership with Make-A-Wish®, for the team's home games at Oracle Arena tonight, Wednesday, December 11 against the Dallas Mavericks and Friday, December 13 against the Houston Rockets. Warriors guard Stephen Curry will host 14-year-old Anthony Guzman and his family from Haverhill, MA on Friday night.
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DA News FEED
Pink and red hearts with white polka dots, smiling faces framed by hearts and trees that sprout valentines are a few of the ways Durham Academy Preschoolers will be wishing "Happy Valentine's Day" to the residents of Emerald Pond retirement community. Each kindergarten and pre-k student was paired with a resident and then created a personal valentine for "Martin," "Esther," "Myron," "Selma," "Harold and Doris" and more than 100 other seniors who live at Emerald Pond.
The Valentine's Day wishes are part of the Preschool's continuing relationship with the retirement community located just across Pickett Road from the Upper School. The entire Preschool visited Emerald Pond in September, and since then Preschoolers have trick-or-treated there, decorated the community's Christmas tree and delivered dining room centerpieces made by DA's youngest students.
Emerald Pond residents have visited the Preschool to read the children at lunchtime, to see a dress rehearsal of the Preschool Songfest and to perform with the Emerald Pond bell choir at a Preschool assembly.
"I love every minute of it," said Emerald Pond resident Anne Breth. "I love to see the children!"


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Lawrence Weiner, Smashed to Pieces (in the still of the night), 19090
When I was a child I owned a book called 'I'm a Roundy, You're a Squary', by Roger Hargreaves. I was both baffled and fascinated by this book; never exactly sure what it was trying to say, but feeling that whatever it was, it was deeply important. Throughout the book comparisons are made between 'Roundies' and 'Squaries. Roundies, according to the book, have a sense of humour, while Squaries are are terribly sensible; Roundies wear sandals while Squaries wear shoes, and so on. What the book suggested to my younger self was, that you were either a Roundy or a Squary, and that to be a Squary was not a good thing. But I wore both sandals and shoes, I liked to both have my own adventures, and to watch other peoples' adventures on television. So, either one's sense of oneself was far more complicated, and less fixed than the book was suggesting, or there was a whole other undisclosed set of shapes that you might possibly be. I was perplexed.
I was similarly perplexed, as an adult, when I read artist Lawrence Weiner's assertion that he could not be a poet because '…literature is essentially about subjective reality, and art is essentially about an objective reality' (1,p178). Bualking at the Hargreaves-style categorisation of art and poetry I made a list of artists who make subjective work: Tracey Emin, Frida Kahlo, Felix Gonzalez Torres, Louise Bourgeois, Yayoi Kusama and Grayson Perry to name a few. Producing a list poets who write objective poems however, was less easy. The work of Concrete Poets such as Ian Hamilton Finlay and Dom Sylvester and some of the Imagist poetry by William Carlos Williams and Ezra Pound could be said to fit the bill, but beyond that pickings are slim.
Interestingly I find Weiner's work more 'poetic' than any of Finlay's or Sylvester's Concrete Poetry. Indeed, dispute his assertions that he is not a poet; the artist himself acknowledges that there are poetic elements to his work; he would like people to read it aloud to themselves and for it to sound good(2), common concerns of most of poets. He wants his work to 'show not tell' (2) (stalwart advice from all good poetry teachers). He doesn't see the need for explanatory text to accompany his work, and clearly he is playing with language – its rhythms, its meaning in different contexts, its commonality across cultures and its use as raw material. So, is it really so clear that we shouldn't call him a poet? Can being objective really rule out someones credentials as a poet?
Lawrence Weiner, Taken From The Wind & Bolted To The Ground, 2009
Certainly there is more to good poetry than its subjectivity. In her article 'Someone is Writing a Poem' 1993 (3) Adrienne Rich talks of how, in poetry, 'a partly common language exists to which strangers can bring their own heartbeat, memories, images. A language that itself has learned from the heartbeat, memories, images of strangers' a sentiment we could easily apply to Weiner's work. So, whilst I've no desire to see Weiner forced to accept the title of poet, any more than I wanted to be declared categorically a Roundy or a Squary, I shan't be dissuaded from calling him my favourite Objective Poet.
(1) As Far as The Eye Can See: Lawrence Weiner 1960 – 2007, Yale University Press, 2007
(2) http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/video/lawrence-weiner-talking-art Accessed 26/4/13
(3) http://www.poetryfoundation.org/learning/essay/239326 Accessed 26/4/13
Posted by Anika Carpenter


