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The biology of peace and war: men, animals, and aggression
Viking Press, 1979 - History - 294 pages
Ethologist Eibl-Eibesfeldt's controversial brief argues the case for man's innate aggressiveness and stresses that man's acknowledgement of his violent tendencies could lead to a new evolution, one directed by reason
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Seeking the Causes of Behavior
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The Mask of War: Violence, Ritual, and the Self in Melanesia
Simon Harrison
Limited preview - 1993


text:
Across the former Yugoslavia, ethnic Serbs vented their anger again Thursday at the declaration of independence by Kosovo. In the Serb capital, Belgrade, analysts said they worried that the protests could escalate into a silencing of opposition and pro-Western political forces, as seen in the Slobodan Milosevic era. Above, police at a Serbia-Kosovo border crossing confront angry protesters.
Kenya's government said it has agreed in principle to a power-sharing solution to the ongoing political crisis that would result in creation of a prime ministership. But negotiators for President Mwai Kibaki and opposition leader Raila Odinga were still discussing how the post would be filled and what its responsibilities would be. Odinga is considered virtually certain to fill the role, although he has accused Kibaki of reneging on a pledge to give it to him in exchange for his support in the presidential election of 2002.
A declaration by Moqtada al-Sadr to be read at Friday prayers is expected to extend the cease-fire between his militant followers and US and Iraqi forces, sources close to the radical Shiite cleric said. They said the extension likely would be for another six months.
Despite the bitter cold, an estimated 25,000 protesters gathered in a public square in Armenia's capital for a second straight day, calling on authorities to annul the presidential election and schedule a new one. The supporters of defeated candidate Levon Ter-Petrosian claimed their poll-watchers had been the target of violence and vowed to protest "nonstop ... until we win." Elections officials said Ter-Petrosian won 21.5 percent of the vote, compared with just under 53 percent for Prime Minister Serge Sarkisian.
Apologizing for its previous denials, the British government said US intelligence agents had used its territory to transport terrorist suspects following the 2001 attacks on New York and Washington. CIA Director Michael Hayden also acknowledged that on two occasions planes carrying suspects had landed on the Indian Ocean island of Diego Garcia for refueling. "It lasted just a short time, but it happened," Hayden said. British Defense Secretary David Miliband said he was "very sorry, indeed" to have to correct the earlier denials.
Another member of the US armed forces was being investigated for an alleged sexual assault on Okinawa, a week after a marine was arrested on rape charges and less than a day after 45,000 military personnel, their dependants, and civilian support staff were restricted to base. The soldier is accused of attacking a Filipina at a hotel. An Army spokesman would not discuss details of the latest incident but pledged full cooperation with local authorities.
Severely wounded President Jose Ramos-Horta of East Timor met with members of his family Thursday for the first time since his attempted assassination, and witnesses said he sought "reassurance that everyone is well" in the fledgling nation. Horta may be kept in intensive care in a Darwin, Australia, hospital for "several weeks," doctors said. But they expected him "to make a full recovery."
Seismologists played down the potential for damage from aftershocks after the strongest earthquake in Norwegian history struck early Thursday. The magnitude-6.2 quake was centered at sea off the sparsely populated Svalbard islands. There were no reports of casualties. One of the islands is the home of a new international seed vault.
Despite the recommendations in a commissioned report on the impact of climate change, Australia won't seek to cut carbon emissions by more than 60 percent over the next four decades, a senior government official said Thursday. The report is being prepared at the request of new Prime Minister Kevin Rudd by a noted economist. Environmental groups have welcomed Prof. Ross Garnaut's findings, but the 60 percent goal will not be "extended," the Climate Change Ministry said.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Nagoya, Japan, November 10, 2010 – Brazil downed the United States in four sets (25-19, 24-26, 25-19, 25-23 on the final day of second-round Pool F play in the 2010 FIVB Women's World Championship at Nippon Gaishi Hall on Wednesday afternoon.The victory clinched the group for the South Americans. The top-ranked Brazilians entered the match having not lost once in the entire tournament. The third-ranked U.S. had suffered only one defeat (to Italy on Sunday). Despite being unbeaten, Brazil had not a single player in the top 10 in the tournament's scoring charts coming into the contest, a testament to the balance of their squad.Jaqueline, Natalia and Sheilla led the attack for Brazil. Jaqueline finished with 18 points, all via spikes, while Natalia and Sheila each compiled 15 points. Thaisa Menezes contributed 14 points including five blocks and Fabiana added four blocks among her eight points. Destinee Hooker showed the way for the USA with 20 points while Jordan Larson and Logan Tom had 15 and 10 respectively. This was the 36th all-time meeting between the countries. Brazil leads the series 20-16.Natalia scored several early points to give Brazil the upper hand in the first set, but the U.S. hung in with strong defence at the net from Heather Bown and Foluke Akinradewo. The U.S. led 16-15 at the second TTO, passing the ball well and setting up Hooker for some powerful spikes. American libero Stacy Sykora made a great save with one hand near the back edge of the court and the U.S. took the point to equalize 17-17. A wicked spike from Natalia gave Brazil a 20-17 lead, but the U.S. responded with two straight points. The Brazilians continued to display outstanding teamwork and closed out the set 25-19 on a spike by Jaqueline.The U.S. took a 9-5 lead in the second set with good serving and passing, but Brazil kept working the ball to Jaqueline on the attack and soon tied it at 10-10. Brazil libero Fabi kept several balls in play in the set as the U.S. turned up the pressure in attack. A good rally ended with a spike by Jordan Larson that put the U.S. 19-15 up, but the score quickly got close again. Logan Tom misplayed a serve and Jacqueline delivered another spike to tie the set 21-21. Brazil went up 23-21 on a spike by Natalia, but the U.S. fought back to take the lead. A block by Akinradewo gave the U.S. set point at 24-23. A U.S. miscue made it 24-24, but a spike from Akinradewo and a long spike by Natalia gave the U.S. the set at 26-24.A spike by Thaisa gave Brazil an 8-6 edge at the first TTO in the third set. The South Americans boosted their lead to 16-9 again with smooth passing and fine receiving. It was 19-12 after Thaisa blocked a Hooker spike at the net, and Brazil took the set 25-19 on a poor serve by Hooker.The U.S. established a 7-3 lead in the fourth set, capitalizing on some Brazilian miscues. But Brazil tied it 9-9 on a superb serve by Fabiola that changed direction and hit the ground without being touched. The Americans responded with four straight points to go up 13-9, but Brazil surged again with five of its own, punctuated by another Jacqueline spike and went up 14-13. The sides went back and forth before the U.S. went up 21-20 after winning an extended rally on a Tom spike. Brazil then rose up once more and surged to close it out on its second match point 25-23.


