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From paying with cheques to trading stocks, digital technology has transformed how consumers and professionals do their banking. As David L Stearns describes in his book Electronic Value Transfer: Origins of the VISA Electronic Payment System (2011, Springer), the history of payment systems can be traced back as far as the 19th century, when wire services made it possible to send money quickly over long distances. Wire services provided the foundation for the interbank associations that became the Visa and MasterCard networks later on.
In the early 1960s, the banking industry was one of the largest users of paper, struggling under the weight of deposit slips and cheques. Coding cheques magnetically was an early move to use technology to reduce both paper usage and processing time.
Over the next few decades, as the cost of computing technology waned, these early technological developments were followed by the automation of other processes using On-Line Real Time (OLRT) computing. These included the use computers at the point of sale to process transactions, and in the back end to keep records.
However, digital finance did not take off in a large way until the World Wide Web became accessible in the early 1990s. Instead, ATMs were joined by an increasing array of credit, debit, and store cards. Charge cards have existed since the late 1800s, but they did not become widespread until after EFTPOS (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale) was launched in 1981.
Today, this field is huge and growing. It encompasses everything from how people use gift cards to how they purchase items in online games. It is made even more huge by the vast quantities of data now available about people's transactional histories, although many of those data sets are proprietary and often off-limits to researchers.
In order to gain access to such data, researchers must approach the institution that owns the data they want and request a Data Use Agreement (DUA). A DUA is a legal document that allows researchers to access, analyse, and publish data under certain conditions, usually focused on protecting the confidentiality of participants. Whether the owner is legally permitted to share their data with another party depends upon the legislation that is in operation in both the institution's and recipients jurisdictions. Researchers wishing to access a particular data set should contact the institution that owns it and request a DUA.
As digital consumer finance products and data have proliferated, the range of research topics and the tools we use to investigate them have also expanded. Service providers, such as banks and payments companies, have historically been geared towards identifying customer needs and preferences in order to develop better products and better delivery mechanisms.
In terms of methods, service providers have been particularly instrumental in developing survey techniques and ways to test user preferences. While earlier commercial research tended to focus on product development, later studies have shifted focus to customer relationships, including investigating how digital devices can be harnessed to create greater intimacy with customers.
With respect to consumer welfare, psychologists and sociologists have investigated the impact of digital money on people's spending habits, especially focusing on whether it increases indebtedness. Other studies find new ways to gather data, such as Joshua Blumenstock's work analysing mobile data in Rwanda and Afghanistan to discern wealth distribution and migration patterns.
Non-profit organisations have tended to be more focused on how digital consumer finance can increase the "financial inclusion" of the world's poorest people, including Information and Computing Technology for Development (ICT4D) and the use of digital devices for microfinance and money transfers.
Field experiments have been used extensively as a way of testing program effectiveness [see Experiments]. However, commentators have pointed out that unequal access to technologies (the "digital divide") means that some groups are unable to benefit from digital services, and may even face greater risks using digital services than transacting in cash.
Social scientists working in universities and government bodies have applied a broad range of qualitative and quantitative methods to digital finance research. These have included ethnographic observations of credit card use by anthropologists, interviews and surveys by sociologists, and lab experiments by economists and psychologists. They cover a broad range of topics, including financial literacy, digital service uptake, privacy issues, security risks, how digital services affect consumer choices, how digital interaction shapes financial decisions, the uptake of digital currencies, use of digital services for illicit activities, and so on.
Digital research is not a method in its own right since technically all of the studies in this toolkit can potentially have "digital" aspects. Interviews, surveys, focus groups, ethnography, experiments, financial diaries, and user data analysis are just some of the methods that can be adapted to in digital research.
However, digital research but it deserves specific attention because it changes the ways in which we can carry out these classic methods, by providing new tools and avenues for communication with research participants and data. Moreover, consumers are using an increasingly wide array of digital payments services, and these are an important topic of study. These include:
Digital Research can take place online, face-to-face, or both:
Digital Research therefore often blurs the boundary between "online" and "offline" worlds. Indeed, as the anthropologist Tom Boellstorff comments,
One thing that this kind of research demonstrates is that online interaction can be "virtually" face-to-face, and digital technologies are changing what it means to be "remote" in the first place. (personal communication)
An exciting outcome of the spread of digital consumer finance is that it has expanded the range of methods, tools, and techniques available to researchers. The fact that most people use computing technology (especially mobile phones) means that researchers can shift away from classic ways of collecting data, instead using online surveys, mobile apps, chat programs, video interviews, blogging programs, and other tools.
Internet-based studies can enable participation by people who would not usually be able to take part due to geographical distance from the research site. Recruiting and data collection can take place through a variety of platforms, including social media, electronic mailing lists, third-party websites, games, and video calls. This reduction of geographic constraints can assist with increasing the representativeness of a sample and can facilitate studies that compare geographically distant groups (say, in different countries or regions).
Digital researchers are innovating new ways to collect and analyse qualitative and quantitative data. There is now a wide array of web-based tools for data collection and analysis, including software that were deliberately developed to collect data (such as Revelation, a program that participants use to share information with researchers), platforms that were designed for other purposes but that researchers use for data collection (such as social media sites, discussion groups, or third party data sets), or analytical software that can be downloaded or used online.
Locating participants after a research phase is completed can be difficult. People may change their address or phone number, and locating people in person is expensive and time-consuming. Social media and email make it easier to contact participants for follow-up research or to share a study's results.
Digital research methods can only increase a sample's representativeness if the target population are online or own a mobile device. While mobile phone ownership is increasing rapidly, rates of Internet connectivity are far from uniform. This is especially true in developing countries, and sometimes also true of "wealthy" economies. Research design, therefore, needs to consider what the best method is to reach the target population.
Relying on remote data collection can reduce the quality of the data that researchers collect. This is because participants tend to share more information with people they trust, and it can be difficult to develop this trust online. This can present problems for both quantitative research (e.g., convincing people to take a survey or complete it accurately) and quantitative (e.g., conducting an interview with a stranger). These problems are not unique to digital research and have been faced by telemarketers for decades. Ultimately, whether or not remoteness presents a problem depends on the type and depth of information that the research aims to collect.
The evolution of digital payments has generated some interesting forms of financial transactions. Digital currencies, such as Bitcoin and Dogecoin, are perhaps the most controversial of these, since they are not created by government entities or banks, provide a means to circumvent currency control, and can be used (within limits) to hide transactions from the law.
