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UC Davis Health System is poised to become the first academic health system in the nation to have its physicians ask sexual orientation and gender identity questions as part of a patient's routine clinical assessment. By standardizing the collection of this information through the electronic health record, UC Davis officials say its health-care providers will be able to reduce health disparities among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) populations by having a better understanding of each patient and being able to provide more well-informed medical advice and care.
"The LGBT community suffers heartbreaking levels of health problems in part because most physicians don't ask about sexual orientation or gender identity, and many patients don't tell their health providers," said Ed Callahan, associate dean of academic personnel, who is leading a health system task force to address the issue. "We already ask questions about race, ethnicity and preferred language to help make our health-care services appropriate and responsive to the needs of very diverse patient populations. Adding LGBT questions to the clinical conversation can lead to more positive health outcomes for those populations, too."
Beginning this week and continuing over the next several months, the health system will accelerate its LGBT-care initiative. The effort includes a questionnaire that will be sent throughout the health system to enable physicians to identify themselves as LGBT-competent providers. The questionnaire will be accompanied by additional information and helpful resource links regarding sexual orientation and gender identity issues. A web-based list of UC Davis physicians who are LGBT-competent is also being developed.
"Identifying LGBT-competent providers is an important step for us," said Suzanne Eidson-Ton, associate clinical professor of family and community medicine and a task force member. "We don't expect these providers to necessarily have all the expertise in LGBT health conditions, but they will be comfortable, or committed to becoming comfortable, talking with LGBT patients about their lives, their families and, most importantly, their health. We want all patients to feel welcome and included here at UC Davis."
In 2011, the Institute of Medicine reported that lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender individuals, including children, often suffer physical and verbal bullying and sexual abuse, which results in increased levels of depression and anxiety. Those problems are thought to trigger maladaptive coping behaviors such as higher rates of tobacco, alcohol and drug use as well as increased rates of self-harm, including suicide attempts. According to the report, other ineffective coping attempts include radically changing eating patterns and early exploration of sex. These attempts to cope do not deal effectively with the anxiety and depression but appear instead to establish bad health habits that may help explain why LGBT patients suffer disproportionately higher rates of physical health problems than other patient populations.
"LGBT patients report higher rates of cancer and appear to have more advanced cancer when diagnosed," said Callahan, who recently presented the health system's new initiative at an Institute of Medicine workshop. "One of the reasons might be because they avoid or delay seeing doctors and thus don't receive cancer screenings as frequently as heterosexual patients. Sexual orientation and gender identity can be uncomfortable and highly sensitive subject areas. Many LGBT individuals want their doctors to know that type of information, and doctors need to have it, but it is not shared often."
At the direction of Claire Pomeroy, UC Davis vice chancellor for Human Health Sciences and dean of the School of Medicine, the health system established its task force in 2009 to prepare for including sexual orientation and gender identity in the electronic health record (EHR) and increase awareness among physicians and staff about the importance of LGBT health issues. The group documented LGBT health disparities and investigated strategies for improving care in preparation for modifying the clinical protocol in the electronic health record. The group identified several ways to improve care, including enhancing the clinical atmosphere to ensure that patients would feel respected and comfortable sharing information.
The 16-member task force has developed specialized education and training modules for physicians and students to improve their understanding of LGBT populations and enhance their communication skills with patients. The team is conducting workshops, giving grand rounds presentations and preparing to post training sessions online. Hendry Ton, associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and a task force member, oversaw the creation of a new, four- year competency-based LGBT health curriculum for medical students. Another task force member, Julie Weckstein, one of the health system's licensed clinical social workers, founded GLEE (Gays, Lesbians, Everyone who cares, Employees), a program to raise awareness among staff and help celebrate events such as the annual National Coming-Out Day. These efforts have been a key in positioning UC Davis Health System as a national leader in health-care equality as measured by the Healthcare Equality Index program at the Human Rights Campaign.
The new initiatives of the Task Force include building a database of LGBT-competent providers and a voluntary survey for patients who use MyChart. Providers across the health system are being invited to identify themselves as LGBT-competent. LGBT patients frequently seek LGBT-competent providers but the health system has not had a systematic listing of those wanting to declare their willingness and ability to provide LGBT care. This list is critical because of a questionnaire soon to be sent to patients with MyChart accounts. My Chart is the health system's online communications tool that gives patients secure access to appointment scheduling and parts of their medical record. Patients will be asked if they want to include sexual orientation and/or gender identity in their electronic health record (EHR). The information will be accessible only to the patient's health provider.
"Protecting patient privacy, like patient safety, is critically important for us," said Callahan. "We're committed to keeping all of the safeguards for securing electronic health information in place. We're also determined to improve quality of care by making sure our health-care teams understand the unique health problems facing LGBT populations and helping LGBT patients self-identify to their providers."
Callahan and the other task force members anticipate that the new initiative may prompt short-term discomfort among some providers and staff because it addresses sexuality and gender issues that have not been commonly discussed before in the clinical setting. But they are optimistic the new initiative will soon become a routine part of the clinical care process.
"No one will be expected to change his or her personal or religious beliefs about sexual orientation or gender identity," added Callahan. "But every patient must be treated with the respect. Just as we are committed to never treating anyone differently because of their race, ethnicity or language, we are also committed to treating everyone fairly no matter what their sexual orientation or gender identity. We simply want to provide a comfortable clinical environment where information can be easily shared so that every patient gets the best possible care."


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Stylin' since 2009
Living the Second Good Life
The Complex Machinery of Second Life.
Fantasy and roleplay fashion and storytelling by multiMuse.
An exploration of fashion design in a virtual world
Fashion&Landscape from SecondLife
4 dentistes sur 5 recommandent ce site de WordPress.com
Styles and Sensibilities is a beauty blog with makeup reviews, latest beauty news, blogging tips and healthy lifestyle choices
All my perfect imperfections..
Fashion | Home Decor & Landscape | Since 2014
....where the magic begins
Fashion and Events in my SecondLife
Rainbow Mubble's second life stuff and things
Stylin' since 2009
Stylin' since 2009
A monthly event in Second Life highlighting the different genres within SL.

subset: commoncrawl


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Little Kids Trying To Get At Stalley Outside The Airport! "Ya'll Niggas Some B*tches Man. Straight Up. You Ain't From No F*ckin Ohio"
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All 21 of the nation's Democratic governors support Obamacare's expansion of Medicaid, and, for the most part, they got it done — even when the odds were against them.
Three didn't.
Story Continued Below
In Missouri, Montana and Virginia, Democratic governors and Republican Legislatures have battled each other to stalemates, preventing hundreds of thousands of low-income people from getting covered under the president's health care law and fueling the ongoing Obamacare battles leading up to the 2014 elections.
Each of these three governors has made Medicaid a central plank of his agenda, and each has slammed into a wall of Republican resistance, failing where their 18 counterparts — and even nine Republican governors — have succeeded.
The expansion fights in these states can't be pinned simply on Republican opposition. Governors in other red states have overcome GOP hatred for Obamacare to pass the Medicaid expansion component of the health law. Legislative quirks and personality conflicts have also driven these debates. And each state is blazing — or attempting — an unusual path toward a resolution.
( Also on POLITICO: Health care wonks turn to 2016)
The GOP opponents think expansion is a bad deal proffered by an unreliable partner, one that will end up costing the states dearly. "They're a bad partner to be in business with," Missouri Republican state Sen. John Lamping said during a recent debate on expansion. "We have to stand and fight even when it's difficult."
In Virginia, Gov. Terry McAuliffe in his first month in office is in open war with his Republican-led House of Delegates, which won't back a state budget that includes expansion. Each camp has embraced a don't-blink mindset, leading to escalating brinkmanship during a special session. If neither side budges by July, the state could face a government shutdown.
McAuliffe and a Democrat-led Senate have thrown their weight behind a private-sector approach to Medicaid expansion — one that accepts billions of Obamacare dollars and uses them to buy private coverage for the state's low-income residents. Although similar efforts have moved Republicans in other states since Arkansas pioneered this "private option," it's been a non-starter for the GOP in Virginia.
( PHOTOS: Terry McAuliffe's career)
"The new governor has made this a priority of his new administration," Virginia House of Delegates Democratic Leader David Toscano said in an interview. McAuliffe has been working to convince Republicans, primarily in the House, that taking federal dollars to help Virginians with their health care "is a good business position for the commonwealth," Toscano said.
Democrats in Virginia argue that each day, the state exports $5 million in tax money to other states to fund their Medicaid expansion. Expansion would get some of those dollars back.
But Republican-led opposition might be winning. A poll released Thursday by Christopher Newport University found that 53 percent of Virginians oppose expansion, and 42 percent support it.
"Democrats are losing the debate on expanding Medicaid in Virginia," said Quentin Kidd, director of the Wason Center for Public Policy at CNU. "This is mostly because they are not convincing independents that it will work."
( Also on POLITICO: Full health care policy coverage)
Other governors have hit GOP brick walls — and gotten around them. And some of them have been conservative Republicans. Arizona's Republican Gov. Jan Brewer pounded her Legislature into submission with threats to veto any and all bills until state lawmakers grudgingly approved expansion. Ohio's Republican Gov. John Kasich circumvented his Legislature by turning to an obscure state financing board to get Medicaid through. In Arkansas, Democratic Gov. Mike Beebe worked with Republican majorities to craft a compromise that's inspired other Republican-leaning states to pursue similar measures.
But so far the Democrats in Montana, Missouri and Virginia haven't figured out how to get out of their Medicaid muddle.


