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European Parliament celebrates 50 years of European cooperation in space
An exhibition celebrating 50 years of European cooperation in space was inaugurated at the European Parliament in Brussels on 1 April by Mr Ioannis Tsoukalas MEP.
Mr Tsoukalas, Professor Emeritus at the University of Thessaloniki and a former Greek government official, said: "I am particularly proud to celebrate the 50th anniversary of European cooperation in Space here at the Parliament during the Greek presidency of the EU council. This is a celebration for the entire European space sector, which can be proud of its many successes. This anniversary illustrates that when Member States share ambitious goals and join forces, Europe is at the forefront of progress, innovation and growth for the benefit of all its citizens."
The event took place in the presence of Commissioners Damanaki and Vassiliou and some 100 guests from the European Parliament, representatives of Member States, associations from European industry, international partners and European institutions.
Franco Ongaro, ESA Director of Technology and Quality Management, illustrated the motto 'Serving European cooperation and innovation' when he said, "Take, for example, Rosetta. On 20 January 2014, a new chapter in the odyssey of the Rosetta spacecraft was opened after a gruelling wait. Following a deep sleep of 31 months, the probe made contact with ESA. Sleeping beauty came out of hibernation. Rosetta will reach her asteroid in August this year."
Mr Ongaro's colleague, Mr René Oosterlinck, former ESA Director of Navigation and long-time ESA staff member, recalled the time when he inaugurated the Galileo In-Orbit Testing Facilities at Redu, Belgium, in 2010. After some challenging times, and thanks to the European Parliament's strong support of the programme, Mr Oosterlinck was more than glad to see Galileo, a truly European programme, entering its operational phase.
Next, ESA astronaut Léopold Éyharts reminded the audience that, based on his own experience, space is also a unique environment for scientific experiments, many of which cannot be performed anywhere else. During his mission to the International Space Station in 2008 on the Space Shuttle Atlantis, he helped to install the European Columbus laboratory and was also the first to enter this laboratory.
Mr Vittorio Prodi MEP, chairman of the Sky and Space intergroup, followed by explaining the importance of Earth observation from space, saying: "With its wide range of parameters measurable from orbit, with high accuracy and precision, it is clear to me that the Copernicus programme provides the ideal infrastructure to monitor our Earth and to serve EU ambitions on climate and environment policies. I am looking forward to watching the launch of Sentinel-1 from Kourou on 3 April."
Mr Dimitris Sioufas, former Greek Minister for Development, gave the concluding remarks. Mr Sioufas had signed the accession to the ESA Convention in 2004.


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Alterations in sleep architecture are common among older adults. Previous studies have documented associations between sleep duration, sleep quality, and cognitive performance in older individuals, yet few studies have examined these trends using population-based samples from non-Western societies. The present cross-sectional study uses nationally representative datasets from six countries to test several hypotheses related to sleep patterns and cognitive function.
Data were drawn from the first wave of the World Health Organization's study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE), a longitudinal study using samples of older adults (≥ 50 years old) in 6 middle-income countries (China, Ghana, India, Russian Federation, South Africa, and Mexico). Self-report data provided information on sleep quality and sleep duration over the previous 2 nights, and 5 cognitive tests (immediate and delayed verbal recall, forward and backward digit span, and verbal fluency) were used to create a composite z-score of cognitive performance.
Individuals with intermediate sleep durations (> 6-9 h/night) exhibited significantly higher cognitive scores than individuals with short sleep (0-6 h/night; p < 0.001) or long sleep duration (> 9 h/night; p < 0.001). Self-reported sleep quality was positively correlated with cognitive z-score (p < 0.05). Significant sex differences were observed; men generally had higher sleep quality and cognitive scores, while women reported longer sleep durations.
This study documented positive correlations between cognitive scores and sleep quality, and between cognitive z-scores and intermediate sleep duration. These findings are clinically important given the growing rates of dementia and aging populations globally.
Gildner TE, Liebert MA, Kowal P, Chatterji S, Snodgrass JJ. Associations between sleep duration, sleep quality, and cognitive test performance among older adults from six middle income countries: results from the study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE). J Clin Sleep Med 2014;10(6):613-621.
Detrimental changes in sleep duration and quality are more common with increasing age.1,2 These alterations include a phase advance in circadian rhythms, thought to be the result of deterioration in the suprachiasmatic nuclei region of the brain.1 Older adults also report an increased occurrence of sleep disorders associated with disrupted and fragmented sleep patterns. These conditions often reduce slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM sleep, the deepest and most restorative sleep stages. Disruption to SWS and REM sleep can lead to increased daytime sleepiness and a decreased ability to handle stress.2
Age-related changes in sleep may contribute to cognitive decline among older individuals, yet this issue has not been extensively studied. Both short and long sleep duration have been linked to reduced cognitive performance.3,4 Sleep deprivation dulls the senses, slows reaction times, and impedes memory formation.3 Conversely, long sleep duration may reflect poor sleep quality or disturbed sleep patterns, which may impair cognitive performance.4 Furthermore, studies on sleep quality in older adults indicate that the impairment of normal sleep structure may detrimentally affect cognitive function.5 Reports of chronic problems with sleep latency (time to sleep onset) and maintenance are often associated with adverse consequences, including drowsiness and reduced performance on cognitive tests.5 Unfortunately, research to date has largely been limited to high income countries and has typically relied on data from small and non-representative samples.
Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: Few studies have assessed the contribution of sleep quality and quantity to cognitive performance in older adults, especially in non-Western populations. A comprehensive understanding of all factors influencing mental acuity is essential in the design of disease-modifying therapies.
Study Impact: This study evaluated associations between measures of sleep and cognitive performance using large nationally representative samples of older adults drawn from six middle-income countries, providing a unique examination of this relationship. Enhanced cognitive functioning was significantly associated with intermediate sleep duration and higher sleep quality, suggesting that sleep measures may influence cognitive performance in older individuals from different countries.
Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors also appear to strongly influence sleep patterns.6–9 Notably, low socioeconomic status (SES) and poor living conditions have been linked with reduced self-reported sleep quality, increased sleep latency, and increased time awake after sleep onset in American, British, and Finnish cohorts.7–9 Factors that may be more common as a result of low SES (e.g., noise pollution, light exposure, uncomfortable sleeping surfaces, lack of temperature control, occupational stress) may result in deficient sleep patterns.7–9 Sex differences also appear to influence sleep and cognitive test performance in older individuals, with women reporting more sleep onset and maintenance problems than men.10 Cultural differences also influence sex differences in cognitive performance. Specifically, women in many countries receive less schooling than men, likely contributing to observed differences in cognitive test performance.4 Cross-cultural studies in this area are needed to assess the extent to which these changes represent global patterns or those strongly influenced by cultural and environmental conditions. This information is critical since the development of effective dementia treatments and the ability to minimize age-related cognitive changes are dependent on the identification of key contributing factors to cognitive decline. These clinical interventions have important implications toward addressing the global burden of dementia.
