text: DPDK currently isn't exactly poll mode - it has an API that receives and transmits packets. How you enter that API could be interrupt or polled -we've left that up to the application to decide, rather than force a interrupt/NAPI type architecture. I do agree with Alex in that implementing a interrupt/load driven entry point as an option will make it usable more widely. There are multiple challenges here - managing the latency of an interrupt driven scheme in a user-space context, not to mention very high jitter rates to mention a few. That said, overcommitment of CPUs can be achieved in other ways as well. You could allocate and enforce CPU sharing via cgroups, and allocate x% of a core to the DPDK pthread. It does introduce a degree of indeterminism to when the DPDK pthread gets scheduled back in (depending on how many other threads are running on that core). But it is another option ... Regards, -Venky On 8/27/2014 1:40 AM, Alex Markuze wrote: > IMHO adding "Interrupt Mode" to dpdk is important as this can open > DPDK to a larger public of consumers, I can easily imagine someone > trying to find user space networking solution (And deciding against > verbs - RDMA) for the obvious reasons and not needing deterministic > latency. > > A few thoughts: > > Deterministic Latency: Its a fiction in a sence that this something > you will be able to see only in a small controlled environment. As > network latencies in Data Centres(DC) are dominated by switch queuing > (One good reference is http://fastpass.mit.edu that Vincent shared a > few days back). > > Virtual environments: In virtual environments this is especially > interesting as the NIC driver(Hypervisor) is working in IRQ mode which > unless the Interrupts are pinned to different cpus then the VM will > have a disruptive effect on the VM's performance. Moving to interrupt > mode mode in paravirtualised environments makes sense as in any > environment that is not carefully crafted you should not expect any > deterministic guaranties and would opt for a simpler programming model > - like interrupt mode. > > NAPI: With 10G NICs Most CPUs poll rate is faster then the NIC message > rate resulting in 1:1 napi_poll callback to IRQ ratio this is true > even with small packets. In some cases where the CPU is working slower > - for example when intel_iommu=on,strict is set , you can actually see > a performance inversion where the "slower" CPU can reach higher B/W > because the slowdown makes NAPI work with the kernel effectively > moving to polling mode. > > I think that a smarter DPDK-NAPI is important, but it is a next step > IFF the interrupt mode is adopted. > > On Wed, Aug 27, 2014 at 8:48 AM, Patel, Rashmin N > <rashmin.n.patel at intel.com> wrote: >> You're right and I've felt the same harder part of determinism with other hypervisors' soft switch solutions as well. I think it's worth thinking about. >> >> Thanks, >> Rashmin >> >> On Aug 26, 2014 9:15 PM, Stephen Hemminger <stephen at networkplumber.org> wrote: >> The way to handle switch between out of poll mode is to use IRQ coalescing >> parameters. >> You want to hold off IRQ until there are a couple packets or a short delay. >> Going out of poll mode >> is harder to determine. >> >> >> On Tue, Aug 26, 2014 at 9:59 AM, Zhou, Danny <danny.zhou at intel.com> wrote: >> >>>> -----Original Message----- >>>> From: dev [mailto:dev-bounces at dpdk.org] On Behalf Of Stephen Hemminger >>>> Sent: Wednesday, August 27, 2014 12:39 AM >>>> To: Michael Marchetti >>>> Cc: dev at dpdk.org >>>> Subject: Re: [dpdk-dev] overcommitting CPUs >>>> >>>> On Tue, 26 Aug 2014 16:27:14 +0000 >>>> "Michael Marchetti" <mmarchetti at sandvine.com> wrote: >>>> >>>>> Hi, has there been any consideration to introduce a non-spinning >>> network driver (interrupt based), for the purpose of overcommitting >>>> CPUs in a virtualized environment? This would obviously have reduced >>> high-end performance but would allow for increased guest >>>> density (sharing of physical CPUs) on a host. >>>>> I am interested in adding support for this kind of operation, is there >>> any interest in the community? >>>>> Thanks, >>>>> >>>>> Mike. >>>> Better to implement a NAPI like algorithm that adapts from poll to >>> interrupt. >>> >>> Agreed, but DPDK is currently pure poll-mode based, so unlike the NAPI' >>> simple algorithm, the new heuristic algorithm should not switch from >>> poll-mode to interrupt-mode immediately once there is no packet in the >>> recent poll. Otherwise, mode switching will be too frequent which brings >>> serious negative performance impact to DPDK. >>>


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Rokytov is a village and municipality in Bardejov District in the Prešov Region of north-east Slovakia.
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1414
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External links[edit]
|This Prešov Region geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Coordinates: 49°19′00″N 21°11′20″E / 49.31667°N 21.18889°E


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Board index » Clarion
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A George Bilgere poem, "Graduates of Western Military Academy," has won a Pushcart Prize for best poem of 2008 from a small press.
Bilgere, who directs the creative writing program at John Carroll University, centered his winning verse in a bit of biography: his father and Paul Tibbets, the pilot of the Enola Gay, which dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, were classmates together at a military academy in Illinois in the 1930s.
The sharp, diamond-clear poem was selected by Pushcart Press editors in May, said Bill Henderson, who runs the press. You can read it here.