Bitcoin has unique characteristics that make it markedly different from other payment systems in how it operates and how it can be used. Unlike with bank cards transactions, Bitcoin payments are anonymous; no user information is recorded in the transaction. Bitcoin transactions are not cleared through banks or any "central" location. Instead, they are cleared by a network of participants who compete with one another for a reward for authorising them.
Bitcoin is a matter of interest to policy-makers, central banks, and researchers who are interested in the technical aspects of this new form of money creation and transaction. It is also of interest to exchanges and investment banks interested in the possibilities of its distributed nature for increasing settlement speed. However, Bitcoin's novelty and technical complexity means that researching it requires both creativity and expert knowledge of computational mathematics.
A team of researchers from the University of California, San Diego and George Mason University have pioneered new ways of understanding Bitcoin and its users through combining qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The researchers were interested in identifying the extent to which Bitcoin lives up to its promise of pseudo-anonymity and to investigate how people's use of Bitcoin has changed over time. (Bitcoin is pseudo-anonymous because users have public addresses that anyone can see, but it is very hard to deduce who or what controls a public address.)
The researchers state explicitly that they did not aim to identify individual users. Rather, they used a combination of participation (using Bitcoin themselves) and algorithmic analysis of transactions to cluster users and the transactions between them. They identified service providers, but not users themselves. They used this information to identify the factors that compromised their pseudo-anonymity.
In contrast to most payment systems, Bitcoin's users are pseudo-anonymous, but flows of value around the network are publicly visible. When a user makes a transaction, they use a public key that encodes their identity so that it is not passed on to anyone else in the chain. However, the Bitcoin blockchain encodes all transactions, past and present, and it is this feature that makes value flows publicly visible.
In this study, the researchers exploited the visibility of Bitcoin flows to cluster and positively identify Bitcoin service providers through applying algorithmic analysis and participating in transactions themselves. They used public keys to make 344 purchases from a range of sellers on Bitcoin, including mining pools, wallet services, bank exchanges, non-bank exchanges, vendors, and gambling sites.
These exchanges allowed them to cluster users, which in turn enabled them to identify major institutions in the Bitcoin marketplace and the interactions that occurred between them. The researchers were only able to identify those users that they interacted with, which were almost entirely third-party services like exchanges, not individual people.
The researchers began by carrying out a "re-identification attack" in which the researchers opened accounts and make purchases from a variety of Bitcoin merchants and service providers whose identities are already public (such as Mt. Gox and Silk Road). Since the researchers knew which public key they used themselves, they were able to positively label the public key on the other end as belonging to a particular service provider.
The researchers then turned to Bitcoin forums to locate cases in which vendors had identified their own particular key. They explain that many users list their addresses (or "tags") publicly. For example, charities list their donation addresses, and a company called LulzSec publishes their address on their Twitter account.
The researchers did not attempt to collect all addresses available but did amass a collection of 5,000 in total. They also searched Bitcoin forums (such as bitcointalk.org) to look for Bitcoin addresses of defunct organisations or ones that are associated with major thefts. According to lead author Sarah Meiklejohn,
The thefts show how criminal actors are engaging with Bitcoin; i.e., are they using it in a naive way, in which our attacks could be easily applied, or are they doing something more sophisticated like using mix services? Are they cashing directly out of the system using exchanges, or are they keeping the stolen funds in bitcoins? Basically, thieves were the most motivated users we could think of in terms of wanting to maintain anonymity, so it seemed natural to study their behaviour for this problem. (personal communication)
The researchers warn that these self-identified tags are not as reliable as the ones they collected themselves through making transactions, so they "consequently labelled users only for addresses for which we could gain some confidence through manual due diligence.
After this collection phase, the researchers analysed the data using account clustering heuristics. This enabled the researchers to identify 1.9 million public keys belonging to service providers or identities. They examined interactions with known Bitcoin service providers, and were able to identify 500,000 addresses as controlled by Mt. Gox, and more than 250,000 addresses as controlled by Silk Road. This did not allow them to identify the individuals making transactions per se, but it did allow them to observe interactions with particular services, such as deposits and withdrawals. In other words, the flow of Bitcoins in and out of the service was de-anonymised.
The main finding of the research was that, despite widespread belief that bitcoin is pseudo-anonymous, Bitcoin users can in fact be identified. The authors state:
Even our relatively small experiment demonstrates that this approach can shed considerable light on the structure of the Bitcoin economy, how it is used, and those organizations who are party to it. (Meiklejohn et al. 2013, p.12)
While they did not identify real-world accounts directly, their analysis de-anonymised users to a significant degree. In particular, the researchers analysed certain highly-publicised thefts to see if they could track the bitcoins to known services. In most cases they found that this was quite straight-forward. This has major implication for law enforcement:
demonstrating that an agency with subpoena power would be well placed to identify who is paying money to whom. (Meiklejohn et al. 2013, p.2)
This is largely because a small number of Bitcoin institutions (mostly services performing currency exchange) are becoming dominant, but it is also due to the public nature of Bitcoin transactions and the ability to label monetary flows to major institutions. Pseudo-anonymity therefore:
ultimately makes Bitcoin unattractive today for high-volume illicit use such as money laundering. (Meiklejohn et al. 2013, p.2)
The researchers suggest that a follow-up quantitative study could help to identify the scale of the issue.
Studies of Bitcoin and other digital currencies have clear applications for law enforcement, policy development, and understanding changes taking place in online trade.
With respect to law enforcement, this study suggests that it would be easier to confirm identity and, therefore, prosecute illegal activity carried out using Bitcoins than people tend to believe. Users may wish to think twice about whether Bitcoin really does protect their identity, and law enforcers may develop new approaches based on the findings of the study.
Policy development can also benefit from the study's innovations and insights. Research such as this advances our understanding of how Bitcoin works and provides us with new methods with which to study it. These kinds of studies could prove crucial to shaping public and monetary policy to take digital currency use into account.
In some countries, there is currently a tentative move towards incorporating Bitcoin into mainstream payments services, such as through contracting vendors to accept Bitcoin payments or installing Bitcoin ATMs. However, governments are legislating against Bitcoin use as much as they are legislating in favour of it. Understanding Bitcoin's potentials and pitfalls will help legislators decide its public value.
This study also increases our understanding of consumption patterns and of factors that lead to consolidation in payment service provision. One of the researchers' findings was that fewer, but larger, sellers are coming to dominate the Bitcoin market. It would appear that existing consumers share information with potential consumers regarding how to use Bitcoin and which sellers to choose.
This has the potential to drive customers towards Bitcoin from other payments systems and marketplaces. The increasing monopolisation of the Bitcoin marketplace by particular companies has the additional effect of decreasing anonymity, since large sellers are more readily identifiable. In other words, the Bitcoin marketplace is changing, and this changing market changes Bitcoin itself.
Digital research, whether carried out in person or remotely, presents a broad array of ethical challenges. Privacy protection was the major ethical issue to arise in this Bitcoin study. To protect users' privacy, the researchers designed the study so that they would identify known service providers, but not individuals. Sarah Meiklejohn comments:
Our thinking was that we used public data, and as you say we identify users only by their Bitcoin addresses, and (intentionally) didn't identify any users who don't have a public-facing element (e.g., individuals rather than services). (personal communication)
By limiting their analysis to known service providers, and focusing on flows of Bitcoins rather than individuals' transactions, the researchers largely avoided issues of individual privacy and consent.
In many cases, however, judgements as to when social benefit outweighs issues of consent are subjective and problematic. Even where consent is given, it is not always clear that individuals will understand what they are agreeing can be done with their data. How will it be analyzed? Will the data be adequately anonymized and stored? What will the findings be used for? Will the data or results be shared with third parties, and for what purpose? Will it be used to increase company profit or to deny rights to certain individuals?
People are right to be concerned: there are plenty of ways in which data can potentially be misused. In September 2015, a story broke about how Facebook secured a patent that would allow banks to make loans based upon the credit history of their entire social network. Theoretically, a bank could deny credit if an individual's friends had a bad credit history, even if the individual themselves was in good financial standing. While such fears may be unrealistic, they point to the fact that few of us really understand the implications of data sharing and its effects on our financial lives.
Health insurance is another area of concern, and it is a good example of how social benefits can clash with social risks. Big data has the potential to provide enormous social benefits in the area of health care. If health care providers such as the NHS in the UK are able to access large amounts of data on public health, then they will be far better equipped to plan services for the future.
However, this kind of data is intensely private, and needs to be well-protected. An example of misuse would be if insurance companies could use the datasets to positively identify individuals with chronic illnesses or who need expensive treatments and deny them coverage.
Researchers and professional associations are responding to these kinds of issues by developing ethical codes and guidelines for digital research. For example, the Data Science Association has produced the Data Science Code of Professional Conduct to help researchers think through ethical issues.
Various specialised books now exist on the subject, such as The Ethics of Big Data: Ethical Reasoning in Socio-Technical Informatics. However, the issues are complex and are likely to become more so in the future. While it is crucial that researchers planning digital studies are up-to-date on current ethical practices and standards, it is equally important that regulators intervene to protect consumer rights.
For more information on this study, see:
A study examining how online behaviours are affected by offline lives was carried out in 2012-2013 by the American anthropologist Tom Boellstorff and his team. They collaborated with two Indonesian research teams to learn how Indonesians were combining social media, mobile phone use, and payments systems given that use of devices and the Internet was increasing rapidly in Indonesia.
The researchers chose this focus because device ownership, internet access, and their use for online shopping have grown rapidly in Indonesia over the past two decades. While many Indonesians continue to be left out of the digital revolution, the gap is fading fast and those who are connected often have multiple devices.
Due to the low price of SIM cards, many Indonesians have multiple smartphones with different providers so that they can obtain the cheapest calls possible. By October 2012, Indonesia had over 64 million active Facebook users, making it one of the top 5 nations in the world.
Indonesians use Facebook to connect with friends, but also to buy and sell consumer items through a variety of online stores and mobile apps. Boellstorff and his co-authors write that the International Data Corporation (ICD) showed that the value of internet-based trade in Indonesia reached $3.4 billion in 2011, and that a MasterCard survey in 2012 indicated that online shopping had increased 15% in six months.
However, credit cards played a relatively small role in trade: a Nielsen Online report showed that 57.4% of respondents were using online transfer methods for payment, but only 11.5% were using credit cards, and 13.1% preferred cash on delivery.
Boellstorff and his teams combined face-to-face interviews with analysis of the online purchasing and payments environments that people were using to gain insights into how people made purchasing and payment decisions. They focused on both the technology that people used and the social relations that shaped people's actions.
The research took place in Surabaya (Java) and Makassar (Sulawesi). The researchers used qualitative methods including participant observation, individual semi-structured interviews, and focus groups. They supplemented these with the analysis of websites, mobile apps, and advertisements.
In Makassar, the researchers interviewed 54 respondents and conducted two focus groups with ten participants in each group. In Surabaya they interviewed 52 respondents and conducted four focus groups. All data were collected in Indonesian or in local languages and then translated into English by members of the research teams.
In each location, the researchers sought to recruit a diversity of people from different social groups, including those that they thought would give a range of perspectives on mobile social media and mobile payments (such as university students and "housewives" ). The best-represented group were heterosexual women, who are active in the world of online shopping in Indonesia.
The research teams held an initial meeting in September 2012, before research began, to decide on key interview questions to be included in all of the studies. The questions covered multiple dimension of device use. For example, to identify time discrepancies between when people began to use devices and when they began actually shopping online, interviewees were asked the following questions:
To investigate users' behaviours, including how people decided to become re-sellers and any problems with addiction to online shopping, the researchers asked:
In response to other studies that argue that online shopping almost always happens in combination with other activities (such as socialising or working), they asked:
People's reasons for using online transaction services tend to differ according to context. For example, while shopping may be popular in one country or among a particular social group, other services such as remittances may be more widely used elsewhere. To find out what people were using digital financial services for, without biasing their answers, the interviewers asked:
To find out how people saw themselves using services in the future, they asked:
Finally, in order to find out how people actually pay for goods, why they choose one payment mechanism over another, and whether they set aside special funds for online shopping, they asked:
For the online part of data collection, the researchers analyzed websites, mobile apps, and advertisements. They collected and assessed this online data by going directly to the websites in question. However, they note that it is possible to do interviews and focus groups online as well.
Data analysis was synthesized as part of the overall research process. Boellstorff commented to us,
The key thing to remember is that the phenomenon being studied is already "synthesizing" the online and offline before we ever got there. So synthesizing the online and offline in this case (and in practically every case of such digital research nowadays) is not an artificial imposition. Ideally it should reflect the specific ways that in the case at hand, the online and offline are shaping each other. (personal communication)
In other words, the "online" and "offline" research should not be treated as separate data sets that are collected independently of one another and then brought together for analysis. Rather, the online and offline data are inextricably linked. For example, interviewees might tell stories in which events take place in the home and simultaneously through social media.
Similarly, an observation of a person using an ATM must take into account the "real" world, because factors such as time constraints and safety considerations will affect how they use that digital device. Moreover, people use multiple devices to achieve particular goals. Treating each digital interaction as distinct does not reflect how people use devices in the course of their everyday lives.
The research was designed to study the intersection of mobile phones, social media, and payments. As a result, some of their findings addresses digital consumer finance directly, while other findings address it indirectly through describing the context in which transactions take place.
