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Anyone out there in the process of attempting to preserve a Ghost Town? Interested in finding a location to film the processes being used and feature the people involved?
Send me a note or post it here.
So why did I start yet another thread? Let me explain.
I love the old ghost Towns and the history that goes with them. What is bothering me is the rate that they are disappearing. Although many of us, especially forum members, care about preserving them some do not. We research before we go, we take pictures and memories and nothing more when we leave. Some would just as soon loot the Ghost towns, take what they find, and damage the rest. Todays internet and the means of travel all of us have access to make the problem worse.
Once in awhile a group comes to me via my web site, a personal call, or a chance meeting and asks for a link or help in their preservation efforts. I typical spread the word as best I can but I know what I am doing to help is not enough. I reach only a few people.
An example is the most recent one from Arizona. I have been here and it is a great town. Certainly worthy of any support we can give them. This is a copy of the note they sent me.
Hello - We are the Vulture Mine Preservation & Restoration Association in Wickenburg, AZ. We are trying to buy the mine preserve its history and stablelize the buildings. We are a 501c3 and on the net at savevulturemine.org would you allow us to link to your site. We need all of the exposure and support we can get. Thank You Ernest Mc Collum xxx-xxx-xxxx
What I am attempting to accomplish is to help these types of projects by having a visible thread on the Ghost Town forum dedicated to legitimate Preservation projects. One that anyone across the county could discuss, add their data, and for people to become aware of the need. If people are aware of the efforts by others, they would be more inclined to visit, contribute time, money or anything else that would help.
So I am looking for your support in adding your comments and your projects to this thread. Then help spread the word through your contacts. Just help to those groups and individuals that are actively attempting to preserve what we enjoy today for future generations.
Hey, I want to take my grandchildren to some of these places.
Visit Colorado Ghost Towns at http://www.rockymountainprofiles.com
No Sales pitch just plenty of photos and stories.
"I led a quieter life before I got hearing aids." Mike
Anyone out there in the process of attempting to preserve a Ghost Town? Interested in finding a location to film the processes being used and feature the people involved?
Send me a note or post it here.
Visit Colorado Ghost Towns at http://www.rockymountainprofiles.com
No Sales pitch just plenty of photos and stories.
"I led a quieter life before I got hearing aids." Mike
Viewed two more sites recently with two different preservation approaches, Shakespeare NM and Chloride NM. Both great sites.
Visit Colorado Ghost Towns at http://www.rockymountainprofiles.com
No Sales pitch just plenty of photos and stories.
"I led a quieter life before I got hearing aids." Mike
PLEASE HELP Preserve the Vulture Mine.
I am copying this note, that i recieved, in the forum to see if some of you might want to vote to help save the Vulture mine just outside of Wickenburg AZ. Please pass it on to others.
Wickenburg's Vulture Mine has been chosen as a finalist in the National Trust This Place Matters competition. The Mine was the only Arizona site chosen and will be competing with endangered historic sites in other states for a $25,000 grant. Winners will be chosen via online voting beginning June 1, 2011 and continuing through June 30.
We need your help to win. Please help by voting at:
...and by asking your email, Facebook, LinkedIn and other "e contacts" to vote for the Vulture Mine. Voters do not need to reside in AZ.
(Click on the "register or get a password" line at the bottom of the blue box on the right-hand side of the page. You'll get a prompt to enter your email address and zip code. This controls duplicate voting. Voters can opt out of future emails. You'll get a page of the contestants. Vulture Mine is near the bottom. Click on it and your vote gets cast.)
The Vulture Mine nomination was submitted by the Vulture Mine Preservation and Restoration Association whose mission is to preserve and restore Henry Wickenburg's 1863 gold mine and adjacent Vulture City for the purpose of interpreting and sharing the mine's legacy and its importance to the development of Arizona and the West. VMPRA will use the proceeds to begin preservation work on the schoolhouses. More information is available at VMPRA's web site http://www.savevulturemine.org.
Fireman's Fund and National Trust Insurance Services co-sponsorship of the This Place Matters campaign highlights the important role that historic buildings and properties play in preserving our national heritage as well as in preserving our environment.
THANK YOU for helping!!
Bernadine McCollum, President
Vulture Mine Preservation & Restoration Association
Visit Colorado Ghost Towns at http://www.rockymountainprofiles.com
No Sales pitch just plenty of photos and stories.
"I led a quieter life before I got hearing aids." Mike
I have done some cabin re-erecting or stabilizing in the last few years but would like to find a way to do it on a larger scale. Just me, by myself up in the Northwest Nevada and Mother load areas.
Thanks for what you are doing.
It would be great to see people out there shoring up these structures so they are around for years to come.
Explore Forums Ghost Town and Mining Camp Forums
Create your own ghost town galleries, blogs, forums, discussion, and much more, free.
Good topic! There is an enormous amount of work that needs to be done throughout the west to preserve our mining heritage. I've always considered preservation of our mining heritage something that I would eventually do full time. I'm starting to work on my "grand plan" now and while it will take years to implement in a meaningful way its always good to get like-minded folks talking about thinks now.
So.... we have 5 responses to this thread. There must be a LOT more people that visit this forum that are interested in preserving our incredible mining and ghost town legacy here in the US. So chime in!
I admire your enthusiam for mining towns. They are very romantic. But it would be a shame to forget about the other types of towns which are under-represented.
There are ghost towns for the age of lumber, steam-boat traffic, stage coach stops, agricultural towns and many more. WWII workforce towns and abandoned airforce bases.
Compared to the above, mining towns (in my opinion) are already much better preserved. There are dozens of restored mining towns and exhibits all over california/nevada etc, but how many 1800's era restored sawmills have you ever seen? I'm not saying we shouldn't preserve mining towns. We've just got to work on preserving all types.
I think often times the biggest problem is when private owners abandon their property or bulldoze a town on it. No law says a company has to keep historic buildings. Valsetz was lost this way.
Even if they are on the national register of historic places, they just get it de-listed, then bulldoze it. I've seen that happen again and again in Portland during the housing boom.
If the state gets a hold of it, either it turns into a park or it meets the horrible fate of being demolished because of liability. We all know with the state of the economy, it's a snowballs' chance right now that any new ghost towns will become state parks.
I think legislation that absolved the state/feds of any liability if a person wandered into a ghost town would prevent a lot of tragic losses. If we could draft such legislation and get enough signatures to pass it in the western states, that would be a good start. A pretty tall order though.
A big problem I see with mining sites in particular is superfund cleanup. Many of the sites are abandoned because foreign companies still own them. They won't re-start mining because they'd have to cleanup the pollution from the early days before they were allowed to start. It's too expensive, so they don't. But whatever mineral was originally mined there might go up in price again, so they don't sell. The state or feds don't have the resources to sue in international court to force the company to cleanup. Could be it would be useless to try because the company might not have the funds.
We might love the historical buildings on the site, but if it costs $30 million to clean it up, even if the site were donated to us for free, what could we do about it?
A lot of sites sit in limbo this way.
Last edited by Tsarevna; 10-10-2011 at 01:55 AM.
I just got back from Northern Nevada, up around the Blackrock, High Rock Canyon area to one of the cabins that my kids and I put a weeks worth of work into last year. Sadly, it seems as if someone destroyed all the wood they could and used it as a camp fire wood. After counting over 200 new bullet holes, i just left. It breaks my heart that people keep destroying things in the desert that have managed to survive the last 150 years. It still wont stop me from trying my best to do what i can do to keep the memories and miner's shacks alive.
What about the old TCRR every day things come up missing and are torn down (tressels) used for fire wood . i agree state parks!!!!
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text: I have noticed some interest in working on restoration or preservation projects. Some of you may not be aware but there are local, state, and regional organizations that are constantly looking for volunteers. Passport in time web site is one of many. Happy hunting, I check several sites monthly looking for new opportunities. I have always enjoyed the sessions and learned much.

