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Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research
versão On-line ISSN 2219-0635
versão impressa ISSN 0030-2465
Onderstepoort j. vet. res. vol.80 no.1 Pretoria Jan. 2013
Morphological identification of parasitic nematode infective larvae of small ruminants and cattle: A practical lab guide
Jan A. van WykI; Estelle MayhewII
IDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa
IIDepartment for Telematic Education Innovation, University of Pretoria, South Africa
In 2004, a new concept was introduced for simplifying identification of larvae of the common I nematodes of cattle, sheep and goats that comprises estimates of the lengths of the sheath tail extensions of infective third-stage larvae (L3) of each genus and/or species to that of
I: Trichostrongylus spp., instead of having to be dependent only on measurements in micrometre. For example, if the mean length of the sheath tail extension (the extension of the sheath caudad, beyond the caudal tip of the larva) of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Trichostrongylus axei is assumed to be 'X', then that of Haemonchus contortus is 2.0-2.7 'X' - a difference that is I not difficult to estimate. An additional new approach suggested now, particularly for L3 of species and/or genera difficult to differentiate (such as Chabertia ovina and Oesophagostomum
II: columbianum), is to estimate the proportion of the larval sheath tail extension comprising a terminal thin, whip-like filament. For the experienced person, it is seldom necessary to measure
I: more than one or two sheath tail extensions of L3 in a mixed culture, because the identity of most of the remaining L3 can thereafter be estimated in relation to those measured, without having to take further measurements. The aim of this article was to present the novel approach in the form of a working guide for routine use in the laboratory. To facilitate identification, figures and a separate organogram for each of small ruminants and cattle have been added to
I: illustrate the distinguishing features of the common L3.
Based on a review by Van Wyk, Cabaret and Michael (2004) and helminthological literature over nine decades, the present article is aimed, through a novel approach and illustrations drawn to scale, at facilitating the morphological identification of infective nematode larvae (L3) of the common nematodes of small ruminants and cattle.
Diagnosis of parasitic nematode infections of ruminants, both qualitative and quantitative, is largely still dependent on relatively inaccurate methods such as faecal worm egg counts and accompanying larva identification, without which no indication can be obtained of the identities of most of the common worm genera, excepting for those genera with morphologically distinct ova, for example Strongyloides papillosus, Nematodirus spp. and Trichuris spp. In contrast, ova of Ostertagia, Teladorsagia, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, Chabertia spp. and, to some extent, Cooperia, Bunostomum and Gaigeria spp. are either difficult or impossible to differentiate without measurements and computations that are, as yet, impractical for routine use. Although some progress has been made with computerised identification (Christie & Jackson 1982), this has not been developed for general use.
Large differences in the pathogenicity of the common worm genera make it essential to know which nematode genera are responsible for cases of morbidity of animals. At present, the only practical method available for routine laboratory estimation of the proportions of the worm genera present in the living animal, is to identify the larvae that are found in fresh faeces (mostly lungworm larvae) or those that develop in faecal cultures (gastrointestinal nematodes). However, it is often only the experienced person who can identify the larvae with a high degree of accuracy and few such persons remain for training the inexperienced. For many of the nematode genera, distinguishing features such as the shape of the cranial extremity (the head) of the larva are practically indistinguishable to all but the practised eye. Measuring first-stage larvae (L1) of protostrongylids and the L3 of strongyles, or the length of the sheath tail extension (STE) (from the caudal tip of the larva to the tip of the STE - 'c' in Figure 1) can aid identification, but, being too time-consuming, it is not practical to measure each larva during routine differential diagnosis.
In this article, a simplified, better-structured method is described for differentiating the L1 of various genera of protostrongylids and the L3 of strongyles from one another. Whilst some- conventional characteristics are still used for identification, the novel approach principally comprises a comparison of the lengths of the STEs of L3 of the unknown identity to those of Trichostrongylus axei and Trichostrongylus colubriformis and estimating the proportion (if any) which comprises a whiplike filament ('d' in Figure 1).
Materials and methods
Only some methods which are not more or less universal laboratory proceedings are included below.
Faecal cultures and harvesting of infective larvae
There are numerous different methods for preparing faecal cultures. However, in this laboratory they are prepared as follows by a modification of the technique of Roberts and O'Sullivan (1950), as described by Reinecke (1973) for all but the various lungworm and Nematodirus species. In short, sheep faecal pellets are thoroughly crumbled before being mixed with sufficient vermiculite chips to yield a crumbly mixture which is lightly compacted, using non-porous stampers, to a depth of about 5 cm in wide-mouthed glass jars of approximately 1 L capacity. A hole is left in the centre of the culture by holding a stamper vertically in the centre of the jar whilst the mixture is lightly compacted around it. The culture is moistened sufficiently to ensure that it does not dry out whilst being incubated, but without it becoming water-logged. Thereafter, the jar is incubated in the dark at 26 °C - 28 °C for 5-7 days, during which time it is checked periodically and moistened if necessary. Note that, as discussed by Van Wyk et al. (2004), the length of both the larva and its STE may vary in relation to the amount of moisture in the culture medium (Rossanigo & Gruner 1996), so this needs to be standardised for consistent results.
After the 7-day period of incubation of the culture, the inside of the jar is sprayed lightly with water from a wash bottle before being placed in bright light that stimulates the L3 to migrate up the inner surfaces of the vessel's walls. The culture is harvested repeatedly over several days by holding the jar at a slant with the mouth pointing downwards and then spraying the inner walls with a wash bottle and allowing the larval suspension to drain into suitable containers.
As Gaigeria pachyscelis and Bunostomum phlebotomum do not migrate readily up the walls of the culture jars, they are harvested by filling the culture jar with water, allowing it to stand for a few minutes to allow the air to escape from the culture, adding water to the jar until the water meniscus protrudes above the lip of the jar, placing an overturned Petri- dish over the mouth of the jar and keeping the Petri dish in position whilst the jar is inverted (Borgsteede & Hendriks 1974; Eckert 1960). Water is then added to the Petri dish and the rim of the jar is lifted slightly from the bottom of the dish on one side by slipping two glass microscope slides under it. The preparation is left for a few hours for L3 to migrate into the water and to settle, before the water in the Petri dish is removed with a pipette for larval identification and counting.
Because Nematodirus spp. ova need up to 14 days to hatch, fungal overgrowth commonly makes the above culture method unsuitable for members of this genus. Thus the ova are initially concentrated in relatively little faecal suspension by sieving through a combination of sieves with apertures of different sizes. So-called Visser sieves (a set consisting of three tubular sieves fitting one into the other) (Malan & Visser 1993) are ideal, with sieve openings of about 200 mm in the inner tube, 150 mm in the middle and 38 mm - 60 mm apertures in the outer tube sieve. The latter sieve is capped at the bottom to accumulate the contents in about 20 mL of water, whilst a tap is provided in the cap for drainage. The faecal sample is placed in the inner tube sieve before being thoroughly washed with a rosette of spray using an adjustable garden spray on a hose, with the effluent passing through all three tubes. The inner tube sieve is then removed and the contents of the middle tube washed similarly before it is removed in turn and the process repeated for the outer tube. Nematodirus spp. and Marshallagia marshalli ova are retained in suspension in the inner tube and are cleaned further by progressive removal of the faecal particles through alternate differential sedimentation and flotation, respectively in water and 40% sucrose solution, ending with a watery suspension (Reinecke 1973). For final 'cleaning' of the ova, the suspension of ova and faecal particles is poured into a flat-bottomed glass crystallising dish to a depth of about 3 cm and left to stand for about a minute before the contents of the dish are carefully poured at a slow and even pace into a second dish of the same sort. The ova, having a higher relative density than most of the faecal particles, sink relatively rapidly to the bottom and many of them adhere to the dish, whilst the majority of the faecal particles remain in the suspension that is poured off. The ova are harvested by washing into a beaker, with the use of a wash bottle. The process is repeated until few ova, appearing to the naked eye as a whitish, granular layer on the bottom of the dish, are visible after decantation.
The cleansed Nematodirus spp. ova are next cultured in water containing a pinch of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) to control fungal growth until the L3 have emerged. Continual aeration of the suspension seems to be beneficial for stimulating hatching. For Nematodirus spathiger, the yield of L3 can be improved considerably by storing the ova at about 4 °C for a week before incubation (Viljoen 1972). In the case of Nematodirus battus, formalin is added weekly to the culture over the 5-6 weeks of incubation to a final concentration of 1 %, incubating the ova for an hour and then washing them on a 53 mm sieve before continued incubation (F. Jackson pers. comm., 1998 - Anonymous, 'Moredun Research Institute Parasitology Division standard operating procedures').
Nematodirus spp. ova can also be 'hatched' artificially (F. Jackson pers. comm., 1998 - Moredun SOPs): well cleansed, fully embryonated ova (i.e. on the point of hatching) are concentrated to obtain about 1 mL of solid material (eggs) per 10 mL of water. About 0.25 mL of egg suspension is pipetted in a line on a thick glass base plate measuring 300 mm χ 200 mm χ 8 mm, covered with a similar 'crushing' glass plate and firm pressure is applied on the top plate until the ova are felt to crack. Stereoscopic examination should reveal that almost all the eggs have cracked, with larvae emerging. The larvae emerge fully when the preparation is re-suspended in water.
Larva preservation
Most L3 that die from natural causes or are killed (e.g. with heat) become granular and less translucent in appearance and tend to curl up, such as when killed with formalin. However, if alive, they can be relaxed and preserved practically unchanged in appearance for training and reference purposes. Formalin is added to a final concentration of about 1% - 2% to the suspension of larvae, which are then killed by heating the suspension to 55 °C - 57 °C for about a minute (note that most of the common infective larvae can survive for even some hours in much higher concentrations of formalin than the amount described above). Larvae killed and preserved in this way do not curl up, largely retain their brightly translucent appearance and their internal structures are more clearly discernable than those of L3 killed by heating alone (Van Wyk et al. 2004).
