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Charles, Prince of Wales
|Prince Charles
|Prince of Wales; Duke of Rothesay (more)
File:The Prince of Wales April 2014.jpg
The Prince of Wales at Hillsborough Castle in April 2014
Lady Diana Spencer
(m. 1981; div. 1996)
Camilla Parker Bowles
(m. 2005)
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
Prince Henry of Wales
|House of Windsor
|Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
|Elizabeth II
14 November 1948
Buckingham Palace, London, UK
|Church of England
|Charles, Prince of Wales's signature
Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George;[fn 1] born 14 November 1948), is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay and in South West England as Duke of Cornwall,[2] he is the longest-serving heir apparent in British history, having held the position since 1952.[3] He is also the oldest person to be next-in-line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover (the heir presumptive to Queen Anne), who died in 1714 at the age of 83.[4]
Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools, which his father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, had attended as a child, as well as the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. After earning a bachelor of arts degree from Trinity College, Cambridge, Charles served in the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976.
He married Lady Diana Spencer in 1981 and they had two sons: Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (born 1982), and Prince Harry (born 1984). In 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extra-marital affairs. Diana died in a car crash the following year. In 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles, who uses the title Duchess of Cornwall.
Charles's interests encompass a range of humanitarian and social issues: he founded The Prince's Trust in 1976, sponsors The Prince's Charities, and is patron of numerous other charitable and arts organisations. Charles has long championed organic farming for which he established the Duchy Home Farm, run by the Duchy of Cornwall, which produces ingredients for the Duchy Originals brand which he founded in 1990. Charles has sought to raise world awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment, such as climate change. As an environmentalist, he has received numerous awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world.[5][6][7][8] He has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, an experimental new town based on his theories, in Dorset in 1993. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and the children's book The Old Man of Lochnagar in 1980. He has also promoted herbal and other alternative medical treatment.
- 1 Early life
- 2 Youth
- 3 Early romances
- 4 First marriage
- 5 Second marriage
- 6 Social interests
- 7 Official duties
- 8 Hobbies and personal interests
- 9 Media image
- 10 Residences and finance
- 11 Titles, styles, honours and arms
- 12 Issue
- 13 Ancestry
- 14 Notes
- 15 References
- 16 Further reading
- 17 External links
Early life
Charles was born at Buckingham Palace on 14 November 1948,[9] at 9.14 pm (GMT), the first child of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, baptised him in the palace's Music Room on 15 December 1948, using water from the River Jordan. The Prince's godparents were: the King (his maternal grandfather); the King of Norway (his cousin, for whom the Earl of Athlone stood proxy); Queen Mary (his maternal great-grandmother); Princess Margaret (his maternal aunt); Prince George of Greece and Denmark (his paternal great-uncle, for whom the Duke of Edinburgh stood proxy); the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven (his paternal great-grandmother); the Lady Brabourne (his cousin); and the Hon David Bowes-Lyon (his maternal great-uncle).[10] As the child of a daughter of the sovereign, Charles would not usually have been accorded the titles of a British prince or the style Royal Highness. Instead, he would have taken his father's secondary title, Earl of Merioneth, as a courtesy title. However, on 22 October 1948, George VI had issued letters patent granting a royal and princely status to any children of Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh, making Charles a royal prince from birth.[11]
When Charles was aged three his mother's accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the sovereign's eldest son, he automatically took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland,[12] in addition to being a prince of the United Kingdom. Charles attended his mother's coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother and aunt. As was customary for royal offspring, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, making him the first heir apparent ever to be educated in that manner.[13]
Charles first attended Hill House School in west London, receiving non-preferential treatment from the school's founder and then head, Stuart Townend, who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football because the boys were never deferential to anyone on the football field.[14] Charles then attended two of his father's former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland.[15] He reportedly despised his time at the latter school, which he described as "Colditz in kilts".[16] He spent two terms in 1966 at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia, during which time he visited Papua New Guinea on a school trip with his history tutor, Michael Collins Persse.[17] Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy. He left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively.[17][18]
Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from secondary school into university, as opposed to joining the British Armed Forces.[16] In October 1967, the Prince was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read anthropology, archaeology, and history.[19][17] During his second year, Charles attended the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth, studying Welsh history and language for a term.[17] He graduated from Cambridge with a 2:2 Bachelor of Arts on 23 June 1970, the first heir apparent to earn a university degree.[17] On 2 August 1975, he was subsequently awarded a Master of Arts degree from Cambridge, per the university's tradition.[17]
Created Prince of Wales
Charles was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 26 July 1958,[20][21] though his investiture as such was not conducted until 1 July 1969, when he was crowned by his mother in a televised ceremony held at Caernarfon Castle, and gave his replies and speech in both Welsh and English.[22] The following year he took his seat in the House of Lords,[23] and later in the decade became the first member of the Royal Family since King George I to attend a British Cabinet meeting, having been invited by Prime Minister James Callaghan so that the Prince might see the workings of the British government and Cabinet at first hand. Charles also began to take on more public duties, founding The Prince's Trust in 1976,[24] and travelling to the United States in 1981.[25]
In the mid-1970s, the Prince expressed an interest in serving as Governor-General of Australia; Commander Michael Parker explained: "The idea behind the appointment was for him to put a foot on the ladder of monarchy, or being the future King and start learning the trade." However, because of a combination of nationalist feeling in Australia and the dismissal of the government by the Governor-General in 1975, nothing came of the proposal. Charles accepted the decision of the Australian ministers, if not without some regret; he reportedly stated: "What are you supposed to think when you are prepared to do something to help and you are told you are not wanted?"[26]
Charles is the oldest heir apparent to bear the title Prince of Wales, and the third-longest serving Prince of Wales, behind George IV and Edward VII, whose records he would surpass on 9 September 2017. If he became monarch at present he would be the oldest person to do so; the current record holder is William IV, who was 64 when he became king in 1830.[4]
Military training and career
Following royal tradition, Charles served in the navy and air force. After requesting and receiving Royal Air Force training during his second year at Cambridge, on 8 March 1971, he flew himself to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell to train as a jet pilot.[27] Following the passing-out parade that September, he embarked on a naval career, enrolling in a six-week course at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth and then serving on the guided missile destroyer HMS Norfolk (1971–1972) and the frigates HMS Minerva (1972–1973) and HMS Jupiter (1974). He also qualified as a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton in 1974, just prior to joining 845 Naval Air Squadron, operating from HMS Hermes.[28]
On 9 February 1976, he took command of the coastal minehunter HMS Bronington for his last ten months serving actively in the navy.[28] He learned to fly on a Chipmunk basic pilot trainer, a BAC Jet Provost jet trainer, and a Beagle Basset multi-engine trainer; he then regularly flew the Hawker Siddeley Andover, Westland Wessex and BAe 146 aircraft of The Queen's Flight.[29]
Early romances
In his youth, Charles was linked to a number of women. His great-uncle Lord Mountbatten advised him: "In a case like yours, the man should sow his wild oats and have as many affairs as he can before settling down, but for a wife he should choose a suitable, attractive, and sweet-charactered girl before she has met anyone else she might fall for ... It is disturbing for women to have experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage."[30]
