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Fire breathing dragon
Fire breathing dragons are described in ancient legends from all over the world and are even described in the Bible. That no modern reptile can perform such a feat does not necessarily mean that none ever existed. In fact, various creation scientists have proposed very interesting and distinctly plausible mechanisms by which a dragon or dinosaur-like creature might actually have been able to breathe fire. While fossils do not tell us for sure whether these creatures could actually breathe fire, examples such as the bombardier beetle show God's wisdom and ability to design wonderfully complex biological mechanisms to accomplish all sorts of amazing feats.
Fire Breathing Dragons in History
Legends of firebreathing dragons have fascinated people for centuries and appear in cultures all over the world throughout history. Firebreathing dragons exist in artwork and literature, but is it possible that they also existed in real life? Nearly all cultures have dragon legends, although they had no contact with each other, and the Bible even speaks of the fire breathing Leviathan. It seems possible that all these legends might have been based on a real creature, specifically a dragon or dinosaur-like creature that had biological mechanisms which allowed it to breathe fire.
European Legends
European stories usually depict dragons as fierce, lizard-like creatures that often breathe fire and spend their time pillaging and kidnapping beautiful maidens. Famous dragon stories such as the tale of Saint George and the Dragon are now thought of as myths, but they may have been rooted in truth, describing real events and possibly real fire breathing dragons. The following are a few of the many European dragon legends:
The Legend of Smok Wawelski (the Dragon from Wawelski) tells of "a most horrible fire-belching dragon" with purple wings that terrorized the citizens of Krakow, Poland[1][2]. According to the story, the dragon terrorized the countryside around Wawel Hill until the hero, named Krakus or Krac, came up with a solution. He smeared a yellow sulfur paste on sheep which the dragon ate, causing the dragon to burn with thirst. It drank and drank from the River Vistula until it burst, and Krakus (or Krac) became king of the city, which was named Krakow in his honor[3].
In Denbigh, a tale persists of a dragon (saurion) that terrorized the town, wreaking desolation with its fire breath. Sion Bodiau (Sir John of the Thumbs), a man with two thumbs on each hand, was commissioned to kill the beast. He succeeded in this by beheading the dragon while it was distracted by his unusual thumbs. In Welsh, Denbigh is called Dim-Bych, meaning "no more dragon"[2].
In the epic peom Beowulf, the hero Beowulf fights his final battle against a fire breathing dragon. This large dragon measured about 50 paces in length. After a servant of Beowulf's steals a cup from the dragon's treasure, the enraged creature begins attacking the countryside. Beowulf sets out to fight the dragon and kills it with the help of his friend Wiglaf. Unfortunately, the dragon bites Beowulf and he dies due to the effects of its venom[4].
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, a fire breathing dragon lived in Yorkshire until the heir of More Hall killed it. The knight wore a suit of armor covered in spikes to keep the dragon from swallowing him while he tried to kill it[2].
In Celtic mythology, the fire dragon (Draig-tiene) was one of types of dragons that were each responsible for a different element of the earth. The fire dragons symbolized energy and taught people to overcome obstacles with courage[5].
Another dragon legend, Saint Gilbert and the Dragon, relates the following tale of a fire bretahing dragon:
"There lived once upon a time in Sutherland a great dragon, very fierce and strong. It was this dragon that burnt all the fir woods in Ross, Sutherland, and the Reay country, of which the remains, charred, blackened, and half-decayed, may be found in every moss. Magnificent forests they must have been, but the dragon set fire to them with his fiery breath, and rolled over the whole land... Men fled from before his face, and women fainted when his shadow crossed the sky-line. He made the whole land desert. And it came to pass that this evil spirit, whom the people called the 'beast' and 'Dubh Giuthais,' came nigh to Dornoch as near as Lochfinn, and when he could see the town and spire of St Gilbert, his church—'Pity of you, Dornoch,' roared the dragon. 'Pity of you, Dornoch,' said St Gilbert, and taking with him five long and sharp arrows, and a little lad to carry them, he went out to meet the 'beast.' When he came over against it he said, 'Pity of you,' and drew his bow. The first arrow shot the beast through the heart. He was buried by the towns-people. Men are alive now who reckoned distance by so or so far from the 'stone of the beast' on the moor between Skibo and Dornoch. The moor is planted, and a wood called Carmore waves over the ashes of the destroying dragon."[6]
In the poem Tristan and Iseult, a fire breathing dragon attacks Ireland and the desperate king promises his daughter Iseult in marriage to whoever can kill the beast. Tristan goes in search of the creature, and when he meets it he stabs it in the mouth with his spear. The dragon fights back and nearly burns Tristan with its breath of fire and smoke, but its pain eventually overcomes it and Tristan kills it and cuts out its tongue as proof of his victory[6].
In Greek mythology, the Chimera was a combination creature with the body of a lion in front, the body of a goat in the middle, and the body of a serpent in the rear. It was said to have three heads, one of each animal. The chimera was the daughter of Typhaon and Echidna and was raised by Amisodarus, king of Caria. It later turned on Amisodarus and began attacking the countryside. King Iobates commanded Bellerophon to kill the creature. Bellerophon followed the creature into the sky on Pegasus and stabbed it in the mouth with a lance, suffocating it. This creature is associated with a Lycian volcano.
The account of Bellerophon and the Chimera is described in Homer's Illiad: "First he [Iobates] sent him [Bellerophon] away with orders to kill the Khimaira none might approach; a thing of immortal make, not human, lion-fronted and snake behind, a goat in the middle, and snorting out the breath of the terrible flame of bright fire. He killed the Khimaira, obeying the portents of the immortals."[7].
One of the most famous dragon legends in Norse mythology is the story of Fafnir (sometimes Favnir or Fafner). Fafnir was a prince, the son of the dwarf king Hreidmar and brother to Otr and Regin. After Otr was killed, Hreidmar received a fortune from Andvari in compensation for his loss. Fafnir then killed his father for the gold and shape-shifted into a dragon to guard his treasure. His brother Regin and Regin's son Sigurd (sometimes Siegfreid) snuck into Fafnir's lair and killed him by stabbing him in the belly. Fafnir was described as a large reptile with giant teeth and claws, small wings, and the ability to breathe fire. Fafnir has been depicted in artwork throughout Norway, including the Sigurd Portal, housed at the University of Oslo. Fafnir also appears in the opera The Ring of the Nibelungs by Richard Wagner as a giant that guards its treasure[2][8].
Dragons appear in Roman mythology as well as in their artwork. According to Perle Epstein (1973) "This creature [dragon] was usually represented in classical art as a fire breather with large bat's wings..."[2] In addition, Hercules had a fire breathing dragon on his shield[9].
A story from France tells of the Peluda, a giant fire breathing creature with four legs, claws similar to a turtle's, a scaly tail, green fur, and quills on its back. It was killed by a young man whose fiance it had devoured[2].
Fire-drakes appear in several Celtic and European stories and are described as flying, fire breathing dragons. They supposedly lived on the British Isles and in caves in the mountains of northern Europe. The last dragon that Beowulf fights is a fire drake. They also appear in the Lord of the Rings books under different names. JRR Tolkein calls these creatures the Uruloki—they include Smaug, Ancalagon the Black, and Glaurung[9].
A legend of the Swiss, Bavarian, and Austrian Alps tells of the Tatzelwurm ("clawed worm"). This bipedal, serpentine creature was said to have a head like a cat and is often referred to as a drake. A herdsman shot a similar creature in 1921, and another one was spotted attacking a herd of pigs in Sicily in 1954[2].
Legends of North and South America
One Native American tale talks about the Fire Dragon. According to legend, the "Chief of All the Earth" fell in love with a young woman named Ataentsic. After passing several tests, she entered heaven, where she joined the "Chief of All the Earth" as his bride. However, the chief thought that the child she bore belonged to the Fire Dragon, and he cast both mother and child from heaven. They fell to earth, where they began the human race[9]
The Gaasyendietha exists in the legends of the Seneca people. It could shoot fire from its mouth and was also said to travel across the heavens in a stream of fire. For this reason it is also called the meteor-fire dragon. This fire dragon was said to live in the depths of rivers and lakes[9].
Many Native American peoples have stories of Thunderbirds, massive reptilian birds that were said to bring thunder when they flapped their wings and to shoot lightning out of their mouths. These birds were very large, with fearsome beaks and claws. Their huge size led to obviously exaggerated legends of Thunderbirds that plucked live whales out of the sea. One story describes a Thunderbird that fell to the earth as follows:
"The Indians shuddered as they looked at the monster's skeleton. The bird had fallen so hard they thought, that its bones were partly sunk in the rock. But the braves could see that its wingspread was as big as four tall men standing on top of one another. The strange creature had fierce claws on its wings, as well as on its feet, and the beak was long and sharp. There was a long, bony crest on its head. The Indians knew that they had never seen a bird like it before."[10]
The description of the Thunderbirds matches that of some type of pterosaur, possibly a pteranodon[10].
In Illinois, the Illini Indians tell a similar story of the Piasa (the "bird that devours man"). This giant bird preyed on large game animals and even people until one day the Illini Chief came up with a plan to kill it. He stood out where the Piasa could see him, and when it swooped down to grab him, twenty warriors emerged from the bushes and killed the Piasa. John Russell, a writer, later entered the cave where the Piasa lived and found it covered with a "mass of human bones"[10].
Mayan relief sculptures, figurines from Acambaro, Mexico, and Ica stones from Peru all show similar pictures of lizard-like creatures with wings. These pictures strongly resemble the pterosaur class of dinosaurs[10].
Legends from Asia
A legend from Indonesia tells of Ananta Shesha, a serpent that supposedly emerged from the body of Balarama, brother to the sun-god; it had several heads that could breathe fire[9].
In Chinese folklore, the dragon Lung Wang is responsible for the element of fire[9]. Typically, Chinese dragons are water dragons that may breathe clouds but usually not fire. According to Dr. S. Wells Williams:
"The Eastern dragons were assuredly weather-lords. Floods were caused by dragons fighting in the water and storms by dragons fighting in the air. Lightning was heavenly fire sent to stop the dragon fights, for dragons fear fire. This last might be considered odd, in view of the dragon's own fiery breath, but the Chinese writer Wang Fu said: 'Dragon fire and human fire are opposite. If dragon fire comes into contact with wetness it flames, and if it meets water it burns. If one drives it away by means of fire, it stops burning and its flames are extinguished.'"[11].
In the Bible
Fiery Flying Serpents
Several passages in the Bible speak of "fiery flying serpents". These are the serpents that attack the Israelites when they turn against God in the wilderness:
"And the LORD sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and much people of Israel died." --Numbers 21:6 KJV[12].
It is thought that the word "fiery" may refer to the burning sensation a person feels when bitten by one of these venomous serpents. However, Whitcomb points out that the word "fiery" describes the creatures themselves, not the injuries that they inflict[13]. After suffering the attacks of these serpents, the Israelites return to God and repent, and He provides a way for them to be healed:
"And the LORD said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole: and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live." --Numbers 21:8 KJV[12]
Several other Bible verses make reference to these creatures as well, although the phrase "fiery serpents" is often translated as "venomous snakes".
"Who led thee through that great and terrible wilderness, wherein were fiery serpents, and scorpions, and drought, where there was no water; who brought thee forth water out of the rock of flint;" --Deuteronomy 8:15 KJV[14].
"Rejoice not thou, whole Palestina, because the rod of him that smote thee is broken: for out of the serpent's root shall come forth a cockatrice, and his fruit shall be a fiery flying serpent." --Isaiah 14:29 KJV[15].
"The burden of the beasts of the south: into the land of trouble and anguish, from whence come the young and old lion, the viper and fiery flying serpent, they will carry their riches upon the shoulders of young asses, and their treasures upon the bunches of camels, to a people that shall not profit them." --Isaiah 30:6 KJV[16].
Some authors feel that the "venomous snake" interpretation does not fit with the meaning of the original Hebrew phrase. The word m'opheph means "fiery" and signifies a quick back-and-forth type movement. This is frequently interpreted to refer to the quick bite of a venomous snake, but that action does not contain any side-to-side movement. The word saraph means "fiery serpent" and, interestingly, also refers to the seraphim that fly around the throne of God. Isaiah uses this word to describe the seraphim, possibly because they remind him of fiery snakes that he had seen[17].
Some Bible scholars have suggested that the fiery flying serpents were actually pterosaurs, an interpretation that seems to line up with both the Biblical description and the historical evidence. Herodotus and Josephus both wrote of snake-like creatures with wings that lived in Arabia. Historians noted that the ibis bird often preyed upon these poisonous serpents. Josephus's account of the Israelites' encounter with these creatures provides an interesting perspective:
"…but Moses prevented the enemies, and took and led his army before those enemies were apprised of his attacking them; for he did not march by the river, but by land, where he gave a wonderful demonstration of his sagacity; for when the ground was difficult to be passed over, because of the multitude of serpents, (which it produces in vast numbers, and indeed, is singular in some of those productions, which other countries do not breed, and yet such as are worse than others in power and mischief, and an unusual fierceness of sight, some of which ascend out of the ground unseen, and also fly in the air, and so come upon men at unawares, and do them a mischief,) Moses invented a wonderful stratagem to preserve the army safe, and without hurt; for he made baskets, like unto arks, of sedge, and filled them with ibes, and carried them along with them; which animal is the greatest enemy to serpents imaginable, for they fly from them when they come near them; and as they fly they are caught and devoured by them, as if it were done by the harts;"[17]
Many other historians make reference to similar flying serpents, including Aristotle, Aelianus, Ammianus, Mela, Cicero, Solinus, Philae, and Matthew of Edessa. Furthermore, seals and other artwork have been found with images of what appears to be Nehustan. Nehustan was the bronze snake that Moses made when the Israelites were attacked by serpents in the desert. God provided healing to those that were bitten and then looked upon the bronze snake. Unfortunately, the snake later became a snare to the Israelites and they worshipped it as an idol. In the depictions of Nehustan, the snake has bat-like wings and spines on its tail, much like a pterosaur. Authors and naturalists from the Middle Ages also knew of these creatures; Marie Trevelyan wrote that they "looked as though they were covered with jewels of all sorts"[17]. Writers, mapmakers, and historians continued to document these creatures throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, and similar creatures were seen in Germany, Norway, and the French Alps. Prosper Alpin, a French naturalist, wrote about flying serpents in Egypt, and his descriptions bear a striking resemblance to modern pterosaur fossils[17].
Many Native American tribes held similar legends that told of Thunderbirds--flying serpents that supposedly brought thunder from their wings and lighting from their mouths.
The discovery of Ropen, possibly pterosaurs living in Papua New Guinea, has affirmed the possibility that the flying serpents described in the Bible might have been actual pterosaurs alive during the time of man. After hearing several first-hand accounts from people who had come into contact with flying serpents in the southwest Pacific and seeing videos of native from Umboi Island who had seen these creatures, Jonathan Whitcomb traveled to Umboi Island in Papua New Guinea himself to further research the possibility of living pterosaurs. These creatures were described as having long tails, and they give off a bioluminescent glow that reminds one of fire. Many scientists and researchers believe that the Ropen are actually Rhamphorhynchoid ("long tailed") pterosaurs[13]. The Rhamphorhynchus can be described as a pterosaur with bat-like wings, a horn or beak on its head, and a diamond-shaped tip at the end of its long tail[18].
The Bible talks about a creature called the Leviathan, a fire-breathing monster of enormous size that lived in the water.
"Its snorting throws out flashes of light; its eyes are like the rays of dawn. Flames stream from its mouth; sparks of fire shoot out. Smoke pours from its nostrils as from a boiling pot over burning reeds. Its breath sets coals ablaze, and flames dart from its mouth." --Job 41:18-21 (NIV)[19]
The creature God describes here is often thought to be some sort of crocodile, but the full description in Job 41 tells of a much larger and more fearsome creature. Verse 25 says that, "When it rises up, the mighty are terrified; they retreat before its thrashing", and verse 33 calls it "a creature without fear"[19]. Also, crocodiles cannot breathe fire, yet the Leviathan is said to do so. Some say that the Leviathan was not a real animal, claiming that this passage includes exaggerated poetic descriptions that should not be taken literally. However, other real animals are mentioned earlier in the passage, including the horse, hawk, and ostrich, so it would make sense for the Leviathan to also be a real creature, although that does not mean that it must still be alive today[20].
Many creationists theorize that the Leviathan was actually some type of dinosaur. These gigantic reptiles certainly match the description of the terrifying Leviathan, with its great strength, mighty teeth and limbs, and impenetrable scales. [21].
Concerning the Leviathan, Henry Morris of the Institute for Creation Research wrote that:
"It is presumptuous merely to write all this off as mythological and impossible. To say that the leviathan could not have breathed fire is to say much more than we know about leviathans (or water dragons or sea serpents). Fireflies produce light, eels produce electricity, and bombardier beetles produce explosive chemical reactions. All of these involve complex chemical processes, and it does not seem at all impossible that an animal might be given the ability to breathe out certain gaseous fumes which, upon coming in contact with oxygen, would briefly ignite." (1984, p. 359)[22]
Although we do not currently know of any fire-breathing creatures, that does not mean that they could never have existed. The fact remains that God, as the all-powerful Creator, created all life on earth and certainly could have created a fire-breathing dragon or similar creature if He had chosen to. Therefore, the possibility that such a creature existed at one time should at least be considered.
Potential Mechanisms
The opinions of creation scientists differ as to whether or not fire-breathing dragons could have existed. Currently, of course, no known fire-breathing animals exist, but fire-breathing dragons appear in legends from so many cultures, that many think these legends may be based on actual creatures. Many creation scientists note the similarities between the descriptions of dragons and the characteristics of dinosaurs. If a dinosaur once existed that could breathe fire, this would account for many of the stories of fire-breathing dragons. The Leviathan may have been such a creature, although the Bible does not call it a dinosaur. Actually, the word dinosaur was not invented until 1841, so people before then would have called dinosaurs by other names[23].
A writer at Creation Worldview Ministries puts forth one potential method by which dinosaurs may actually have breathed fire. According to this author, dragons could have used methane gas to fuel their fire breath. When mammals consume plants, the digestion of this plant matter produces flammable methane gas in their intestines. The same process could have occurred in dragons, even in sea-dragons if they consumed things like kelp, and they might have stored this methane in some kind of special bladder or chamber until they needed to breathe fire. This methane gas could be easily ignited in several ways. Some theorize that this spark could come from steel-tipped teeth clicking together, or from electrical sparks produced using mechanisms similar to those found in an electric eel. A chemical, such as arsene gas (AsH3) or diphosphane gas (P2H4), could also have been used to ignite the methane. Many animals already produce these chemicals in their bodies to some degree[21].
It has been noted that the skulls of many dinosaurs had large empty cavities. These cavities may have been used to enhance the dinosaurs' sense of smell or to increase their vocal resonance. However, fossils do not show things such as internal secretions or glands that may have existed inside such cavities. The Parasaurolophus ("Crested Lizard"), for example, had a large crest on its head, which extended from its nostrils over the back of its neck. Inside this crest, there were large nasal cavities[21]. It is possible that chemicals could have been combined in these cavities and then sprayed from the Parasaurolophus's nostrils. Upon exposure to oxygen, these chemicals would ignite and form a stream of fire[24].
Peter Booker, a writer for the Journal of Creation (previously TJ), proposes another potential fire-breathing dinosaur. Based on the description of the Leviathan in Job chapter 41, Booker suggests that this creature might correspond to the dinosaur known as Sarcosuchus imperator, or the Super Croc. This ancient reptile fits with the biblical description much better than other candidates such as the modern-day crocodile, and it may have even been able to breathe fire. The Super Croc, discovered in 1966, was described in a 2001 National Geographic article as having scales like "an impenetrable shield" and jaws "armed with a deadly row of enlarged incisors" (qtd. in Booker 15). In addition, Sarcosuchus reached up to 40 feet in length and weighed as much as 10 tons. This certainly matches the description of the fearsome Leviathan in Job. Most interestingly, the Super Croc had what National Geographic described an an "enormous cavity under the nostrils" (qtd. in Booker 15). Scientists thought that this cavity might have contributed to the dinosaur's sense of smell or vocal quality, but the true purpose remains unknown. Perhaps this cavity belonged to part of a biological mechanism that allowed the Super Croc to breathe fire, possibly by mixing chemicals in much the same way that the bombarier beetle does[25].
The book Dragons of the Deep by Carl Wieland also asserts that Sarcosuchus may have been the Leviathan. Wieland notes the formidable qualities of Sarcosuchus, such as its thick scales, each of which reached about a foot in length, or its terrible jaws, which held over 100 teeth. Wieland speculates that the cavity in Sarcochusus's nose, called a "bulla", may have been part of a fire-breathing mechanism. Wieland also notes that, if Sarcosuchus was the Leviathan, then it must have been alive after the Flood in order for Job to be familiar with it[26].
Another possibility is raised by the descriptions of the St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex, England dragon of 1614:
"One of the locals set his two mastiffs onto the monster, and apart from losing his dogs he was fortunate to escape alive from the encounter, for the dragon was already credited with the deaths of a man and woman at whom it had spat and who consequently had been killed by its venom."[27]
Corrosive venom fired from sacs in the creatures mouth, much like that of venomous snakes, that burned and produced smoke and even fire where it landed, could account for dragons' reputations for 'breathing fire'.
The Bombardier Beetle
- Main Article: Bombardier beetle
While the possibility of fire-breathing dragons remains uncertain, God certainly could have created such a creature if He had wanted to, and historical accounts of such creatures abound. No true fire-breathing creatures are known to exist today, but several animals can shoot venom or caustic chemicals in a similar fashion.
The bombardier beetle, an amazing creature, can shoot chemicals out of its tail at up to 100 degrees Celsius! The beetle has two secretion lobes that secrete hydroquinone and aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The same cells secrete both of these chemicals, and they collect in a special reservoir in the beetle's abdomen. This reservoir opens into a reaction chamber through a one-way valve. When threatened, the beetle contracts the muscle-lined reservoir to send the chemicals into the reaction chamber. Enzymes (catalase and peroxidase) are secreted into this chamber as well, and these cause a reaction that releases oxygen, quinones, water vapor, and heat. The chemicals quickly heat up, and pressure causes the mixture to shoot out of the end of the beetle's abdomen at high speeds through two tubes. Different species of beetle have different methods for directing the spray, such as spray nozzles, lined grooves, or special deflector plates[28].
The bombardier beetle uses its extremely hot, noxious chemical mixture as a defensive mechanism. It can fire its chemical weapon within 90 milliseconds of being attacked. The stream of chemicals issues from the beetle, accompanied by popping noises and steam, at speeds between 325 and 1950 centimeters per second and can be directed accurately at predators and attackers. Additionally, some beetles can spray their chemicals at rates of up to 500 pulses per second[28]. If a tiny beetle can possess such a sophisticated mechanism in its tail, then a dinosaur or dragon could also have had a similar mechanism that would allow it to breathe fire to defend itself.
Other animals possess amazing defensive mechanisms as well. The spitting cobra, for example, can spray venom from its fangs at distances of over 10 feet[29]. Perga dorsalis wasp larvae, or Spitfires, secrete a vile yellow fluid from their mouths when disturbed. Other species of wasp larvae "sting" people using tiny hairs with stinging cells on the ends[30]. Electric eels can produce up to 600 volts of electricity at one time, and fireflies produce light in special organs through a chemical reaction[31][32] . These creatures are further examples of the marvelous creativity of God. He has designed some incredibly complex mechanisms in all kinds of animals, and He could easily have done the same thing in fire-breathing dragons as well.
Fire Arts
Humans can also "breathe fire", in a sense. Many performers use chemicals, which they hold in their mouths and then spray over a flame source to create a stream or ball of fire. This practice illustrates how dragons may have breathed fire at one time. Chemicals, which on their own would not hurt the animal, could have been stored in a special bladder or cavity and then ignited right as they left the dinosaur's mouth. However, since humans were not designed with any protective mechanisms for breathing fire, people should take great care when attempting to do so.
Fire-breathing is one of many different fire arts, and it is definitely the most dangerous one. Professional fire breathers make it look like they can shoot plumes of fire out of their mouths. Although they may make it appear simple, DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME! Fire-breathing is extremely dangerous and potentially deadly if performed incorrectly.
All fire breathers start with the same basic tools: fuel and a flame source. Common fuel choices include kerosene, lamp oil, and naphtha (lighter fluid). When choosing fuels, fire breathers select things with high flash points, meaning that the fuel requires a higher temperature to ignite. They also look for fuels that are less toxic and produce less smoke and odor. Fire breathers avoid using alcohol and gasoline because these both have low flash points (they will ignite easily). Also, alcohol can cause drunkenness, which should never be combined with fire-breathing[33].
To make it look like they can actually "breathe" fire, fire breathers hold the fuel in their mouths and then shoot it over a flame source, such as a torch. They must take care in selecting their torches as well as their fuel. Torches are often made of metal, which won't catch fire, and then bound with special cords. Rags, cotton cloth, and ordinary rope should never be used in fire torches because they will burn through and fall off, possibly into the mouth of the fire breather[34]. It requires a lot of practice to master these techniques and achieve the proper angles, so most fire breathers begin by practicing with water to avoid injuring themselves[33].
Fire breathers must take many precautions to avoid injury to themselves and their audiences. First of all, fire-breathing and the other fire arts should never be practiced alone. Those attempting to learn fire-breathing should only do so under the supervision of a trained professional. Also, fire breathers should ensure that no one is standing too close during their routine and that the wind is not blowing too strongly, which may cause the fire to go where it is not supposed to. In addition, many fire breathers perform without wearing any clothing on their upper body that may catch fire. Even with all these precautions, however, fire-breathing remains very dangerous, and accidents can be fatal. One common accident happens when the fire travels back along the stream of fuel shot from the firebreather's mouth. It may enter their mouth and cause the performer to ignite if they are not careful[34]. Also, all the fuels used are toxic to a certain extent and should not be ingested or inhaled. Inhaling fuel often leads to hydrocarbon pneumonitis, which is so common among fire breathers and eaters that it has been called "fire eater pneumonia." Other health problems that may result from fire-breathing include skin irritation, dry mouth, gum disease, stomach ulcers, poisoning, and chemical pneumonia or acute respiratory distress [35].
The many dangers of fire-breathing show that, if a dragon were to have breathed fire, it would need an intelligently designed system to do so. Otherwise, chemicals might mix or ignite at the wrong time, which would be disastrous for the dragon. If God did create a creature that could breathe fire, he would have given it special adaptations to protect it from the intense heat. Regardless of whether or not such creatures existed, it remains a fascinating topic that still has much room for research and speculation.
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- ↑ The Legend of Smok Wawelski (the Dragon from Wawel)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 An Instinct for Dragons by David E. Jones,
- ↑ Polish Legends, Folklore, Myths and Stories Anglik.net, Magda Pospieszna, 2003, 2/16/11.
- ↑ The Dragon Stone: The Dragons of Beowulf Polenth Blake, 6/18/07, The Dragon Stone, 2/16/11.
- ↑ Celtic Dragon Symbolism, Legend and Lore by Jill Stefko, Suite101.com, 6/28/10, 2/16/11.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 The Celtic Dragon Myth by J.F. Campbell, 1911, at sacredtexts.com, 2/16/11.
- ↑ KHIMAIRA , 2008, Theoi Project—New Zealand, 2/16/11.
- ↑ Fafnir, The Nordic Dragon by Marisa E. Martínez Pérsico, 2007, Linkmesh.com, 2/16/11.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Giants, monsters, and dragons: an encyclopedia of folklore, legend, and myth by Carol Rose, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Thunderbirds: Did the American Indians see 'winged dinosaurs'? by Bill Johnson, Creation Ministries International.
- ↑ Dragons of China by John P. Painter, Nine Dragon Baguazhang, 2/17/11.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Numbers 21 (King James Version) BibleGateway.com, 2/17/11
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 New view on the "fiery flying serpent" by Jonathan Whitcomb, 3/25/2010, The Bible and Modern Pterosaurs, 2/17/11.
- ↑ Deuteronomy 8 (King James Version) Bible Gateway, 2/17/11.
- ↑ Isaiah 14 (King James Version) BibleGateway.com, 2/17/11.
- ↑ Isaiah 30 (King James Version) BibleGateway.com, 2/17/11.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 The Fiery Flying Serpent [www.genesispark.com/genpark/png/fieryflyingserpent2.doc PDF]
- ↑ Fiery Flying Serpent : Rhamphorhynchus by Dale Stuckwish, 12/29/10, examiner.com, Clarity Digital Group LLC, 2/17/11.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Job 41 (New International Version, ©2010) BibleGateway.com, 2/6/11.
- ↑ Historical Support for the Coexistence of Dinosaurs and Humans (Part II) by Eric Lyons, Apologetics Press :: Reason & Revelation, October 2007 - 27[10]:73-79, 2/3/2011.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 The existence of fire breathing dragons Creation Worldview Ministries, Centella Consulting, 2011, 1/24/11.
- ↑ Behemoth and Leviathan—Creatures of Controversy by Eric Lyons, Apologetics Press :: Reason & Revelation January 2001 - 21[1]:1-7, 2/3/2011.
- ↑ Dinosaurs and the Bible by Ken Ham, Answers in Genesis, 11/5/99, 2/6/11
- ↑ [Dinosaurs by Design] by Duane T. Gish, Ph.D., Arizona: Master Books, 1992, pp. 80-83.
- ↑ A new candidate for Leviathan by Peter Booker, Journal of Creation (previously called TJ), vol 19, issue 2, August 2005, pp 14-16, 2/6/11.
- ↑ [Dragons of the Deep] by Carl Wieland, Arizona: Master Books, 2006, pp. 44-46.
- ↑ [After the Flood] by Bill Cooper, 1995, pp. 77-78.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Preliminary observations of the pygidial gland of the Bombardier Beetle, Brachinus sp. by Mark H. Armitage and Luke Mullisen, Answers in Genesis, First published: TJ (now Journal of Creation) 17(1):95–102, April 2003, 2/15/11.
- ↑ Spitting Cobra Tigerhomes.org, 2006, 2/15/11.
- ↑ Perga dorsalis (Spitfires) Mikes Rides, 7/21/10, 2/15/11.
- ↑ More Information About Electric Eels WhoZoo, April 2003, 3/20/11.
- ↑ Firefly Facts: Bioluminescence Marc Branham, 1998, 3/20/11.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 How Fire Breathing Works: 3. Torches and Fuel Tracy V. Wilson, Discovery Health, 2011, Discovery Communications Inc, 1/14/11.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Fire Eating and Fire Breathing FAQ Peter Bendall, 1996, Juggling Information Service, 1/14/11.
- ↑ How Fire Breathing Works: 4. Dangers and Safety Tracy V. Wilson, Discovery Health, 2011, Discovery Communications Inc, 1/14/11.
Additional Information
- Fire Breathing Home of Poi, Ltd. 2011, 1/14/11.
- Firebreathing: How Firebreathing works Anne Marie Helmenstine, About.com, 2011, The New York Times Company, 1/14/11.
- Fire Eating/Breathing: A brief history of Fire Eating and Breathing Greg Schoppe, Culture of Fire.com, SMI/Toud, 1/14/11.
- How to Breathe Fire Safely and Easily Quazen, 12/15/08, 1/14/11.
- Fire Breathing: How to Breathe Fire Without Flammable Liquids William Lake, associated content, 5/6/09, Yahoo!, 1/14/11.
- Dinosaurs and the Bible Clarifying Christianity, 2005, 1/14/11.
- An Instinct for Dragons David E. Jones
- Life-Size Dragons John Grant and Fred Gambino
- Dragons: animals...not apparitions Timofey Alferov, Creation ex nihilo 22(3):14–16, June 2000, Answers in Genesis, 1/14/11.
- News to Note, August 7, 2010 Answers in Genesis
- News to Note, June 14, 2008 Answers in Genesis
- Dinosaurs--Alive After Babel? Paul S. Taylor, 2/13/08, Answers in Genesis, 1/14/11.
- Leviathan Joe Geek, 5/9/07, Creation, Dinosaurs, and the Bible, 1/14/11.
- Bestiary: Fabulous Beasts, Men, Spirits Aaron Atsma, Theoi Project, 2007, 1/14/11.
- Animal Planet Videos: Dragons: Did Dragons Breathe Fire? Animal Planet, 4/30/09, Discovery Communications Ltd, 1/14/11.
- Dragons – Myth or Real? by R.L. David Jolly, Creation Revolution, 2/11/11, 2/16/11.
- Fire Breathing Dragons and Fiery Flying Serpents (Topic#: 16036) God Said Man Said, 7/25/02, 2/16/11.
- New view on the "fiery flying serpent"
- The Fiery Flying Serpent
- Fiery Flying Serpent : Rhamphorhynchus
- Pterosaurs in the Bible
- Fire Breathing Dragons and Fiery Flying Serpents


