text:
Related Product Information
Intended Use
Dynabeads™ M-450 Epoxy coupled with antibodies or other ligands provide a versatile tool for isolation of both cells and non-cell targets (e.g. proteins and other biomolecules). Their size makes them particularly suitable for stimulation and expansion of e.g. T cells (13, 14). Dynabeads M-450 Epoxy may, without coupling of ligands, be used to deplete phagocytic cells (12).
Note: Dynabeads ClinExVivo™ Epoxy (Cat. no. 402.01D) is available for ex vivo separation of human cells for cell-based clinical research.
Principle of Coupling
Dynabeads M-450 Epoxy are hydrophobic and covered with surface epoxy groups. The epoxide chemistry immobilises ligands containing amino, thiol and hydroxyl functional groups. No further activation is necessary an irreversible binding of the ligands to the epoxy groups is achieved over a wide temperature range and at a neutral to alkaline pH.
Principle of Isolation
Once coupled with the specific ligand, the Dynabeads are mixed with the sample in a tube. The Dynabeads will bind to the target during a short incubation, and then the bead-bound target is separated by a magnet.
- Positive isolation – discard the supernatant and use the bead-bound target for downstream applications.
- Depletion – discard the bead-bound target and use the remaining, untouched sample for downstream applications.
Description of Materials
Dynabeads M-450 Epoxy are uniform, superparamagnetic polystyrene beads (4.5 μm diameter) with a surface suitable for physical and chemical binding of antibodies and other biomolecules.
Materials Supplied
5 ml Dynabeads M-450 Epoxy 4 x 108 beads/ml supplied in distilled water.
Additional Materials Required
- Magnet: (Dynal MPC™) - MPC-S for 20 μl to 2 ml samples, MPC-L for 1-15 ml samples and MPC-50 for 15-50 ml samples.
- Mixer allowing both tilting and rotation.
- Buffer 1: 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4-8.0 or 0.1 M sodium borate buffer, pH 7.6-9.5.
- Buffer 2: phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), pH 7.4.
- Optional: Sodium azide (NaN3) as preservative.
- Specific ligands.
Dynabeads Washing Procedure
Dynabeads should be washed before use.
- Resuspend the Dynabeads in the vial.
- Transfer the desired volume of Dynabeads to a tube.
- Add the same volume of Buffer 1, or at least 1 ml, and mix.
- Place the tube in a magnet for 1 min and discard the supernatant.
- Remove the tube from the magnet and resuspend the washed Dynabeads in the same volume of Buffer 1 as the initial volume of Dynabeads.
Critical Steps for Coupling of Ligands to Dynabeads
- Sugars and stabilisers may interfere with binding and should be removed from the ligand preparation.
- Coupling buffers should not contain any reactive groups (amines, thiols and hydroxyls) e.g. tris, glycine or proteins.
- The pH and the ionic strength of the coupling buffer can be varied, but generally the coupling reaction is carried out in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4-8.0. Epoxy groups are more reactive at higher pH, therefore 0.1 M borate buffer pH 7.6-9.5 can be used depending on the ligand stability. Buffers with higher ionic strength stimulate hydrophobic interactions, which facilitate the coupling efficiency.
Ligand and Dynabeads concentration
- For cell separation purposes couple with 3-5 μg purified ligand per 25 μl (1 x 107) Dynabeads. Optimize the amount of ligand.
- The optimal Dynabeads concentration during coupling is 4-8 x 108 Dynabeads per ml.
Coupling conditions
- Generally, temperatures from 18-37°C and incubation times from 16-24 hours are recommended. The upper temperature is limited by ligand stability. The rate of covalent coupling of the ligand to the Dynabeads increases with temperature.
- Temperature-labile ligands may be coupled at 2-8°C with prolonged incubation.
- Adding a blocking protein such as 0.01-0.5% w/v BSA to the coupling solution may increase functionality of the coupled antibodies in cell isolation protocols. Blocking protein is generally added to coupling solution after 0-30 min. Both the incubation time before blocking and blocking protein concentration should be optimized.
- For protein isolation applications, blocking may not be required.
Coupling of Ligands to Dynabeads
The following procedure is a suggested, general procedure for antibody coupling to Dynabeads. It can be scaled-up and optimized.
- Use approximately 5 μg antibody per 25 μl (1 x 107) Dynabeads.
- This procedure describes coupling to 1 ml (4 x 108) Dynabeads.
- Transfer 1 ml of washed Dynabeads to a tube.
- Place the tube in a magnet for 1 min and discard the supernatant. Remove the tube from the magnet.
- Resuspend Dynabeads in Buffer 1 (1 ml minus antibody volume) and add 200 μg antibody during mixing to reach a total coupling volume of 1 ml.
- Incubate for 15 min and then add BSA to 0.1% w/v.
- Incubate for 16-24 hours at 18-25°C (RT) with gentle tilting and rotation.
- Place the tube in a magnet for 1 min and discard the supernatant.
- Add 1 ml Buffer 2, mix and incubate for 5 min with gentle tilting and rotation.
- Repeat step 6-7 twice.
- Remove the tube from the magnet and resuspend the Dynabeads in 1 ml Buffer 2 (to obtain 4 x 108 beads/ml).
- For cell isolation, proceed to Critical Steps for Cell Isolation
Sample Preparation
Cells can be directly isolated from any sample such as whole blood (1, 3), bone marrow (7), mononuclear cell suspensions (MNC) or tissue digests. Please visit www.lifetechnologies.com/samplepreparation for a list of recommended sample preparation procedures.
Critical Steps for Cell Isolation
- Use a mixer that provides tilting and rotation of the tubes to ensure Dynabeads do not settle at the bottom of the tube.
- When incubating Dynabeads and cells, the incubation temperature must be 2 - 8°C to reduce phagocytic activity and other metabolic processes.
- Never use less than 25 μl (1 x 107) Dynabeads per ml cell sample and at least 4 Dynabeads per target cell.
Table 1: Volume of Dynabeads added per ml of cell sample. The volumes can be scaled up as required.
|Positive isolation
|Sample volume (1 x 107 cells/ml*)
|1 ml Max 2.5 x 106 target cells
|1 ml Max 2.5 x 106 target cells
|Volume of Dynabeads
|25 μl
|50 μl
* If the concentration of cells is increased or the target cell concentration exceeds 2.5 x 106, the Dynabeads volume must be increased accordingly. Cell concentration can be up to 1 x 108 cells per ml.
Cell Isolation
Wash coupled Dynabeads before use to remove any soluble ligand. Use the Dynabeads Washing Protocol at beginning of the Protocols section, replacing Buffer 1 with Buffer 2.
- Add Dynabeads to the prepared sample according to table 1.
- Incubate for 20 min (positive isolation) or 30 min (depletion) at 2 - 8°C with gentle tilting and rotation.
- Optional: Double the volume with Buffer 2 to limit trapping of unbound cells.
- Place the tube in a magnet for 2 min.
- Depletion: Transfer the supernatant containing the unbound cells to a fresh tube for further experiments.
- Positive isolation: Discard the supernatant and gently wash the bead-bound cells 4 times, using the following procedure: i) Add 1 ml Buffer 2 per 1 x 107 Dynabeads. ii) Place the tube in the magnet for 1 min and discard the supernatant.
- Resuspend the cells in buffer/medium for downstream application.
Antibody Selection
The choice of primary antibody is the most important factor for successful cell isolation. Note that some antibodies may show reduced antigen-binding efficiency when coated directly onto beads, even if the antibody shows good results in other immunological assays. See section below for recommendation of our secondary coated products.
Spacer and Ligand Orientation
The efficiency of antibody-antigen binding can be increased for some applications by using a spacer molecule e.g. a secondary antibody coupled to the Dynabeads prior to coupling of the primary antibody. Invitrogen Dynal offers several secondary coated Dynabeads for cell isolation.
Storage of Coupled Dynabeads
- Store coupled Dynabeads in Buffer 2 at 2-8°C in liquid suspension. Coupled Dynabeads may typically be stored for months or even years. Stability of coupled Dynabeads depends on ligand stability and must be determined separately.
- A final concentration of 0.02% NaN3 can be added as a preservative to the storage buffer. The preservative must be removed by washing prior to cell isolation
Isolation and Depletion of Target Cells
- Remove density gradient media (e.g. Ficoll): Wash cells prior to adding antibodies or Dynabeads.
- Remove soluble factors in serum: Serum may contain soluble factors (e.g. antibodies or cell surface antigens), which can interfere with the cell isolation protocol. Washing the cells once may reduce this interference.
Detachment of Cells from Dynabeads
Some cells exhibit high turnover of expressed antigens and will detach from Dynabeads during 6-24 hours of incubation under culture conditions (37°C).
- Vartdal F et al (1986) HLA Class I and II typing using cells positively selected from blood by immunomagnetic isolation: A fast and reliable technique. Tissue Antigens 28:301-312.
- Egeland T et al (1991) Myeloid differentiation of purified CD34+ cells after stimulation with recombinant Human Granulocyte-Monocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF), Granulocyte-CSF, Monocyte-CSF, and Interleukin-3. Blood 78(12):3192-3199
- George F et al (1992) Rapid isolation of human endothelial cells from whole blood using S-Endo1 monoclonal antibody coupled to immuno-magnetic beads: Demonstration of endothelial injury after angioplasty. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 67(1):147-153
- Naume B et al (1992) A comparative study of IL-12 (Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Maturation Factor), IL-2-, and IL-7-induced effects on immunomagnetically purified CD56 NK cells. J. Immunol. 148(8):2429-2436
- Hansel TT et al (1989) Purification of human blood eosinophils by negative selection using immunomagnetic beads. J Immunol. Meth. 122: 97-103
- Manyonda IT et al (1992) A critical evaluation of the magnetic cell sorter and its use in the positive and negative selection of CD45RO+ cells. J Immunol. Meth. 149:1-10
- Wang MY et al (1992) An effective immunomagnetic method for bone marrow purging in Tcell malignancies. Bone Marrow Transplant 9:319-323
- Alfonso M et al (1995) Antigen-specific primary immune response of human B-lymphocytes after in vitro immunization with GM3 ganglioside. Human Antibody Hybridomas 6:102-112
- Barcellini W et al (1992) Enrichment of IgG anti-DNA-producing lymphoblastoid cell lines by antigen-coated immunomagnetic beads. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 65:39-44
- Hougs L et al (1993) Rapid analysis of rearranged kappa light chain genes of circulating polysaccharide- specific B lymphocytes by means of immunomagnetic beads and the polymerase chain reaction. Exp. Clin. Immunogenet 10: 141-151
- Schweitzer CM et al (1995) Isolation and culture of human bone marrow endothelial cells. Exp. Hematol. 23:41-48
- Thompson JA et al (2003) A phase I trial of CD3/CD28-activated T cells (Xcellerated T cells) and Interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 9:3562-3570
- Kovacs B et al (2002) Human CD8+ T cells do not require the polarization of lipid rafts for activation and proliferation. PNAS 99(23):15006-15011
- Maus MV et al (2004) Extensive replicative capacity of human central memory T cells. J. Immunol. 172:6675-6683
- Xiaobin L et al (2004) Antisense-mediated inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) replication by use of an HIV Type 1-based vector results in severely attenuated mutants incapable of developing resistance. J. Virol. 78(13):7079-7088
- Florence L et al (2002) A proteomic view of the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle. Nature 419: 520-526
- Morton HC et al (2004) Characterization of the ligand binding site of the bovine IgA Fc receptor (bFcaR). J. Biol. Chem. 279(52):54018-54022
- Perez OD et al (2004) LFA-1 signaling through p44/42 is coupled to perforin degranulation in CD56+CD8+ natural killer cells. Blood 104(4): 1083-1093
- Rharbaoui F et al (2005) Characterization of a B220+ lymphoid cell subpopulation with immune modulatory functions in nasal-associated lymphoid tissues. J. Immunol. 174:1317-1324


