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TRIESTE/VIENNA, 5 June (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) – Renewable energy for decentralized systems is the focus of the summer course organized by the International Centre for Science and High Technology (ICS) of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in Trieste this week.
The five-day course brought together participants from Armenia, Benin, Brazil, Ghana, Mexico, Nigeria, Uganda and Zimbabwe. They will receive training in such areas as energy access, renewable energy policies, technology trends and potentials, selection of renewable energy technologies, low-carbon technologies, and industrial energy efficiency.
"Interactions between economic activities and the environment are increasingly dependent on technologies. Recent scientific and technological developments in energy production and utilization, when adequately adapted to the local context, can significantly improve business competitiveness and reduce environmental impact. It is therefore important that future decision-makers in corporate business as well as in public institutions are provided with knowledge of the technological options available besides strategies for assessing and planning local resources," said Stefano Bologna, ICS-UNIDO Managing Director.
The ICS-UNIDO summer course aims at building capacities and improving the knowledge of young professionals from developing countries, including from Africa.
The course is being offered in cooperation with the ALMA Graduate School of the University of Bologna, the Politecnico di Milano (Technical University of Milan) and the ISF (Engineers without borders).
Lectures are broadcasted live on the ICS web site.
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Richie Wess - Fame [YTC ENT Label Submitted]
Richie Wess is back with his new video Fame off of his newest mixtape J.O.B. Download Joints OVA Blunts on www.DatPiff.Com available now! For booking Contact firstname.lastname@example.com or call (347)-903- 5636 Follow Richie Wess @RichieWess
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I have a slightly bizarre ritual when it comes to listening to shows I'm not familiar with. I make every attempt I can to not know what songs were played in what order, so when I hear them I get to experience them more-or-less fresh. I say "more-or-less" because working against this methodology is the fact that I have a pretty good memory for Dead shows, and with the post-GD groups, I make a point of going online the day after any Phil & Friends or Furthur or RatDog show to see what was played. But in the case of the first shows from the current Furthur East Coast tour, I downloaded audience recordings of the Boston and Connecticut shows to my iPod a couple of weeks ago, and then it was another week or so before I got around to listening to them. By that time I'd forgotten most of what I'd absorbed about the lists.
I go to fairly extreme lengths to not know what I'm going to hear. I will download from Archive.org without looking at the song list (not an easy task), drag the songs into iTunes "blind," and then transfer to my iPod only looking to make sure that the entire clump of iTunes with the correct date goes into a pre-labeled playlist, sometimes even covering up the song list itself on my monitor with a 3x5 file card.
I do the same thing when I write liner notes for archival releases of Grateful Dead shows I don't know off the top of my head (which is most of them). I love to be surprised by what comes next, and it really does make the experience like being at a show, where you're listening closely and maybe thinking, "This sounds like it's headed for 'The Other One,'" and sometimes it is, but then there's a left-hand turn, Jerry slows it down and suddenly you've arrived at "Stella Blue"! Or maybe Bob starts up a "Spanish jam" before eventually hitting "The Other One." I like that thrill of discovery.
I went through the same sort of machinations beginning the first moment I heard about The Second Annual Meet-Up at the Movies. I loved seeing The Grateful Dead Movie in a theater last year, and this one had the added allure of being a show no one has ever seen on video: July 18, 1989, at Alpine Valley (in Wisconsin), the night after the concert that makes up the bulk of Downhill From Here, one of my favorite Dead vids. Although I undoubtedly have a tape of 7/18/89 lying around somewhere, I never "upgraded" to digital, and I might not have heard the tape since I got it 22 years ago. In short, it's a show I don't "know." When promos for the Meet-Up appeared on Dead.net or in my email, I didn't read them, didn't click on the video teases. I avoided talking about the show with friends and colleagues, lest they suddenly rhapsodize about it.
Tragedy struck three days before the April 19 screening. I was wandering around Rolling Stone's website and glanced down at an embedded video headlined "Grateful Dead 'Touch of Grey' 1989" and mentioning the movie night in the first line of the description. Aaaaugh! Oh well, one song; not much damage there.
The screening I went to, at the AMC multiplex in Emeryville (between Oakland and Berkeley), was very close to full (The Dead Movie in the same theater drew about a quarter-house) and the crowd was very enthusiastic. And why not? It was a helluva Dead show!
Nineteen eighty-nine really was a high-water year for the band. It was clear from that opening "Touch of Grey" that the band was clear-eyed and fully engaged with one another and their songs. Jerry was in a great mood the whole show, and when Jerry was happy, it was hard not be happy along with him. The band was looking really good in this era—Jerry had the longish hair and was comparatively slim; Bob was wearing his short-shorts, his perfect face still uncreased by time; everyone else seemed robust and relaxed. Smiles all around.
Seeing the band up close like this on a big screen with booming sound really was the next best thing to being there—"close enough to pretend." And not knowing what they were going to play next really was a gas. The first set was fantastic. The "Touch" was a nice warm-up, but the show really started to take off with the "Jack Straw" that followed, when Jerry leaned into his guitar solo with an "OK, no more messin' around" determination that kicked the whole band into a higher gear. Jerry the master storyteller took over for "Jackaroe," and then Bob totally nailed Dylan's wordy "Stuck Inside of Mobile"—there was a great moment when he was singing falsetto on one of the choruses, straining but still completely in control, that drew loud whoops from the audience in the theater. It was Bob at his best, doing that thing he does like nobody else.
I experienced many wistful feelings during the show, mostly connected to Jerry, because seeing him be so expressive and interacting with everyone onstage—especially Brent, with whom he obviously shared a special bond; what a lovefest!—reminded me more of the person we've missed these past 17 years, not just the incomparable musician. Oh, but his genius was evident at every turn, too. In "Friend of the Devil," the little flurry of notes that rolled out of his fingers at the beginning of his solo was breathtaking—a few seconds of transcendent bliss on his way to a plateau where his lines could dance and sing with abandon, short notes and long intermingling gracefully, but with power. Similarly, the meaty jam during "Bird Song" was strong and confident as he led the band though varied realms.
It might have been fun to have a short break between sets to hang out and socialize, but I suppose having one continuous event did keep everyone in the theater locked in. "Sugar Magnolia" was a delightful surprise to start the second set, and the transition from that into "Scarlet" during the guitar break was a thing of beauty—as seamless as you could imagine. If I had been at this show in 1989, I guarantee you I would have been disappointed that "Fire on the Mountain" didn't flow out of "Scarlet," and in the theater I was not eager to hear "Man Smart Woman Smarter" instead. (The Picky Dead Head dies hard!) But the band pulled it off effortlessly, and at the end we were rewarded with a fine "Eyes of the World," Jerry once again in command. Lovely little jam going into "drums," too.
It was a treat to see Mickey and Bill in close-up during their solo segment, because their world was always largely shielded from us in the venue—much of what they did was out of our view. So, to see Mickey's subtle work on the Beam, or to hone in on Bill's deft hits on his large drum arsenal that seemed to envelop him, was exciting. After a MIDI-ful "space," there was a hint of "I Need a Miracle," but instead Jerry went into a gripping and emotional "China Doll," followed close behind (after an "Other One" tease) by "Dear Mr. Fantasy," which gave Brent a chance to shine. Something the video let us see that merely listening to a recording would not, was Jerry's MIDI guitar (Wolf—what a gorgeous instrument, I was reminded) malfunctioning right as he went into his solo on that tune. You could see he was playing hard, but the sound was barely audible. Brent jumped in to fill the void and Jerry switched back to Tiger (yay!) and then uncorked a beaut of a solo.
"Throwing Stones" was another unexpected highlight, big and brash with an amazingly well-executed middle jam that built and built, everyone in sync, Bob with his slashing Rock Star rhythm work cutting through the intricate weave of instruments. We all knew there must be a "Sunshine Daydream" still lurking, but it seemed like "Throwing Stones" was surely headed to it's usual mate, ""Not Fade Away." But no, after an awkward silence, the "SSDD" came bounding in to wrap up the set.
Cue end credits, but underneath we could hear the band had come back and was tuning up for the encore. I heard a "Black Muddy River" tease, but then, with the credits done and the band visible again, it turned out to be a solid and fun "Quinn the Eskimo"—all the more appropriate on the night that Levon Helm died, as he had played on the Dylan/Band "Basement Tapes" original 45 years ago.
What a great night at the movies! Let's do it again!
(A few notes: Kudos to Len Dell'Amico for the crisp video direction—though something seemed to go awry during "space"—and to John Cutler for the superb sound mix which, true to a real Dead show, seemed to get better and clearer and louder as the show went on… In answer to a question several people have asked me, at the moment there is no plan to release this show on DVD… A cool touch was showing three of the top videos from the Dead.net "Dead Covers Project" before the show—they looked good on the big screen… Also entertaining was the "U.S. Blues" from the forthcoming Dave's Picks Vol. 2 (7/31/74), accompanied by photos from that gig at Dillon Stadium in Hartford.)