Larva preparation for identification
A drop of larval suspension is deposited on a glass microscope slide and the larvae killed with Lugol's iodine solution that is pre-diluted to a level where it takes a few minutes before the L3 become darkly stained. The reason for this is that it is more difficult to observe internal structures of larvae (such as the shape of the oesophagus that is important in some cases) and also to differentiate free-living nematodes from L3 of Bunostomum and Gaigeria spp. (which rapidly stain almost uniformly brown over their entire length) from the majority of the others, in which the cranial part of the larva initially stains considerably less intensively than the rest.
Larva identification
Note that, in this article, the tip of the cranial extremity of a larva is referred to as its 'head' and the caudal tip as its 'tail' (Figure 1) and the free sheath beyond the tail tip as the STE.
Morphological identification of L3 of most parasitic nematodes is based principally on examination of the caudal and cranial extremities, although other features such as the length or shape of the oesophagus or cranial refractile spots are important in some genera. Note, however, that once exsheathed, L3 of relatively few genera can be differentiated. Even when a space has formed between the cranial tip and the sheath of an aging larva, the characteristic shape of the head appears distorted and more squared than usual, thus increasing the chances of incorrect identification.
Length of sheath tail extension
The length of the STE is a very important criterion for identification and, to facilitate its application in larval differentiation, the STE of every larva being evaluated is related to that of Tr. colubriformis and Tr. axei. To this end, the length of the STE ('c' in Figure 1) of Tr. colubriformis and Tr. axei (± 33 mm) is represented by 'X', to which that of each L3 encountered in a culture is related as follows:
Length of STE of L3 being identified ('c' in Figure 1) = STE / 'X'.
Proportion of sheath tail extension comprising a filament
If the STE ends in a narrow, thin filament ('d' in Figure 1), the proportion of the total length of the STE that this comprises is calculated, although with practice it can usually be estimated without the need for measurement. Note, however, that there is no exactly definable point of transition from the sheath filament to the cranial portion of the STE per genus or species; it is invariably a more or less gradual process, with no precise point of inflexion. On the other hand, because of relatively large differences in filament proportion between those species or genera such as Chabertia ovina and Oesophagostomum spp. that are difficult to differentiate (Table 1), this fact does not detract from its usefulness as a criterion for identification.
Individual values in Tables 1 and 2 were derived as described by Van Wyk et al. (2004). In some cases, the lengths of the STEs were not listed in the papers reviewed by them, but could be calculated from the tables, estimated from photographs and/or figures drawn to scale, or could be calculated from histograms (Keith 1953).
Differential larval count
Identification procedure
Firstly, a stage micrometer is used to determine, for each microscope objective lens, the number of divisions of the graticule in the ocular lens that span 33 mm; that is, the mean length of the STEs of Tr. axei and Tr. colubriformis, defined as 'X' for the purposes of the present system of identification (Table 1). Then the STEs of the L3 encountered in the diagnostic samples are compared, in turn, to the number of divisions (usually four divisions at 100χ magnification) recorded for Tr. colubriformis and Tr. axei. Whilst the experienced person will use 10χ ocular and objective microscope lenses (i.e. about 100χ total magnification) or even somewhat less for the largest part of each differential count, about double this magnification will be necessary for the exceptional larval specimens that are difficult to identify, as well as for routine differentiation by the novice.
Conventionally, the first 100-200 L3 encountered per count are identified for estimating the proportion of a given sample which each genus comprises. Whilst L3 can generally be identified only to genus, this is not absolute. Because the L3 of Trichostrongylus spp. of small ruminants are difficult to differentiate from those of Teladorsagia spp., they are commonly grouped during the count. However, when exsheathed, L3 of Nematodirus spp. and intestinal Trichostrongylus spp. can be differentiated from those of Tr. axei and Teladorsagia spp. in having digitate appendages on the tail, whilst the others have none (Figure 2 [McMurtry et al. 2000] and Figure 3).
Whilst exsheathing of intestinal Trichostrongylus spp. aids in their identification, larvae that are exsheathed are often difficult to differentiate, as mentioned above. This impasse of having to differentiate some L3 after they have been exsheathed whilst others must perforce be ensheathed can be overcome to some extent by conducting differential counts in two steps. Initially, ensheathed Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia species are grouped, whilst the rest are identified to the level of genus or species. Thereafter, as a second step, the L3 are exsheathed and only those with specific digitate terminal caudal appendages (Figure 2, intestinal Trichostrongylus spp.) are differentiated from the rest of the first 100-200 encountered. Subsequently, the proportion of Teladorsagia spp. can be computed as follows:
• Step 1: Do differential count of ensheathed L3 and let % Teladorsagia spp. + Trichostrongylus spp. = x.
• Step 2: Exsheathe the L3 and repeat differential count. Let % intestinal Trichostrongylus spp. (McMurtry et al. 2000) = y. Then % Teladorsagia spp. + Tr. axei = x -y.
Unfortunately, with the above approach it is not possible to differentiate Tr. axei from Teladorsagia spp., but if it is important to do so, the method of Lancaster and Hong (1987) can be employed as follows during the first step for a rough estimate, whilst keeping in mind that Cabaret (pers. comm., 2003) experienced the Lancaster and Hong (1987) technique to have a wide margin of error (see discussion below):
• Step 1: Do differential count of ensheathed L3 and let % Teladorsagia spp. (Lancaster & Hong 1987) = x; and let % Trichostrongylus spp. (Lancaster & Hong 1987) = y.
• Step 2: Repeat differential count after having exsheathed the L3 and let % intestinal Trichostrongylus spp. (McMurtry et al. 2000) = z. Then % T. axei = y - z.
Ethical considerations
This article is based on research conducted in the 1970s and early 1980s. Whilst it was carried out strictly in accordance with ethical considerations overseen by the management of the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, at that stage there were no national or international guidelines for work of this nature of which the authors were aware. In 2004, a novel method of larvae evaluation was identified and described from the work of Van Wyk et al. (2004) and the present study illustrates this in terms of the differences between the larvae, whilst, at the same time, accurately drawing the STE filaments (this having been developed only recently, but without the need for further research in animals).
Results and discussion
Differentiation of larvae
Most importantly, as emphasised by Mõnnig (1931), is the selection of only those points of comparison between L3 of the various genera and species that will enable swift identification with the minimum number of measurements. It is also necessary to acquaint yourself with the variation in the appearance of the various features under different depths of focus of the microscope.
It is exceedingly difficult to photograph larval STEs such that both the tip of the STE and the rest of the caudal extremity of a given larva is in focus simultaneously. Hence the excellent photographs in the papers of Corticelli and Lai (1964) and Henriksen (1972), and to some extent also of Keith (1953), deserve particular mention, as these workers succeeded particularly well, and their photos can be put to very good use when training inexperienced persons to identify L3. On the other hand, some of the modern electronic photomicroscopes are able to integrate a series of photos at different depths of focus into a composite picture with the entire sheath tail in focus and this could be used fruitfully to this end.
Tables 1 and 2 contain summaries of the mean measurements and corresponding 'X'-values of the different common worm genera and/or species (see Van Wyk et al. 2004, Tables 1-7, for details gleaned from the literature). L3 of parasitic nematode genera are illustrated in this article in Figures 2-13.
As discussed by Van Wyk et al. (2004), in most cases where drawings were published previously, the shapes of the heads (cranial extremities) of the larvae and the proportional lengths of the filamentous portions of the STEs were not drawn accurately to scale. Many of the differences between worm genera are very small, making it difficult to observe- and even more difficult to draw accurately. There are notable exceptions, such as the drawings of Borgsteede and Hendriks (1974), which are relatively accurate regarding the morphology of both the heads and STEs of the L3; yet, identification remained so difficult, especially for the inexperienced, that another morphological feature was sought that could simplify the process. The sheath tail filament presented this possibility.
The potential of the STE filament for differentiation of L3 was not recognised previously. Most earlier workers either did not take it into consideration as a distinguishing feature, or it was mentioned in general without investigating its potential for identifying L3 to the level of genus or species (Corticelli & Lai 1964; Gibbons et al. 2012). This omission could perhaps be ascribed to the fact that, as mentioned, the transition between the filament and the rest of the STE is not sharp and thus cannot be pinpointed with certainty, especially because it is also affected by the depth of focus of the microscope.
With few exceptions, such as some Nematodirus spp. and intestinal Trichostrongylus spp., the infective larvae of the common nematodes of domestic ruminants can be identified only to genus level. However, as differences between species of a given genus in characteristics such as pathogenicity and, to some extent, susceptibility to anthelmintics are generally small, this limitation is seldom a serious disadvantage.
Morphological differences between some genera (e.g. Trichostrongylus spp. and Teladorsagia spp.) are so small that- the 'X' system is ineffective for differentiation and the STEs have no filaments. However, these are the exceptions, as the differences are mostly large enough to make it possible after a few measurements (in divisions on the graticule) of L3 in a mixed culture to judge the various 'X'-values without the necessity for many (if any) further measurements. Experience has shown that even relatively small differences can be recognised without recourse to measurement. For instance, whilst this system was in the early stages of development we became alerted, without having to resort to measurements, to a pure culture of Trichostrongylus falculatus (the sheath tail of which differs from the common Trichostrongylus spp. by only 0.5 'X') when faecal samples were submitted after a field outbreak of deaths in sheep in the Free State Province. On the other hand, variations within species or genera (Tables 1 and 2) must be kept in mind and it remains essential to take note of and to use other morphological features, such as the shape of the head (Figures 5-8, 14 and 15) and the refractile bodies in the heads of Cooperia spp. (below), in addition to the 'X' system. It is also advisable to have L3 of at least Tr. colubriformis and/or Tr. axei, but preferably of more genera, in pure culture available in each laboratory where either diagnostic or research differential larval counting is performed. Only small numbers of these L3 are required at a time, with the result that a single batch killed and preserved as described above can suffice for years.