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For a departmental listing, please visit the departmental directory instead.
Employees and students can access the information that was found in the directory by using the Microsoft Outlook address book, Office 365 and/or the Shoretel directory. See below for more information.
Office 365
ShoreTel Communicator
Open ShoreTel Communicator, and at the bottom click "Directory".
Type a name into the search bar.

subset: commoncrawl


text: I have this one incoming, spec'ed with Brent late last summer. There was a minor finish issue that occurred, so it is headed back to PRS for a quick fix, no worries, I am confident they will make it perfect. So even though I don't have an NGD for this guitar yet, I am so amazed on how this guitar came out, I thought I would share the pictures here. I spec'ed this as Armando's Amethyst, but with a burst added. The Burst is certainly Armando's Amethyst, but the body of it looks a little lighter, I suspect Paul Miles and the finish team did that intentionally to show the contrast with the burst, and to make the quilt pop more. Those guys are true artists with the Private Stock custom finishes!! I love how this came out. Anyway, here it is, SC Ted with McCarty body thickness, Obeche body, Curly Mahogany Neck, Rosewood Board, uncovered 5909's, One-Piece Quilt top in a custom Armando's Amethyst Burst. For history's sake, I spec'ed this in a Purple to sort of replace the awesome Ultraviolet SC Wood Library IRW Ted that Steve/11top sold me last year, now in the hands of Chris/goof1073. For the record I already know that this wood combination makes for great tone, my Earth Cu24 PS (just sold this week to fund the next PS in the oven) was identical in formula, Obeche body for light weight, Curly Mahogany Neck, and it had great tone. Can't wait to get it and to see how it sounds, I am sure it will be great!! (BTW, I am going to switch to Amber Knobs, I prefer those even on brighter colored Private Stocks, they tie in nicely with the brown backs and give a more Vintage look...) Thank you, Brent, Paul Miles, Tina and the rest of the Private Stock team, for another awesome creation!!


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When your planting a church, one of the biggest Elephants in the room is… no one knows you exist.
No matter how much you believe in your church, no how great you are, no matter how great your team is the truth is if they don't know you are there what good is it?
Advertising is reminding. You need constant reminders to remind people you are there and you are doing well.
Here are some ideas to help you get the most of social media.
Which ones to utilize.:
- Facebook Page
- Google Plus
- YouTube
- Vimeo
How to use them:
Create a Facebook Page
Create Events like crazy
Friend people from your local area so your posts show up on their feeds
Post something everyday if possible to keep yourself in the feed
Post something everyday if possible
Encourage people to tweet your message quotes DURING THE SUNDAY WORSHIP EXPERIENCE
Make every post link back to your website if possible to continue to drive people back there
Take video of everything: Worship Experience, Team Members, Growth Track sessions, events, etc, etc, etc.
As long as it's in a positive light of your church video it.
Then you can use it for the other social media venues.
Do a weekly announcement commercial.
Same as YouTube
Check the stats. More than ever social media is how our world connects.
The more available and connectable you make yourself, the better.


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WLAN / Wi-Fi TechnologyIEEE 802.11 a, b, g, j, p and IEEE 802.11n
IEEE 802.11a, b, g, j, p, n, IEEE 802.11ac and IEEE 802.11ad
WLAN is a wireless local area network technology that uses OFDM as the multiple access scheme (except 11b). The maximum communications distance is 100 meters. WLAN communicates in the ISM bands (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz), which are available all over the world. WLAN is highly optimized for IP and Ethernet. Therefore, it is ideally suited for wireless Internet access.
The standards association approved the IEEE 802.11n amendment to the IEEE 802.11-2007 standard in September 2009. The high throughput (HT) enhancement IEEE 802.11n includes MIMO technologies with up to four antennas and a higher bandwidth of 40 MHz.
The next steps in WLAN PHY standardization are the 802.11ac and 802.11ad amendments, which focus on higher data rates. While 802.11ad targets the 60 GHz frequency bands, 802.11ac targets the frequency bands below 6 GHz. To achieve higher data rates, 11ac adds higher channel bandwidths of 80 MHz and 160 MHz, supports 8 spatial streams and a 256QAM subcarrier modulation.
Amendments IEEE 802.11j and IEEE 802.11p use the half clock rate as defined in the IEEE 802.11 standard. This increases robustness to achieve higher mobility, and reduces the required spectrum bandwidth to 10 MHz. IEEE 802.11p, published in 2010, is specifically defined for car-to-car (C2C), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications.
WLAN / Wi-Fi at Rohde & Schwarz
Rohde & Schwarz offers a broad range of test and measurement equipment for WLAN. This includes unique test instruments such as vector signal generators, which feature a two-path concept to generate the precoded signals for two MIMO transmit antennas in one box. It also includes signal and spectrum analyzers with a 160 MHz signal analysis bandwidth, which are ideal for wideband technologies and wireless connectivity testers which offer fast and accurate WLAN RF and end-to-end data testing.
All in one: Rohde & Schwarz test instruments are based on multi-standard platforms supporting wireless connectivity and cellular standards in one box.