Despite considerable research, questions remain about the link between sleep patterns and cognitive performance. Although a clear relationship between sleep and cognitive decline has been demonstrated, it is difficult to determine which factor precedes the other. Nonetheless, identifying sleep disorders in older adults is critical since they may have implications for cognition.11,12 Treatments can then be directed to addressing both sleep problems and cognitive decline simultaneously.
The present study examines links between sleep patterns and cognitive test performance using data from the first wave of the World Health Organization's study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE).13 Data from six middle income countries (China, Ghana, India, Mexico, the Russian Federation, and South Africa) are utilized to construct a more comprehensive picture of how sleep architecture and cognitive performance among older adults varies across these countries. Four hypotheses were tested: (1) age would be inversely correlated with cognitive scores; (2) short and long sleep duration would be significantly associated with poor cognitive test performance; (3) good sleep quality would be positively correlated with cognitive scores; and (4) women would report poorer sleep quality and longer sleep duration than men, and these tendencies would be correlated with reduced performance on cognitive tests.
Nationally representative samples of older adults (≥ 50 years old) and comparative samples of younger adults (18-49 years old) were drawn from each SAGE country.13 Sampling in each country was based on a stratified multistage cluster sample design. Strata were uniquely defined for each country to ensure the full range of living conditions in that nation was represented in the study. In China, strata were defined by eight provinces and two localities (urban or rural), resulting in 16 total strata. In Ghana, the sample was stratified by 10 administrative regions and two types of locality (urban or rural), resulting in 20 total strata. The Indian strata were defined by six states and two localities (urban or rural), resulting in 12 total strata. The South African sample was stratified by nine providences, two localities (urban or rural), and predominant race/ethnic group ("African/ Black," "White," "Colored," and "Indian/Asian"); not all combinations of stratification variables were possible, resulting in 50 total strata. The Russian Federation sample was stratified by the seven federal districts. Finally, in Mexico, strata were defined by three localities: rural (< 25,000 inhabitants), urban (< 100,000 and > 2,499 inhabitants), or metropolitan (> 99,999 inhabitants). Analyses in the present study primarily focused on older adults. Younger individuals (< 50 years old) were excluded from the analyses, except in a comparison between older and younger (< 50 years old) participants for average cognitive function score by sex. Face-to-face interviews were used to collect household and individual level data.13
SAGE was approved by the World Health Organization's Ethical Review Committee. Additionally, each partner organization implementing SAGE obtained ethical clearance through their respective institutional review bodies. Informed consent was obtained from all study participants.
Age, sex, and highest level of education completed were collected. Age reporting overall was quite good across all countries. The United Nations International Standard Classification of Education 1997 (ISCED 97) scheme was used to harmonize education levels across countries.14
Participants were asked their sleep duration on each of the preceding two nights and then asked to rate their sleep quality on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = very good quality, 5 = very poor quality) for each night; these measures did not include daytime sleep. These results were then reverse coded, so that a higher rating corresponded with good quality sleep and a lower rating represented poor quality sleep. In accordance with other sleep studies, the duration values across two nights were averaged together to create a summary measure of sleep length, so that mean sleep durations could be compared.4,15 Similarly, the quality values were also averaged together to compute the sleep quality typical for each individual. Following a standard approach,4,16,17 individuals in the six countries combined were divided into three sleep duration categories: short sleep (0-6 h), intermediate sleep (> 6-9 h), and long sleep (> 9 h). The total pooled sample was also sorted into three generated average sleep quality categories: low sleep quality (average rating of 1-2); intermediate sleep quality (average rating of 2.5-3.5), and high sleep quality (average rating of 4-5).
Five cognitive performance tests were used to create a summary variable of cognitive function for each participant. These tests included immediate and delayed verbal recall, forward and backward digit span, and verbal fluency. For the immediate verbal recall test, interviewers first read a list of 10 words aloud and asked the participants to immediately recall as many words as they could in one minute. Three trials of this test were performed. Following the third trial, the interviewer administered the other cognitive tests, after which delayed recall ability was assessed by asking participants to recall the list of words. The digit span tests required participants to repeat back progressively longer series of numbers, with the total score the longest digit span repeated without error. This process was then performed with the respondent repeating new sets of progressively longer digit spans in reverse (backwards). The verbal fluency test consisted of naming as many animals as possible in one minute. The final score was correct responses minus errors. In accordance with other cognitive studies, composite z-scores were calculated to facilitate the comparison of cognitive test performance between individuals.18,19 Z-scores for each cognitive test were first computed; these five z-scores were then summed for each individual, resulting in a final composite z-score.
Tests for normality were performed, and no violations were observed. Parametric tests were subsequently conducted using SPSS version 20 to test the hypotheses; statistically significant results were those with p < 0.05.
Mean sleep duration, quality, and cognitive performance scores were calculated for males and females in each population. Three factorial ANOVAs were used to test if cognitive test performance, sleep duration, and sleep quality varied by sex and population. Simple effects analyses (with a Bonferroni adjustment) were utilized to compare males and females within and between countries on average cognitive, sleep duration, and sleep quality scores.
A series of linear regressions were conducted to test the hypotheses and evaluate the relative contribution of age and sleep patterns to cognitive score variation, while controlling for education level. Education level was included as dummy codes in first step of the linear regression analyses to control for the contribution of education on variation in cognitive test performance.
Hypothesis One: The first linear regression estimated the relative association of age on cognitive z-scores. Participants from all countries were pooled and divided into younger individuals (18-49 years old) and older individuals (≥ 50 years old). These two groups were coded into a dichotomous variable (younger = 1, older = 2), which was entered in the second step of the regression, and sex was entered in the third step. A second linear regression was performed to determine if categories of age by decade (50-59; 60-69; 70-79; 80+ years old) contributed significantly to the model. This variable was dummy coded using the youngest age set (50-59 years old) as the reference group and entered in the second step of the regression, while sex was entered in the third step.
Hypothesis Two: A third linear regression examined if average sleep duration categories contributed to variation in cognitive test performance among older adults. Because intermediate sleep was expected to be associated with higher cognitive z-scores, these categories were dummy coded using intermediate sleep duration as the reference group and entered in the second step of the regression.
Hypothesis Three: Similarly, a fourth linear regression was conducted to estimate the relative contribution of sleep quality categories to cognitive score variation. The sleep quality categories were dummy coded and entered in the second step of the regression; because cognitive scores were expected to increase as sleep quality improved, low sleep quality served as the reference group.
Hypothesis Four: A final linear regression was conducted to examine the relative association of country, sex, the interaction between country and sex to cognitive z-scores. The six country categories were dummy coded using China as the reference group (because this country had the highest z-scores for the set of cognitive tests used in the present study). The country dummy codes were entered in the second step of the regression, sex in the third step, and the interactions between sex and each country dummy code were entered in the fourth step.
Spearman correlations (ρ) were used to assess the association between average sleep duration and sleep quality. All correlations were conducted separately for men and women by country.