Figures 14 and 15 are organograms that can function as illustrated, interactive keys for the stepwise morphological- identification of common nematode L3 of small ruminants and cattle, respectively. They were compiled largely for the purpose of training of the inexperienced and are intended for use together with the various figures depicting prominent distinguishing features of the morphology of the L3 concerned.
Salient features of L3 of the common nematode genera and/or species
Trichostrongylus spp.
Whilst very similar, there are some distinguishing features between different Trichostrongylus species of domestic ruminants, for instance in length of STE (e.g. 'X' and no filament in Tr. colubriformis and Tr. axei and 1.7 'X' in Tr. falculatus and Trichostrongylus rugatus) (O'Callaghan 2004; Van Wyk et al. 2004) and the presence or absence of digitate appendages on the caudal extremity of the larvae (Figure 2) (McMurtry et al. 2000). Common to all the Trichostrongylus species included in this article is that the STE is without a filament and tapers so sharply that it resembles the point of a sharpened wooden pencil. The very short STE of Tr. colubriformis and Tr. axei is used as the basis of the classification system (Van Wyk et al. 2004). When exsheathed, the L3 of Tr. axei resemble those of Teladorsagia spp. in that the tip of the tail is smooth, in contrast to the irregular protuberances mentioned for intestinal Trichostrongylus spp. However, the differences can be discerned only at high magnification and are usually visible only in larvae that are exsheathed. Hence, as mentioned above, this feature requires a second step in the differential larval count procedure.
Ostertagia and Teladorsagia spp.
Small ruminants: The STE of the Teladorsagia spp. of small ruminants overlaps considerably in length with that of Trichostrongylus spp. and is very similar in appearance, resembling a sharpened pencil point, and both are without a terminal filament (Table 1). Added to this is that, as mentioned, the tip of the tail of the Teladorsagia spp. L3 is smooth, similar to that of Tr. axei. According to Lancaster and Hong (1987), the head of ovine Teladorsagia species has a slight 'shoulder' close to its cranial tip (illustrated in Figure 9), whilst that of Trichostrongylus spp. does not. This is fully described and depicted in Lancaster and Hong (1987) and Van Wyk et al. (2004). Note, however, that J. Cabaret-
(pers. comm., 2003) reported an average of 30% incorrect identifications with use of this method for differentiating Tr. colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta in mixed culture.
Whilst Tr. axei and Te. circumcincta do differ markedly in total length (with respective means of 720 mm and 820 mm), it is- time-consuming to do such measurements. Furthermore, the lengths of the L3 of Trichostrongylus spp. and Teladorsagia spp. overlap to a considerable extent (O'Callaghan 2004), thus making it a relatively impractical for accurate discrimination.
Cattle: In this host species, in contrast to the situation in small ruminants, there is small chance of confusing the STEs of Ostertagia ostertagi and Trichostrongylus spp. L3. At slightly more than 2 'X', the STE of L3 of Os. ostertagi is twice as long as that of the common Trichostrongylus spp. and the presence of a short filament serves further to differentiate them from the L3 of both Te. circumcincta and Trichostrongylus spp. (Tables 1 and 2). Another useful distinguishing feature is that the STE of Os. ostertagi ends in a blunter tip than that of Haemonchus placei (Borgsteede & Hendriks 1974) (Figures 6 and 7).
Haemonchus spp.
As discussed by Van Wyk et al. (2004), there has been confusion in the past concerning the validity of H. placei as a separate species from Haemonchus contortus, despite clear morphological and/or biological distinguishing features between the two both in the L3 and adult worms. The confusion was compounded by cross-infectivity of both species to sheep and cattle. The adults of the two species are indeed relatively difficult to differentiate morphologically, but with use of the novel approach to differentiation presented now, this should not apply to the L3.
Whilst the infective larva of H. contortus of small ruminants has an STE with a length of 2.2-2.7 'X' and a filament comprising 10% - 15% thereof, the corresponding values of H. placei of cattle are 2.7-4.0 'X' and ± 20% (Figures 4-7 and Tables 1 and 2). On the other hand, Borgsteede and Hendriks (1974) discuss the possibility of confusion between the L3 of H. placei and of Os. ostertagi in cattle and point out the respective bullet-shaped and flatter heads and much finer and blunter STE tips of Os. ostertagi and H. placei (see Figures 6 and 7 in this article, as well as subsection 3.1.3. of Van Wyk et al. 2004 and, particularly, Figure 3 of Borgsteede & Hendriks 1974). Added to this is that the filament comprises a larger proportion of the STE of H. placei than it does in Os. ostertagi (Table 2) (Van Wyk et al. 2004) and, as discussed- by Van Wyk et al. (2004), the intestine of Haemonchus spp. is reported to end caudally in two terminal cells, compared to only one in Ostertagia spp.
Cooperia spp.
Most striking is the presence of two unique refractile bodies in the head of the L3 of Cooperia spp. (Figures 4-7), constituting an important distinguishing feature from those of other genera. On the other hand, the STEs of Cooperia pectinata and Cooperia punctata of cattle somewhat resemble those of Os. ostertagi and H. placei, all having a filament of about 20% (Table 2). However, in addition to the refractile bodies of Cooperia spp., the head of the L3 of Os. ostertagi is considerably more squared than that of Cooperia spp. or H. placei. In contrast, the STE of Cooperia oncophora in cattle is ± 3 'X', more closely resembling the L3 of H. placei than that of Os. ostertagi. Another distinguishing feature of C. oncophora is that the caudal tip of the sheath of C. oncophora is clearly perceptible, whereas that of C. punctata 'appears to vanish into nothingness' (Borgsteede & Hendriks 1974), or is 'refractile in appearance' (Anonymous 1977). Borgsteede and Hendriks (1974) also describe the head of the L3 of C. oncophora to be somewhat broader than that of C. punctata, although we have found this difference to be difficult to visualise.
Notably, as reviewed by Van Wyk et al. (2004), the mean lengths of the STEs of C. oncophora L3 cultured from sheep differ significantly from those from cattle. The respective lengths are about 73 µm (2.4 'X', Table 1) and 94 µm (3.1 'X', Table 2), with corresponding ranges of 62 µm - 82 µm and 65 µm - 116 µm, hence with little overlapping in the lengths of their STEs, as confirmed by the fact that Hansen and Shivnani (1956) recorded only one measurement of less than 79 µm for C. oncophora from cattle and Dikmans and Andrews (1933) recorded a maximum of 82 µm for this species from sheep.
The Cooperia curticei L3 of sheep has an STE more closely resembling that of C. pectinata and C. punctata than that of C. oncophora, but it is important to note that, as mentioned, the STE of the latter is reported to be shorter in small ruminants than in cattle (see above).
The hookworms, Bunostomum spp. and Gaigeria pachyscelis
Hookworm L3(B. phlebotomum in cattle, and Bunostomum trigonocephalum and G. pachyscelis in sheep and goats) are characteristically small in size, being almost 100 mm less in total length than those of H. contortus, the second shortest of the common species or genera. They stain uniformly dark with iodine, in contrast to the L3 of other nematodes that stain light brown cranially and dark brown caudally shortly after addition of the iodine. The STEs vary from 2.4 'X' for B. phlebotomum L3 to 4.4 'X' for G. pachyscelis, each with a filament comprising about 50% of the STE. The oesophagus has a prominent bulb caudally that is most easily observed in the live, active L3, but difficult to visualise after any but very short periods of staining with dilute iodine solution.
The L3 of the following three genera are set apart from the rest by having conspicuously long STEs.
Oesophagostomum spp. and Chabertia ovina
Helminths of these two genera occur widely disseminated in the world, but Ch. ovina occurs much less commonly than the other. Whilst in small ruminants Oesophagostomum venulosum occurs in Mediterranean-type climate and Oesophagostomum columbianum under warmer subtropical and tropical conditions, in cattle Oesophagostomum radiatum is practically universally disseminated.
A characteristic of the infective larvae of both genera is that they have relatively long STEs (Table 1 and 2). However, note that the filament of L3 of Oesophagostomum spp. has been observed occasionally to break off, resulting in a much different appearance (Mõnnig 1931; J. Van Wyk pers. obs., 1996). Whilst apparently not as yet reported for other species, presumably this is also a possibility and should be kept in mind for both Ch. ovina and some others, such as L3 of Nematodirus spp. with long STE filaments. The L3 of Oesophagostomum and Chabertia spp. resemble one another so closely that they are described as practically indistinguishable by some authors. However, much of the confusion appears to have resulted from misidentification in the first place, because the numbers and appearance of the intestinal cells, as well as distinguishing features of the STEs present ready methods of differentiation.
Number of intestinal cells: Whilst, in some instances, both Oesophagostomum and Chabertia genera are described and/or depicted as having 32 rectangular intestinal cells or as being indistinguishable (Anonymous 1977; Eckert 1960; Gibbons et al. 2012), in others where only Oesophagostomum spp. are described, they are listed as having or perhaps having up to 32 cells (Mõnnig 1931). In contrast, Dikmans and Andrews (1933) and Borgsteede and Hendriks (1974) correctly describe Ch. ovina to have about 32 and Oesophagostomum spp. about 20 intestinal cells, although the latter authors were uncertain whether some L3 of Oesophagostomum could have up to 32 cells.