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Category : Invoice.
Topic : Taxi service invoice template. Author : Eleanor Rasmussen.
Posted : Mon, Sep 09th 2019 19:58 PM.
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Undergraduate Degrees, Majors and Concentrations
BIOL4600 - Medical Semnr/Mcat Prep Part A
Summer 2019
This course is a seminar course for pre-medicine students. It will include hand-on component and volunteer experience in the medical facilities, field trips, and guest speakers will be invited. It was designed for continuing education in the health care professions and as preparation for the corresponding sections of the MCAT examination.
Prerequisite: 60 Credit Hours
3 Credits
Schedule Book for All Active and Available Future Terms, Course starting with BIOL4600
No Courses Found


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My evangelical parents kept me very well protected during my teenage years. My curfews were ridiculous, my boyfriends were always well informed about my father's gun collection, and my ass was in church every Sunday. Normally, I followed the rules. Of course, being a teenager, I found ways to rebel. One thing that I was 100% sure about from the moment I started high school was that I was going to have sex before marriage no matter what Jesus thought about it.
I probably would have sealed the deal with my first boyfriend when I was a sophomore, but he cheated on me during spring break in Amsterdam with a hooker. So, recovering from that put me on a Christian high horse for about a year and a half which severely stunted my sexual experiences. All of my friends had lost their virginities. My best friend lost hers in the back of her boyfriend's truck in the middle of a cornfield under the most romantic starry sky. (He dumped her a week later) A friend who was in a "serious" relationship, only let her boyfriend put it up her butt because that meant she was still a virgin in her Catholic mind. And another friend had to tell her mom after having first time sex in a hot tub because she had the most epic of all UTI's and thought she was dying of a terrifying STD. So clearly, I was mega missing out on one of life's most significant experiences.
The summer of 2001 I had found THE guy. Kevin. We can say that I was unhealthily obsessed with him. He had just finished his freshman year of college and I thought he was SO hot. I had just gotten my driver's license and being from a small town with nothing better to do, my friends and I would drive by our crushes houses. Kevin lived on a cul de sac and caught me stalking him one day. I'm sure he was plenty freaked out but at the same time I was cute, young, and DTF so he put the creepiness out of his mind.
My girlfriends and his guy friends spent that summer getting drunk around bonfires and making out by the lake. By late July, the time had come for us to get it on. But first I needed to buy some cute underwear. I had my heart set on a pair of silky, leopard printed, string bikinis at Victoria's Secret. Apparently my 16 year old brain had the same sexy lingerie taste as a 40 year old divorcee from the late 90's. Regardless, my friends were in full support and we planned a shopping trip to Erie, PA, which meant I would have to drive on the interstate.
Once my parents got wind of this plan, they decided it was unsafe and gave me a plan B option; go shopping in town. They had no idea what it was that I needed to buy but they didn't want a bunch of girls driving an hour away.
My bestie and I got Chinese buffet at our fav place and headed up the usual route to the local mall. We thought the heat was on in the van and not the AC so I looked down to adjust the air.
As I looked up, I realized that I had crossed the double yellow and was in the other lane. The car that was coming towards me swerved into my lane to avoid me but in a panic I jerked the steering wheel back and caused a head on collision. My friend was taken to a hospital that was 2 hours away in critical condition but recovered. I was breathalyzed and interviewed by police but was not injured. The woman in the other car was pronounced dead on the scene.
Now, if there is a time to not cause a fatal car accident that isn't ALWAYS, it's for sure a month before you enter your senior year of high school. We were all too immature to deal with an event that is too much for most adults to handle. The kids who so wittily referred to me as "the bitch that killed" felt that I was not expressing enough remorse for my actions and that I wasn't punished enough. Basically, they thought and told me regularly, that I should have died too. This created a complex that makes me sometimes wonder if I am, in fact, not remorseful enough, that maybe my normal life is disrespectful. Then I remember that I am VERY fucked up from this event despite not being suicidal or having a raging heroin addiction. I do not drive and even as a passenger I am reminded every time I get into a car that at any moment life can go terribly, irrevocably wrong.
All of that to say, one of the most frustrating things of all of this, a fact that irritates me TO THIS DAY, is that I did not lose my virginity to Kevin. He went back to school and we inevitably lost touch, it was pre-facebook after all.
I dealt with everything by hopping back on the moral merry go round and tried to live as "good" as possible which led me to choose a Christian college. It took me two and a half years to convince my then boyfriend to FINALLY throw it in and by that point not even silky bikini panties could make 30 seconds of first time sex as thrilling as I had once imagined it would be.
If there is a silver lining, it's that I did buy the magic leopards a month after the accident and still wear the 10 yr old panties on occasion, however, I have yet to get lucky in them.