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News Bites
It's time again for Headlines, Cake Wrecks style.
For manly men who enjoy the scent of rum, brine, cedar, and - of course - cotton candy.
Thanks to Alyssa B., Kathy B., Haley L., Jodi B., Camille W., and Naresh S., who think karaoke night just got a lot more interesting.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Frat Party Violence Escalates at Arizona State University
(TEMPE, Ariz.) -- In the latest instance of what has become a persistent problem in the Tempe, Ariz., area, five people were arrested at a fraternity brawl near Arizona State University, which police say involved baseball bats and gunfire.
Tempe police say a party at the Delta Kappa Epsilon apartment complex came to a violent end early Sunday morning after two non-students were attacked by fraternity members during a fight over a woman. Much of the incident was captured by surveillance cameras.
One of the fraternity's members remains in intensive care Wednesday, and police expect more arrests in addition to the five people already charged. The arrests are the latest incident as a university and city try to reign in a party culture that some say is getting out of hand.
The fight, which began with a shoving match at the party, was captured by security cameras, and newly released 911 tapes reveal the incident's escalation.
"Somebody came in with a baseball bat and smashed somebody in the face," a caller told the 911 dispatcher. "You need to get over here right now."
At that point, gunshots were fired. The ensuing panic sent hundreds who were at the party running for their lives. No one was shot. Three of the alleged attackers remain in custody on Wednesday. Two others were booked on misdemeanor charges of trespassing. But Arizona State University's neighbors say they've had enough.
"Eight months of constant partying, constant underage drinking … the cops may show up but they never got shut down. The music was always going," one neighbor told ABC News.
Since ASU closed all on-campus Greek housing in 2012, the fraternities and sororities have filled nearby apartment complexes. Since then, neighbors say crime, loud parties, and violence have skyrocketed.
"You have parties that grow to 50-plus people and they are drunk. It can feel threatening," a neighbor said.
At the same apartments where this weekend's melee took place, two rival fraternities were caught on tape brawling it out last November. In March, two female students were hospitalized for burns after police say someone at the party threw a bottle of alcohol into an open fire, causing an explosion.
"The bottom line is, we're going to respond, and we're going to take care of the situation," Tempe Council Member Joe Navarro said. "And we want our residents to know that they live in a safe area."
Arizona State officials say they are working with off campus fraternities to move them back on campus by the fall semester. Delta Kappa Epsilon tells ABC News that their members were attacked unprovoked and there was no fraternity party in the apartment complex the night in question.
Copyright 2013 ABC News Radio