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Lisa Hubbard
Active time: 1 3/4 hr Start to finish: 2 1/2 hr
- Yield
- Makes 6 first-course servings
- For gnocchi
- 1 (1 1/2-lb) butternut squash, halved lengthwise and seeded
- 3/4 lb Yukon Gold potatoes
- 1 large egg, lightly beaten
- 1/2 cup finely grated Pecorino Romano (1 1/2 oz)
- 1/2 teaspoon finely chopped fresh thyme
- 1/2 teaspoon finely chopped fresh sage
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1/8 teaspoon white pepper
- Pinch of nutmeg
- 3/4 cup all-purpose flour plus additional for dusting
- For confit and chard
- 5 (6-oz) confit duck legs
- 5 tablespoons unsalted butter
- 3 lb Swiss chard, stems and tough center ribs discarded and leaves cut into 2- by 1-inch pieces, then washed (but not dried)
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- Accompaniment: grated Pecorino Romano
- Special Equipment
- a potato ricer or a food mill fitted with fine disk
- Form gnocchi:
- Preheat oven to 500°F.
- Arrange squash halves, cut sides down, in an oiled shallow baking pan and put potatoes alongside. Roast vegetables in middle of oven until squash is tender, about 25 minutes. Transfer squash to a cutting board and potatoes to oven rack, then continue to roast potatoes until tender, about 12 minutes more.
- When cool enough to handle, scrape flesh from squash, discarding skin, then force flesh through ricer into a bowl. Measure out 3/4 cup purée and put in another bowl (reserve remainder for another use). Remove skin from potatoes while still hot and force flesh through ricer into bowl with squash. Spread squash-potato purée in another shallow baking pan and cool completely.
- Return purée to bowl and stir in egg, cheese, thyme, sage, salt, white pepper, and nutmeg. Add flour, then gently knead dough by hand 1 minute (it will be soft and slightly sticky).
- Turn dough out onto a floured cutting board and cut into 3 portions. Gently roll each portion into a long log about 3/4 inch thick. Cut each log into 3/4-inch pieces with a floured knife.
- Press a piece of dough against tines of a floured fork and push with a floured thumb in a forward motion toward end of tines, letting gnocchi fall from fork onto a floured kitchen towel. Repeat with remaining pieces of dough.
- Prepare confit:
- Cook duck legs, skin sides down, in batches in a large heavy skillet over moderate heat, turning once, until browned and some of fat is rendered, about 5 minutes. Transfer duck to cleaned cutting board, then discard all but 1 tablespoon fat from skillet, reserving skillet.
- When duck is cool enough to handle, discard skin and bones, then pull meat into 1/4-inch-thick pieces.
- Cook gnocchi, chard, and duck:
- Melt 3 tablespoons butter in a 12-inch heavy skillet and remove from heat. Cook gnocchi in 3 batches in a 6-quart pot of boiling salted water, stirring occasionally, until centers are cooked through, about 3 minutes. (Gnocchi will float to top after about 1 1/2 minutes.) Transfer as cooked with a slotted spoon to butter in skillet.
- Melt remaining 2 tablespoons butter in a 3- to 4-quart heavy saucepan over moderate heat, then stir in chard and salt. Cook, covered, just until wilted, 2 to 3 minutes.
- While chard is wilting, heat reserved duck fat in skillet over moderately high heat until hot but not smoking, then sauté duck, stirring frequently, until lightly browned, 2 to 3 minutes.
- Add chard, including any cooking liquid, and duck to gnocchi and cook over moderate heat, tossing gently, until heated through. Serve sprinkled with cheese.
Cooks' note:
• Squash-potato purée can be made 1 day ahead, cooled completely, then chilled, covered. Bring to room temperature before proceeding.
Related Video
Nutritional Info
- Calories855
- Carbohydrates36 g(12%)
- Fat69 g(106%)
- Protein27 g(53%)
- Saturated Fat26 g(132%)
- Sodium1084 mg(45%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat8 g
- Fiber8 g(31%)
- Monounsaturated Fat30 g
- Cholesterol172 mg(57%)


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Not that you needed another reason to drool over "The Dark Knight Rises,"but here's one more: The conclusion to Christopher Nolan's Batman trilogy (opening July 20) will feature more than an hour of IMAX footage, Nolan told the Wall Street Journal.
That virtually assures an added sense of hugeness to a movie that was already guaranteed to be big at the box office, though it's unlikely Nolan will attempt something quite as grand as director Brad Bird's scene of Tom Cruise dangling outside the Burj Khalifa in Dubai (only the tallest building in the world) in "Mission Impossible: Ghost Protocol." Nolan's thrills more often come from crispness than a sense of scale (talking more about his Batman movies than "Inception" here), though that's not to say that the "Rises" scene of Bane (Tom Hardy) demolishing a football field and everyone on it won't look massive and terrifying, if in fact that's one of the scenes receiving the IMAX treatment. Considering it's pretty chilling to see in a YouTube window that's approximately 1/1,000,000 the size of the IMAX screen. (Note: No math was involved in the previous statement.)
The third "Dark Knight Rises" trailer will appear before screenings of "The Avengers," which could create an amusing dilemma for any Batman fans who for some reason can't stand the crew of Iron Man, Thor, and all those other superheroes. Have you ever seen a movie only because you wanted to check out the trailer playing with it?