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Brown roast and garlic in oil in skillet. Place in slow cooker. Add onions and peppers. Combine salsa, tomatoes and taco seasoning and pour over roast and vegetables. Cover. Cook on Low for 8 to 10 hours; cool completely.
To make the filling, shred the cold beef and heat with vegetables from slow cooker and 1/2 cup of the broth. Add chili powder, cumin and salt to taste. Simmer until all ingredients are well combined.
Stovetop, Crockpot
2009, 2015


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Many people mistakenly think that careers in accounting are going to be boring and that accountants are tedious little people who sit in a back office with ink stains on their hands and clothing. The fact is accounting can actually be an exciting career choice which offers a wide variety of specialties as well as career possibilities. The accountant of today is not sitting at a desk with hundreds of tax returns to file, although if one is so inclined, it is an option. They are vibrant business people who work in the upper echelons of the business community and are a vital resource for any size of company.
Of course, the most common of all the careers in accounting is the CPA who works with individuals and small companies to maintain their business, payroll and tax accounts. Many of these accountants start their own companies and are very successful by having a great deal of small clients who provide enough work for one or two accountants. The small businessman and individual taxpayer would be lost without these services that are not only busy at tax time, but all year round.
Another career for accountants is working for a large corporation in their finance department. These duties can include projecting the financial future of the company based on the trends of the market at the time of the report to setting up the 401K and other investment opportunities of the employees of the company. They are going to need to stay current with what investments are sound and which are likely to fall flat in a few years.
In some instances, the accountant at any company is going to have to come up with ways for the company to save money rather than investing it. Many times, both are going to be considered a top priority. This means that there is going to be a great deal of hands on communication with each department to find out how and where money can be saved so it can be invested elsewhere or where it can be more effectively utilized within the company.
Finally, there are a great many careers in accounting that are considered to be high levels of accounting. These can include financial planners, analyzers and advisors as well as those who work directly in the hub of Wall Street as traders. These positions are highly coveted and most who attempt to get a position in this field may find that they are going to need to some extra schooling or experience before the really huge salaried positions are available to them.
While the old standard view on accountants and accounting has changed and the job titles have become more diverse, careers in accounting are basically the same as they have been for centuries. The bottom line is that accounts deal with numbers and how to make money work more effectively for individuals and companies. The best aspect of this industry is that accountants are always going to be needed in one aspect or another, so the career opportunities are always going to be there.
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Name: Michael jackson freddie mercury
File size: 248mb
Language: English
Rating: 3/10
'There Must Be More To Life Than This' is the eighth track on Queen singer Freddie Mercury's It was previously recorded as a duet between Mercury and Michael Jackson, along with two other songs: 'State of Shock' (reworked, with Mick. 19 Sep Hear Michael Jackson and Freddie Mercury's Long-Lost Duet. "There Must Be More to Life Than This" is one of three unreleased tracks on. caption id="attachment_" align="aligncenter" width=""] Freddie Mercury and Michael Jackson (AP Images)[/caption] Unless that noise is my monitor.
19 Sep A reworking of 'There Must Be More To Life Than This' is one of three previously unheard songs to feature on new release. Queen will release. 28 Sep That's right, Freddie Mercury of Queen and the King of Pop Michael Jackson have three duets being released later in Fall of 9 Nov Monkey business got in the way of an all-time great musical collaboration. Queen legend Freddie Mercury reportedly stormed out of recording.
6 Jun ''I sort of change from day to day like a chameleon and each day is different to me and I look forward to that." ''I sort of change from day to day. 29 set Sfumata la collaborazione su "Thriller", almeno un incontro di lavoro tra Michael Jackson e Freddie Mercury avvenne già nell'estate del 19 Sep (Read: Queen Turns How rare was Freddie Mercury?) Mercury visited Michael Jackson at his home studio in Los Angeles where he. 26 Sep New to reddit? Click here! You learn something new every day; what did you learn today? Submit interesting and specific facts that you just. 22 Sep In Freddie Mercury recorded "There Must Be More to Life Than This," which originally featured additional vocals from Michael Jackson.
For my point of view, Freddie was better and I do not deny Michael Jackson's talent. Both were talented songwriters, and had gifted voices. Both had interesting. Find a Michael Jackson And Freddie Mercury - A Royal Wedding first pressing or reissue. Complete your Michael Jackson And Freddie Mercury collection. Michael Jackson and Freddie Mercury duet to be released. Journalists Paul Gambaccini and Laura Barton discuss the "llama recordings" created with both the. They can't moonwalk like he can. That's the special thing about Michael Jackson that can't be repeated. Even I could probably learn how to sing like Freddy.
Fanpop original article: Michael Jackson's llama wrecked Freddie Mercury's dreams of recording a hit due. 5 Nov There Must Be More to Life Than This, a duet by Freddie Mercury and Michael Jackson, was written during the Hot Space sessions in , but. LISTEN: Freddie Mercury & Michael Jackson Duet Released After 33 Years. By Rebecca McKnight. They just don't make them like they used to Two of the. Creative comparing #2: Michael Jackson vs Freddie Mercury. Martinglez So i thought this would be a good idea, comparing the first and second singers in the .