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TRACES: TRAde Control and Expert System
TRACES: TRAde Control and Expert System
Each year, vast quantities of livestock, food and products are traded into the EU to be served on 500 million European plates, raising the question: how can the European Commission ensure that both food and consumers are kept safe? Watch the TRACES video and find out.
What is TRACES
TRACES is the European Commission's multilingual online management tool for all sanitary requirements on intra-EU trade and importation of animals, semen and embryo, food, feed and plants.
Its main objective is to digitise the entire certification process and linked procedures, and is in line with the declaration of the Digital Agenda for Europe.
About 30 000 users from more than 80 countries worldwide are interconnected through TRACES, centralising all data, simplifying and accelerating the trading process.
TRACES facilitates the exchange of information between all involved trading parties and control authorities and speeds up the administrative procedures.
The possibility to trace back and forth all the movements of animals, semen and embryo, food, feed and plants contributes to the reduction of the impact of disease outbreaks and brings a quick response to any sanitary alert, for the better protection of consumers, livestock and plants.
The network promotes a better cooperation between the competent authorities but also between the traders themselves and their competent authorities. When a decision is taken, the involved parties gain access to the official documents and receive alert notifications in case of a problem with the consignment. TRACES allows the quick detection of fake certificates and therefore contributes to the enhancement of trust vis-à-vis its partners.
All harmonised export certificates to the EU are available in the last updated version and translated into all EU official languages.
The users can gain access to all information but only if they are a concerned party. The statistical tool allows a rapid reaction in case of any detected problems.
TRACES is available in 35 languages preventing errors in regards to data introduction. 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, free of charge.
TRACES is an efficient tool to ensure:
- Traceability (monitoring movements, both within the EU and from non-EU countries)
- Information exchange (enabling trade partners and competent authorities to easily obtain information on the movements of their consignments, and speeding up administrative procedures)
- Risk management (reacting rapidly to health threats by tracing the movements of consignments and facilitating the risk management of rejected consignments).
TRACES aims to strengthen cooperation with EU partners, facilitate trade, accelerate administrative procedures and improve the risk management of health threats, while combating fraud and enhancing the safety of the food chain, animal health, and plant health.
More information
- Discover the TRACES newsletter, featuring news, featuring news, facts&figures and developments about TRACES
- Contact the TRACES Helpdesk (+32 2 297 63 50) to obtain more information or to request training on TRACES.
- Contact us via email: firstname.lastname@example.com
- Check the TRACES Toolkit, your gateway to all user manuals, videos and templates for clarification of the functional TRACES objectives, tools and modules.


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Fifteen gymnasts representing five central Ohio clubs qualified for the USA Gymnastics Men's Junior Olympic National Championships.
Fifteen gymnasts representing five central Ohio clubs qualified for the USA Gymnastics Men's Junior Olympic National Championships.
Hoping to boost the reputations of their respective clubs and catch the attention of college coaches, they competed May 2-5 at the Oregon Convention Center in Portland against hundreds of other upper-level competitors ages 11-18.
"It was really eye-opening to see how skilled some of these guys are," said Dennis Minton of Gahanna, a level 10 competitor from DeRon McIntyre Elite Gymnastics in Columbus. "I wasn't really sure how well I would stack up against them."
Minton competed along with six of his teammates: Chris Munneke (level 10, Delaware), Blake Martin (level 10, Upper Arlington), Kirk Williams (level 10, Upper Arlington), Dominic Sciulli, (level 9, Powell), Alexander Kasubinski (level 9, Gahanna) and Jonathan Suarez (level 8, Columbus).
Minton finished second among 16-year-olds on the rings, with his score of 28.15 only exceeded by a 28.6 from Alex Magasm of North Valley Gymnastics in Phoenix. In the all-around, Munneke finished 14th among 16-year-olds with an overall score of 154.3, with his best score in an individual event coming on the parallel bars (13.2).
Among 15-year-olds, Martin was 15th in the all-around (153.0) with his best score a 13.65 on the pommel horse.
Sciulli placed 23rd among 14-year-olds (145.15) with his highest score of 13.25 coming on floor exercise, and Kasubinski tied for 18th on the parallel bars (25.95).
Hocking Valley Gymnastics (Lancaster), Integrity Gymnastics (Plain City), Cyclone Gymnastics (Blacklick) and Midwest Gymnastics (Dublin) sent a combined five level 10 competitors and three level 9 competitors to the meet.
Leo Genders (level 10, Lancaster), Andrew Rickly (level 10, Lewis Center), Michael Burns (level 10, Baltimore), Trevor North (level 9, Johnstown) and Matthew Martin (level 9, Pickerington) competed for Hocking Valley.
In the seniors group, Rickly finished 11th after three sessions with an overall score of 82.45, which included taking third on the rings (14.9).
North finished 32nd among Junior Elite 13- and 14-year-olds with an overall score of 126.05, which included a high of 9.05 on pommel horse.
Martin finished 127th among level 9 13- and 14-year-olds with a combined score of 68.25. His highest score was a 12.55 on floor.
From Integrity Gymnastics, level 10 competitor Joseph Smith of Columbus placed 22nd in pommel horse (23.95) and 25th (24.8) in rings among 15-year-olds.
Cyclone Gymnastics' Demond Mosley, a level 10 competitor from Columbus, competed on floor, rings and pommel horse. His floor score of 13.25 tied him for 61st among 17- to 18-year-olds.
Midwest Gymnastics' Connor Welch, a level 9 competitor from Dublin, made the trip to Oregon but was unable to compete.
Martin, a senior at Columbus Academy, made his third appearance in the national meet.
"It all comes down to this one week," he said. "(After a year of training) you get to let loose and have fun."
Munneke, a senior at Olentangy, admitted he still gets nervous while competing even though he has been a gymnast for nine years.
"A lot of it is telling yourself not to be nervous, but being nervous anyway," he said.
Gymnasts like Martin, Minton and Munneke, who work with coach DeRon McIntyre, often have three-hour training sessions six days per week.
Despite fatigue and injuries -- Minton, a Gahanna senior, underwent thumb surgery last year -- McIntyre applauded the dedication of his athletes.
"It's all in their work ethic," he said. "All seven boys (who competed at nationals) have (dedicated) major time to the sport of gymnastics and it paid off."
McIntyre's workout regimen is not solely intended to improve the physical condition of his athletes, but also to prepare them for their future at the collegiate level and beyond.
"I don't just like to create gymnasts, I like to (instill) character and responsibility," he said.
With constant training, Minton said he and his teammates rely on one another.
"It was nice to have my friends and teammates to hang out with in between competition days," he said.
Martin, Minton and Munneke all hope to compete on the collegiate level, and they'll be working closely with the Ohio State gymnastics program as McIntyre Elite Gymnastics comes on board next year to form a junior-level club team.
Martin is excited to see what his future holds in the sport.
"It's just so much fun," he said. "It's that simple."


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The online store Farfisa-shop.co.uk uses COOKIE, in order to improve the operation of the store. If you do not provide your consent, change your browser settings. More...
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Alarm-Service Company has been in business since 1990.
The company's activity covers a wide range of services.
In our offer you will find the whole Farfisa's assortment, furthermore you can take the advantage of the advice of qualified consultants, as well as the services of experienced installers. We look forward to working with you!
Farfisa company is a leader in the distribution and manufacture of advanced intercom, as well as videointercom systems.
The main focus of the company is to guarantee primarily the safety and satisfaction of our customers, thus the Farfisa Company is perceived in the market as a reliable and honest partner.
Farfisa's assortment is manufactured in accordance with global standards of quality, also has the necessary certificates in force on the Polish market.
Farfisa's success is based on the selection of the best and well-known products of the highest quality in the world.
ONLINE ORDERS Orders in Farfisa-shop.co.uk can be made in several ways: - By adding a product to the cart - By sending an e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com - By filling out the contact form
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We are the official distributor of Farfisa company in our country. We offer a whole range of Farfisa's assortment, moreover you can make use of our installers services.
The following Shop Regulations sets out the rules of the sale and procurement of Farfisa products via an online storeFarfisa-shop.co.uk. The owner of the online store Farfisa-shop.co.uk is Alarm-service company with the head office based in Krakow. Manufacturers and brand names belong to their proprietors and they are presented on our website for informational purposes only and with the consent of their owners.
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Send Up the Jolly Roger!
Today is Talk Like a Pirate Day, but rather than plunder the script of the Disney Pirates ride like I usually do, I've decided to instead look at that most iconic of piratey things: the Jolly Roger.
Now, the Jolly Roger is usually a skull and crossbones on a black flag:
But when recreated on a cookie:
...it becomes a petrified Scottish Terrier.
Or maybe a French Poodle. Or German Shepherd. Irish Wolfhound? Oh! Norwegian Ridgeback! English Bulldog!!
For those less canine-inclined, there's also this option:
Those look like some real fun guys. Dude.
Here's one that'll strike fear in the hearts of witches and wizards everywhere:
No bones about it: There is now a Dark Mark on this bakery's record. Tsk, tsk.
And if you think that'd be better without all the airbrushing...
You'd be right.
But it also kind of looks like a moose.
And finally, my personal favorite:
The Jolly Roger from American Dad.
Relax; I'm sure he means you no harrrrrrm.
Thanks to Alana F., Cheryl L., Melissa F., Roxanne B., & Robin H. for all the pirated material. Now, chocolate moose, anyone?