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|Russian Federation
Российская Федерация
Map of Russia
Location of Russia
|Anthem: Государственный гимн Российской Федерации (Russian)
State Hymn of the Russian Federation
|Patron Saint(s): Nicholas of Myra
|Official language(s)
|Ethnic groups (2010)
|81% Russians
3.7% Tatars
1.4% Ukrainians
1.1% Bashkirs
1% Chuvashes
11.8% others and unspecified
|Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic
|Vladimir Putin
|Prime Minister
|Dmitry Medvedev
|Federal Assembly
|Upper house
|Federation Council
|Lower house
|State Duma
|Rurik Dynasty
|Kievan Rus'
|Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'
|Grand Duchy of Moscow
|Czardom of Russia
|16 January 1547
|Russian Empire
|22 October 1721
|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
|7 November 1917
|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
|10 December 1922
|Russian Federation
|25 December 1991
|17,075,400 km2 (1st)
6,592,800 sq mi
|Water (%)
|13 (including swamps)
|2012 estimate
|143,100,000 (9th)
|8.3/km2 (217th)
21.5/sq mi
|2011 estimate
|$2.383 trillion
|Per capita
|GDP (nominal)
|2011 estimate
|$1.850 trillion
|Per capita
|Gini (2008)
|42.3 (83rd)
|0.755 (high) (66th)
|Ruble (Руб) (
|Time zone
|(UTC+3 to +12 (exc. +5))
|Date formats
|Drives on the
|Internet TLD
|.ru, .su, .рф
|Calling code
- For the Russian CreationWiki: Click here
Russia (Russian: Россия, Rossiya), or officially the Russian Federation (Российская Федерация, Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia. With an area of 17,075,400 km² (6,592,800 sq mi), it is the largest country in the world as well as the ninth most populous nation in the world with 142 million people. Once the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Russia has been an independent country since the dissolution of the union in December 1991. Under the Soviet system it was called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR). As the primary successor of the Soviet Union, Russia is still an influential country, in particular in the Commonwealth of Independent States, comprised of many other ex-Soviet Union states. Its capital city is Moscow.
- 1 History
- 1.1 Ancient Scythia
- 1.2 Kievan Rus'
- 1.3 Grand Duchy of Moscow
- 1.4 Czardom of Russia
- 1.5 Russian Empire
- 1.6 Union of Socialist Soviet Republics
- 1.7 Russian Federation
- 2 Russian Science
- 3 The Place of Russia in Bible Prophecy
- 4 Religion
- 5 Russia in the News Today
- 6 References
- 7 External Links
Ancient Scythia
- Main Article: Scythians
The Scythians or Scyths (Greek: Σκύθοι, Skūthoi) were an ancient, nomadic Indo-European people who inhabited the lands north and east of the Black Sea in the accounts by Herodotus and others, and ranged from the Carpathian Mountains to the west, to the Don River to the east known as Scythia (Σκυθια). Apparently they displaced the original inhabitants of the region, called Cimmerii, by invading from the east (from the direction of Central Asia).
The first mention of them refers to their wars, on or about 634 BC, in which they gained control of Asia for twenty-eight years and marched as far west as Egypt, where they demanded tribute of the then-ruling Pharaoh and withdrew. The Scythians eventually lost a key battle with Cyaxeres, king of the Medes. In 512 BC, the Persian king Darius I invaded that country but could not hold it because of the constant harassment of his men by an enemy that practiced hit-and-run tactics that a Roman general named Fabius would later make famous. Alexander the Great is said to have received envoys from them in 324 BC while he resided in Babylon. The Roman historian Horace mentions Scythians as paying tribute to Emperor Augustus in 25 BC, five years after the end of the Second Roman Civil War.
By the 2nd or 1st century BC, they were supplanted in southern Russia by the related Sauromatæ or Sarmatians, and part of their empire became Sarmatia. Considering the overlap of tribal names between the Scythians and the Sarmatians, it is not likely any new displacements took place. The people were the same Indo-Europeans they used to be, but now under yet another name. The history of the region from that point to the 14th century AD is sketchy, beyond the region's having been overrun and dominated by Mongols for at least two hundred years.
Possible Biblical origin
"Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, namely, of Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood. The sons of Japheth: Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras." — Genesis 10:1-2 (ASV)
Multiple sources, including Flavius Josephus and the British monk Nennius, suggest that the Scythians descend from Magog, the second-named of the sons of Japheth.[1][2] Others regard them as being descended from Ashkenaz, the son of Gomer. Let us note the usage of the word "Scythian"—several peoples were known as Scythians[3]; at least one was European in race (these later migrated into central Europe, and were not descendants of Magog or Ashkenaz), and at least two were Asiatic in race.[4] The descendants of Magog and Ashkenaz then, formed the two branches of Asiatic Scythians. Modern scholars such as E. Raymond Capt and Steven M. Collins provide much evidence that the Indo-European Scythians and other related peoples who grave rise to the Proto-Germanic and Proto-Slavic peoples were, in fact, descended from of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.[5]
Kievan Rus'
The Kievan Rus' was the earliest Slavic state in the region. The region adopted Christianity in 988 AD by the official act of public baptism of Kiev inhabitants by Prince Vladimir I. Compared with the languages of European Christendom, the Russian language was little influenced by the Greek and Latin of early Christian writings. This was due to the fact the Slavic was used directly in liturgy instead. Old Church Slavonic was the first literary and liturgical Slavic language employed by the 9th century missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius. The Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated as a state because of the armed struggles among members of the princely family that collectively possessed it. Conquest by the Mongols in the 13th century was the final blow. In later centuries, a number of states claimed to be the heirs to the civilization and dominant position of Kievan Rus'. The Grand Duchy of Moscow, the eventual heir, was located at the far northern edge of the former cultural center.
Grand Duchy of Moscow
The Grand Duchy of Moscow (also known as the Principate of Muscovy) came to being in the 1283 AD. For two hundred years they fought against Mongol domination until at last they were able to shake it. The Muscovites added to their holdings little by little until they finally, in the 17th century, gained a leader with the ambition of a Caesar and a military genius to match. His name was Ivan IV of the Rurik dynasty.
Czardom of Russia
The Czardom of Russia begins with Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Ива́н Четвёртый, Васи́льевич, Ivan Chetvyorty, Vasilyevich), known to his contemporaries as Ivan Grozny (Иван Грозний) or "Ivan the Terrible" (literally, "Ivan the Thunderer"). In 1547, he was the first to take the title variously spelled in English as Czar or Tsar, which is a variant of "Caesar." He was a brutal man from a brutal age, and so were most of his successors.
Russian Empire
Under Peter I ("Peter the Great") of the Romanov dynasty, Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power. The Romanov dynasty held continuous sway in Russia for nearly three hundred years. Some of the most famous of all the Czars of Russia include:
- Peter I the Great (r. 1682-1721), who gave the Russian Empire its name and presided over an Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific.
- Catherine II the Great (r. 1762-1796), a German princess who was sent to marry Czar Peter III. She helped engineer his removal from the throne and afterwards took power as the Czarina or Empress.
- Alexander III (r. 1881-1894) was assassinated in October of 1894. His son was:
- Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917), who lost the Russian Empire and his life to the Russian Revolution.
Union of Socialist Soviet Republics
The Russian Revolution
Nicholas II's disastrous decision to go to war with Germany proved his undoing. His army suffered multiple defeats at German hands, and this demoralization of the troops finally broke their loyalty. They revolted and imprisoned the Czar and all the royal family.
Subsequently Vladimir Ilyich Lenin led his Bolshevik faction to seize power from the weak democracy of Alexander Kerensky. He named the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and later announced the formation of a new polity called the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics (the words "Socialist" and "Soviet" in that name were later interchanged). Lenin later had Nicholas and all his family executed by firing squad and the bodies chopped into multiple pieces and cremated. Rumors persisted for decades that the Romanov family had a sole survivor of the mass execution, namely the Grand Duchess Anastasia. However, her death has since been established by positive DNA analysis of her remains.
The Soviet Union between wars
Despite an unbroken history of despotism under the combined government and economic system called Communism the Soviet Union enjoyed great favor among intellectuals in the Western world. They seemed to be enamored as they were with the socialistic ideals of Karl Marx, the spiritual father of the Communist and Soviet movements.
At least one instance of deliberate misreporting is alleged against an award-winning reporter for a major Western newspaper in connection with the tenure in office of Josef Stalin as Communist Party General Secretary, the highest actual office in the Soviet Union. The motive for this misreporting is alleged to be the hiding of the truth of a tremendous famine that broke out in the late 1930's. A famine that some say, Stalin deliberately engineered.
The Great Patriotic War
Stalin and Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland signed non-aggression pacts with Adolf Hitler the Chancellor and Führer (literally, "Leader") of Germany. Hitler later broke his agreements and went to war culminating in what we refer to the Second World War. Its aim was against all his neighbors including the Soviet Union. This was the so-called Great Patriotic War as it was known in the Soviet Union and was the only time that the Soviet Union ever had a military alliance with the United States of America. Hitler's losses on his Russian front, where his armies bogged down in the harsh Russian winter, arguably enabled the rest of the Allied Powers to drive Hitler out of Europe.
The Cold War
At the end of the war Stalin's armies rushed into and dominated all the Slavic countries of eastern Europe and also helped organize the Russian Zone of occupied Germany as the German Democratic Republic know as "East Germany" for decades thereafter. Stalin's intelligence apparatus also stole from the United States (or perhaps had furnished to them by the accused American traitors Julius and Ethel Rosenberg) the secret of the atomic bomb and constructed one of their own. Thus began the Cold War, essentially a standoff between two powers, each of which had the power to destroy not only the infrastructure but the very civilization of the other.
Stalin died and his successors pursued a policy largely designed to gain the confidence of Western intellectuals while also creating spectacular demonstration projects, such as Sputnik, to show off Soviet engineering prowess. The Soviets were actually the first to place a man into outer space, and the first to place a man into orbit around the earth. These demonstrations caused the Americans to fear that the Soviets might build a low-earth-orbit strategic bomber to deliver nuclear payloads to devastating effect against American cities. The Americans hastily created a space program of their own, under the newly renamed National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which created Project Mercury.
Project Mercury ended when Nikita S. Khrushchev signed a treaty with US President John F. Kennedy for a mutual ban on the testing of nuclear weapons in space, on land, or at sea—though not underground. But the arms race and space race between the two powers continued. Both powers first raced to place men on the moon—and with the successful landing of American astronauts on the moon under Project Apollo, the Soviets conceded that race. The Soviets were first to build a semi-permanent space station. In the early 1980s, NASA planned Space Station Freedom as a counterpart to the Soviet Salyut and Mir space stations, but it never left the drawing board and was canceled at the end of the Space race. Mir currently holds the record for longest continuous human presence in space at just short of 10 years.
Reagan Administration
In 1981 Ronald W. Reagan became President of the United States. At his orders, the United States cast aside all restraint in the building of its nuclear arsenal. The Soviets frantically tried to keep pace, but could not. Faced with that, or perhaps also faced with the deaths of three General Secretaries in six years (Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, and Konstantin Chernenko), the Soviet Communist Party ultimately chose Mikhail Gorbachev as its leader. Gorbachev made a last desperate attempt to gain Western confidence with his new policy that he called glasnost, or "openness," and perestroika, or "restructuring." The measures he took, whether they were sincere or not, led to a sudden collapse of Soviet institutions, and ultimately to the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. Except for the vast Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, all fourteen of the other "republics" demanded and gained their independence. In addition, sympathetic regimes throughout Western Europe were, almost without exception, overthrown, some violently. In Germany, the German Democratic Republic dissolved, and the Federal Republic of Germany, or "West Germany," finally reabsorbed it.
Russian Federation
The former RSFSR is now known as the Russian Federation. Its first head-of-state was Boris Yeltsin. His government was quite turbulent and was marred by at least one episode in which he ordered a squadron of tanks to fire their turrets at the Duma (parliament) building in Moscow.
Citizen Yeltsin is also famous for restoring the tri-colored flag that dates back to the Romanov's (the "Czarist Flag"). He never attempted to re-establish the Romanov-era national anthem, and instead attempted to establish a new anthem—which, however, remained unpopular, perhaps because it had no words. Subsequently the Duma established the "State Hymn of the Russian Federation," essentially the old "State Hymn of the USSR" with three all-new stanzas and an equally new refrain.
The last head of the government, Vladimir Putin and his successor Dmitriy Medvedev has now begun re-centralizing power and, some say, attempting to re-create the Soviet Union as the viable and powerful entity it once was. This includes a renewal of independent diplomatic initiatives in the Middle East (see below). The idea of this politics say that "World must be multipolar" against the "one world policeman" situation. Russian Government is trying to be influential to World peace and stability with co-ordination between USA, Europe, Central Asia and Arabic World, China, India and other states.
Russian Science
The specific scientific school is forming in Russia over the past 300 years formed. Russian biologists, chemists, engineers, equipment, astronomers have made a significant contribution to the development of scientific thought. Many world famous scientists of the past and present, such as Dmitry Mendeleyev (the author of the periodic table of elements) grew up and received their education in Russia. One of the first great scientists of Russia and the whole world, is Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Karl Ernst von Baer well-known biologist who is one of the founders of Embryology worked in the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg in the Russian Empire at the border of 19th and 20th centuries.
There are many universities, institutes, laboratories and other research organizations for many kinds of science in Russian Federation. One such university—M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University—in Moscow is the largest in Russia and is world famous. Founded in 1755, it also claims to be the oldest university in Russia and to have the tallest educational building in the world.
Currently the university employs more than 4,000 academic staff and 15,000 other staff members. There are about 5,000 researchers engaged in various researches in its various institutes and departments. More than 40,000 undergraduates and 7,000 postgraduates are currently enrolled in the university and more than 5,000 specialists are participating in their refresher courses for up-gradation and/or career enhancement purposes. Around 2,000 overseas students form a main part of the student body of the university.
Unfortunately creation science is restricted and ridiculed in Russia as well as for whole world. Recently creation organizations are starting to grow and are gaining popularity. Russian and Ukrainian creation organizations are concerting efforts to collaborate on scientific facts and promote creationism.
They are:
- ScienceAndApologetics.com - Christian Center of Science and Apologetics
- BiblicalDiscovery.info - Christian science and popular Internet magazine "Bible Discovery"
- Creatio.Orthodoxy.ru - Orthodox Society Shestodnev (literally sixday)
- www.mtu-net.ru/creation/ - Scientific and Educational Society "Kreazio"
- www.apologet.ru - Scientific Biblical Center "The Apologist"
Note: Most of these sites are in Russian language and additionally contain English sections.
There are many blogs and sites regarding creationism and evolution controversy topics in Russian segment of Internet.
At present there is a trial with the Ministry of Education of Ukraine concerning the teaching of atheism in schools [6]
The Place of Russia in Bible Prophecy
Ezekiel 38 describes a prince named "Gog" as the reluctant leader of a Russo-Arab-Iranian-North African alliance that will attack Israel on all sides, only to be defeated (Ezekiel 39 ) ignominiously, with eighty-three percent casualties and such losses of materiel that the inhabitants of Israel will "burn the weapons of war with fire for seven years." This could be a reference to the blending-down of weapons-grade uranium into reactor-grade uranium in fallen and non-detonated nuclear warheads. That Iran is now working, by all accounts, to develop a nuclear-weapons program of its own, together with the current posture of the Russian Federation, leads many observers to fear that Ezekiel's War will break out at any moment, and perhaps herald the Last Things that John the Revelator predicted would occur at the end of the Church Age.
This opinion that Gog means "Russian King" was far-famed by announces of American preachers in the Cold War period when the relations between USA and Soviet Union was terrible. Such interpretation of the Biblical prophecy does not based on any corroboration facts.
After the failing of the Iron Curtain several American preachers (e.g. David Wilkerson) have changed theirs position about role of Russian nation and call Slavs as "the future of the revival in alive Christianity". True pure Christianity was high growing in the Russian Federation and in the Ukraine, Belorussian in the end of 20th century as opening many evangelical churches (Baptist and Pentecostal) and in turning people to God. Right now this process is slowing. The Orthodox Church in Russia is trying to be the state religion and bind Christian moral and Orthodoxy world view to everyone but without good response from other confessions and atheists. The heads of the Russian Government are regular visiting the Orthodox Temple and the actual president Dmitriy Medvedev is public orthodox believer[7][8].
Orthodox Christianity is the traditional and largest religion of Russia, deemed part of Russia's "historical heritage" in a law passed in 1997.[9] The Russian Orthodox Church is by far the most dominant Orthodox Church in Russia while there are a number of smaller Orthodox Churches present such as the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, the Old Believers, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, the Molokans, and the Armenian Apostolic Church. Smaller Christian denominations such as the Catholic Church (as well as the Eastern rite Russian Catholic Church) and various Protestants churches like [[1]], baptists, pentacostals and charismatics also exist.
According to a 2002 survey by the All-Russia Center for the Study of Public Opinion, 58% of the Russian population are Russian Orthodox, 5% are Muslim, a little more than 1% are Protestants (including 0.3% who are Lutherans) and little less than 1% are Catholics. A 2002 census found 230,000 (0.16%) ethnic Jews in the country, but only 8% of them (0.01% of the total population) identify as followers of Judaism. About 0.1% are adherents of Buddhism. 32% self-described as non-religious, agnostic or atheist. Slavs (ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians) are typically Christian and people of Turkic descent are typically Muslims, although several Turkic groups in Russia (such as the Chuvash) are not. Buddhism is common among the Mongolian-speaking Buryats and Kalmyks as well as the Turkic-speaking Altays and Tuvans. Some residents of the Siberian and Far Eastern regions of Yakutia and Chukotka practice shamanist, pantheistic, and pagan religions, often syncretized with either Christianity or Islam.
Russia in the News Today
- Iranian and Syrian Government Papers on Renewed Superpower Role for Russia to Counter U.S. in Middle East. Middle-East Media Research Institute, Special Dispatch 1423, January 12, 2007. Columnists in those two government organs openly speculate, in an almost gloating tone, about the renewal of Russian great-power ambitions and diplomatic initiatives in the Middle East.
- ↑ Flavius Josephus, Antiquities I, vi. 1. Quoted at Magog at ChristianAnswers.net
- ↑ Nennius, "Table of European Nations," quoted at Accuracy in Genesis
- ↑ Kachur 1975:1-2
- ↑ Coon 1948:196
- ↑ The Israelite Origin of the Scythians by Steven M. Collins
- ↑ tt-creaz.org.ua : Creationist lawsuit against the Ministry of Education of Ukraine (English version)
- ↑ The foto of Dmitriy Medvedev with two Orthodox Patriarchs of Russia and Greece in Kremlin
- ↑ The foto of Dmitriy Medvedev in Orthodox Sunday school
- ↑ Bell, Imogen. "Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia". Retrieved 2010-7-29.
External Links
- General
- Catholic Encyclopedia - Russia
- Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Russia's country page
- James Ussher, The Annals of the World, pghh. 730, 734, 784, 2320, 5855
- Scythia in the 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica
- Country profiles
- Intelligent Design and Creation
- Christian Center of Science and Apologetics - Христианский Научно-апологетический центр
- Bible Discovery - Библейское Открытие - Christian science and popular Internet magazine
- Shestodnev Orthodox Society - Шестоднев против эволюции
- Scientific and Educational Society <<Kreazio>> - Научно-просветительское общество <<Креацио>>
- Scientific Biblical Center "The Apologist" - Научный Библейский центр "Апологет"
- Answers in Genesis (AiG) - In Russian
- Creation Ministries International (CMI) - In Russian
- Government
- gov.ru–Official government site
- Duma–Official site of the parliamentary lower house
- Federation Council–Official site of the parliamentary upper house
- Kremlin–Official site of the President of Russia
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members