Charles's female friends included Georgiana Russell, daughter of the British Ambassador to Spain;[31] Lady Jane Wellesley, daughter of the 8th Duke of Wellington;[32] Davina Sheffield;[33] Lady Sarah Spencer;[34] and Camilla Shand,[35] who later became his second wife and Duchess of Cornwall.[36]
Early in 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding with Charles about a potential marriage to Amanda Knatchbull, Mountbatten's granddaughter.[37][38] Charles wrote to Amanda's mother, Lady Brabourne (who was also his godmother), expressing interest in her daughter, to which she replied approvingly, though suggesting that a courtship with the not yet 16-year-old girl was premature.[39] Four years later Mountbatten arranged for himself and Amanda to accompany Charles on his 1980 tour of India. Both fathers, however, objected; Philip feared that Charles would be eclipsed by his famous uncle (who had served as the last British Viceroy and first Governor-General of India), while Lord Brabourne warned that a joint visit would concentrate media attention on the cousins before they could decide on becoming a couple.[40] However, in August 1979, before Charles would depart alone for India, Mountbatten was killed by the IRA. When Charles returned, he proposed to Amanda, but in addition to her grandfather, she had lost her paternal grandmother and youngest brother Nicholas in the bomb attack and was now reluctant to join the Royal Family.[40] In June 1980, Charles officially turned down Chevening House, placed at his disposal since 1974, as his future residence. Chevening, a stately home in Kent, was bequeathed, along with an endowment, to the Crown by the last Earl Stanhope, Amanda's childless great-uncle, in the hope that Charles would eventually occupy it.[41] In 1977, a newspaper report mistakenly announced his engagement to Princess Marie-Astrid of Luxembourg.[42]
First marriage
Although Charles first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977—while visiting her home, Althorp, as the companion of her elder sister, Sarah—he did not consider her romantically until mid-1980. While sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend's barbecue in July, he mentioned Mountbatten's death, to which Diana replied that Charles had looked forlorn and in need of care during his uncle's funeral. Soon, according to Charles's chosen biographer, Jonathan Dimbleby, "without any apparent surge in feeling, he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride", and she accompanied Charles on visits to Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House.[43]
Charles's cousin, Norton Knatchbull (Amanda's eldest brother), and his wife told Charles that Diana appeared awestruck by his position and that he did not seem to be in love with her.[44] Meanwhile, the couple's continued courtship attracted intense press and paparazzi attention. When Prince Philip told him that the media speculation would injure Diana's reputation if Charles did not come to a decision about marrying her soon, and realizing that she was a suitable royal bride (according to Mountbatten's criteria), Charles construed his father's advice as a warning to proceed without further delay.[45]
Prince Charles proposed to Diana in February 1981 and they married in St Paul's Cathedral on 29 July. Upon his marriage, Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits generated by the Duchy of Cornwall from 50% to 25%.[46] The couple made their homes at Kensington Palace and at Highgrove House, near Tetbury, and had two children: Princes William (born 21 June 1982) and Henry (known as "Harry") (born 15 September 1984). Charles set precedent by being the first royal father to be present at his children's births.[13] Persistent suggestions that Harry's father is not Charles but James Hewitt, with whom Diana had an affair, have been based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However, Harry had already been born by the time the affair between Hewitt and Diana began.[47][48]
Separation and divorce
Within five years, the couple's incompatibility and age difference (almost 13 years),[49] as well as Diana's concern about Charles's previous girlfriend, Camilla Parker Bowles,[50] became visible and damaging to their marriage. Their evident discomfort in each other's company led to them being dubbed "The Glums" in the press.[51] Diana exposed Charles's affair with Camilla in a book by Andrew Morton, Diana, Her True Story. Tapes of her own extramarital flirtations also surfaced.[51]
In December 1992, the British Prime Minister, John Major, announced their formal separation in Parliament. That same year, the British press published bugged recordings of a passionate private 1989 telephone conversation between Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles.[52][53] Charles and Diana divorced on 28 August 1996.[54] When Diana died in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997, Charles flew there, with Diana's sisters, to accompany her body back to Britain.[55]
Second marriage
The engagement of Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles was announced on 10 February 2005; he presented her with an engagement ring which had belonged to his grandmother.[56] The Queen's consent to the marriage (as required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772) was recorded in a Privy Council meeting on 2 March.[57] In Canada, the Department of Justice announced its decision that the Queen's Privy Council for Canada was not required to meet to give its consent to the marriage, as the union would not result in offspring and would have no impact on the succession to the Canadian throne.[58]
Charles is the first member of the Royal Family to have a civil, rather than religious, wedding in England. Government documents from the 1950s and 1960s, published by the BBC, stated that such a marriage was illegal,[59] though these were dismissed by Charles's spokesman,[60] and explained to be obsolete by the sitting government.[61]
The marriage was to take place in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle, with a subsequent religious blessing at St George's Chapel. However, because a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the venue to be available to anyone wishing to be married there, the location was changed to Windsor Guildhall. On 4 April the originally scheduled date of 8 April was postponed by one day, to allow Charles and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II.[62]
Charles's parents did not attend the civil marriage ceremony; the Queen's reluctance to attend perhaps arising from her position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England.[63] The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh did attend the service of blessing, and held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle afterwards.[64] The blessing, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, was televised.[65]
Social interests
Philanthropy and charity
Since founding The Prince's Trust in 1976, Charles has established sixteen more charitable organisations, and now serves as president of all of those.[66] Together, these form a loose alliance called The Prince's Charities, which describes itself as "the largest multi-cause charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom, raising over £100million annually ... [and is] active across a broad range of areas including education and young people, environmental sustainability, the built environment, responsible business and enterprise and international."[66]
In 2010, The Prince's Charities Canada was established in a similar fashion to its namesake in the UK.[67] Charles is also patron of over 350 other charities and organisations,[68] and carries out duties related to these throughout the Commonwealth realms; for example, he uses his tours of Canada as a way to help draw attention to youth, the disabled, the environment, the arts, medicine, the elderly, heritage conservation, and education.[69] In Canada, Charles has supported humanitarian projects, for example taking part, along with his two sons, in the ceremonies marking the 1998 International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.[69] Charles has also set up The Prince's Charities Australia, which is based in Melbourne, Victoria. The Prince's Charities Australia is to provide a coordinating presence for the Prince of Wales's Australian and international charitable endeavors.[70]
Charles was one of the first world leaders to express strong concerns about the human rights record of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, initiating objections in the international arena,[71] and subsequently supported the FARA Foundation,[68] a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned children.[72]
In 2013, Charles donated an unspecified sum of money to the British Red Cross Syria Crisis appeal and DEC Syria appeal, which is run by 14 British charities to help victims of the Syrian civil war.[73][74] According to The Guardian, It is believed that after turning 65 years old in 2013, Charles donated his state pension to an unnamed charity which supports elderly people.[75] In March 2014, Charles arranged for five million measles-rubella vaccinations for children in the Philippines on the outbreak of measles in South-East Asia. According to Clarence House, Charles was affected by news of the damage caused by Typhoon Yolanda in 2013. International Health Partners, of which he has been Patron since 2004, sent the vaccines, which are believed to protect five million children below the age of five from measles.[76][77]
Built environmentThe Prince of Wales has openly expressed his views on architecture and urban planning, fostering the advancement of New Classical Architecture, and asserting that he "care[s] deeply about issues such as the environment, architecture, inner-city renewal, and the quality of life."[78][79] In a speech given for the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) on 30 May 1984, he memorably described a proposed extension to the National Gallery in London as a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved friend" and deplored the "glass stumps and concrete towers" of modern architecture.[80] He asserted that "it is possible, and important in human terms, to respect old buildings, street plans and traditional scales and at the same time not to feel guilty about a preference for facades, ornaments and soft materials,"[80] called for local community involvement in architectural choices, and asked:
Why can't we have those curves and arches that express feeling in design? What is wrong with them? Why has everything got to be vertical, straight, unbending, only at right angles – and functional?[80]
His book and BBC documentary A Vision of Britain (1987) was also critical of modern architecture, and he has continued to campaign for traditional urbanism, human scale, restoration of historic buildings, and sustainable design,[81] despite criticism in the press. Two of his charities (The Prince's Regeneration Trust and The Prince's Foundation for Building Community) promote his views, and the village of Poundbury was built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall to a master plan by Léon Krier under the guidance of Prince Charles and in line with his philosophy.[78]
Charles helped establish a national trust for the built environment in Canada after lamenting, in 1996, the unbridled destruction of many of the country's historic urban cores. He offered his assistance to the Department of Canadian Heritage in creating a trust modelled on Britain's National Trust, a plan that was implemented with the passage of the 2007 Canadian federal budget.[82] In 1999, the Prince agreed to the use of his title for the Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership, awarded by the Heritage Canada Foundation to municipal governments that have shown sustained commitment to the conservation of historic places.[83] While visiting the United States and surveying the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, Charles received the National Building Museum's Vincent Scully Prize in 2005, for his efforts in regard to architecture; he donated $25,000 of the prize money towards restoring storm-damaged communities.[84][85]
From 1997, the Prince of Wales has visited Romania to view and highlight the destruction of Orthodox monasteries and Transylvanian Saxon villages during the Communist rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu.[86][87][88] Charles is patron of the Mihai Eminescu Trust, a Romanian conservation and regeneration organisation,[89] and has purchased a house in Romania.[90] Historian Tom Gallagher wrote in the Romanian newspaper România Liberă in 2006 that Charles had been offered the Romanian throne by monarchists in that country; an offer that was reportedly turned down,[91] but Buckingham Palace denied the reports.[92] Charles also has "a deep understanding of Islamic art and architecture", and has been involved in the construction of a building and garden at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies that combine Islamic and Oxford architectural styles.[93]
Charles has occasionally intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as modernism and functionalism.[94][95][96] In 2009, Charles wrote to the Qatari royal family, the developers of the Chelsea Barracks site, labelling Lord Rogers's design for the site "unsuitable". Subsequently, Rogers was removed from the project and The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment was appointed to propose an alternative.[95][97] Rogers claimed the Prince had also intervened to block his designs for the Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square, and condemned Charles's actions as "an abuse of power" and "unconstitutional".[97] Lord Foster, Zaha Hadid, Jacques Herzog, Jean Nouvel, Renzo Piano, and Frank Gehry, among others, wrote a letter to The Sunday Times complaining that the Prince's "private comments" and "behind-the-scenes lobbying" subverted the "open and democratic planning process".[95] Piers Gough and other architects condemned Charles's views as "elitist" in a letter encouraging colleagues to boycott a speech given by Charles to RIBA in 2009.[94][96]
In 2010, The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment decided to help reconstruct and redesign buildings in Port-au-Prince, Haiti after the capital was destroyed by the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[98] The foundation is known for refurbishing historic buildings in Kabul, Afghanistan and in Kingston, Jamaica. The project has been called the "biggest challenge yet" for the Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment.[99]
Livery company commitments
The Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman "in recognition of his interest in London's architecture."[100] The Prince of Wales is also Permanent Master of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights, a Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Drapers, an Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Musicians, an Honorary Member of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, and a Royal Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Gardeners.[101]
Natural environment
Since the early 1980s, Charles has promoted environmental awareness.[102] Upon moving into Highgrove House, he developed an interest in organic farming, which culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand, Duchy Originals,[103] which now sells more than 200 different sustainably produced products, from food to garden furniture; the profits (over £6 million by 2010) are donated to The Prince's Charities.[103][104] Documenting work on his estate, Charles co-authored (with Charles Clover, environment editor of The Daily Telegraph) Highgrove: An Experiment in Organic Gardening and Farming, published in 1993, and offers his patronage to Garden Organic. Along similar lines, the Prince of Wales became involved with farming and various industries within it, regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their trade. Although the 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemic in England prevented Charles from visiting organic farms in Saskatchewan, he met the farmers at Assiniboia town hall.[105][106] In 2004, he founded the Mutton Renaissance Campaign, which aims to support British sheep farmers and make mutton more attractive to Britons.[107] His organic farming has attracted media criticism: According to The Independent in October 2006, "the story of Duchy Originals has involved compromises and ethical blips, wedded to a determined merchandising programme."[108]
In 2007, he received the 10th annual Global Environmental Citizen Award from the Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global Environment, the director of which, Eric Chivian, stated: "For decades the Prince of Wales has been a champion of the natural world ... He has been a world leader in efforts to improve energy efficiency and in reducing the discharge of toxic substances on land, and into the air and the oceans".[109] Charles's travels by private jet drew criticism from Plane Stupid's Joss Garman.[110][111]
In 2007, Charles launched The Prince's May Day Network, which encourages businesses to take action on climate change. Speaking to the European Parliament on 14 February 2008, he called for European Union leadership in the war against climate change. During the standing ovation that followed, Nigel Farage, the leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), remained seated and went on to describe Charles's advisers as "naive and foolish at best."[112] In a speech to the Low Carbon Prosperity Summit in a European Parliament chamber on 9 February 2011, Charles said that climate change sceptics are playing "a reckless game of roulette" with the planet's future and are having a "corrosive effect" on public opinion. He also articulated the need to protect fisheries and the Amazon rain forest, and to make low-carbon emissions affordable and competitive.[113]
In 2011, Charles received the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Medal for his engagement with the environment, such as the conservation of rainforests.[114]
On 27 August 2012, the Prince of Wales addressed the International Union for Conservation of Nature - World Conservation Congress, supporting the view that grazing animals are needed to keep soils and grassland productive:
"I have been particularly fascinated, for example, by the work of a remarkable man called Allan Savory, in Zimbabwe and other semi arid areas, who has argued for years against the prevailing expert view that is the simple numbers of cattle that drive overgrazing and cause fertile land to become desert. On the contrary, as he has since shown so graphically, the land needs the presence of feeding animals and their droppings for the cycle to be complete, so that soils and grassland areas stay productive. Such that, if you take grazers off the land and lock them away in vast feedlots, the land dies."[115]
In February 2014, Charles visited Somerset levels to meet residents affected by winter flooding. During his visit, Charles remarked that, "There's nothing like a jolly good disaster to get people to start doing something. The tragedy is that nothing happened for so long." He pledged a £50,000 donation, provided by the Prince's Countryside Fund, to help families and their businesses.[116][117][118]
Alternative medicine
Charles has controversially championed alternative medicine.[119] The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health attracted opposition from the scientific and medical community over its campaign encouraging general practitioners to offer herbal and other alternative treatments to National Health Service patients,[120][121] and in May 2006, Charles made a speech at the World Health Assembly in Geneva, urging the integration of conventional and alternative medicine and arguing for homoeopathy.[122][123]