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Planet Water needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 1063 designs submitted by 256 freelance designers.
We are Planet Water Foundation - a non-profit, international development organization focused on bringing clean, safe water to disadvantaged communities in the developing world.
We focus our projects toward schools and rural villages where we impact lives through the installation of water purification systems and educational programs on proper water-health and hygiene practices.
Our water projects not only impact the health and well being of many people, but also have an immediate impact on the lives of women and girls who typically walk hours a day collecting water. By having access to clean water, women can focus their time on activities to enrich their lives, and girls will be able to replace their water buckets with school books!
You can get a feel for our work and projects via the following links:
Our target audience are:
(1) Corporations who may support our cause through sponsoring our water projects
(2) Major non-profit organizations (NGOs) who may work with us in deploying water projects in developing countries
(3) The general public, and individual donors who may be interested in supporting our cause and the work of Planet Water Foundation.
We are looking for a complete logo redesign. You can see our existing logo on our website at http://www.planetwaterfoundation.org
We are open and flexible on colors, but as a water charity, would see a logical association with shades of blue.
We would like our logo to look good on a white or dark (i.e. black) background.
It would be good to have a simple, fresh, and crisp logo - one that can be easily identifiable and well associated with our charity.
The logo should also look good in a reduced (small) format - i.e. on the back of a water bottle as part of partnership campaign.
The logo should create a modern feel, perhaps a bit edgy, exciting, and be attractive to a younger generation of followers.
We would like the logo to iterate with and without the word 'Foundation'. We are open to considering discontinuing the use of 'Foundation' in our logo.
We are also open to ideas other than a 'water drop' - i.e. iconography depicting elements of accessing water in the developing world - water buckets, pumps, carrying water, etc.
Have fun, be creative, and help us position Planet Water in an exciting and impactful way!
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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When Bank of America announced that it would charge customers a $5 monthly debit-card fee in late September, it probably did not count on a 22-year-old woman standing in its way. But for Molly Katchpole, a 2011 college graduate who works two part-time jobs in Washington, D.C., and lives paycheck to paycheck, the annual increase of $60 was just plain unacceptable. "I heard the news about the fee and was like, 'That is it. I'm sick of this,' " says the daughter of a Rhode Island machinist and a physical therapist. "On the one hand, they are running a business, but on the other hand, it is people's money they are working with, and some people don't have a lot of money. It's not like they are just selling toothbrushes it goes much deeper than that."
So Katchpole turned to Change.org, an online platform that publishes petitions and mobilizes community campaigns. Her open letter to Bank of America to withdraw the fee went viral. She closed her Bank of America account, cutting up her debit card on camera, and moved her money to a community bank. Americans flooded her with support. One month and 306,000 signatures later, she won: Bank of America removed the charge on Nov. 1.
Katchpole's success testifies to the power not just of protest but of social media's growing power to create solidarity. "Ten years ago if this had happened, what would Molly have done? Molly would have been mad, she would have been frustrated, and she would have quietly and meekly gone and moved her account to a community bank. That would have been it," says Change.org founder and CEO Ben Rattray. "With social media, it's actually possible to connect other people and to build a lobbying group of customers for any business and any social institution."
Since it started four years ago, Change.org has made possible over 50,000 petitions in more than 30 countries. Some 500,000 new users join the site every month, 1,000-plus campaigns are added each week and at least one petition achieves victory every day. But Katchpole's campaign has been the largest yet. The site's growth began to explode about one year ago, when organizers made a decision to shift emphasis away from giant, catchall campaigns that lobbied President Obama or Congress to manageable projects that focused on local community problems. From baseball fans asking the San Francisco Giants to make an "It Gets Better" video to South African lesbians fighting the practice of "corrective" rape, Change.org petitions have become a unique way to harness discontent worldwide, be it social, economic or political. "It is not enough just to be angry, and it's not enough just to tweet," says Rattray. "You have to coordinate people."
Across the nation, financial and political frustration has spawned a rush of petitions to effect change many Americans feel like Congress can't. Bank of America previously faced the Change.org hot seat this summer when a Seattle woman won her fight to keep the company from foreclosing on her home. Foreclosure petitions, usually started by older people, were one of two trends Change.org noticed this year. Deportation cases for undocumented students, usually started by younger folk, was the other. Dozens of students have had their deportation canceled as friends and family used the platform to bring attention to their situation.
Many of the nation's largest banks, including Bank of America, JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo, considered imposing debit-card fees to make up for financial losses after Congress's Dodd-Frank Act and Durbin amendment restricted them from nickel-and-diming retailers. But Katchpole says that does not let them off the hook for doing the same thing to customers. "People kept trying to explain it along the way. I'm really tired of the lack of thought of people in charge of things," she explains, recalling how a Bank of America executive called her to explain the fee. "The reason these acts were passed was because of a lack of responsibility on the part of the banks. So no, I'm not going to go after Congress. I'm going to go after the banks, because they are the ones that screwed this up in the first place."
Bank of America has not said whether Katchpole's petition prompted its decision to remove the $5 charge. "We received a great deal of feedback from customers, from community stakeholders and from interested parties. In light of that feedback, and in light of the competitive conditions in the marketplace, we decided not to proceed with the fee," company spokesman Ernesto Anguilla said. All other top national banks have also halted plans for a fee.
As for Katchpole whose hero, she says, is Hillary Clinton she is down to just one job, as a political-communications freelancer, after the family she nannied for moved a couple of weeks ago. Yet she remains hopeful. After all, she did help push one of the nation's largest banks to change its policies. "It does really give me a sense of empowerment," she says.


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My bookcase is resembling the Leaning Tower of Pisa. It's not a very sturdy piece of furniture to begin with, and under the weight of all my cookbooks it has begun to lean more and more to the left, about an 1/8 of an inch each day for the past week. There's probably a loose screw in the back. Every time I remove a book or put one back on the shelf, it makes a creak that says "I'm going to topple at any second". Either I buy a new bookcase, stat, or stop purchasing cookbooks.
Buying a new bookcase was the easier option. While I wait for a new bookcase to be delivered (a nice sturdy mahogany one), I've had to momentarily suspend cookbook buying. Unfortunately, because the Brooklyn Public Library does such a good job of stocking up on newish tomes, my piles continue to grow.
Thanks to the library, my favorite cookbook discovery from the past month was actually published in 2008. And it's not Chinese.
Martha Hall Foose's Screen Doors and Sweet Tea: Recipes and Tales from a Southern Cook makes me want to rent a car and take a road trip to the Mississippi Delta right this second. (And I absolutely hate car rental lots and long drives.) I love the author's story-like headnotes for her recipes that make me want to try my hand at everything from Duck and Sausage Gumbo to Sweet Tea Pie. I will just let that sink in for a moment. Sweet Tea. In pie form. How can that be anything but amazing?
How this is all relevant to a Chinese food blog is that the author has a recipe called Chinese Grocery Roast Pork. She states in the headnote:
By the early twentieth century, the Mississippi Delta was home to a large community of Chinese Americans. As plantation commissaries began to close, more cash was circulated and the need grew for independent grocers. In 1920 the city of Greenville reportedly had 12 paved streets, 20 trains stopped there a day, and there were 50 Chinese grocery stores. Several families still run fourth- and fifth-generation groceries in tiny towns scattered across the Delta.
Many versions of this red-tinged pork have been cooked on stoves in the back of family-run groceries in the area for years and years.
I was very curious to see how this recipe would differ from my standard recipe for Cantonese Roast Pork and the next day lugged home a Boston butt. You can also opt for a picnic shoulder, but I find that the big shoulder blade bone helps keep the meat moist during the roasting process. The first thing that's different is that in my family, whether for time or space concerns, we usually roast pork belly and reserve shoulders for braises. (Maybe pork shoulder was just more widely available in 1920's Mississippi.) This recipe also calls for cinnamon and star anise, which add a nice, subtle flavoring to the sweetened sauce.
Both the Boston butt and picnic shoulder require 4 to 4/12 hours of roasting, instead of a meager 1 hour for pork belly. However, because you'll be continuously basting after the first half hour, there is no need to marinate the meat. You loosen the skin without fully taking it off, and the fat from the skin will keep the top of the roast moist and flavorful. I found that my skin started to blacken close to the end, so I just covered it with tin foil for the rest of the time and basted only the sides.
It was a fun experiment, and an excellent way to make a lot of pork at once if you have the entire afternoon free. I will also mention, though, that your apartment, hair, and clothes may smell like roast pork for the rest of the day, no matter how much you try to air them all out. Whether those are added perks is up to the cook.
Chinese Grocery Roast Pork
Serves 6 to 8
- 3 pounds picnic shoulder of pork or Boston butt
- 1 tablespoon vegetable oil
- 4 scallions, green parts discarded and whites chopped
- 2 cloves garlic, minced
- 1-inch piece fresh ginger, peeled and grated
- 1 cup soy sauce
- 1/2 cup dry sherry
- 1/2 cup rice vinegar
- 1 tablespoon hoisin sauce
- 1 tablespoon honey
- 2 tablespoons light brown sugar
- 1 star anise
- 2-inch piece cinnamon stick
- 1/4 teaspoon five-spice powder
- Preheat the oven to 325 degrees F.
- Loosen the skin on the pork shoulder without removing it.
- In a small bowl, stir together the ingredients for the sauce. Set aside.
- In a Dutch oven or roasting pan, heat the oil over medium heat. Add the onions, garlic, and ginger and cook until just aromatic, about 1 minute. Add the sauce and simmer for 1 minute. Add 1 cup of water and bring the liquid to a boil, then reduce to a simmer.
- Carefully place the pork shoulder in the liquid and turn several times to coat it with the sauce. Transfer the pan to the the oven. Cook for 30 minutes undisturbed, then baste the meat with the looking liquid every 20 minutes until the internal temperature is 185 degrees F, about 4 to 4 1/2 hours.
- Transfer the pork to a cutting pork and allow it to rest for 10 minutes. Thinly slice the pork, transfer the sliced meat to a serving platter, and pour the pan juices over the meat. Serve with rice and/or cabbage.
Other pork recipes to try:
Red-Cooked Pork (Hongshao rou)
Cantonese Roast Pork (Char Siu)
Twice-Cooked Pork (Huiguo rou)