text:
Canon (PGI-9GR) Gray Ink Cartridge
Warranty & Guarantee:
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All products are warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship from a period of 1 year from the purchase date when stored, installed and used under normal conditions. All OEM Toner /Ink is subject to manufacture warranty.


text:
If you care about Michigan, please support our work.Donate Today
Bridge launched eight years ago, help us celebrate
Eight years ago we set out to improve Michigan through unbiased, nonprofit journalism. We are still here and still adding reporters thanks in large part to our members. If you appreciate our nonpartisan approach, please become a Bridge Club member. We have five members-only events this fall around the state, including a MSU vs. Michigan football tailgate in Ann Arbor on November 16. Join us!


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Inkredulous - Episode 12 (Play in New Window)
I hadn't planned to do anything at QEDcon this year, just attend, as the recent arrival of Baby*T had efficiently hoovered up most of my free time (in a good way!). However, on the Sat, someone planning to be on the Inkredulous Podcast panel couldn't attend, and after asking almost everyone in attendance, Andy asked me if I would oblige.
Sunday morning was spent INCREDIBLY hungover, trying to cobble together something suitable (and hopefully funny) for the live recording. When I've done Inkredulous before, we've recorded about 3 - 4 hours of blether, in the hope of winnowing out an hour of passable material, so this was going to be a mission. To add to the pressure, Times columnist David Aaronovitch and TV magician Paul Zenon were on the panel, as well as Marsh from Merseyside Skeptics.
In the pained, hungover state I was trying to prepare in, I think my quality control gene was misfiring, and so hastily ended up with something that could have been offensive, sprinkled with a selection of cheap cock jokes. In the end, I think the audience was as hungover as I was, so perhaps we communicated on the same wavelength....
Oh, and being a new parent has exposed me to a world of bullshit science that I never knew existed. One day, I'll blog it, once I've had a good night's sleep.....
Andy, there is a sickness in this land. A sickness that will lead to the inevitable destruction of global humanity. The Pope has voiced it and Our most senior UK catholic has voiced it.
This apocalyptic behemoth is not religion, which provides peace and charity throughout all countries of the world,
it is not racism which is largely non-existent as demonstrated by US republican politics,
it is not sexism, which apart from a few excitable loudmouth woman is largely an academic interest. I explained this to someone last night in the elevator.
It isn't the global arms industry, which is worth 1.5 trillion dollars/year, which helps sustain stability, and peace In difficult and testing circumstances.
it isn't hunger, famine, disease or pestilence or natural disasters
no, in fact this evil that will explode the cornerstone of society is
Apparently some of these diseased people want the same rights as normal heterosexual people and want to get married! Married Andy!
When will the lunatic leftie liberal fringe in this country realise that when you choose to be gay you are choosing a lifestyle with reduced rights. Rights are for Adam and Eve not Madam and Eve. (a twist on an old favourite)
The sacraments are God-given and not up for being changed by men, willy nilly, and I use the phrase advisedly. It's a slippery slope. Next thing you know The Gays will be wanting to have the same rights at other religious events. You know, things that right-minded people would baulk at - dignified funerals and such. Sickening really.
Marriage is about children, Andy. Which is why old people aren't allowed to get married and I should also point out that the pope also says cohabiting couples and sex outside marriage are both quite evil, but at least they follow the "manufacturers instructions" and don't become genital-jailbreakers.
That's why today, a letter from UK's highest catholic, a man in a skirt - I pass no comment - is being read out in churches pleading to its parishioners for more intolerance, to be more homophobic, more exclusive, more hating, and ultimately more irrelevant.
This is yet another example of religious people exhibiting their unhealthy predeliction for dictating what other people do with their fizzy bits.
In fairness, it's just gay men probably. Given these religions are entirely men, it's possible that lesbianism is a *cough* "tolerated evil", I don't know. But it does seem to be all about the outer danglies.
Can you imagine the effect, if the church had, as they have in this case, assembled their efforts, made loud proclamations, got letters read out in all churches, and used their media contacts to investigate and bring justice to the hundreds of people abused at the hands of the paedophile priests within that same organisation? Would that not be a more edifying effort?
Rather than bring justice to those who they have sinned against, they'd rather promote intolerance and hatred of gay couples who want equality. This from the mouth of a man who wears a dress - to be fair, it's not a dress it's called a cassock. A word that comes from the union of ass and cock.
I personally don't think that gay marriage is something that will uproot civilisation as we know it, but given that it is 2012 can any of you prove that it wasn't this that brought down the Mayans?
Food for thought.


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Working While Collecting Social Security
Depending on your age, what you earn might impact the benefits you receive
En español | Q. I'm turning 66 on July 1. I want to find out how much I can earn in the first six months of this year without losing any of my Social Security benefits.
Social Security for Dummies: The easy way to get a handle on it
A. Your question tells me you're worried about the impact the Social Security earnings limitation may have on your benefits in the final months before your important birthday. Well, there's some good news for you and some not-so-good news.
The good news is that on July 1, when you reach age 66, you'll no longer have to worry about the earnings limitation. It will disappear and thereafter you'll be able to earn as much as you want without any loss of benefits. The not-so-good news is that if you earn more than $40,080 in the first six months of this year, you'll lose some or even all of your benefits — but only temporarily.
As you may know, there are two parts to the earnings limitation, which applies to people who are between age 62 and full retirement age and receive Social Security benefits while continuing to work. Under the first part, which applies from age 62 until the end of the year before you reach full retirement age, Social Security will withhold $1 in benefits for every $2 you earn above an annual limit, $15,120 for 2013.
The second part of the earnings limitation comes into play for the year in which you reach full retirement age, applying to the months before the month of your birthday. In 2013, you'll be able to earn up to $40,080 in those months without penalty. But if you earn more than that, Social Security will withhold $1 in benefits for every $3 you go over the limit. Generally speaking, if your earnings in those months are likely to exceed the limit, you'll have given Social Security an estimate of the figure the year before. Based on that estimate, Social Security will pare your benefit in those final months.
Perhaps the best news is that after you reach full retirement age, Social Security will recalculate your benefits and give you credit for any benefits that were withheld because you earned more than the limit. Thus, your monthly payments will increase, generally starting in the year after you reach full retirement age.
It should be noted that Social Security has its own definition of the word "earnings" when it calculates benefit reductions. If you're self-employed, the agency will count only your net earnings from that self-employment. If you work for someone else, only your wages are counted. Equally important are things Social Security does not count as earnings. These include other government benefits, pensions, annuities and investment earnings.
For more information, see "How Work Affects Your Benefits."
Stan Hinden, a former columnist for The Washington Post, wrote How to Retire Happy: The 12 Most Important Decisions You Must Make Before You Retire. Have a question? Check out the AARP Social Security Question and Answer Tool.
You May Also Like
- Social Security quiz: true or false?
- Learn more about the AARP Driver Safety program and online course
- Shopping for health insurance? The health insurance marketplace is now open
Join the Discussion0 | Add Yours
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text: The BMC is proud to present the nastiest, the foulest, the most feared arena in all of New Britannia! The Grid-Iron is equipped with a pit-style arena, a VIP table, vendor booths with supplies, and all the blood-sport you can handle. Fighters will be charged a 20,000gp entry fee. The house takes 20% for hosting, the winner takes 55%, and the runner-up takes 25%! Come one, come all, whether you aspire to be a spectator seeking wealth, or a combatant seeking glory and fame, all of it can be found at The Gladiator's Grid-Iron! Before the actual event, the BMC, in its effort to bring you maximum hospitality, invites all participants to arrive early for a meet & greet, register to be a combatant, and converse with VIP avatars that may arrive for the evening's festivities. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Location: Blackrock Cove (Novia by Etceter Crag Mines) Lost? /Whisper Xavier Starfall or Daxxe Diggler for zoning instructions. EVERY Sunday Night 5:30pm to ??? (New Britannian Time) Registration begin at 5pm. Show up early to fight! Look at our FAQ for detailed info. See our brackets in real-time on Challonge!


