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Christian socialism
Christian socialism is a form of religious socialism based on the teachings of Jesus. Many Christian socialists believe capitalism to be idolatrous and rooted in greed, which some Christian denominations consider a mortal sin.[1] Christian socialists identify the cause of inequality to be associated with the greed that they associate with capitalism.[1]
Christian socialism became a major movement in the United Kingdom beginning in the 1960s through the Christian Socialist Movement.[2]
The term also pertains to such earlier figures as the nineteenth century writers Frederick Denison Maurice (The Kingdom of Christ, 1838), John Ruskin (Unto this Last, 1862), Charles Kingsley (The Water-Babies, 1863), Thomas Hughes (Tom Brown's Schooldays, 1857), Frederick James Furnivall (co-creator of the Oxford English Dictionary), Adin Ballou (Practical Christian Socialism, 1854), and Francis Bellamy (a Baptist minister and the author of the United States' Pledge of Allegiance).
Biblical age
Elements that would form the basis of Christian socialism are found in the Old and New Testaments.[3]
Old Testament
The Old Testament had divided perspectives on the issue of poverty. One part of the Jewish tradition held that poverty was judgement of God upon the wicked while viewing prosperity as a reward for the good, stating that "The righteous has enough to satisfy his appetite, but the belly of the wicked suffers want" (Prov. 13:25).[4]
However there are other sections that instruct generosity to the "have nots" of society. The Torah instructs followers to treat neighbours equally and to be generous to have nots, such as stating:
You shall not oppress your neighbour...but you shall love your neighbour as yourself: I am the Lord
He [the Lord your God] executes justice for the fatherless and the widow, and loves the sojourner, giving him food and clothing. Love the sojourner therefore; for you were sojourners in the land of Egypt—(Deut. 10:18-19).[5]
When you reap in your harvest in the field, and have forgotten a sheaf in the field, you shall not go back to get it...When you beat your olive trees, you shall not go over the boughs again...When you gather the grapes of your vineyard, you shall not glean it afterward; it shall be for the sojourner, the fatherless and the widow. You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt; therefore I command you to do this
The Psalms that were written in a period of eight hundred years from 1300-500 B.C. include many references to social justice for the poor:
Give justice to the weak and the fatherless; maintain the right of the afflicted and the destitute. Rescue the weak and the needy; deliver them from the hand of the wicked—(Ps. 82 (81): 3, 4).[6]
Blessed is the man who fears the Lord, who greatly delights in his commandments!...He has distributed freely, he has given to the poor; his righteousness endures forever; his horn is exalted in honour—(Ps. 112 (111): 1, 9).[6]
Amos emphasizes the need for "justice" and "righteousness" that is described as conduct that emphasizes love for those who are poor and to oppose oppression and injustice towards the poor.[7] The prophet Isaiah (759-694 B.C.) to whom is attributed the first thirty-nine chapters of the Book of Isaiah, followed upon Amos' themes of justice and righteousness involving the poor as necessary for followers of God, denouncing those who do not do these things, stating:
Even though you make many prayers, I will not listen; your hands are full of blood...cease to do evil, learn to do good; seek justice, correct oppression; defend the fatherless, plead for the widow—(Isa. 1:15-17).[7]
The Book of Sirach denounces the pursuit of wealth, stating:
He who loves gold will not be justified, and he who pursues money will be led astray by it. Many have come to ruin because of gold, and their destruction has met them face to face. It is a stumbling block to those who are devoted to it, and every fool will be taken captive by it—(Sir. 31: 5-7).[8]
The most important quote of the Old Testament that has been recognized by Christian socialists is the verse from Ecclesiastes 3:13 that describes God as promoting an egalitarian society, stating:
It is God's gift to humankind that everyone should eat and drink and take pleasure in all their toil—(Ecc. 3: 13).[9]
New Testament
In the New Testament, Jesus in Matthew 25:31-46 identifies himself with the hungry, the poor, the sick, and the prisoners.[10] Matthew 25:31-46 is a major component of Christianity and is considered the cornerstone of Christian socialism.[10] Another key statement in the New Testament that is an important component of Christian socialism is Luke 10:25-37 that follows the statement "You shall love your neighbour as yourself" with the question "And who is my neighbour?", and in the Parable of the Good Samaritan Jesus gives the revolutionary response that the neighbour includes anyone in need, even people we might be expected to shun.[11] (The Samaritans were considered a heretical sect by Jews and neither would usually deal with the other.)[11]