subset: commoncrawl


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The visitation was decreed in December by Cardinal Franc Rodé, prefect of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life. His thought on the state of religious life was very forcefully explained in a September 27 keynote address at Stonehill College. Zenit has the full text. His analysis of the transformations in religious life over the past 40 years is quite relevant to the rest of the Church and worth study, excerpt:
"The numbers tell you everything one needs to know why they're undertaking an effort like this," said Russell Shaw, a former spokesman for the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops who called the church's interest "very late in the game."
"For many of these communities, the handwriting is on the wall. They're disappearing," he said.
Historically, Catholic sisters concentrated on teaching and health care. Since the modernizing reforms of the Second Vatican Council of the 1960s, many sisters have become activists of social causes ranging from protesting nuclear weapons to marching with migrant farmworkers. Some also advocate for women to be ordained as priests or challenge church teaching against abortion rights or gay marriage.
In recent years, newly formed traditional orders â whose members dress in habits, show fidelity to Rome and focus on education, health care and social work â have reported growth. More established orders that tend to take more progressive social stances have seen their members' ages and numbers of vocations dwindle.
"The Vatican may be asking the question, 'Why is this happening, and is there something these more traditional orders offer that the more progressive orders can learn from?'" said the Rev. Jim Martin, editor of the Jesuit magazine America.
Why has the implementation of the Council, in large parts of the Church and concretely in religious life, been so difficult and the source of so much turmoil?" asked Pope Benedict in an important speech three years ago.
The answer he offers is deep and crystal-clear. "It all depends on the correct interpretation of the Council or – as we would say today – on its proper hermeneutics, the correct key to its interpretation and application." He continues, "The problems in its implementation arose from the fact that two contrary hermeneutics came face to face and clashed. One caused confusion; the other, silently but more and more visibly, bore and continues to bear fruit.
"On the one hand, there is an interpretation that I would call 'a hermeneutic of discontinuity and rupture'; it has frequently availed itself of the sympathies of the mass media, and also one trend of modern theology. On the other, there is the 'hermeneutic of reform', of renewal in the continuity of the one subject-Church which the Lord has given to us."
1. The 'hermeneutic of discontinuity and rupture' described.
In the Holy Father's analysis, "The hermeneutic of discontinuity is based upon a false concept of the Church and hence of the Council, as if the former were from man alone and the latter a sort of Constituent Assembly. The call to change would be the true "spirit of the Council", to such a degree that whatever in its documents reconfirms the past can be safely said to be the fruit of compromise and therefore to be legitimately forsaken in favor of the Council's 'spirit.' This spirit that all is new and has to be made new gives rise to the fervid excitement of the explorer, the prospect of stepping courageously beyond the letter of the Council. But the call is so vague that one is immediately left anchorless, a victim of his every whim and rejecting all correction. It is idealistic in so far as it underestimates the frailty of human nature, and it is simplistic in thinking that a Yes to the modern era will solve all tensions and create harmony. Given these premises, and given also the best of intentions, what calming influence could there be on experimentation, and what principle was there to moderate the tendency to incorporate into religious life the fads and patterns of modern culture?
Read the whole thing.


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Learn how to contact each ARDA department.
Click here to view ARDA's staff by name.
From Howard Nusbaum
November 15, 2011
This year's Fall Conference left me more "fired up" about the timeshare industry than ever. The enthusiasm of the attendees was contagious, and we all left with a renewed sense of commitment of working together to promote and grow this industry we all love.
The agenda was too full to recap in this blog, so I'm including just a few highlights. We did manage to capture some special moments on camera.
Wednesday, November 9, was a full day of committee meetings where we laid the groundwork of activities and discussions for our next meeting during ARDA WORLD in Las Vegas. We concluded that day with catching up with old friends at Interval International's Welcome Reception. Then ARDA Trustees enjoyed a real treat….dinner at The Embassy of France!
Thursday started early with a meeting of the ARDA Board of Directors. Speakers included Josh Holmes, Chief of Staff to the Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell, who spoke to us about what is happening in the Senate. Senator Roy Blunt (R-MO), provided us with a legislative landscape of several issues, including the Visa Waiver initiative.
We were treated to a fascinating speech at the Legislative Luncheon by Congressman Michael Grimm from Staten Island, who also served in the U.S. Marine Corps and as an FBI undercover agent.
Next was the ARDA Town Hall on the State of the Secondary Market, where we heard from ARDA Chairman Don Harrill, ARDA-ROC Chairman Ken McKelvey, and AIF Chairman Bob Miller as well as audience participants.
Our Keynote Speaker was Dr. Peter Morici, a nationally recognized expert and commentator on economic policy and international politics. His National Economic Forecast presentation was insightful (and rather sobering).
The Closing Night Reception, sponsored by RCI, gave us a chance to network and relax a bit after two packed days of meetings, presentations, and business discussions.
We wrapped up Friday morning with our Chairman's League Breakfast, featuring Tucker Carlson, contributor to FOX News and editor-in-chief of the Daily Caller news site. He offered us his witty and entertaining comments on the presidential candidates.
I think I speak for all ARDA staff when I say that we left The Fairmont Hotel with renewed energy, optimism, and dedication to our members and the industry. That is born partly out of a great Fall Conference program but also out of the various developer and stakeholder meetings where the real deals are made. Stay tuned for more…….
Copyright 2014. American Resort Development Assoc. All rights reserved.