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2019 NT Nursing and Midwifery Excellence Awards - Finalist Announcement
This free event marks the start of celebrations for the 2019 awards, providing a networking opportunity for nurses, midwives, and their colleagues, friends and families.
The Northern Territory Nursing and Midwifery Excellence Awards recognise and celebrate the outstanding efforts of nurses and midwives who are exemplars in their profession, and who make a difference to the health and wellbeing of Territorians on a daily basis.
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Phone: 1800 000 648
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Website: www.nmea.nt.gov.au
Please note: This is a public event where local media and photographers will be in attendance. The Northern Territory Government reserves the authority to use images obtained at this event for marketing purposes.


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Wednesday, July 12, 2017 is Net Neutrality Day - are you ready to rumble? - Geek Slop
Net Neutrality, the principle that Internet operations should be free of government and big business control, is the fundamental precursor to free speech. On July 12, websites, Internet users, and hackers across the country will sound the alarm about the federal government's newly invigorated attack on net neutrality. Related Articles
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Racing Handbikes
In 2010 Thomas and Roland started work on revamping their highly successful Racing handbikes with a view to lowering the weight, improving rider comfort and increasing rider power.
They came up with a new style of tailored or sculpted frame using Hydro Formed Tubes, 7 variations of 1mm aluminium back rests, rear carbon hubs with 25mm aluminium axles, an all in one back rest cushion and many more advancements.
Over the past year we have seen the likes of David Franek and Jean Francois Deberg switch away from carbon racing handbikes back to Schmicking. In May 2012 Andrea Eskau picked up her new Schmicking and went on to win 2 gold medals at the London Olympics. Bernd Jeffre returned home after the Paralympics and took delivery on an ulralite race handbike including the latest Schmicking Tubular Carbon wheels, weighing just 10kg.
The weight of a standard racing handbike with standard parts is around 12.9kg. We have produced a few bikes at fewer than 10.5 kilos but the cost implications are high.
All of our brake and gear cables are fitted with the Schmicking rotation system, which allows the cables to turn as you crank, thus dramatically reducing wear and tear. It is not unknown for cables to last beyond 8000 kilometers. The cable outers are Kevlar lined and the ends are filed until smooth.
All aluminium Schmicking components are heat treated post production and prior to anodizing. Powder coating adds 210g to the weight of the bike, anodizing doesn't. Anodizing is much more scratch resistant.
All specifications and prices are subject to change without notice.
If you'd like to chat to one of our experts about the range of racing handbikes from Schmicking then please contact us