In the Sermon on the Plain, Jesus says, "Blessed are you poor, for yours is the kingdom of God. Blessed are you that hunger now, for you shall be satisfied" (Luke 6:20, 21).[12]
Christian socialists note that James the Just, the brother of Jesus of Nazareth, in the Epistle of James criticizes the rich intensely and in strong language:
Come now, you rich, weep and howl for the miseries that are coming upon you. Your riches have rotted and your garments are moth-eaten. Your gold and silver have rusted, and their rust will be evidence against you and will eat your flesh like fire. You have laid up for treasure for the last days. Behold, the wages of the labourers who mowed your fields, which you have kept back by fraud, cry out; and the cries of the harvesters have reached the ears of the Lord of hosts. You have lived on the earth in luxury and in pleasure; you have fattened your hearts in a day of slaughterSome of the verses which inspired the communal arrangements of the Anabaptist Hutterites are Acts 2, verses 44 and 45:—(Jam. 5:1-6).[13]
"All the believers were together and had everything in common. Selling their possessions and goods, they gave to anyone as he had need."Acts 4, verse 32:
"All the believers were one in heart and mind. No one claimed that any of his possessions were his own, but they shared everything they had."and Acts 4, verses 34 and 35:
"There were no needy persons among them. For from time to time those who owned lands or houses sold them, brought the money from their sales and put it at the apostles' feet, and it was distributed to anyone as he had need."
Church Fathers age
Basil of Caesarea (c. 330-379), the Father of the Eastern monks who became Bishop of Caesarea, established a complex around the church and monastery that included hostels, almshouses, and hospitals for infectious diseases.[14] During the great famine of 368, Basil denounced against profiteers and the indifferent rich.[14] Basil wrote the sermon on The Rich Fool in which he states:
Who is the covetous man? One for whom plenty is not enough. Who is the defrauder? One who takes away what belongs to everyone. And are not you covetous, are you not a defrauder, when you keep for private use what you were given for distribution? When some one strips a man of his clothes we call him a thief. And one who might clothe the naked and does not—should not he be given the same name? The bread in your hoard belongs to the hungry; the cloak in your wardrobe belongs to the naked; the shoes you let rot belong to the barefoot; the money in your vaults belongs to the destitute. All you might help and do not—to all these you are doing wrong—Basil of Caesarea from the The Rich Fool.[15]
John Chrysostom declared his reasons for his attitude towards the rich and position of attitude towards wealth by saying:
I am often reproached for continually attacking the rich. Yes, because the rich are continually attacking the poor. But those I attack are not the rich as such, only those who misuse their wealth. I point out constantly that those I accuse are not the rich, but the rapacious; wealth is one thing, covetousness another. Learn to distinguish.—John Chrysostom.[16]
These passages and similar were also instrumental in inspiring the Christian Social Party of Austria and de La Tour du Pin, obviously Roman Catholic rather than Eastern Orthodox.
19th century
A variety of socialist perspectives emerged in 19th century Britain. The influential Victorian art critic John Ruskin expounded theories about social justice in Unto This Last (1860). The painters of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood were influenced and sponsored by Ruskin. The artist William Morris was a leader of the Socialist League founded in December 1884. The Fabian Society was founded in the same year; Sydney and Beatrice Webb were among its leading members. The Fabians influenced members of the Bloomsbury Group and were important in the early history of the British Labour party.
In the November 1914 issue of the The Christian Socialist, Episcopal bishop Franklin Spencer Spalding of Utah, U.S.A. stated: "The Christian Church exists for the sole purpose of saving the human race. So far she has failed, but I think that Socialism shows her how she may succeed. It insists that men cannot be made right until the material conditions be made right. Although man cannot live by bread alone, he must have bread. Therefore the Church must destroy a system of society which inevitably creates and perpetuates unequal and unfair conditions of life. These unequal and unfair conditions have been created by competition. Therefore competition must cease and cooperation take its place."[17]
Despite the explicit rejection of Socialism, in the more Catholic countries of Europe the encyclical's teaching was the inspiration that led to the formation of new Christian democratic parties.