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Carroll County Park dawned bright and beautiful to welcomed folks with good walking shoes the last Saturday of September. Sixty walkers came out to "walk the talk" in support of the Big Brothers Big Sisters Walk for Kids' Sake. Countless others throughout the area—individuals and churches, small business and corporate management—backed the walkers with generous financial donations. Money collected for Big Brothers Big Sisters of Carroll County totaled more than $10,000 at the end of the day.
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Tampa Bay Buccaneers running back LeGarrette Blount started the second preseason game over first-round draft pick Doug Martin in what has been one of the most closely-watched position battles of training camp.
An injury potentially could decide the winner.
Blount left Friday night's game with a groin injury. He stayed on the ground for a while and limped off the field gingerly, not putting much pressure on his leg. Trainers examined him on the sideline before taking Blount off the field.
Martin looked terrific splitting first-team snaps with Blount against the Tennessee Titans. He made defenders miss and picked the right holes in short yardage. If Blount's injury is serious, Martin is going to get a lot of work in the coming weeks.
UPDATE: Blount told the Tampa Bay Times on Saturday the injury is related to his groin, and that it is not serious.
"I just took a hit on the side. It just tweaked my groin a little bit. It's not a serious injury," Blount said. "I'll be back soon. I'll be good."


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Local photographer / filmmaker Brendan Pike shot some excellent video last night of the Chelsea Berry Band rocking the North Shore Music Theatre "like nobody has ever done before," as one long-time theatre-goer exclaimed after the show.
Of course you are among the very first people to see this raw footage because you're an FOB! And as soon as we have more to share (Brendan shot Chelsea's entire set), you'll be first to see that video too.
Tomorrow will rock with a New Orleans flavor when Aaron Neville takes the stage with Henri Smith opening — There are still tickets left (get them here), and, as you can tell by this video, which was shot from behind the LAST ROW, all seats are good seats. No; make that GREAT seats. And the sound is spectacular!
Weather is clear and looks perfect for the evening, so get out to Fiesta and party! Over a dozen great choices for live music in town tonight. Check out the full live music schedule here.


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A collection of orphan instance declarations for Monoids that should eventually be pushed back down to the source packages.
Every package that uses these instances includes this package internally.
This module is automatically included everywhere this functionality is required within this package. You should only have to import this module yourself if you want these instances for your own purposes.
|Produced by Haddock version 2.4.1