Descriptive statistics are presented in Table 1. The total mean composite cognition z-scores (sexes combined, n = 34,203) ranged from -1.88 in India to 0.93 in China. With the exception of Russia and Mexico, a significant sex difference was observed; average composite z-scores were significantly lower for women than men (p < 0.001). Mean sleep duration (sexes combined, n = 32,142) ranged from 7.1 h/night in India to 8.6 h/night in South Africa. Women in all countries reported longer average sleep duration than men (p < 0.001); these differences were significant in all countries except Russia and Mexico. Average subjective sleep quality ratings (sexes combined, n = 35,552) ranged from 3.3 in Russia to 4.0 in Mexico. In each country the average sleep quality rating was significantly lower for women than men (p < 0.05)
Mean cognition z-scores, sleep duration (h/night), and subjective sleep quality for men, women, and sexes combined in each country with sample size (n).
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Country (p < 0.001) and sex (p < 0.001) had strong main effects on cognitive test performance in the present study. A significant interaction (p < 0.001) was also apparent between country and sex. Pairwise comparisons with a Bonferroni adjustment indicated that cognition z-scores differed significantly for each country pair (p < 0.001) except between China and Russia (D = 0.10, p = 1.00). A comparison of mean composite cognition scores between sexes indicated that men exhibit significantly higher scores compared to women in all countries (p < 0.001), except Russia (D = 0.20, p = 0.09) and Mexico (D = 0.12, p = 0.22; Table 1).
Country (p < 0.001) and sex (p < 0.001) had strong main effects on sleep duration. A significant interaction (p < 0.001) was also identified between country and sex. Women reported significantly higher mean sleep duration than men (p < 0.001) in all countries except in Russia (D = -0.01, p = 0.89) and Mexico (D = -0.12, p = 0.08; Table 1). Men and women in South Africa reported longer sleep duration compared to all other countries (p < 0.001). Conversely, men and women in India reported lower sleep duration compared to all other countries (p < 0.001; Table 2). Mean female sleep durations between countries were all significant (p < 0.05; Table 2).
Pairwise comparisons of the difference in average sleep duration (h/night) for each country pair (separated by sex).
Country (p < 0.001) and sex (p < 0.001) had strong main effects on sleep quality. A significant interaction (p < 0.001) was also observed between country and sex. Men reported significantly higher sleep quality scores than women in all countries (p < 0.05) (Table 1). Men and women in Mexico reported significantly higher sleep quality values compared to all other countries (p < 0.001) (Table 3).
Pairwise comparisons of the difference in average sleep quality rating for each country pair (separated by sex).
The results of the linear regression examining the contribution of age to variation in cognitive test performance indicated that education level explained a significant amount of the variance in cognitive scores (R2 = 0.127, p < 0.001). Increasing education relative to the lowest schooling category was associated with linear advances in cognitive test performance, highest at "completed college/university" and then slightly lower for "completed post-grad degree." Adding the dichotomous younger/older age variable explained a significant amount of additional variance (R2 change = 0.013, p < 0.001). Older individuals (p < 0.001) exhibited lower cognitive test scores than their younger counterparts. Adding sex to the model explained a marginal amount of additional variance (R2 change < 0.001, p < 0.001); this very small but statistically significant finding is likely due to the large sample size. Women exhibited lower cognitive scores relative to men on this battery of cognitive tests (p < 0.001; Table 5).
The results of a second linear regression examining the contribution of age categories by decade to composite cognitive z-scores indicated that education level explained a significant 10.6% of the variance in cognitive scores (R2 = 0.106, p < 0.001). Increasing education relative to the lowest schooling category was associated with linear advances in cognitive scores, highest at "completed college/university" and then slightly lower for "completed post-grad degree." Adding the age by decade dummy codes explained a significant amount of additional variance (R2 change = 0.072, p < 0.001). Cognitive test performance decreased linearly across age groups, in which individuals aged 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years exhibited lower cognitive scores than their younger (50-59 year old) counterparts (p < 0.001; Table 5). Adding sex to the model explained a nonsignificant amount of variance (R2 change = 0.000, p = 0.145).
A third linear regression was used to assess the contribution of sleep duration to cognitive score variation while controlling for education. Education level explained a significant amount of the variance in cognitive scores (R2 = 0.101, p < 0.001). Linear advances in cognitive scores were evident as education level increased, peaking at "completed college/university" and then decreasing slightly for "completed post-grad degree." Adding sleep duration explained a significant amount of additional variance (R2 change = 0.005, p < 0.001). Short sleepers (< 6 h) exhibited significantly lower cognitive scores (p < 0.001) than intermediate sleepers (> 6-9 h). Similarly, long sleepers (> 9 h) displayed significantly lower cognitive test performance (p < 0.001) than intermediate sleepers (see Table 5).
Significant differences were also observed in the linear regression examining cognitive performance between the sleep quality categories. Education level explained a significant amount of the variance in cognitive scores (R2 change = 0.106, p < 0.001). Increasing education relative to the lowest schooling category was associated with linear advances in cognitive scores, peaking at "completed college/university" and then decreasing slightly for "completed post-grad degree." Adding sleep quality explains a significant amount of additional variance (R2 change = 0.007, p < 0.001). When compared to low quality sleepers (rating of 1-2), cognitive test performance increases linearly, in which individuals with intermediate and high sleep quality exhibited significantly higher cognitive z-scores (p = 0.001) than low quality sleepers (see Table 5). Spearman correlations indicated that average sleep duration and sleep quality were significantly positively correlated (p < 0.001) for both sexes in all countries (Table 4).
Spearman correlation coefficients of sleep duration and sleep quality for each country (separated by sex).
Multiple regression models for prediction of cognitive scores (sexes and populations combined).
A final linear regression was used to examine the effect of country and sex on cognitive test performance variation while controlling for schooling. Education level explained a significant amount of the variance in cognitive scores (R2 change = 0.106, p < 0.001). Cognitive scores increased linearly as education level increased, peaking at "completed post-grad degree." Adding country explained a significant amount of additional variance (R2 change = 0.078, p < 0.001), suggesting that there are significant country differences in test performance on the set of cognitive measures used. Adding sex to the model explained a nonsignificant amount of variance (R2 change = 0.000, p = 0.397), indicating that sex does not significantly affect cognitive scores in this model. Adding the interaction between country and sex explained a marginal amount of additional variance (R2 change < 0.0010, p = 0.038); this very small but statistically significant finding is likely due to the large sample size.
This study provides a unique examination of the associations between sleep quality, duration, and cognitive test performance in older individuals using an extensive and unparalleled collection of cross-cultural measurements. Previous studies examining these patterns have been confined to high income countries and have generally relied on data collected from small and non-representative population samples. The SAGE sample is unique in that it is very large, drawn from several diverse nations, and representative of the range of living conditions in each country. Furthermore, as it is a longitudinal study, factors affecting well-being during aging can be identified by analyzing health measures in the same individuals over time.
The present study found support for all four hypotheses. Short (0-6 h/night) and long (> 9 h/night) sleep durations were significantly associated with poorer cognitive test performance relative to intermediate sleep lengths (6.01-9 h/ night). Higher average sleep quality scores (≥ 4) were significantly associated with increased cognitive test performance. Composite cognition z-scores were lower in older individuals. Sex differences were evident in all analyses, with women generally exhibiting significantly longer sleep durations (except in Russia and Mexico), lower sleep quality ratings, and lower composite cognition z-scores in the present study (except in Russia and Mexico) relative to their male counterparts in each country.