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Chaotic, deafening, intimidating, but at the same time utterly beautiful, completely charming and truly special, there aren't many countries quite like India.
The Wendy Wu Tours' 2018 Hot List
It's in the grey and gloom of January that our travel daydreams get extra vivid; you know, the ones where you can almost feel the warmth of the sun on your face and smell the tropical scents in the air.
Asia's Top Spicy Dishes
Every year, the 16th January is International Hot and Spicy Food Day! Perhaps you're wondering why there is such a thing as International Hot and Spicy Food Day?
Celebrating Christmas in Asia
Love it or loathe it, Christmas might come just once a year but it's bigger and brighter than ever before.
Breakfast in Asia
Ah breakfast, oft lauded as the most important meal of the day, the food that wakes us up and fuels us through those first few crucial hours of the day.
Best diving destinations in Asia
There is so much more of our world to discover than what we see on land.
Discover Asia in the Autumn
It's getting dark earlier, the leaves are well and truly falling and there is a chill in the air – yup, it's definitely autumn!
Top Asia Rail Journeys
Train travel is a wonderfully whimsical way to travel (well, perhaps not if you're in the UK…), and invokes a bygone age of when travel was slow and luxurious.


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Today was spent relaxing in Berlin. I spent some time meditating, walking the streets and soaking up the Berlinish atmosphere! I also found time to watch a few more podcasts – jjust to get my brain into action!
It was then time to head over to Toby and Tamar's house for dinner! I hadn't seen them since they moved here so was very excited!
They have a very cute little apartment that they are renting out for 5 months. The owner of the house apparently had a white obsession as everything in the apartment was white, to compensate for this Toby and Tamar have been doing their own artworks to add some colour (you can see these in some of the photos).
It was so lovely to see both of them again and they seem very happy and settled! They made amazing pizza for dinner! Totally home-made traditional style pizza in which everything was made from scratch! It was honestly some of the tastiest pizza I have had for ages! So we sat around, ate pizza, drank some wine and caught up on everything that has been happening! A very enjoyable evening!


text: How do I add a fundraise button on Facebook? [Video 0:37] Rebecca Allison March 02, 2019 14:09 Updated Follow Related articles What do I do after I accept my first request? [Video 0:47] I received my first fundraiser request, now what? [Video 0:50] What do I do after a GroupRaise meal? [Video 0:57] How can I contact the group? How do I best utilize Social Media to promote fundraisers? [Video 1:06] Comments 0 comments Article is closed for comments.


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After doing a cameo appearance before in SBS Roommate at Episode 5, Lee Da-hae appeared again on the program when they visited "Hotel King" wrap up party on Episode 16 with aired on August 17th.
I am so happy that at last we see a part from the party and that is surely no thanks to MBC who didn't released anything about it except some pictures. So, big thanks to SBS and Roommate for that ❤
Although our girl didn't talk that much as they were focusing on Lee Dong Wook and did make interviews with other cast members and staff but as always in those 2 or 3 minutes talk she is SO HILARIOUS. And Dong-Hae Couple interaction off screen is always a big treat and totally made my day specially that I really do miss them so much since the drama ended.
So, check the "Hotel King" wrap up party cut in Roommate below with some translation and also some short videos fans posted from the party 🙂