Known for his smart, funny and accessible poetry, Bilgere writes somewhat in the vein of former Poet Laureate Billy Collins, who has championed the Clevelander's work.
Bilgere, 58, founded and hosts a local radio show, "Wordplay," on his college's station, WJCU FM/88.7. And he won his university's distinguished faculty award last year for excellence in teaching and scholarship.
Pushcart will re-publish "Graduates of Western Military Academy" in November. Interested readers can find Bilgere's work collected in his books, "Haywire" from Utah State University Press in 2006 and "The Good Kiss" from University of Akron Press in 2003.


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March 26, 1954
UNION LIGHT, HEAT & POWER CO.v.PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION ET AL.
This appeal challenges the correctness of an order of the Public Service Commission of Kentucky, hereinafter referred to as "the commission', entered on February 29, 1952, prohibiting the Union Light, Heat & Power Company, herein called "the company,' from placing in effect increased gas and electric rates beginning March 1, 1952, pursuant to KRS 278.190 prior to its amendment by the 1952 General Assembly.
The facts of this case are that on January 4, 1950, the company filed applications before the commission for authority to increase its gas and its electric rates pursuant to Section 17(a) of the commission regulations governing the "Change of Rates on Application' and complied with Rules 19, 20 and 21 regulating the procedure thereunder. This section permits the commission by order after a hearing to increase the rates of a public utility making such an application.
At a hearing on May 16, 1950, the commission, from the information then available to it, found that the company had for several years been earning in excess of what the commission believed was a fair, reasonable and legal return on its investment and the company was ordered to show by clear and satisfactory evidence that its rates were not arbitrary and unlawful. Hearings were held on the 6th, 7th, 13th and 14th days of June 1950, at which times the company introduced its proof in chief. At the conclusion of the hearing on June 14th, no further action was taken by the parties and the two applications lay dormant until February 5, 1952.
On this last date the company filed a supplement to its original applications and advised the commission of its intention to place the proposed increase in rates in effect on March 1, 1952. Although by these notices the company requested the same adjustment in rates it had asked the commission to make after a hearing, the notices set out many contentions for putting the proposed rates into effect that did not exist at the time of filing its original applications. The company departed from its initial course under Section 17(a) and elected to pursue Section 17(b) of the commission's regulations which governs the "Change of Rates on Notice.' Therefore, the company was required to comply with Rules 22 through 27 and with Rules V-6 and VIII (b) of the Rules of Procedure in order to proceed under this latter section. On February 18, 1952, the commission entered an order suspending the rates then in force for a period of 120 days from and after the 1st day of March, pursuant to KRS 278.190, but it gave the company authority to make the proposed rates effective upon the posting of bonds in each case aggregating the penal sum of $350,000. On the same day the bonds were executed by the company and approved by the commission.
On February 26, 1952, a motion was filed on behalf of a consumer whereby the commission was asked to prohibit the company from collecting the proposed increased rates, and, in addition, it was requested to set aside the order of February 18th and dismiss the two cases in their entirety. After averring an abandonment by the company of its original applications of January 4, 1950, to increase its gas and electric rates, which increase in each instance the commission had refused to approve, and which applications the company neglected and declined for two years to prosecute or press to a conclusion, the motion alleged the company should be prohibited from placing into effect any increase in gas and electric rates beginning March 1, 1952, because of its failure to comply with Rules V-6 and VIII(b) of the Rules of Procedure in that it did not produce and file with its supplement to the applications a financial statement covering a full year's operation, including the latest quarterly report thereof prior to the date of filing the supplement. The motion also averred that the company had not posted the tariff of the proposed rate increases at the offices and places of business of the company in the territory affected thereby for at least 20 days prior to March 1, 1952, as required by Rule 23(1); and that the company had not published a notice of such change of rates once a week for three consecutive weeks prior to the filing of such proposed rate schedules with the commission, as required by Rule 23(2).
On February 29, 1952, after a hearing, the commission set aside the order allowing the company to increase its rates effective March 1st on the sole ground that the company had not published the notices specified by Rule 23(2). The motion to dismiss the applications was overruled. The company then filed with the commission another notice in each case, stating that the new rates would be placed in effect on March 27th, and procured from the commission an order permitting newspaper publications to be made during the period these notices were on file. The new notices were filed on March 5, 1952, which was the day the 1952 Act amending KRS 278.190 became effective. The commission ruled that the amendment was applicable to the proceedings and ordered the rate increases suspended for five months, or until August 27, 1952, as provided by the amendment.
The company filed its actions in the two rate cases in the Franklin Circuit Court on March 19, 1952, and sought therein in substance to set aside and vacate the commission's order of February 29th, which had voided the portion of its order of February 18th permitting the company to make its increase in rates effective on March 1st upon posting a bond. This action was pitched upon the contention that Rule 23(2) of the commission regulations providing for giving notice was invalid because it represented an attempt of the commission to amend KRS 278.180, since this section provided no increase in rates should be made "except upon twenty days' notice to the commission'. On the other hand, the company claimed it had fully complied with the law in this respect for the reason that it had, upon filing its supplement on February 5, 1952, published newspaper notices during the twenty-day period in conformity with the above statute. The company therefore maintains the order was a nullity. By amendments the company sought to enjoin the commission from attempting to enforce its order of February 29, 1952, and through the clerk of the lower court it obtained a restraining order to this end.