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Project comments (2) | Write a comment
For the Card Inside:
A tip from Laura: Try inking or sanding the edges of your flowers before you fold them into shape. Each of the petals will stand out more when the shapes are folded and the papers layered on top of each other. Another tip? I like to add a brad (or in this case, a brad with an adorable pinwheel!) to the center of my folded flowers to make sure all the petals stay in place.
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Will Produce Original Webcasts and Interviews to be Featured on HCI and Work4 Pages
August 9, 2013 - BROOKLYN, NY – The Human Capital Institute (HCI), the global institution for strategic talent management, announced today that Work4 has signed on to become an HCI Online Content Partner, and will underwrite HCI's Talent Acquisition community with original webcasts and whitepapers. Work4 brings cost-effective, efficient sourcing and hiring to the world's top companies by leveraging the reach and scope of Facebook, the world's most powerful social network.
HCI's Talent Acquisition community is dedicated to aggregating the latest insights into human capital recruiting, sourcing, and integration. Work4's dedication to utilizing Facebook to streamline the staffing process is a perfect match to HCI's content on more effective and dynamic ways to attract and retain talent. With recent whitepapers published including "The Future of Facebook for Recruiting Professionals: 4 Facebook Updates You Can't Ignore," and "Marketing and HR: A Match Made in Facebook," Work4 continues to be a key tool in recruitment and social media exposure. Companies such as L'Oreal, Hard Rock Café, Ancestry.com and National Bank of Canada have all utilized Work4's platform to share career opportunities, prioritize recruits, and find the right candidates for their needs.
As part of the agreement between HCI and Work4, at least two webcasts highlighting insights into recruiting will be underwritten and presented by Work4, in addition to audio interviews and blogs. Work4 will also have the opportunity to feature up to 50 content assets from their own research on HCI's community page dedicated to Talent Acquisition. Work4 joins TalentCircles, Montage, Oracle, Kenexa, SkillSurvey and Agile-1 as underwriters of HCI's Talent Acquisition community.
To visit HCI's Talent Acquisition page, and see the latest offerings from HCI and others, visit http://www.hci.org/talent-management/talent-acquisition
To learn more about opportunities as an underwriter to HCI, visit http://www.hci.org/sponsorship
About do not use - Human Capital Institute (HCI)
HCI is the global association for strategic talent management and new economy leadership, and a clearinghouse for best practices and new ideas. Our network of expert practitioners, Fortune 1000 and Global 2000 corporations, government agencies, global consultants and business schools contribute a stream of constantly evolving information, the best of which is organized, analyzed and shared with members through HCI communities, research, education and events. For more information, please visit www.hci.org.
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One of my finds while doing this show - This show has brought me to many places from Lim Chu Kang cemetery to the local farms to a kampung in Singapore city.
Yup, you heard me right. There IS still a kampung around. I'm someone who explores Singapore on my own a lot, and I wonder why I never knew about this place before.
Remember Your Mosquito Protection Kits!
Yup, you heard me right. There IS still a kampung around. I'm someone who explores Singapore on my own a lot, and I wonder why I never knew about this place before.
It is SUPER old school!!!! Like, really really kampung!!!! OMGOMGOMG!!!!
One thing not too fantastic - cat poop and mozzies EVERYWHERE!!!!! ARGH~
The crew. Super candid weird expressions. Lol~
This is in my hometown - Singapore, okay? Don't play play. Who said we lost our history? =D
p/s. Check out the houses behind!!!!!
Tying my saree~~~
still tying~~~
...as my dear producer watched on with amusement...
WAHAHAHAHAHAH!!!!! Yes you can tell it is a very very very very hot day. Life's candid moments. Gayathri, I love you. I do. And I think you look cute here~ ;)
Director Venga~
All busy at work. Credits to Malathi for taking these pictures. She's the prettiest AP ever, as I mentioned, and she somehow avoids cameras, so I can't show you how she looks like....
The bike, my super chio helmet, and my Tamil script. And this weird Chinese girl was standing beside in a saree. Epic.
With the extras and makeup artist (back) for that day. They were a really fun-loving bunch! =D
Meet Aunty Mui Hong! She always calls me "Thanguhcheeee~~~~" whenever she sees me. Lol. That means 'little sister' in Thamizh (Tamil).
She is one of the owners of this kampung, and the only one still residing there. Her siblings have moved out, so she lives there with her nieces. A carefree lady who can be seen tending to her plants or cycling around the kampung visiting houses, she's one rich woman~ It's estimated that the piece of land is valued at at least, get this straight, S$30 million~!!!!!! But I hope she doesn't sell it, ever. Because this is such a priceless piece of heritage, we want to see it live on, and let our children see it too. It is our past, what made Singapore it is today with its towering skyscrapers and amazing architecture. Just 30 years ago Singapore was so kampung~ Gosh we're moving way too fast!
Keen to visit this place? It's called Kampung Lorong Buangkok, located at Gerald Drive (near Jalan Kayu), off Yio Chu Kang Road.
There are plans, as URA mentioned, to bulldoze and flatten the land and develop this place. Why? I have no idea. I think the government is bonkers and totally out of their mind if they really do that. Throw me in jail for saying that, I don't care. What I feel is we should preserve this place, instead of getting rid of it. We don't have any more of this left in mainland Singapore, leave it alone! And for those of you who haven't seen it, go. Doors are left unlocked, fruit trees are abundant, and pet cats and dogs are free to roam the place. (Leave Aunty Mui Hong's dogs alone though, they can get quite fiercely protective of their territory.) This place is a gem, in every aspect.
Oh, and if you do go, say hi to Aunty Mui Hong for me okay? Tell her the Chinese girl who acted in the Indian show misses her! =D
Remember Your Mosquito Protection Kits!


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Shirtless Male Models Invade Paris
It's Friday afternoon and if you're like me, this is a good time to stare at some shirtless men for no good reason. Yesterday Abercrombie & Fitch dispatched 101 hotties to the Champs Élysées (which is how you say "outdoor mall" in French) to celebrate the opening of its Paris flagship. That's at least 606 individual abdominal muscles! Never before have I ever wanted to be in a place so badly.


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Three men were shot in East Baltimore on Sunday night, and all are expected to survive their injuries, city police said.
The men were shot in the 2900 block of East Monument Street after 7 p.m., police said. One man was shot in the hand, one in the abdomen and one shot in the leg, said Detective Vernon Davis, a police spokesman.
Two of the victims left in a car and were stopped by police about a mile away, near the intersection of Orleans Street and North Duncan Street, and taken to a local hospital.
More information about suspects or motive was not immediately available.
Anyone with information about the shooting may call 410-396-2433.


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Port Arthur Police Department's Blue Santa
Volunteers and officers from the Port Arthur Police Department came together at the Bob Bower Civic Center in Port Arthur on Friday, Dec. 20, to distribute toys and gifts to local families to help make their Christmas brighter. Blue Santa coordinators spent about $16,000 on gifts to assist close to 300 Port Arthur families during this holiday season.
The law firm of McPherson, Wimberley, Hughes, Bradley and Chatelain held a silent auction to raise funds for the Blue Santa program. Other contributors included local businesses and refineries in Port Arthur.
Detective Marcelo Molfino assisted with the Blue Santa event and grilled sausages, hot dogs and more for hungry attendees. Jefferson County Judge Bob Wortham handed out chips to young ones and their parents. Port Arthur Mayor Bobbie Prince also came out to show her support for the boys in blue and for the local children who benefit from the Blue Santa program.
Molfino said the program is important for local children who might not otherwise have gifts for Christmas, and the event allows children to get to know the officers in a fun setting.
"I think it's important for the kids to see police in a positive light," Molfino said. "They often only see us when we are out in neighborhoods doing our jobs, but here they get to see us as real people. We have kids and families, and we're human too. It helps the community, and volunteers like the Boy Scouts come out here and are able to interact with children from the community. It's just a great event all around."