Unfortunately it is usually only in the very newly developed infective larvae that the shapes of the intestinal cells are- clearly discernable, but even if not, it is sometimes possible to count the cells by examining the granular cell content under relatively high magnification. In addition, a further method has been found to illustrate the number of cells per genus very effectively; when exsheathed L3 of Oe. columbianum and Ch. ovina are frozen in liquid nitrogen and subsequently thawed, a bubble can generally be seen in each intestinal cell, very effectively differentiating the two genera (Figures 10 and 11, re-photographed from Van Wyk 1977). The photographs clearly illustrate the difference in numbers of cells, being 18-22 in Oe. columbianum and 28-32 in Ch. ovina.
Intestinal cell shape: The intestinal cells of the L3 of the two genera under discussion also differ dramatically in shape, being triangular in Oesophagostomum spp. and rectangular brick-shaped in Ch. ovina (Figures 4, 10 and 11). However, as discussed, the outlines and thus shapes of the cells are frequently not discernable in any but newly developed larvae.
Sheath tail extension filament: It is in the STE that the most consistent means of differentiation of Oe. columbianum and Ch. ovina L3 lies, not in its length, but mainly in the proportion of the length comprising the filament, being about 50% - 60% in the former and 25% in the latter (Table 1). Hence, despite it being difficult to pinpoint the exact point of inflexion between the filament and the cranial, non-filamentous portion of the STE, the margin of error resulting therefrom is small enough to allow accurate discrimination.
In summary, Oesophagostomum spp. and Ch. ovina L3 respectively have ± 18-22 and 28-32 triangular intestinal cells, the lengths of the STE are ± 5 'X' and 4 'X' and the filaments constitute from 40% to 70% of the STE by species in the former and 25% in the latter (Figures 5 and 7; Tables 1 and 2).
Nematodirus spp.
The commonly encountered species are N. spathiger, Nematodirus filicollis and Nematodirus abnormalis of small ruminants, Nematodirus helvetianus of cattle and N. battus of lambs and also calves.
When sheathed, Nematodirus spp. L3 are conspicuously longer than those of other nematode genera. They have only eight large intestinal cells, a considerably longer STE (except for N. battus) and prominent digital appendages on the tails of the larvae (Figure 3). It is seldom necessary to identify L3 of Nematodirus spp. in routine faecal cultures because the ova of the genus require at least two weeks to hatch, whilst faecal cultures are usually harvested after 5-7 days and require pre-exposure to low temperatures to be able to hatch (Viljoen 1972). However, because Nematodirus ova are much larger than, and hence easily distinguished from, those of most other parasitic nematodes, they can be recorded separately in routine faecal egg counts and any Nematodirus L3 which may be encountered in cultures, are ignored and not included in the differential larval counts. It is important- to note, however, that Nematodirus ova can be confused in general appearance with those of M. marshalli, the ova of which are similarly considerably larger than those of most of the parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes (Soulsby 1982). Also, whilst the eggs of the other common Nematodirus species are more or less oval in shape, that of N. battus is considerably smaller and much more oblong, resembling 'oversize' eggs of the other common gastrointestinal strongyles.
Strongyloides papillosus
The L3 of this species are exceptionally thin, the oesophagus comprises about 40% of the total length, the tip of the tail is bifid and it has no covering second sheath as do the L3 of the other genera, hence also no STE. At the lower magnifications usually used for routine larva identification, it is not possible to see that the tip of the tail is bifid, but it does have the appearance of an STE, of which the tip of the filament has broken off. Misidentification may occur if only the tail of this larva is examined instead of the entire larva, because the disproportionately long oesophagus will be missed and it sometimes seems - mistakenly so - as if it does have an STE.
Dictyocaulus spp.
Both Dictyocaulus filaria of small ruminants and Dictyocaulus viviparus of cattle are ovo-viviparous. Hence, their ova hatch in their respective hosts and the L1 are passed in the faeces. For diagnosis, the L1 are recovered by Baermannisation, otherwise a few faecal pellets or a blob of faeces can be placed in water in a Petri dish and the surrounding water observed under a stereo microscope for larvae migrating out of the faeces.
Dictyocaulus spp. larvae are small in size and very lethargic, the tail ends caudally in a smoothly rounded tip ('d' in Figure 12), no STE is discernable and the intestinal cells are indistinct and usually brown in colour. A striking difference between L1 of D. filaria and D. viviparus is a conspicuous bulbous thickening of the sheath on the head of the former that is absent from D. viviparus. Similar to the infective larvae of Nematodirus spp., larvae of Dictyocaulus spp. are seldom encountered in representative numbers in routine larval cultures, but for a different reason; they migrate poorly out of such cultures unless collected as described for the recovery of hookworm larvae. Striking photos of D. filaria and D. viviparus larvae can be seen on the website of Gibbons et al. (2012).
Protostrongylid lungworm larvae
Muellerius, Cystocaulus, Neostrongylus and Protostrongylus spp. are commonly present in sheep faeces in Europe (Cabaret 1986), whilst Varestrongylus pneumonicus, which is found in small ruminants in Asia, is recorded only in roe deer in temperate Europe. The L1 of the protostrongylids are recovered from faeces using a Baermann-derived technique (Cabaret, Dakkak & Bahaida 1980; also various textbooks, e.g. Hansen & Perry 1994). The morphology of the tails of some of the larvae is shown in Figure 12, but persons who- encounter these L1 more commonly should study the more detailed descriptions in Van Wyk et al. (2004) and Gibbons et al. (2012).
Free-living nematodes
Cultures of faeces picked up from the ground are often contaminated with free-living nematodes, which then tend to dominate faecal cultures to the extent that it is almost impossible to do a differential parasitic nematode larval count. Thus it is preferable to collect faeces from the rectum for cultures, or from bags hung on the animal, although contamination has also been described despite the use of faecal collecting bags (Van Wyk et al. 2004), in which case it was overcome by shearing and thoroughly washing the buttocks of the animals.
It is important to note that, even though they often resemble the L3 of parasitic nematodes, most of the free-living nematodes encountered in faecal cultures are adults and not larvae. In contrast with the majority of the parasitic larvae, the commonly encountered free-living nematodes stain uniformly, extremely dark brown with iodine, are relatively thick and cigar-shaped, have a rhabditiform oesophagus (i.e. with two conspicuous bulbs caudally) and a long tail with no covering sheath. However, the genera differ markedly from one another (as briefly indicated by Van Wyk et al. 2004) and these nematodes differ to such an extent from the parasitic larvae that there should seldom be confusion.
There are dwindling numbers of persons trained in 'conventional' helminthological techniques, such as larva identification, which is relatively difficult to learn even when persons with the required skill are available as mentors to the inexperienced. In addition, whilst the full range of pure cultures (and thus larvae) of the common gastrointestinal nematodes of both sheep and cattle were generally available previously, few laboratories maintain these any longer. Thus, it is essential that every possible aid, such as the newly described use of the proportion of the STE in identification, be available to those who need to learn to differentiate infective larvae obtained by faecal culture.
This work was supported by the EU 'PARASOL' (EU-FP6) and 'RISC-NET' projects, the latter under the 'CIDLID' call for applications, funded by a partnership between the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the Department for International Development and the Scottish Government.
Hennie Gerber (now deceased) maintained pure nematode cultures and Lynne Michael and Regina Alves were instrumental in preparations. Jacques Cabaret was the source of information on lungworm larvae, which are described in more detail in Van Wyk et al. (2004). Ian Carmichael went to much trouble to locate original material from trials of-
Beveridge, Martin and Pullman (1985). Michael O'Callaghan drew the 'f' diagram in Figure 3. Hervé Mauleon helped with descriptions of free-living nematodes. Ron Kaminsky, Frank Jackson, Jacques Cabaret, Jacques Cortet, Eric Morgan and Flip van Schalkwyk supplied L3 of a variety of species.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.
Authors' contributions
J.A.v.W. (University of Pretoria) was responsible for developing the novel approach to morphological identification of infective larvae of the common gastrointestinal nematode genera of small ruminants and cattle and wrote the manuscript. E.M. (University of Pretoria) was responsible for all the art work and finishing of the article.