The commission, after demurring to the petitions, filed its answers and counterclaims thereto. It asked for an injunction against the company to enjoin it from collecting, or attempting to collect, any rates in excess of those in effect prior to March 1, 1952. It further asked for an order directing the company to forthwith refund to those entitled thereto all sums collected in excess of the rates in effect prior to March 1st. As grounds for its counterclaims the commission alleged that the notices published by the company were inadequate and invalid and that, furthermore, the company had placed its rates in effect illegally, since it had failed to comply with Rules V-6 and VIII(b), regulating the procedure required under Section 17(b), and with Rule 22(a), Rule 23(1), Rule 23(2), Rule 24, Rule 25 and Rule 27, all of which govern the change of rates on notice under this same section. We shall elaborate upon these rules, to the extent necessary, hereinafter.
The company demurred to the answers and counterclaims of the commission. The cases were then submitted on the record and briefs. The Chancellor sustained the demurrers to the petitions, overruled the company's motion for temporary injunctions in each action, thereupon dissolving the restraining orders, and granted the commission a mandatory injunction directing the company to forthwith refund to all those entitled thereto any and all sums collected during the interim between March 1, 1952, and August 27, 1952, in excess of the gas and electric rates in effect prior to March 1, 1952.
The company has appealed, urging as a reason for reversal that Rule 23(2), relied upon by the commission in setting aside the order of February 18, 1952, is void because it contravenes KRS 278.180 and, as the commission limited itself to this one ground, it is estopped to now say there are other grounds to support its order of February 29th. As a corollary, it is argued that the commission's order of February 18, 1952, waived all other questions relating to compliance with the commission's rules under Section 17(b) and therefore the attempt to vacate this order at a later date was beyond its power. We conclude that both of these contentions are without merit.
It is well established that the rules and regulations of an administrative agency duly adopted pursuant to the powers delegated to it have the force and effect of law. 42 Am.Jur., Public Administrative Law, Section 102, page 432. KRS 278.040(3) reads: "The commission may investigate the methods and practices of utilities to require them to conform to the laws of this state, and to all reasonable rules, regulations and orders of the commission not contrary to law.' It is not in dispute that the rules and regulations governing proceedings by the company under Section 17(b) are within the authority of the commission to enforce. Not is it questioned that these rules and regulations have been duly adopted. It follows that the company was, and is, as much bound by these rules and regulations as if they were statutes enacted by the Legislature.
We conclude that Rule 23(2) is invalid for the reason that it undertakes to materially alter KRS 278.180. If a statute lays down general standards, the administrative agency may implement the statute by filling in the necessary details. But where, as is the case here, the statute in itself prescribes the exact procedure the administrative agency may not add to or subtract from such a provision. However, the fact that the commission rested its order of February 29, 1952, upon this sole ground, which turned out to be an erroneous one, does not preclude this Court from considering whether there were other valid reasons for the commission's action. A proper order must stand even though it may be based upon an insufficient or wrong pronouncement. Dwiggins v. Howard, 247 Ky. 746, 57 S.W.2d 649. Accordingly, if the order was correct upon any other ground or grounds shown by the record, it is not material that it may have been rested upon an erroneous theory. Akins v. City of Covington, 265 Ky. 740, 97 S.W.2d 588; Anderson v. City of Ludlow, 250 Ky. 204, 62 S.W.2d 785.
An examination of the record reveals that the company did nothing more than comply with KRS 278.180 as to giving the notices, whereas, as has been heretofore pointed out, it neglected to follow any of the other requirements governing the procedure under Section 17(b). We shall merely call attention to some of the main regulations that were not observed, because it would serve no good purpose to elaborate on all of them at length. There was no attempt, for instance, to comply with Rule 23(1), providing that the proposed revised rates shall be exhibited in the offices and places of business of the utility in the territory affected for at least twenty days prior to the date the increased rates were to become effective; and it made no effort to pursue Rule 25, providing that complete copies of the tariffs showing any increased rates must be delivered to the commission 20 days prior to the effective date thereof, accompanied by a certificate in writing that notices had been given to the public in all respects as required by Rule 23. Nor did the company file with the commission the detailed financial reports specified by Rules V-6 and VIII(b). The omission to follow any one of these regulations would justify the entry of the order of February 29th. Even though the commission traveled the wrong route when it based its order solely on Rule 23(2), it reached the right destination and its order last mentioned must be sustained.
KRS 278.360 provides that a full and complete record shall be kept of all contested proceedings had before the commission on any formal hearing. This statute also directs that every order or authorization issued or approved by the commission shall be in writing and shall be entered on the records of the commission. When certified under seal by the commission such order or authorization under this section "shall be received as evidence in any proceeding as to the facts stated therein.' KRS 278.370. It may thus be said that the commission, like a court, acts and speaks only through its written orders. It is significant in ...
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