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Hi Everyone,
Welcome back, I hope you all had a lovely Christmas and are looking forward to all of the new years celebrations tonight!
This weeks post originally started as a collection of brands that I have discovered in the last year, however, there are so many brands that I love right now, so I have decided to split this into several posts over the next few days/ weeks. So the first brand I'm going to show you is Sleek, I hope you enjoy.
I discovered Sleek a few months ago through the recommendations of my friends Elle and Bekki (they actually recommended all of the brands I will be showing you in the next few weeks, to be completely honest with you) Sleek is a great brand that is available from Superdrug at really affordable prices, they sell some really unique colours and products that so far I haven't seen in any other shop bought brands, however if any of you have seen similar products to these elsewhere please let me know as I would really like to try them.
Pout Paints
|Pout Paint's £4.99 available from Superdrug
Sleek's Pout Paints are unlike any other lip colour product I have seen before, they are made to be mixed and not used as they come, which I think is great as it opens up a whole world of lip colour creations. You have to use them with a brush as they don't have an applicator nozzle on them, you will also need to find something to mix them on, I used an old plastic box lid, I recommend using something white so that you have a really good idea of what colour you have mixed. They are very highly pigmented so you hardly need to use any of the product at all. I have done several different colour mixes and the products blend really easily together, they also last well, and fade nicely.
|From Left to Right- Peek-a-bloo, Lava, Cloud 9, Port and Pin up
Eye Shadow Pallets
I have 4 of their eye shadow pallets and I love all of them, they are highly pigmented and last for ages when used over an eye shadow primer, I used Illamasqua's cream base under the swatches here. All of these are available from Superdrug for £7.99. My favourite pallet at the moment is Sparkle 2, I really love that although they are glittery, its not too much. I really love the turquoise and the red in the top row of this pallet, and I am currently trying to find a look that will give me a chance to show these off as well as possible.
i- Divine- Sparkle 2 (Limited Edition)
i- Divine- Ultra Matts V1
i Divine- Ultra Matts V2
i Divine- Au Naturel
That's all for today, I hope you found something here that you liked the look of. My next post will be a look post inspired by birds, there will be a few different ones, at the moment I plan on doing a Kingfisher, Woodpecker and a Blue tit look, I know that all sounds a bit odd but its something I'm very much looking forward to doing and showing you all. I will then be doing another favourite products post about Sugarpill cosmetics. Anyway, I hope you all have a lovely New year, and I will write to you all in 2013!


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Be sure you are in the "model" module (press 1)
Start with a polymesh cube:
Get -> Primitive -> Polygon Mesh- -> Cube
Set these values : U:3 V:3 Base:1
Get -> Property -> Geometry Approximation Changing the "Geometry Approximation" to the polymesh tab and setting OGL to 2 or [NUMPAD +] x2.
Switch from Wireframe to Shaded or Textured.
Turn on the "PolyMesh Hulls" in the view options.
Turn on the "Subdivisions" Pressing [ALT] and [NUMPAD +].
Select the polygon in the middle with the raycast [U] key.
Move this polygon using the Transform [V] on the z axis in front so it looks like the following:
Using the Select -> Select Adjacent -> Edges ([ALT] and [RMB] on the polygon), the 4 edges will be selected,
Mark Hard Edge/Vertex Edit
Now lets make the "hard" in terms of subdivision:
Modify -> Component -> Mark Hard Edge/Vertex
This can be done on the vertices also:
Undo [CTRL] and [Z] the previous steps back to the cube
Select Point Mode [T] and select (hold [SHIFT]) the 4 corner points
Set Edge/Vertex Crease ValueEdit
now go to the back of the deformed cube and select the 3 edges as sown in the figure:
Instead of Marking the component as Hard or not you can set a value for this.
Modify -> Component -> Set Edge/Vertex Crease Value


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Welcome to Story Snippets #8.
Story Snippets is a section where we'll post little quotes, here and there, that we find interesting from our current reading. These quotes may lead up to a final book review found here, so stay tuned!
Down and Across by Arvin Ahmadi
"Our lives aren't so different from a crossword puzzle, sure. But the thing about life is we don't get to draw the grid; we take the rows and columns we're given. Our bodies, parents, mental health issues, all that. What we do get to do is fill the cells" (pg. 180).


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Phyllophaga sp. (May Beetle).
| The genus Phyllophaga includes over 400 species in North America. This specimen could possibly belong to P. crenulata. Adults feed on foliage and can cause significant damage if they occur in large numbers. The larvae are the infamous white grubs. They feed on the roots of grasses as well as other plants including vegetables. The grubs live below ground for 3-4 years before becoming adult beetles. The small photos (Aug. 2014, June 2015) show rather different looking specimens.