These results are consistent with previous findings from research examining smaller samples drawn from high income countries; these studies indicate that sleep deprivation negatively impacts cognitive performance as well as mood and motor function.20,21 Sleep deprivation degrades the peak circadian drive for wakefulness over time and affects neural processing, resulting in the destabilization of the wake state and overall neurocognitive function. The negative impact of these neurocognitive effects are particularly evident in the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain related to attention and working memory abilities.20 A recent study has directly linked structural changes in prefrontal cortex with sleep-related memory problems.22 In a study by Mander and colleagues, natural atrophy in the medial prefrontal cortex was observed in older adults; this area of the brain was roughly one-third smaller in older individuals than younger individuals. These changes are thought to reduce the amount of restorative SWS, thus inhibiting knowledge consolidation and memory formation.22 Previous studies have also found that long sleep duration may contribute to variation in cognitive test performance, as was observed in the present study.4,21 Long sleep duration may simply reflect the presence of sleep disorders or other illnesses. These individuals may require more time in bed to feel rested and therefore report longer sleep durations. However, longer sleep duration may not completely compensate for underlying health conditions, and cognitive decline may still occur.
An important finding in the present study is the sex difference in all sleep and cognition variables. There are several possible reasons for these observed differences. First, older women typically report more sleep disturbances than older men, which in part is thought to be due to postmenopausal changes in hormone profile (for instance, estrogen deficiency) and increased bladder instability.23 Second, longer sleep duration and poorer subjective sleep scores in women have also been associated with feelings of isolation, which can result from widowhood or a perceived lack of social support.15 Third, poor cognitive scores in women may be due to suboptimal sleep patterns. However, lower scores on cognitive performance tests may also result from women receiving less schooling than their male counterparts.4 The present study provides evidence of this idea and indicates that sex was not a significant predictor of cognitive z-scores beyond what was accounted for by education and country. This supports the idea that schooling and other cultural factors may play an important role in structuring these sex differences.
The large, nationally representative samples from six countries used in the present study provided an opportunity to examine the variation in sleep patterns and associations with cognition between countries. Significant differences in sleep duration and quality were observed between countries with different levels of economic development. The two African countries (South Africa and Ghana) exhibited the longest sleep durations and, together with Mexico, also reported the highest sleep quality scores compared to the other countries. This finding might be explained by differences in economic development (e.g., different work patterns and occupations, types of housing, and living arrangements) between these countries and the others included in the analyses. Sleep environment has been shown to affect sleep quality and duration; factors typically associated with a more urban lifestyle (such as, noise, light exposure, and non-private sleep quarters) often have a detrimental impact on sleep quality and quantity.7–9 Social factors like financial stress, health worries, alcohol consumption, and an unfavorable work schedule (e.g., working the night shift) may also negatively affect sleep quality.7–9 Environmental factors and economic infrastructure therefore play an important role in shaping sleep patterns. It is possible that individuals living in more rural areas are less exposed to these adverse social stressors and poor sleep environments, and subsequently report longer sleep durations and higher sleep quality scores.
The present study has several important limitations. First, the battery of cognitive tests used was not developed in the countries studied. These tests only examined certain aspects of cognitive performance, but did not measure overall cognitive function. Furthermore, differences in composite z-scores were likely affected by cultural variation and extent of economic development, which structure differences in schooling. These dissimilarities may have resulted in specific populations obtaining higher tests scores simply due to the nature of cognitive measures utilized.
A second limitation is that the sleep data used were reliant on accurate participant responses in sleep duration, yet it is often difficult for individuals to discern between time in bed and time asleep. Studies have shown that when asked how many hours they slept, participants often report time spent in bed; however, this value may exceed time spent asleep.24 Objective measures of sleep based on polysomnography or actigraphy would more accurately capture individual sleep patterns, including sleep duration, transitions between sleep states, and duration of night awakenings.25 A third limitation is the reliance on data from only the two nights of sleep prior to the interview, which may not accurately capture typical sleep patterns.
Finally, because the data in the present study are cross-sectional, it is impossible to determine the causality between the variables assessed. It is possible that the cognitive decline observed may not be due to deficient sleep patterns; instead, cognitive decline in older individuals could result in suboptimal sleep duration and poor sleep quality. Longitudinal data following the progression of these trends over time is required to further parse out these interactions. SAGE is in the process of collecting the second wave of data on participants which will help address this issue. These data will also facilitate the examination of other issues such as undiagnosed illness, which could affect sleep and cognition variables, but would only emerge over time. However, given the association between sleep patterns and cognitive test performance, the diagnosis of sleep disorders in older adults is critical for the design and implementation of effective cognitive decline intervention programs.
In conclusion, this study documented relationships between sleep quality and quantity and cognitive test performance among older individuals from six middle income countries. These results confirm previous findings in Western populations and suggest that sleep patterns are associated with cognitive test performance cross-culturally in diverse societies. Thus, optimizing sleep duration and quality are important considerations in future clinical studies aimed at mitigating cognitive decline in older individuals.
This was not an industry supported study. Support for the research was provided by NIH NIA Interagency Agreement YA1323-08-CN-0020 with the World Health Organization and grant NIH R01-AG034479. The funding organizations had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
The authors thank Nirmala Naidoo for assistance with data analysis, Larry Sugiyama for discussions of the project, all the participants in the study, and the study PIs and teams.
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Mander BA, Rao V, Lu B, et al., authors. Prefrontal atrophy, disrupted NREM slow waves and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory in aging. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:1–10.
Wolkove N, Elkholy O, Baltzan M, Palayew M, authors. Sleep and aging: Sleep disorders commonly found in older people. CMAJ. 2007;176:1299–304. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Stenholm S, Kronholm E, Bandinelli S, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, authors. Self-reported sleep duration and time in bed as predictors of physical function decline: results from the InCHIANTI Study. Sleep. 2011;34:1583–93. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Arendt J, authors. Comparison between subjective and actigraphic measurement of sleep and sleep rhythms. J Sleep Res. 2002;8:175–83.

subset: commoncrawl


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The mission of the Department of Internal Medicine's Office of Global Health is to confront the disparities in global health through research, education and health services in partnership with institutions serving resource-limited communities around the world.
In partnership with the Yale/Stanford Johnson & Johnson Global Health Scholars Program, the Office of Global Health provides career-changing experiences for medical residents who want to help patients in greatest need while seeking to expand their own understanding of human health and disease by seeing how medicine is practiced in other parts of the world. Through our other activities, we help to build "human infrastructure" to improve care of patients in under-resourced communities around the world. Our long-term commitments to partner sites in South Africa, Uganda, Liberia, Rwanda and Indonesia are to benefit patients and physicians in these host countries while improving training of US-based physicians in global health.
Physicians in the program are both learners and teachers when they visit a host site. They may bring equipment as well as educational materials to help the site expand its capacity to care for the sick. In turn, they are re-introduced to the diagnostic value of such time-tested practices as the physical exam and the taking a thorough medical history.