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Controlling a DC motor from your computer using bridgeware is easier than you think. The purpose of this tutorial is to explain the basic concepts behind creating a motor control system with encoder feedback.
Using a few widely available modular components, you can create a flexible system that can be used to control a DC motor. Start by selecting a DC motor that will meet the demands of your project, then a motor controller that can provide sufficient power to the motor. Add an appropriate servo controller to generate the R/C control signals, and software to issue commands to the servo controller, and you're ready to roll! If you need to monitor the motor speed, feedback is easily achieved by adding an optical encoder.
This control method has a wide range of applications, from battlebots, to industrial processes, to kinetic art installations.
You can also find more computer based robotics tutorials here.


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Gluten-free and lower-carb wasn't the goal, but that's what I got.
I was making dinner and all I really wanted was a fast, filling and easy chicken something-or-other. I was thinking chicken and refried bean burritos, but realized too late that I didn't have any tortillas. Rather than abandon the idea, I went ahead without. Instead of using the chicken as the filling, I pounded it flat and used it as the wrap itself.
The result was delicious, versatile and simple. Though I used refried beans and cheese as my filling, there's no reason you couldn't substitute the vegetables or whole beans of your choice. And while I used regular sour cream and mozzarella, you could make this dinner low-fat simply by switching to those varieties of dairy.
Best yet, this dish also is easily prepped ahead of time. The night before or the morning of, follow the recipe right up to the point of cooking, then cover in plastic wrap and refrigerate until ready to cook. Just be sure to use kitchen twine or toothpicks to hold the wraps together so they don't unroll during the day.
Spicy Smoky Refried Chicken Wraps
Start to finish: 45 minutes Servings: 4
2 boneless, skinless chicken breasts
Juice of 1 lime Salt and ground black pepper, to taste
15-ounce can refried beans 1 tsp hot sauce (more or less to taste)
1 tsp ground cumin 1 tsp smoked paprika
1 cup shredded mozzarella cheese
Tomato salsa, to garnish Chopped fresh cilantro, to garnish
Sour cream Heat the oven to 350 F. Coat a rimmed baking sheet with cooking spray.
Carefully slice each chicken breast in half horizontally to create 2 thin fillets. One at a time, place each fillet between sheets of plastic wrap and pound with a meat mallet or rolling pin until evenly thin and about twice as large. Sprinkle both sides of each piece of chicken with lime juice, then season with salt and pepper. Arrange on the prepared baking sheet, then set aside.
In a medium bowl, mix together the refried beans, hot sauce, cumin, paprika and cheese. Spread a quarter of the mixture evenly over each fillet.
Roll each fillet into a tight bundle. If needed, the bundles can be tied with kitchen twine or pinned with toothpicks to keep from unrolling.
Spritz each bundle with cooking spray, then bake for 25 minutes, or until a thermometer inserted at the center of the bundles reads 165 F. Serve topped with salsa, cilantro and sour cream.
Nutrition information per serving (values are rounded to the nearest whole number): 250 calories; 60 calories from fat (23 percent of total calories); 6 g fat (4 g saturated; 0 g trans fats); 55 mg cholesterol; 20 g carbohydrate; 28 g protein; 6 g fiber; 940 mg sodium.