Anonymous, 1977, 'Examination and identification of third-stage larvae of nematodes and of the immature stages of trematodes in the snail', Manual of Veterinary Parasitological Laboratory Techniques, Reference Book 418, 36-39, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London. [ Links ]
Beveridge, I., Martin, R.R. & Pullman, A.L., 1985, 'Development of the parasitic stages of Nematodirus abnormalis in experimentally infected sheep and associated pathology', Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 52, 119-131. [ Links ]
Boch, J. & Supperer, R., 1983, Veterinàrmedizinische Parasitologie, Paul Parey, Berlin. [ Links ]
Boev, S.N., 1984, 'Protostrongylids', Fundamentals of Nematology 25, Oxonian Press, New Delhi. [ Links ]
Borgsteede, F.H.M. & Hendriks, J., 1974, 'Identification of infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle', Tijdschrift Diergeneeskunde 99, 103-113. [ Links ]
Cabaret, J., 1986, Repartition géographique des protostrongylidés des ovins. Frequence et importance de cette parasitose pulmonaire en Europe et en Afrique du Nord [Geographical distribution of protostrongylids. Frequency and importance of this lung parasitosis in Europe and North Africa]. Épidémiologie et Santé Animale 10, 61-72. [ Links ]
Cabaret, J., Dakkak, A. & Bahaida, B., 1980, 'A technique for the evaluation of the number of lungworm first stage larvae in sheep faeces', British Veterinary Journal 136, 296-298. PMid:7388593 [ Links ]
Christie, M. & Jackson, F., 1982, 'Specific identification of strongyle eggs in small samples of sheep faeces', Research in Veterinary Science 32, 113-117. PMid:7201151 [ Links ]
Corticelli, B. & Lai, M., 1964, La diagnosi di tipo d'infestione nella strongilosi gastro-intestinale del bovino in Sardegna con le larve infestive [Diagnosis of the infestation type in gastro-intestinal strongylosis of cattle in Sardinia by differentiation of the infective larvae]. Veterinaria Italiana 15, 190-213. [ Links ]
Dikmans, G. & Andrews, J.S., 1933, 'A comparative morphological study of the infective larvae of the common nematodes parasitic in the alimentary tract of sheep', Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 52, 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3222221 [ Links ]
Eckert, J., 1960, Die Diagnose des Magen-Darmstrongyliden Befalles des Schafes durch Differenzierung der freilebenden dritten Larven [Diagnosis of gastro-intestinal worms in sheep by differentiation of the free-living third-stage larvae]. Zentralblatt Für Veterinàrmedizin 7, 612-630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1960.tb00274.x [ Links ]
Gibbons, L.M., Jacobs, D.E., Fox, M.T. & Hansen, J., 2012, 'The RVC/FAO guide to veterinary diagnostic parasitology. Faecal examination of farm animals for helminth parasites', viewed 19 October 2012, from http://www.rvc.ac.uk/review/Parasitology/Index/Index.htm [ Links ]
Hansen, J. & Perry, B., 1994, The epidemiology, diagnosis and control of helminth parasites of ruminants, pp. 83-90, International Laboratory on Animal Diseases, Nairobi. [ Links ]
Hansen, M.F. & Shivnani, G.A., 1956, 'Comparative morphology of infective nematode larvae of Kansas beef cattle and its use in estimating incidence of nematodiasis in cattle', Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 75, 91-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3223659 [ Links ]
Henriksen, S.A., 1972, Undersogelser verdrorende lobe-tarmstrongylider hos kvaeg. I. Nogle forelobige erfaringer med L3-analyser [Investigations concerning bovine gastro-intestinal strongyles. I. Preliminary results of L3 analyses]. Nordisk Veterinaer Medicin 24, 49-55. PMid:4666546 [ Links ]
Keith, R.K., 1953, 'The differentiation of the infective larvae of some common nematode parasites of cattle', Australian Journal of Zoology 1, 223-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ZO9530223 [ Links ]
Lancaster, M.B. & Hong, C., 1987, 'Differentiation of third stage larvae of "ovine Ostertagia" type and Trichostrongylus species', The Veterinary Record 120, 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.120.21.503, PMid:3604011 [ Links ]
Malan, F.S. & Visser, P.S., 1993, 'Faecal egg counts by a new method using tube filters', Proceedings of the 14th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP), Cambridge, UK, 08-13 August 1993, p. 328. [ Links ]
McMurtry, L.W., Donaghy, M.J., Vlassoff, A. & Douch, P.G.C., 2000, 'Distinguishing morphological features of the third larval stage of ovine Trichostrongylus spp.', Veterinary Parasitology 90, 73-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00230-2 [ Links ]
Mónnig, H.O., 1931, 'The specific diagnosis of nematode infestation in sheep', 17th Annual Report of the Director of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Union of South Africa, pp. 255-264. [ Links ]
O'Callaghan, M.G., 2004, 'Observations on the sheath extension of the third stage, infective larvae of Trichostrongylus rugatus', Veterinary Parasitology 126, 397-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.07.027, PMid:15567044 [ Links ]
Reinecke, R.K., 1973, 'The larval anthelmintic test in ruminants', Technical Communication 106, Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria. [ Links ]
Roberts, F.H.S. & O'Sullivan, P.J., 1950, 'Methods for egg counts and larval cultures for strongyles infesting the gastrointestinal tract of cattle', Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 1, 99-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AR9500099 [ Links ]
Rossanigo, C.E. & Gruner, L., 1996, 'The length of strongylid nematode infective larvae as a reflection of developmental conditions in faeces and consequence on their viability', Parasitology Research 82, 304-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360050118, PMid:8740545 [ Links ]
Soulsby, E.J.L., 1982, 'Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals', Ballière Tindall, London. [ Links ]
Van Wyk, J.A., 1977, 'A rapid method for differentiating between the infective larvae of Oesophagostomum columbianum and Chabertia ovina', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 44, 197-199. PMid:614536 [ Links ]
Van Wyk, J.A., Cabaret, J. & Michael, L.M., 2004, 'Morphological identification of nematodes of small ruminants and cattle simplified', Veterinary Parasitology 119, 277-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.11.012, PMid:15154594 [ Links ]
Viljoen, J.H., 1972, 'Morphology of the free-living stages of Nematodirus species with some observations on their development under laboratory conditions', Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 43, 87-94. PMid:4680366 [ Links ]
Jan van Wyk
Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110
South Africa
Received: 19 Nov. 2012
Accepted: 20 Dec. 2012
Published: 13 Mar. 2013


text:
This is the last installment of a four-part series on millennials and the new economy, based on the author's monthlong road trip with stops in the Rust Belt, Omaha, and Texas. Read the first, second, and third.
Margarita Barry was nursing her eight-month-old and browsing the news online when a headline caught her eye: "Detroit Declares Bankruptcy." Pretty soon, her inbox and Facebook feed were clogged with reports from family and friends sharing the news that Detroit had become the largest U.S. city ever to file for Chapter Nine. Barry, a 28-year-old web designer and entrepreneur who was born and raised on the northwest side of the city, knew it would happen eventually. "It was only a matter of when," she says.
Much ink has been spilled over the infiltration of young, educated transplants to Detroit—a youth hostel here, a craft cocktail bar there, a co-working space downtown purchased for pennies on the dollar. But the bankruptcy hints that Detroit is not quite the creative-class magnet some trend stories frame it to be. Indeed, the infiltration has been overblown; Detroit has famously lost 25 percent of its population in the last decade, and new arrivals are still few and far between—precisely because Detroit's housing and infrastructure problems remain so dire. Amid the city's decline, it's the people who grew up there who feel responsible for the city's future, a task made all the more urgent now that Detroit has once again been thrust into the spotlight because of its fiscal problems. Shared trauma—of chronic decline, of acute bankruptcy—is a form of bonding. "It's Detroit versus everybody," Barry says. "Detroiters are fighting that much harder to explain why we love our city … [to] prove that we matter, that we're determined to make it."
When I visited Detroit in May, I saw several new establishments on a few designated blocks in Corktown and Midtown, populated by a handful of newcomers. But far more visible were young native Detroiters leading the charge not to tear down the city and start anew but to build on what they have. They were the ones behind many of the city's restaurants and food vendors and bike communities. They were the ones organizing in low-income areas, working at and founding nonprofits like Detroit Represent and Young Educators Alliance. They were the ones sporting the most Detroit pride on sites like Rep Your City. "We're the ones who can handle this," event planner and media activist Adriel Thornton told me over coffee. He explains that Detroiters are scrappy, used to operating without the support of a larger system. "There's no sense of loss about something the city couldn't ever provide," he says about the bankruptcy. Thornton founded Wink, which promotes queer culture in Detroit, and has worked with the decade-old Allied Media Conference, an annual gathering about media-based social-justice organizing. Other than "getting permits for festivals," his community work exists in a world separate from municipal politics, without much help or acknowledgment from the city. Thornton isn't the only young native who, because of Detroit's financial woes and mismanagement, has taken matters into his own hands; Andy Didorosi, a 26-year-old Detroit native, founded the Detroit Bus Company after reading about yet another discontinued rail project.
Thornton emphasized the importance of natives buying property amid the city's hollowing out. "We're still trained to believe in the American dream," he says with a self-deprecating smirk. He recently "bought a house that's less expensive than my car." Barry and her husband also purchased property this year—dirt-cheap at auction—in her old northwest stomping ground. For these natives, putting down roots is a tangible way to keep the city of their childhood afloat.
Seeing others invest in the city has a snowball effect, even for natives who could have easily escaped Detroit. Gabby Bryant, a 23-year-old black woman who grew up middle class in Midtown (née Cultural Center), attended private schools all her life and ended up graduating from Harvard. She spent three summers in D.C. as an intern during college, thinking she would "graduate, work in policy, and live happily ever after." But when she heard about revitalization efforts in her home neighborhood, she was overcome with a strong sense of wanting to be involved, rather than leaving the work to strangers. She applied for the prestigious Venture for America program, which dispatches young graduates to make a difference in struggling cities through entrepreneurship. The program placed her at Dandelion, one of those start-ups that seem to do everything from strategy to design, and she felt at home as a native in Detroit's nascent social innovation niche. After a year, she got a job working for the Detroit Institute of Arts. She sees people like her as vital to Detroit's future.
"When a Detroiter makes a commitment to the city, or a recommitment, other Detroiters join in that effort," she says.
Even though Detroit's young natives are at the forefront, they don't always get the credit. Bryant isn't the typical recruit for programs like Venture for America, which openly courts young, educated people from elsewhere. "The opportunities seem like they're geared toward newcomers," says Barry. "But we're like, 'We're already here, can we benefit from these resources, too?' A lot of Detroiters don't feel like their impact is being broadcast as much as some of the new people."