In April 2008, The Times published a letter from Edzard Ernst, Professor of Complementary Medicine at the University of Exeter, which asked the Prince's Foundation to recall two guides promoting alternative medicine, saying "the majority of alternative therapies appear to be clinically ineffective, and many are downright dangerous." A speaker for the foundation countered the criticism by stating: "We entirely reject the accusation that our online publication Complementary Healthcare: A Guide contains any misleading or inaccurate claims about the benefits of complementary therapies. On the contrary, it treats people as adults and takes a responsible approach by encouraging people to look at reliable sources of information ... so that they can make informed decisions. The foundation does not promote complementary therapies."[124] That year, Ernst published a book with Simon Singh, mockingly dedicated to "HRH the Prince of Wales" called Trick or Treatment: Alternative Medicine on Trial. The last chapter is highly critical of Charles's advocacy of complementary and alternative treatments.[125]
The Prince's Duchy Originals produce a variety of complementary medicinal products including a "Detox Tincture" that Edzard Ernst has denounced as "financially exploiting the vulnerable" and "outright quackery".[126] In 2009, the Advertising Standards Authority criticised an email that Duchy Originals had sent out to advertise its Echina-Relief, Hyperi-Lift and Detox Tinctures products saying that it was misleading.[126] The Prince personally wrote at least seven letters[127] to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) shortly before they relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products, a move that has been widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies.[128] In October 2009, it was reported that Charles had personally lobbied the Health Secretary, Andy Burnham, regarding greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS.[126]
In April 2010, following accounting irregularities, a former official at the foundation and his wife were arrested for fraud believed to total £300,000.[129] Four days later, the foundation announced its closure, claiming that it "has achieved its key objective of promoting the use of integrated health."[130] The charity's finance director, accountant George Gray, was convicted of theft totalling £253,000 and sentenced to three years in prison.[131] The Prince's Foundation was re-branded and re-launched later in 2010 as The College of Medicine.[131][132][133]
Religious and philosophical interests
The Prince of Wales was confirmed at age 16 by Archbishop of Canterbury Michael Ramsey at Easter 1965, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[134] He attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove,[135] and attends the Church of Scotland's Crathie Kirk with the rest of the royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle. In 2000, he was appointed as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. The Prince of Wales has visited (amid some secrecy) Orthodox monasteries several times on Mount Athos[136] as well as in Romania.[86] Charles is also patron of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies at the University of Oxford.[93][137]
Sir Laurens van der Post became a friend of Charles in 1977; he was dubbed his "spiritual guru" and was godfather to Charles's son, Prince William.[138] From van der Post, the Prince of Wales developed a focus on philosophy, especially that of Asian and Middle Eastern nations. He has praised Kabbalistic artworks,[139] and wrote a memorial for Kathleen Raine, the Neoplatonist poet who died in 2003.[140]
Charles expressed his philosophical views in his 2010 book, Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World,[141][142][143] which won the Nautilus Book Award.[144]
Official duties
In 2008, The Daily Telegraph declared Charles the "hardest-working member of the royal family."[145] He carried out 560 official engagements in 2008,[145] 499 in 2010,[146] and over 600 in 2011.
As Prince of Wales, Charles undertakes official duties on behalf of his mother and the Commonwealth realms. He officiates at investitures and attends the funerals of foreign dignitaries.[147] At the funeral of Pope John Paul II, Charles unintentionally caused controversy when he shook hands with Robert Mugabe, the President of Zimbabwe, who had been seated next to him. Charles's office subsequently released a statement saying: "The Prince of Wales was caught by surprise and not in a position to avoid shaking Mr Mugabe's hand. The Prince finds the current Zimbabwean regime abhorrent. He has supported the Zimbabwe Defence and Aid Fund which works with those being oppressed by the regime. The Prince also recently met Pius Ncube, the Archbishop of Bulawayo, an outspoken critic of the government."[148]
Prince Charles makes regular tours of Wales, fulfilling a week of engagements in the principality each summer, and attending important national occasions, such as opening the Senedd.[149] The six Trustees of the Royal Collection Trust meet three times a year under his chairmanship.[150]
The Prince of Wales travels abroad on behalf of the United Kingdom. The Prince has been regarded as an effective advocate of the country, with his visit to the Republic of Ireland in 1995, he delivered a personally researched and written speech on Anglo-Irish affairs that was warmly received by Irish politicians and the media, being cited as an example. In 2000, Charles revived the tradition of the Prince of Wales having an official harpist, in order to foster Welsh talent at playing the harp, the national instrument of Wales. He and the Duchess of Cornwall also spend one week each year in Scotland, where the Prince is patron of several Scottish organisations.[151] His service to the Canadian Armed Forces permits him to be informed of troop activities, and allows him to visit these troops while in Canada or overseas, taking part in ceremonial occasions.[152] For instance, in 2001, the Prince placed a specially commissioned wreath, made from vegetation taken from French battlefields, at the Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier,[153] and in 1981 he became the patron of the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum.[154]
In 2010, he represented the Queen at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India.[155] He attends official events in the United Kingdom in support of Commonwealth countries, such as the Christchurch earthquake memorial service at Westminster Abbey in 2011.[156][157][158] From 15 to 17 November 2013, he represented the Queen for the first time at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.[159][160]
Letters sent by the Prince of Wales to government ministers—the so-called black spider memos—during 2004 and 2005 have presented potential embarrassment following a challenge by The Guardian newspaper to release the letters under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. In March 2015, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom decided that the Prince's letters must be released.[161] The letters were published by the Cabinet Office on 13 May 2015.[162][163][164]
The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall made their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland in May 2015. The trip was called an important step in "promoting peace and reconciliation" by the British Embassy.[165] During the trip, Charles shook hands with Sinn Féin and supposed IRA leader Gerry Adams in Galway which was described by the media as a "historic handshake" and a "significant moment for Anglo-Irish relations".[166][167][168]
Hobbies and personal interests
From his youth the Prince was an avid player of competitive polo until 1992. He continued to play informally, including for charity, until 2005.[169] Charles also frequently took part in fox hunting, before the sport was banned in the United Kingdom in 2005. By the late 1990s, as opposition to the activity was growing, the Prince's participation was viewed as a "political statement" by those opposed to it, such as the League Against Cruel Sports, which launched an attack against Charles after he took his sons on the Beaufort Hunt in 1999, when the government was trying to ban hunting with hounds.[170][171] The Prince has been a keen salmon angler since youth, and supports Orri Vigfússon's efforts to protect the North Atlantic salmon. Charles frequently fishes the River Dee in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, while he claims his most special angling memories are from his time in Vopnafjörður, Iceland.[172]
Charles is a supporter of Burnley Football Club.[173]
Visual, performing and contemporary arts
The Prince is President or Patron of more than 20 performing arts organisations, including the Royal College of Music, the Royal Opera, the English Chamber Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, Welsh National Opera, and the Purcell School. In 2000, he revived the tradition of appointing harpists to the Royal Court, by appointing an Official Harpist to the Prince of Wales. As an undergraduate at Cambridge he played cello, and has sung with the Bach Choir twice.[174]
He founded The Prince's Foundation for Children and The Arts in 2002, to help more children experience the arts first-hand. He is President of the Royal Shakespeare Company and attends performances in Stratford-Upon-Avon, supports fundraising events and attends the company's annual general meeting.[174] He enjoys comedy,[175] and is interested in illusionism, becoming a member of The Magic Circle after passing his audition in 1975 by performing the "cups and balls" effect.[176]