text:
Skip Navigation
NOAA's National Weather Service
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
Search for:
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What causes tsunamis?
What does the word "tsunami" mean?
Do "tsunami" and "tidal wave"" mean the same thing?
How are tsunami waves different from normal ocean waves?
How many waves are there in a tsunami?
How fast do tsunamis travel?
What does a tsunami look like when it reaches the shore?
Where and how often do tsunamis usually occur?
How long do tsunamis last when they happen?
Do all large undersea earthquakes generate tsunamis?
What is the "wrap-around" effect?
Can tsunamis be predicted?
Where should I go for the most accurate earthquake information?
Why do Tsunami Warning Centers rely upon seismic data?
What was the biggest earthquake ever recorded?
Can earthquakes be predicted?
What is a DART buoy?
What is a tide station?
How do Tsunami Warning Centers use sea level data?
What are the natural warning signs for a tsunami?
What should I do in the event of a tsunami warning?
What do I do if I am in a boat at sea or in a harbor during a tsunami?
How is the Tsunami Warning System organized?
How many Tsunami Warning Centers are there?
What is a Tsunami Warning?
What is the difference between a "Fixed Regional Warning" and an "Expanding Regional Warning"?
What is a Tsunami Watch?
What is a Tsunami Advisory?
What is a Tsunami Information Bulletin/Statement?
What are PTWC's responsibilities?
How does PTWC evaluate earthquakes for tsunami potential?
How does PTWC disseminate its messages?
Does PTWC send messages via SMS to mobile phones?
Does PTWC issue evacuation orders?
Can PTWC predict earthquakes and tsunamis?
What are some other tsunami FAQ websites?
1. What causes tsunamis?
Anything that rapidly displaces a large volume of water can cause a tsunami. Typically, tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes, but landslides, volcanic eruptions, calving icebergs, and (very rarely) meteorite impacts can also generate tsunamis. These types of events can cause large disturbances in the surface of the ocean, and when gravity pulls the water back down, the tsunami is born.
Top of Page
2. What does the word "tsunami" mean?
"Tsunami" comes from the Japanese words for
("tsu") and
Top of Page
3. Do "tsunami" and "tidal wave"" mean the same thing?
No, but unfortunately some people commonly refer to tsunamis as "tidal waves", which is incorrect since tsunamis have nothing to do with the tides. Tides result from the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun.
Top of Page
4. How are tsunami waves different from normal ocean waves?
Both normal ocean waves and tsunami waves can be described by their period (time between two waves), wavelength (horizontal distance between waves), amplitude (wave height), and speed. Normal ocean waves are caused by the wind, weather, tides, and currents. They have periods of 5-20 seconds, wavelengths of 100-200 meters (300-600 feet), and travel at speeds of 8-100 km per hour (5-60 miles per hour). Tsunami waves have much longer periods of 10 minutes to 2 hours, wavelengths of 100-500 km (60-300 miles), and travel at speeds of 800-1000 km per hour (500-600 miles per hour). The amplitude of normal waves and tsunami waves are similar in deep ocean water, but near shore, tsunami waves can be much larger with heights of 10 meters (32 feet) or more. Furthermore, normal ocean waves only involve motion of the uppermost layer of the water, but tsunami waves involve movement of the entire water column from surface to seafloor. This means a normal wave is like a small ripple on top of the ocean, but tsunamis are like the entire ocean getting deeper all at once.
Top of Page
5. How many waves are there in a tsunami?
A tsunami generally consists of a series of waves, often referred to as the tsunami wave train. The amount of time between successive waves, known as the wave period, is only a few minutes; in some instances, waves are over an hour apart. Many people have lost their lives after returning home in between the waves of a tsunami, thinking that the waves had stopped coming.
Top of Page
6. How fast do tsunamis travel?
Tsunami wave speed is controlled by water depth. Where the ocean is over 6,000 meters (3.7 miles) deep, unnoticed tsunami waves can travel at the speed of a commercial jet plane, over 800 km per hour (500 miles per hour). Tsunamis travel much slower in shallower coastal waters where their wave heights begin to increase dramatically.
Top of Page
7. What does a tsunami look like when it reaches the shore?
As the leading edge of a tsunami wave approaches shore, it slows dramatically due to the shallower water. However, the trailing p art of the wave can still be moving rapidly in the deeper water. This results in a "piling up" of the tsunami energy, and the tsunami wave height grows. The wave looks and acts like giant river of water on top of the ocean that floods the shore.
Top of Page
8. Where and how often do tsunamis usually occur?
Major tsunamis occur about once per decade. Based on historical data, about 59% of the world's tsunamis have occurred in the Pacific Ocean, 25% in the Mediterranean Sea, 12% in the Atlantic Ocean, and 4% in the Indian Ocean.
Tsunamis have been reported since ancient times. They have been documented extensively, especially in Japan and the Mediterranean areas. The first recorded tsunami occurred off the coast of Syria in 2000 B.C. Since 1900 (the beginning of instrumentally located earthquakes), most tsunamis have been generated in Japan, Peru, Chile, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. However, the only regions that have generated remote-source tsunamis affecting the entire Pacific Basin are the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Aleutian Islands, the Gulf of Alaska, and the coast of South America. Hawaiʻi, because of its location in the center of the Pacific Basin, has experienced tsunamis generated in all parts of the Pacific.
The Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas both have small subduction zones, and have histories of locally destructive tsunamis. Only a few tsunamis have been generated in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In the Atlantic Ocean, there are no subduction zones at the edges of plate boundaries to spawn such waves except small subduction zones under the Caribbean and Scotia arcs. In the Indian Ocean, however, the Indo-Australian plate is being subducted beneath the Eurasian plate at its east margin. Therefore, most tsunamis generated in this area are propagated toward the southwest shores of Java and Sumatra, rather than into the Indian Ocean.
You can search the
NGDC tsunami database
for more information on historical tsunamis.
Top of Page
9. How long do tsunamis last when they happen?
Since a tsunami consists of a series of waves, the danger can last for many hours. Large tsunamis are generally recorded for a few days following the event.
Top of Page
10. Do all large undersea earthquakes generate tsunamis?
No. The earthquake must cause significant vertical deformation of the seafloor in order for a tsunami to occur. Tsunamis are more likely to happen from shallower and larger earthquakes than deeper or smaller ones.
Top of Page
11. What is the "wrap-around" effect?
As large tsunami waves approach islands, they may refract or bend around them and diffract through the channels between the islands as well. The ability of a tsunami wave to bend around and through the islands is called the wrap-around effect. During the wrap-around effect, the energy of the tsunami often decreases resulting in smaller wave heights. Sometimes tsunami waves will reflect off of a land mass instead of bending around, thereby increasing wave height of the approaching wave.
Top of Page
12. Can tsunamis be predicted?
Since earthquakes cannot be predicted, we do not know when a tsunami will happen before the earthquake occurs. Once a large potentially tsunamigenic earthquake does occur, we can forecast tsunami arrival times and wave heights through the use of computer modeling. You can learn more on the NCTR website:
Top of Page
13. Where should I go for the most accurate earthquake information?
USGS National Earthquake Information Center
Top of Page
14. Why do Tsunami Warning Centers rely upon seismic data?
Seismic waves travel about 100 times faster than tsunami waves. This means, we can detect and study the earthquake much more quickly than the tsunami itself.
Top of Page
15. What was the biggest earthquake ever recorded?
The largest recorded earthquake in the world was a magnitude 9.5 (Mw) in Chile on May 22, 1960.
Top of Page
16. Can earthquakes be predicted?
No. Neither the USGS nor any other scientists have ever predicted a major earthquake. They do not know how, and they do not expect to know how any time in the foreseeable future. However, based on scientific data, probabilities can be calculated for potential future earthquakes. For example, scientists estimate that over the next 30 years the probability of a major EQ occurring in the San Francisco Bay area is 67% and 60% in Southern California
Top of Page
17. What is a DART buoy?
DART systems consist of an anchored seafloor bottom pressure recorder and a companion moored surface buoy for real-time communications (
Gonzalez et.al, 1998
). An acoustic link transmits data from the recorder on the seafloor to the surface buoy. The data are then relayed via a GOES satellite link to ground stations (
Milburn, et al., 1996
), which send the data streams to NOAA's Tsunami Warning Centers, the National Data Buoy Center, and the Pacific Marine and Environmental Laboratory. Additional information on the DART systems can be found at
Top of Page
18. What is a tide station?
Tide gauges (aka: sea level gauges) are generally located on piers in harbors along coastlines throughout the world. These are primarily used for monitoring the tides for navigation purposes, but the tsunami warning centers also rely upon this data to monitor sea level and determine whether tsunamis were generated for a given earthquake.
Top of Page
19. How do Tsunami Warning Centers use sea level data?
Sea level data are used to confirm the generation of a tsunami and to predict the tsunami hazard for locations where the waves have yet to strike. They are critical to the Warning Centers' ability to provide timely and accurate tsunami watches, warnings and cancellations.
Top of Page
20. What are the natural warning signs for a tsunami?
Severe ground shaking from local earthquakes may cause tsunamis.
As a tsunami approaches shorelines, water may recede from the coast, exposing the ocean floor, reefs and fish.
Abnormal ocean activity, a wall of water, and an approaching tsunami create a loud "roaring" sound similar to that of a train or jet aircraft.
If you experience any of these phenomena, don't wait for official evacuation orders. Immediately leave low-lying coastal areas and move to higher ground.
Top of Page
21. What should I do in the event of a tsunami warning?
If you are in school and you hear there is a tsunami warning, you should follow the advice of teachers and other school personnel.
If you are at home and hear there is a tsunami warning, you should make sure your entire family is aware of the warning. Your family should evacuate your house if you live in a tsunami evacuation zone. Move in an orderly, calm and safe manner to the evacuation site or to any safe place outside your evacuation zone. Follow the advice of local emergency and law enforcement authorities.
If you are at the beach or near the ocean and you feel the earth shake, move immediately to higher ground. DO NOT wait for a tsunami warning to be announced. Stay away from rivers and streams that lead to the ocean as you would stay away from the beach and ocean if there is a tsunami. A tsunami from a local earthquake could strike some areas before a tsunami warning could be announced.
Tsunamis generated in distant locations will generally give people enough time to move to higher ground. For locally-generated tsunamis, where you might feel the ground shake, you may only have a few minutes to move to higher ground.
High, multi-story, reinforced concrete hotels are located in many low-lying coastal areas. The upper floors of these hotels can provide a safe place to find refuge should there be a tsunami warning and you cannot move quickly inland to higher ground. Local Civil Defense procedures may, however, not allow this type of evacuation in your area. Homes and small buildings located in low lying coastal areas are not designed to withstand tsunami impacts. Do not stay in these structures should there be a tsunami warning.
Offshore reefs and shallow areas may help break the force of tsunami waves, but large and dangerous waves can still be threat to coastal residents in these areas. Staying away fro all low-lying coastal areas is the safest advice when there is a tsunami warning.
Top of Page
22. What do I do if I am in a boat at sea or in a harbor during a tsunami?
Since tsunamis are imperceptible in the open ocean, do not return to port if you are at sea and a tsunami warning has been issued for your area. Tsunamis can cause rapid changes in water level and unpredictable dangerous currents in harbors and ports. If there is time to move your boat or ship from port to a location where the water is more than 400 meters (1300 feet) deep, you should consider:
Most large harbors and ports are under the control of a harbor authority and/or a vessel traffic system. Keep in contact with the authorities should a forced movement of vessels be directed.
Smaller ports may not be under the control of a harbor authority. In this case, be sure you have enough time to move your vessel safely to deep water. Small boat owners may find it safest to leave their boat at the pier and physically move to higher ground, particularly in the event of a locally-generated tsunami. Severe weather conditions (rough seas outside of the harbor) could present a greater hazard to small boats, so physically moving yourself to higher ground may be the only option.
Damaging wave activity and unpredictable currents can affect harbors long after the initial tsunami impact on the coast. Contact the harbor authority before returning to port to verify that conditions in the harbor are safe for navigation and berthing.
Top of Page
23. How is the Tsunami Warning System organized?
The world's tsunami warning systems are coordinated by the United Nations
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)
through the
International Tsunami Information Centre (ITIC)
. More information on each tsunami warning system is available on their respective websites:
Pacific Tsunami Warning System
(established 1968)
Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System
(established 2005)
North Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Connected Seas Tsunami Warning System
(established 2005)
Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Regions Tsunami Warning System
(established 2006)