This invisibility is partly why Barry decided to launch IamYoungDetroit.com, on top of all her other projects (she also designs websites, consults for pop-up stores, and owns a business called Boho Modern). The site profiles young entrepreneurs in the city and makes sure to "tell the story of everyone"—both natives and transplants. Barry doesn't begrudge the city new brain power or trendy corridors, but she thinks it's important for natives to "remember our old neighborhoods and where we come from."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I've been given permission to install LaTeX in a laboratory in my University. Given the simplicity of working with MikTeX Package Manager and that I will only be installing in the Windows partition, I've decided to install MikTeX.
However, I've been asked that the installation takes as less space as needed. I'm not comfortable with the packages that come with the Basic Installer, feeling that they are lacking many significant ones.
So, I'd like to know your opinion on what packages/classes may prove useful in order to write documentation for assignments as well as a degree thesis. Bear in mind that it will be used for assignments in Elec. Engineering.
Some packages I've already considered are:
- AMS bundle
- pgf/tikz
- beamer
- graphicx
- array/tabulary
- mathtools
- babel (documents will be in Spanish)
- hyperref
- placeins
- todonotes
- listings


text:
Tneptune needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 231 designs submitted by 14 freelance designers.
Yoway - yogurt your way
We are a group of individuals with many years in the business world. We decided we wanted to start a self serve frozen yogurt business that has a fun concept good for the whole family and a healty alternative. We plan to expand in many markets. Our first opening will be in South Florida in the next few months.
We hope to serve all individuals who are looking for a great tasting healthy refreshing treat. We plan to have stores in all types of communities. The yogurt store will be simple in design, yet bright, fun, energetic and upbeat. We want our stores in communities were people like to gather and enjoy hanging out with friends. We want the customer to have many choices of the flavors of the frozen yogurt, plus many choices of toppings. They get to create to their liking - Yogurt your way!
We need a logo that represents our softserve frozen yogurt - Yoway.
We would like the logo to incorporate the phrase - yogurt your way-
Some thinkgs to think about
1. no cartoones, - we want it to be playful, coloful but not cheap or childlike.
2. nothing too elegant - we want to be simple, but yet with a bang - a wow factor.
3. the typeface should be clear, simple and bold. we want something that stands out.
4. Color- not too dull and then again not to bright like hot colors. We do like the colors of a deep rasberry, bright yellows(if it works - we know yellow can be hard to work with), oranges - fun colors
5. please feel free to experiment with colors.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Ugly clothes last a long time, don't they? You can't wear out ugly clothes. I used to just crawl to school on my knees, trying to put a hole in the jeans, man. They still built them tough -- you can't wear them out.
© 2019 Comedy Partners. All Rights Reserved. Comedy Central and all related titles, logos and characters are trademarks of comedy partners.


text:
|Pasco, Wash.
|High School:
|Edison Academic Center
|Business Management
Action Photos
Three-Time All-WCC Midfielder (2008, 2009 & 2010)
2010 Marquette Invitational All-Tournament Team
2009 & 2010 UC Irvine Collegiate Classic All-Tournament Team
2008 WCC All-Freshman Team
JUNIOR (2010): One of the best midfielders in the West Coast Conference, leading SCU to a 7-1-4 league record and the WCC Championship in 2010 .... started in all 18 games he appeared in and ranked second on the team in points (10) ... named to the All-WCC Second Team at season's end ... distributed the game-winning assist in SCU's second game of the year, a 1-0 victory over Loyola Chicago (Sept. 6) ... scored a penalty kick goal to help the Broncos beat Marquette on the road (Sept. 12) ... scored SCU's lone goal at Stanford (Sept. 19) ... assisted in the game-winner against San Jose State (Sept. 24) ... had at least one shot in nine straight games during Santa Clara's 12 game unbeaten stretch from Sept. 19 through Nov. 5 ... had a season-high three shots and scored at LMU (Oct. 31) - a game that vaulted SCU into first place in the WCC standings late in the year ... had 14 shots on goal during the season and 23 shots overall, both ranking among team and WCC high's.
SOPHOMORE (2009): Named a 2009 All-WCC midfielder ... started in each of the first 13 games of the year - did not play in the final seven ... led the team in assists with three ... recorded two assists vs. No. 15 UC Irvine (Sep. 1) in the season-opener ... 2009 UC Irvine Collegiate Classic All-Tournament Team ... had an assist vs. Cleveland State (Sep. 5) ... scored the game-winner goal vs. Gonzaga (Oct. 4), knocking-in a penalty kick with 45 seconds remaining.
FRESHMAN (2008): All-WCC Honorable Mention ... also named to the WCC All-Freshman Team ... saw action in 19 contests, starting in 15 ... recorded five points on one goal and three assists ... earned started in his first collegiate game against Loyola Chicago (Aug. 30) ... dished out his first career assist against UIC (Sept. 1) ... dished out his second assist of the season on Connor Mitchell's game-winning goal against Stanford (Sept. 27) ... tallied his third assist on Sean Danzeiser's goal against Loyola Marymount (Oct. 17) ... also registered his first collegiate goal on a PK against LMU (Oct. 17).
HIGH SCHOOL: 2008 graduate of Edison Academic Center in Bradenton, Fla. ... never played high school soccer as he came into Residency first ... played club soccer with the Crossfire Premier ... helped team to the State Championship in 2005 and 2006 ... joined U.S. Soccer's Residency Program in August 2005 ... on U-17s played matches for the U-17 '89s and '90s ... was a member of the U-15 BNT in 2005 ... U-17 team played in FIFA World Cup in 2007, making it to the round of 16 before being beaten by Germany.
PERSONAL: Born in Richland, Wash. ... parents are Ken and Pam Zimmerman; mom graduated from BYU ... has three siblings: Megan, Derek and Preston; Preston was also in Residency and is now overseas with Hamburg SV in the Bundesliga ... hobbies include fishing, soccer, hiking and music ... major is business management.
Points…3…vs. LMU 10/17/08
Goals…1…5x, at LMU 10/31/10
Assists…2…vs. UC Irvine 9/1/09
Shots…5…vs. Gonzaga 10/4/09
Shots on Goal…2…8x, at Saint Mary's (CA) 10/10/10


text:
phyllanthus(redirected from Williamia)
n See stone breaker.
a genus in the plant family of Euphorbiaceae.
Phyllanthus abnormis
North American plant; contains an unidentified toxin which causes liver and kidney damage manifested by compulsive walking, tenesmus, rectal prolapse, petechiation and death. Called also spurge.
Phyllanthus gasstroemii
may cause cyanide poisoning.
Phyllanthus lacunarius
causes gastroenteritis.


text:
Stamford-based book publisher Cengage emerges from bankruptcy
Stamford-based book publisher eliminates debt
Cengage Learning, the Stamford-based textbook publisher, announced on Tuesday that the company was emerging out of bankruptcy following the elimination of $4 billion in funded debt.
Cengage, which counts $2 billion in annual revenue, filed for Chapter 11 in July 2013. At the time, the company owed creditors approximately $5.8 billion.
"We have used the restructuring process to significantly reduce debt and associated costs, and substantially improve our capital structure while continuing to meet the educational and research needs of our customers and end-users," said Michael Hansen, CEO of Cengage Learning, in a press release.
The business model of book publishing has been upended as course materials increasingly become available online. Cengage was formerly owned by Thomson Reuters as Thomson Learning. Problems for the company started after it was purchased in 2007 by a private equity group led by Apax Partners. The $7.75 billion deal, made just prior to the financial crises, added $5.6 billion in debt to the company's books.
Cengage, which has its headquarters at 200 First Stamford Place, has 5,500 employees across more than 20 countries.
Tuesday's statement sought to reassure investors, saying that Cengage had lined up $1.75 billion in exit financing. Along with making "recent strategic hires" in management, the company has also "forged new technology partnerships, revamped its product development and delivery model, and realigned its sales and marketing approach to get even closer to end-users in order to anticipate their evolving needs."
firstname.lastname@example.com; 203-964-2265; http://twitter.com/lizkimtweets


text:
Food & Drink
Meet college football's high-tech new shrine
Brandon Griggs, CNN • Updated 1st September 2016
View Gallery
13 Pictures
Atlanta (CNN) —
This is not your grandfather's -- or even your father's -- ol' football museum.
The new
College Football Hall of Fame
, opening here Saturday, is a gleaming, high-tech shrine to the pageantry of America's most popular campus sport.
Gone, mostly, are the plaques and musty displays of faded uniforms and leather helmets. In their place are vast multimedia touchscreens, movies in 4K ultra-HD, fight-song karaoke and a booth that puts fans into a simulated broadcast of ESPN's "College Game Day."
And that's not counting the indoor 45-yard replica field where fans can toss a football, run an obstacle course or kick an extra point.
CNN's Andy Scholes gives us a sneak preview inside the College Football Hall of Fame Museum in Atlanta.
"This is a great space. And it says wonderful things about our sport," said Steve Hatchell, president of the
National Football Foundation
, which oversees the hall. "It's not just a new building. This facility provides us a national platform for highlighting the heroes of the game and telling their stories."
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The $68.5 million building starts a new chapter for the Hall of Fame, which had operated for 17 years in South Bend, Indiana, before relocating to Atlanta. South Bend was chosen for its star attraction, the University of Notre Dame, whose Fighting Irish have a national following and 44 Hall of Fame inductees, more than any other school.
But attendance in South Bend had slumped to fewer than 70,000 visitors a year, and officials felt that a change was needed. Enter Atlanta, which has a metro-area population of more than 5 million, a thriving convention business and a prime location in the football-mad Southeast, home to the powerhouse
Southeastern Conference
and the past eight BCS national champions.
"What better place for this ... than Atlanta? We are in the heart of football country," Georgia Gov. Nathan Deal said at the hall's media event Wednesday. He said the new Hall of Fame, bankrolled by Chick-fil-A, Southwest Airlines and other corporate sponsors, is expected to attract 500,000 annual visitors and an estimated $12 million in ancillary revenue to the state.