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Updated Jan. 29, 2010
George Tiller was the nation's pre-eminent abortion practitioner, drawing women to Wichita from all over with his willingness to perform late-term abortions, hundreds each year. For more than 30 years the anti-abortion movement threw everything into driving Dr. Tiller out of business, certain that his defeat would deal a devastating blow to the "abortion industry" that has terminated roughly 50 million pregnancies since Roe v. Wade in 1973.
Dr. Tiller was shot to death in Wichita, Kan., May 31, 2009, in the foyer of his longtime church as he handed out the church bulletin. Scott Roeder, an abortion opponent, was arrested for the shooting and later testified that he had shot Dr. Tiller in order to prevent him from carrying out abortions. On Jan. 29, 2010, Mr. Roeder was convicted of first-degree murder.
Dr. Tiller's killing achieved what thousands had failed to do over decades of relentless effort. The morning after his death, his family announced that his clinic would close.
Dr. Tiller, 67, was a focal point for those around the country who opposed abortion. They blockaded his clinic; campaigned to have him prosecuted; boycotted his suppliers; tailed him with hidden cameras; branded him "Tiller the baby killer"; hit him with lawsuits, legislation and regulatory complaints; and protested relentlessly, even at his church. Some sent flowers pleading for him to quit. Some sent death threats. One bombed his clinic. Another tried to kill him in 1993, firing five shots, wounding both arms.
In short, they made George Tiller's clinic the nation's most visible abortion battleground, a magnet for activists from all corners of the country.
Dr. Tiller would not budge.
Instead he dug in, pouring his considerable profits into expanding his clinic and installing security cameras, bulletproof glass, metal detectors, fencing and floodlights. He hired armed guards, bought a bulletproof vest and drove an armored S.U.V. He spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on some of the state's best lawyers and recruited an intensely loyal staff that dubbed itself Team Tiller. He lobbied politicians with large donations and photographs of severely deformed fetuses.
Confident and dryly mischievous, he told friends he had come to see himself as a general in an epic cultural war to keep abortion legal, to the point of giving employees plaques designating them "Freedom Fighters." His willingness to abort fetuses so late in pregnancies put him at the medical and moral outer limits of abortion. Yet he portrayed those arrayed against him as religious zealots engaged in a campaign whose aim was nothing less than to subjugate women.
Moments after services had begun at Reformation Lutheran Church on May 31, 2009, Dr. Tiller, who was acting as an usher, was shot once in the head with a handgun. He died as an assistant pastor, trying to avoid panic, went ahead with the service.
Dr. Tiller's death the first killing of an abortion provider in this country since 1998, when Dr. Barnett Slepian was shot by a sniper in his home in the Buffalo area. Dr. Tiller was the fourth doctor in the United States who performed abortions to be killed in such circumstances since 1993, statistics from abortion rights' groups show.
Testifying in his own defense, Mr. Roeder confessed that he did shoot Dr. Tiller after studying his victim's habits and security precautions. The shooting, he said, came from his growing opposition to abortion, which he deemed criminal and immoral, and his mounting sense that laws and prosecutors and other abortion opponents were never going to stop Dr. Tiller from performing them.
His lawyers argued that Mr. Roeder possessed, as Kansas law defines it, "an unreasonable but honest belief that circumstances existed that justified deadly force," in the hopes of securing a voluntary manslaughter conviction. But jurors took 37 minutes to decide that Mr. Roeder was guilty of first-degree murder.
In the weeks following the killing, supporters and opponents of Dr. Tiller measured the larger ramifications. Implacably divided for so long, they began to agree on a fundamental point: Dr. Tiller's death represented an enormous loss for each side.
Abortion opponents braced for a drop in support, especially from those in the murky middle ground of the debate. Worse yet, after years of persuading supporters to work within the law, they say they have already lost credibility among the most ardent abortion opponents who cannot help pointing out that one gunman achieved what all their protests and prayers could not.
Advocates of abortion rights, meanwhile, are reeling from the loss of one of their most experienced and savviest leaders. One of only three doctors in the United States who openly and regularly performed late-term abortions, Dr. Tiller mentored abortion providers across the country. Some of the nation's most influential women's groups celebrated him as an American hero.


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Now there is a way for you to get under your machine's skin. Certiq is a telematics solution that gathers, compares and communicates vital equipment information. It is available for all mining and construction equipment, both surface and underground.
Detailed knowledge and instant overviews of your fleet are the keys to improving your processes. Certiq keeps track of everything that happens – or doesn't happen. We make this information accessible to you – wherever you are, whenever you need it.
We are continuously improving our service offering to meet the market demand, please contact your local Epiroc Customer Center to find out what is available for your machine model on your market.


text:
High back Swivel Chair with headrest:- 1,Uphostery—Mesh on back; fabric with sponge on seat; 2,Mechanism--two handles mechanism 3,Base--chrome steel base with PA nylon castors(BFMA) 4,Gaslift--120 gaslift,class-3,pass BFMA
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12 Months Warranty.Terms & Conditions Apply
Care instructions
Panel Board Furniture
Panel board Furniture made out of MDF, Particle Board or Ply wood.
What is MDF: MDF (Medium Density Fibre board) is an engineered wood product composed of fine wood fibres (Pulp) combined with a synthetic resin or other bonding system & joined together under heat & pressure to form panels. It's less dense as compared to HDF(High Density Fibre board).
What is Particle board?
Particle board or Chip board is a board made from graded wood chips / saw dust / wood particles bonded together with an adhesive under great pressure & heat. The constituents are similar to MDF but with a low density.
For more details, click here
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text:
20 U.S. Code § 6517 - Evaluation and reports
§ 6517.
Evaluation and reports
(a) In general
The Secretary shall develop a plan for a national evaluation of the programs assisted under this part.
(b) EvaluationThe national evaluation shall—
evaluate the implementation and results achieved by schools after 3 years of implementing comprehensive school reforms; and
(c) Reports
The Secretary shall submit a report describing the results of the evaluation under subsection (b) of this section for the Comprehensive School Reform Program to the Committee on Education and the Workforce, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.
(Pub. L. 89–10, title I, § 1607, as added Pub. L. 107–110, title I, § 101, Jan. 8, 2002, 115 Stat. 1605.)
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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|Me outside the Mayflower House Museum 2003
We rented a condo on Cape Cod with our condo club ownership and used my husband's accumulated hotel points to pay for the expensive hotel in Boston. Staying on Cape Cod (South Yarmouth) gave us easy access to the whole Cape Cod experience. We traveled up the peninsula to Provincetown stopping at various lighthouses along the way. We explored Provincetown and visited several more monuments ending up in a restaurant with a martini bar.
Most of the time we drove up to Plymouth to sight see in and around the town. I did research at the Mayflower Library annex behind the big Mayflower Museum House. I highly recommend it for it is like one stop shopping for New England Titles even though you may find these titles in most very large libraries, archives and genealogical societies like the New England Historic and Genealogical Society. Also stop and take the tour of the Mayflower House Museum.
Here some links that are well worth exploring:
General Society of Mayflower Descendants: http://www.themayflowersociety.com/
Plimouth Plantation is worth the visit, plan to be there all day if not more: http://www.plimoth.org/
This website is the Town of Plymouth and it gives a list of other museums and more to investigate like the Pilgrims Museum: http://www.plymouth-ma.gov/discover-plymouth
National Monument to the Forefathers and I will share my photos with you in a next post:
The ship a replica of the Mayflower is anchored in the harbor and fun to explore. Mayflower II is worth taking a tour but be prepared to explain where you come from to the crew. The Pacific Northwest was not known in 1628 and I had trouble figuring out what to tell him the actor playing a part. He did very well and showed me no mercy. He was finally okay with we mentioned California.
|Mayflower II
As I recall we wandered the very large cemetery up on the hill in Plymouth called Burial Hill. It looked out on the landscape and some of the headstones were amazing. I studied the names and dates while my husband talked on his cellphone. HA! There are other cemeteries in the area like: Vine, Oak Grove, St. Joseph, etc.
We headed back to Boston for the conference and traveled up through South Duxbury to Marshfield and on to Scituate having lunch at a cafe there.