The eventual goal is to form a global tsunami warning system as a fully participating component of the
Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)
Top of Page
24. How many Tsunami Warning Centers are there?
The U.S. has two tsunami warning centers: the
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
in Hawaiʻi and the
West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center
in Alaska. The relative areas of responsibility for these two centers are explained on PTWC's
Responsibilities page
. The
Japan Meteorological Agency
also has a well-developed tsunami warning system with multiple warning centers. Following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, other warning centers have been established in Indonesia, Australia, and New Zealand. Efforts are currently underway to establish tsunami warning centers in the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas.
Top of Page
25. What is a Tsunami Warning?
A tsunami warning is issued by PTWC when a potential tsunami with significant widespread inundation is imminent or expected. Warnings alert the public that widespread, dangerous coastal flooding accompanied by powerful currents is possible and may continue for several hours after arrival of the initial wave. Warnings also alert emergency management officials to take action for the entire tsunami hazard zone. Appropriate actions to be taken by local officials may include the evacuation of low-lying coastal areas, and the repositioning of ships to deep waters when there is time to safely do so. Warnings may be updated, adjusted geographically, downgraded, or canceled. To provide the earliest possible alert, initial warnings are normally based only on seismic information.
Top of Page
26. What is the difference between a "Fixed Regional Warning" and an "Expanding Regional Warning"?
These types of warnings are issued to the Pacific Ocean only. If PTWC issues a Fixed Regional Warning, only the countries within 1000 km (621 miles) of the earthquake epicenter are placed in a warning. All other countries are advised of the earthquake but are not placed in a warning or watch. If PTWC issues an Expanding Regional Warning, the countries within 3 hours of the predicted tsunami arrival time are placed in a warning, and countries within 3-6 hours of the predicted tsunami arrival time are placed in a watch. Every hour, PTWC will issue new bulletins to update the lists of countries within a warning or watch.
Top of Page
27. What is a Tsunami Watch?
A tsunami watch is issued to alert emergency management officials and the public of an event which may later impact the watch area. The watch area may be upgraded to a warning or canceled based on updated information and analysis. Therefore, emergency management officials and the public should prepare to take action. Watches are normally issued based on seismic information without confirmation that a destructive tsunami is underway.
Top of Page
28. What is a Tsunami Advisory?
A tsunami advisory is issued due to the threat of a potential tsunami which may produce strong currents or waves dangerous to those in or near the water. Coastal regions historically prone to damage due to strong currents induced by tsunamis are at the greatest risk. The threat may continue for several hours after the arrival of the initial wave, but significant widespread inundation is not expected for areas under an advisory. Appropriate actions to be taken by local officials may include closing beaches, evacuating harbors and marinas, and the repositioning of ships to deep waters when there is time to safely do so. Advisories are normally updated to continue the advisory, expand/contract affected areas, upgrade to a warning, or cancel the advisory.
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29. What is a Tsunami Information Bulletin/Statement?
Tsunami information, issued in a Tsunami Information Bulletin, is to inform that an earthquake has occurred and to advise regarding its potential to generate a tsunami. In most cases there is no threat of a destructive tsunami, and the information is used to prevent unnecessary evacuations as the earthquake may have been strongly felt in coastal areas. The information may, in appropriate situations, caution about the possibility of a destructive local tsunami for coasts located near an earthquake epicenter (usually within 100 km). Because it takes 10-20 minutes for PTWC initial bulletins to be issued, they are typically not effective for a local tsunami that can be onshore in just minutes. In such situations, however, the information can be useful to local authorities so they can at least investigate if a tsunami has occurred and if so quickly initiate recovery procedures. Supplemental tsunami information may be issued if, for example, a sea level reading showing a tsunami signal is received.
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30. What are PTWC's responsibilities?
Responsibilities page
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31. How does PTWC evaluate earthquakes for tsunami potential?
First, we use seismic data to determine the earthquake hypocenter (location, depth) and magnitude. If the earthquake is underwater, less than 100 km in depth, and above a certain magnitude threshold, PTWC will issue the appropriate tsunami message (see
About PTWC Messages
). As more seismic data becomes available, PTWC can use more sophistocated methods to measure the earthquake's slowness, which correlates with its tsunamigenic potential.
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32. How does PTWC disseminate its messages?
Official message dissemination paths include the GTS (
Global Telecommunication System
Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network
Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System
Emergency Managers Weather Information Network
NOAA Weather Wire
NOAA Weather Radio
, Email, Fax, and Telex. PTWC also maintains
RSS feeds
of its messages and is planning for other XML feeds in the future.
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33. Does PTWC send messages via SMS to mobile phones?
No. At this time, PTWC does not directly send its messages to mobile phones. Some emergency managers in Pacific, Asian, and African countries can receive PTWC messages via SMS on thier mobile phones through the
RANET Project
. Since PTWC messages are available to the general public via RSS feeds, one could get PTWC messages on a mobile phone using one of the many RSS-to-SMS services on the Internet (for example: Yahoo! Alerts, ZapTXT, Rasasa, FeedBeep). Another option is the
USGS Earthquake Notification Service (ENS)
, which allows you to receive custom automated earthquake alerts via email or SMS.
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34. Does PTWC issue evacuation orders?
In the case of a tsunami warning issued to Hawaiʻi, PTWC makes the decision whether evacuations are necessary, and the evacuations are coordinated by civil defense authorities. Outside Hawaiʻi, PTWC has no responsibility or authority to directly warn the public or issue evacuation orders. Local civil defense authorities are the ones who receive PTWC's messages and take appropriate action, which could include sounding sirens, evacuating beaches, and activating the
Emergency Alert System
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35. Can PTWC predict earthquakes and tsunamis?
No. Earthquakes and tsunamis cannot be predicted. However, once a large earthquake does occur, PTWC can forecast the tsunami behavior if one had been generated.
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36. What are some other tsunami FAQ websites?
International Tsunami Information Centre (ITIC)
NOAA West Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Center FAQ
NOAA Center for Tsunami Research FAQ
Pacific Tsunami Museum FAQ
American Red Cross Tsunami FAQ
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US Dept of Commerce / NOAA / NWS
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
91-270 Fort Weaver Rd
Ewa Beach, HI 96706-2928 USA
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Lowcountry Women's Connection luncheon
From 11:30 a.m. to 2 p.m. on April 17, Brenda Spalding, store manager at Michaels Arts & Crafts in Bluffton will share ideas on crafting floral arrangements and the art of making bows.
The guest speaker will be Jill McGahan. She will discuss "Going Full Circle the Hard Way" using humor and honesty.
The luncheon will take place at Hampton Hall Community Clubhouse. The cost is $24. To make a reservation by April 10, make checks payable to CWC Bluffton and mail to Judy Murphy, 52 Hampton Circle, Bluffton.
For more information, call Murphy at 705-7950.
Remembering the Holocaust
Congregation Beth Yam will hold a special service to provide an opportunity for Jews throughout the community to grieve and remember the Holocaust at 2 p.m. on April 7. The annual Yom Hashoah commemoration service is open to the public and will be held at the synagogue on Hilton Head Island.
Rabbi Brad Bloom will conduct the commemorative service which will feature music from the synagogue's choir and stirring readings. A Days of Remembrance Presentation Proclamation will be presented by Mayor Drew A. Laughlin.
For further information, call the synagogue's office at 689-2178.
Lowcountry Community Concert Band to perform
The Lowcountry Community Concert Band, supported by the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at USCB, will perform at 7 p.m. on April 9, at Lord of Life Lutheran Church.
The program is entitled 'Excursion' and takes the audience on a musical journey with music from Fiddler on the Roof, George Gershwin, John Philip Sousa, Percy Grainger and much more. Admission is free.
Coastal Carolina to host Diabetes class
Coastal Carolina Hospital will offer a "Living Well With Diabetes" class from 8:30 a.m. to noon on April 27 in Suite 220.
It is designed for people who are newly diagnosed diabetics or those who need a refresher class on managing their diabetic condition. The class will focus on understanding the types and signs of diabetes, diabetes medication and insulin, blood glucose monitoring, diet, and complications from uncontrolled diabetes.
There is no fee for the class. To register or for more information, call 1-877-582-2737.
Republican Club meets Monday
The Greater Bluffton Republican Club will host a meeting beginning at 6:30 p.m. Monday. It will be held at Bluffton BBQ, 11 State of Mind Way. The public is welcome.
Sen. Tom Davis will be the featured speaker.
Spring cleaning for a cause
Indigo Pines will be accepting gently-used, seasonally-appropriate clothing for Bluffton Self Help as well as non-perishable food items from 10 a.m. to noon April 6 at Indigo Pines.
Indigo Pines is an independent retirement community located at 110 Gardner Drive. To learn more, call Indigo Pines at 342-3228.
Anglican Church of the Redeemer to host holy week services
The Anglican Church of the Redeemer will hold holy week services at 6:45 p.m. today for a healing service; 4:30 p.m. Thursday for a Maundy Thursday service with the stripping of the altar.
Good Friday service will be at noon Friday with meditations of the cross from 1-3 p.m. Holy Saturday service will be at 4:30 p.m. Saturday and Easter Sunday service at 10 a.m. Sunday.
For more information, contact Father Chris Gardner at 815-5820 or email@example.com. The Anglican Church of the Redeemer is located at 1 Mathews Drive, Suite 101, Mathews Pointe North Complex, on Hilton Head Island.
Salute to Senior Service to award volunteers
The Salute to Senior Service program, sponsored by Home Instead, honors the contributions of adults 65 and older who give at least 15 hours a month of volunteer service.
Nominations will be accepted through Sunday. State winners then will be selected by popular vote at salutetoseniorservice.com. Online voting will take place from April 15 to 30. From those state winners, a panel of senior care experts will pick the national Salute to Senior Service honoree.
Home Instead will donate $500 to each of the state winners' favorite nonprofit organizations. In addition, $5,000 will be donated to the national winner's nonprofit charity of choice.
To complete and submit a nomination form online for a senior 65 or older who volunteers at least 15 hours a month, and to view the contest's official rules, visit salutetoseniorservice.com. Completed nomination forms also can be mailed to Salute to Senior Service, P.O. Box 285, Bellevue, Neb., 68005.
Shrine Club needs members
The Shrine Club of Hilton Head Island is looking for members. Shriners from elsewhere in the U.S. who are in good standing in their home shrine are invited to become acquainted with and join the local Shrine Club, which is affiliated with Omar Shrine in Charleston. One does not have to be a member of Omar to join the local Shrine Club. The Shrine Club of Hilton Head Island has as one of its primary goals fundraising for the Shriners Hospital in Greenville. Shriners Hospitals provide orthopedic and burn care to children across the country.
Call Roy Winkler 342-2663 or John Basch 271-6676 for more information.
Dr. Alligator golf tournament is May 11
The Hospital Auxiliary is raising money for women's health awareness, especially in the area of breast cancer on May 11.
The auxiliary is seeking corporate and individual sponsors. "Gold" for $1,500 includes golf and lunch for four with all advertising, "Silver" for $1,000 includes golf and lunch for two with all advertising and "Bronze" for $500 includes lunch for two and all advertising.
Hole sponsors are also available for $50 with a logo. For more information, contact Carol Sentell at 836-2969 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Rent-a-master gardener program offered
The Lowcountry Master Gardener Association is offering homeowners gardening expertise through the rent-a-master gardener program for a $50 fee.
A team of Clemson-trained master gardeners will make a one-time house call to a property, answering questions and providing guidance on good gardening practices and plant selection.
The fee includes submission of a soil sample to Clemson scientists for analysis and a written report to the homeowner containing the team's observations and recommendations.
Proceeds from the program benefit the association's philanthropic, educational and beautification projects in Beaufort and Jasper counties.
For more information, call 650-400-7231 or go to lowcountrymga.org.
Hospital Auxiliary gift shop needs volunteers
The Hospital Auxiliary gift shop at Coastal Carolina Hospital is looking for volunteers. The Hospital Auxiliary is a nonprofit organization.
All proceeds from the gift shop benefit the Auxiliary Caring Touch Program.
For more information, call the auxiliary office at 689-8246.
All About Art Club show
The All About Art Club is having a spring art show and sale at the Yemassee Craft Center beginning with a wine and cheese reception from 5-7 p.m. April 18. Gallery showings and sales will be from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. April 19-20 and from noon-3 p.m. April 21.