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The after. I am pretty proud of what I got accomplished. Notice the new hanging fruit/veggie basket. I love that it fits right on my pot holder. Maybe tomorrow I will work on actually putting away all the clean laundry - no promises.
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
Dirty Kitchen I-Spy
The after. I am pretty proud of what I got accomplished. Notice the new hanging fruit/veggie basket. I love that it fits right on my pot holder. Maybe tomorrow I will work on actually putting away all the clean laundry - no promises.
Posted by Sarah at 2:59 PM 0 comments
Labels: Life
Sunday, February 20, 2011
Cocktails and Crafts - Mozzarella and Moxibustion
There are many different recipes out there for mozzarella and you can also make ricotta out of the leftover whey but we stuck to this simple recipe to keep the time manageable for a group.
Since most of the group is pregnant I was the only one drinking. I kept it simple with some good ole fashion Colorado Coors - conveniently already located in my fridge.
Okay - on to the mozzarella...
Not really related to cocktails and crafts - but we also had a moxibustion session to try and turn a breech baby. You light the cones and then hold them to the outside of the pinky toe until it is warm and red. We did have a licensed acupuncturist administering the moxibustion.
Now go make some mozzarella. You can get all the supplies at Whole Foods, probably Wegmans, Trader Joes or Amazon.com.
Posted by Sarah at 12:27 PM 1 comments
Labels: Cocktails and Crafts, Food
Friday, February 18, 2011
It's Been Nice Winter... (now leave)
Posted by Sarah at 1:06 PM 0 comments
Monday, February 14, 2011
Slime and Snails
M has really been into the book The Legend of the Golden Snail by Graeme Base so I thought what better gift for a three year old boy than a couple snails. After talking to my Sister-In-Law I learned that there are also small crabs that live in aquariums so I quickly added a crab for my sweetheart's Valentines Day gift. I bought one Mystery Black Snail (I think has already met his demise, rest his little snail heart), one Mystery Blue Snail and one Red Clawed Crab.
Posted by Sarah at 11:03 AM 0 comments
Labels: Life, Photography
Saturday, February 12, 2011
Putting Yourself Out There
I love shooting into the light to get this type of photograph.
Posted by Sarah at 12:02 PM 0 comments
Labels: Life as a Doula, Photography
Wednesday, February 9, 2011
So Proud!
My little man wrote his name for the first time today! He has been expressing a desire to learn to read and write so each day we practice a couple letters. He now knows the sounds of all the letters and we have started to blend them to make words.
Looking at Exhibit A you might not see it but I can (you have the turn the page while you read).
He wrote it on the back of one of the printables from Confessions of a Homeschooler. I highly recommend that site if you are looking for a curriculum or just enrichment ideas.
Posted by Sarah at 2:33 PM 0 comments
Labels: Life
Sunday, February 6, 2011
Cat Burglar Cowl
This pattern was designed to give as a birthday gift. I wanted a simple black cowl that had some interesting textures for the edging. I hope she loves it! If you are reading this Hilary - SuRpRiSe!
I/5.5mm hook
About 150 yards (more likely less) of worsted weight yarn
Tapestry needle to weave in ends
Stitch marker - cowl is worked in continuous rounds
Cast on 95 and join in circle
Round 1-3: Single crochet back loop only
Round 4: Front post single crochet around
Round 5: Double crochet around
Round 6: Single crochet back loop in first stitch, single crochet front loop in second stitch - repeat around
Repeat round 6 until you have the desired width. (Mine is 20 rows)
Round 27ish: Repeat Round 5
Round 28: Repeat Round 4
Round 29: Repeat Rounds 1-3
Bind off.
You can be done here or...
I added a Crab Stitch edging to the top and bottom. It was my first attempt at this edging and I had some trouble keeping my tension the same around but liked the results.
Note to self: Black is hard to photograph!
Cat Burglar Cowl by Sarah Boccolucci is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Posted by Sarah at 11:58 AM 2 comments
Labels: Crochet Projects
Wednesday, February 2, 2011
January 2011 - One Day, One Photo
One month down, eleven more to go! You can read about my New Year's Resolution here but the concept is pretty simple - one day, one photo.
I realized when I was creating the video that my computer sorts the photos by import date and not the day the picture was actually taken, hopefully I got all the days correct!! For February I will be sure to import my card once a day to make it easier.
Posted by Sarah at 8:20 AM 0 comments


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Mineral and Energy Resources : Consensus Reports
The division produces 60-70 reports per year. These reports are unique, authoritative expert evaluations. Each report is produced by a committee of experts selected by the Academy to address a particular statement of task and is subject to a rigorous, independent peer review. The experts who volunteer their time participating on study committees are vetted to make sure that the committee has the range of expertise needed to address the task, that they have a balance of perspectives, and to identify and eliminate members with conflicts of interest. All reports undergo a rigorous, independent peer review to assure that the statement of task has been addressed, that conclusions are adequately supported, and that all important issues raised by the reviewers are addressed. Thus, while the reports represent views of the committee, they also are endorsed by the Academy.
An Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico (2013)
As the Gulf of Mexico recovers from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, natural resource managers face the challenge of fully understanding the impacts of the spill and setting priorities for restoration work. The full value of losses resulting from the spill cannot be captured, however, without consideration of changes in ecosystem services--the benefits delivered to society through natural processes. The use of an ecosystem services approach t... More >>Report in Brief
Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries: A Call to Action (2013)
Access to energy and mineral resources is essential to support the United States' high standard of living, economy, and security. Energy in the U.S. comes from a variety of sources, including fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), nuclear energy, and renewable sources (solar, wind, and geothermal). Nonfuel minerals are necessary for the existence and operation of products and services used by people every day and are provided by the minin... More >>Report in Brief
Uranium Mining in Virginia: Scientific, Technical, Environmental, Human Health and Safety, and Regulatory Aspects of Uranium Mining and Processing in Virginia (2011)
Report in Brief >> A range of health and environmental issues and related risks are important considerations as Virginia deliberates on whether to rescind its almost 30-year moratorium on mining uranium. Although there are internationally accepted best practices to mitigate most of these risks, there are still steep hurdles to be surmounted before mining and processing could take place within a regulatory setting that appropriately protect... More >>Report in Brief
Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Interim Report (2011)
The unprecedented magnitude of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill presents significant challenges for oil spill responders and those tasked with assessing the impacts of the spill. Evaluating changes to ecosystem services—the benefits people receive from natural resources and processes—caused by the oil spill could expand the potential to capture and value the full breadth of impacts to the ecosystem and the public. This report assesse... More >>Report in Brief
Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects (2007)
There has been rapid growth in the construction of wind-powered electricity generating facilities over the past 25 years in the United States. Wind-energy facilities emit no atmospheric pollutants and are driven by a renewable source, addressing multiple environmental concerns such as air quality and climate change. But the expansion of such facilities can carry adverse environmental impacts. As wind energy development continues to expand... More >>Report in Brief


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Welcome Joe
The hunt for a starter has landed Joe Blanton from the A's, just in time for the second-half hunt for the pennant race.
Yes, we gave up three prospects for him. But consider this: none of the three would be helping the big club this year and perhaps only Outman next season.
Blanton, 27, is not a rent-a-pitcher for the rest of the season as he can't become a free agent until 2010. He not only fits in the rotation for 2008 but for the future, a key element. Giving up prospects for a pitcher just entering his prime is an excellent decision.
He's in his fourth big league season, winner of 12-16-14 games going into this season. True, 5-12 doesn't look good. Run support hasn't been there for him. When the A's scored 4 or more runs, he was 37-5. Joe will be backed with run support he hasn't seen.
The big man goes to the post (averaged 33 starts for first three big league seasons). He's an inning-eater, a real workhorse. His transaction column is free of injuries, another key element.
Rather than waiting for the July 31 trading deadline, we moved quickly in getting Joe. He'll get two-three more starts by making the deal now.
So, cross of starting pitching from the shopping list. Still in the shopping cart: another reliever, preferably a lefty, and a hitter.
If the Manuel V-8 Machine does what it is capable, another hitter many not be necessary. Lack of consistency has been the biggest problem with the offense.
Clubs under Manuel, both here and Cleveland, have been second-half successes. The road to October baseball starts tonight in Miami.
Right out of the shoot, three with the Marlins and then three with the Mets in New York.
Play ball.


text:
Immigration-Bill Pressure Backfires
Overhaul Backers Target Majority Whip, but Tactic Provokes Response From Opponents
WASHINGTON—Supporters of an immigration overhaul, looking for allies in the Republican-led House, concluded months ago that a top prospect would be Majority Whip Kevin McCarthy.
His California district is 37% Hispanic. It is dominated by big farms that rely on immigrant labor. Mr. McCarthy has strong ties to Silicon Valley, where companies are eager for more high-tech visas. His perch as No. 3 House Republican gives him a voice in leadership and sway over what legislation comes to the floor....