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A mysterious puzzle driven campaign
A tactical and competitive multiplayer
VE: Adventure is a puzzle platformer where you discover the intricacies of a mysterious world.
(insert pic of mysterious world)
Adventure Features
- Thousands of puzzles with no filler. Every one is unique and has a unique purpose in the game.
- Open world structure lets players progress and reach the ending without solving every mystery. After the ending players can continue exploring for 100% completion.
- The lore and history of the game world are incredibly deep. The "creatures" in the game speak a fully developed language that's scientifically accurate and has tens of thousands of words.
- Some optional puzzles are incredibly hard. Even with players collaborating together online, VizionEck will still have unsolved mysteries years after release.
- With the game's simple art-style there is no clutter. Everything is important to understanding the situation.
- All puzzles exist fully within the lore of the game world. No glitching the camera or viewing audio spectrograms needed.


text: Stavich Bicycle Trail (designated a National Recreation Trail), is asphalt and 12 miles long and eight feet wide. The trail runs from New Castle in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania through Lowellville, and ends at Struthers, Ohio. To get to the eastern end of the trail: Take Rt. 422 west out of New Castle, to west 224. Turn left onto Covert Road 0.9 miles after the intersection of 422 and 224. Follow Covert Road south for 1.3 miles. Trailhead is along the road, on the right. From Ohio Take Rt. 224 west to Poland, Ohio. Turn right onto Rt. 616 and follow it across the Mahoning River. Just after the river, turn right onto Broad Street. Trailhead is on the right in about a mile.


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Applications and libraries/Bioinformatics
From HaskellWiki
< Applications and libraries
Revision as of 18:41, 2 May 2007 by ARG (talk | contribs) (Libraries and tools/Bioinformatics moved to Applications and libraries/Bioinformatics)
Ketil Malde's Bioinformatics stuff
- Ketil's bioinformatics pages
- Some tools, implemented in Haskell, are available from this site
- xsact - a sequence clustering tool (currently in revision 1.5).
- xtract - a sequence assembly tool which uses an interesting algorithm based on de Bruijn graphs, but unfortunately is hard to tune to give optimal results. Unless you plan to fix it, use CAP3 instead.
- rbr - a sequence masking tool, masking ESTs based on a statistical measure of word frequencies.
- rselect - a simple and efficient tool for extracting random sets of sequences
- A bioinformatics library, currently containing bits and pieces needed for the above programs. The main focus at the moment is on nucleotide sequences.
- PolyFARM
- PolyFARM (Poly-machine First-order Association Rule Mining) is a data mining program which finds first order associations in Datalog data. It is based on the ideas from WARMR (L. Dehaspe and L. De Raedt (1997) Mining Association Rules in Multiple Relations. It is described in Clare, A. and King R.D. (2003) "Data mining the yeast genome in a lazy functional language."
This page contains a list of libraries and tools in a certain category. For a comprehensive list of such pages, see Applications and libraries.


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Apple has reportedly started shipping its Lightning to 30-pin adapter, the need for which is a key cause of frustration for iPhone 5 owners.
According to tip-offs sent to MacRumors, Apple has started sending out the first Lightning port adapters in Australia. The deliveries are due to be made today, 9 October.
At present, the UK online Apple store merely shows that the Lightning to 30-pin adapter will ship in "October", suggesting UK stocks may not have reached the warehouse yet.
The Lightning to 30-pin adapter costs £25 in the UK, and is a little rectangle of plastic that sits over old 30-pin connectors, letting you plug in new iOS devices like the iPhone 5 into old docks and accessories. This adapter supports audio, syncing and charging, but if you have an old dock that lets you output video, you're out of luck here.
Earlier this month, it was revealed that accessory manufacturers will have to gain approval from Apple before they're able to produce Lightning adapter accessories. iLounge writes that Apple plans to hold a seminar in November outlining the rules of iPhone 5 accessory development.
The new proprietary Apple cable is reportedly very difficult to reproduce, making it a tricky target for the companies that have been producing dubious-quality iPhone docks on the cheap for years now. Apple's Lightning connector not only lets the company streamline parts of its mobile phone design, it also affords Apple a tighter grip on the iOS accessories market.
The iPhone 5 sold more than five million units in its first five days. It sounds impressive, but is actually a way below some analyst predictions. Shortly after the phone's launch Tim Cook released a statement saying that supplies of the phone had run dry, suggesting that the figures could have been higher had the supply line been further greased-up.
Other new iOS devices that use the Lightning connector include the new iPod touch range. Apple is expected to unveil both an iPad mini with Lightning connector later this month, and a full-size iPad sporting the new standard next year.
iPhone 5 Video Review


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When Obama's 2nd term is over, I think he'll declare himself dictator, and the NWO will have started. It will be a scary time, if we allow them to have technology that is better than civilian technology. While we can't defend against everything the Army and police could use to oppress us, there are a number of advanced technologies that they tend to think that only they have (and who's exact designs are kept a well guarded secret). But the fact is that MANY of those technologies can be duplicated by WE THE PEOPLE.
For example, sonic canons that are used by the police as a "non lethal" weapon to break up demonstrations and to hinder free speech, can actually be duplicated by us civilians and then USED AGAINST THE POLICE!
The idea is to fire a sound beam so loud as to make people scatter. It uses a directional technique to send the sound in one direction so the loudest sound is in a narrow beam directed at the intended target (usually groups of protestors who are simply exercising their right of free speech). However, as the diagram below shows, it's possible to construct a similar device to be used by protestors that will make the POLICE SCATTER! This is a major step forward in preparing for the fight against the NWO. I just figured this out myself, and have constructed the diagram so that fellow fighters against the NWO will be able to read my plans and build my weapon design, so that they too may protect themselves against the NWO.
In this diagram you can see how the device works. All you need are a few simple parts:
a standard 18inch diameter TV satellite dish (http://www.ebay.com/itm/251239512510)
piezo speaker (www.ebay.com/itm/200896429557)
signal generator capable of generating audio frequency signals (http://www.ebay.com/itm/330885554309)
some wire, bnc cables, alligator clips or solder, glue or epoxy, general hardware, etc
With these parts glue the piezo speaker to the end of the antenna box on your satellite dish. Hook up the speaker to your audio signal generator with wires (using alligator clips or solder to attach the wires at the speaker end and on the generator end splice the wires to the bnc cables). Set the generator to a sine wave, put the frequency at the resonant frequency of the speaker, and turn the volume/voltage/amplitude knob to max output. The exact steps will depend on the exact models of equipment you have.
Total cost should be less than $100, while the police pay companies THOUSANDS of dollars for similar equipment.
This is all you need to match your arsenal to that of the police with regard to the police's latest and most "advanced" non-lethal weapons.
Here's a Discovery Channel video showing what the police weapon is able to do.
The civilian version I've explained how to build may or may have a tone frequency sweep or just a constant tone (depends on the function generator's capabilities, as many brands and models of function generators exist), but in any case should be just as effective as the police version of causing ear pain by projecting very loud wound in one narrow direction, and thus sending the target, a crowd of people (hopefully the evil NWO cops), scattering in every direction to get away from the sound, and thus protecting everyone else from the danger (in this case the danger is the NWO cops).


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There are two insights about human behavior that are pretty fundamental to economics:
1. People respond to incentives.
2. Knowledge is limited.
These sound elementary, and they are, but it's often astonishing how easily they're forgotten. Here's an example, carried in yesterday's Financial Times:
Total, the French oil and gas group, and one of the biggest producers in the UK, has become the latest company to warn about the effect of last week's Budget tax rise on future exploration investment in the North Sea. . . .
Meanwhile, Valiant Petroleum, the explorer, said it had put on hold a £93m project. Centrica, the utility, said it was seeking meetings with the government in order to press its case for gas to be excluded from the tax increase. On Tuesday, Statoil, the Norwegian oil and gas group, said it was postponing $10bn (£6.2bn) worth of investment in two projects after the chancellor raised the supplementary tax on production from 20 per cent to 32 per cent.
People respond to incentives. (Stephen Landsburg thinks that this statement alone summarizes most of economics.) If government makes the incentives to do something worse then, other things being equal, people will do less of it. So it is with the North Sea oil companies – tax them more, and some of them will leave if there are better opportunities in operating elsewhere. That means less tax revenue overall.
It's not as simple as that, of course, because the precise response is hard to pinpoint. They might cut their profits. Or they might pass on the cost of business to their customers. The BBC's Stephanie Flanders wondered about this too:
I asked Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Danny Alexander, what would stop the oil companies passing on the cost of the extra tax onto consumers, at the pump. His answer, give or take, was that he didn't think they would, but they'd be looking out for it. Hmmm.
Knowledge is limited. It's hard to predict the consequences of any action that we take in our own lives. Now think about a society with millions of people, each with their own goals and preferences (which are constantly shifting). Governments hire armies of economists and other consultants to try to figure this sort of thing out, but they're still naked in the dark. Even small government actions can have big unforeseen consequences, because only individuals know their precise response to a change in circumstances – and even then, they only know in their actions.
People respond to incentives. Knowledge is limited. They're almost self-evidently true, but politicians (and quite a few economists) don't seem to recognize this. We can't make water run uphill and we can't design a chaotic, cloud-like system like society. I wish our rulers would stop trying to do so.
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Sociology GCSE (Distance Learning) at National Extension College *Fees Payable*
Course description
Our distance learning Sociology GCSE course is the perfect beginning for anyone wishing to pursue a profession in areas such as the media, care, the law or any other role dealing with society. This home study course looks at the way people relate with one another, the way society is structured, crime, mass media, social inequality and education, among other topics. Studying sociology will give you a better idea of how different groups in society relate to each other, the way modern life has developed and the impact of conflict, culture and politics on society. Whether you want to pursue this subject area in later life or not, it will give you a fascinating insight into the way society works.
You should allow for between 120 and 150 hours' study time, plus additional time for completing assignments. You will have tutor support for a period of up to 18 months from the date of enrolment.
Course content
Entry requirements
No previous knowledge is required for this course.
This course follows specification 4190 from the awarding organisation AQA. Full details of the specification can be obtained from AQA's website.
Two exams: 1hr30m (50% of marks) and 1hr30m (50% of marks)
Sixteen assignments
No coursework
All exams must be taken in the same session
Financial information
It's your choice: pay in full and discount your course fees, or spread the cost with our finance offer. To pay in instalments, you will need to enrol by telephone.
Representative example:
Deposit: £39.50
Amount of credit: £355.50
Monthly payment: £59.25
Duration of agreement: 6 months
Total repayable: £395
Rate of interest: 0% (fixed)
0% APR representative.
For enrolments in the UK there are no additional postage and packing charges. For enrolments outside of the UK the following postage and packing charges apply:
- EU – £75 for the first course and £40 for second and subsequent courses
- Rest of the world – £130 for the first course and £70 for second and subsequent courses
Further information
This course is entirely self-contained so no additional textbooks are required.
How to apply
If you want to apply for this course, you will need to contact National Extension College *Fees Payable* directly.