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Library Policies
Access Policy for Non-Affiliated Borrowers of the Humboldt State University Library
Non-affiliated borrowers are defined as anyone not currently employed by, or attending, HSU. Retired staff and emeritus faculty are still considered affiliated. There is a separate policy for alumni borrowing.
Borrow & Renew Policies
The Humboldt State University Library loans a wide variety of materials to our patrons, including books, journals, theses, government documents, and several formats of multimedia. Find the Circulation FAQ and links to more detailed information on our services and borrowing policies.
Library's Exhibits Policy
Reservations for the display cases in the HSU Library are made through the Library Administration Office. Non-Library affiliated displays can go up for two weeks.
Policy for Responsible Computing in the Humboldt State University Library
The use of Library computing resources is governed by the Guidelines for Responsible Computing at Humboldt State University (Appropriate Use Policy) contained in University Management Letter 01-02 (April 2001) and the CSU Information Security Policy (April 19, 2010).
Posting of Publicity in Public Areas of the HSU Library
It is the policy of Humboldt State University Library to provide specific areas for posting of appropriate communications to library users.
Public Use Policy
The mission of the Library at Humboldt State University is to provide the information, collections, and services that are necessary to support the instructional programs, research, and outreach services of Humboldt State University.
User Privacy Policy of the Humboldt State University Library
It is the policy of the Humboldt State University Library to respect the privacy of all users to the extent permitted by law. The Library will not reveal the identities of individual users (names, addresses, telephone numbers, social security numbers) or reveal what information sources or services they consult (books checked out, questions asked), to anyone outside of the organization unless required to by law.


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After Effects CC (12.0) is now live
It's with great pleasure that we can release to you the amazing work that has gone into After Effects CC (12.0).
There are a ton of new features alongside the big ones (Cineware, Refine Edge, and Warp Stabilizer VFX) that have been covered quite bit. Snapping; EXR / DPX format updates; finding missing fonts, footage, and effects; Pixel Motion Blur… These are just a few that come to mind.
Check out several blogs posted by our team's own Todd Kopriva to get the full and complete details:
- Refine Edge tool, Refine Soft Matte effect and related new features in After Effects CC (12.0)
- New commands for finding missing footage, effects, and fonts in After Effects CC (12.0)
- Snapping of layer features in the Composition panel, new in After Effects CC (12.0)
- Sync Settings features in After Effects CC for sharing keyboard shortcuts, preferences, and more
- Additions to Warp Stabilizer VFX in After Effects CC (12.0)
Also, check out these fantastic tutorials for folks new to 3D using the new integration with Maxon Cinema 4D by Nick Campbell (Greyscale Gorilla).
If you have a Creative Cloud membership, you always have access to the latest version of After Effects. Just go to the Creative Cloud site to download it now or to sign up for Creative Cloud.
For information about purchasing a Creative Cloud subscription, see this page about plans and this page with current promotional offers.
After Effects CC represents the first release of many for After Effects under the Creative Cloud banner. I have been watching and participating in a passionate debate from all points of view on this new method of releasing our software to you. To those of you currently (or about to become) subscribers, I thank you for your business. I firmly believe you won't be disappointed.
To folks who are still considering your options, I look forward to hearing what you think, and how we can best earn your business. We as a team are just getting started taking advantage of a whole new way to develop, test and deliver software you depend on.
For more information about Creative Cloud, see this overview video and the Creative Cloud FAQ list.
By the way, if you're just getting started with After Effects for the first time… Welcome! You should start here to learn the basics of After Effects.


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Global Personal Protective Equipment Market 2018 report delivers useful and unique insights for several shareholders and aspirants by identifying the high-growth segments, main actions approved by them and recent progressions in the Global Personal Protective Equipment market. The report highlights the factors that will shape the Global Personal Protective Equipment market's progression in the future
The Global Personal Protective Equipment market is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by in 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025.
The research report deep dives into the dynamics of Global Personal Protective Equipment, providing a detailed analysis of Global Personal Protective Equipment market outlook, production, consumption and market share based on different geographical regions. The document has been prepared through fundamental levels of research regarding the Global Personal Protective Equipment Industry. The list of major companies/competitors is also present in the report.
Request a sample copy of Global Personal Protective Equipment market research at: https://www.fiormarkets.com/report/global-personal-protective-equipment-market-research-report-2018-181796.html#sample
Essential information for the companies such as revenue, % share, supplier information, images of products are also presented. The Global Personal Protective Equipment report illustrates perfect profit initialization through various Global Personal Protective Equipment market segments.
The leading companies in the Global Personal Protective Equipment market are profiled to offer a complete overview of their growth strategies, financial standing, product and services pipeline, as well as recent collaborations and developments.
Scope of the Global Personal Protective Equipment Market report is as follows:
- To define, describe, and segment the market for Global Personal Protective Equipment
- To assess and forecast the market size & share with respect to value and volume
- Analysis of raw materials sources and information of downstream buyers are provided.
- To analyze current and future risks and substitutes threat. Besides, the report gives more attention to the consumer needs and their changing preferences as well as economic/political environmental change.
- Market forecasts from 2018-2025, including market volumes, value, consumption, sales, and price is provided by regions, by types, by manufacturers, and by applications.
Study Objectives of Global Personal Protective Equipment Market are:
- To examine and revise the Global Personal Protective Equipment manufacturing market on the basis of volume, sales updates and the forecast figures (2018-2025)
- It provides detailed information regarding the SWOT analysis of the leading players, focusing on the market synopsis, along with development plans
- To provide detailed information regarding the major factors influencing the growth of the stem cell manufacturing market (drivers, restraints, opportunities, and industry-specific challenges)
- To understand the regional and Global Personal Protective Equipment market forthcoming related to individual growth trends, prospects by comparing the growth segments
- To track and scrutinize the Global Personal Protective Equipment market expansion, new product launches mergers, partnerships, agreement, collaborations, and acquisitions as well as research programs, development activities in the market and various primary and secondary sources used during the research
Get full access to the report at: https://www.fiormarkets.com/report/global-personal-protective-equipment-market-research-report-2018-181796.html
Table of Contents – Snapshot:
- Industry Overview
- Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
- Technical Data and Manufacturing Plants Analysis
- Overall Market Analysis
- Industry Analysis basis on Capacity, Production, Revenue (Value), (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Region (2013-2018)
- Global Personal Protective Equipment Industry Segment Market Analysis by Type with respect to Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend
- Industry Analysis by Application
- Major Manufacturers Profiles/Analysis
- Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers
- Marketing Type Analysis, Traders or Distributors
- Market Effect Factors Analysis
- Global Personal Protective Equipment Industry Forecast (2018-2025)
- Research Findings and Conclusion
- Appendix
Customization of the Report:
This report can be customized to meet the client's requirements. Please connect with our sales team (email@example.com), who will ensure that you get a report that suits your needs.
Contact Us:
Mark Stone (Sales Manager)
Phone: +1-201-465-4211


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Sumter, South Carolina International Law Lawyers
Wolfgang Buchmaier
Columbia, SC 29201
Tulane University School of Law and University of Munich Law School
Michael Taylor
Columbia, SC 29205
Lee Gibbs Depret-Bixio
Columbia, SC 29201
John Hill
Columbia, SC 29201
University of Georgia
Preston Ratliff Burch
Columbia, SC 29201
Magalie Arcure
North Charleston, SC 29405
Charleston School of Law
Duncan Alford
Fort Mill, SC 29708
Anne Frances Bleecker
John Barry Kern
Charleston, SC 29401
Harry Huge
Charleston, SC 29401
Chris Lauderdale
University of Georgia
Francesca Mosteller
Greenville, SOUTH CAROLINA 29601
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law
James Rogers
Greenville, SOUTH CAROLINA 29601
University of South Carolina School of Law
Andreas Satterfield
Greenville, SC 29601
School of Law
Stefania Bondurant
Greenville, SC 29601
University of South Carolina School of Law and LUISS School of Law
Stephanie Lewis
Greenville, SC 29601
School of Law
Brooke Hammond
Greenville, SOUTH CAROLINA 29601
University of South Carolina School of Law
Vincent Douglas
Greenville, SC 29601
School of Law
Jody Smitherman
School of Law
Norman H Glickman
Greenville, SC 29607
UC Berkeley School of Law Boalt Hall
James Joseph Hennigan
Greenville, SC 29607
Clifford Lawrence
Greer, SC 29650
Georgetown University Law Center
Raymond William Godwin
Greenville, SC 29615
Christopher Derrick
Greenville, SC 29601
International Lawyers in Nearby Cities
International Lawyers in Nearby Counties
Related Practice Areas
Need a lawyer?
The Justia Lawyer Directory is a listing of lawyers, legal aid organizations, and pro bono legal service organizations. Whether you were injured, are accused of a crime, or are merely engaging in everyday affairs that affect your legal rights or property, an attorney can help you resolve problems or prevent new ones from arising.
Here are just a few situations where you might want to seek the advice of an attorney:
- You were injured in a car or truck accident
- You have been arrested and charged with a crime, such as DUI or shoplifting
- You are considering separating from your spouse
- You have been subjected to harassment or other discrimination at work
Use Justia to research and compare Sumter attorneys so that you can make an informed decision when you hire your counsel.
It is important to research an attorney before hiring him or her. Be sure to evaluate an attorney's experience (types of cases handled, prior results obtained, etc.). Although prior results are not indicative of the likelihood of success in your case, they can help you make an informed decision.
Also worth serious consideration is the attorney's location, particularly if you will be traveling to visit him or her for consultations.
Finally, research an attorney to see whether he or she has ever been subject to discipline. Although disciplinary actions do not necessarily impact the attorney's competence to handle your case, they may affect your decision whether to hire.
Researching Attorney Discipline


text:
Naturally intuitive, Lee Ann has been working with Tarot and its many facets for over twenty years. She combines her knowledge of tarot with the gift of intuition to give honest, clear, and insightful readings. She feels tarot is an amazing tool to be used for spiritual growth and self-empowerment; a map toward one's true goals and higher purpose. To make an appointment with Lee Ann at the Boston Tea Room call (734) 281-2244.
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: March 31Tarot Readings by Lee Ann
Later Event: April 6Tarot Readings by Lee Ann


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12/24/16 - Christmas Eve
Pastor Kevin closes this chaotic year with a message of peace.
Pastor Jimmy opens the new year with wisdom and knowledge about making…
Pastor Drew shares the most important re-gift.
Pastor Kevin reminds us: because God has forgiven us just as we are we…
Pastor Mitch shows how comfort is about a someone, not a something.
Pastor Curtis asks if we're really #blessed or merely #pleased


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PHILADELPHIA PA - The Colorado Rapids are providing fans with all the breaking news and transactions in the days leading up to and during the 2010 MLS SuperDraft in Philadelphia.
Rapids fans can get instant live updates all during draft week on the Official Rapids Twitter page.
Stories diaries and interviews will also be posted on the Rapids' Official Club Blog the Rapids Undercurrent.
Numerous exclusive videos and photos will also be posted to the Rapids' Official Facebook page. A bunch of videos are already posted; check them out!
The actual 2010 MLS SuperDraft takes place Thursday January 14 starting at noon MST. The first hour will be broadcast live nationally on ESPN2 and live streaming video will be available for the second hour live on MLSNet.com.
Check in to the various Rapids social media sites from now through the end of next week to get the lastest instant breaking news on your Rapids before during and after the SuperDraft!