Boellstorff and his team found that online shopping in Indonesia is made possible by the prevalence of devices. All of the interviewees owned more than one device, often a laptop, a BlackBerry, and at least one other smartphone.
Due to the low cost of SIM cards and the advantages of using multiple providers, many respondents had multiple smartphones or SIMs; for example, one to keep in touch with a romantic partner and one for other friends, or one for personal use and one for business use.
At the time, BlackBerry was still the most commonly-used handset, and all of their respondents had a BlackBerry and often other kinds of smartphones as well. One interviewee had 5 smartphones, each with a different provider.
The reasons why people began to shop online rather than in physical retail stores varied. The researchers found that respondents became interested in online shopping after seeing items their friends had purchased. The researchers explain:
This reflects a broader pattern in which friends and acquaintances play an influential role in online shopping practices not just as recommenders, but increasingly as customers and sellers. (Boellstorff 2013, p.12)
Buyers often knew sellers personally or at least lived in the same city, meaning that they could choose sellers based on personal knowledge or recommendations. This also made it easier to complain if there was a problem. Buyers often did not have to pay for shipping because items would be hand-delivered. Their buying practices therefore often mimicked physical shopping.
Facebook was often the first pathway to online shopping because respondents would see sponsored advertisements, information posted by friends on their own timelines, or comments customers had posted on the Facebook pages of sellers. Alternatively, people would be introduced to online shopping through the BlackBerry store app.
Once interviewees had begun to shop online they identified numerous advantages. The five primary reasons that respondents gave for wanting to shop online were 1) it is easy; 2) interesting things are sold in online stores; 3) it avoids the hassle of going to a physical store; 4) it is often cheaper; and 5) some items are hard to find in physical stores.
We often think of online shopping as something done by individuals or households, but the researchers found that groups of friends would also make collective purchases. For example, they discovered that groups of university students would purchase food (such as snacks) in bulk to receive lower prices.
The amount of money that interviewees spent online monthly varied from less than $1 to around $50. This sum reflects people's disposable incomes, but also their feelings about online shopping. Concerns about losing money tended to limit how much money people were willing to spend online.
As well as concerns about fraud, people worried that the items they bought would not match the online photographs or description and that they would be disappointed with their purchases. To counter this, one woman set a 500,000 rupiah ($50.50) limit on purchases. Beyond this limit, she felt uncomfortable and preferred to make the purchase in a physical store.
Some people also earmarked funds to be spent on online shopping. One interviewee, a man called Eska, gave his monthly salary to his wife to manage (a common practice). He had his own, separate bank account for his own expenditures ("men's money") that was funded primarily by workplace bonuses rather than his salary.
When he shopped online he always used this account, even when his wife asked him to buy something for her. In practice, then, it wasn't just his "men's money," it was also the household's online shopping account.
In terms of making payments, the researchers discovered that only 6 respondents used Internet banking services to make a payment, and only 5 respondents used a credit card. Instead, the vast majority of their respondents were paying for online shopping by making a transfer at an ATM or a bank counter. The main banks they used were BCA and Mandari; only 5 respondents used BNI.
Why use an ATM rather than making an online transfer? Some interviewees said that they were worried about credit card fraud, but the main reason cited was to avoid bank fees. If the buyer and seller used the same bank, the transfer could be made for free.
In fact, some sellers had accounts at multiple banks to ensure that their buyers could transfer them money with no extra charge. Some buyers reported that if they didn't have the same bank account as the seller, they would ask a friend or relative to complete the transaction for them. Note the pattern: we see a cost-savings behaviour taking place at both the ATM and the SIM card level, since, as noted, many Indonesians have multiple SIMs in order to save money by switching SIM cards depending on whom they are calling.
People sometimes used other people's credit cards, but that could create secondary problems. For example, one gay man reported that he preferred shopping for makeup online because he felt safer than when visiting a physical store. In order to pay for his purchases, he used his mother's credit card. However, he was concerned about his privacy here, because his mother could then see on her statements what he had been buying.
Online BlackBerry shops were sometimes used to both make and complete transactions. Interviewees stated that they preferred these shops because sellers would be identifiable by their BlackBerry PIN. They also tended to be more familiar with the sellers and had friends in the system who could provide recommendations. Moreover, BlackBerry Money allowed peer-to-peer cash transfers, which interviewees perceived as safer than using a credit card.
The team's combination of online and offline data collection has many potential applications in product design and marketing. For example, there could be opportunities to develop consumer finance products that reduce the costs of making transactions.
Consumer decisions are influenced by various factors: they may identify with the brands of their devices, their mobile phone carriers, or be swayed by the preferences of their friends and family. These identifications influence consumer decisions in different ways, and at different times. The combination of in-person ethnography and examination of digital sources used in this study is useful in finding out how people use products within real-life contexts.
Many of the study's participants reported having to put in a significant level of effort to complete payments, often maintaining multiple bank accounts to lower costs. The BlackBerry store presents a way to overcome some of these costs by smoothing out the transaction process.
However, as other brands are displacing BlackBerry handsets, customers will require other channels to make payments. Knowing where the pain points lie for customers, and which device to use when making a transaction, can assist in the identification of appropriate payment channels. We also see cost-saving behaviours that cross over between devices and services—in this case, ATMs and mobile phone SIMs.
Risk is another important area for product design and marketing. This study shows that consumers assume they are taking a certain level of risk when shopping online. They attempt to offset risk by using known providers and channels for their purchases, or through seeking advice from people they trust.
Building social proof into product design, such as through peer-to-peer transfers or permitting product recommendations from friends, could be leveraged to increase trust and encourage the use of particular payment channels.
Most of the ethical issues raised in this study are the same as in any other face-to-face study. These include:
However, as with the Bitcoin study described above, the "digital" nature of the research raises extra points of consideration. Boellstorff reports that one big issue he has encountered is that some researchers think that because something is online it is not "real" and so you don't have to protect people's identities.
For example, data gained from a public forum may be technically traceable, but if it is reproduced without permission, researchers have a responsibility to generalize the data into findings that are not traceable.
Another important issue in digital research is that social media tends to make people more visible, and so it can make anonymization and consent more difficult. Say an interviewee is demonstrating how they make a purchase in a BlackBerry store. When they show the researcher their own information, they are also likely to expose information about the people they are transacting with. These third parties have not given consent to take part in the research, and extra effort must be taken to discuss and record this data in the most general terms.
Safety issues may also be a consideration when studying money use. Following participants as they go about their daily tasks can yield valuable insights into their use of consumer products, but a foreign researcher accompanying a participant to an ATM may attract unwanted attention. These are not necessarily problems that were raised in this particular study, but they need to be considered at the outset and built into project design.
For more information about this study, see:


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subset: commoncrawl


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Argentina-Chile in Rematch of 2015 Final
Argentina has not won a Copa America since 1993 and has finished runner up in three of the previous four editions of the tournament. La Albiceleste will look to end that drought when they get their quest for a 15th Copa underway against Chile Monday evening.
Shark Bites
- Argentina has three clean sheets in their last four matches including their last two.
- Chile has lost three of their last four matches.
- Chile is currently FIFA's 3rd ranked team in the world.
Online shop Bovada is presently offering Argentina at +110 while Chile comes in at +265 and the Draw is +230. As far as spread markets, books have it at a Pick with Argentina -210 and Chile +170. Finally, in totals markets, OVER 2 goals is -140 while UNDER 2 goals is +115.
Argentina, currently ranked No. 1 in the world by FIFA, is certainly in tough against Chile as La Roja won the 2015 edition of the Copa.
Sixteen players return from last year's Chilean side in an attempt to win back-to-back trophies and considering these two squared off in last year's final, there could be some value in the underdog.
That said, Argentina is playing some hot football of late as it enters the tournament in a four-match winning streak while the Chileans lost to Jamaica 2-1 in their last match and have allowed a whopping 11 goals in their last two matches.
Furthermore, Argentina has won three of the last four head-to-head meetings, including a 2-1 in World Cup qualifying back in March.


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Jonathan Albritton graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Biological Sciences from Louisiana Tech in 2007. In 2011 he completed his Doctor of Physical Therapy degree from LSU Health Sciences Center in New Orleans. He has worked at various outpatient clinics in the greater New Orleans area, but feels he has found a home at Rehab Dynamics.
Jonathan continues to advance his knowledge of physical therapy though training with International Academy of Orthopedic Medicine – United States (IAOM-US) which teaches diagnosis specific approach to orthopedic care.
Away from the clinic, he enjoys reading, exercising, and relaxing with friends and family. He is an avid soccer fan.
Emphasis Training: Complete spine and extremities examination and treatment; manual therapy; motor control. Special clinical interest is recurrent and chronic pain.


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tell right away if this person whos been so charming in his e-mails is a creep or a bore. He makes grandiose claims with a mixture of mirth and sincerity. It wasnt until the twentieth century that it became normal for young people to pair up with strangers, in real or relative anonymity. With Vince, it's like the joke we had. Once you have a type, the site uses it to choose matches for you.
Hana Nitsche is a 32 year old German Model. Born on 13th December, 1985 in Jesenik, Czech Republic, she is famous for dating hip hop fashion mogul Russell Simmons. See all Natascha McElhone s marriages, divorces, hookups, break ups, affairs, and dating relationships plus celebrity photos, latest Natascha McElhone news, gossip, and biography. Natascha McElhone is currently single.
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Wenn du auf unsere Webseite klickst oder hier navigierst, stimmst du der Erfassung von Informationen durch Cookies auf und außerhalb von Facebook. Each couple came for an interview three or so months before their wedding, and then periodically afterward. Dont I know you? Many sites, either because of their methods or because of their reputations, tend to attract one or the other. Gregory Huber and Neil Malhotra, political scientists at Yale russische dating bilder and Stanford, respectively, are sifting through OK Cupid data to determine how political opinions factor in to choosing social partners. (Blatt not only runs the company; hes also a client. As for romantic love, it was an almost mutually exclusive category of human experience. She has devised four personality types, or dimensions (explorer, negotiator, builder, director that correspond to various neurochemicals (respectively, dopamine, estrogen/oxytocin, serotonin, testosterone). The online dating sites are themselves a little like online-dating-site suitors. When there is something better out there, you cant help trying to find.
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As a site administrator I need the option to create a new test site as sparse clone from the production site and be able to refresh an existing test site as sparse clone. I need to be able to perform these actions using the Oracle Service Cloud Configuration Assistant.
Currently the only option is to "create test site" from production which will be a full clone. Under an existing test site the options are to "re-create test site" or "re-create and upgrade test site", both do not offer an option to choose a sparse instead of a full clone.
This functionality used to be available in VCIO but does not seem to exist in the Cloud Configuration Assistant.
We feel this is a necessity as limiting availability of personal data is a key part of GDPR regulations coming in May 2017. It will be challenging enough controlling this on live environments, so do not want to multiply this by having duplication of it on non-production environments as well.
With a sparse clone, the amount of data is limited and cleaning it up becomes manageable, so I fully support this idea, but if I could suggest another option - in addition to ability to request full or sparse clone, would be useful if clone of configuration only was possible, i.e. no Incidents, Contacts, Orgs etc.
I agree with the above. If we could create a SPARSE clone from the Cloud Configuration Assistant and possibly even restrict certain data, e.g., incidents, contacts, etc, that would decrease the "clean-up" efforts after the clone.
I agree with all comments above and would love to see such a feature.


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Vanoss Spotify Playlist: https://goo.gl/rvct94 Listen to the outro song at Vanoss Sound Lab: https://sptfy.com/17Hu Vanoss Merch HERE!: https://vanoss.3blackdot.com/ Friends in the vid: Terroriser – http://bit.ly/12YzHPL H2O Delirious – http://bit.ly/191aKBE Moo Snuckel – http://bit.ly/11rO5IE Garry's Mod map created by: https://www.linkedin.com/in/drake-rose-0408a2b6/ Follow me on Twitter – http://twitter.com/#!/VanossGaming Facebook Page – http://www.facebook.com/VanossGaming Instagram – http://instagram.com/vanossinstagram Please Ignore or flag spam, negative, or hateful comments. We're here to have a good time. Thanks everyone, and enjoy :] sourceRead More
Day: October 19, 2018
Shark attack Los Osos California Interview
On Sunday December 28th a local Surfer named Kevin was attacked by a 10 foot Great white shark at the beach known as Sand Spit. In this interview, Kevin's friend describes what happened during the attack. sourceRead More
Close call: A shark attacked a seal within feet of a Cape Cod beach
A great white shark breached the waters off Cape Cod over the weekend, stealing a striper from a group of people out on a fishing trip. Hap Farrell, captain of the Stunmai II, captured the act on video. sourceRead More