Our partner sites also send physicians for further training to Yale. Our program is in Kampala, Uganda, at Mulago Hospital, the teaching hospital of Makerere University. Yale faculty and residents work side by side with their counterparts from Makerere, and physicians from Makerere come to New Haven for training in selected subspecialties critical to providing better care to their patients. This site also serves as a site for bilateral exchange between students at Yale School of Medicine and Makerere College of Health Sciences. The program in Tugela Ferry, in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, run by Dr. Gerald Friedland is primarily a research site for evaluation of diagnosis and treatment of HIV/TB co-infection while providing a wonderful setting for training of residents interested in this area.
Our program is expanding. We now participate in and sponsor classes in tropical medicine and global health for medical, nursing, physician associate and public health students who seek to understand not just disease diagnosis and treatment, but the social, political, economic and cultural factors that contribute to a community's health care needs.
This website provides information on sites - local and international- with whom we partner, including the Yale/Stanford Johnson & Johnson Global Health Scholars Program. It also provides information about clinical, education and research opportunities for Yale's medical students, resident physicians, hospitalists and faculty, as well as updates on developing projects.
Asghar Rastegar, M.D.
Director, Office of Global Health, Department of Medicine


text:
The Cabinet Office has announced that the government's G-Cloud online appstore, Cloudstore, is open for business.
Some 257 suppliers have been named as suppliers in the framework, including larger companies such as BT, CSC, Computacenter, EMC, Microsoft and Logica.
According to analyst TechMarketView, around half of the suppliers on the framework are SMEs, and include cloud computing hosting provider ElasticHosts, Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) provider HTK, enterprise cloud control provider CohesiveFT and cloud consultants ZumZum, have also been named on the contract.
The Cloudstore, built by UK SME SolidSoft on Microsoft Windows Azure, will enable public sector organisations to purchase off-the-shelf IT services on a pay-as-you-go basis. As part of the government's transparency agenda, and to encourage competition, the service details and pricing information are open to all on CloudStore, and contracts for services should be no longer than one year.
The government anticipates the G-Cloud framework will transform the way that the public sector procures ICT services. Cabinet Office minister Francis Maude said: "Purchasing services from Cloudstore will be quicker, easier, cheaper and more transparent for the public sector and suppliers alike."
Maude added that the CloudStore also offers SME suppliers the same opportunities as larger organisations. The government recently revealed that just 12 percent of government contracts are awarded to SMEs, which is some way off its target of giving smaller suppliers 25 percent of business.
This has been welcomed by SMEs. Justin Bowser, managing director of HTK, described the CloudStore as a "game changer".
"Lots of SMEs struggle [to work with government] because the actual and perceived barriers to entry have been very high. There has been an attitude in government – not everywhere – that SMEs are going to be difficult to deal with or that they will not deliver.
"G-Cloud is a real game changer. It is on one side a very tangible, visible demonstration of the way government want sot change the way it procures. From a procurer point of view, it doesn't give them an excuse not to look at SMEs, because it is such a high profile demonstration. I don't think SMEs can be ignored anymore," said Bowser, who sits on the government's SME panel looking at how to help new suppliers into government.
Richard Davies, CEO of ElasticHosts, added: "As a UK vendor delivering Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), we are expecting a great deal of interest. Everyone from local authorities to healthcare strusts are finding that their IT infrastructures are creaking and in desperate need of refresh, yet they don't have the capital budgets to do so. Services available through the catalogue will ease this, as no cap-ex [capital expenditure] is required and deployment costs are eradicated."
"As a UK vendor delivering Infrastructure-as-a-Service, we are expecting a great deal of interest. Everyone from local authorities to healthcare trusts are finding that their IT infrastructures are creaking and in desperate need of refresh, yet they don't have the capital budgets to do so. Services available through the catalogue will ease this as no cap-ex is required and deployment costs are eradicated."
However, TechMarketView analyst Tola Sargeant, had some reservations about SME's capability to deliver services reliably in the short term.
"After a quick play with CloudStore, it's clear it is designed very much as a 'catalogue' for commodity products – it's difficult to compare companies on the basis of anything but price. It will undoubtedly drive much faster adoption of cloud services, provide greater visibility for SMEs, lead to a more competitive market and save the government money in the long term.
"But in the short term, my concern is whether some of the smaller suppliers on the framework have the capability to provide services required reliably at volume," she said.


text:
The PHP development group has officially released the alpha3 of PHP 5.4 as ready for testing. Rasmus Lerdorf comments:
PHP 5.4 alpha3 is available for testing now. Please give us a hand and compile it on your platform and run a "make test". Download it from http://qa.php.net and you can see the changes in the NEWS file at http://t.co/bBVGj8P
Updates in this alpha include the shortened array syntax, binary numbers format, support for the "Class::{expr}()" syntax, removal of magic quotes related features, a change to include E_STRICT in E_ALL and several others. Head over to the PHP QA site and download this latest version to test in your environment. Remember, environments are unique, so the more test results the better - it helps make for a better quality end result.


text:
Solutions for a changing planet
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We build prototype, pilot-scale and full-scale products, as well as conduct engineering analyses for our customers' applications.
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text:
Get to know
Norwich stands alone. Its geographical separation from the spreading sameness of other English cities has infused it with a rich character all of its own, an invigorating mix of past and present; of openness and offbeat charm.
It's a city where an unrivalled collection of heritage landmarks, spanning 1,000 years of history, blends beautifully with striking 21st century architecture. A city alive with an inclusive atmosphere, compact enough to make you feel at home in days, but with enough sights, local delights and cultural vibrancy to entertain you for weeks.


text:
DENVER, March 14 (UPI) -- Wilson Chandler scored 24 points off the bench Wednesday and Denver made the return of Carmelo Anthony an unpleasant one in a 117-94 win over New York.
Anthony played a game in Denver for the first time since he lobbied for the trade that eventually sent him to New York and the Nuggets' fans greeted him with constant boos while he was on the court.
Anthony eventually limped to the locker room in the third period having scored just nine points. He has been bothered by a knee injury that put him out of action for three games and he went just 3-of-12 from the field against Denver.
The Nuggets won their 10th straight game thanks in part to two of the four players they received in the trade involving Anthony -- Chandler and Danilo Gallinari.
Gallinari added 16 points while Andre Iguodala had 14 for the Nuggets. They have won 14 straight on their home floor.
Iman Shumpert led the Knicks with 20 points.


text:
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text:
A transmission shop near Detroit ripped me off once. It cost the owner a few hundred dollars and the Big Three several million.
I owned a 1979 Chevrolet Monza which had a manual shift transmission. I bought it from my brother. Besides being pretty good at bodywork , Dave was also a pretty good mechanic. He had recently replaced the clutch on the car before he sold it to me and the car ran great. One day I was driving along and something in the shifter linkage came apart. It wasn't in gear – I had been stopped at a light – and nothing I tried could get it back into gear. At the time I had not done as much with cars but I knew it was the shifter.
I pushed the car into a parking lot and called for a ride home. I opened a phone book and saw an ad for a transmission shop which was a couple blocks from where I worked. They offered free towing. I called them and they said they'd get my car and call me as soon as they looked at it.