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Hard to describe, but I mean, like, Norse mytholog, or greek or Woadik or roman or middle eastern, like with Zues, Odin, spirits, spririt beasts, or Christ. Please feel free to put your favorite person from that religion type thing. The reason this isn't a pole is because if the numbers go higher for one, then people think it's a better one or something. This is just a matter of opinion.
I'm christian, but I always loved Norse Mythology. I dunno why, it just appeals more to me. Maybe cause it has dwarves and elves and hero's and stuff. My favorite character is Loki. Probly cause he's like me. I am a very nice person, but I like to fool around, I don't think I'll ever turn into an evil Ragnarok evil side killer, but sometimes I feel like that about friends at school. I am working on a Ragnarok lego comic from a ragnarok story from school that I got. With the Vike sets, it'll be good (no, I'm probly not gonna custom the midgard to much, I'm lazy but I will have to make fenrir)


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As a new atheist, I'm interested to see what some non-believers use as their moral foundation. Coming from a deeply Christian background, my moral fiber was knitted with no sex before marriage, refrain from using the 'Lord's' name in vain, not using foul language, etc. But I find that I have a very different view on most of these, like sex before marriage; I think that so long as two people are of age to consent and are willing to accept the consequences that may surround sex then go ahead!
So, with that said, what supports your set of morals? Is there a 'test,' so to speak, that you run through to define what is 'good' and 'moral?'
Please discuss...
Views: 246
The "no sex before marriage" thing doesn't serve any real function anymore by the way. It's mostly straight up misogyny. Ostensibly it applies to both genders, but in practice you'll notice that it's mostly women who are guilted and punished for it. They are the ones who are indoctrinated with concepts such as purity and virginity. Boys less so - even up to the point where it can be sort of expected that they'll sleep around to some degree.
I said "anymore", because in the old days there was a point. There was no contraception. Girls who became pregnant had no way to support their child on their own and added an additional burden to their family. So it became religious law that women should only have children with a husband and that was then accepted as a good moral teaching. Today it's just nonsense that screws up people. Teenagers will have sex. There is no way to prevent it. So at least teach them to be responsible about it.
Well, I typed out a lengthy reply to this and went to edit a typo and when I hit backspace, it sent me back a page and wiped it all out. To sum it up, as an atheist now, my eyes are opened to a lot of oppressive subtleties within Christianity with regard to women.
With teens and sex, well, that's inevitable. As a Christian previously, I actually was a youth minister. I would actually sit and preach to these kids to wait until marriage to have sex. Hypocritically, since how I got back into the church was through a sexual relationship with an engaged woman, whom I worked for. Another story, another discussion. My moral underpinnings were askew as a Christian, quite confusing actually. But as I apply more reason and critical thinking to my moral set, it's becoming clear that it's easier to define what is moral and what is immoral as an atheist with a couple simple questions: Will it hurt anyone? Is it for the right reason?
Does the action I am about to take have serious consequences for me, or someone beyond myself?
Can I control and moderate these consequences?
Would doing/saying this hurt someone else without good cause? Is there a way I can do/say this respectfully?
Do my actions and thoughts support the world I want to live in? If everyone did this, would I be happy?
Those are the big questions I ask myself, usually in that order. Sex can lead to kids or serious attachment, so knowing that ahead of time is very important. Swearing too much doesn't do much beyond shock, so it's a situational thing. Same with all basic behavior. Consequences are very important to yourself, the people around you, and the rest of the planet.
Thanks Kirsten!
I especially like the second question, Can I control and moderate these consequences? because it seems that too many people act without considering this, AT ALL! It's something I like to think about before I act. Sometimes though, this can prove to be difficult, as there are unforeseen negative consequences that will come about, even if the action is responsible and good.
Take, for example, my last semester at school, I was working for Microsoft Xbox doing customer service from my own home office. It was a fantastic job to have while in school, but was NOT very flexible with the hours I was required to work. I was eventually posed with an ultimatum; due to new responsibilities we were taking on as a whole, my job was dissolving in a week. If I wanted to remain part of the company, I was required to attend training M-F from 12-8 EST, and that overlapped all of my classes. To shorten this up, I had to stop going to the classes at school in order to remain with the company, but was outside of the withdrawal deadline. Because of my decision to work and discontinue classes, my previous summer Pell grant was 'taken away' and I now owe the school a large amount of money. This is in no way a moral dilemma, but my point is that there are unforeseen consequences to some of the choices we make and I wish there was an easier way to see those. But I'm all the better for going through that, because now it has led me to know and better understand the financial aid policies and procedures.
This was one of my first questions after rejecting Christianity, and accepting a natural science interpretation of reality. A problem here is that whatever one decides upon as morality, is in a sense, an entirely unnatural phenomenon. Unless of course one bases their "morality" on survival of the fittest, which I believe, nearly everyone would reject as decidedly immoral.
Another point to keep in mind is that religion, morality, and civilization, have been subject to co-evolutionary forces, since we first began gathering in groups larger than 30 or so, and that for the majority of our historical development they have been inextricably tied together.
Within all this you have the evolution of consciousness, and as I would propose, the gradual development of an increasingly internal "locus of control" for the individual. That then brings us to your question, within the framework of a strategy for questioning I learned a long time ago, i.e. If you want to investigate something, the first three questions to answer are:
What is it?
Where did it come from?
and Why?
So morality developed as a means to promote cooperation within large groups in order to enhance the survival of individuals within the group? Seems a reasonable conclusion to me. Please pardon me for exceeding the scope of your question, I haven't had the opportunity to readdress some of the "big questions" within a potentially fruitful environment for some time, so let me collapse this back to the personal, individual level of observation.
In my opinion the only reasonable response to reality is one of wonder, therefore I should do that which allows me to experience wonder as much as possible, and do nothing that inhibits, and what I can to promote, another's ability to do so.
That's a very common misinterpretation of the phrase "survival of the fittest", though it seems you may be aware of that.
It does not mean "strongest". That idea has led to nonsense like social Darwinism. Rather it refers to the species that is best adapted to its ecological niche. A species could be small, weak and prey, but be best adapted through superior camouflage or defense mechanisms.
I like the 3 questions posed here in the investigation of determining reality. Especially the question 'why?' I walked through Christianity without ever really posing this question, and it wasn't until recently that when I asked why about Christianity that I began to see the light. The light of atheism and freedom of thought.
The idea that morality is mostly built into our conscience (but nevertheless altered by religion to possess and control those who follow) is very stimulating. I like how you said, "Morality developed as a means to promote cooperation within large groups to enhance the survival of individuals within the group. This idea is fantastic in that it's now inherent in us that we perform actions that promote 'good' and survivability, and refrain from actions on the contrary.
And no troubles for you exceeding the scope of my question, it allows for me to better understand where you're coming from, and also allows you to reflect on why you feel the way you do about morality. It's all growth.
Good day Merlin, and thank you. I'm not sure what you mean by "built into our conscience", and I've seen a number of references to morality being genetic. I would in no way support the idea that morality is genetically transmitted.
Richard Dawkins wrote a book titled "The Selfish Gene", I highly recommend this book, in fact I can think of no one book I would more highly recommend, to anyone wanting to build their understanding of human behavior, Dawkins does a masterful job of explaining the fundamentals of behavioral genetics in language understandable to those not trained in the field.
I did indeed allude to morality, religion, society, and consciousness being subject to, and in the ongoing sense, products of, evolutionary forces but, they are forces of a different evolutionary paradigm that began with the formation of the first societies, those of co-evolution.
I believe that widespread understanding of this paradigm is absolutely critical to the species, unfortunately I know of no popularized works that explain it. I first became aware of it due to a course and textbook I took in college 25 years ago, "Genes, Mind, and Culture", Lumsden and Wilson, this however is no casual read, it is a thorough description of the scientific basis for the theory.
Eventually I hope to discuss co-evolutionary theory here in some respect; however, it will be some time, I need to refresh my understanding of it, as it has become somewhat dull with time and the unavailability of others willing to discuss it.
The Selfish Gene, get it, read it, you will never regret it.
Hello Epiphileon,
I think what I meant by '...built into our conscience...' was that we instinctively know the difference between right and wrong. Although after really thinking about it, I might be wrong about that. If you take a baby and raise it, teaching it morals, while taking another baby and not teaching it any type of morals; would it be fair to say that even the baby that grew up without morals could know the difference between right and wrong by a certain age? Conversely, the baby that grew up being taught morals could end up being an extremely immoral person. Herein lies what it is I want to understand.
I have held a copy of The Selfish Gene at one of my local public libraries, and will be picking it up tomorrow. I am a Criminal Justice major currently, and it is very important for me to know why people behave the way they do.
I have never been introduced to co-evolution, but would like to learn more. I searched for the book you mentioned, Genes, Mind, and Culture, and found some used copies for a couple bucks. Is this a novel type book, or more of a textbook? I'd like to do a little independent study and would find it helpful if it was textbook style.
Thank you for you input.