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OTTAWA — Canada is threatening to take Europe to the world's trading body if it persists in trying to single out oilsands crude as dirty oil.
The threat was contained in a letter sent by Canadian ambassador to the European Union, David Plunkett, in December, which was obtained by the environmental group Friends of the Earth.
Canada has complained in the past about efforts in Europe to single out oilsands crude in the new Fuel Quality Directive that aims to curb emissions from transport fuels by 10 per cent. But it has not explicitly threatened publicly to take the issue to the World Trade Organization for adjudication.
The new European standards are being voted on Thursday and if approved will go to the full European parliament.
The directive assigns carbon values to different sources of crude, with oilsands bitumen valued at 23 per cent more than conventional oil. Shale oil is given an even higher carbon value.
The sticking point is that the European directive appears to put oilsands in a different category.
"Canada will not accept oilsands crude being singled out in the Fuel Quality Directive as an entirely separate feedstock from other crudes which are bundled together under a single default value," Plunkett writes Connie Hadegaard, the EU's commissioner for climate action.
"I want to again state that Canada will explore every avenue at its disposal to defend its interests, including at the World Trade Organization."
Last week, Natural Resources Minister Joe Oliver told a pipeline conference in Calgary that Europe intends to put "oilsands oil in a separate category."
Oliver said the EU conveniently ignores the high levels of greenhouse gas emissions from Russian and Iranian oil production.
A spokesperson for the minister said Canada will insist any decisions made by Europe are based on science and "will review all options going forward."
But pulling out of free trade talks with Europe is not an option, said Rudy Husny, a spokesperson for Trade Minister Ed Fast, who has made reaching a comprehensive deal with the world's largest market this year a top priority.
"This matter is not linked to our commitment to productive free trade discussions with the European Union," he said in an email response.
Canada currently sells very little if any oil to Europe, but oil interests in Canada say a ban or a restriction could serve as a precedent and would deal another blow to the resource following the setback to the Keystone XL pipeline project, which would connect oilsands crude to the U.S. Gulf Coast
Plunkett's letter states that oilsands crude is internationally recognized as heavy crude, whereas the European proposal would have it seen as a separate item classified as "natural bitumen."
"All crude oils, including oilsands crude, are … comprised of a common set of chemical compounds and physical attributes," the letter argues. "For oilsands crude, these characteristics are well within the continuum of those of heavy crudes commonly traded on the global market."


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If you haven't read "Why your site sucks (part 1)" I recommend starting there. If you did read part 1, I'm impressed you're back for more browbeating. I'll try to be a little nicer in this post.
In this next session you will define the user's experience. Remember that list of audience members that I made you put to the side earlier? Yeah, pull that out.
Knowing your audience should inform every aspect of your site. They will use it more than you, so why shouldn't you be make the user experience unique?
My own personal project has been in development for the past two years. (yeah that's right, two years designing a site and I won't write a single line of code until I know how all the pieces are going to fit.)
- Mission: Help independent artists of varying mediums communicate and promote cross medium collaboration.
Goals: short term: become an incubator for artists to improve and expose work to new audiences.
long term: Be Premier destination for premium online entertainment, start a movement, Renaissance.
Audience: Filmmakers, Animators, Writers, Graphic Designers, Musicians, Fans, Sponsors, Advertisers, General.
Why visit: Site offers a unique networking experience both on and off line and promotes collaboration in a way that no other social network to date offers.
After you determine your audience, you need to define their needs and goals. (make lists)
Create scenarios for each one of your users. By putting yourself in each one of the users shoes it will start to give you a feel for what your layout should start to be like. I do quick sketches if the inspiration hits, but this is only necessary if are really inspired, DO NOT JUMP THE GUN! Determine what group of users will comprise the most .
Give them a name, background, and task to complete on your site. Knowing why a user is on your site will help you design the user experience that will draw them to the places you want them to go. The exercise may sound cheezy, but if you had done this in the first place you would know why they're using your competition and not you. Your competitor's site is either:
A.)easier to navigate.
B.)has more relevant information.
C.)looks nicer.
D.) All of the above.
Speaking of competition, it's time for competitive analysis. First, list your competition. The most successful generals were the ones who knew the enemy strategy as if it were their own.
Look at their site's functionality. "Borrow" ideas. Adopt things you like and improve them. Take notes and screen shots. Incorporate all of the good, keep none of their bad.
When comparing competitor's sites sometimes a grid is useful.
Then pick a time 3, 6, or 12 months away to revisit the site. Chances are, they'll be making changes, and you'll want to know.
Create a design document.
One major thing search engines emphasize is the importance of user experience.
Knowing who you want to attract, what they'll need, and what you provide helps inform your content, navigation, and design.
Read on: 5 reasons your website sucks (part 3 of 5)
Catch up
Disclaimer: If the articles in this series seem a little brash, it's because they were written in my younger days on an older blog and I was just a little more abrasive then. However, I believe the information is valuable, therefore I have reposted it for you to read..


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|Topic: Apparent contradiction in the Big Bang Theory
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You should really try to say something substantive about it in your own words rather than just post links.
I've had a look at it, however. Sorry; but this is a classic vanity press theory-of-everything book, which claims to solve all problems under some magnificent new idea that the author claims will revolutionize science. It is being pushed by a great many anonymous individuals in web forums like this one. They have not yet discovered Usenet, but they will. That will be amusing when it happens.
The publisher is Geones Books. As far as I have been able to discover, this is the only book they publish.
The author is apparently a physicist. The new theory of everything he proposes does not actually explain anything at all in the scientific sense of the word. It simply uses a nebulous and ill-defined set of terms to describe many different aspects of the universe. The flavour of this can be capture by the phrase:
The universe is made of discovered similar interactions. They depending on their scale create what we see as galaxies, stars, planets, moons, atoms and light. The stars originate from the galactic nuclei in a way similar to the discovered birth of atoms from the centers of stars, planets and planetary like moons. The smaller bodies come at a faster rate. That is why we bathe in light.
More detail doesn't make it any better.
Savov has found that we live on a surface of a giant atomic nucleus called Earth. It moves around even much larger nucleus seen as the Sun, which similarly moves around its source � the nucleus of our Milky Way Galaxy. The latter similarly moves around its source and so on � every body moves around the discovered source of the universe, which is one hyper huge nucleus. The atoms that build us are discovered to originate in the centers of stars, planets and planetary like moons. The newly born atoms are agitated like just born children. So they �cry� emitting much smaller sources of interaction that keep the interiors of the space bodies hot. The creation of new atomic nuclei in the Earth�s center accounts for the observed lava upwelling mid-ocean ridge and the volcanic activity.
Of how about this remarkable insight into development of the Earth:
The creation of new atomic nuclei in the Earth�s center keeps the interior of our planet hot and increases its radius. This led to tearing of the pre-historic Pangea landmass to fractions, now seen as continents. The ejection of newly created atomic matter from the Earth�s center also slows down the rotation of the Earth around its axis, accounts for appearance volcanic activity and lava up welling mid-ocean ridge. So the atomic shell of the Earth�s center grows thicker, its source exhausts and drives it more slowly around itself. Hence the length of the day will increase as the Earth ages. This prediction of the theory of interaction is confirmed by puzzling experimental findings. The slowly expanding from its discovered source Earth may collapse in a supernova like explosion, during one long day in the distant future.
The claim that the author's theory of everything explains the enormous string of galaxies discovered by Paul Francis is vaccuous. There is nothing here capable of being an explanation as the term is used in science.
Cheers -- Sylas
Inactive Member
"firework universe" will see galaxies everywhere, because what we see as galaxies are like atoms that came from the center of the earth.
Inactive Member
Inactive Member
this link http://www.eugenesavov.com
There is no need to believe of bringing the universe to life from nothing. You will see how the structure of reality unfolds to smaller scales and accounts in this way for the dark matter and many other big puzzles.
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Beauty in the Broken Blogger + Child of God + Wife + Mama of 4. Sunshine, coffee, dark chocolate and good conversation are her idea of a good time. Donna enjoys writing as a way of processing life. She also enjoys sharing wellness tips and recipes for living well. Donna's goal with her writing is to inspire & encourage frazzled moms to take care of themselves and find purpose in their daily lives.