The next day the man at the transmission shop told me the trans needed to be rebuilt and, "The clutch is shot. It looks original. But it will cost less to do since we already have the transmission out for the rebuild." He quoted me an estimate for the job which was a bit over $600. Keep in mind that this was 1985.
I told my brother and he suggested we go to the shop and take a look. Among other things, if they had the clutch out, it would obviously not be the original clutch. It would be the one he had just put in recently. When we got there, the owner called us into his office. Before anyone sat down, Dave asked to see the transmission. The owner balked. Why would you want to look at a pile of car parts? Dave insisted.
We walked back into the shop area and there was my transmission, all torn apart, sitting on a bench. "Where's the clutch?" Dave asked. The owner looked around and saw a few clutches sitting on a different bench. He picked up the most fried-looking.
"Here you go."
Dave looked at it. "That's not the clutch from this car."
The guy looked at it and then back at the bench. He picked up another one. "Is this it?"
This clutch was not fried. "Yes. What's wrong with this?"
"Well, we have the transmission out." He pointed. "While we have it apart it just makes sense to do the clutch and the throwout bearing."
I stood to the side, wondering if my transmission would ever be properly assembled again. I walked over and took a closer look at the transmission. The front of the case normally had four flanges where it bolted to the bell housing. One of the bottom flanges was cracked off and missing. There were only three flanges and where the fourth one had been, there was shiny metal. It had been cracked off recently. I caught Dave's eye and pointed at the cracked flange.
Dave walked over. "I see you guys dropped the transmission when you removed it from the car."
"Oh that. It's no big deal. The trans only needs three bolts. We put them together like that all the time. Three will hold it forever."
At this point, there were no good options. We knew the guy was incompetent and a liar. But he had my car in pieces. What would someone else charge to fix this guy's mess? He told me his work had a "Lifetime Guarantee" or some nonsense so I agreed to let him put it back together.
A few days later, the car was done. I went and retrieved it and drove it home. When I parked, I immediately noticed the transmission leaking. I drove it back to the shop. The man did not seem concerned and told me to leave it. The next day he gave it back to me. I leaned under the car to see if it was leaking and I could see they had slathered the transmission case with something which looked suspiciously like caulking compound.
I drove it home. When I got out of the car, it was leaking again. I returned to the shop. I was young, and not quite as refined in channeling my anger as I am today, but I made it clear to the guy the reason the trans appeared to be leaking was the missing flange/bolt and unless the trans case was replaced, this was never going to run right. He said he would replace the case.
The car sat on the lot of the trans shop for a few weeks. Every few days I would call and the owner would lie to me, telling me the car was up on the hoist and they were working on it. I would walk over and see my car, unmoved, sitting where it had been the day before, covered with another day's dust from the shop's dirty parking lot. I would then walk back to my office and call again. Once, the owner told me I was confused; I must have seen another red car because mine really was up on a hoist. I went back over to the place and walked inside. I could see the two hoists were empty and we could see my car in the lot.
He told me he was having a hard time finding a transmission case for the car. He meant he was having a hard time finding one cheap. A couple days later I noticed my car was inside and they finally called me. The car was done. When I went to pick it up I climbed underneath it and confirmed that it was held on with four bolts. I took it and it ran fine.
I filed a complaint with the state Attorney General. I also filed a small claims court action.
My argument was that the original problem had been the transmission linkage. The transmission didn't need rebuilding and the clutch didn't need to be replaced. I was entitled to most of my money back.
A short while later, we were in court. I told the judge the whole story from top to bottom. Dave came in and testified about the repair he had done on the car before he sold it to me and about how we saw the trans with the broken case. The transmission shop owner told the judge his version, including how my brother and I had to be mistaken in almost everything because he was an upright businessman.
The judge ruled in my favor and ordered him to return every penny I paid him. Every penny. He was unhappy with the result but he paid me. I have to admit I had fun during the process and the fact that I had gone to court and won was one of the things which inspired me to become an attorney and to handle consumer protection claims.
The bulk of my practice is Lemon Law and I have handled several million dollars' worth of cases if you add up the value of all the cars bought back from my clients by the Big Three. In a roundabout way, this transmission shop can be blamed for that.
But there was another very funny postscript to this story.
The Michigan Attorney General launched an undercover sting operation called "Operation Shifty" a few years later. They sent undercover "customers" into transmission shops across the state, shops they had received complaints about. Their operatives were almost universally ripped off. Among other things, they caught a transmission shop removing a perfectly good trans from a late model car and replacing it with a junked one. When investigators descended on the shop with search warrants, they found their trans – which had been marked – in the shop's inventory on a shelf. Presumably, the shop was hoping to sell it back to the investigator.
Many of the shops were fined and some were shut down. The one that did the work on my car was swept up in the investigation and eventually changed names. I've seen it over the years. It is still there and every few years it changes names again. I have no idea if the same owner is there but I suspect the place is still ripping people off, inspiring its customers to become attorneys. And the Big Three? They ought to hate this guy.
Follow me on twitter: @stevelehto
Steve Lehto has been practicing consumer protection and lemon law for 23 years in Michigan. He taught Consumer Protection at the University of Detroit Mercy School of Law for ten years and wrote The Lemon Law Bible. He also wrote Chrysler's Turbine Car: The Rise and Fall of Detroit's Coolest Creation and The Great American Jet Pack: The Quest for the Ultimate Individual Lift Device.


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We are proud to announce the 6th Season of Style Fashion Week at their incredible new venue—L.A. LIVE's Event Deck in Downtown, Los Angeles. Now deemed Los Angeles Fashion Week and supported by City of Los Angeles Councilman Curren D. Price, Jr. (Council District 9), Style Fashion Week will be hosting shows from October 13th-17th. This season will feature two runways showcasing the most talented designers from around the world. An immersive brand marketplace will present: art, jewelry, kids-wear, pet apparel, accessories, electronics, and designer showcases. A luxury reception lounge will be provided for guests, serving delicious beverages and appetizers. Our week of shows will also include live performances, must-see DJ's, and much more.
Sunday, October 13th - Thursday, October 17th 2013
L.A. LIVE's Event Deck
Located above Lot W – The parking garage on
Chick Hearn Ct, between L.A. LIVE Way and Georgia St.
Los Angeles, CA 90015
Doors Open at 4pm Sunday -Thursday
Shows on the hour from 5pm to 10pm
For more information visit Style Fashion Week online.


text:
No Dima or Janko at the show, unfortch, but Taylor Dent, Andreas Seppi, Marin Cilic, Agi Szavay, and Anna Chakvetadze walked down the BNP Paribas Open catwalk last night in Fila and Trina Turk fashions.
Anna was the, uhm, most efficient of the ladies, darting in and out with no love to the camera. She can chalk (chak-?) it up to her being under the weather; we'll let it slide this time.
We heard that Agi, who came out in some yoga gear, had a really good time backstage. Dent hammed it up as the first player down the catwalk.
Meanwhile, the only non-athlete male model, who we saw wolfing down hors d'oeuvres right before the show, flashed his abs to the audience at the host's request. And it looked good. Life isn't fair.
Of the Fila goods, we really loved the his-and-hers cable knit sweater vests and the totes embossed with the company logo (available in gold, red, or black). We'll post pics later.