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hci g
hci g
Special | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | ALL
A term in a notational system or other information artifact that is defined with reference to the primitive concepts of the system, or with reference to other abstractions that are ultimately defined by primitives. It is frequently used to aggregate many instances, so that all can be manipulated by a single action; thus, a heading style is a typical word-processor abstraction defined in terms of font properties, and all its instances can be altered by altering its definition.
abstraction hierarchy
A hierarchical description of the functional structure of a work domain, in which work-domain purposes are related to underlying physical structures. Also referred to as a structural means-ends hierarchy because links between adjacent levels connect ends (upper nodes) to means (lower nodes).
The latest in a series of computational cognitive architectures developed by John Anderson and colleagues. ACT-RPM contains architectural mechanisms for cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance and learning. It was one of the architectures reviewed in Pew & Mavor (1998). More information about this series of architectures can be found in Anderson (1976, 1983, 1993) and Byrne & Anderson (2001).
A lower level of organization in human endeavor, including simple gestures and other motor behavior.
The significant and typically collective endeavors of humans. It is the fundamental concept in activity theory, which conceives of activity as conducted through individual actions and mediated by artifacts. In the cognitive-dimensions framework, an activity is likewise a significant endeavor conducted through individual actions, but six generic types of activity are distinguished (e.g., search, design, etc.); at present, only individual interaction with information artifacts is considered.
adaptationism, adaptationist approach
The thesis that selection pressures have been the most powerful cause of evolution; a useful methodological heuristic is to assume that biological and behavioral structures are the results of adaptation to the environment.
Perceptual characteristics of an object that make it obvious what the object can do and how it can be manipulated.
According to the theory of James J. Gibson, these are directly perceived possibilities for action in the environment.
analog representations
Representations that share the structure of the things they represent. For example, a picture is an analog representation. See also propositional representations.
analytic evaluation
usability evaluation based on a careful analysis or theoretical modeling of user interface features, usually carried out by usability experts
The investigation of social structure, social relationships, and individual social action through an emphasis on culture—originally "other cultures" but increasingly the emphasis is on "home" cultures.
considering machines (especially computers) as if they have human capabilities or responsibilities
A computational architecture using resource scheduling and reactive planning (techniques from artificial intelligence). More information can be found in Freed (1998). It has been used as a GOMS modeling tool (John, 2002; Remington, et al., 2002).
A diverse class of human-created systems, applications, tools, and conventions, including language and mathematics, that mediate human activity. Artifacts are the products of prior human activity; they both enable and constrain current human activity, and their use helps to orient the design of future artifacts. An information artifact (as used in the cognitive-dimensions framework) is an artifact designed to store, create, present, or manipulate information, whether noninteractive (e.g., a book or a map) or interactive (e.g., a spreadsheet or a heating controller).
automatic cognitive processes
Processes that are relatively quick and effortless, requiring little attention or monitoring. Well-practiced skills, like walking and driving, or signing one's name, are examples of automatic cognitive processes. See also controlled cognitive processes.
an icon or other visual depiction used to represent the user in an information display
bounded rationality
The idea, from Herbert Simon (e.g., Simon, 1982), that human agents are rational in that they act so as to meet their goals according to their knowledge; they are only boundedly rational, however, in that they cannot necessarily compute ideal, optimal decisions. Instead, their decisions are bounded by environmental constraints on their performance (such as the need to act quickly), interacting with limits on access to knowledge and limits on the ability to process relevant information.
See cognitive complexity theory.
a structured collection of information that acts as a single unit with respect to storage and information processing capacity
claims analysis
An analytic evaluation method involving the identification of scenario features that have significant positive and negative usability consequences.
claims feature
An element of a situation or an interactive system that has positive or negative consequences for people in this or similar situations.
The original version of GOMS created by Card, Moran, and Newell (1980a). The "CMN" was added before "GOMS" when other versions of GOMS began to appear (e.g., CPM-GOMS and NGOMSL), to differentiate the specific representation used by Card, Moran, and Newell from the concepts in GOMS.
cognitive architecture
The fixed structure that realizes a cognitive system. It typically decribes the memories and processors in a cognitive system and how information flows between them. This is in contrast to the knowledge laid on top of an architecture to allow it to perform a task in a particular domain.
cognitive artifact
A manmade or modified tool to support mental activity. Examples include number systems, slide rules, navigational charts, and even language itself. While generally applied to a single individual, within the framework of DCog, a cognitive artifact is also a tool that supports the coordination of information processing between entities within a functional system.
cognitive complexity theory (CCT)
A computational cognitive architecture introduced by Kieras and Polson in the 1980s and used as the basis for NGOMSL. It was realized in a production system. More information can be found in Bovair, Kieras, & Polson, 1988, 1990; Kieras & Polson, 1985.
cognitive dimension
A characteristic of the way information is structured and represented—one that is shared by many notations and interaction languages of different types and, by its interaction with the human cognitive architecture, that has a strong influence on how people use the notation and determines what cognitive strategies can be pursued. Any pair of dimensions can be manipulated independently of each other, although typically a third dimension must be allowed to change (pairwise independence). (More exactly, a cognitive dimension is not solely a characteristic of the notation, but a joint characteristic of the notation and the environment in which the notation is used, whether based on paper and pencil or computer or even based on voice and sound.) Examples such as viscosity, premature commitment, and others are defined in the text. Note that in the cognitive-dimensions framework, dimensions are not evaluative per se, but only in relation to a particular type of activity; for example, viscosity is a problem for modification activities but not for transcription activities. See also cognitive-dimensions framework.
cognitive engineering
A multidisciplinary area of research concerned with the analysis, modeling, design, and evaluation of complex sociotechnical systems. It is sometimes also called cognitive systems engineering.
cognitive ethnography
A qualitative method of data collection used by DCog researchers based around observation. It is "cognitive" because it focuses on computational information transformations within a functional system.
cognitive science
The scientific project dedicated to understanding the processes and representations underlying intelligent action.
cognitive walkthrough
an expert critique of a user interface that involves simulating the use of a system and analyzing possible problems in goal selection, planning, or action execution
cognitive work analysis
An approach to analyzing human work that focuses on how effective courses of action are constrained by both ecological and cognitive considerations.
cognitive-dimensions framework
This states the pertinent values of cognitive dimensions that are required to support a given type of activity, and thereby provides a means to evaluate an information artifact.
Maintains a Cartesian dualism, attributing human conduct to the operation of mental predicates. Often associated with a computational theory of mind, it is a predominate paradigm within human-computer interaction (HCI).
command language
a structured set of expressions that a computer interprets as requests for information and services
common ground
Some piece of knowledge is common ground if all the people conversing know it and they all know that the others know it, too. (See the text for a more formal and comprehensive definition.)
complexity theory
The study of how much time or resources are required to compute things. The complexity of an algorithm or problem is typically measured relative to the size of the problem, n, and expressed in order notation. For example, a time complexity of O(n2) means that the time it takes to perform the calculation increases with the square of the problem size.
computational equivalence
Two representations that, in addition to being informationally equivilent, make the same information equally readily accessible. See also informational equivalence.
computational metaphor (of cognition)
Hutchins (1995a, 117) defines a "computation" as referring to "the propagation of representational state across representational media." The computational metaphor is the position taken that cognition is a form of computation, and that mental state is encoded analogously to computer representations. The term "metaphor." Within cognitive science, the computational metaphor is also known as the "representational theory of mind," in which computations are actions on representations. DCog claims that the computational metaphor can be applied to a unit of analysis broader than an individual's mind (i.e., the functional system).
computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW)
The design of systems to support interaction and cooperative working. It emerged in the late 1980s as a result of dissatisfactions with the predominantly cognitivist paradigm employed in human-computer interaction (HCI) and in recognition of the importance of questions regarding organizations, work, and interaction for the design of computer systems.
conceptual framework
A structure describing the concepts in a cognitive system, less specific than a cognitive architecture.
In the context of cognitive work analysis, factors that limit, but do not prescribe, how effective work activity might be carried out.
control task analysis
A way of analyzing work that focuses on the control that must be exercised over a work domain and the tasks implied to exercise such control. An analytic phase of cognitive work analysis.
controlled cognitive processes
Processes that require monitoring and effort or attention during their execution. See also automatic cognitive processes.
conversation analysis
Originated by Harvey Sacks, this is often coupled with ethnomethodology and is the study of the way in which conversationalists order and accomplish their exchange of speech with each other as a situated and locally organized matter.
conversational agents
software agents that are interact with the user using natural language and that are often given a human-like appearance
cost structure of information
An analysis of the resource and opportunity costs involved in accessing and handling information from a physical or virtual information system.
A version of GOMS developed by John in the 1980s that explicitly joined GOMS to the model human processor. It included perceptual and motor operators as well as cognitive operators. Perceptual, cognitive, and motor operators could run in parallel, subject to resource and information dependencies. More information can be found in Gray, John, & Atwood, 1993; John 1988, 1990; John & Gray, 1992, 1994, 1995.
critical path
The path through subtasks (operators) in a PERT chart that determines the length of the total task. Used in CPM-GOMS.
See computer-supported cooperative work.
The form of distributed cognition developed by Hutchins in the early 1990s. It is distinguished from other uses of the term distributed cognition by its explicitly computational perspective on goal-based activity systems.
descriptive model
A model that describes how a system or person behaves and that provides a framework or context for thinking about or describing a problem or situation. Usually based on data gained through empirical observation, it is often little more than a verbal or graphic articulation of categories or identifiable features in an interface.
Encompasses activities and actions directed at producing new artifacts. Design work is collective and multidisciplinary. It often includes professional designers, technologists, and future users of the artifacts.
design rationale
Arguments for why (or why not) a feature or set of features should be incorporated into a design.
direct manipulation
a user interface style in which system objects are represented visually and can be manipulated in ways analogous to how objects are manipulated in the real world (e.g., pointing, grabbing, dragging)
direct perception
The theory of James J. Gibson that claims that the visual environment is perceived "directly," as opposed to being indirectly inferred from sense data.
ecological interface design
An approach to interface design that uses Rasmussen's abstraction hierarchy and skills-rules-knowledge framework to specify interfaces that support adaptive human operator behavior in the face of events or situations that systems designers did not anticipate.
A computational cognitive architecture introduced by Kieras in the late 1990s. EPIC is known for computationally implementing perceptual and motor processes. More information can be found in Kieras & Meyer, 1997; Meyer & Kieras, 1997a, 1997b.
Originating in the anthropology of Bronislaw Malinowski, this has come to mean the study of cultural and societal matters from inside their operations. It is associated with fieldwork, which emphasizes the importance of participatory methods for collecting data about social phenomena.
Founded by Harold Garfinkel, this is an alternate sociology that eschews the predominantly theoretical caste of sociology in favor of studies of the way in which social order is attested to, constituted, and used within the practical doings of societal members. Ethnomethodological studies of work have focused on the situated practices, methods, and interactions through which members order their work.
information generated and communicated by a computer system in response to input from the user; typically it is provided to guide or confirm task-relevant behavior
Fitts' Law
A predictive model of human movement developed by Paul Fitts in the 1950s. The model predicts the time for rapid aimed movements, that is, the time to acquire a target of a specified size at a specified distance.
A concept used in focus shift analysis. It deals with the objects of work as the anchoring point of identifying the level of human action. A focus shift draws attention to the shift between one level of action and another. It indicates the dynamics of the situation that is the main point of concern.
formal methods
In computing, this refers to the use of specification and analysis methods based on algebraic or set theoretic mathematical methods. It does not encompass all uses of mathematical analysis in computing, but it is principally applied to those concerned with the formal specification of discrete systems.
formal specification
See formal methods.
A philosophy or practice that focuses on the manipulation of surface representations or symbols with a disregard for the underlying semantics and meaning. This may be as a strong philosophical stance or it may be because it is believed that, in a certain situation and for a particular end, the symbols capture faithfully the underlying meaning.
formative model
A model that identifies requirements that must be satisfied so that a system can behave in a new, desired way if needed.
functional system
The functional system is the unit of intelligent activity that is analyzed in DCog; it may be composed of a collection of any number of individuals and artifacts. It is bounded by the problem, and it includes all of the entities that compose the problem space and which are involved in problem solving.
The "G" in GOMS, goals are what the user is trying to achieve through interaction with the computer system
GOMS is an analytic technique for making quantitative and qualitative predictions about skilled behavior with a computer system. The acronym stands for goals, operators, methods, and selection rules.
The process by which common ground is developed.
Guiard's model of bimanual control
A model that describes the roles of the hands in performing tasks that typically involved two hands, one being dominant or preferred and the other being nondominant or nonpreferred.
Gulf of Evaluation
the psychological distance between what is displayed by a computer and the user's understanding of how it relates to current task goals
Gulf of Execution
the psychological distance between the task goals of a user and the actions required to achieve these goals with a computer system
A standard operator in a keystroke-level model (KLM), H represents the act of homing the hands between input devices, such as between the keyboard and the mouse. It was empirically determined to take 400 msec by Card, Moran, and Newell (1980b, 1983).
halting problem
Early in computing theory, it was established that it was impossible to produce a program that can reliably tell whether any program will eventually halt (rather than run forever). As well as its intrinsic significance, this is typical of a range of impossibility results that establish the fundamental limitations of computation.
heuristic evaluation
a user interface critiquing process carried out by experts with usability guidelines
hidden dependencies
Important but invisible links between entities in the cognitive dimensions framework. Frequently the links are visible in one direction but not in the other (cell dependencies in spreadsheets, for example). See the text for more details.
Human short term memory
It has been shown that humans' short term memory contain 7 plus or minus 2 units. That is, it is not very big. In addition, short term memory is really short.
human-computer interaction
situations in which people understand and make requests of a software system, and the system interprets and responds to these requests
hypothetical stakeholders
imaginary persons with characteristics that are typical of a stakeholder group, developed to serve as actors in analysis and design scenarios
It is usually a pictorial representation (Merriam-Webster online dictionary). An icon can be a metaphor when such a metaphor is appropriate. When a metaphor cannot be found for an icon, the design of such an icon will take special effort in term of user testing.
information artifact
See artifact.
information processing
Within cognitive science, problem solving is seen as an information-processing activity [See computational metaphor (of cognition)], in which encoded information is acted on and transformed in the resolution of a goal held by a cognitive entity.
information psychophysics
The application of visual psychophysical techniques to perception of information conveyed through a visual representation.
information scent
The relation of environmental cues in the environment (such as bibliographic citations, or World Wide Web link text) to users' assessments of the value of information sources.
information visualizations
The use of computer-supported, interactive, visual representations of abstract data to amplify cognition.
information-foraging theory
A framework that employs an adaptationist methodology to develop quantitative and computational psychological models of user strategies for seeking, gathering, and consuming information.
informational equivalence
Two representations that contain the same information. See also computational equivalence.
a technique used in object-oriented programming to share attributes and behavior among related classes; superclasses specify common behaviors, and subclasses extend the superclasses with specialized attributes or behaviors
interaction design (ID)
mechanisms for accessing and manipulating the elements of an information design to facilitate the user's goal selection, action planning, and action execution
interaction language
The commands used to instruct an interactive information artifact such as a word processor or a heating controller. These commands are a form of notation, but typically what the user can see as feedback is the effect of the command rather than the command itself. For example, in a word processor's interaction language, giving the command Delete Word deletes a word; in the same word processor's macro language, however, giving the same command Delete Word inserts the appropriate symbols into a program. See also notation.
joint action
Both people involved in a joint action intend to do their part and believe that the joint action includes their and the other person's part. (See the text for a more formal and comprehensive definition.)
A level of visibility (in the cognitive-dimensions framework) at which any required subset of components can be viewed simultaneously. It is an essential requirement for certain cognitive strategies, such as design by modification of existing material, or for checking consistency of form across instances of similar components. See also visibility.