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FAAC: 50 Successful Years in Parking and Access Automation Leadership – Mr. Deepak Kapoor, Managing Director, FAAC India Pvt.Ltd. Read more
Fire Safety Devices: Success through coherent innovation – Mr. Ashish Parekh, Director- Exports& Mr. Bharat Parekh, CEO& Mr. D.P. Parekh, Managing Director, Fire Safe... Read more
Ibex Gallagher: Technology leadership in perimeter security arena – Mr.Vishnu Narain, Managing Director, Ibex Gallagher Private Limited Read more
Hikvision: Embracing performance driven growth – Mr. Ashish P. Dhakan, MD and CEO, Prama Hikvision India Pvt. Ltd. Read more
Matrix: Mission to deliver world-class security & telecom solutions. – Mr. Ganesh Jivani, Managing Director, Matrix Comsec Read more
CAME: A global leader in entrance automation presents CCTV to Indian market – Mr. Raman Sharma, Managing Director, India, Came India Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Read more
Mircom: Global leadership in intelligent building solutions – Mr. Mark Falbo – President, Mircom Group of Companies Read more
Reflectosafe: Embracing visibility with technology innovation – Mr. Rakshit Damani – Partner & Mr. Lalit Aggarwal – Managing Director, Reflectosafe Read more


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text: Wentworth Hospice Volunteer TrainingName: Wentworth Hospice Volunteer TrainingDate: September 6, 2018 - October 18, 2018Event Description:Time is valuable. And, at the end of life, every moment matters. Consider giving some of your time to make others' lives brighter! If you have a passion for caring for others, and if you are looking for a way to make a difference in peoples' lives, consider becoming a Hospice Volunteer. Activities, household activities, emotional support and administrative support! --Companionship --Caregiver Respite --Crafts, sewing, games Hairdresser/Barber Running errands Meal prep, Food Banks and.....so much more. WHAT is your special gift!?


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Entries in iBooks (4)
iBooks: Classic Videogames Hardware 01
Over the next few months we plan to highlight a selection of books that focus on some of the key areas that we often write about here at iPad Creative. All the books we refer to can be found in the iBooks Store right there on your iPad. We'll be sure to provide the appropriate link for each publication, but due to publishing restrictions we can't promise that the book we feature will be available in your country. Sorry.
This week's book is Classic Videogames Hardware 01. 'A collector's guide to history's greatest gaming machines', this 400+ page book features 35 gaming hardware platforms.
Each piece of hardware gets its own chapter that covers the history of the development of the device plus the top 10 games that run on it. We like to think that we know quite a bit about the history of video game hardware, but we learnt something new on almost every page. Would you like to know who were the first non-Nintendo employees to see the legendary Gameboy hardware? Yes, the answer to that and many other intriguing gaming questions can be found among this book's virtual pages.
Like all the books available in the iBook Store you can grab a sample before committing to purchase.
For more articles about the iBooks Store, and books in general check out our iBooks and Children's Books section.
iBooks Store Link: Classic Videogames Hardware 01.
The printed book is doomed
The Telegraph's Shane Richmond puts forth a convincing argument for why the printed book is doomed. Here's a snippet to whet your appetite, but be sure to read the entire article.
"My daughter's generation will probably have ebook textbooks. They will never experience dog-eared, vandalised, outdated school books, shared one-between-two. They will enjoy books that are enhanced with video, interactive graphics and picture galleries. And they will see these things are the norm. Printed books will be strange relics from their parents' generation."
We have to say that despite our love of printed books and magazines, everything that we have seen over the last 16 months leads us to agree with Shane's conclusion.
Print still has the upper hand in a few key areas, but as we proposed recently in an article about the possibility of an iPad Pro and ealier in a post about the merits of an iPad with a Retina class display, even those key strengths may soon arrive on the iPad platform.
iBooks: After an uninspiring start it's finally beginning to get exciting
We have read quite a number of books on the iPad, some via bespoke apps, others through Apple's own iBooks app. Though the experience is nearly always an enjoyable one, we have to say that it's certainly not our favourite iPad activity.
The problem with iBooks is twofold
Firstly, the selection on offer, at least in the UK, has been very poor. Search for your favourite author and you'll most likely be disappointed. After a few disappointments your excitement wanes... The second issue that we have with iBooks is the limited typographical and design controls that are made available to book publishers. Some books, especially illustrated publications like children's books, simply need a richer format.
Fortunately things are changing
Not only is the range of books available for purchase in the iBooks Store increasing week by week, but it's now possible to add ePub books to your iBooks library directly from any iPad web browser. When combined with iBooks' superb PDF support, the iPad is well served for digital books.
The other important change is the introduction of enhanced books within the iBooks Store. Enhanced books offer almost all of the advantages of traditional print; high resolution photos and pixel precise page layouts with non-standard type faces are very common.
Why not check out a few samples of this new enhanced book format? In the UK we can certainly recommend Landscape Photographer of The Year by AA Media Ltd. At £9.99 it's quite pricey, but it contains some equisite photography and serves as a nice way to demonstrate the beauty of the iPad display. The images within this article give an indication of the quality of the photography and type faces on offer.
We plan to feature more electronic books here on iPad Creative. Please let us know if you find any - in the iBooks Store or otherwise - that you feel our readers might like.
iBooks: Build your own Jules Verne library
We haven't mentioned iBooks a great deal on iPad Creative. This is in part because of our continuing frustration over the lack of content and reasonable pricing structure. Apple really need to get their act together with iBooks, before Amazon and perhaps even Google corner the market for digital books. However, when it comes to classic works of literature that are already in the public domain, iBooks is an invaluable part of any iPad.
Jules Verne, the French author who pioneered the science-fiction genre, was born on this day in 1928. Head on over to iBooks and pick up some of his classics, many of which are free to download to your collection.
Is there any doubt that the enigmatic author of such classics as 'A Journey to the Centre of the Earth' and 'Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea' would have loved something as empowering as the iPad?