Price points are pretty low ($30-$60 for bags; $1OO for shoes). I'm pickin' up a pair of White Line Mids before I leave tonight.
Buy: Women's Essenza vest, $80; men's version, $80; terra rosa jacket in navy/cream and lime colorways, $175; terra rosa polo, $150; White Line Mids, $99.


text:
With this dingbats font, it's possible to compose an infinite number of arrows by associating the various elements accessible to the keyboard. The arrows are composed automatically thanks to more than 5000 kerning pairs.
Designer: Damien Gautier
with the help of Delphine Sigonney
Date: 2010
Cut: Regular
Format: OpenType
Glyphes: 350


text:
Annual scholarship dinner honors donors and student recipients
Penn State Beaver recently hosted its annual dinner honoring campus scholarship donors and recipients. Welcome remarks and guest speaker introductions were offered by Chancellor Gary B. Keefer. Speakers were Greg Cerminara, assistant vice president, Michael Baker, Jr., Inc. and vice president, Penn State Beaver Advisory Board, and Adrijana Vukelic, a sophomore psychology major from Aliquippa. Keefer and Dan Pinchot, director of enrollment, presented the scholarship award certificates, and Diana Patterson director of development, provided closing remarks. For information about scholarships, contact Patterson in the Office of Development at email@example.com or 724-773-3558.


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Minimalist Urban Residence by Anacapa
architecture and design
Add to Flipboard Magazine.
Fuente: homeadore -
View all news from this site
Minimalist Urban Residence by Anacapa
Designed in 2017 by Anacapa Architecture, this minimalist single-story house is situated in Santa Monica, California.
Description by Anacapa
This private residence was designed for a young entrepreneur in Santa Barbara, CA.
The home maximizes natural light through an abundance of fixed and sliding glass, including skylights throughout the 3 bedroom, 2 bath home.
A simple material palette of ipe and white stucco was selected for the exterior, while the interior is warmed with custom walnut cabinetry, italian marble and brass fixtures.
The home is modestly sized (2500 sq ft) and was designed with the region?s temperate climate in mind. Sliding doors and operable windows throughout the home offer limitless opportunities for ventilation while creating a true connection between the indoors and outdoors in every room. Operable sliding glass spans the entire width of the kitchen/dining/living room area, so on a warm sunny day, the home becomes completely open to the elements. Radiant heat cement floors and two indoor fireplaces provide warmth on cooler days. The home was designed with the owner?s affinity for entertaining in mind. Upon entering the minimalist home, guests are greeted with an uninterrupted view of the home?s gardens and outdoor fire pit, where friends and family are known to gather every weekend for a glass of wine or bbq.
Photography courtesy of Anacapa
Visit Anacapa
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The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) performs an essential public health task by making sure that safe and effective drugs are available to improve the health of people in the United States. As part of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), CDER regulates over-the-counter and prescription drugs, including biological therapeutics and generic drugs. This work covers medicines and other drugs, including fluoride toothpaste, antiperspirants, dandruff shampoos and sunscreens.
Review Date: Tuesday, June 28, 2011
List reviewed web resources
The National Library of Medicine (NLM) was established in 1836 as the library of the Army Surgeon General's Office. It was transferred to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and became known as NLM in 1956. In support of its mission to collect, preserve, and disseminate biomedical information, NLM has assembled the largest collection of biomedical literature in the world. Included are over 8 million books, journals, technical reports, and other print and audiovisual materials, as well as the nation's largest medical history collection. Services of NLM include computer-based literature retrieval services, interlibrary loan services, programs and grant support for medical libraries, toxicology information services and biotechnology information services. Eight major libraries around the country, the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM) coordinate online reference retrieval and interlibrary loan services for libraries in their region. DATABASES: Free access to MEDLINE, MEDLINEplus (Consumer health information), and other NLM databases are available to those with World Wide Web access at: www.nlm.nih.gov. Fact sheets and pocket guides describing the databases are available. A MEDLARS management service desk at NLM is staffed to answer questions about the online system.
Review Date: Thursday, August 18, 2011
The FDA's Office of Orphan Products Development (OOPD) is dedicated to promoting the development of products that demonstrate promise for the diagnosis and/or treatment of rare diseases or conditions. To locate such products, the OOPD interacts with the medical and research communities, professional organizations, academia, and the pharmaceutical industry, as well as rare disease groups. The OOPD administers the major provisions of the Orphan Drug Act (ODA) which provide incentives for sponsors to develop products for rare diseases. More than 228 drugs and biological products for rare diseases have been brought to market since 1983.
Review Date: Monday, October 05, 2015
AARP is the nation's leading organization for people age 50 and older. It serves their needs and interests through information and education, advocacy, and community services provided by a network of local chapters and experienced volunteers throughout the country. The organization also offers members a wide range of special benefits and services, including Modern Maturity Magazine and the monthly Bulletin.
Review Date: Friday, October 24, 2014
Since 1981, the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics (APUA) has been dedicated to strengthening society's defenses against infectious disease by promoting appropriate antimicrobial access and use and controlling antimicrobial resistance. With a network of affiliated chapters in over 65 countries, more than 33 of which are in the developing world, APUA stands as the world's leading organization conducting focused antimicrobial resistance research, education, and advocacy at the grassroots and global levels. APUA's goal is to improve antimicrobial policy and clinical practice so as to preserve the power of these lifesaving agents and improve treatment for patients with acute bacterial diseases, tuberculosis, AIDS, and malaria.
Review Date: Friday, March 08, 2013
The American Society of Consultant Pharmacists was founded in 1969 to represent the interests of its members and promote safe and effective medication therapy for the nation's long-term care residents. ASCP members serve the full spectrum of long-term care settings, including nursing homes, subacute care and assisted living facilities, psychiatric hospitals, facilities for the mentally retarded, correctional institutions, hospices, and home care.
Review Date: Tuesday, October 06, 2015
Founded in 1942, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) is a national professional association representing pharmacists who practice in hospitals, health maintenance organizations, long-term care facilities, home care agencies, and other components of health care systems. The Society has extensive publishing and educational programs designed to help members improve their delivery of pharmaceutical care, and it is a national accrediting organization for pharmacy residency and pharmacy technician training programs.
Review Date: Wednesday, October 26, 2011
Birth Defect Research for Children, Inc. (BDRC) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that provides parents and expectant parents with information about birth defects and support services for their children. BDRC has a parent-matching program that links families who have children with similar birth defects. BDRC also sponsors the National Birth Defect Registry, a research project that studies associations between birth defects and exposures to radiation, medication, alcohol, smoking, chemicals, pesticides, lead, mercury, dioxin and other environmental toxins. Each year, BDRC responds to thousands of birth defect information requests from all over the world. BDRC's on-line environmental health updates provide thousands of parents, professionals and organizations with daily news on the latest birth defect research.
Review Date: Thursday, September 17, 2015
The mission of CenterWatch is to be the leading source of clinical trials information for both clinical research professionals and patients. CenterWatch offers several services and resources specifically to patients. The Clinical Trial Listing Service offers patients unbiased information on clinical trials, with a clinical trial database that contains thousands of currently enrolling trials. Information on drugs and new medical therapies are available to review. CenterWatch also provides patients with health and educational resources about clinical trials.