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To see details of your booking, access the most recent confirmation and/or make a payment please enter your booking reference and the Surname in which the booking was made.
We recommend that you make your payment through our secure website. However, if you would prefer to speak to us to make your payment, please call us on 0345 604 3804


text: Push to Update Paperwork June 29, 2012 10:47 PM After months of document collection and analysis, Greg, Julie, Jim and Kathy Moes were finally able to sit down with their Legacy Project advisers in April to start sifting through options. They met with succession planning expert Kevin Spafford, who leads Farm Journal's Legacy Project, and team member Josh Sylvester. What their advisers found shocked the Moeses. Bonus Content More on the Moes family More on the Legacy Project "There were a lot of surprises when Kevin and Josh went through our existing agreements," says Greg Moes. "We almost put the operation in worse jeopardy through the use of some of these agreements." In fact, within a week of their meeting, Greg and Jim were on a conference call with Sylvester to get suggestions on how to quickly amend some of the paperwork. The Moeses milk 1,400 cows and farm more than 2,000 acres in Goodwin, S.D., and hope to pass on the operation to the next generation. The objective of the April meeting was twofold: To shore up existing agreements between Greg and Jim to ensure the current operation will survive should one of the brothers leave or die. To begin to look at what needs to be done to ensure that the next generation of Moeses can transition into management and eventually ownership roles. The current documents were drawn up 20 years ago, when land values were much less and transition to the third generation was not as big a priority. So land buy/sell agreements, stock transfer agreements within the Subchapter S Corporation and cash-based compensation agreements all must be rethought or redrafted to allow transfers between existing partners and to the next generation to begin. "When the agreements were drawn up back in the '90s, they were cookie-cutter agreements that worked for a lot of farm operations and other businesses," Greg says. "But there were not as many dollars involved as today. It's scary because the agreements don't even come close to meeting our needs today," he says. The first objective is to shore up existing agreements. Spafford and Sylvester identified several areas of concern should Greg or Jim leave the operation, become incapacitated or die. For example, Greg and Jim have buy/sell agreements on land that is jointly held. The agreements state that upon the death of one of the brothers, his interest will be offered for sale to the surviving brother, with the closing to take place within 30 days. The value of each acre of land is also set within the buy/sell agreement. Land inflation could make that set price unacceptable to the Internal Revenue Service for estate tax purposes. It could result in the IRS demanding taxes be paid on value that is never realized by the estate. And it could possibly even force the sale of the land to pay those taxes. "This mandatory purchase obligation could prevent ownership from transferring to heirs upon the death of a brother," Spafford says. "Plus, the 30-day obligation to complete the transaction may be unreasonable. It makes more sense to have a 90- or 180-day time frame." A Subchapter S Corporation owns MoDak Dairy, with Greg and Jim as principal stockholders. Neither spouse is listed as a stockholder, yet both are signatories to the loans that financed the facility. This could be problematic in the event of a divorce or death, Spafford says. A buy/sell agreement for the dairy also sets the terms of sale should a stockholder die. Those terms require a 25% down payment, with the balance to be paid over three years. "Will the corporation have enough cash to fund the down payment and enough free cash flow to service a debt obligation of the installment note payable over three years?" Sylvester asks. "It makes sense to revise the installment term to five, seven or 10 years." Another area of concern is the land leases that sustain the cropping operation. Greg and Jim own about 1,000 acres of land that feed the dairy, and lease the land back to the dairy operation. "These 'controlled' lease agreements are at less than fair market value," Sylvester says. This could create a false economy that affects cash flow and operational growth. In addition, MoDak Dairy leases 320 acres from a land trust established by Gerald Moes, Greg and Jim's deceased father, and 540 acres from their mother, Eileen, age 82. Both leases are renewed annually. That could be problematic if Greg and Jim's siblings want to cash out should Eileen pass away. Spafford and Sylvester recommend that leases run at least three years or longer. To ensure fair rental rates, some type of inflation adjuster should also be included. Eileen, who was present at the April meeting, seems amenable to longer leases. Susan Beaudry, Greg and Jim's sister and one of two land trustees, was also in attendance. Though not opposed to longer lease terms, she needs to consult with another sister who is a co-trustee before changing any agreements. Web Extra: To learn more about how the Moes family is growing their operation with the future in mind, watch this episode of "Leave a Legacy TV." Back to news


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The snow day was not meant to be. When I gathered the students in the morning, I asked "So, which one of you forgot to wear their pajamas inside out?"
Someone forgot to, I'm sure.
The storm didn't start until around 10 or so, when we were in the middle of math. The class was figuring out how to outfit 89 elves with new hats, coats, belts, pants, and boots, a multiplication and working-with-a-budget lesson. I looked up, and being a big kid myself, I announced "Hey! It's snowing!" and succeeded in distracting everyone for the rest of the lesson. It was my fault.
But we all went to the windows and looked out. It was beautiful. The kids were quiet, peaceful, taking in the view. I stood back, and took in the scene of my kids marveling at nature.
The school then took on a different feel, as it does during the holidays or when it snows. Parents started to stream in to pick up their children, phones began to ring, lessons were brought to closure a little sooner, with the promise of an arts & crafts activity. Some holiday music in the background, a handful of pretzels on every child's desk, glue and glitter... everyone was content.
It snowed all day, quite heavy at times, and we all went home at 3:00.
So, I love my kids and what I do every day. Teaching is my life. But I still want to know one thing:
What's the forecast for next week?