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1 set (2 lenses), usable for 1 month!
Specially controlled medical devices approval no.:22300BZX00066000
■Reference sizes
*As these are soft contacts, the total of a and b may vary somewhat from the diameter of the coloring.
An overwhelmingly popular brown lens. The black edge is blurred by a veil of brown, creating more natural, gentle eyes.
*Designs registered
Set contents
Original storage case
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*Lens case may differ from photograph
Instruction manual
Detailed instructions included
Product specifications
- Construction: Sandwich construction
- Materials: HEMA, coloring agents, isotonic saline
- Moisture content: 36%
- Diameter: 14.00 mm
- BC:8.6mm
- Term of use: one month *Depending on usage and frequency.
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text:
Watching from Caracas, it's been extraordinary to see President Obama stand beside Latin American leaders as near economic equals. Emerging largely unscathed from the global economic crisis, Brazil's first female president politely expressed sympathy for the US's need to restore growth and then firmly pressed the Obama administration to drop protectionist tariffs against Brazilian exports ranging from oranges to aircraft.
For some Beltway observers who are still more comfortable viewing Latin America as a socialist-prone "backyard," it must have been jarring to hear the leader of the world's seventh-largest economy – home to one of the world's largest oil discoveries in decades and a leader in biofuel research – essentially tell the US "we'll drop our tariffs, when you drop yours."
How comforting then it must be for old cold war-trained stalwarts to still have the camouflage-clad Hugo Chávez thundering away against imperialism, while amassing Russian-made weapons with oil-backed loans. Reports estimate that President Chávez has ordered more than $15 billion worth of weapons, including hundreds of tanks, helicopters, submarines, and Chinese-made fighter airplanes.
Think you know South America? Take our geography quiz.
"The Russia-Venezuela condominium is emblematic of geopolitical forces rising to challenge US leadership and influence," Ariel Cohen, a former Soviet expert at the conservative Heritage Foundation, wrote in a recent report.
Even taking into account a legitimate need for military modernization, the US has made clear it is uncomfortable with Venezuela's frenetic pace of purchases, which critics insist could spark a regional arms race. Venezuela, meanwhile, insists that sitting downwind and unarmed from the world's sole superpower is just as uncomfortable.
In a world defined solely by geopolitics, the military buildup is frightening but the geopolitical argument taken alone ignores the billions of dollars worth of commerce linking regional economies. For example, Venezuela and Colombia are both among each other's most important trading partners and both sides have taken concrete steps towards improving their frayed ties since President Juan Manual Santos replaced Álvaro Uribe last year.
"While this may not fully appease skeptics about Chávez's intentions, it is a gross distortion to define the Venezuelan leader as a 'security threat,' " the Council of Hemispheric Affairs wrote in a policy report earlier this year.
Many of those that would have Venezuela sinisterly rebuilding a Russian bulwark against US "leadership" also tend to cite Chávez's open-arms embrace of Iran as providing covert support for the Islamic nation's nuclear ambitions. That hypothesis was ridiculed by US government officials in diplomatic cables released by WikiLeaks last year.
Then came Sunday's op-ed in The Washington Post by Roger Noriega, a visiting fellow at the conservative American Enterprise Institute and a former assistant secretary of state under George W. Bush. He wrote "that Iran and Venezuela are conspiring to sow Tehran's brand of proxy terrorism in the Western Hemisphere."
Mr. Noriega details an Aug. 22, 2010, secret meeting that Chávez hosted for leaders from Hamas, Hezbollah, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ). "That these infamous criminals left their traditional havens demonstrates their confidence in Chávez and their determination to cultivate a terror network on America's doorstep," Noriega wrote.
There are concerns, to be sure, but my diplomatic sources say Venezuela does not pose an immediate terrorist threat. Merely allowing Iranians and Palestinians into the country, they add, is not enough to justify it as a terrorist sponsor as some would like. In my own reporting, I've also asked Jewish leaders here if they're afraid of Hezbollah setting up a base for an attack, such as the 1994 Argentina bombing, and the answer is mostly no.
But Chávez's bellicosity, and his $15 billion in military spending, certainly doesn't put worried minds at ease – and that's something that Obama's current visit to Latin America may be subtly counteracting by standing alongside more level-headed regional leaders in Brazil, Chile, and El Salvador.
As Chávez continues to wage expensive, anachronistic ideological battles – all the while struggling to revive one of Latin America's worst-performing economies – his largest neighbors are deftly weighing the best deals on offer from the US and whoever else wants to do business.
Despite the scaremongers' best attempts to raise the red alert, the country most threatened by Chávez's military shopping spree is Venezuela itself.


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The New England Patriots took care of business against a not-ready-for-prime-time Houston Texans team Sunday night, recording a workmanlike 41-28 victory that sets up an AFC Championship Game rematch with the Baltimore Ravens.
Relive every game this season online and on-demand with enhanced viewing features, including the "All-22" coaches film. Get NFL Game Rewind.
Rob Gronkowski re-broke his forearm in the first quarter, the type of injury that has the potential to cast a long shadow over a locker room. Gronkowski is the best tight end in football, after all. Losing a weapon of that magnitude -- especially at this juncture -- would be devastating for most teams.
Of course, the Patriots aren't most teams. Tom Brady still has several legitimate weapons to choose from between Wes Welker, Aaron Hernandez and the criminally underrated Brandon Lloyd. He's also Tom Brady, which helps in times like these.
But the Patriots' ability to rise above the loss of Gronk goes beyond the depth in their receiving corps. This is the most balanced offense in New England since the 2004 Super Bowl team that rung those last drops of greatness out of Corey Dillon.
The Patriots were the NFL's seventh-best running team this season, and they got 123 yards on 22 carries from Steven Ridley and Shane Vereen on Sunday.
It creates an elasticity to the Patriots' game plan that didn't exist in past seasons. Gronk is gone, but the Patriots remain a lethal bunch.
Follow Dan Hanzus on Twitter @DanHanzus.


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LIFE Wrecks
LIFE and Google teamed up not too long ago to create a nifty online photo database of LIFE photographs, 97% of which were never previously released to the public. It's really fascinating stuff, and I highly recommend you do a search for "cake" there the next time you're bored. Most are gorgeous creations that show that cake art has a long and rich history, but a few are a bit more...interesting:
Good to know that handwriting and spacing were an issue even back in 1951. It only looks misspelled, though; that's just a scrunched 'm' in 'recommissioned'.
This one is just odd:
What IS this? Do you suppose it's made of large donuts? And the ferns - why?
(UPDATE: Mystery solved : it's a "baumkuchen". Thanks, guys!)
You'll "tank" me for this next one:
See, this is why you don't let guys cut the cake. The archive is full of men cutting cakes with swords, too. [eye roll] Fellas, it's a TANK. Do you really need to "man it up" by cutting it with your rifle?
This one is actually a "dog cake", but I had to include it for the "oh-no-they-di'in't!" factor (Note: put down the coffee and brace yourself):
[dry-heaving] Why? Why did someone feel THIS was deserving of preservation on film? WHY?!?
All images courtesy of the LIFE photo archive. Thanks to Becca B. for finding Oprah's head and Jessica T. for the doggie Wreck.