The 94,000-square-foot football shrine sits around the corner from Atlanta's massive convention center and joins a downtown cluster of tourist attractions, including the Georgia Aquarium, the World of Coca-Cola, the CNN Center and the National Center for Civil and Human Rights. It's also a short walk from the Georgia Dome, where the 2014 college football season
kicks off with two games next week
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Visitors are greeted in the lobby by a three-story wall adorned with the helmets of all 768 four-year colleges in the U.S. that field a football team, from mighty Alabama to the tiniest Division III school. To personalize the experience, each visitor gets a badge that can be coded with their favorite college; as they move through the hall, exhibits will read their badge and display information relevant to that team.
"The building recognizes you and starts talking to you," said Kevin Gordon, principal of
, the hall's architect. "We want to make sure someone coming in from Idaho or Wisconsin or Oregon feels a connection to the building."
The hall's first floor is designed to help fans imagine the game-day experience from a player's perspective. Visitors pass through a replica of a stadium tunnel and out onto a truncated football field complete with lined turf and regulation-size goal posts. Inside the tunnel are replicas of iconic stadium items, such as Nebraska's horseshoe and Notre Dame's "Play Like a Champion Today" sign, that players traditionally touch for luck on their way to the field.
Once on the turf, visitors can take part in a skills challenge -- likely to be popular with young fans -- that includes kicking a football through the uprights or dashing through an obstacle course to score a touchdown. Said Brad Olecki, the hall's chief revenue officer, "this is the best place to bring your kids to tire them out."
8 weird houses worth a visit
On the second floor, fans will encounter a 52-foot-wide multimedia wall containing 10,000 pieces of content about famous games and players throughout college football's history. Touch a panel and it expands to show photos, sound and video clips.
Nearby is a 150-seat theater with continuous showings of "The Game of Your Life," a 10-minute movie that splices together audio from famed players and coaches with ultra-high-definition game footage.
Down the hall are exhibits on tailgating, mascot uniforms such as the sweater worn by Uga, the University of Georgia bulldog, and famous quotes by legendary coaches ("The man who tried his best and failed is superior to the man who never tried," from Oklahoma's Bud Wilkinson).
There's also a booth where would-be radio announcers can test their skill at narrating famous plays, such as Auburn's dramatic touchdown on a missed field goal last year to beat Alabama.
On the third floor is the actual Hall of Fame itself, a round room with searchable multimedia screens displaying information on the hall's 1,139 inductees. To be eligible, a player must have been a first-team All-American and be 10 years removed from his final college game, so you'll find USC's Marcus Allen and Navy's Roger Staubach but not Florida's Tim Tebow or Auburn's Cam Newton (at least not yet).
10 spectacular waterfalls across the United States
The Hall of Fame's honorees are an exclusive group. Of the estimated 5 million young men who have played college football since the first-ever game between Princeton and Rutgers universities in 1869, fewer than .0002% are in the hall.
"They are the best of the very best," Hatchell said. "Within these walls, we chronicle the journeys of countless greatest of our nation's leaders who got their start on the gridiron."
The College Football Hall of Fame will host
a free tailgate party for its grand opening
Saturday. After that, the hall will be open seven days a week. Admission is $20 for adults and $17 for kids, students, seniors and members of the military.
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For the past few weeks, the Cockrell Butterfly Center Staff and Dedicated Greenhouse volunteers have been busy enhancing the exterior Butterfly Demonstration Garden. The garden is located outside the Main Hall exit near the Cockrell Butterfly Center's entrance doors. This garden comes complete with a stone path, an arch for a climbing Passionflower vine and lots of beautiful red, blue, yellow and white blooming nectar sources. We also make available the host plants for the caterpillars to feed on. Permanently affixed to the center of the garden, sits a framed pictorial directory of host plants and nectar plants. We are in the process of updating the poster with some new species which we feel perform well for the garden and its all important visitors the delightful, graceful, jewels with wings. If you want to see what a specimen plant that is listed on our Butterfly Gardening brochure looks like, this demonstration garden is a great place to start.
While we worked in the garden, we were visited by Phoebis sennae, Sulphur butterflies. These are the yellow ones quite often seen in our great city. A Papilio cresphontes, Giant Swallowtail, spent about 20 minutes laying eggs on the Wafer ash tree. Other visitors were the Battus polydamas, also called the" Goldrim," happily feasting upon the Bauhinia mexicana blooms.
We were visited by quite a few squirrels busily scampering about up and down the tree trunks. A female red breasted robin was busy teaching her young ones how to retrieve the earth worms erupting from the fresh earth as we turned it over with our shovels. Our time spent in the garden was a nature nurturing delight.
Just beyond the roped fence, sits a paved patio with picnic tables shaded by large cloth umbrellas available for visitors to enjoy their lunch. Not a day goes by that you don't see native species of butterflies fluttering about while you munch on your lunch. Next time you are at the museum, take time to view this garden and see what plants you might want to place in your own garden. Feel free to pick up a free Butterfly Gardening Brochure available on the plant cart outside of the Collector's gift shop.


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Browse: Home / culture
Plugging the rabbit hole (Becky 3/3) 5/3/12
By jcoyne on May 3, 2012
In the third and final part of their conversation on orthodoxy, Jim, Tom, and Becky discuss the advantages that structure and orthodoxy can provide throughout life. Can belief systems plug the rabbit hole, or are they a stopgap solution? Contact email@example.com to add your thoughts.
Posted in That's what I believe | Tagged answers, balance, belief system, Bob Dylan, Bob Dylan Radio Hour, censorship, culture, David Foster Wallace, Deepak Chopra, Gary Busey, incentives, interviews, Mad Men, orthodoxy, plug, rabbit hole, religion, structure, Teach For America, unorthodox | 1 Response


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A coral reef in Raja Ampat, Papua, Indonesia. The Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior is in Indonesia to begin its "100 Percent Indonesia: Protecting Our Ocean and Forest Together", which aims to tell the story of Indonesia's rich biodiversity and call for urgent action to ensure that the country's oceans and forests are protected.
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C.J. Fiedorowicz realizes he has no control over where he will be taken in this spring's NFL draft.
But with a 6-foot-7, 265-pound frame that is built to succeed as a pro-level tight end, the former Johnsburg and Iowa standout is prepared to make himself as attractive to NFL teams as possible.
Fiedorowicz will spend this week at the Senior Bowl in Mobile, Ala., putting himself in front of NFL coaches, scouts and general managers. Since his Iowa playing career ended Jan. 1 in a 21-14 loss to LSU in the Outback Bowl, Fiedorowicz has shifted nearly his full attention to transitioning to the NFL.
Fiedorowicz has trained privately in San Diego since Jan. 6, taking the first steps toward next month's NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis. What awaits him won't come as a complete surprise. Fiedorowicz has watched the combine on TV for the past six or seven years, zeroing in primarily on tight ends, wide receivers and linemen and how they move.
When his turn comes, Fiedorowicz said in a phone interview Friday, he plans to be ready.
"You watch [the Combine] and you think, 'Those are some big dudes,' and it's kind of weird to think that I will be at that exact Combine I've been watching," Fiedorowicz said. "But I've just done a lot of work and put a lot of time into football to get to this point. I can't wait for the opportunity."
Fiedorowicz has hired California-based agent Jack Bechta and completed his Combine paperwork last week. He left for Mobile on Saturday, anxious to showcase his abilities for NFL teams in the market for a versatile tight end. As of Friday, Fiedorowicz said his agent and coaches at Iowa have heard from the Falcons, Packers and Chiefs.
Most draft analysts, including at CBSSports.com, project Fiedorowicz as a second- or third-round pick.
Much of his training in San Diego has focused on footwork and technique. Fiedorowicz has
concentrated his efforts on the kind of drills he knows can impact his draft stock in Indianapolis. He has focused primarily on the start of his 40-yard dash and on the 20-yard shuttle, a drill that measures not only a player's speed but his ability to change direction.
His first opportunity will come at the Senior Bowl after finishing his senior year at Iowa with 30 catches and a team-best six touchdown grabs. During his career with the Hawkeyes, Fiedorowicz – who likens his game to Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski – also proved to be a valuable blocker, rounding out a skill set that could make him a good fit on an NFL roster.
Greg Gabriel, who spent nine years working as the Bears' director of college scouting, said the Senior Bowl is a critical first step.
"Each year, kids who jump out [in Mobile] end up helping themselves," Gabriel said. "It's the first live look coaches have at the players and that helps.
"[Fiedorowicz] just has to go out every day and do the best he can do."
Fiedorowicz doesn't feel any pressure to over-perform heading into the week. Because of the workload he has put in while looking forward to the NFL, Fiedorowicz said the rest of the process – like draft projections he refers to as "random stuff" – will take care of itself.
"I'm just ready to go out there and do my thing," Fiedorowicz said. "I have the size and ability that NFL scouts are looking for. I'm not being cocky about it, but I feel like I can compete with guys from the NFL. I feel like I'm ready to go."


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Cardinals' pitchers baffle Brewers for second straight game
Cardinals starters are feeling right at home on the mound at Miller Park.
A night after Lance Lynn shut out the Brewers, fellow hard-throwing right-hander Shelby Miller followed Tuesday by striking out seven and allowing three hits over six innings to lead St. Louis to a 6-1 win.
Mark Ellis had two RBIs in his return from the disabled list, while Matt Holliday and Jhonny Peralta each hit solo shots in the ninth for the Cardinals, who handed Milwaukee its second straight loss following a nine-game winning streak.