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This Lulu e-book contains some of the best ideas and information on how your body processes food and what it does with it. In it you will discover the workings and disorders of your gastrointestinal... More > tract. The Human digestive system is full of secrets that scientists and researchers are constantly looking for. Many of these secrets are yet to be found. If you ever wanted to know some of those secrets on how your gastrointestinal system works, now is the time. In this e-book, I give you the secrets that nutritionists know about food digestion in the mouth, stomach and small intestine. I give you the details that I use to explain to my clients about the function of their digestion system. How the mouth works to start your digestion of food is provided in detail, so that you can get a firm understanding on how your mouth starts the digestive process. Just click on the buy button now and discover how you can help your digestive system work better to give you top health.< Less
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Jeep Compass Problems and Solutions
debwk Posts: 1THrilled to know someone else has that issue! No solution that I know of.0
jennlikesyarn Posts: 1If you don't feel like reading my whole post, this pretty much sums up my opinion of Jeeps right now: :lemon: :lemon: :lemon: :lemon:
I just took my 2007 Jeep Compass in for inspection. As usual (which is sad), I expected at least $500 worth of repairs due to things other people have mentioned.
In previous years, it was the alignment being off and destroying my tires (I live in a very pothole-filled area, but being a Jeep, you'd think it would handle that well) and other similar issues. Last year, I was told my ball joints would need to be replaced by this year - which is true. $500 easily down the drain. But deep down, I knew there would be other problems because there always are.
In the past year, I've experienced other problems like my dome light leaking every time it rains, the car just randomly stopping while I'm driving, and the shift getting stuck in first gear and not being able to push it back up.
But on top of that, with just over 40,000 miles on the thing, I'm having transmission issues. Should a car that's five years old with 40,000 miles on it have transmission issues? Also, my brakes are dying and my front tires barely passed inspection - tires that I just got replaced last year - probably because of the alignment problems.
Someone else mentioned that it drives well in the winter, even without all-wheel drive. This much is true. But it's not worth the thousands of dollars I've now invested in repairs and the fact that every time it rains, I get poured on thanks to my dome light (which other people have posted about and there's no long-lasting fix for it).
Please tell me these common-for-a-Compass issues have been fixed in newer models because this is ridiculous.0
I have an answer that I think will fix a whole range of Compass problems. I too have a 2012 Latitude 4x4. When the jeep was 4 weeks old I started experiencing all kinds of crazy problems. I would have to constantly re program the auto unlock feature-it would arbitrarily change from disabled to enabled almost on a daily basis. My low tire light would not go out even though I kept the tires at 32 psi. On top of that, I got poor 18 -19 mpg. I decided to go to the heart of everything, the engine compartment fuse block module. I tested all fuses with the ignition on but with the motor not running and I found many dead circuits. I removed the fuse block module (after having disconnected the battery) and checked all fuse block connectors which are on the bottom of the module. I found loose connector plugs and even a cheap one like the kind you can find on your computer motherboard. I examined the connectors, straightened out some bent pins and then made sure all connectors were tight and firm. Guess what, all the electrical problems went away and I now get 22 mpg around town. I'm sure that many Chryslers and not just Jeeps have this cheap fuse block syndrome. It's been one month since the fix and my compass is running beautifully.0
#159 of 159 Re: 2012 Jeep Compass Latitude Bucking no power issue [cz33] by rbortone
Nov 09, 2012 (8:52 pm)
Replying to: cz33 (Jul 14, 2012 12:55 pm)
I have an answer that I think will fix a whole range of Compass problems. I have a 2012 Latitude 4x4. When the jeep was 4 weeks old I started experiencing all kinds of crazy problems. I would have to constantly re program the auto unlock feature-it would arbitrarily change from disabled to enabled almost on a daily basis. My low tire light would not go out even though I kept the tires at 32 psi. On top of that, I got poor 18 -19 mpg. I decided to go to the heart of everything, the engine compartment fuse block module. I tested all fuses with the ignition on but with the motor not running and I found many dead circuits. I removed the fuse block module (after having disconnected the battery) and checked all fuse block connectors which are on the bottom of the module. I found loose connector plugs and even a cheap one like the kind you can find on your computer motherboard. I examined the connectors, straightened out some bent pins and then made sure all connectors were tight and firm. Guess what, all the electrical problems went away and I now get 22 mpg around town. I'm sure that many Chryslers and not just Jeeps have this cheap fuse block syndrome. It's been one month since the fix and my compass is running beautifully.0
I just started a lease on a 2012 Jeep Compass on October 1, 2012 - about 2 weeks ago, I had the strangest thing happen. I went to put on my right blinker and my windshield wiper swiped once across the windshield. I thought I may have clicked the wiper by accident. I started driving with my left hand only, my right hand away from the wiper. It has happened numerous times since then, only swiping once across. Then the other night, I was turning right, the entire time I had my blinker on, my wipers were going. I turned off my blinker, the wipers stopped. What could this possibly be! Obviously a wiring issue, but has anyone else had this experience?? My service department at the dealership has AWFUL hours and I am having a hard time getting there for them to look at it.0
christine32 Posts: 1I have this same problem right now. It only happeneds when I am turning right. I happened to me 4 times today and i had to actually turn on my windshield wipers and then turn them back off in order to get them to go off. have you taken your jeep to the dealership to see what they say about it? When i took mine in the guy acted as if i was full of crap. They had my jeep all day and when I got it back later that day as I was turning right they started going again. The dealership claims that they changed out my turn signal which I hold the [non-permissible content removed] flag tall and high due to the fact when I bought the jeep it had a imperfection on the blinker knob. and guess what? its still there. Oh and to make matters even worse I bought this jeep brand new with 20 miles. I now only have 2200 and i got it in august.. so if you have any idea what it is please share. Thanks0
Great! I'm not going crazy! It hasn't happened to me lately, but yes, it is only when I am turning right! And I've had it so bad that I, too, had to turn my wipers on and then turn them off to make it stop.
I haven't taken it to the dealer because my dealership has awful service hours (7:30-4:30 M-F only, Saturdays only for oil changes!) and with my job schedule, I haven't been able to get there during the week.
And yes, I started my lease in October and the problem started in late November! I wish I could help you figure out the problem, but if you do bring it back to the dealer with a successful end, please let me know what the cause is so I can hopefully let the dealer know in advance and hopefully skip having to leave my car there all day.
Or hopefully someone may have the solution in this forum!
Good luck!0
pattik66 Posts: 1On January 3rd I brought my Jeep in to dealer because my 08 Compass would not shut off even after removing key. It would run and periodically the guages would all go crazy. After removing a battery connection, it finally stopped. Service did a flash to update pcm soft ware updated pcm voltage. $215.00
Ran ok for a week. Big rainstorm, and had the leaking map lights. Got to work again car wouldn't shut off. I didn't have the ability to pull any battery connectors so I called dealer and explained the car was doing the exact same thing the flash was supposed to fix. After a bit, they agreed to tow my car - as it was undrivable. Was bucking and lurching. While I was waiting for the tow, the engine began to overheat as I was sitting in the car _ big rainstorm going on outside. I popped hood to let the heat escape. When tow arrived, I observed the coolant boiling in the resevoir.
Next day, Dealer says that due to the leaking sunroof drains, it cuased a short in inte hpower connector - so they cleaned it all out. They did not charge me for this. Of note, a 26 power point inspection was completed.
Sorry this is a saga, but hang with me.
So I don't get car for a few days - it's a weekend...so I pick up car on Monday night, and it was very cold here in Texas. I only live a few miles away, so it drove home no problem...Go to work the next day and after driving for about 20 minute car starts overheating. I blast heat and open windows and this keeps the temp light off. If I turned down heat the temp light would come on.
After it cools off, I check the Antifreeze. There is none. Absolutely none. So much for the 26 point inspection (which they admitted was part of the inspection).
Here's my dilmena. They just called and told me the overheating caused the radiator cap to go bad, and that I need a radiator flush. It's not related to anything else, and is therefore not covered under my warranty (lifetime powertrain).
Is that correct? I can conclusively say that hte overheating was the direct result of the short which caused the car to run forever. If that hadn't been a problem, then this wouldn't be a problem. They are connected. they want to charge me $250 which I don't have.
I know this is long, but PLEASe if anyone can help me speak their language I would really appreciate it! And am I wrong? If I am, then ok, but ...I just don't think so.0
jeepcompas2007 Posts: 1I need to boost my 2007 Jeep Compass (only -35 here in Ottawa, Canada) and car has been sitting in this weather since January 9th. I can't move the lever part that is under the hood. I have big hands so getting under the hood is a challenge.
Help, I really need to do this today.
PS, I have read all of the posts and I've been lucky in that I bought mine in 2010 and all the repairs needed were done. I guess the previous owners got tired of spending so much money. To date I have been very lucky. Now if I can only get it going so I can make it to a doctors appointment.0
randy124 Posts: 1I am alittle worried after I just had this Electronic Throttle Control come on for the first time this Sat. afternoon. Just finished paying off my 2008 Jeep Compass North Edition in Dec.. No more warranty. Just getting off hwy and stopped at red light then when I went to go I had very low power to accelerate and notice ETC dash light on for the first time. Lucky enough the next street to turn off was very close as I very slowly drove to this next turn off.Then turned off Jeep - thinking it had over heated or maybe cruise control problem since I forgot to turn it off. I grabbed my owners manual to see what this dash light was to find out it was ETC. After waiting for over a minute I started Jeep since I had to get to a important meeting that was not to far from where I was. Jeep sat for about 1 hr. Drove around the city I was in with no problems. Then when I drove on hwy back home no problem until again getting off Hwy going home then exact same problem with same procedure to fix it. I took it into the Chrysler dealership here in my city to get fixed( Only $60) but when I looked at invoice there was no mention of work on Electronic Throttle Control but Flashed ABS module and no other codes and traction control light wasn't on when driven in shop. So I need to know if your Jeep got fixed and how. Please and Thank you.1
mcjimbo Posts: 1Hi, I bought a 2012 Compass Sport (2.0ltr, Auto 2wd model) in Nov last year and have had the same problem. My local dealership here in Australia have had the car 3 times since and haven't done anything to fix it as they 'can't find' the fault even after talking to Chryslers technical department. I'm going to be ringing Chryslers customer care and insist they take action by replacing the appropriate bits as I'm over it. Why I need to do this instead of my dealership is beyond me, as part of their customer service they should be doing it. I won't buy another car from them or Chrysler, despite actually liking the car. :mad:0
alain2210 Posts: 102/24/2013, Bay Area, I've got a 2007 Jeep Compass, 2.4, 4-cyl, automatic. After a 400 mile trip to Tahoe, the Electronic Throttle Control light and the Electronic Stability Program (ESP) lit at the light two blocks away from home. Engine made weird noises and almost no power. We made it home. I just started it today and there were no signals.
Any advice? Thanks.1
I had the same issue with my 2012 Compass. It started at around 2000 miles and took 4 dealers and many calls to Chrysler NA before the checked what I asked them to check. It wound up being the MULTI-SWITCH in the steering column. It is faulty. It won't show up when they scan the car for problems. It's a relatively easy part for them to replace and shouldn't take them long to replace it. Hope this helps.0
I absolutely can't stand my Compass. Bought brand spanking new and have nothing but problems with it. Now the issue is a strong smell of gasoline in the interior of the vehicle. It's really bad on the passenger side above the catalytic converter. My mechanic whom I've known my whole life says that there is no leak coming from anywhere. Since it's a closed system he is baffled as to where it's coming from. I've even had it professionally detailed with the carpets scrubbed, and I've removed the floor mats. Some days its worse than others but its getting unbearable. I've asked a few dealers but they say nothing is wrong with it because the computer scan isn't showing any codes. Didn't realize that computers could pick up smells, but that's what my local dealers think.0
artyitalian Posts: 1I have the same issue !!! I brought it in to the dealership and they couldn't re-create it and no computer code comes up, so they said there's nothing they can do. Meanwhile, I'm scared to death when it happens. Everybody around me is accelerating, and my car is acting like a bucking bronco!! I don't know what to do.0
james1979 Posts: 1heelo, I have a 2008 jeep compass 4x4, and the red secutiy ligt and tpms light comes on and flashes and then goes out. the dealer has replaced the win module with no change and they don't know whats wrong. they say it is showing a fault for key 1 but the issue happens wioth both keys.. any help or ideas are apprec.0
I have a 2011 compass and wondering if anyone else experiences this phenomenon. All factors being equal, correct tire pressure, using gas from the same station each time, no extra cargo, alignment okay, no A/C, etc. I get about 26-27 MPG in the city (freeway and city streets). But, when I've traveled from Orlando, FL to Savannah, GA the past 3 times my fuel mileage goes down, that's right goes down, to 24-25 MPG. The dealer can't find any codes in the computer or any malfunctioning parts. I've never owned a vehicle that gets lower MPG on the highway than in the city. Has anyone else experienced this or can tell me what might be affecting the highway MPG like this?0
I tried cleaning the throttle body recently but was advised to no force open the butterfly to clean inside since it operates electronically. But, I was told if you don't clean inside that butterfly you haven't really cleaned the throttle body. Does anyone know how to safely open the throttle body to clean the inside without damaging the mechanism?0
mpamove Posts: 1Windshield Wipers go off for no apparent reason. Sometimes when I turn right, sometimes when I turn Left, sometimes just when I"m going straight. They go off mostly once, sometimes 2 to 4 times. It happens more in warmer weather. In winter they go of randomly every 200 to 400 miles. Now that its warm they go off randomly every 1 to 20 miles (even multiple times). Been to the Dealer twice and I'm bringing it back for a third time. The dealer is trying.... But Jeep doesn't seem to care.0
ninja_7_1985 Posts: 1I have yet to experience a full loss of power as I just got my Jeep less than a month ago... However I have noticed the light flicker once and I seem to always have more of a lack of power rather than a loss when I really wanna get moving quickly... Seems to not be a fan of higher RPM's... Have you experienced this as well? :confuse:0
shanbiese Posts: 1I bought a 2007 Compass (40k miles) last week and not even a couple days later I started having problems. I got drenched from the leaky map lights, the floor on the driver's side is soaked.. and it hasn't rained for at least three days, when it gets hot out the black plastic cover on the bumper warps and the liftgate won't open. I haven't been able to call the dealer yet due to work hours and their hours. Hopefully they're not complete dingbats about it (yeahh I can wish, right?) But by the looks of all these other problems, I'm not looking forward to dealing with it. Wish me luck! :confuse:0
kramerelaine Posts: 1I hope that I'm not too late to join this thread as I appear to have a similar problem with my 2013 Jeep Compass.
It currently has 3000 miles. Approximately 2 months ago, we noticed a 'whistling' sound while accelerating between 15-40mph. It is extremely annoying and we've been back to the Jeep dealer whom we bought it from several times. They assured us that the sound was 'normal' due to the CVT transmission. I've asked why the sound was NOT present when we purchased the vehicle and they assured us that it was due to the car 'settling in' and it having more miles on it. I have test driven several of the same dealer's 2013 Jeep Compasses and none have had the same whistling sound. All of their explanations and reasons for the whistling have been very vague and leads me to not believe what they are telling me.
After my last visit with the dealer, they recommended that I call Chrysler's customer service - which I did. They explained that they had NEVER heard this complaint before and that there was nothing that they could really do. They suggested that I get a 2nd opinion from a different Jeep dealership - which I did.
After visiting a 2nd Jeep dealership, they confirmed that they heard the same noise but that the sound was NOT normal. But because they cannot recreate the sound when the vehicle is sitting idle in the factory, that they could not identify much less repair the sound. Their only suggested was to drive the Jeep more miles and wait to see if the sound 'disappears by itself' or 'gets worse'.
Now, it appears that I'm left with literally no alternatives to have the whistling corrected OR even a correct diagnosis as to what it is because the 2 Jeep dealerships are telling me the exact opposite thing.
I've been told:
•the transmission is fine
•fluid levels are fine
•no other seals, tubes, or vacuum system(s) have been jeopardized.
I would GREATLY appreciate anyone's feedback and suggestion with this. Thanks for taking the time to read this.
Unhappy Jeep Compass Owner0
compass12 Posts: 1I would like to know if anyone has the same issue im having with my 2012 compass. while the car is in drive and idling it vibrates on the steering wheel.Is this normal ? Also when I turn on the heater or the a/c the vibration increases . I had taken the car to two dealership and no one can find any problem with it. I sent an email to Chrysler and told me that they couldn't help me with the issue im having with the car and to try going to another dealer to get it check.0
allwrappedup Posts: 1I have had numerous problems - windows not working, rust, light issues, balljoint issues,
cat conv-eng light code off and on. , inside lights go off and on (knobs), and slow uphill kicks in randomly with stick?
FAMILY ALWAYS HAD JEEPS BUT THIS IS BY FAR THE WORST and LAST....
:lemon: :lemon:0
user2600844 Posts: 2Hi I have a 2012 Jeep Compass with the same problems. Could you please give me your last 8 on your VIN, so I can tell Chrysler customer service to look into yours for verification also, they told me the same no one else has complained, my info is down below.
Everyone with this problem needs to call Chrysler Customer Service 1 800 334 9200 and report it, as CVT Transmission overheats, slows down, High RPM, and high pitch noise. The more we call the more they will look into it. Also ask them if there has been any others with similar problems on their computer, if they say no, they are lying. Tell them to look into the last 8 VIN number
CD588748 , which is my vehicle, and then ask them why they are lying? We need to all come together on this. I know they are lying, because there are youtube videos and forum complaints. Now you know why they are replacing them on the 2014 models.
If anyone has fixed this through the dealer or by calling Chrysler, please post any and all information of your last 8 VIN, reference #, dealer, ect. so we can all reference off of it. Thank you.0
grammielil4 Posts: 1My new jeep compass first trip...the power outlet didn't work and most annoying "wind rushing through on drivers side. we checked id window was up and repeatly kept shutting door..no relief. somewhee either door or window doesn't create a seal. Ed Shultz seen it 3 times and Jeep juxt more or less says to bad. Anyone out there with same problem? Vacation/long trips are out. Shultz said all compasses have a sael problem..please any ideas?0
bchaffin13 Posts: 1Hi I do feel you on this. I bought my 2013 jeep compass 50 days go it has 4000 miles. I have three window seals peeling away. When I brought this to Chryslers attention they said it was normal. Then not even a week later I noticed when my engine was cold and I started it then after a minute of running I turned it off it would shake the whole jeep and make clicking noises. I took it back to where I bought it they looked at it and told me Chrysler said it was normal for a 4cylinder to do this. I said that Ed not acceptable to me and took it to another dealership only to find out it is a computer problem. So now after a lot of fussing at Chrysler they are fixing the computer problem but will only fix one window seal. I will not stand for that either. Good luck I want to get a new jeep compass I think mine is defective0
grammielil5 Posts: 1I sincerely wish you luck. They wouldn't do anything for me even after 3 service trips and numerous e-mails and phone calls to Jeep. I took about 3000.00 loss and had to buy Subaru...I just think everone with these problems need to post it everywhere on internet and with the BBB. Eventually the people who rates cars will address this problem.0
bluemeow Posts: 1If I were you I would see if you can return you compass. mine did the same it was the transmission, the dealership didnt tell me what was actually wrong just tried to charge me a fortune to fix nothing that was actually wrong. The car eventually went and I was stuck on the side of a high way in the canadian rockies. NOT FUN. I will never buy a jeep or dodge ever again after being treated the way I was by the dealership. They actually laughed when I told them because they didn't do their job I was stranded, and offered no help not even calling ahead to another dealership to see if they could take good care of me for their mistake.0
usacargirl3 Posts: 1I bought my Compass in 08, it was a 07. Thinking I wouldn't have the problems I've been having right now.... I've almost overhauled the front end suspension.... Only have the inner tie rods to replace. That's not before the struts, rocker arms and outer tie rods.... Not only that, I'm having headlight problems and what I think window problems from what I've read. My husband and I are stumped on the these god forsaken headlights... WTF is going on? Low beams don't work now but high beams work. High beam has blown out on the other side(so thank god I'm not high beaming everyone while I drive). When my husband looks it up, it's this wallet gouging price to fix cause we can't find the tool to fix it ourselves other than going to dealer. What can I do?????HEEEEELLLPPPP!!!0