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Friday, June 8, 2012
Scholar program established
DISTINGUISHED GUESTS: From left, Slavin, Dec, DeSanctis, Januzzi and Ausiello
At age 81, Roman W. DeSanctis, MD, is one of the hospital's most veteran and most beloved physicians. To honor the legendary MGH cardiologist, the Roman W. DeSanctis, MD, Endowed Distinguished Scholar in Medicine has been established through the generosity of donor Joan Fu and several others. DeSanctis and the program's first incumbent, James L. Januzzi, MD, medical director of the MGH Heart Center Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, were celebrated May 30 at an event in the Trustees Room.
"Roman came to Mass General as an intern in 1955. He must have liked the place, because he never left," said MGH President Peter L. Slavin, MD. "Over the years he has become recognized as a preeminent cardiologist not only at MGH, but also nationally and internationally."
Slavin praised DeSanctis's dedication to teaching and his extraordinary influence on generations of residents and fellows, including himself. Slavin also described how patients adore DeSanctis and said many have expressed their gratitude through philanthropy.
DeSanctis, currently director emeritus of Clinical Cardiology at the MGH, also is the namesake of a professorship at Harvard Medical School (HMS) and was the first incumbent of the Evelyn and James Jenks-Paul Dudley White Professorship of Medicine at HMS created in 2006. In 2007 he became the first recipient of the prestigious MGPO Trustees' Medal, which recognizes individuals who have made a monumental and lasting impact on the MGH and its physician community.
Like DeSanctis, Januzzi is recognized by patients, colleagues and students as a leader in his field, Slavin said. He is well-known for his expertise in cardiac biomarkers, substances that circulate in the blood and are useful in the management of many heart disorders. His research into cardiac biomarkers in heart failure has been used to establish international practice guidelines. Januzzi also is a dedicated teacher of medical residents and fellows at the MGH and has mentored many trainees. He co-chairs the Partners HealthCare care redesign team for acute myocardial infarction and has been the team cardiologist for the Boston Red Sox since 2005. Januzzi has published more than 250 articles and edited three textbooks.
"In the 57 years that I've been at the MGH, I've not encountered anyone quite like him as a teacher-physician-investigator," said DeSanctis, playfully asking Januzzi's parents whether he has an identical twin who helps carry out his work.
Additional speakers at the event included Dennis Ausiello, MD, chief of the Department of Medicine, and
G. William Dec, MD, chief of the Division of Cardiology.
Read more articles from the 06/08/12 Hotline issue.
Browse the Entire Newsroom Archive


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MANIS Straight Hair Treatment Conditioner 450ml
Manis straight hair series is a paraben free hair treatment series that helps to straighten and smooth your locks with the power of keratin and collagen.
Prevents frizz or puffiness. The result is sleek, silky and manageable hair.
Usage: Take appropriate amount and apply it to entire lightly moistened hair after shampoo. Rinse thoroughly after leaving on for a while.


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Harvard Plans Record Capital Campaign
School Hopes to Raise $6.5 Billion by 2018
Harvard University aims to raise $6.5 billion by 2018 in what the school bills as the largest-ever capital campaign in higher education.
The Ivy League university said Saturday that it already raised $2.8 billion toward that goal in the prelaunch phase of its campaign over the past two years.
Elite universities recently have been increasing...