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Our coverage of specific control devices begins with basic wired controls- the most commonly used control items. You can find them in thousands of locations worldwide.
Push button switches. Most of these switches consist of two parts: a contact unit and an operating mechanism. This allows for many combinations.
You can get contact units in blocks that contain one normally open (NO) and one normally closed (NC) contact. (The designation "normal" is the position of the contact before it's acted upon.) You can also assemble multiple contact blocks to get up to four NO and four NC contacts. With some switches, you can add even more units.
The contact rating for a typical heavy-duty, oil-tight unit is: AC Volts: 110V to 125V Amperes Normal: 6.0A Amperes Inrush: 60.0A
In some cases, you can find the contact block mounted in a push button enclosure. Thus, it may be pre-wired, and you can install the operating mechanism later. The alternate method is panel mounting, where you mount the base, with the contact block attached, through an opening in the panel. You then secure it with a threaded ring, installed from the front of the panel. The ring is part of the operator assembly. This arrangement provides a space for a terminal block installation in the base of the enclosure. Thus, you can terminate all connecting circuits at a convenient location.
You may have to modify the hole when substituting one make of unit for another. Many types of operations are available to suit most applications.
Some people consider the easy identification of switches important, like how most of us associate certain functions with a specific color. For example, in the machine tool industry, we assign the following functions for the colors red, yellow, and black:
Red: Stop or emergency stop
Yellow: Return or emergency return
Black/Green: Start motors or cycle.
While this is a good pattern to follow, you should never assume anything. When working on an existing circuit, always verify which button is for which operation. This may slow you down, but it will also keep you safe.
Selector switches. You can get selector switches with up to four positions. They can be the maintained contact-type, a three-position switch arranged for spring return from the right, left, or both right and left. Units are available with up to eight contacts per device.
Available operators include standard knob, knob lever, or wing lever types. You can use a cylinder lock to lock the switch in any one position or all positions. The arrangement for opening or closing contacts in any one position or more depends on a cam in the operator.
A simpler form, called a double-pole, double-throw selector switch, comes with two contacts arranged for two positions. Similarly, a double-pole, double-throw with neutral selector switch has two contacts arranged for three positions. As the number of positions increases to four and the number of contacts (poles) increases to eight, the manufacturer generally codes its reference to a specific operation through a symbol chart or function table. Heavy-duty switches and special application switches are also available.
Indicating lights. Three basic types of indicating or pilot lights are available: full voltage, resistor, and transformer.
Due to the vibration normally present in machines, most usually prefer the low-voltage bulb. It operates at 6V to 8V, obtained through a resistance or transformer unit.
The lenses are either plastic or glass and come in a variety of colors. Again, as for push button operators, you would use colors to increase safety of operation. For example:
Red: Danger, abnormal conditions
Amber: Attention
Green: Safe condition
White or clear: Normal condition
The push-to-test indicating light provides another feature. Suppose the indicating lamp isn't lighted. It may be the bulb isn't energized, or is burned out. Depressing the lens unit connects the bulb directly across the control voltage source, providing a check on the condition of the bulb.
Like the standard line of devices, manufacturers make miniature oil-tight push buttons, selector switches, and pilot lights. This line covers about the same selection as the standard line, while offering advantages where space is limited.
The oil-tight designation. All oil-tight operators mount on the panel of an enclosure with some type of sealing ring, for the oil-tight rating. Nameplates identify the unit, and are available in different sizes, generally depending on the amount of information required to properly describe the function of the unit. Manufacturers will custom-engrave nameplates for special applications (for an additional fee, of course). Almost all control devices of this type are rated "oil-tight."
Solenoids. Solenoids are extremely important for controlling machines. Like the relay and contactor, the solenoid is an electromechanical device, using electrical energy to magnetically cause mechanical movement.
When you first energize a solenoid, you partially remove the iron core from the core of the coil, and the inductive reactance of the unit is very low. The initial current (called inrush current) is relatively high. The holding current is the current at the closed position: It's sometimes called sealed current. The ratio of inrush current to holding current generally varies from approximately 5:1 in small solenoids to as much as 15:1 in large solenoids.
A solenoid is made up of three basic parts: the frame, plunger, and coil. The frame and plunger are made up of laminations of high-grade silicon steel. The coil is wound of an insulated copper. Solenoids for AC use are available as oil-immersed types. You get better heat dissipation and wear conditions with this design. They're also available with a plug-in base.
When energizing the coil of a solenoid, you produce a magnetic field about the coil. This field produces a force called pull, which acts on the solenoid plunger. Due to this force, the plunger moves into the coil. The pull in solenoids varies, from as low as a fraction of an oz. to as high as nearly 100 lb.
There are two primary considerations in the application of solenoids:
Make sure the pull of the solenoid exceeds the load. If the pull is a little less, you'll get sluggish action, and the solenoid may not complete the stroke. You also have to consider conditions somewhat out of your control, such as low voltage or increased loading through friction or pressure. That's why it's generally advisable to overrate the solenoid by 20% to 25%. But don't oversize it too much; that would cause the plunger to slam, resulting in damage to the plunger and frame.
Make sure you know the duty cycle of the workload. Some applications require a duty cycle of only an occasional operation. Others require several hundred operations per minute. You have to be careful with the latter application because operating a solenoid above its maximum cycling rate will result in excessive heating and mechanical damage.
The pull-in force of a solenoid decreases rapidly as the voltage decreases below the coil nominal rating. On the other hand, as the voltage increases over the nominal value, the pull-in force increases. But, the solenoid temperature may also rapidly increase.
From a low-voltage standpoint, you should allow for adequate force at some arbitrary low-voltage level when selecting a solenoid size. This will prevent failure to pull out (as low voltage leads to minimal current and consequent coil burnout).
Design practices vary, but low-voltage levels are usually set at 85% or 90% of rated or nominal levels.
Relays. As mentioned in Lesson 1, the relay is a combination of a solenoid and one or more switches. A relay connects two circuits with differing characteristics. Every relay is connected to a controlling circuit that activates its coil, either leaving it in its normal position, or moving the coil and attached switch contacts to its second position. This opens or closes the contacts, as the case may be. This controlling circuit must be of the correct voltage, amperage, and characteristics for the relay coil. A relay can control one or more additional circuits, being opened or closed by the solenoid action of the relay's coil.
Relays vary from small panel-mounted units to huge high-voltage relays. However, the essential operations of all are the same. Manufacturers supposedly design coils on electromechanical devices (such as relays, contactors, and motor starters), so they don't drop out (de-energize) until the voltage drops to about of 85% of the rated voltage. Also, coils shouldn't pick up (energize) until the voltage rises to approximately 85% of the rated voltage. However, there is some "fudge factor" built into these numbers, and most electromechanical devices will not drop out until they "see" a lower voltage level. Also, most electromechanical devices will pick up at a lower rising voltage level. Generally, coils on electromechanical devices will operate continuously at 110% of the rated voltage without damage to the coil.
The two important factors in a relay are the coil and contacts. Of these, the contacts generally require greater consideration in practical circuit design. Most relays used in machine control have double-break contacts. The three ratings generally published are:
Inrush or "make contact" capacity;
Normal or continuous carrying capacity; and
Opening or break capacity.
A typical industrial relay may have the following contact ratings: 10A noninductive continuous load (AC); 6A inductive load at 120 V (AC); and 60A make and 60 A break, inductive load at 120V (AC).