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Real girls next door!
No pornstars! Real amateurs!
Sexual excitement and freedom!
Look how they change!
You can see girls you may meet just in the street tomorrow.
And they are naked and making nasty things for you - and enjoy it! Visit us and see our honeys do *Posing!*Hardcore!*Playing with Toys!*Both Photos and Videos available*And a lot more...


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Swimming Pool Blog
by Mark Garcia February 25, 2014
If you've been a reader of this blog for some time, you know that we are partial to solar pool heaters. I have installed many pool solar heaters over the years, in all places both north and south.
There are a few misconceptions about solar pool heaters, mostly discussed by people that have never installed or even seen a solar pool heater in action.
This post is about some of those Myths of Solar Heating for pools - the ones that I keep hearing over and over again ~
Solar heating takes too long to heat up.
I have seen it written, that a solar heater can only do 1 degree per day, to a maximum of 7 or 8 degrees per week. Well, I have to tell you, I've seen it add 7 or 8 degrees in a day! It just depends on how many solar panels you have, and how much sun exposure you enjoy. I had one customer who could heat her attached outdoor spa to 105 degrees - in only 30 minutes! That's as fast as any gas heater could do. Of course, she could only do that during the day...
Solar heating only adds as much heat as the outside air temperature.
The theory here is that if it's only 75 degrees outside, you can only get the pool up to 75 degrees using a solar pool heater. Nonsense, you can easily raise the temperature of the water to a higher level than the outside air. In fact, that's commonly done with solar systems as the end of the day, to boost the heat up before the sun goes down.
Solar heating only works on bright, sunny days.
It works best on bright, sunny days - but even on overcast days, where the sun rarely makes an appearance, it can still pull some heat out of the air, on a warm day. If it's raining however, or cloudy with low temperatures, running the solar pool heater is best avoided, as it can actually cool the pool. Using a solar controller will maximize the heat on cloudy days.
Solar heating only works in Florida.
Did you know that many solar heater panel manufacturers are located in Canada? And, solar heaters work well in all parts of North America. Again, it all depends on how many panels you have and how much sun exposure you get. If you can put an amount of solar panels equal to at least 50% of the pool surface area, and mount them in a southerly direction, you'll have more heat than you can imagine.
Solar pool heater panels are ugly
To some perhaps, but to someone that likes saving money while saving the planet, those black mats on your roof are a badge of honor, and a real conversation piece. You can also mount pool solar panels out of sight, on the backside of the fence, or on top of a shade pavilion or pool house.
Take a look at our selection of solar pool heaters and solar controllers, if you think are thinking about solar panels to heat your pool!
Thanks for Reading!
Mark Garcia


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CONWAY, Ark.—The Birmingham-Southern softball team went 2-1 Friday on the first day of the 2014 Southern Athletic Association Championship, hosted by Hendrix College in Conway, Ark. The second-seeded Panthers defeated seventh-seeded Sewanee, 15-1 in five innings, before falling to third-seeded Millsaps, 6-4 in 11 innings, but rebounded with a 7-3 win against fourth-seeded Rhodes this evening.
BSC will play tomorrow at noon against the winner of the 10 a.m. game between No. 5 Hendrix and No. 6 Centre. With a win, the Panthers will play again at 4 p.m. and then possibly again at 6 p.m., while a loss in either game sends BSC back to Birmingham. The teams are playing an accelerated schedule for the weekend due to the threat of severe weather on Sunday.
The Panthers now stand at 25-18 on the season. BSC recorded 11 hits against Sewanee, with four different Panthers posting two apiece, and junior Bethany Fronk had a game-high four RBI. Freshman Taylor Harkins, who was named SAA Pitcher of the Year on Thursday, started in the circle and threw two innings, picking up five strikeouts, before sophomore Deanna Creps (1-0) took over, giving up one hit and one run.
In the loss to Millsaps, the Panthers held a 2-1 lead heading into the seventh before the Majors scored three in the top of the seventh. BSC tied it up in the bottom of the seventh courtesy of an RBI ground-out by freshman Taylor Brewer and a sacrifice fly-out by freshman Alex Skene. The 4-4 tie stood until the 11th inning, when Millsaps scored twice in the top half and held BSC scoreless in the bottom, ending the game on a double play to clinch the victory.
Fronk started in the circle and threw four innings, giving up three hits and one earned run with one walk and five strikeouts, before Harkins (10-7) came in for the final seven innings. She allowed five hits and one earned run with two walks and four strikeouts.
BSC scored twice in the top of the first inning of game three against Rhodes and would never trail, going up 5-2 after three complete innings and adding runs in the top of the fifth and sixth for a final of 7-3. Junior Alyssa Statham was impressive at the plate, going 4-4, as was Fronk in the circle, pitching a complete game to move to 14-11 on the season. She gave up seven hits while walking only one batter with seven strikeouts.


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Browse by Medical Category
Emiko Mizoguchi, M.D., Ph.D. Principal Investigator Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School Assistant Immunologist, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Investigator, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease at Massachusetts General Hospital
Gastrointestinal Unit, GRJ 825D55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114Lab Phone: (617) 723-1736Office Phone: (617) 726-7892Fax: (617) 726-3673E-mail: email@example.com
We investigate the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the functional modulation of colonic epithelial cells (CEC) during the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our primary study includes identifying key molecules which regulate CEC/microorganism interaction, CEC/lamina propria cell interaction and intestinal epithelial cell barrier function.
Current Lab Members
Renuka Subramaniam, DVM, Ph.D.
Rita Kumari, Ph.D.
Arianna DeGruttola, B.S.
Barbara Steele - Grant Manager
Former Lab Members
Daren Low, Ph.D. (A*STAR Graduate Academy, Singapore)
In-Ah Lee, Ph.D. (JINIS Biopharmaceutical Co., Wanju, South Korea)
Tsuyoshi Mishiro, M.D. Ph.D. (Shimane Medical University, Simane, Japan)
Our research group has utilized experimental models of IBD to understand the mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic colitis, which include T cell receptor alpha chain knockout (KO) mice, CD45RBhi cell transfer mice, IL-10 KO mice, IL-2 KO mice, and dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis models (Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2003; J Gastroenterol, 2008; Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2010 in press).
My laboratory currently focuses on studying the functional role of the Chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) molecule in the colonic mucosa (mainly expressed in CEC and macrophages). Our studies have demonstrated that CHI3L1 upregulation is a common factor in intestinal inflammation as indicated by the upregulation of this molecule in acute and chronic colitis models as well as human IBD. The CHI3L1 molecule was upregulated after pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation and enhanced the adhesion and internalization of intracellular bacteria in epithelial cells. Most importantly, in vivo neutralization of CHI3L1 activity significantly suppressed the development of acute colitis by dramatically decreasing bacterial invasion of the intestinal mucosa. Our present study provides a novel insight into the physiological role of mammalian chitinases in host/microbial interactions (Gastroenterology, 2006; Immunologic Research, 2007; Lab Invest, 2008). We will expand our study of CHI3L1 and other members of mammalian chitinases (e.g., acidic mammalian chitinase and chitotriosidase) in relation to acute and chronic colitis in animal models as well as human IBD.
Furthermore, we propose to test the hypothesis that oral administration of low doses of chitin micro-particles ameliorates intestinal inflammation in both acute and chronic colitis. Chitinase-like molecules are most likely a potential therapeutic target that can be manipulated to control IBD and other forms of inflammatory disorders. Furthermore, it has been reported that CHI3L1 is not synthesized by healthy individuals but shows significantly increased production in the serum of patients with IBD as well as colon cancer (World J Gastroenterol 2009). Utilizing colonic samples obtained from patients with colitis-associated cancer (CAC), a mouse model of CAC and an in vivo experimental system, we are now analyzing the biological function of CHI3L1 in the pathogenesis of IBD and following CAC.
In addition to this major project, our laboratory focuses on the biological function of tumor necrosis factor receptor type-I (TNFR1) and type-II (TNFR2) associated with CEC in colitis. TNFR1 protein is constitutively expressed on wide variety of cell types, but TNFR2 is only expressed on highly activated cells. It has been well characterized that the dual signaling pathways (cell death and cell proliferation) are stimulated by TNFR1 and TNFR2 in T cells. Recently, we have identified that TNFR2 expression is induced on the surface of CEC under inflammatory conditions seen in human IBD as well as several murine models of colitis (Gastroenterology, 2002). Recently, we identified that TNFR1-signaling cascade in colonic myeloid lineage cells contributes to the suppression of acute damage associated mortality by controlling CEC homeostasis (Gastroenterology, 2008). Although it is clear that TNF/TNFRs interactions in T cells play a crucial pathogenic role in colitis, the effects of TNF/TNFRs interactions on CEC function have not been fully defined yet. Our studies will help clarify the distinct roles of TNFRs in the pathogenesis of colitis and providing new therapeutic approach based on the modification of TNF/TNFRs interactions in human IBD.
We strongly believe that our studies will provide novel insight into the mechanisms by which a previously undescribed host/microbial interaction regulates intestinal inflammation.
Selected from 71 original articles and 12 review articles:
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How to Use the Images
Posters like these were found all over the United States and were used to remind people to conserve food so there would be enough for American servicemen. As head of the United States Food Administration during World War I, Hoover encouraged Americans to grow more of their own food and to give up eating certain foods needed by American troops. The slogan "meatless, wheatless, sweetless, heatless" was often repeated.
1. Do you think the posters are effective? Why or why not?
2. Would observing the U. S. Food Administration's slogan be difficult for you today? Why or why not?
3. Draw your own poster to try and convince other students to give up a favorite food.
* The image on the screen has a resolution of 72 dots per inch (dpi), and therefore will print poorly. You can obtain a high quality version of any of the illustrations above by clicking on them, but be aware that that each will take about 30 seconds to load with a 28.8K modem.