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Big12Sports.com Correspondent
The 3,160 points scored in last Saturday's 52 college football game was the second-most in a single day since 1937. In four games involving seven Big 12 teams Saturday, there were 287 points scored. That's nine percent of the overall point total.
The Big 12 would like to say this: IT'S NOT OUR FAULT.
Highlighted by West Virginia's 70-63 track meet with Baylor and then supported by Texas defeating Oklahoma State 41-36, the Big 12 received national attention for its offensive brilliance. The knock on the Big 12 in recent years is that the use of pass-oriented spread offensive schemes has gone hand-in-hand with an indifference toward defense.
Translation No. 1: The Big 12 doesn't play Big Boy Football.
|Big12Sports.com Correspondent Wendell Barnhouse and Gary Reasons, analysts on FSN's Big 12 Showcase, joined host Emily Jones to discuss the proliferation and domination of offense in college football.
Translation No. 2: You can't win national championships without playing Big Boy Football.
But Saturday pointed out a national trend. Pass-oriented spread offenses are proliferating and scoring is up. Oklahoma coach Bob Stoop described the West Virginia-Baylor final score as a "nightmare." The bad dreams (if that's what they are) are spreading.
While the nation was buzzing about the Mountaineers and the Bears playing to a 35-35 halftime draw, later in the day Tennessee and Georgia were just 10 points shy of that total at halftime. The Bulldogs pulled away from the 30-30 tie to win 51-44 in a game that produced over 1,000 yards in offense. In the defensive-oriented Southeastern Conference, that final score is blasphemous.
Through five weeks, SEC defenses have already surrendered 50-plus points four times, one more than all of last season. It's only happened on average 3.4 times over the past 10 seasons. In Saturday's 52 games, 51 teams scored at least 30 points. 13 teams from nine different conferences allowed 30 points … and won. The current pace of 30.5 points averaged per team in FBS would surpass the record by almost three points.
It's not just the Big 12 where teams are turning scoreboards into pinball machines. Give some credit to the offense, not only in the Big 12 but around the country.
Your Humble Correspondent covered the Baylor-West Virginia game. YHC's untrained eyes didn't see that many missed tackles. YHC's eyes can't discern with certainty when coverage was blown. YHC eyes saw that the skill players on both teams, the offensive schemes and the play calling would have befuddled 99 percent of the defenses in college football.
Tuesday morning, YHC had an epiphany. In the late 1960s, Texas started a trend with the Wishbone. UT, Oklahoma and Alabama all used the ground-pounding scheme to win national championships. The spread-the-field passing attacks are the modern-day Wishbone.
The Wishbone was predicated on the triple option. Quarterback under center, fullback a yard behind him, two halfbacks split a yard behind the fullback. The QB would take the snap, turn and he and the fullback would briefly have simultaneous possession of the ball as the QB read the defense. He would either let the fullback keep the ball for a dive play or keep it himself.
If the QB kept the ball, he'd move down the line of scrimmage. At the "corner" he would keep the ball and turn up field or make a last-second pitch to one of the trailing halfbacks with the other halfback usually a lead blocker.
FOX college football analyst Charles Davis agreed with YHC's Wishbone analogy.
"The Wishbone was all about balance, it could be run in either direction and prevented the defense from stacking its defense," Davis said. "The offense would get an advantage in numbers on the corner. Now we're seeing a similar situation with the offense overloading one side with receivers, overloading an area with pass patterns."
We now have the quintuple option. Five wide receivers running pass routes on a field that is 53 yards wide. Instead of a pitch at the line of scrimmage, passes are being thrown 10, 20, 30 yards down field. It's new math: one blown assignment or one missed tackle equals six points.
"The nature of today's offenses is putting athletes in space and that is just harder to stop than the old style of "phone booth" football," said Joel Klatt, who was the FX analyst for Saturday's Baylor-West Virginia game. "In the past if one of your defenders made a mistake the play would go for an additional five to 10 yards, however now with those players having to be responsible for more space their mistakes have been magnified because it is not five to 10 more yards - the ball ends up in the end zone."
No. 7 West Virginia plays at No. 9 Texas Saturday on FOX. On this week's Big 12 coaches teleconference, Mack Brown was effusive in his praise of the Mountaineers' offense that UT defensive coordinator Manny Diaz must scheme to stop.
"We usually meet as a staff on Mondays before this call," Brown said. "I went looking for Manny. His door was closed. I think he was hiding under his desk."
That's about as funny as two teams combing for 133 points.
"The way the game has changed with the attacking of space and tempo with which it's done has made defense harder than ever," Diaz said this week. "The conference now is so balanced. Everybody can play and just about everybody can score. Everybody's got a triggerman (quarterback). When you've got a triggerman, you've got a chance. I've been saying that forever."
Davis believes there is a confluence of developments that have led us to this tipping point where it appears the offenses have the edge on the defenses.
Grass Roots Development
Starting as early as grade school football, pitch and catch has replaced run and tackle. More high schools – particularly in the talent-rich state of Texas – are running spread offenses and developing multi-talented quarterbacks. There is also more year-round development with national seven-on-seven tournaments that are all about quarterbacks and receivers.
"All of this helps players develop at a young age, but they are developing into one area and not on the defensive side," Klatt said. "When was the last time you saw a high school team compete in a 3rd down pass rush summer league? Never."
Player Safety
Head and spinal injuries have become a bigger issue and the rules are reflecting the effort to make a sport of high-speed collisions as safe as possible. On both sides of the ball, coaches value speed above size. With the players spread out over the entire field, full-speed collisions have increased (that's one of the main reasons for the rule change that moved kickoffs from the 30 to the 35-yard line).
The rules have changed regarding the targeting of a defenseless player and plus contact aimed at the helmet. A safer game is better but a safer gamer makes it tougher for a defense.
"A few years ago, if a team wanted to throw a lot of short passes for completions, the defense could try to punish the receivers with hard hits and make them pay for every completion," Davis said. "Now, you have to be very careful not to hit a defenseless player or hit above the shoulders. Same thing with quarterbacks. You could blitz a passing team a lot and say you're gonna punish the quarterback. That's harder to do now."
Tackling: A Lost Art
Emphasis on player safety and the desire to reduce injuries have caused coaches to cut back in full contact in practice. The old saying is you play like you practice. If the majority of practices aren't full speed and if it's more touch than tackle, then that tends to lead to defensive lapses – missed tackles – in games.
In its last two games that saw its defense allow a total of 67 points, Texas missed nearly two dozen tackles. And this is a UT defense that is so talented it is considered as potentially one of the best in the nation.
Offenses spread the field to create space and to create one-on-one matchups between the ball carrier and the tackler. Coaches say that tackling "in space" is one of the toughest tasks on defense. And when you don't practice a task, it's difficult to master it.
"You don't have as much contact in practice," Texas Tech coach Tommy Tuberville said. "Obviously what you're going to lack is your [tackling] fundamentals. You can teach technique but the best athletes tackle well. A lot of these high school coaches are putting their best athletes with their spread offenses. You don't have as many athletes on defense."
Talent Tilted Toward Offense
Former Arkansas coach Bobby Petrino had 18 wide receivers on the roster before he lost his job last spring. With a maximum of 85 scholarships, that's 21 percent of the roster devoted to pass catchers. The Razorbacks, by the way, rank 116th in total defense in this week's NCAA statistics.
In 2004, Ted Ginn, Jr. was selected as the 2004 USA Today Defensive Player of the Year. He spent his career at Ohio State as a wide receiver.
"Kenny Easley (a three-time consensus All-American safety at UCLA) would be playing wide receiver," Davis said. "Ronnie Lott (a consensus All-American safety at USC) would be playing wide receiver. Coaches these days are putting their better players on offense."
Dreamy Schemes
The factors listed – player development, player safety, eroding tackling skills, better players on offense – all contribute to the edge the offense apparently has.
Offensive coaches are taking those advantages and drawing up plays, formations and game plans that keep defensive coordinators sleepless from Seattle to Miami.
Baylor plays a 3-4-4 scheme and against West Virginia used just its defensive linemen to pressure quarterback Geno Smith. It produced no sacks and just one knock down. Smith produced eight touchdowns, 656 yards and 45 completions in 51 attempts. The Bears had eight defenders in pass coverage but four were linebackers.
What's a D-coordinator to do? Play eight defensive backs? Few teams have that many experienced or talented DBs; and against that alignment, the offense will probably run the ball. So, pressure the quarterback. Fine. Blitz two players from your coverage … if the pressure doesn't reach the quarterback, he'll find a receiver one-on-one or wide open or if he breaks containment he might scramble for 20 yards.
"You're constantly in a conflict in how you disperse," Diaz said. "If you leave them all one on one you'll have a bad day. If you give them some help, you're going to have trouble stopping the run. That's in part what the game has come down to. The offense has found ways to create space, which creates one on ones. No matter who you are one-on-one opportunities will make for missed tackles."
The formations and the play calls are challenging but the speed of the game adds another later of complication that can lead to confusion. Baylor ran an offensive play every 17 seconds of its possession time. Teams that run the spread attack are hoping to run 80 to 90 plays. When the offense plays fast, it's more difficult for the defense to substitute. Tired defenders make mistakes.
In Summation
As the 2012 season rolls into its second month, high-scoring offense has grabbed the headlines. That doesn't set well with the conference that has won the last six national championships in part because its best teams win with patient, ground-oriented attacks and unyielding defense.
But now we've got SEC coaches seeing teams in their conference scoring more than two touchdowns a game and asking "Is this what we want football to be?" (Alabama's Nick Saban, this week.)
YHC's answer is: yes. Defense might well win championships but offense sells tickets. And because only one team gets to claim the crystal football each season, all the others might as well score a bunch of points and sell a bunch of tickets. The alternative is having college football battling C-Span for viewers.