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Robert Breault
Tenor Robert Breault, who enjoys an international career that encompasses opera, oratorio, recital, and concert work, is known for his warm and flexible voice and dramatic acting skills. He has been praised by Opera News for making "an excellent impression, his mellifluous tenor boasting clarity of both tone and diction; clearly reveling in high notes, he sang with notable dynamic variety," and by the San Francisco Chronicle for having a "tenor of unwavering resonance."
The 2008 – 2009 season finds Mr. Breault joining the Florentine Opera as Jupiter in Handel's Semele, Austin Lyric Opera as the Duke in Rigoletto, and Cavaradossi in Tosca with Opera Grand Rapids. On the concert stage he'll sing Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 with the Utah Symphony, Gluck's Ezio in Paris and Vienna with Il Complesso Barocco, Berlioz's Requiem with the National Philharmonic, Britten's Les Illuminations with the Richmond Symphony, and he'll offer recitals throughout the United States.
During the 2007 – 2008 season, the tenor portrayed Edgardo in Lucia di Lammermoor with both Opera Arizona and Madison Opera, and Grimoaldo in Rodelinda with Portland Opera. His performances of Pandarus in Walton's Troilus and Cressida for Opera Theatre of St. Louis received noted critical praise. He made his debut with the Detroit Symphony under Leonard Slatkin at Meadowbrook and sang Messiah with Eugene Concert Chorale, and Bach's St. Matthew Passion with the Lied Center for the Performing Arts, in addition to recitals in Florida and Utah. In May, Robert recorded the role of Juan Diego in the World premiere of James Demars' Guadalupe available on the Canyon Records label.
The 2006 – 2007 season found Mr. Breault portraying Jupiter and Apollo in a new production of Semele with New York City Opera for which he was honored with the company's "Kolozsvar Award," Edgardo in Lucia di Lammermoor with Utah Opera, Sam in Susannah with Arizona Opera, and the critically-acclaimed title role of Werther with Chautauqua Opera. On the concert stage he sang Elijah with the Jacksonville Symphony and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, Messiah with the Omaha Symphony, Carmina Burana with the Pacific Symphony and the Baltimore Choral Arts Society, and Plump Jack with the Orquesta Sinfonica Sinaloa de las Artes in Mazatlan, Mexico.
During the 2005 – 2006 season, the tenor debuted with the Arizona Opera as Don Jose in Carmen, a role he also sang for a return engagement with New York City Opera that same season. He was Alfredo in La Traviata with the Ft. Worth Opera, the title role of Idomeneo with Opera Lafayette in Washington DC, and Cavaradossi in Tosca for his debut with Festival Opera. In concert, he sang Elijah for his debut with the San Diego Symphony, Handel's Messiah with the Philadelphia Orchestra and the University Musical Society in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 with the Delaware Symphony, Puccini's Messa di Gloria with the Santa Fe Symphony, and Bach's Magnificat, Cantata 106, and Mozart's Requiem all for a return engagement with the Florida Bach Festival.
Highlights of Mr. Breault's operatic performances from the last several seasons include Alfredo in La Traviata for his debut with New York City Opera as well as with the New Orleans Opera, Steva in Jen?fa with Utah Opera, Edgardo in Lucia di Lammermoor, Rodolfo in La Bohème and the title role in Verdi's Stiffelio all with Chautauqua Opera, and Roland in Esclarmonde with the Washington Concert Opera. Robert portrayed the leading tenor role of Célestin de Pontalba in the World Premiere of Thea Musgrave's Pontalba: A Louisiana Legacy with New Orleans Opera, Count Almaviva in Il Barbiere di Siviglia for his debut with Opera Grand Rapids and also with the Madison Opera, and Tom Norman in Petitgirard's Joseph Merrick dit "Elephant Man" with Opéra de Nice. Numerous engagements with the Atlanta Opera over the course of his career include performances in Verdi's Macbeth, Nabucco, and La Traviata, Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier, Gershwin's Of Thee I Sing, and Puccini's Turandot. Performances with the Utah Opera include roles in Britten's Turn of the Screw, Prodigal Son, and Verdi's Falstaff. In addition, he has appeared in productions with Madison Opera, Michigan Opera Theatre, Canada's Opera Atelier, Hamilton Opera, and toured with the San Francisco Opera Western Opera Theater.
Mr. Breault's numerous engagements on the concert stage include Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 with the Atlanta Symphony, Milwaukee Symphony, San Francisco Symphony, Florida Orchestra, Utah Symphony, and the Cleveland Orchestra, Plump Jack with the Puerto Rico Symphony and London Philharmonic Orchestra, and Bach's St. Matthew Passion, B Minor Mass and Haydn's Creation all with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. He has performed Handel's Messiah with numerous orchestras including the Philadelphia Orchestra, Jacksonville Symphony, University Musical Society (Ann Arbor), the Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra under Nicolas McGegan, the Colorado Symphony, Edmonton Symphony, Eugene Concert Choir, and with the St. Louis Symphony. His performances of Verdi's Requiem include appearances at the Elora Festival, Florida Philharmonic, and with the Tucson Symphony. He has been heard in Elijah with the Virginia Symphony, Toronto Mendelssohn Choir, San Diego Symphony, Jacksonville Symphony, National Orchestra of Taiwan, and the Florida Orchestra. His appearances as the roasted swan in Orff's Carmina Burana have thrilled audiences in performances with the Pacific Symphony, Utah Symphony, Elora Festival, California Symphony, Baltimore Choral Arts, Conspirare (TX) and the Houston Masterwork Chorus. He has sung Creation with the Winter Park Bach Festival, Virginia Symphony, and Eugene Concert Choir, Weill's Seven Deadly Sins with the Utah Symphony and Opera, and Gounod's Missa Solennelle with the Vancouver Bach Choir.
In constant demand on the concert stage, Mr. Breault has also performed with the Montreal Symphony, American Bach Soloists, the Oregon Bach Festival, Madison Symphony, Washington's National Symphony, Lansing Symphony, L'Orchestre Métropolitan du Grand Montréal, the Hamilton Philharmonic, the Jerusalem Symphony, and the Toronto Symphony. Engagements at New York's Carnegie Hall include the demanding role of Argirio in Rossini's Tancredi with the Opera Orchestra of New York, as well performances of Rossini's Armida, Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, Messiah, Mendelssohn's Second Symphony, and Mozart's Requiem. Of particular interest are his performances with the Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra under Nicholas McGegan for Handel's Messiah, Hercules, and Solomon, and the role of Christ in Beethoven's demanding Christus am Olberg. The San Francisco Chronicle called his performance, "a heroic Jesus, his clarion tenor registering with precision and emotional vigor."
Mr. Breault's recording credits include Laurent Petitgirard's World Premier recording of Joseph Merrick dit Elephant Man with The Orchestre Philharmonique de Monte-Carlo. A DVD of Elephant Man recorded live at Opéra de Nice is also available on the Marco Polo label. Haydn's Lord Nelson Mass with the Choeur St. Lawrence and Montreal Symphony, DeMars' American Requiem with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, Berlioz Requiem with the Jerusalem Symphony and Mormon Tabernacle Choir, and three volumes of Pachelbel's Organ Works as the cantor with organist Marilyn Mason. His performance with the Utah Symphony and Mormon Tabernacle Choir of Vaughan Williams' Hodie with Keith Lockhart was broadcast nationally on PBS. Born and raised in Wisconsin, Robert serves as Professor of Music and Director of Opera at the University of Utah and received his Doctorate of Musical Arts from the University of Michigan in 1991.


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Pediatrics Internship
Internship experience that allows for direct patient contact to evaluate, diagnose, monitor, treat, and educate patients under the direct supervision of a licensed medical practitioner. Experience in applying the knowledge learned in the didactic year to the clinical setting is essential to learning the practice of medicine. Placement options are determined by the program. Course requires Program Director approval.
3 Credits:0 Lecture, 15 Intership


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• A daily summary of global reports on security issues.
Arab League observers are touring Syria's most tense cities to ensure the government is withdrawing the Army and bringing an end to widespread bloodshed. But activists are expressing great skepticism about the mission's ability and willingness to accurately gauge the situation on the ground.
Because the observers represent the first international intervention in the country and the foreign press remains largely barred, the mission is a rare window into circumstances on the ground, where the United Nations estimates more than 5,000 have died. If the mission returns with a falsely favorable report, it could raise further obstacles to bringing the violence to an end.
At the end of a visit Tuesday to Homs, the country's third largest city and one of the focal points of the uprising, the head of the mission called the situation "reassuring so far," BBC reports. He did, however, acknowledge that there were some places where the situation was "not good."
Activists estimate that a third of the 5,000 deaths in the uprising have occurred in Homs, dozens of them in the past week, according to Reuters.
Video reports, which cannot be independently verified, have shown parts of Homs looking like a war zone. Constant machinegun and sniper fire is audible.... The military withdrew some tanks shortly before the monitors arrived, in what the activists called a ploy to persuade the monitors that the city was calm. Video on the Internet showed monitors confronted by residents imploring them to venture further into Baba Amr as gunfire crackled around them.
About 70,000 protesters marched through the streets of Homs Tuesday in a district of the city that monitors have not yet reached. Elsewhere in the city, residents begged monitors to visit the hard hit neighborhood of Baba Amr. About 20 observers will remain in Homs to investigate further.
Human Rights Watch on Tuesday said that, according to a Syrian security officer, the government is moving hundreds of detainees to military sites to keep them out of the observers' sight. One of the government's conditions for the mission was that observers not be allowed to visit "sensitive" military sites, CNN reports. The security officer also told HRW that the government has issued troops police identification cards and paperwork transferring them from the defense ministry to the interior ministry so that it appears as if the Army has been withdrawn from cities.
Reuters reports that, according to Syrian state TV, 755 detainees "whose hands were not stained with Syrian blood" were released today.
Developments like those have raised alarm that the Syrian government may create a convincing facade of calm while the observers are in the country, only to resume its crackdown when the mission departs.
Reuters reports that choosing a Sudanese man, Lt. Gen. Mustapha al Dabi, as head of the mission has also raised ire and concern, given Sudan's poor track record on human rights and President Omar al-Bashir's outstanding charges from the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity.
Reuters writes that critics say it's "all but impossible to imagine a Sudanese general ever recommending strong outside intervention, much less an international tribunal, to respond to human rights abuses in a fellow Arab state." Eric Reeves, a professor at Smith College who has studied Sudan and been strongly critical of its government, said choosing the general might be an effort to manipulate the end result of the mission.
"There is a broader question of why you would pick someone to lead this investigation ... when he is part of an army that is guilty of precisely the sort of crimes that are being investigated in Syria," Reeves said.
"I think a Sudanese general would be one of the least likely people in the world to acknowledge these findings even if they are right there before him.... It doesn't make any sense unless you want to shape the finding. They want it shaped in ways that will minimize the obligation to do more than they already have."
Reuters reports that General Dabi became head of military intelligence in 1989, as President Bashir took power in a coup, and later became deputy chief of staff for military operations. He also "held at least four positions related to Darfur." According to Amnesty International, in the 1990s Sudan's military intelligence was responsible for the arbitrary arrest and detention, forced disappearances, and torture or other ill-treatment of numerous people in Sudan.
David Kenner at Foreign Policy writes in a piece headlined "The World's Worst Human Rights Observer" that Dabi's record in Sudan "is enough to make any human rights activist blanch." Dabi is accused of creating the "janjaweed," the militias that perpetrated much of the violence in Darfur. His involvement began only four years before the beginning of fierce regional violence that was later declared a genocide.
Kenner also raises other points for doubt in the mission's credibility.
Dabi's checkered past is only one of the criticisms of the observer mission, which human rights activists have criticized for falling far short of its promise to monitor the implementation of an Arab League initiative meant to end Assad's crackdown. Wissam Tarif, the Arab world coordinator for the human rights group Avaaz, slammed the mission for being far too small – at roughly 50 people – to monitor the situation across Syria, for failing to provide any biographical information about the observers to human rights organizations, and for relying on Assad's forces to shepherd them around the country.
The Daily Star reports that observers will visit three more "hot spots" on Thursday: Hama, a city with a long history of rebellion; Idlib, on the Turkish border and the site of fierce clashes between armed opposition members and security forces; and Deraa, where the uprising began in March.