A standard operator in a keystroke-level model (KLM), K represents the act of striking a key on an input device like a keyboard or a mouse. The duration depends on the device and the skill of the user. A variety of quantitative estimates can be found in Card, Moran, and Newell (1980b, 1983).
keystroke-level model (KLM)
The simplest GOMS technique. It provides standard keystroke-level operators (D, H, K, M, P, and R) with estimates of duration and rules for placing the M (mental) operators. It abstracts away from the goal hierarchy, multiple methods, and selection rules found in other GOMS techniques. More information can be found in Card, Moran, and Newell (1980b, 1983).
See keystroke-level model.
latent semantic analysis (LSA)
A statistical theory and method of identifying word meaning through analysis of context of word use.
learning as development
A view of learning that emphasizes the triggering and maturation of skills (versus their acquisition through practice). Some versions construe this as biologically prefigured (Piaget), and others construe it as socially mediated (Vygotsky). In this view, people are not understood not only in terms of what they are but in terms of what they are becoming.
See latent semantic analysis
A standard operator in a keystroke-level model (KLM), M represents the act of mentally preparing to execute a command. M is a "catch-all" operator that may include such unobservable actions as making a decision, remembering a procedure or command, visually searching for information, and so on. Because M encompasses all such actions, it is a powerful approximation to human decision making that makes the KLM a relatively easy modeling method to use. M was empirically determined to average 1350 msec by Card, Moran, and Newell (1980b, 1983).
mediated communication
Human-to-human communication may be mediated by technology—for example, by telephone or video phone, by text chat, or by email.
mental model
A cognitive structure of concepts and procedures that users refer to when selecting relevant goals, choosing and executing appropriate actions, and understanding what happens when they interact with a computer system (or other tool).
It is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them (defined by Merriam-Webster online dictionary). Designers of graphical user interfaces often use well know objects as interface metaphors to give users an indication of how interface objects will behave. For example, an image of a trash has been adopted to indicate the operation of deleting files.
Notice metaphors can be non-visual, such as in the saying "surfing the web." Here the word surfing is a metaphor.
The "M" in "GOMS," methods are well-learned sequences of subgoals and operators that can accomplish a goal. There may be more than one method to accomplish a goal. If so, then selection rules are used to determine which method to use in the current task situation.
See model human processor
when an inappropriate system goal is selected and pursued
An simplified expression of reality that is helpful for designing, evaluating, or understanding the behavior of a complex artifact such as a computer system.
model human processor (MHP)
The information-processing cognitive architecture introduced by Card, Moran, and Newell in 1983. It was never realized in a computational form, but it sufficiently specified its memories, processors, communications, and principles of operation that some quantitative predictions of human behavior could be derived. The MHP was merged with GOMS through CPM-GOMS.
MOO (multi-user domain object-oriented)
A MUD in which the characters, their behavior, and all other services are built and extended using an object-oriented programming language.
motor control
A branch of experimental psychology concerned with the study of human movement.
MUD(multi-user domain)
A persistent collaborative environment that is modeled on a geographic space.
A version of GOMS that is computationally realized in a tool called GLEAN. NGOMSL stands for Natural GOMS Language, and was developed by Kieras in the mid-1980s. More information can be found in Kieras (1997) and Kieras, et al. (1995).
nonfunctional requirements
Qualities of a system under development that are not directly related to its function, such as maintainability or reliability.
normative model
A model that identifies one or a few best ways for a system or person to behave. The model usually offers a criterion or criteria against which to evaluate behavior.
A system of symbols used in specialized fields to represent facts or values (as in a circuit diagram) or to give instructions (as in a programming language), usually subject to rules of combination and ordering ("syntax"). Although the symbols are discrete, there may be an admixture of analog features (relative placement of components in a circuit diagram, or layout of text in a program). This is a wider definition than that of Nelson Goodman's (1968), for example, but it is more typical of conventional usage. Notations may be persistent (written down) or transient (spoken or otherwise fleeting). See also interaction language.
The "O" in "GOMS," operators are the actions that the software allows the user to take. Operators can be defined at many different levels of abstraction, but most GOMS models define them at a concrete level, like button presses and menu selections.
A standard operator in a keystroke-level model (KLM), P represents the act of pointing, that is, moving a cursor with a mouse. It was empirically determined to average 1100 msec by Card, Moran, and Newell (1980b, 1983), but it can also be calculated with Fitts' Law.
participatory design
A design movement primarily associated with Scandinavia, in which future users of the artifacts being designed participate in the original design work.
PERT chart
Program Evaluation Review Technique, a methodology developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1950s to manage the Polaris submarine missile program. A similar methodology, the Critical Path Method (CPM), which was developed for project management in the private sector at about the same time, has become synonymous with PERT, so that the technique is known by any variation on the names: PERT, CPM, or PERT/CPM. These methods are used in cognitive modeling to depict the parallel operation of perceptual, cognitive, and motor operators, with resource allocation and information-flow constraints.
PIE model
An example of an abstract formal model—that is, one that is used to analyze a class of systems and usability problems rather than specifying a particular system. The PIE model was developed at York University in the mid-1980s and was one of the first steps in a new stream of formal method work in human-computer interaction (HCI) that began at that time. See: http://www.hcibook.com/alan/topics/formal/
Something (a physical artifact, electronic record, or human memory) that explicitly or tacitly maintains the current position within a formal or informal process. See: http://www.hcibook.com/alan/topics/triggers/
a technique used during the design of interactive systems in which the designer adopts a computational perspective on the task objects in a scenario.
When being trained as a carpenter or a nurse, for example, one shares a practice. At the same time, each individual who possesses a practice keeps it up and changes it as well. It is practice that allows us to talk about more than just individual skills, knowledge, and judgment, and not just about a "generic" human being. Practice is shaped historically, which is of particular relevance for design and use of computer applications.
preattentive processing
The rapid detection of visual features theorized to occur in parallel before the operation of selective attention.
predictive model
A model that allows metrics of human performance to be determined analytically without undertaking time-consuming and resource-intensive experiments.
Problem Behavior Graph
A graphical depiction of search through a problem space.
problem solving
Searching through a problem space from a known start state to a desired end state, or one of a set of desired end states, applying operators of uncertain outcome to move from state to state. Problem solving typically refers to a path through the problem space that includes explorations of deadend paths and backing up to prior states. (see skilled behavior for a contrasting type of behavior)
problem space
A mental representation of a problem, including the start state, the goal state, and the operators or moves that allow transitions between states. According to Newell and Simon's (1972) theory of problem solving, humans solve problems by constructing and searching a problem space.
procedural knowledge
Also called "how to do it" knowledge. The knowledge of which operators to perform to move from a known start state to a desired state in a problem space.
Production system
A programming language made up of conditional statements. If all conditions are satisfied, then action is taken.
In cognitive-dimensions analysis, a statement of what is required (in cognitive-dimensions terms) to support a given generic activity. The profile of an activity states for each cognitive dimension whether that dimension is material and, if so, what value it should have (e.g., for modification, viscosity must be low, visibility must be high, etc.).
progressive evaluation
In the cognitive-dimensions framework, the ability to review or test a partially complete structure, to check on progress to date it is important for novices, and becomes less so as one gains experience. Some systems allow only a complete design to be reviewed; others allow a review at any stage.
propagation of representations
A component of information-processing activity in which sequences of transformations from one representational form (or medium) to another result in information-processing activity. Hutchins claims that "representational states are propagated from one medium to another by bringing the states of the media into coordination with one another" (1995a, 117).
propositional representations
Representations that have a more-or-less arbitrary structure; for example, a word or a sentence in a natural language. See also analog representations.
an operational model of a design or software development proposal, usually created for testing and feedback purposes
A standard operator in a keystroke-level model (KLM), R represents the time a user spends waiting for the computer to respond. Only the time actually spent waiting—beyond any mental preparation time (M)—is included in R. R must be estimated for each computer system modeled.
This can be seen as encoded information, either as a symbolic abstraction of a thing (classical cognitive science), or as a distributed set of nodes (PDP) that, together, have meaning. According to the representational theory of mind, human brains operate on symbolic representations, or codes. DCog extends this to show how transformations to representations need not be entirely symbolic, but may be enacted through manipulations on physical media that have a representational status (e.g., a navigational chart or a drawing).
representational state
This is defined by Hutchins (1995a, 117) as "a configuration of the elements in a medium that can be interpreted as a representation." Problem solving occurs by successive rerepresentations of the problem (i.e., a representation of the problem) through a series of intermediate representational states into a solution (i.e., a representation of the solution). DCog researchers attempt to make the representational state of a functional system explicit and document how changes to its representational state result in goal-directed problem-solving activity.
requirements specification
a document listing and describing the features that a system under development is expected to provide
A narrative or story that describes the activities of one or more persons, including information about goals, expectations, actions, and reactions.
schedule chart
The graphic depiction of a PERT or CPM chart.
secondary notation
In the cognitive-dimensions framework, extra information in means other than formal syntax. Examples include layout in programs and circuit diagrams and penciled annotations on music. See the text for more details.
selection rules
The "S" in GOMS, selection rules are the rules people use to choose between multiple methods that accomplish the same goal. They typically depend on characteristics of the task or user's personal preferences or knowledge.
set theory
One of the foundations of nearly all mathematics and formalism in computing is the manipulation of sets (unordered collections of things) and functions.
situated action
One can plan to descend a set of rapids in a canoe, and one can plan and replan as one goes along, but one cannot (successfully) plan the descent and then merely execute the actions. Suchman, in her 1986 book "Plans and situated actions", analyzed action as necessarily improvisational. Actions are undertaken in response to the constantly changing physical and social environment. An important consequence of this is to make plans and planning a resource for action, and not simply as the determinant of action.
situation model
A mental model derived from a text that represents what the text is about.
skilled behavior
Movement through a problem space by applying a known operator at every state, from a known start state to a known end state. (see problem solving for a contrasting type of behavior).
skills-rules-knowledge framework
A taxonomy of three qualitatively distinct levels of cognitive control. An expert human operator may exhibit any or all levels of cognitive control, depending upon the situation. This is not to be confused with models that describe stages of acquiring expertise or skill.
an error that occurs during action planning or execution when an appropriate system goal was selected
A computational cognitive architecture developed by Allen Newel, John Laird, and Paul Rosenbloom in the early 1980s. It was used as the exemplar in Newell's 1990 book Unified Theories of Cognition. It has undergone continual development from its inception in many universities and has also been commercialized for complex modeling in military simulations and intelligent agents for video games. Soar was one of the architectures reviewed in Pew & Mavor (1998). More information about this series of architectures can be found in Newell (1990).
social-organizational analysis
A way of analyzing work that focuses on how work is organized and shared across people and supporting tools. It is an analytic phase of cognitive work analysis.
socially distributed cognition
This is the theoretical position that goal-directed group activity can be understood in computational terms.
socio-organizational Church-Turing hypothesis
The recognition that organizations perform, among other things an information-processing role, and the supposition that this means we are likely to see similar structural elements and processes in the physical and social aspects of the organizations as we do in electronic computers. See:http://www.hcibook.com/alan/topics/ecology/
The investigation of social structure, social relationships, and individual social action.
software logging
instrumentation of a system such that it automatically records and time-stamps user actions and system reactions
spreading activation
This is a computational process that determines activation values over a set of interassociated cognitive structures. The spread of activation from one cognitive structure to another is determined by weighting values on associations among chunks. Activation values indicate degree of relevance to ongoing cognitive processes.
any individual or organization with an interest in the process or product of an analysis or design project
In computing, this usually refers to the inner memory of a computer at a particular point of time, but more generally it is that in the present that encapsulates all that of the past that can effect things in the future.
state transition network (STN)
A representation of dynamic systems including states (usually as labeled circles or boxes) and arcs labeled by actions that form transitions between the states.
status-event analysis
A collection of informal and formal analysis techniques that focus on the differences and relationships among discrete event phenomena (e.g., a key press, a project deadline) and more continuous status phenomena (e.g., the current mouse position, the weather, the current screen display) See:http://www.hcibook.com/alan/topics/status/
See state transition network.
a graphical event-by-event enactment of all or part of a scenario, developed to communicate or analyze a user interface design; the enactment may be at a high level (e.g., major screen changes) or at a detailed level (e.g., mouse selections), depending on the usability issue being explored
strategies analysis
A way of analyzing work that focuses on different ways that a particular control task might be carried out. An analytic phase of cognitive work analysis.
A goal that must be accomplished in service of a higher-level goal. Goals are often expressed as a hierarchy of goals and several levels of subgoals. The lowest level of subgoals are accomplished through operators, which are decomposed no further.
symbolic interactionism
Originated in the social psychology of George Herbert Mead and the sociological methodology of Herbert Blumer, this places emphasis on the individual in explanations of the transactions of people and society.
syndetic modeling framework
A framework that looks at the interactions among different kinds of models—in particular, models of system behavior and models of human activity. See Barnard, May, Duke, and Duce (2000).
task analysis
Any process that identifies and examines tasks that must be performed, either by users, other agents, or the system itself, to accomplish the goals of an interactive system.
task-artifact cycle
All human artifacts both enable and constrain human activity. Human use of current artifacts thus suggests possibilities and requirements for the design of future artifacts, which in turn will ultimately both enable and constrain human activity.
An issue (often in design) that is understood to have competing arguments, usually positive and negative impacts of an option.
transfer of learning
A learning and memory phenomenon in which what is learned in one situation facilitates understanding and behavior in a similar situation.
ubiquitous computing
a term used to refer to the increasingly pervasive availability of computational processing in the world around us
the quality of an interactive computer system with respect to ease of learning, ease of use, and user satisfaction
use case
an enumeration of the complete course of events that can take place in response to some user input; the case specifies all possible interactions between the user and the system
Many human activities incorporate computer applications. In human-computer interaction (HCI), the terms useand users are applied to the common properties of computer applications in work activity, and to the people who use computer applications as part of their daily practice. These terms are somewhat unfortunate, as the people rarely construe their own activity as computer use per se or see themselves primarily as users of computer equipment.
user interface
the physical representations and procedures that are provided for viewing and interacting with the system functionality.
user interface prototype
an operational version or mock-up of a system that supports interaction between the user and the system that is used for user testing and iterative design
In the cognitive-dimensions framework, this is "resistance to change." A viscous system is one that requires many individual actions to achieve what is conceptualized as a single change. It is the opposite of fluidity. See the text for more details.
In the cognitive-dimensions framework, this is the ability to view components easily whenever necessary. See also juxtaposability.
visual working memory
A limited-capacity visual store that is distinct from verbal working memory. It is a core component of modern cognitive theory.
white space
the parts of a graphical display that contain no graphical elements
a user interface control (e.g., a menu or scroll bar), often predefined by the windowing system used to build a user interface
WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointer)
the graphical user interface style popularized by the Xerox Star and the Apple Macintosh in the 1980's
work-domain analysis
A way of analyzing work that focuses on identifying the functional structure of the work domain with which a human operator will interact (rather than identifying tasks to be performed in the work domain). An analytic phase of cognitive work analysis.
worker-competencies analysis
A way of analyzing work that focuses on the cognitive competencies required of or evident in workers, given their training, expertise, and the way information is represented to them. An analytic phase of cognitive work analysis.
yoked-state space hypothesis
The claim that users of representational devices (such as computer systems) need to mentally represent the device itself, the domain to which the device refers, and the way in which the device represents the domain. See Payne, Squibb, and Howes (1993).
Z notation
A particular notation for formal specification developed principally at Programming Research Group Oxford University. It is based on set theory, with mechanisms to allow large specifications to be separated into parts and structured. See Spivy (1988).
zero-parameter models
Models that can make a priori predictions of quantitative performance of users on an interactive system. The are called zero-parameters because no parameters need to be set from data collected on the system in question; all numeric parameters can be set through a task analysis and pre-existing data from prior research.
zone of proximal development
The inventory of capabilities people can currently demonstrate with assistance (human and material support) and therefore may, in the future, be able to achieve by themselves.