A keen and accomplished watercolourist, Charles has exhibited and sold a number of his works, and published books on the subject. In 2001, 20 lithographs of his watercolour paintings illustrating his country estates were exhibited at the Florence International Biennale of Contemporary Art.[177] Charles was awarded the 2011 Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award by the Montblanc Cultural Foundation for his support and commitment to the arts, particularly in regard to young people.[178]
A published author of several books reflecting his own interests, Charles has also contributed a foreword or preface to books by other writers. His works include:
- The Old Man of Lochnagar, 1980 ISBN 0-374-35613-0
- A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture, 1989 ISBN 0-385-26903-X
- Watercolours, 1991 ISBN 0-316-88886-9
- Highgrove: An Experiment in Organic Gardening and Farming, 1993 (with Charles Clover) ISBN 0-671-79177-X
- The Garden at Highgrove, 2001 (with Candida Lycett Green) ISBN 1-84188-142-2
- Highgrove: Portrait of an Estate, 2002 (with Charles Clover) ISBN 1-84188-170-8
- The Elements of Organic Gardening, 2007 (with Stephanie Donaldson) ISBN 0-297-84416-4
- Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World, 2010 (with Tony Juniper and Ian Skelly) ISBN 978-0061731310
- Highgrove: A Garden Celebrated, 2013 (with Bunny Guinness) ISBN 978-0297869351
Television documentaries and presenting
He has written and presented two documentary films:
- A Vision of Britain. Directed by Nicholas Rossiter. BBC, 1988.[179]
- The Earth in Balance: A Personal View of the Environment. Directed by James Hawes. BBC, 1990.[180]
He narrated and presented:
- Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World. Directed by Stuart Sender, 2010.[181]
- The Prince and the Composer: A Film about Hubert Parry. Directed by John Bridcut. BBC, 2011.[182]
He featured in
- "The Prince's Welsh Village". Directed by Suzanne Phillips. BBC Two Wales[183]
Media image
Since his birth, Prince Charles has undergone close media attention, which increased as he matured. It has been an ambivalent relationship, largely impacted by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and its aftermath, but also centred on his future conduct as king, such as the 2014 play King Charles III.[184]
Impact of marriage to Diana
Described as the "world's most eligible bachelor" in the late 1970s,[185] Prince Charles was subsequently overshadowed by Diana. After her death, the media regularly breached Charles's privacy and printed exposés.
In 2006, the Prince filed a court case against the Mail on Sunday, after excerpts of his personal journals were published, revealing his opinions on matters such as the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to China in 1997, in which Charles described the Chinese government officials as "appalling old waxworks".[186] Mark Bolland, his ex-private secretary, declared in a statement to the High Court that Charles "would readily embrace the political aspects of any contentious issue he was interested in ... He carried it out in a very considered, thoughtful and researched way. He often referred to himself as a 'dissident' working against the prevailing political consensus."[186] Jonathan Dimbleby reported that the Prince "has accumulated a number of certainties about the state of the world and does not relish contradiction."[187]
Others formerly connected with the Prince have betrayed his confidence. An ex-member of his household handed the press an internal memo in which Charles commented on ambition and opportunity, and which was widely interpreted as blaming meritocracy for creating a combative atmosphere in society. Charles responded: "In my view, it is just as great an achievement to be a plumber or a bricklayer as it is to be a lawyer or a doctor".[188]
Reaction to press treatment
Charles's anguish was recorded in his private comments to Prince William, caught on a microphone during a press photo-call in 2005 and published in the national press. After a question from the BBC's royal reporter, Nicholas Witchell, Charles muttered: ""These bloody people. I can't bear that man. I mean, he's so awful, he really is."[189]
In 2002, Charles, "so often a target of the Press, got his chance to return fire" when addressing "scores of editors, publishers and other media executives" gathered at St Bride's Fleet Street to celebrate 300 years of journalism.[190][191] Defending public servants from "the corrosive drip of constant criticism", he noted that the press had been "awkward, cantankerous, cynical, bloody-minded, at times intrusive, at times inaccurate and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals and to institutions."[191] But, he concluded, regarding his own relations with the press, "from time to time we are probably both a bit hard on each other, exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good points in each."[191]
Guest appearances on television
The Prince of Wales has occasionally appeared on television. In 1984, he read his children's book The Old Man of Lochnagar for the BBC's Jackanory series. The UK soap opera Coronation Street featured an appearance by Charles during the show's 40th anniversary in 2000,[192] as did the New Zealand young adult cartoon series bro'Town (2005), after he attended a performance by the show's creators during a tour of the country.[193][194]
Charles was interviewed with Princes William and Harry by Ant & Dec to mark the 30th anniversary of The Prince's Trust in 2006.[195]
On 10 May 2012, Charles tried his hand at being a weather presenter for the BBC, reporting the forecast for Scotland as part of their annual week at Holyrood Palace alongside Christopher Blanchett. He injected humour in his report, asking, "Who the hell wrote this script?" as references were made to royal residences.[196]
His saving of the Scottish stately home Dumfries House was the subject of Alan Titchmarsh's documentary "Royal Restoration" in 2012.[197]
Residences and finance
Clarence House in London is the Prince of Wales's current official residence. Previously, he had an apartment at St James's Palace. Charles also has two private homes: Highgrove House in Gloucestershire and Birkhall near Balmoral Castle. Both Clarence House and Birkhall were previously the residences of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[198] His primary source of income is generated from the Duchy of Cornwall, which owns 133,658 acres of land (around 54,090 hectares), including farming, residential, and commercial properties, as well as an investment portfolio. Highgrove is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, having been purchased for his use in 1980, and which Prince Charles rents for £336,000 per annum.[199] The Public Accounts Committee published its 25th report into the Duchy of Cornwall accounts in November 2013 noting that the Duchy performed well in 2012–13, increasing its total income and producing an overall surplus of £19.1 million.[200]
In 2007 the Prince purchased a 192-acre property (150 acres of grazing and parkland, and 40 acres of woodland) in Carmarthenshire, and applied for permission to convert the farm into a Welsh home for him and the Duchess of Cornwall, to be rented out as holiday flats when the royal couple is not in residence.[201] A neighbouring family said the proposals flouted local planning regulations, and the application was put on hold temporarily while a report was drafted on how the alterations would affect the local bat population.[202] Charles and Camilla first stayed at the new property, called Llwynywermod, in June 2008.[203]
Starting in 1993, the Prince of Wales has paid tax voluntarily under the Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation, updated 2013.[204] In December 2012, Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs were asked to investigate alleged tax avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall.[205]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
Charles has held titles throughout his life, as the grandson of the monarch, the son of the monarch and in his own right. There has been speculation as to what regnal name the Prince will choose upon his succession to the throne. If he keeps his current first name, he will be known as Charles III. However, it was reported in 2005 that Charles has suggested he may choose to reign as George VII in honour of his maternal grandfather, and to avoid association with the Stuart kings Charles I (who was beheaded) and Charles II (who was known for his playboy lifestyle),[206] as well as to be sensitive to the memory of Bonnie Prince Charlie, who was called "Charles III" by his supporters.[206] Charles's office responded that "no decision has been made".[207]
Honours and military appointments
Charles has held substantive ranks in the armed forces of a number of countries since he was made a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force in 1972. Charles's first honorary appointment in the armed forces was as Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Regiment of Wales in 1969; since then, the Prince has also been installed as Colonel-in-Chief, Colonel, Honorary Air Commodore, Air Commodore-in-Chief, Deputy Colonel-in-Chief, Royal Honorary Colonel, Royal Colonel, and Honorary Commodore of at least 32 military formations throughout the Commonwealth, including the Royal Gurkha Rifles, which is the only foreign regiment in the British army.[208] Since 2009, Charles holds the second-highest ranks in all three branches of the Canadian Forces and, on 16 June 2012, the Queen awarded the Prince of Wales honorary five-star rank in all three branches of the British Armed Forces, "to acknowledge his support in her role as Commander-in-Chief", installing him as Admiral of the Fleet, Field Marshal and Marshall of the Royal Air Force.[209][210][211]
He has been inducted into seven orders and received eight decorations from the Commonwealth realms, and has been the recipient of 20 different honours from foreign states, as well as nine honorary degrees from universities in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.