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Kroger is the latest company to refure to sell milk containing the controversial genetically engineered hormone r-BST
When it comes to genetically engineered (GE) foods, most Americans eat in the dark. Surveys consistently show that a majority of Americans are unaware that more than 70% of processed foods they eat contain ingredients from GE corn, soybeans, canola, and cotton.
However, Americans are increasingly aware of one GE product in their food, and they don't like it. And the food industry is responding. Food retail giant Kroger recently announced that by February 2008 all the milk processed by the company will be from cows not injected with a genetically engineered growth hormone known as recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) or rBGH.
Reached tipping point
Kroger's announcement is the latest indication of an rBST-free trend sweeping the nation's dairy industry. The number of dairies using the hormone is falling like dominoes across the country. All milk produced in Oregon is now rBST-free. rBST-free dairy producers include, among others, Wilcox Dairy in Washington, Great Plains Dairy in North Dakota, Darigold Farms and Meadow Gold in Montana, Associated Food Stores in Utah, Sinton Dairy in Colorado, Byrne Dairy in New York, Garelick Farms in New Jersey, and H.P. Hood in Massachusetts. Dean Foods, the nation's largest dairy processor, has converted to rBST-free production in several of its New England facilities, and grocery giant, Safeway, has done the same in Washington and Oregon. In May, Publix Super Markets, with 900 stores in the South—hardly a hotbed of anti-genetic engineering activism—went rBST-free in its branded milk products.
The trend isn't limited to dairies. Denver-based Chipotle Mexican Grill is serving only rBST-free sour cream in all of its 530 or more restaurants.
Rick North of Oregon Physicians for Social Responsibility says two events brought the rBST-free trend to a tipping point. First, coffee retailer Starbucks asked all its dairy suppliers to go rBST-free, and then California Dairies, which produces 8% of the milk supplied in the US, banned the use of rBST by this month.
Like "steroids for athletes"
All these dairies are going rBST-free for one reason: consumers don't want genetically engineered hormones in their milk. The dairies say they are simply responding to this demand. "We wanted our customers to enjoy the wholesome goodness of milk, without added hormones," said Publix's director of media and community relations, Maria Brous.
Controversy has surrounded rBST, the creation of Monsanto Company, since it was approved by the FDA in 1994. An estimated 20% of dairy cows in the United States are injected with rBST to increase milk production. While the FDA says the hormone is safe and doesn't affect milk quality, consumer groups claim that milk from cows injected with rBST contains high levels of Insulin Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), which is considered a potent tumor promoter. A Canadian study found that rBST significantly increased the risks of mastitis, failure to conceive, and lameness in cows. As a result, rBST is banned in Canada and Europe. New Hampshire's commissioner of agriculture Stephen H. Taylor has likened rBST to "steroids for athletes."
Misleading consumers?
Dairy producers inform consumers that their products are rBST-free with label statements such as, "No rBST in our products mean better and healthier cows" or "Our Farmers' Pledge: No Artificial Growth Hormones."
Monsanto despises the labels, has sued some companies that use them, and now wants the FDA and Federal Trade Commission to crack down on them. The company recently sent letters to the agencies stating, "For years now, deceptive milk labeling practices have misled consumers about the quality, safety, or value of milk and milk products from cows supplemented with rBST." Monsanto goes so far as to claim that the rBST-free labels "present a serious regulatory and public health concern."
Doesn't Monsanto realize that many consumers view rBST as a "public health concern?"
North says Monsanto is complaining because the rBST-free trend is hitting them where it hurts—the bottom line. "Monsanto is getting clobbered in the marketplace because dairies nationwide are going rBST-free," he says.
Shedding light on GE foods
The rBST-free trend is happening despite the fact that the US, unlike the European Union, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Switzerland, Norway, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries, doesn't require labeling of genetically engineered foods.
US dairy processors and other companies committed to GE-free food production must resort to "negative" labels, which state that a product is "rBST-free" or "non-GMO."
Monsanto and the majority of US food companies prefer that Americans continue to eat genetically engineered foods in the dark. They are afraid, and rightly so, that if a little light is shed on GE food, Americans will reject them, which is happening with rBST.
"The more consumers know about this, the less they want it," says North.


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O's waiting on Santana, but confident in rotation
SARASOTA, Fla. -- Will the Orioles be the team to sign free-agent pitcher Ervin Santana?
If Baltimore -- reportedly in the running, along with Toronto -- is going to land the veteran right-hander, executive vice president of baseball operations Dan Duquette isn't going to tip his hand. Rumors swirled Saturday that Santana would reportedly sign by the end of the day, but nothing came of that. An industry source said Saturday that it could even be a week before Santana signs somewhere.
SARASOTA, Fla. -- Will the Orioles be the team to sign free-agent pitcher Ervin Santana?
If Baltimore -- reportedly in the running, along with Toronto -- is going to land the veteran right-hander, executive vice president of baseball operations Dan Duquette isn't going to tip his hand. Rumors swirled Saturday that Santana would reportedly sign by the end of the day, but nothing came of that. An industry source said Saturday that it could even be a week before Santana signs somewhere.
"I don't really know," Duquette said of Santana possibly signing within the next day or two. "I really don't. I really don't know what's real and what's not real in that case."
Duquette did acknowledge that the Orioles, who have been very active this spring after signing Ubaldo Jimenez and Nelson Cruz, could continue that trend, perhaps independent of a Santana signing.
"Our roster construction goes on all year," he said. "We have some more resources that we can invest in our team, and we'll take a look at each case as it comes up."
The Orioles have reportedly offered Santana a one-year, $14 million deal similar to the Blue Jays' bid. Toronto has a clear need, with several pitchers competing for two open spots in its starting rotation. If Baltimore signs the 31-year-old righty, however, it would crowd the club's rotation and almost certainly mean a trade of either Bud Norris or Zach Britton.
But Duquette mentioned several times that the Orioles also feel confident in what they already have.
"I would say that we're going to weed through the guys we have and see where that takes us," he said. "We're going to continue to evaluate the pitchers we have in camp.
"We do have a little more pitching depth with our starting pitching going into the season, and some of the young pitchers we have high hopes for are continuing to develop their skills. [Kevin] Gausman looked pretty good last night. [Dylan] Bundy is on track. We still have T.J. McFarland and Zach Britton to look at."
The interest in Santana picked up after he reportedly lowered his asking price and expressed a willingness to sign a one-year deal as soon as possible with a strong offensive club, but Duquette pointed out that the Orioles signed Jimenez to a four-year, $50 million deal.
Orioles manager Buck Showalter said he addressed the latest round of rumors with his team on Saturday, but he got the sense that his pitchers are more focused on their preparation than anything else, even those who might be affected by a potential Santana signing.
Even if the Orioles start the season with their pitching staff as it is now, there are still several pitchers trying to crack the Opening Day rotation. Some of the pitchers who have worked multiple innings so far this spring could find themselves in the bullpen, in Triple-A Norfolk or traded elsewhere. For now, Showalter said, they'll continue to get stretched out like starters until the club has to start making decisions.
"I don't think we've formally committed [to a set rotation] right now. The innings are there," Showalter said. "In two weeks, you are kind of forced to show your hand, even though you can massage that, too, if that's something you want to do. I think the people that we came in here wanting to look at as starters, we are still looking at them. I think everybody privately kind of handicaps things as is, but 'as is' can change every day. There is no such thing as a surplus of pitching, especially starting pitching.
"They're smart guys. They know what's going on. They also know where the spots are. They also know that it only behooves them to present themselves as a strong starting option for us -- and other people. Yesterday we had 12 scouts [from other teams] here. Today I saw the list, and I think it's 14. It helps them and it helps us, maybe down the road, especially when they're pitching well."
Britton agreed with Showalter's assessment. The 26-year-old lefty, who's out of options, said he entered the spring focused on staying healthy and proving himself as much as possible on the mound, not who else might be on the Orioles' radar.
Still, Britton said, he wouldn't mind seeing another new face walk into the clubhouse at the Orioles' Spring Training complex.
"We were discussing it amongst ourselves. I think it would be a great pickup. I hope we can get the guy," Britton said. "The way this team's stacked right now, we're going to do some special things, so I want to be a part of it any way I can."
Brittany Ghiroli is a reporter for MLB.com. Read her blog, Britt's Bird Watch, and follow her on Twitter @britt_ghiroli. Adam Berry contributed to this story.