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This packet includes documents the Board of Trustees will consider at their July 23, 2009 Regular Board Meeting and also contains documents that may not have been approved by the Board of Trustees. Confidential or sensitive documents inappropriate for public disclosure at this time have not been included in this posting.
July 23, 2009 Board Packet PDF


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Fun Reptile Vacations
(page 1 of 2)
Every year during the dog days of summer, my family would embark on a rolling adventure across this great land - a trip known as the family vacation.
I'd be crammed in the back seat with my brother, sister and our 75-pound prodigiously salivating boxer. All the while our sweaty thighs adhered to the solar-heated vinyl as the inevitable chorus rang out, "Are we there yet?" Oh, how I wanted to stop and see every attraction advertised on the garish roadside billboards that whizzed by every few minutes.
Back then it would have been great to have had a guide to herp attractions, so when Dad said no to the beckoning Gatorland billboard, I could have fired back with, "Well, what about...?"
Photo courtesy of Clyde Peeling's Reptiland
A secure glass enclosure allows these Reptiland visitors to go nose-to-nose with a huge reticulated python.
This article is that guide. Here, you'll find 40 U.S. herp-related attractions - everything from animal collections to amusing roadside curiosities, such as a giant turtle made entirely of wheel rims. There's enough to keep you and your family occupied all summer long. And just think: This listing doesn't include all the great reptile retail stores and zoo reptile houses you're likely going to pass along the way. If you stop at some of those, too, you've probably got enough info here to plan a six-month reptile road trip!
West Coast Ramblings
The small foothill community of Monroe, Washington, has more than just million-dollar views of the Cascades. Passerbys should stop by the Washington Serpentarium, which has one of the most complete collections of reptiles on the West Coast, including an alligator snapping turtle, an albino rattler, an Egyptian cobra, a frilled lizard, green tree pythons, Brazilian rainbow boas, green mambas, rhinoceros vipers, puff adders, Gaboon vipers, an albino alligator and dwarf caimans, just to mention a few. Kids and adults can hold 10 different snake species.
Lodi, California, is home to the Great Valley Serpentarium. Pay a visit to the free Snake Museum, which has about 150 natural-habitat exhibits housing numerous snakes, lizards, tortoises, frogs and arachnids. Many rear-fanged species, such as hognoses, false water cobras and mangrove snakes are also on display (they have the only known specimen of Kupang mangrove snake in the United States).
For fun, visit the Calaveras County Fair's Jumping Frog Jubilee at Angels Camp, California. The Frog Jubilee commemorates the famed jumping frog in Mark Twain's The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County with, of course, frog jumping contests and other events (including a kids' jumping contest). You don't even need your own frog; you can rent a bullfrog to compete. The 2005 Calaveras County Fair and Jumping Frog Jubilee (theme: "Famous Authors and Awesome Hoppers") will be held May 19 to 22.
Photo courtesy of Jeff White/Frogtown
The annual Jumping Frog Jubilee, at Angels Camp, California, uses bullfrogs in various jumping competitions. The current world record jump is 21 feet 5¾ inches.