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- Applications for front teeth. / Cosmetic procedures. / Advantages & disadvantages as compared to porcelain restorations. | How long does bonding last?
Dental composite, the material used with tooth-bonding technique, is unique in two ways:
And due to these characteristics, it's useful in a wide range of applications for front teeth. They include:
This page explains these uses, and provides information about issues such as:
Dental composite is the restorative most used to create fillings for front teeth.
Dental composite is the standard restorative used to make white fillings for front teeth. It has been since the 1960's.
Although it does have shortcomings (see disadvantages below), for teeth where a simple, conservative, natural-looking repair is needed there is no alternative.
This page outlines the steps a dentist follows when placing bonding. This exact same process is used with each of the other applications listed on this page.
Using dental composite to make white fillings for front teeth is standard and routine. Using it to create white fillings for back teeth is an entirely different matter. We discuss that issue here.
Because it's able to bond directly to tooth enamel ...
.. dental composite makes the ideal restorative for making minor tooth repairs.
The fact that dental composite adheres well to even smooth tooth surfaces makes it ideal for correcting most any type of small imperfection (such as isolated areas of staining, surface pitting, small chips or minor shape deformities).
The smaller the problem area, the more likely the only reasonable solution is dental bonding.
In some cases, the needed repair can be astoundingly easy. Possibly as simple as bonding a layer of composite directly over the offending area, without even having to trim the tooth first.
With this and the remainder of applications listed on this page, the use of a dental anesthetic may not be needed when the bonding is placed.
That's because the necessity for anesthetic typically hinges on the amount of tooth trimming that's required. If little to none is needed, then it's likely that anesthetic won't be needed either.
Dentists use the term "diastema" to refer to a space between two front teeth.
From a standpoint of function and dental health, these gaps pose no problem. But in regard to cosmetic appearance, some people find them unappealing. For those who do, bonding can provide a solution.
Dental bonding makes a good choice for closing relatively small tooth gaps.
The space is closed in by adding an equal width of composite to each tooth.
The idea is that dental composite is placed on the sides of the teeth that lie to each side. By making each tooth just a little bit wider, the space is "closed" (filled in).
Porcelain veneer placement would be the most common alternative to closing a gap with bonding. We compare the advantages and disadvantages of each below.
A case where bonding could be used to close a tooth gap (diastema).
The smaller the width of the diastema, the more likely that closing it using composite makes the best choice.
Since the underlying goal is increasing the size of the tooth, it's likely that no tooth trimming will be required. If so, no other way of closing a gap is as minimally-invasive as this.
Link: Digital makeovers that illustrate closing tooth gaps.
Unlike with other techniques, if for some reason the results of closing a gap are unpleasing or problematic, returning the teeth to their original condition is possible and relatively easy. (Dental composite can be buffed off a tooth with no resulting damage to it.)
Porcelain veneers are made by a technician in a dental laboratory, as opposed to right on the tooth like with dental bonding.
And for that reason, with difficult cases (like closing very large gaps) it may be easier to obtain ideal restoration contours via placing a veneer.
Link: Digital makeovers that illustrate the use of veneers.
Veneers are used to resurface the visible portion of a tooth.
Similar to porcelain veneers, a dentist can use dental composite to create a covering (veneering) for the entire front surface of a tooth. In fact, the technique of placing composite veneers predates the porcelain procedure by several decades.
In strictly cosmetic applications, the goal of this procedure is to resurface the tooth (so its appearance is improved) without significantly increasing its thickness. That means the dentist may need to trim back the tooth's front side somewhat before placing the bonding. If so, anesthetic may be required.
One thing that's unique about composite veneers is the amount of artistry that's required on the part of the dentist.
It's no small feat for a dentist to create a veneer out of dental bonding that is both beautiful and functionally correct.
All dental composite restorations have the potential to stain (see below). And for larger restorations, wear or fracture can become an issue.
We found several studies that evaluated the longevity of relatively larger restorations (those used to close tooth gaps and/or resurface and reshape teeth). [page references]
A picture of a deteriorated dental composite filling.
Its entire front surface has worn. Its edges have stained.
Comparatively smaller composite restorations will likely have a longer lifespan than those evaluated in the studies above. But even if not, bonding still makes the right choice when just a small restoration or repair is needed.
When relatively larger restorations are required (veneers, very large fillings), discuss possible alternatives with your dentist. While their initial cost may be more, due to their greater longevity other procedures (crowns, porcelain veneers) may prove to be more cost effective.
Some of the applications for dental bonding for front teeth could instead be treated via the placement of porcelain veneers or crowns.
When trying to decide between these alternatives, here's a list of general advantages and disadvantages to consider.
Dental composite restorations usually cost less than porcelain ones.
If a large composite filling or veneer does chip or break, a dentist can almost certainly repair it. And in most cases they can probably make the repair by just patching the damaged part.
In comparison, while a patch or repair may be possible in some cases, if a porcelain restoration breaks it will likely need to be replaced.
Dental composite is a plastic. And although manufactures add components to enhance wear resistance, it still occurs.
A person may notice that over time the outline shape of their bonding has changed (especially on its biting edge). In comparison, porcelain is harder, and therefore will hold its original form better over the long term.
Stained white fillings.
Polishing, resurfacing or replacement might each be options.
It's the nature of dental composite to stain over time. For the most part, porcelain (an impervious ceramic) won't.
The entire restoration may become discolored, or else just portions of it, or even just its edges. Stain is more likely to form in cases where the person has a high level of consumption of coffee, tea, cola, or tobacco products.
As a fix, it might be possible that just polishing the surface of the bonding will restore it to its original appearance. In other cases, the dentist may feel they need to trim off the entire front side of the restoration and resurface it with a new layer.
How porcelain veneers handle light.
Light penetrates into the veneer and then reflects back out.
Porcelain has a glass-like translucency that closely mimics the light handling characteristics of tooth enamel.
In comparison, composite is more opaque and therefore typically doesn't mimic the luster of tooth enamel as well.
How dental composite restorations handle light.
Light primarily reflects off the front surface of the bonding.
With natural teeth and porcelain veneers, the outer surface of the tooth is translucent.
And the way light is able to enter into this layer and then reflect back out is what creates the glass-like luster that we typically associate with tooth enamel. (This page gives a more detailed explanation.)
In comparison, dental composite is more opaque. And as a result, the way it reflects light is different.
Much of the light that strikes a bonded tooth is reflected off its outer surface (there isn't as much light penetration into the tooth). And this difference (due to the lack of translucency) means that less natural-looking luster is created.
At least in theory, porcelain restorations may be more advantageous in terms of maintaining gum health.
Dental composite can't be polished down to the same high degree of surface smoothness as porcelain. As a result, it will tend to retain more food debris and plaque (Jacobson 2008). However, in the case where effective oral home care is practiced regularly, this issue shouldn't pose a significant problem.
In instances where cost is not an issue (like the case where a dentist is placing a restoration for a family member), it's fairly safe to assume that most dentists would typically choose to place porcelain veneers and crowns as opposed to their dental composite alternatives.
And while we don't know the exact criteria involved, the literature review mentioned above (Wakiaga 2004) reported "patient satisfaction" rates of 67% for composite veneers vs. 93% for porcelain ones (based on the evaluation of 200 restorations over a time period of 2.5 years).
Authorship: Written by Staff Dentist - Animated-Teeth.com
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About Us Home Page
In 2018, Central Florida was ranked first in the nation for job growth, according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Additionally, Forbes magazine ranked the metro Orlando region No. 1 to invest in a home with an estimated 84,000 building permits issued in Orange County valued at $2.3 billion. Orange County also earned the highest AAA credit rating from Moody's Investors Service, recognizing its fiscal reliability and continued quality-of-life enhancements.
Utilities Online Account
If you are using the Utilities Online Account for the first time, you must register by creating an online profile.
By mail
Send a check or money order along with your bill payment stub to: Orange County Utilities Department, P.O. Box 628068, Orlando, FL 32862-8068.
Over the phone
At no additional charge, you can make a payment using the automated system that accepts debit cards (with Visa or MasterCard logo), credit cards (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, and Discover), and e-checks (if your account is in good standing) 24 hours a day by calling (407) 836-5515.
At our office
Make a payment at our office or drive-thru at 9150 Curry Ford Road (on the southeast corner of Curry Ford Road and Econlockhatchee Trail in east Orlando) Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., via cash, check, money order, debit card (with Visa or MasterCard logo), or credit card (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, or Discover).
At a night drop box (for after-hours payments)
We offer two drop box locations, one at the drive-thru on the west side of the Orange County Utilities Administration Building at 9150 Curry Ford Road and the other on the south side of the Orange County Government Administration Center at 201 South Rosalind Avenue. Payments placed in these drop boxes will be processed the next business day. Payment must be in the form of a check or money order (no cash).
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Use this program to debit your savings or checking account. Call us at (407) 836-5515 for information.
Pay at Amscot®, Walmart®, or through Western Union®:
Please understand that each merchant charges extra fees and that Orange County Utilities may not receive your payment for up to 3 days.
Orange County Utilities Department
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Orlando, FL 32825
Phone: (407) 836-5515
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Please send bill payments to:
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P.O. Box 628068
Orlando, FL 32862-8068
All e-mail sent to this address becomes part of Orange County public record. Comments received by our e-mail subsystem can be read by anyone who requests that privilege. In compliance with "Government in the Sunshine" laws, Orange County Government must make available, at request, any and all information not deemed a threat to the security of law enforcement agencies and personnel.