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Appropriating the Water
A Human Thirst
Humans now appropriate more than half of all the freshwater in the world. Rising demands from agriculture, industry, and a growing population have left important habitats around the world high and dry.On March 20, 2000, a group of monkeys, driven mad with thirst, clashed with desperate villagers over drinking water in a small outpost in northern Kenya near the border with Sudan. The Pan African News Agency reported that eight monkeys were killed and 10 villagers injured in what was described as a "fierce two-hour melee." The fight erupted when relief workers arrived and began dispensing water from a tanker truck. Locals claimed that a prolonged drought had forced animals to roam out of their natural habitats to seek life-giving water in human settlements. The monkeys were later identified as generally harmless vervets.
The world's deepening freshwater crisis-currently affecting 2.3 billion people-has already pitted farmers against city dwellers, industry against agriculture, water-rich state against water-poor state, county against county, neighbor against neighbor. Inter-species rivalry over water, such as the incident in northern Kenya, stands to become more commonplace in the near future.
"The water needs of wildlife are often the first to be sacrificed and last to be considered," says Karin Krchnak, population and environment program manager at the National Wildlife Federation (NWF) in Washington, D.C. "We ignore the fact that working to ensure healthy freshwater ecosystems for wildlife would mean healthy waters for all." As more and more water is withdrawn from rivers, streams, lakes and aquifers to feed thirsty fields and the voracious needs of industry and escalating urban demands, there is often little left over for aquatic ecosystems and the wealth of plants and animals they support.
The mounting competition for freshwater resources is undermining development prospects in many areas of the world, while at the same time taking an increasing toll on natural systems, according to Krchnak, who co-authored an NWF report on population, wildlife, and water. In effect, humanity is waging an undeclared water war with nature.
"There will be no winners in this war, only losers," warns Krchnak. By undermining the water needs of wildlife we are not just undermining other species, we are threatening the human prospect as well.
Pulling Apart the Pipes
Currently, humans expropriate 54 percent of all available freshwater from rivers, lakes, streams, and shallow aquifers. During the 20th century water use increased at double the rate of population growth: while the global population tripled, water use per capita increased by six times. Projected levels of population growth in the next 25 years alone are expected to increase the human take of available freshwater to 70 percent, according to water expert Sandra Postel, Director of the Global Water Policy Project in Amherst, Massachusetts. And if per capita water consumption continues to rise at its current rate, by 2025 that share could significantly exceed 70 percent.
As a global average, most freshwater withdrawals-69 percent-are used for agriculture, while industry accounts for 23 percent and municipal use (drinking water, bathing and cleaning, and watering plants and grass) just 8 percent.
The past century of human development-the spread of large-scale agriculture, the rapid growth of industrial development, the construction of tens of thousands of large dams, and the growing sprawl of cities-has profoundly altered the Earth's hydrological cycle. Countless rivers, streams, floodplains, and wetlands have been dammed, diverted, polluted, and filled. These components of the hydrological cycle, which function as the Earth's plumbing system, are being disconnected and plundered, piece by piece. This fragmentation has been so extensive that freshwater ecosystems are perhaps the most severely endangered today.
Consider the plight of wetlands-swamps, marshes, fens, bogs, estuaries, and tidal flats. Globally, the world has lost half of its wetlands, with most of the destruction having taken place over the past half century. The loss of these productive ecosystems is doubly harmful to the environment: wetlands not only store water and transport nutrients, but also act as natural filters, soaking up and diluting pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural runoff, heavy metals from mining and industrial spills, and raw sewage from human settlements.
In some areas of Europe, such as Germany and France, 80 percent of all wetlands have been destroyed. The United States has lost 50 percent of its wetlands since colonial times. More than 100 million hectares of U.S. wetlands (247 million acres) have been filled, dredged, or channeled-an area greater than the size of California, Nevada, and Oregon combined. In California alone, more than 90 percent of wetlands have been tilled under, paved over, or otherwise destroyed.
Destruction of habitat is the largest cause of biodiversity loss in almost every ecosystem, from wetlands and estuaries to prairies and forests. But biologists have found that the brunt of current plant and animal extinctions has fallen disproportionately on those species dependent on freshwater and related habitats. One fifth of the world's freshwater fish-2,000 of the 10,000 species identified so far-are endangered, vulnerable, or extinct. In North America, the continent most studied, 67 percent of all mussels, 51 percent of crayfish, 40 percent of amphibians, 37 percent of fish, and 75 percent of all freshwater mollusks are rare, imperiled, or already gone.
The global decline in amphibian populations may be the aquatic equivalent of the canary in the coal mine. Data are scarce for many species, but more than half of the amphibians studied in Western Europe, North America, and South America are in a rapid decline.
Around the world, more than 1,000 bird species are close to extinction, and many of these are particularly dependent on wetlands and other aquatic habitats. In Mexico's Sonora Desert, for instance, agriculture has siphoned off 97 percent of the region's water resources, reducing the migratory bird population by more than half, from 233,000 in 1970 to fewer than 100,000 today.
Pollution is also exacting a significant toll on freshwater and marine organisms. For instance, scientists studying beluga whales swimming in the contaminated St. Lawrence Seaway, which connects the Atlantic Ocean to North America's Great Lakes, found that the cetaceans have dangerously high levels of PCBs in their blubber. In fact the contamination is so severe that under Canadian law the whales actually qualify as toxic waste.
Waterways everywhere are used as sewers and waste receptacles. Exactly how much waste ends up in freshwater systems and coastal waters is not known. However, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that every year roughly 450 cubic kilometers (99 million gallons) of wastewater (untreated or only partially treated) is discharged into rivers, lakes, and coastal areas. To dilute and transport this amount of waste requires at least 6,000 cubic kilometers (1.32 billion gallons) of clean water. The FAO estimates that if current trends continue, within 40 years the world's entire stable river flow would be needed just to dilute and transport humanity's wastes.
The Point of No Return?
The competition between people and wildlife for water is intensifying in many of the most biodiverse regions of the world. Of the 25 biodiversity hotspots designated by Conservation International, 10 are located in water-short regions. These regions-including Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, the western United States, the Mediterranean Basin, southern Africa, and southwestern China-are home to an extremely high number of endemic and threatened species. Population pressures and overuse of resources, combined with critical water shortages, threaten to push these diverse and vital ecosystems over the brink. In a number of cases, the point of no return has already been reached.
China, home to 22 percent of the world's population, is already experiencing serious water shortages that threaten both people and wildlife. According to China's former environment minister, Qu Geping, China's freshwater supplies are capable of sustainably supporting no more than 650 million people-half its current population. To compensate for the tremendous shortfall, China is draining its rivers dry and mining ancient aquifers that take thousands of years to recharge.
As a result, the country has completely overwhelmed its freshwater ecosystems. Even in the water-rich Yangtze River Basin, water demands from farms, industry, and a giant population have polluted and degraded freshwater and riparian ecosystems. The Yangtze is one of the longest rivers in Asia, winding 6,300 kilometers on its way to the Yellow Sea. This massive watershed is home to around 400 million people, one-third of the total population of China. But the population density is high, averaging 200 people per square kilometer. As the river, sluggish with sediment and laced with agricultural, industrial, and municipal wastes, nears its wide delta, population densities soar to over 350 people per square kilometer.
The effects of the country's intense water demands, mostly for agriculture, can be seen in the dry lake beds on the Gianghan Plain. In 1950 this ecologically rich area supported over 1,000 lakes. Within three decades, new dams and irrigation canals had siphoned off so much water that only 300 lakes were left.