30px In Wales the banner is based upon the Royal Badge of Wales, (the historic arms of the Kingdom of Gwynedd), which consist of four quadrants, the first and fourth with a red lion on a gold field, and the second and third with a gold lion on a red field. Superimposed is an escutcheon Vert bearing the single-arched coronet of the Prince of Wales.
30px In Scotland the personal banner used since 1974 is based upon three ancient Scottish titles: Duke of Rothesay (heir apparent to the King of Scots), High Steward of Scotland and Lord of the Isles. The flag is divided into four quadrants like the arms of the Chief of Clan Stewart of Appin; the first and fourth quadrants comprise a gold field with a blue and silver checkered band in the centre; the second and third quadrants display a black galley on a silver field. The arms are differenced from those of Appin by the addition of an inescutcheon bearing the tressured lion rampant of Scotland; defaced by a plain label of three points Azure to indicate the heir apparent.
45px Also used in Scotland is a standard, viz the Royal Standard of Scotland, defaced with a label of three points Azure.
40px In Cornwall, the banner is "Sable fifteen bezants Or", that is, a black field bearing fifteen gold coins, which Prince Charles uses in his capacity as Duke of Cornwall.
50px The Prince of Wales also has a personal heraldic banner for Canada, consisting of the shield of the Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel of the Prince of Wales's feathers surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves, and a white label of three points.[212]
|Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
|21 June 1982
|29 April 2011
|Catherine Middleton
| Prince George of Cambridge
Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
|Prince Harry
|15 September 1984
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- ^ "Prince Charles at London service for NZ quake victims". BBC News. 27 March 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ "Tears flow at quake memorial service in London". Stuff.co.nz. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ "Queen to miss Colombo CHOGM". The Hindu. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Queen to miss Commonwealth meeting for first time since 1973". The Guardian. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ Evans, Rob (26 March 2015). "Supreme court clears way for release of secret Prince Charles letters". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
- ^ "Cabinet Office". www.gov.uk.
- ^ Vinter, Robyn (14 May 2015). "What are the Black Spider Memos? Read Prince Charles's letters in full". londonlovesbusiness.com. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
- ^ "Prince Charles's black spider memos in 60 seconds". The DailyTelegraph. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
- ^ "Prince Charles Shakes the Hand of Irish Republican Leader Gerry Adams". Time. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
- ^ "Prince Charles and Gerry Adams share historic handshake". The Guardian. Henry McDonald. 19 May 2015 retrieved 20 May 2015
- ^ "Historic handshake between Prince Charles and Gerry Adams". The Independent. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
- ^ "Prince Charles, in Ireland, meets with Sinn Fein party leader Gerry Adams". The Washingtonpost. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
- ^ "Prince Charles stops playing polo". BBC News. 17 November 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ "Prince Charles takes sons hunting". BBC News. 30 October 1999. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
- ^ Jeremy Watson (22 September 2002). "Prince: I'll leave Britain over fox hunt ban". Scotland on Sunday. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ A Celebration of Salmon Rivers: The World's Finest Atlantic Salmon Rivers. Edited by John B. Ashton & Adrian Latimer. Stackpole Books, 2007. p. 7.
- ^ "Prince of Wales supports Burnley football club". The Telegraph. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ a b "Performing Arts". Prince of Wales official website. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ^ "A star-studded comedy gala to celebrate The Prince of Wales's 60th birthday is announced". The Prince of Wales. 30 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert (29 December 2007). "What the Magic Circle Pulled Out of the Hat". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ^ "Prince Charles wins art award". BBC News. 12 December 2001. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
- ^ "Prince Charles honoured for arts work". walesonline.co.uk. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
- ^ "HRH the Prince of Wales : A Vision of Britain". BFI.
- ^ "The Earth in Balance (TV Movie 1990)". IMDb. 20 May 1990.
- ^ "Harmony Movie Website". theharmonymovie.com.
- ^ [The Prince and the Composer, BBC Four. Retrieved 1 May 2012]
- ^ "Modern TV: The Princes Welsh Village".
- ^ Bartlett, Mike. "King Charles III". www.almeida.co.uk. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
- ^ "The Man who will be King". The Milwaukee Journal. Google news. 1 October 1979. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ a b "Charles 'adopted dissident role'". BBC News. 21 February 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ Dimbleby, Jonathan (16 November 2008). "Prince Charles: Ready for active service". The Times (UK). Retrieved 29 March 2009. (subscription required)
- ^ Duffy, Jonathan (23 November 2004). "The rise of the meritocracy". BBC News. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ "Transcript: Princes' comments". BBC News. 31 March 2005. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ London's first daily newspaper, the Daily Courant, was published in 1702.
- ^ a b c Woods, Audrey (11 March 2002). "Prince Charles Addresses Editors". AP News Archive. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ^ "Prince stars in live soap". BBC News. 8 December 2000. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ "Bro'Town Goes Global". Yahoo. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
- ^ Smith, Dave (10 May 2012). "Prince Charles, The Weather Man: Watch His On-Air Debut For BBC Scotland [VIDEO]". IB Times. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
- ^ Lowri Williams, "Ant and Dec to Interview Prince Charles, William and Harry", on Entertainmentwise, 24 March 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2012.[dead link]
- ^ "Prince Charles reads weather on BBC Scotland: 'Thank God it isn't a bank holiday!'". The Guardian. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
- ^ "Prince Charles: The Royal Restoration". What's on TV. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ^ "Clarence House". /www.royal.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
- ^ "Living off the State: A Critical Guide to UK Royal Finance" Jon Temple, 2nd Edition, 2012
- ^ "Committee publishes report on the Duchy of Cornwall accounts". parliament.uk. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
- ^ "The Prince of Wales — Welsh property for The Duchy of Cornwall". Princeofwales.gov.uk. 22 November 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ "Objection to prince's house plan". BBC News. 7 June 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ "The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall inhabit Llwynywermod for first time". Clarence House. 23 June 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ "Duchy of Cornwall -Tax". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
- ^ Booth, Robert (14 December 2012). "Prince Charles's £700m estate accused of tax avoidance". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ a b Pierce, Andrew (24 December 2005). "Call me George, suggests Charles". The Times (UK). Retrieved 13 July 2009. (subscription required)
- ^ White, Michael (27 December 2005). "Charles denies planning to reign as King George". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ "The Prince of Wales visits the Royal Gurkha Rifles and Knole House". princeofwales.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
- ^ "The Queen Appoints the Prince of Wales to Honorary Five-Star rank". The Prince of Wales website. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
- ^ "Prince Charles awarded highest rank in all three armed forces". The Telegraph. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
- ^ The London Gazette: no. 60350. p. 23557. 7 December 2012.