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Adele and Emma Stone are serving up some serious friendship goals.
On Sunday night, Adele sent her love to Stone, who picked up the award for Best Actress at the 89th annual Oscars for her work in "La La Land."
The "Water Under the Bridge" singer shared a photo of herself posing in front of a big-screen TV with thumbs up and a smile on her face as Stone delivered her speech.
"Ah Emma," she captioned the cute pic, with a heart emoji. She also shared some love for "Moonlight," which nabbed the award for Best Picture after what might be the most shocking twist in Oscar history.
Stone and Adele (along with their friend Jennifer Lawrence) now have even more to talk about the next time they hang out ― they're both Oscar winners. Adele took home the Best Original Song award in 2013 for "Skyfall," which appeared in the James Bond flick of the same name.
Talk about a power squad. Do you think they'll share tips about keeping their statuettes shiny?


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This is a public hospital
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Contact details
Blake Street
Skipton, Vic 3361
Beaufort & Skipton Health Service [Skipton] websiteExternal link, opens in a new window.[http://www.bashs.org.au/services]
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We're excited you're here! To access the course you purchased, click on the image below. If you have any questions, comments or concerns, please don't hesitate to contact us at [email protected]
Courses below are included in the All Access Pass. Not registered for one of these courses? Sign up here
Our new course, Bulletproof LinkedIn Ads is coming this week! John and Eric Southwell (an AdSkills Rockstar) worked together to bring you a killer new course that we're pretty excited about. If you have an active Bulletproof Bundle or All Access Pass subscription you have access and can click the course above to get started.
IF you purchased the bundle when it was a one time payment ($249-$498) you are grandfathered in to updates of courses included in the bundle at the time of purchase, which does not include new bulletproof courses. However, we want to make it a win/win for you so we're we're offering BIG discounts on the All Access Pass so you can get access to the new course and all future courses releasing this year. Simply send an email to [email protected] to ask what discount he can apply for you.
No worries, we're planning an east coast workshop for mid August. If you want to be the first to know the details once we finalize them, send an email to [email protected] and he'll add you to the early notification list for the august workshop. It'll be 10 to 15 of us in a boardroom, laptops open, discussing real campaigns and tactics.


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The Ultimate Fighter: Yakima Valley's Julian Erosa Advances to House With Urijah Faber
"The Ultimate Fighter" reality show is under way. It is my second-favorite reality show next to "Dual Survival"! We are very lucky because one of our local boys, Julian Erosa, is on "Ultimate Fighter." The first episode was Wednesday (Sept. 9) and Julian kicked some serious butt to advance into the house!
Love this kid from Yakima! Julian is one tough cookie!
"The Ultimate Fighter" is such an awesome show, especially if you love to see people throw down. It is great because it is pro, but unknown fighters are getting a shot to hang with the best!
This year Team USA is led by the amazing fighter Urijah Faber and Team Europe is led by Conor McGregor. Urijah and Conor are featherweight rivals!
Here is who Julian whupped and the rest of the lineup!
United States:
Julian Erosa (14-1) from Yakima, Wash. [won first fight]
Andreas Quintana (8-1) from Albuquerque, N.M.
Austin Springer (8-0) from Portland, Ore.
Billy Quarantillo (6-1) from Tampa, Fla.
Brandon Ricetti (7-1) from Chico, Calif.
Brennan Sevin (7-1) from Chauvin, LA.
Chris Gruetzemacher (12-1) from Peoria, AZ
Jason Soares (8-0) from Miami, Fla.
Johnny Nunez (5-1) from Las Vegas, NV
James Jenkins (8-1) from Long Island, NY
Jason Gonzalez (9-2) from Colton, Calif.
Mike Flach (7-1) from Rancho Cucamonga, Calif.
Ryan Hall (4-1) from Falls Church, VA
Thanh Le (4-1) from New Orleans, LA
Tim Welch (12-5) from Glendale, Ariz.
Tom Gallicchio (19-8) from Perth Amboy, N.J.
Artem Lobov (11-10-1-1) from Dublin, Ireland
Abner Lloveras (19-7-1) from Barcelona, Spain
David Teymur (3-1) from Stockholm, Sweden
Djamil Chan (19-2) from Amsterdam, Netherlands
Frantz Frank Slioa (4-0) from Stockholm, Sweden
Marcin Wrzosek (10-2) from Bydgoszcz, Poland
Martin Delaney (10-1) from Bathgate, Scotland
Martin Svensson (14-5) from Malmo, Sweden
Mehdi Baghdad (11-3) from Toulon, France
Mohamed Grabinski (10-1) from Dusseldorf, Germany
Paulo Boer (10-1-1) from Holland
Sascha Sharma (8-2) from Stuttgart, Germany
Saul Rogers (10-1) from Bolton, England
Sean Carter (10-1) from Essex, England
Thibault Gouti (10-0) vs. Avignon, France
Vladimir Sikic (10-0) from Frankfurt, Germany


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To celebrate R Park's Fourth Anniversary, we are holding our first-ever Kite Festival and are looking for sponsors and artists to help out. Please contact R Park Director, Jr Rodriguez, at firstname.lastname@example.com if you would like to support the event by designing a kite, offsetting incurred costs as a corporate sponsor, or lending us an extra hand at the event.
We hope you'll join us on September 22 for this exciting, fun, family-friendly event!


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Bob's Auto Glass repairs minor stone chipped and cracked windshields without replacing the entire windshield has been our speciality in Napa, CA for a number of years. One of the finest reasons for repairing a stone chipped windshield apart from the pricetag is that the original seal and bond between the glass and the vehicle body is extraordinarily difficult to duplicate when the windshield must be replaced. The task auto glass plays as a safety component in your automobile has changed dramatically over time. Avoiding total replacement by employing windshield repair is the right way to avoid any potential problems. Sadly some times the minor stone damage is more severe than what our repair process can safely handle and total Auto Glass Replacement is the only option. It takes special urethane adhesives and primers, and special training in how to use these adhesives, and proper environmental conditions to duplicate the original factory bond and seal. Bob's Auto Glass feels that windshield repair ought to be your initial choice when ever practicable. When windshield repair isn't a safe option our auto glass replacement professionals can replace and restore your windshield or other broken auto glass to like new condition. All of our Napa, CA auto glass replacement technicians are NGA National Auto Glass authorized. Our windshield repair experts are NWRA Countrywide Windshield Repair Association Authorized. Bob's Auto Glass is continually researching the latest and best products and techniques available to restore your car to factory new specs.
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