text:
Marital Instability Over the Life Course/Work and Family Life Study Series
Investigator(s): Booth, Alan, Johnson, David R., White, Lynn K., and Edwards, John N.
The Marital Instability Over the Life Course/Work and Family Life Study series is a nationwide longitudinal study begun in 1980 with funding from the Social Security Administration's Office of Research and Statistics and the National Institute on Aging. The intent of the data collection was to identify the causes of marital instability throughout the life course. Six waves of data were collected between 1980 and 2000 from married individuals between the ages of 18 and 55. In 1980 Wave I data focused primarily on female labor force participation in an effort to determine whether there was a relationship between wives' working outside of the home and marital dissolution or the likelihood of divorce. Wave II (1983) and Wave III (1988) employed a wider life-course perspective and studied the effects of factors such as economic resources, wives 'employment, presence of children, marital satisfaction, life goals, health, and changes in any of these factors on actions intended to dissolve a marriage - including divorce and permanent separation and on marital relationships in general. Wave IV (1992, 1994) continued as the previous waves and provided additional data from adult offspring who were living in the household in 1980 and had reached age 19 by 1992. These additional respondents provided parallel measures with their parents regarding the quality of parent-child relationships, attitudes, and support along with exploring the impact of childhood experiences on the transition to adult life. Wave V (1997) examined the relationship between marital quality and stability and how it relates to changes in marital quality later in life. Additionally, Wave V includes a second adult offspring sample, along with a second interview of the adult offspring sample from Wave IV. Wave VI data were collected in 2000 and included the adult panel, a panel obtained from the offspring who participated in 1992 or 1997, a replication of the original cross-section study completed in 1980, and a comparison sample made up of persons who were married in 1980 and were between 39 and 75 years old. The investigators examined whether there were changes in marital quality between 1980 and 2000, identified factors that might have accounted for these changes, and sought to determine their impact on the health and longevity of older persons. In addition to Wave VI of the Marital Instability Over the Life Course Study (MIOLC), the Work and Family Life Study (WFLS) was conducted in 2000 and its primary aim is to assess changes in marital quality between 1980 and 2000. The WFLS also considers the effects of family-of-origin characteristics and marital history on the physical and psychological health of respondents. Included in the WFLS is a new cross-section sample using the same sampling procedures and interview questions that were used in the 1980 wave of the MIOLC. The Comparison Sample of the WFLS provides data to evaluate sample attrition, factors which lead to attrition, and attrition bias. (It should be noted that this comparison file is a special purpose sample and does not generalize to a normally defined population of ever married persons)


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