A DC resistance is an example of a noninductive load. This may be a resistance unit used as a heating element. An inductive load is a coil (usually a solenoid, contactor coil, or motor starter coil). The important thing is: When determining the contact rating, you must have a clear understanding of which rating is given.
Latching relays. Manufacturers add mechanical latching attachments to control relays, with the resulting devices called mechanically held relays. These have two control coils, one to pull the relay into one position, and one to move it to the other position.
The latching relay operates electromagnetically: It's held by means of a mechanical latch. And by energizing a coil (called the latch coil), the relay operates. This results in the relay's NO contacts closing and the NC contacts opening. When you remove the electrical energy from the relay's coil (de-energize it), the contacts remain in their operated condition. To return the contacts to original condition, you must energize a second coil on the relay, the unlatch coil. The industry refers to this arrangement as a memory relay.
The latching relay has several advantages in electrical circuit design. For example, suppose you want to open or close contacts early in a cycle. At the same time, you may want to de-energize a section of the circuit responsible for the initial energizing of the relay latch coil. Later in the cycle, you can energize the unlatch coil to return the contacts to their original or non-operated condition. The circuit is then set up for the next cycle.
Another use for the latching-type relay involves power failure. Here, you may want the contacts to remain in their operated condition during the power-off period. Conditions in this case are the same after the power failure as they were before.
Quietness of operation is another feature of the latching relay. Since the coil is only energized momentarily, you don't have the usual hum.
Plug-in relays. Some industrial machine relays are available in plug-in types and designed for multiple switching applications at or below 240V. Coil voltages cover standard levels from 6V to 120V. These relays are available for AC or DC operation. Mountings include tube-type socket, square-base socket mounting, or flange mounting using slip-on connectors.
The plug-in relay has a distinct advantage when you want to change relays without disturbing the circuit wiring. In critical operations (where relay service is very hard and downtime is a premium), the plug-in relay may have some advantages. You'll have to assess the actual operating conditions in specific cases to determine their need.
Contactors. A contactor is a large relay, often designed for a specific use (as in controlling lighting circuits). The major difference is in the size range available with contactors. They're capable of carrying current in the range of 9A through approximately 2250A. For example, a size 00 contactor is rated at 9A (200V to 575V). A size 9 contactor is rated at 2250A (200V to 575V).
Like the relay, it's an electromechanical device. The same coil conditions exist in that a high inrush current is available when you energize its coil (generally at 120V). The current level drops to the holding or sealed level when you operate the contacts. Generally, you find contactors in 2-, 3-, or 4-pole arrangements. Manufacturers generally supply one NO auxiliary contact as standard on most contactors. You would use this contact as a holding contact in the circuit, for example, around a NO push button switch. You can get additional NO and NC auxiliary contacts as an option from the manufacturer or ordered as a separate unit and mounted in the field.
You use a contactor for switching power to resistance heating elements, lighting, magnetic brakes, or heavy industrial solenoids. You can also use them to switch motors, if you supply separate overload protection.
Control circuits. The circuits we use to connect all of our controls are obviously important. Three things are essential for control circuits:
They must be properly designed for their jobs. (To control equipment properly.)
They must be safe to operate.
They must be reliable in the long term.
Control circuits usually use standard wiring methods, in normal circumstances-the most common being type THHN conductors in EMT (electrical metallic tubing or "thinwall" conduit). In more difficult environments, such as in or around industrial machines, you will find THHN conductors in heavy-wall (GRC) conduit.
Probably the three most basic applications of control circuitry are:
You operate a motor start push button switch, which energizes a motor starter coil, closes motor starter contacts, and then energizes a motor.
A NO thermostat contact closes, energizing the coil of a contactor, which in turn, closes contacts, and then energizes heating elements.
A NO limit switch contact connected to energize the coil of a relay is held closed (operated) at the start of a cycle. A NO relay contact then closes to energize a solenoid.
Obviously, these are very simple applications. Other control circuits can be very complex, requiring skilled professionals to design, install, and especially troubleshoot them.
Circuit diagrams. In the schematic diagrams used to depict control circuits, symbols represent each component, and every wire is either shown by itself or included in an assembly of several wires that appear as one line on the drawing. However, each wire in the assembly is numbered when it enters and keeps the same number when it emerges to be connected to some electrical component in the system.
Refer to the schematic and wiring diagrams (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, original article) with this lesson. They show the various devices (in symbol form, as shown in Fig. 1, on page 59, original article) and indicate the connections of all wires between the devices.
The holding circuit. If you refer to the first motor starter control circuit drawing (Fig. 2, original article), you'll see one of the most basic yet important control techniques: the holding circuit (also called the stick circuit). Follow the current through this circuit, starting at the left (at L1). The line L1 represents one of the two power conductors that provide voltage for the control circuit's operation. Current in this control circuit flows from L1 to L2. Presumably, L1 and L2 are two of the three conductors feeding the 3-phase motor this circuit controls. In this case, the control circuit is operating at the same voltage as the motor. Otherwise, you would have a small transformer (commonly called a control transformer) installed to bring the voltage down to an appropriate level for the control circuit.
The current flows first through a STOP button. Notice two things about this device: First, it's an NC switch; second, all the current in the circuit must flow through it. (It's wired in series.) This arrangement ensures when you press the stop button, all current in the control circuit will stop.
The next component in the circuit is the START button. Notice this is a NO contact, and there is a NO set of contacts in parallel with the START button. This is the main component of the holding circuit. This set of contacts is marked "M," which means the "M" coil (further to the right in this control circuit) controls them. So, when there's current flowing through this circuit, the M coil is energized and the M contacts close, providing a path for current flow through the circuit, even without the START switch remaining in the closed position. You must push the START switch to start the circuit's operation, but once you have, the M contacts close and keep the circuit going without the START button remaining closed. This holds the circuit in its energized state.
The M contacts are separated from the M coil in this diagram. These two components, which are not connected electrically, are connected mechanically: The contacts make and break when you energize and de-energize the coil.
Just before this circuit reaches L2, you see three overload contacts. These are NC contacts located in the motor starter. If one of the three conductors exceeds its limit, the overload contact associated with it will open. This will cause the control circuit to open, the M coil to de-energize, the M contacts to open, and the main motor contacts (which are not shown in this drawing, but are operated by the M coil) to open, stopping the motor. Notice that the overload contacts are connected in series, so any one of them opening will de-energize the control circuit. Three overload contacts are shown in this drawing, which is required on all new installations. Keep in mind, however, there are old installations that have only two overload contacts.
A final note on this circuit: If you look at the START and STOP buttons, you'll see "1," "2," and "3" near them. These points represent the three wiring terminals inside the common START/STOP station. They're shown on some schematic diagrams, but are not fully necessary.
Schematic diagrams show the various components as they relate to each other electrically. Wiring diagrams (as shown in Fig. 3, original article) show the components as they relate to each other physically. Most electricians consider schematic diagrams better for understanding the circuit, its components, and its operation. Wiring diagrams, while generally less preferred, are helpful during installation and troubleshooting. This is especially true when trying to plan conductor routings for complex circuits.