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As details come to light about the recovery and horrifying 18-year captivity of Jaycee Lee Dugard, lessons about how to prevent or uncover the most tragic sorts of child abductions are also likely to emerge.
What is already known is that Ms. Dugard, who was kidnapped in 1991 in South Lake Tahoe, Calif., allegedly by a convicted sex offender, managed to do what many children nabbed by strangers don't. She survived.
Of about 100 children abducted each year by strangers, 40 are killed, according to US Department of Justice (DOJ) estimates. In 4 percent of cases, the victim is never found.
As is allegedly the case with Dugard, sexual predators are often responsible for such kidnappings. More than half of children taken by strangers, the DOJ statistics show, are sexually abused by their captors.
How the suspects in the case, Phillip Garrido and his wife, Nancy Garrido, were able to hide Jaycee and, later, two daughters he is thought to have fathered by her – and to have disabled their flight – will be of utmost interest to law-enforcement officers and those who work on behalf of victimized children.
"A case like this offers a plethora of opportunities to learn," says Ernie Allen, president and chief executive officer for the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
While Dugard was eventually freed through the work of a California parole officer, Mr. Garrido's status as a violent sex offender on parole has raised questions about his supervision in particular and the oversight of such sex offenders in general.
Garrido, of Antioch, Calif., was convicted of kidnapping a woman in the Tahoe area in the 1970s. He drove her to Reno, Nev., where he raped her. He was sentenced to 50 years but placed on lifetime parole in 1988. When the Garridos moved to California, that parole was transferred to California officials, according to a time line from the Sacramento Bee.
His status as a violent sex offender meant that Garrido was required to have regular contact with his parole office.
What's more, according to the San Francisco Chronicle, Dugard has had several run-ins with police, including home inspections.
"Phillip Craig Garrido had several contacts with the law in recent years, but until this week he kept authorities from finding the backyard compound near Antioch where he allegedly held Jaycee Lee Dugard captive," the Chronicle reported.
"It's troubling that someone who is a registered sex offender could do this under the supervision of the state," says Mr. Allen.
While he was not criticizing California authorities per se, Allen says a national parole system that is already overloaded can't provide the sort of oversight required to adequately supervise 674,000 registered sex offenders. "What level of supervision and follow-up is being provided to those offenders?" he asks.
Dugard's case is likely to spur interest in unsolved abductions elsewhere, say advocates for missing children.
"We have several thousand of these long-term cases where children have been missing for more than two years," says Allen. The so-called "cold case" unit of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children has helped resolve about 380 such cases, but most have been closed after the victim has died.
Only about a dozen kidnap victims held for long periods are believed to have returned alive.
"She's alive, and she becomes a symbol of hope for so many searching families," Allen says.
Dugard case gives other parents hope
Jaycee was held 18 years and abused by her captor. But families with missing children see a silver lining: 'Don't give up.'
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Hi there
MY first beta at 16dpo was 237 and my 2nd at 20dpo = 2607. Doubling time is 27.75 hours. I had two 5-day embies transferred.
At first I was hugely relieved to NOT have a slow rising beta but now I'm worried that it might be a molar pregnancy. I have another bloodtest in a weeks time and a scan in two and a half week.
Would really appreciate your comments, especially if youve had a similar experience. I'm a bit of a 'freak out' machine when it comes to IVF now.


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Related Resource
Tools and Methods for Estimating Populations at Risk (March 2007)Report in Brief
Each year, millions of people around the world are displaced by natural or human-induced disasters and social conflicts resulting in humanitarian crises. The South Asian earthquake and tsunami in 2004, Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and the ongoing conflict in Darfur are recent, highly publicized examples. Response and relief efforts are often hampered by a lack of good population data. Relief workers need estimates of the numbers and exact locations of people, as well as their ages, gender, and other relevant characteristics to know exactly how much and what type of aid is needed. This National Research Council report provides a framework for estimating populations at risk and improving the use of population data for effective disaster relief work. The report concludes that all nations, especially resource-poor nations most vulnerable to disasters, should be enabled to conduct a nationwide census every ten years, and that this information should be geographically referenced. Population data alone are not sufficient but must be accompanied by interagency and government coordination and training in the collection, use, and distribution of the data.


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Konan's 16 points lead 5 New Hampshire players in double figures in 91-51 win over Suffolk
DURHAM, N.H. – Patrick Konan scored 16 points to lead five New Hampshire players in double figures as the Wildcats opened their season with a 91-51 victory Saturday over Division III opponent Suffolk, which counted the game as an exhibition.
Konan scored 10 of his points in the first half, when New Hampshire shot 60 percent (21 of 35) and breezed to a 54-23 lead over the Rams, who made 25 percent (7 of 28).
Ferg Myrick scored 11 of his 14 points for New Hampshire in the first half. Chris Pelcher also finished with 14, Scott Moris had 13 and Chris Matagrano 10.
Chris Torres led Suffolk with 12 points. Matt Pepdjonovic led all rebounders with 17, but he made just 1 of 10 shots for the Rams.


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Stopping a spinning bike tire with an introduced inanimate object (not the hand). Recorded on Stanford Campus, Saturday 9/5/09.
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Thread: ATF SSA Bill Sheldon
03-06-2015, 19:27 #1
ATF SSA Bill Sheldon
Special Agent William Sheldon, United States Department of Justice - Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, U.S. Government
Special Agent Bill Sheldon died as the result of cancer he developed as a direct result of participating in rescue and recovery efforts at the World Trade Center site following the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks.
Agent Sheldon assisted with directing people away from the towers on the day of the attack. He was then exposed to toxic debris while assisting with the search and recovery efforts at Ground Zero in the weeks following the attack. He and two other members of his 5-person ATF team were eventually diagnosed with cancer that was determined to be a result of their exposure to the toxic debris.
His health continued to deteriorate until he passed away on March 2nd, 2015.
Special Agent Sheldon was a U.S. Army combat veteran and had served with ATF for 16 years. He is survived by his wife and two young children.
On the morning of September 11, 2001, seventy-two officers from a total of eight local, state, and federal agencies were killed when terrorist hijackers working for the al Qaeda terrorist network, headed by Osama bin Laden, crashed two of four hijacked planes into the World Trade Center towers in New York City. After the impact of the first plane, putting the safety of others before their own, law enforcement officers along with fire and EMS personnel, rushed to the burning Twin Towers of the World Trade Center to aid the victims and lead them to safety. Due to their quick actions, it is estimated that over 25,000 people were saved.
As the evacuation continued, the first tower unexpectedly collapsed due as a result of the intense fire caused by the impact. The second tower collapsed a short time later. 71 law enforcement officers, 343 members of the New York City Fire Department and over 2,800 civilians were killed at the World Trade Center site.
A third hijacked plane crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania when the passengers attempted to re-take control of the plane. One law enforcement officer, who was a passenger on the plane, was killed in that crash.
The fourth hijacked plane was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, killing almost 200 military and civilian personnel. No law enforcement officers were killed at the Pentagon.
The terrorist attacks resulted in the declaration of war against the Taliban regime, the illegal rulers of Afghanistan, and the al Qaeda terrorist network which also was based in Afghanistan.
On September 9, 2005, all of the public safety officers killed on September 11, 2001, were posthumously awarded the 9/11 Heroes Medal of Valor by President George W. Bush.
The contamination in the air at the World Trade Center site caused many rescue personnel to become extremely ill, and eventually led to the death of several rescue workers.
On May 1, 2011 members of the United States military conducted a raid on a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan where Osama bin Laden was hiding. During the raid, they shot and killed bin Laden.
Read more: Special Agent William Sheldon, United States Department of Justice - Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, U.S. Government
For further information regarding funeral arraignments, contact:
Director B. Todd Jones
United States Department of Justice - Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
99 New York Avenue, NE
c/o Special Response Team 5
Washington, DC 20226ESFLEA
Life is what happens while you're planning other things.
03-07-2015, 22:11 #2
Rest in peace...A society that makes war against its police had better learn to make friends with criminals. - unknown
06-28-2015, 09:27 #3
RIP Brother"When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth."- Sherlock Holmes


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- Lions attack livestock, threatening the livelihood of a whole community.
- The community retaliates by killing the lion.
Solution: BUILD A BOMA
- Fewer lions killed.
- Less livestock lost.
Build a Boma is a campaign from National Geographic's Big Cats Initiative that is saving lions and other big cats. Every dollar raised will go directly toward building and maintaining livestock enclosures called "bomas" in Kenya and Tanzania. Protecting livestock from predation helps protect big cats from retaliatory killings. Bomas are a simple solution for a big problem. Even a small contribution can make a big difference.
A boma costs only $500 to build and $25 a year to maintain. It's a proven way to decrease the killing of lions.
Watch our team build a boma.
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Stop a deadly cycle before it starts.


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The best news for Jay Gruden? He's no longer tethered to Andy Dalton.
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Hired Thursday as coach of the Washington Redskins, Gruden now shifts from tutoring one of the league's most inconsistent starters to overseeing the development of Robert Griffin III.
Gruden's arrival ushers in a shift from Mike Shanahan's Pistol-heavy, read-option-laced scheme to a more traditional West Coast attack.
The burning question -- undoubtedly asked during the interview process -- is whether Gruden will adapt his weather-worn playbook to make the most of Griffin's unique skills on the ground.
There's a backstory here. Chris Wesseling wrote this week about Bengals owner Mike Brown's preference for Colin Kaepernick over Dalton in the 2011 draft. Gruden felt the opposite, pushing for Dalton as a better fit for the West Coast scheme that he -- like his brother Jon -- has long been married to.
"It was my feeling and a lot of other people's feeling in the building that Andy was the most mentally ready to come in and start Day 1," Gruden told WLW-AM on Tuesday. " ... Colin had the great physical makeup, but there were questions about his quarterback accuracy, as a passer is concerned. I also wasn't really into the read-option stuff and it wasn't really that popular at the time."
At its core, the West Coast approach relies on progression reads and precisely run pass patterns. It's a methodical beast. With Joe Montana at the helm under the watch of Bill Walsh, the scheme is beyond critique; with Dalton pulling the trigger, it can be a tough watch.
We've said for weeks on the podcast that we expect Griffin -- who sounds open to a pro-style attack -- to come roaring back next season, but a brand-new offense adds a layer of complexity to those expectations. RGIII's growth on the field might very well boil down to the flexibility of his new head coach.
The latest "Around The League Podcast" featured a very special in-studio visit from Bears star Brandon Marshall.