- ^ Office of the Minister of Canadian Heritage and Official Languages (29 June 2011). "Harper Government Unveils New Personal Canadian Flags for Their Royal Highnesses The Prince of Wales and The Duke of Cambridge". Canada News Wire. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
- Brandreth, Gyles (2007). Charles and Camilla: Portrait of a Love Affair. U.K: Random House. ISBN 0-09-949087-0.
- Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-X.
- Holden, Anthony (1979). Prince Charles. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-593-02470-6.
- Junor, Penny (2005). The Firm: The Troubled Life of the House of Windsor. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-35274-5. OCLC 59360110.
- Lacey, Robert (2008). Monarch: The Life and Reign of Elizabeth II. Free press. ISBN 978-1-4391-0839-0.
- Paget, Gerald (1977). The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (2 vols). Edinburgh: Charles Skilton. ISBN 978-0-284-40016-1.
- Smith, Sally Bedell (2000). Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20108-9.
Further reading
- Benson, Ross (1994). Charles: The Untold Story. St Martins Press. ISBN 978-0-312-10950-9.
- Brown, Michèle (1980). Prince Charles. Crown. ISBN 978-0-517-54019-0.
- Campbell, J. (1981). Charles: Prince of Our Times. Smithmark. ISBN 978-0-7064-0968-0.
- Cathcart, Helen (1977). Prince Charles: The biography (illustrated ed.). Taplinger Pub. Co; Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8008-6555-9.
- Fisher, Graham; Fisher, Heather (1977). Charles: The Man and the Prince. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7091-6095-3.
- Gilleo, Alma (1978). Prince Charles: Growing Up in Buckingham Palace. Childs World. ISBN 978-0-89565-029-0.
- Heald, Tim; Mohrs, Mayo (1979). The Man Who Will Be King H.R.H. (Prince of Wales Charles). New York: Arbor House.
- Hedley, Olwen (1969). Charles, 21st Prince of Wales. Pitkin Pictorials. ISBN 978-0-85372-027-0.
- Hodgson, Howard (2007). Charles: The Man Who Will Be King (illustrated ed.). John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-306-9.
- Holden, Anthony (1988). King Charles III: A Biography. Grove. ISBN 978-1-55584-309-0.
- Holden, Anthony (1998). Charles at Fifty. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50175-3.
- Holden, Anthony (1999). Charles: A Biography. Corgi Books. ISBN 978-0-552-99744-7.
- Jencks, Charles (1988). Prince, Architects & New Wave Monarchy. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-1010-9.
- Junor, Penny (1998). Charles: Victim or Villain?. Harpercollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255900-3.
- Lane, Peter (1988). Prince Charles:a study in development. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7090-3320-2.
- Liversidge, Douglas (1975). Prince Charles: monarch in the making. A. Barker.
- Martin, Christopher (1990). Prince Charles and the Architectural Debate (Architectural Design Profile). St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-04048-2.
- Nugent, Jean (1982). Prince Charles, England's Future King. Dillon. ISBN 978-0-87518-226-1.
- Regan, Simon (1977). Charles, the clown prince. Everest Books. ISBN 978-0-905018-50-8.
- Veon, Joan M. (1997). Prince Charles: The Sustainable Prince. Hearthstone. ISBN 978-1-57558-021-0.
- Wakeford, Geoffrey (1962). Charles, Prince of Wales. Associated Newspapers.
- Mayer, Catherine (2015). Born to Be King: Prince Charles on Planet Windsor. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-1627794381.
- Mayer, Catherine (2015). Charles: The Heart of a King. Random House. ISBN 978-0753555934.
External links
Find more about
Charles, Prince of Wales
at Wikipedia's sister projects
- Official website of the Prince of Wales
- Official website of the British Monarchy – The Prince of Wales
- Official website of 'The Prince's Trust'
- Charles, Prince of Wales at the Internet Movie Database
Charles, Prince of WalesBorn: 14 November 1948
|Lines of succession
|Line of succession to the British throne
1st position
| Succeeded by
The Duke of Cambridge
|British royalty
Title last held byThe Prince Edward
later became King Edward VIII
|Prince of Wales
26 July 1958 – present
Presumed next holder:
The Duke of Cambridge
|Duke of Cornwall
Duke of Rothesay
6 February 1952 – present
|Academic offices
|Preceded by
The Earl Mountbatten of Burma
|President of the United World Colleges
| Succeeded by
The Queen of Jordan
|Honorary titles
|Preceded by
The Duke of Gloucester
|Great Master of the Order of the Bath
10 June 1974 – present
|Order of precedence
|Preceded by
The Duke of Edinburgh
|Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
| Succeeded by
The Duke of York
|in current practice
| Succeeded by
The Duke of Cambridge
|Preceded by
David Lloyd Johnston
as Governor General
|Canadian order of precedence
| Succeeded by
Stephen Harper
as prime minister,
or members of the Royal Family if in Canada
Template:Current heirs of monarchies Lua error in Module:Authority_control at line 346: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
Painted Desert Visitor Center
The Painted Desert Visitor Center was listed to the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing building in the Painted Desert Community Complex Historic District in 2005.The Painted Desert Community Complex was listed as a National Treasure in 2014.
The Painted Desert Visitor Center, part of the Painted Desert Community Complex, is located within the Petrified Forest National Park. The Complex includes administration offices, maintenance facilities, visitor services, and employee housing. The twenty-four acre complex was designed by Richard Neutra and Robert Alexander, as part of the National Park Service's Mission 66 initiative. The goal of Mission 66 was to revitalize the National Parks and to provide services for the increased number of visitors arriving at the parks after World War II. The program included park improvements such as widened roads and enhanced visitor amenities, as well as a new building typology, the visitor center. Visitor centers centralized a wide range of park services in one location. Interpretation, visitor information, park offices, and service facilities were consolidated under one roof, with the intention of controlling what, how and when visitors experienced park resources. Mission 66 visitor centers utilized mid-century modern architectural styles, a drastic departure from the rustic park architecture of previous decades. The modern designs were meant to symbolize progress and change within the National Parks. The simple, low lines of Mission 66 visitor centers were designed to visually recede, revealing the natural or historic landscape of the park. The location of the visitor center within the park created a deliberate flow of visitors and a specific interpretation experience, where the visitor center was the "viewing platform" from which the park resource was first encountered.