Miller (1-2) routinely fired fastballs clocked into the mid-90s past hitters before turning the game over to the bullpen in the seventh. He bounced back after starting the year with two losses and a 6.35 ERA in his first two starts.
"That looks more like Shelby. The velocity was there," manager Mike Matheny said.
Only Aramis Ramirez managed to break through off Miller hitting a solo homer in the fourth.
"Sneaky fast. He's throwing. It's not only sneaky … he spots his fastball really well on the outside corner, inside," Ramirez said. "He's going to come right at you, so we've got to make some adjustments."
Video: Cardinals hand Brewers their 2nd straight loss
They didn't make enough of them Tuesday. The Brewers have just one run and six hits over the first two games of the three-game set with their NL Central rival.
Marco Estrada (1-1) took the loss after allowing three runs over six innings.
The right-hander, who was off to a good start with a 2.31 ERA entering Tuesday, had a little uncharacteristic trouble with his command. He hit a batter in the second, then issued a walk in the third to Matt Carpenter that set up Allen Craig's RBI double.
Estrada also threw a wild pitch in the fourth, but did allow just five hits.
"When they battle like that and keep the team in the ballgame, that's their job. They're not going to feel good every time out," manager Ron Roenicke said.
It would have been more than adequate pitching during the Brewers' long winning streak. But that was before Milwaukee had to face the aces from St. Louis.
Lynn was in control Monday night after striking out 11 over seven innings. Miller was just as effective.
He got Jean Segura to ground out to second and caught Ryan Braun looking on a 94 mph fastball to start the fourth. The only mistake was a fastball down the middle of the plate that Ramirez turned on for his second homer and team-best 12th RBI.
Miller recovered nicely to end the fourth by getting Jonathan Lucroy to hit a one-hopper to first. Miller, who improved to 4-0 career against the Brewers, had a 2.03 career ERA against Milwaukee entering Tuesday.
"A lot of power in that lineup. Really throughout the whole lineup is pretty solid, so the biggest thing you do is try and keep them off balance as much as possible," Miller said.
The Cardinals had built a 3-0 lead by the top of the fourth to back Miller. After missing the season's first 13 games with left knee tendinitis, Ellis made a nice debut by driving in a run in the second on a groundout, and another in the fourth off a sacrifice fly.
"Mark did a great job — all the little things we talk about," Matheny said.


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A man walks out of a bar totally hammered and runs into by a snobby woman. She takes one look at him and says, "You, sir, are drunk!"
He retorts, "And you, ma'am, are ugly. But when I wake up, I will be sober!"
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Join us for the greatest tournament in Rugby at your local Hungry Horse Pub where we will be showing all the nail-biting action. You are in for a treat as we have both the Summer Internationals in August going straight into the Rugby World Cup in September, so you will be spoiled for choice. New Zealand go into the tournament favourites having dominated the last two World Cups, winning 14 consecutive games.
England will be hoping to put on a better showing at this tournament having crashed out in pool play in 2015. They are capable of beating anyone, so if they can keep their consistency they have a chance of taking the trophy!
Enjoy our selection of food and drink available during the game and take advantage of our great offers! We will be showing every try, scrum and kick across the tournament with a great atmosphere you won't want to miss
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Get warmed up with the
10 August Ireland v Italy (Dublin), 2pm
11 August England v Wales (Twickenham), 2pm
17 August Wales v England, (Cardiff) 2:15pm
17 August France v Scotland, (Cardiff) 8pm
24 August England v Ireland, (Twickenham) 3pm
24 August Scotland v France, (Edinburgh) 1:10pm
31 August Wales v Ireland (Cardiff) 2:30pm
31 August Georgia v Scotland (Tbilisi) 5pm
6 September Scotland v Georgia (Edinburgh) 7:30pm
6 September England v Italy (Newcastle) 7:45pm
7 September Ireland v Wales (Dublin) 2pm
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Ireland, Scotland, Japan, Russia, Samoa
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England, France, Argentina, USA, Tonga
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Australia, Wales, Georgia, Fiji, Uruguay
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text: Each year the Ecuadorian government seizes thousands of animals from the black market, placing priority on returning as many as possible to the wild. Unfortunately, many animals grow accustomed to humans or are injured by hunters and trappers, leaving them unable to fend for themselves back in the rainforest. The Ecuadorian government is less forthcoming with support for such animals, which is why owners William López and Fanny Bonilla decided make them the focus of Zoorefugio Tarqui.


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What Mormons Believe
We are all spiritual children of a loving Heavenly Father who sent us to this earth to learn and grow in a mortal state. As Mormons, we are followers of Jesus Christ. We live our lives to serve Him and teach of His eternal plan for each of us.What Mormons believe about
Jesus Christ


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Home > News & Events > Wayland Press Release Archives > 2007 News Releases > October 2007 > Leadership Summit focuses on having perspective
Leadership Summit focuses on having perspective
PLAINVIEW – With a focus on mentorship and the need for insight and perspective in all walks of life, the 3rd Annual High Plains Leadership Summit provided student leaders at Wayland Baptist University with a new set of knowledge and skills.
Held Friday afternoon on the WBU campus, the summit began with a luncheon focusing on the importance of mentoring and the leadership program at Wayland in general. Hope English, who had held the position of student leadership and involvement director for three years before moving into a new development role in July, opened the program and introduced guest speaker Rodney Wallace.
A teacher at Coronado Junior High and youth minister at Happy Union Baptist Church, Wallace is a 1996 graduate of Wayland. In his address, he shared an alumnus' perspective on leading with insight, reliving his experience at Wayland and how God pulled him out of his comfort zone to meet others and learn from their experiences.
"One of the best ways to lead others is to speak positive words into their lives," Wallace said, noting that he uses skills and wisdom taught by mentors at WBU regularly in his daily work. "A lot of my students don't hear positive things that often, and I tell them about what they can achieve in their lives if they make the right choices."
Dr. Claude Lusk, vice president of enrollment management, then spoke about the future of the leadership program at WBU, now in the hands of Teresa Moore, recently named director of student leadership and activities. He mentioned an antique podium from the original university auditorium on the second floor of Gates Hall and the many presidents and other leaders who have stood behind it over the decades, representing a heritage of bold leadership for the university. He encouraged student leaders to consider what their place in the history of WBU would be.
Moore then spoke about her vision for the leadership program and led students in a quick round of the game Compatibility to demonstrate visually the need to be open to other ideas and see with others' perspective in order to lead well.
"Perspective affects the way we lead. When I think about leadership I think about how Christ led; he had true vision," she said. "When we have a proper view of our perspective, we can have vision too. Let your vision be bigger than yourself. You may never have this exact opportunity in time again."
Following the luncheon, the summit continued with sessions led by Debbie Stennett, director of the Community Classroom. Stennett shared an abbreviated version of the Ruby Payne study on poverty with the student leaders, giving real-world examples of the need for leaders to have insight and perspective, realizing not all those they may encounter in their lives will have the same backgrounds and lifestyles as they do.
"The world is crying out for people who are scholarly and godly and who will bend down when they serve and lead," Stennett said.
She then shared the "hidden rules" of the classes and the culture of poverty, pointing out the importance of the information for the students in their future lives.
"I don't know whether you will be a teacher, or a priest or a physicist for NASA, you will share space with the poor, and your work and ideas will affect those less fortunate than you," she said. "It's so important that you understand other people and why they do what they do."
Hands-on exercises helped students realize the different world and culture in which generational poverty exists and how they are blessed to be so fortunate.
Funded by a grant from High Plains Concrete, the Leadership Summit was the first of a weekend of activities dealing with leadership and service. After a barbecue cookout dinner, students were treated to a free concert with Fort Pastor, a musical trio who focuses heavily on messages of servanthood as worship. The group then joined university and staff on Saturday morning for the Second Annual Degree of Difference Day, working in east Plainview with a major neighborhood effort organized by Primera Iglesia Bautista.


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Kids can step into the fierce and furry world of full-contact Sumo hamster wrestling, with Gamewright's new game, Sumo Ham Slam. Using magnetic force, kids maneuver their Sumo hamster and try to knock their opponent out of the ring. The game is a competition of brawn and bulk, so feeding the hamster at every chance is a must. The game includes an elevated game board, a custom die, two magnetic wands, four Sumo hamsters, four scoring pegs, 60 food tokens, and rules in English and Spanish.
Check out The Toy Book's July/August issue for more games and puzzles!


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Over the weekend I was contacted by the group Australians Against Child Beauty Pageants. I have been reading about their protests of a child beauty pageant that will be held in Melbourne in July for a few weeks now.
Basically a US pageant system, Universal Royalty (which I write a bit more about below), is hosting a pageant and bringing over Eden Wood, who has been featured several times on Toddlers & Tiaras (her mom thinks of her as a star in the child beauty pageant world-- I've written about her before here). A group of Australians, upset over this development, have formed a protest group that is circulating an online petition and planning a rally. Others have have counter-organized, supporting the pageants in Australia, and Eden Wood.
[After watching Kate Gosselin and her eight in Australia for the past two weeks on TLC, I can't help but wonder if the producers of these popular TLC reality shows featuring kids have some sort of relationship with/affinity for Australia?! Don't get be wrong, Australia is definitely on my bucket list of places I must see in my lifetime, but it seems like a strange publicity coincidence.]
One of the organizations members sent me a thoughtful email, which you can read by clicking HERE. Below is part of my response. Note that I can't say if Australia should or should not allow this event to be held, but I do not believe that by US law child beauty pageants are illegal or child abuse. Do people do things around child beauty pageants that could be considered illegal and or/child abuse? Sure. But I've seen the same things around soccer clubs and chess tournaments.