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Brussels, 7 September 2010
Letter by President Barroso to the Members of the European Parliament
"Dear President Buzek,
One year ago I presented my political guidelines for the next five years to the European Parliament and I proposed a special relationship between the Parliament and the Commission. I am pleased to see that in the few short months since the present College of Commissioners took office we have been able to give political and practical meaning to that approach. In particular it was important to conclude our new Framework Agreement quickly so that we have a clear and agreed framework for our relations.
As you know, our Framework Agreement makes important changes in the way the Commission adopts its Work Programme. It foresees that the adoption of the Work Programme will be preceded by discussions between our institutions on the political priorities for the Union. It also includes the provision that the President of the Commission will make a State of the European Union speech to the plenary. In parallel with delivering this address, I would like to provide you with an outline of the main elements guiding the preparation of the Commission Work Programme. This should support an exchange of views between the Commission and Parliament which will help the Commission to finalise its work programme for 2011 by the end of October as foreseen in the Framework Agreement.
As you will see from this letter, there will be a strong emphasis on economic matters for the rest of 2010 and in the Commission's next Work Programme. This reflects the continuing priority to tackle the economic crisis. We will be tabling proposals and pursuing policies that aim to get the EU economy into better shape and also front loading proposals that can help to boost sustainable growth and create new jobs. These should give hope to our citizens throughout the EU and demonstrate the real added value of action at EU level. We hope that we can secure the agreement of the European Parliament and the Council to programme "fast track" negotiations on certain key proposals central to economic recovery and job creation. This would show how our decision-making system is able to respond to particular needs and particular urgencies.
In the rest of this letter I have grouped the main elements we are considering for our future Work Programme under the following headings:
Economic governance and financial services regulation
The Commission has presented ideas which have framed the debate on strengthening economic policy governance in the EU and the euro area. The cornerstone is enhanced surveillance of fiscal policies, macroeconomic policies and structural reforms. This should be backed up by firm enforcement mechanisms to prevent or correct the excesses that could endanger growth and jeopardize our common financial stability.
The Commission has moved quickly to implement the necessary adjustments to the "code of conduct" of the Stability and Growth Pact and will continue to take action on the measures falling under its direct competence. We will table legislative proposals at the end of September. These proposals will be obvious candidates for an inter-institutional programming agreement to "fast track" consideration and adoption of texts.
The European Parliament is very actively engaged in co-deciding the new regulatory framework for the EU's financial services sector. As we set out in June, the Commission will complete its financial reform programme by making further proposals including a set of crisis management tools for prevention and resolution of failing banks, improved market transparency, sanctions against market abuse, further strengthening of the bank capital rules and initiatives to improve corporate governance in the financial sector. In the coming days we will present legislative proposals to bring transparency and security to derivatives markets, and to address the issue of naked short selling including credit default swaps. Most of these proposals will be adopted by the Commission this autumn, with the rest to follow early next year, thus also ensuring that we have delivered on our international commitments to the G 20. We will want to work closely with the Parliament to accelerate decisions on these proposals.
The 2011 Work Programme will include:
Europe 2020 – a growth strategy for the EU
The Commission's proposals for a new growth strategy for the EU are now established as the core framework for the future. The underlying assumption of Europe 2020 is that Europe's recovery and future are dependent on pursuing smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, with quantified goals and concrete actions at EU and national level. This has been widely welcomed and was endorsed by the European Council in June. Now work turns to implementing the strategy, with a particular focus on frontloading its growth enhancing elements. The Commission has already launched its Digital Agenda flagship and by the end of this year the Commission will present other key Flagship Initiatives, including on the Innovation Union, Industrial Policy, Youth on the Move, New Skills and Jobs and the Platform against Poverty. We will also take forward key elements of the EU flagship on resource efficiency, in particular in energy and transport, in coherence with our overall climate change strategy. A landmark for 2011 will clearly be the first year's implementation of the 2020 approach, with the Annual Growth Survey early in 2011 launching the new European semester of policy coordination.
The right social platform for modernising Europe
Our societies are based on a social model, where growth and welfare, competitiveness and inclusion complement each other. It is a unique model, which provides opportunities for all, but which must also be constantly developed to be effective. In the face of the current crisis our efforts must focus on fighting unemployment by creating jobs. We must act, support, train and encourage, wherever there are possibilities. The EU must work with governments and social partners to ensure that we pursue all possible routes to creating worthwhile and sustainable jobs. In line with the commitments I made to Parliament, the Commission will propose to revise the Working Time Directive and will make a legislative proposal on the interpretation of the Posted Workers Directive.
Europe 2020 has recognised the central role of education as a foundation stone to build prosperity and social justice. The EU needs to look at the contribution it can make to help national governments reach their 2020 targets.
Also to be included in measures under the 2011 Work programme are:
Unlocking the potential of the Single Market
The Single Market is one of the main achievements of European integration and our strongest asset to bolster competitiveness and create jobs. Drawing on the comprehensive report prepared at my request by Mario Monti, the Commission will present an ambitious "Single Market Act" containing a list of priority legislative and other proposals, to be tabled during 2011, all aiming at having direct benefits for companies and citizens. The "Single Market Act" will include improvements to public procurement rules, proposals for a common consolidated corporate tax base (CCCTB) and sustained efforts to reduce roaming charges for citizens in a borderless Europe, and the development of a framework for electronic identity and authentication. The target should be to make a real difference for SMEs and other key players in the single market.
European civil law offers additional possibilities for facilitating cross-border operations by plugging the holes in the Single Market. Frequent concerns of small and medium size enterprises include how to draw up a contract or how to get paid for goods or services delivered.
The 2011 work programme will include:
Smart regulation
In elaborating its proposals, the Commission will observe the highest standards of smart regulation and have a strong horizontal and soundly based approach to policy making, based on an integrated system of impact assessment and in respect of the principles of proportionality and subsidiarity. We will continue to make proposals to reduce the administrative burden on economic operators, especially small and medium sized enterprises, and are committed to working with other institutions to develop this approach.
The Commission will also continue its work to ensure sound and accountable financial management of the EU budget. It will work closely with the European Parliament and Council on the regulatory framework governing OLAF, the EU's anti fraud office.
Moving to a resource-efficient society
A core pillar of Europe 2020 is the need to generate more growth using fewer resources. European society needs a vision which promotes the long-term redirection of our economy towards truly sustainable growth. This means integrating the different strands of policy on climate change, energy, transport and the environment into a coherent approach on resource efficiency and a low carbon future. This should feed into preparations for the Rio+20 Earth Summit in 2012.
It is also clear that agriculture will play a major role in addressing some of the biggest challenges such as global food security, halting biodiversity loss and the sustainable management of our natural resources. Therefore the Commission will propose a substantial reform of the common agricultural policy to modernise it and make it responsive to the expectations of European society which wants a sustainable, competitive and environmentally friendly agricultural sector.
The EU will continue to lead the fight against climate change - both in our internal and external policies. We will continue to put in place the building blocks of the world's most ambitious programme of action to combat climate change, as well as seeking to conclude a global agreement to deliver the ambitious cuts in emissions we need.
In the coming months, energy policy will be high on our agenda, serving the established objectives of competitiveness, sustainability and security of supply. This year will already see the presentation of an energy action plan, which will be a strategy document laying out the priority action points for 2011-2020. This will be backed up by work to create the right environment for the modernisation of European energy infrastructure.
The 2011 Work programme will include:
Citizens' involvement
The Commission will make proposals to strengthen citizen's rights as they move across borders. We should also aim to finalise work on the Citizens' Initiative, so that Europeans can fully enjoy this increase in their participatory rights.
The EU should continue to promote the direct relevance of its policies for citizens and to promote a distinctively European dimension to reflect the EU's cultural richness and diversity.
Making the EU a safer place
The Lisbon Treaty grants the EU new competences to help turn Europe into a more open space, where it will be easier to move around or conduct business, but also into a safer place, where an effective internal security strategy ensures that criminals and terrorists cannot exploit gaps in the system. The Commission has put forward a very ambitious programme for the coming years - the Stockholm Programme Action Plan - and we are determined to maintain the balance it reflects between the need for security and the imperative of freedom.
The millions of travellers crossing borders each day do not want a sudden rise in the burdens they face. We have to be open for international exchanges and see the economic benefits of international exposure. Immigration is a key resource for European society. But it needs to enjoy the confidence of citizens. This means a common immigration policy, with a clear distinction between legal and illegal immigration, and a system which properly manages the challenge of asylum. Next year we will suggest complementing the legal migration package that we have started to put in place since 2005. We will also pursue action in the field of illegal immigration, in partnership with countries of origin.
The 2011 Work Programme will include:
The next multiannual Financial Framework
The Commission will present its proposal for the next multiannual financial framework next year. Our spending must reflect the main challenges that Europe is facing and it must contribute to achieving our key policy objectives, in particular the Europe 2020 strategy. As a leading principle, the EU budget should be targeted to policies where it can make a difference and bring real added value. At the same time, the Union's system of Own Resources needs modernisation and rationalisation.
The Commission's Budget Review, to be presented in the coming weeks, will provide a good opportunity to discuss the main principles and options that should shape the next multiannual financial framework. The key landmarks in 2011 will include:
A new direction in external relations
The EU's new structures for external policy, created by the Lisbon Treaty, will soon be up and running in full. The Commission will continue to support the new European External Action Service with which we will cooperate very closely.
With the structures in place, we now have an opportunity to promote a comprehensive and cohesive policy on the key external challenges we face today, focusing our efforts on strategic partners, and demonstrating that the EU is capable of speaking with one voice as a strong and reliable partner. The Commission will present its vision of how we can maximise the EU's role in the world to mark the first year of implementation of the Lisbon Treaty.
Part and parcel of this approach is to advance our values and our interests in a coordinated way across the whole range of EU external instruments. For the Commission, this must include an effective development policy, focused where it can have a real impact on those in need. Helping those affected by humanitarian catastrophes remains a central building block of the EU's world wide engagement; proposals to ensure that the EU can respond to humanitarian crises swiftly and effectively should be put in place as quickly as possible.
To ensure that the advantages of open trade can benefit to all, this autumn's new trade policy strategy will push for a further opening of the international economy both at multilateral and bilateral level. With our new international investment strategy the Commission has started to take on its new exclusive competence on foreign direct investment and set out the principal strategic orientations of EU investment policy while maintaining full legal certainty for investors through transitional arrangements. We look forward to cooperating with Parliament and Council to flesh out this strategy with concrete initiatives.
The 2011 Work Programme will include:
In conclusion I hope that the new approach to programming that we have agreed will provide a strong basis for inter-institutional cooperation. The work of the Conference of Committee Chairs in the form of their summary report has already given valuable input into our reflections. I look forward to receiving the input of Parliament following a process of consultation between individual Commissioners and the relevant Committees, and to reviewing the whole process with you and the Conference of Presidents prior to the final adoption of the Work Programme by the College."
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Discussion on integrations with the MTA and other systems, anything in regards to the mail system itself
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I started making Bentos for my niece Ykaie to take to school. I bought her 2 hello kitty lunch bags. Hello kitty is one of her favorite cartoon characters. She is always excited to see what I made for her. I try to make 3 bentos a week for her.
Ykaie didn't wear her uniform for the first 2 weeks.
Here are some of the bentos I prepared for her:
Flower Bento
Yaki Onigiri, flower shaped cucumbers, flower shaped chicken hotdog, salmon fish cake, grapes, mangoes and a cherry
Hello Kitty Bento
hello kitty bread with nutella filling, grapes, egg chick, powdered milk candy, red plastic container contains a tiny amount of iodized salt. Ykaie doesn't eat eggs without salt.
Butterfly Bento
peanutbutter roll ups, butterfly cheese, grapes, gummy pretzels, sliced apples with dulce de leche dip ( I topped it with colorful sprinkles))
Panda Bento
Panda rice, Siomai, soy sauce in panda bottle, melon balls, raspberries, hello panda biscuits, strawberry jelly
SpongeBob Bento
SpongeBob cheese sandwich, knick knacks strawberry and chocolate coated biscuits, strawberry marshmallow, sponge bob candy, fish shaped apples, grapes, mangoes
Flower Bento
Nutella filled flower shaped purple yam bread, flower shaped apples, orange wedge, cherries, barbie chocolate