The Park Service commissioned Neutra and Alexander to design the Painted Desert Community Complex. Neutra and Alexander divided the complex into four main areas, the Commercial Area, the Industrial Area, Recreation Area, and Residential Area (National Register of Historic Places 3). The design focused on the use of modern materials, climate considerations, and the integration of the landscape into the interior of the buildings (Low 75). The Visitor Center was located in the Commercial Area. For the Visitor Center, Neutra and Alexander designed a specific, sequential visitor experience, which began as the visitor entered the lobby. Large glass windows provided views to the central plaza, encouraging visitors to go out and explore the landscape. Visitor information and services were located at a central information desk with restrooms adjacent. Next, visitors followed a specific interpretation path, which began with exhibits in the lobby, then continued out into the plaza, with outdoor exhibits. This, again, was intended to draw the visitor out into the park landscape (Kinsley 58).
The Painted Desert Visitor Center is one of twenty-three structures within the Painted Desert Community Complex. The Complex is surrounded by the flat, expansive landscape of the Painted Desert. It is isolated along the park road, with no other nearby structures. The Visitor Center is a two-story, concrete block building, which was meant to be public's first point of contact with the park. The rectangular shape of the building and the original flat roof contributed to the low, horizontal feeling of the entire Painted Desert Complex. The exterior of the building is characterized by long expanses of concrete block. The building has two primary facades, one oriented west toward the parking lot, and the north façade, facing the central plaza. The west façade, the first that visitors encounter, includes a large storefront window wall and covered walkway. A cantilevered terrace visually separates the first and second levels. On the second level, a band of aluminum frame windows faces the parking lot. The terrace wraps around the building to the north. On the north elevation, a large glass window wall on the first floor creates a view from the lobby to the central plaza. The plaza is the focal point of the Painted Desert Complex. Neutra designed the Visitor Center to define the southern edge of the plaza (National Register of Historic Places 16). The large windows draw visitors out onto the plaza, encouraging them to interact with the landscape. On the second floor, the terrace and band of aluminum frame windows continue, although with fixed transoms. Neutra's iconic "spider legs" support the roof and project down to the first floor (National Register of Historic Places 17). The terrace originally continued to the east elevation, but was enclosed in 1986. The east elevation adjoins the Complex residence building, which also frames the central plaza. The south façade is a long expanse of concrete block, punctured by three doors to the restrooms and administration offices. On the interior, visitors enter the first floor lobby from the main entrance on the west elevation. The open plan includes an information desk and exhibits. A theater was added to the east end of the lobby in 1975. Public restrooms are accessed from the south façade entrances only. In addition to the lobby and public restrooms, the first floor includes storage and administration spaces. A stair from the lobby leads to the second floor, which is comprised of a double-loaded corridor of administration offices.
The Painted Desert Community Complex had structural issues even before construction
was completed. Cracks began appearing in concrete block walls throughout the complex during the construction period. A soil investigation revealed inadequate footings and incorrectly compacted fill. In addition, steel reinforcing was inaccurately placed. These errors were likely the result of unclear documents from Neutra and Alexander, as well as careless work by the contractor. Repairs were made shortly after construction was completed in 1962 (National Register of Historic Places 13-14).
The Painted Desert Visitor Center is located in the Petrified Forest National Park, 93,533 acres of semi-desert and badlands located in northeastern Arizona, on the Colorado Plateau. The Visitor Center is one of twenty-three buildings within the Painted Desert Community Complex. The Complex includes administration offices, maintenance facilities, visitor services, and employee housing. The Visitor Center borders the central plaza, the focal point of the Complex (National Register of Historic Places 15). The Complex is isolated, situated along the park road with no other nearby structures.
The Painted Desert Visitor Center is constructed of modern materials and material systems typical of mid-century modern designs and a hallmark of the Mission 66 program. The building materials include concrete block, stucco, some steel framing, aluminum frame windows, and commercial storefronts on a concrete slab foundation. "Spider leg" i-beam supports, iconic in Neutra's designs, are located on the north elevation (National Register of Historic Places 17).
The Painted Desert Visitor Center was constructed as part of the National Park Service's Mission 66 program. The program was designed to revitalize and modernize the park system by 1966, the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the National Park Service. In the years following World War II, increased visitation coupled with decreased funding had left the parks in poor condition. Visitors faced traffic jams, congested attractions, long lines, and deteriorating buildings. The ten-year program began in 1956, with a number of initiatives aimed at alleviating overcrowding and modernizing the National Parks. The most notable result of these initiatives was a new building typology, the visitor center. The Mission 66 program constructed over one hundred new visitor centers, which revolutionized the way visitors experienced a park. Visitor centers centralized a wide range of park services in one location. Interpretation, visitor information, park offices, and service facilities were consolidated under one roof, with the intention of controlling what, how and when visitors experienced park resources.
The Painted Desert Visitor Center is a representative example of Nuetra's public work, and the last remaining Neutra designed building in the National Park System. Like all Mission 66 visitor centers, the design emphasizes a relationship between the building and the landscape, attempting to disappear, with simple, low horizontal lines. This is a drastic departure from previous National Park rustic architectural styles, which were meant to blend, rather and fade, from the landscape. National Park rustic architecture drew on its surroundings to suggest a specific idea, like pueblos in the southwest or hewn log buildings in the mountains. Mission 66 modern architecture rejected this idea, instead focusing on disappearing within the landscape, rather than attempting to add to it. This was accomplished with simple, sparse modern materials such as stucco and concrete block. The buildings were a tool for the park service to control the flow of visitors and their interpretive experience, a viewing platform from which the park was first encountered and understood.
The Painted Desert Visitor Center has historical significance as part of the larger Mission 66 program, but did not obtain canonical status or architectural notoriety in its own right. It is not a well-known Neutra design, although it is a rarer example of his public work.
The Painted Desert Visitor Center is significant for its association with the Mission 66 program and as a representation of the work of Neutra and Alexander. The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 as a nationally significant work of architecture. The complex is one of only two Mission 66 projects Neutra and Alexander designed. It is illustrative of Neutra's neighborhood planning theories, which groups buildings of different functions around a central plaza. The complex also embodies Neutra's ideas about modern architecture in the landscape. Neutra believed that man-made objects could never compete with nature, and should therefore be completely different, and stand out in the landscape. This aligned with the Mission 66 program theory that park architecture should not try to blend with the surroundings. The Painted Desert Visitor Center contributes to the overall significance of the Painted Desert Community Complex, with many of Nuetra's unique architectural elements, such as i-beam "spider leg" supports. In addition, the Painted Desert Visitor Center is an embodiment of a new building typology. Before Mission 66, visitor services and information were rarely centralized within National Parks. The design and location of the Painted Desert Visitor Center symbolizes the Park Service's ideas about visitor experience and interpretation strategies during the Mission 66 era.
Gorski, Andrew, and Michael Lovato. Maintenance Guides for the Treatment of Historic Properties,
Petrified Forest National Park. The University of Arizona and National Park Service Desert
Southwest Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit, 2005.
Kinsley, Rebecca. "Mission 66: Where are we now? The Preservation and Re-use of Mission 66
Visitor Centers" M.S. Thesis, Columbia University, 2013.
Low, Sandy. Design Principles for Site Development in Our National Parks Based Upon Historic
Precedents and Current Needs. Las Vegas: University of Nevada, 2009.
National Register of Historic Places Report, Painted Desert Community Complex Historic District.
Petrified Forest National park, Apache County, Arizona, National Register #20050415.