Review Date: Thursday, April 05, 2012
The Internet resource you selected is supported as a public service by a commercial entity, and the resource exists primarily as an Internet-based activity that does not have a conventional information and referral counterpart. For this reason, we do not include traditional contact information; instead, we recommend you follow the Internet URL for the resource to obtain more information.
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), based in suburban Philadelphia, is the nation's only 501c (3) nonprofit organization devoted entirely to medication error prevention and safe medication use. ISMP represents over 35 years of experience in helping healthcare practitioners keep patients safe, and continues to lead efforts to improve the medication use process.
To advance patient safety worldwide by empowering the healthcare community, including consumers, to prevent medication errors.
The organization's mission is to advance patient safety worldwide by empowering the healthcare community, including consumers, to prevent medication errors.
They accomplish this through their interdisciplinary efforts to:
•Collect and analyze reports of medication-related hazardous conditions, near-misses, errors, and other adverse drug events.
•Disseminate timely medication safety information, risk-reduction tools, and error-prevention strategies.
•Educate the healthcare community and consumers about safe medication practices.
•Collaborate with other patient safety organizations, educational institutions, governmental agencies and other healthcare stakeholders.
•Advocate the adoption of safe medication standards by accrediting bodies, manufacturers, policy makers, regulatory agencies, and standards-setting organizations.
•Conduct research to provide evidence-based safe medication practices.
Review Date: Friday, January 27, 2012
Founded in 1904, the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) is the impartial professional organization that supports the state boards of pharmacy in protecting public health. NABP aims to ensure the public's health and safety through its pharmacist license transfer and pharmacist competence assessment programs, as well as through its VIPPS, Vet-VIPPS, VAWD, and DMEPOS accreditation programs. NABP's member boards of pharmacy are grouped into eight districts that include all 50 United States, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Australia, eight Canadian provinces, and New Zealand.
Review Date: Tuesday, May 01, 2012
The National Council on Patient Information and Education (NCPIE) founded in 1982, is a nonprofit coalition of government, consumer, business, patient advocacy and public health organizations whose mission it is to stimulate and improve communication of information on the appropriate use of medicines between healthcare professionals and consumers. NCPIE believes medication misuse is the nation's "other" drug problem. The Council was established to serve as a forum for exchanging ideas, to encourage member organizations to develop and launch medicine communication campaigns, and to develop other methods of educating and informing consumers on the safe and appropriate use of medicines. NCPIE sponsors the online, annual "Talk About Prescriptions" (TAP) Month each October.
The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) represents the country's leading pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies, which are devoted to inventing medicines that allow patients to live longer, healthier, and more productive lives. PhRMA's mission is winning advocacy for public policies that encourage the discovery of life-saving and life enhancing new medicines for patients by pharmaceutical/biotechnology research companies. The Partnership for Prescription Assistance (PPA) – a nationwide effort sponsored by America's pharmaceutical research companies – helps qualifying patients without prescription drug coverage get the medicines they need for free or nearly free.
Review Date: Monday, September 27, 2010
RxAssist.org is a comprehensive resource center for patients, providers and patient advocates to find free and low cost medications to help manage chronic diseases. RxAssist is committed to helping all patients find access to the medications they need. With RxAssist, you can research patient assistance programs and download applications, print drug coupons, and find state-run and charitable programs that improve access to care. In the learning center, you can keep current on health care reform issues, connect with other care providers about medication access, and browse the library of fact sheets, how to guides and other publications.
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Http://www.Gov20LA.org – FREE to Individuals thanks to Sponsoring Companies.
You've been hearing rumors of some LA "Camp" thing. We are here to let you know that you don't have to wait until Summer time for Camp! In order to get a dose of sunshine and inspiration Gov 2.0 Camp is moving out of the Beltway and off to sunny Los Angeles, CA. You may be asking, why take the Camp on the road, outside of the obvious reason of early Spring Break?
The first Government 2.0 Camp in Washington, DC was a great way to bring awareness to who is working on these issues and how to start working together. Now, that we know who's who in the space, it is time to start including the rest of the community. That community is made up of people like you.
- Government cannot hope to provide better services to our citizens, integrate social media and develop new ways of doing business without the help of the entire community.
- When we talk about Government here, we aren't just talking about the Federal Government.
- We are talking Federal, State, local and international.
- Yes, you heard right! This is all about contributing to finding better ways to make the world work.
It isn't about one of us, but all of us as global citizens
What are we looking for? We're looking for your ideas, your best practices and your creativity. We want you to bring your energy and enthusiasm for helping us figure out how we can modernize Government using social media. We are looking for ideas on:
• Continue implementing innovative solutions
• Leverage ideas and lessons learned from Non Profits, Education, other Governments, Non-Government Organizations and private companies
• Increase and support more women in technology
• Start the conversation across all levels of government and beyond
• Address the challenges of government – privacy, legal, records management, accessibility, copyright, creative commons, security and more!
• Provide insights in language use and how best to position transformational technology change.
Most importantly, we are looking for ways to help citizens better participate in Government. How can we empower them? How can we help their voices and opinions to be heard? How do we make Government and Government officials more accessible? How do we help people trust the job the Government is doing? We need your help to make this a reality!
Who Should Attend?
Any one who is interested in helping make governments better and who has an interest in social media.
Friday, February 5 – Sunday, February 7, 2010
The location of the Camp is still TBD. We are working on procuring a location in West Los Angeles.
Why Attend?
This will be the first time we have gone out of our way to practice what we preach and see real world applications in actual use. Come to Los Angeles to get a fresh perspective and to explore new ways of doing business.
Structure of the Conference:
This will not be like any other conference you have ever attended. We will be utilizing a hybrid of the bar camp format, traditional conference structure thus taking community interaction to the next level.
The Planning Committee will provide sub themes for the Camp (some of which have been highlighted above). We will select some speakers and panel sessions to meet some objectives of those sub themes. There is plenty of room for you to propose your own sessions and ideas.
In order to ensure we develop the right discussion, we will conduct community voting on all community submitted proposals. Space will be limited and number of slots per sub theme will be announced before the end of voting. Expect voting to begin in January 2010!
Now What?
Register to attend the Camp here. Determine if you or your organization would like to sponsor the Camp. Think about ideas you have for a session or if you have a recommendation for a speaker(s).
Still Have Questions?
Contact us at email@example.com or on Twitter at @Gov20_LA . Also, don't forget to ask your friendly Planning Committee member any additional questions you may have! They are here to ensure we provide the best camp experience ever!
Gov20LA Planning Committee:
Alan W. Silberberg, Lovisa Williams, Steve Ressler, Erin Kotecki Vest, Adriel Hampton, Sarah Granger, Jim Gilliam, Andrew Lachman, Greg Ferenstein, Lucretia Pruitt, Andrea Baker, Rich Greenberg, Luke Fretwell, Michael Walsh, Martha Mclean, Justin Herman, Mona Nomura, Chris Heuer, Meagen Ryan, Wayne Moses Burke