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Unpaid Internships: Worth the Work?
The days of the unpaid internship may be numbered.
In the latest of a series of lawsuits, a former intern filed a class-action lawsuit against Atlantic Records and Warner Music group, arguing that he should have been paid for his internship under New York state labor laws.
The suit is similar to that filed recently by two former interns who worked at Conde Nast publications, The New Yorker and W Magazine, who allegedly failed to pay minimum wage. Last week, a federal court judge ruled that Fox Searchlight Pictures which, like the Wall Street Journal, is owned by News Corp., violated minimum wage and overtime laws by not paying interns who worked on production for the movie "Black Swan."
But as hiring has slowed for college grads, the internship has become a way for many job-seekers, college grads as well as those with advanced degrees, to get a foot in the door.
As part of a special Wall Street Journal project following members of the class of 2013 on social media, a group of recent college grads weighed in on the intern economy, sharing their own experiences of paid and unpaid internships:
I had two internships; one paid and one unpaid. While getting paid was really nice, I actually enjoyed my unpaid internship more because I had more freedom. At my one internship, I was paid, but I had a core function at the office. I was providing administrative support for my section. However, at my other one, I wasn't alone in providing a core function. We had 6 interns, who came in on different days of the week. When there were other interns present, I was able to go to different meetings and I could be more flexible in my hours (This internship was during school, so I was able to take half-days before exams so I could go home and study). At my paid internship, I had to work eight hours a day. If I needed to leave early, I had to use my personal days. -- Christopher Velarides
I have also had one paid, one unpaid internship, both at very well known media outlets. The paid internship was miserable because I was a replacement for a salaried employee and was expected to work 50 hours a week while making $9/hour and not being paid OT. It wasn't a learning opportunity and when I made a mistake I was punished as if I had been doing the job for 5 years. With my unpaid internship, I had so much more freedom and if I couldn't come in, it wasn't a big deal. If there was nothing for me to do, they didn't care if I left early. I learned a lot and had a great experience and it was an opportunity for me to actually learn without them really relying on me. But that said, paying tolls was really hard when it cost me $25/day to drive to my unpaid internship. -- Meredith Kenyon
I think unpaid internships have their place. I did two unpaid/volunteer internships before landing a quality paid internship at Walmart HQ. These unpaid internships helped me get my foot in the door of the business world and provided some valuable experience. -- Chase Worthen
I had an unpaid internship with the attorney general in my state (Nebraska). It was really a financial burden for me, because I do not have family outlets for money, so I usually worked full time while going to college, but I could not during this internship. However, I did get school credit for it, which made being broke bearable.
With the money issues stated, I do not regret a moment of my internship. I used it as a way to decide if law was really what I wanted to go into. I wanted I make sure I could do the mundane law work, an not just dream of being in a court room. Needless to say, I love both aspects of law. My internship was also very lenient, understanding that school came first, and the people were great, and very grateful for the work I did for free. When I left I got a bottle of champagne and a party. It was great.
Also, I got a reference for law school from the state attorney general. Definitely a plus! -- Stephany Pleasant
Internships have become even more important than education in many ways, so they'll likely become even higher in demand. Of course I personally think it is great and maybe even right that everyone is paid for their work, but how will that change the market? It could be argued that unpaid internships are relatively abundant because they aren't as burdensome on small businesses, nonprofits, etc. that have limited funding to begin with. Think about how tough it can be to get full-time employment at organizations like these - how will internship opportunities be affected? If unpaid internships become obsolete, it will likely become more difficult for students to get internships at all. -- Cassy Kruger
Class of 2013: Tell us what issues you're burning to hear about or tweet us with #WSJYear1.


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Self Care / Community Support compzine (call for submissions)Activism and Social Justice can be as exhausting as they are rewarding. Trying to navigate the choppy waters of mental and physical health conditions, even without the added stressors of stigma, can be brutally overwhelming. Family, jobs, school, even work that we find personally rewarding can be hard to maintain on a long-term level.
Self-care means (often wildly) different things to different people - this zine will attempt to start a dialog within communities about how we can better support ourselves and each other during times of stress and trauma. This compilation is open to stopies, first person narratives, illustrations and photography, poetry, lists, recipies, etc.
Some possible topics might include:
- what is self-care? why is it important?
- self-care on the cheap: free or cheap ways to take good care of yourself
- the role of allies: how can you support friends who are having problems with socialization
- easy recipes for when everything seems impossible and/or exhausting
- experiences of POC/queer/trans/gender non-conforming folks within the scope of feminism, anarchism, activism
- the value of vegging: sometimes shutting off your brain is the most useful thing you can do
- how to ask for help when everything but silence is painful There aren't any limits to what you can write about, of course, these are just a few ideas that I have been throwing around. I hope to make this into a zine and a PDF that are available for wide distribution, but contributors will be the first people to get copies from me (and will be encouraged to send this project as far into the wide world as possible).
Deadline is Janurary 30, 2013 with a (hopeful and admittedly ambitious) publication date of March 1, 2013. Please email submissions to: firstname.lastname@example.com (or email if you need to send them via snail mail)