text: Epiroc's range of raiseboring machines includes models for both conventional raise and boxhole boring as well as down reaming and it covers diameters from 0,5m up to over 6m. The machines are used in both civil engineering and mining applications for drilling shafts for ventilation, drainage, ore passes, back fills, hoisting, slotholes, and penstocks for hydro power plants. Features include drill pipe handling for easy and safe pipe handling as well as the computerized Rig Control System, RCS, which improves drilling accuracy, equipment reliability, and serviceability.


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(Closed on Sundays and Public Holidays)
Monday to Thursday - 08h00 to 19h00 | Friday - 08h00 to 17h30 | Saturday - 08h00 to 13h00
Tifosa Park, 5 Bell Crescent
Westlake Business Park
Cape Town, 7945
South Africa
We're proud to offer free delivery on all orders over R400, to any destination in South Africa. On small baskets under R400, we offer standard delivery in 3 to 5 working days at a cost of just R60.
When you place an order on this site you will be asked for a physical address that is normally occupied during office hours. For very remote areas not serviced by our normal couriers we will have to deliver via Post Office, or to the nearest town to you that is accessible.
We only deliver gift registry purchases to addresses in South Africa. You can purchase gifts off a registry, but you will not be able to set one up.
Need help? Contact firstname.lastname@example.com
We only deliver gift registry purchases to addresses in South Africa.
Need help? Contact email@example.com


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Google dispenses first jackpot award to security bug hunter
Elite bug-finder handed $3,133.7(0) reward
Google updated its Chrome browser software on Wednesday to address a variety of security bugs, including the first vulnerability to qualify its finder for the recently introduced top-tier of its Chromium Security Reward scheme.
Sergey Glazunov earns an "elite" $3,133.7 award for his bug-finding efforts as well as pocketing the base-line $1,337 reward and other incentives for the discovery of lesser bugs, also resolved by the latest cross-platform browser security update.
Glazunov's major find was a crucial flaw involving a "pointer in speech handling". He also found four "high" risk vulnerabilities variously involving video and anchor handling as well as miscued pointers. In total the 8.0.552.237 release addresses one critical flaw, 13 "high-risk" bugs and two less severe medium-danger vulnerabilities, as detailed in Google's bulletin here. The ad broker paid a total of $14,000 in security awards to various researchers.
Google is withholding details of the respective bugs until users have a reasonable chance to apply security fixes – in case the added details might help the bad guys to develop workable exploits. ®


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Oaks OA36 Shade Reducer 42mm to 29mm
Our delivery schedules for lighting products:
Warehouse stock: 1 Working Day (We stock 5,000 products)
If we do not have your order available in the warehouse, then the delivery schedule is as follows: DAR Wisebuys: 2-3 Days, Febland: 5 Days, Eglo: 5-7 Days, Venture 2-3 Days, Oaks Lighting 2-3 Days, Ideal Lux 7-10 Days.
We are ordering products on a daily basis, however of you do have any time constraints, then please contact us prior to ordering to obtain an accurate delivery date - 0121 783 2726. In the unlikely event we are unable to make the schedules above, we will continue to communicate the expected receipt of your order.
Delivery to the UK and Northern Ireland is only £5.95 for orders under the value of £75.00.
If you spend £75.00 or more then deliveries are FREE.
We would normally expect you to receive your order within 2-5 working days, however from time to time we may experience problems outside our control which would delay your order. Please allow 7-10 days for delivery especially in Northern Ireland, Off the mainland UK and some Scottish regions.
A delivery charge of £19.95 per order for Channel Islands.
If you do have any concerns with time frames, please contact us on 0121 783 2726 to avoid disappointment.
Consumers - We are happy to accept any returns within 7 days from order received. The products must be returned in a resaleable condition with no damage to the product or box. Full details of the returns policy can be found here: Discount Home Lighting Terms of Business.
IDEAL LUX LIGHTING - As a hand finished product we cannot except returns for any reason. More information can be found here: IDEAL LUX RETURNS
Business Customers - Please note we are unable to accept any returns from business customers. Full details of the returns policy can be found here: Discount Home Lighting Terms of Business.
If you are unsure of any product or policy offered by Discount Home Lighting then please feel free to email us at firstname.lastname@example.com or tel 0121 783 2726.
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