China's water demands have taken a huge toll on the country's wildlife. Studies carried out in the Yangtze's middle and lower reaches show that in natural lakes and wetlands still connected to the river, the number of fish species averages 100. In lakes and wetlands cut off and marooned from the river because of diversions and drainage, no more than 30 survive. Populations of three of the Yangtze's largest and most productive fisheries-the silver, bighead, and grass carp-have dropped by half since the 1950s.
Mammals and reptiles are in similar straits. The Yangtze's shrinking and polluted waters are home to the most endangered dolphin in the world-the Yangtze River dolphin, or Baiji. There are only around 100 of these very rare freshwater dolphins left in the wild, but biologists predict they will be gone in a decade. And if any survive, their fate will be sealed when the massive Three Gorges Dam is completed in 2013. The dam is expected to decrease water flows downstream, exacerbate the effects of pollution, and reduce the number of prey species that the dolphins eat. Likewise, the Yangtze's Chinese alligators, which live mostly in a small stretch near the river's swollen, silt-laden mouth, are not expected to survive the next 10 years. In recent years, the alligator population has dropped to between 800 and 1,000.
The Aral Sea
The most striking example of human water demands destroying an ecosystem is the nearly complete annihilation of the 64,500 square kilometer Aral Sea, located in Central Asia between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Once the fourth largest inland sea in the world, it has contracted by half its size and lost three-quarters of its volume since the 1960s, when its two feeder rivers-the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya-were diverted to irrigate cotton fields and rice paddies (see Endpiece, page 40).
The water diversions have also deprived the region's lakes and wetlands of their life source. At the Aral Sea's northern end in Kazakhstan, the lakes of the Syr Darya delta shrank from about 500 square kilometers to 40 square kilometers between 1960 and 1980. By 1995, more than 50 lakes in the Amu Darya delta had dried up and the surrounding wetlands had withered from 550,000 hectares to less than 20,000 hectares.
The unique tugay forests-dense thickets of small shrubs, grasses, sedges and reeds-that once covered 13,000 square kilometers around the fringes of the sea have been decimated. By 1999 less than 1,000 square kilometers of fragmented and isolated forest remained.
The habitat destruction has dramatically reduced the number of mammals that used to flourish around the Aral Sea: of 173 species found in 1960, only 38 remained in 1990. Though the ruined deltas still attract waterfowl and other wetland species, the number of migrant and nesting birds has declined from 500 species to fewer than 285 today.
Plant life has been hard hit by the increase in soil salinity, aridity, and heat. Forty years ago, botanists had identified 1,200 species of flowering plants, including 29 endemic species. Today, the endemics have vanished. The number of plant species that can survive the increasingly harsh climate is a fraction of the original number.
Most experts agree that the sea itself may very well disappear entirely within two decades. But the region's freshwater habitats and related communities of plants and animals have already been consigned to oblivion.
Lake Chad
Lake Chad, too, has shrunk-to one-tenth of its former size. In 1960, with a surface area of 25,000 square kilometers, it was the second-largest lake in Africa. When last surveyed, it was down to only 2,000 square kilometers. And here, too, massive water withdrawals from the watershed to feed irrigated agriculture have reduced the amount of water flowing into the lake to a trickle, especially during the dry season.
Lake Chad is wedged between four nations: populous Nigeria to the southwest, Niger on the northwest shore, Chad to the northeast, and Cameroon on a small section of the south shore. Nigeria has the largest population in Africa, with 130 million inhabitants. Population-growth rates in these countries average 3 percent a year, enough to double human numbers in one generation. And population growth rates in the regions around the lake are even higher than the national averages. People gravitate to this area because the lake and its rivers are the only sources of surface water for agricultural production in an otherwise dry and increasingly desertified region.
Although water has been flowing into the lake from its rivers over the past decade, the lake is still in serious ecological trouble. The lake's fisheries have more or less collapsed from over-exploitation and loss of aquatic habitats as its waters have been drained away. Though some 40 commercially valuable species remain, their populations are too small to be harvested in commercial quantities. Only one species-the mudfish-remains in viable populations.
As the lake has withered, it has been unable to provide suitable habitat for a host of other species. All large carnivores, such as lions and leopards, have been exterminated by hunting and habitat loss. Other large animals, such as rhinos and hippopotamuses, are found in greatly reduced numbers in isolated, small populations. Bird life still thrives around the lake, but the variety and numbers of breeding pairs have dropped significantly over the past 40 years.
A Blue Revolution
As these examples illustrate, the challenge for the world community is to launch a "blue revolution" that will help governments and communities manage water resources on a more sustainable basis for all users. "We not only have to regulate supplies of freshwater better, we need to reduce the demand side of the equation," says Swedish hydrologist Malin Falkenmark, a senior scientist with Sweden's Natural Science Research Council. "We need to ask how much water is available and how best can we use it, not how much do we need and where do we get it." Increasingly, where we get it from is at the expense of aquatic ecosystems.
If blindly meeting demand precipitated, in large measure, the world's current water crisis, reducing demand and matching supplies with end uses will help get us back on track to a more equitable water future for everyone. While serious water initiatives were launched in the wake of the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg, South Africa, not one of them addressed the water needs of ecosystems.
There is an important lesson here: just as animals cannot thrive when disconnected from their habitats, neither can humanity live disconnected from the water cycle and the natural systems that have evolved to maintain it. It is not a matter of "either or" says NWF's Krchnak. "We have no real choices here. Either we as a species live within the limits of the water cycle and utilize it rationally, or we could end up in constant competition with each other and with nature over remaining supplies. Ultimately, if nature loses, we lose."
By allowing natural systems to die, we may be threatening our own future. After all, there is a growing consensus that natural ecosystems have immense, almost incalculable value. Robert Costanza, a resource economist at the University of Maryland, has estimated the global value of freshwater wetlands, including related riverine and lake systems, at close to $5 trillion a year. This figure is based on their value as flood regulators, waste treatment plants, and wildlife habitats, as well as for fisheries production and recreation.
The nightmarish scenarios envisioned for a water-starved not too distant future should be enough to compel action at all levels. The water needs of people and wildlife are inextricably bound together. Unfortunately, it will probably take more incidents like the one in northern Kenya before we learn to share water resources, balancing the needs of nature with the needs of humanity.
Don Hinrichsen is a UN consultant. He is former editor-in-chief of Ambio and was a news correspondent in Europe for 15 years.


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Loudwire Music Festival Set to Launch in 2015
Get ready to rock! We are proud to announce that the inaugural Loudwire Music Festival will take place in Summer 2015 at the 240-acre Jam Ranch in Grand Junction, Colo. While we're not set to reveal the exact date or the lineup right now, we can promise the event will feature big names from the worlds of hard rock, metal, classic rock and alternative rock.
Loudwire is striving to create the most dynamic, interesting and fun rock music festival experience in the West and to set the bar high for the quality of talent. The Loudwire Music Festival will be an extravaganza for those in the Colorado area and a destination event that will attract people from all over the nation.
For those of you who previously attended the Rock Jam at the same location, the Loudwire Music Festival is taking the place of that event. As a thank you to longtime attendees, 2013 Rock Jam seat holders and campsite owners will have the opportunity to renew their seats and campsites before tickets sales open to the general public this fall. We will follow up with an email to you regarding the details of this "early bird" sale in the coming months and please continue to check www.loudwiremusicfestival.com for more info.
So get excited, rock fans. The Loudwire Music Festival is set to launch in summer 2015! Check back with Loudwire for details, dates and lineup announcements in the coming months. To sign up for news updates, visit the official Loudwire Music Festival website.
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