A number of Christian socialist movements and political parties throughout the world group themselves into the International League of Religious Socialists. It has member organizations in 21 countries representing 200,000 members.
Christian socialists draw parallels between what some have characterized as the egalitarian and anti-establishment message of Jesus, who–according to the Gospel–spoke against the religious authorities of his time, and the egalitarian, anti-establishment, and sometimes anti-clerical message of most contemporary socialisms. Some Christian Socialists have become active Communists. This phenomenon was most common among missionaries in China, the most notable being James Gareth Endicott, who became supportive of the struggle of the Communist Party of China in the 1930s and 1940s.
Christian socialism is not to be confused with certain parties with "Christian Social" in their names which are found in the German-speaking world, such as the contemporary Christian Social Union in Bavaria or the Christian Social Party in Austria-Hungary c. 1900. Such parties do not claim to be socialist, nor are they considered socialist by others. The term Christian Democrat is more appropriately applied to the contemporary parties.
In Roman Catholicism, Socialism was strongly criticized in the 1878 papal encyclical Quod Apostolici Muneris by Pope Leo XIII. This opinon was moderated an encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI on 15 May 1931 Quadragesimo Anno. Wherein Pius XI describes the major dangers for human freedom and dignity arising from unrestrained capitalism and totalitarian communism. Pius XI called upon moderate socialism to distance itself from totalitarian communism as a matter of convenience and also as a matter of principle. Socialists were accused of attempting to overthrow all existing civil society, and Christian socialism was deemed to be an oxymoron because of this. Pius XI famously wrote at the time that "no one can be at the same time a good Catholic and a true socialist".[18]
The encyclical Rerum Novarum encyclical of Pope Leo XIII from 1891 was the starting point of a teaching on social questions that was expanded and updated all through the 20th century. Despite the introduction of social thought as an object of religious thought, Rerum Novarum explicitly rejects what it calls "the main tenet of socialism":
"Hence, it is clear that the main tenet of socialism, community of goods, must be utterly rejected, since it only injures those whom it would seem meant to benefit, is directly contrary to the natural rights of mankind, and would introduce confusion and disorder into the commonwealth. The first and most fundamental principle, therefore, if one would undertake to alleviate the condition of the masses, must be the inviolability of private property." Rerum Novarum, paragraph 16
However, Rerum Novarum condemned unrestricted capitalism and called for measures to ameliorate "The misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class."[19]
A great number and variety of Catholics have championed the cause of working folk. Prominent individuals and movements include: Francesco Saverio Nitti, Corazon Aquino & Benigno Aquino, Jr., Solidarity (Polish trade union), Cesar Chavez, Sargent Shriver, Harris Wofford, the Kennedy family, Liberation theology, Jerzy Popiełuszko, Dorothy Day and the Catholic Worker Movement, John M. Corridan, and E. F. Schumacher.
The apostolic exhortation Evangelii Gaudium by Pope Francis, criticizes unfettered capitalism.
See also: Catholic Church and politics in the United States
- Social Christians (Italy)
- Christian Left Party (Chile)
- Marc Sangnier's Le Sillon and then Ligue de la jeune République (France)
- League of Christian Socialists (the Netherlands)
- Christian Social Party (Netherlands)
- Christian Social Party (Switzerland)
- Democratic Revival (Greece)
- Christian Democracy (Greece)
The British Labour Party, Australian Labor Party and New Democratic Party of Canada have all been influenced by Christian socialism, and some figures from all these parties could be considered to be Christian socialists, depending on the definition of "socialism" used.
Former British Labour leader Tony Blair is a member of the Christian Socialist Movement[20] although his adherence to Christian Socialist ideals is highly disputed, as he is much further to the right than most "socialists".[21]
Former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd identified himself as an "old-fashioned Christian socialist" in a 2003 interview with The Australian Financial Review,[22] later writing in 2006: "A Christian perspective, informed by a social gospel or Christian socialist tradition, should not be rejected contemptuously by secular politicians as if these views are an unwelcome intrusion into the political sphere."[23] However he also described socialism as an "arcane, 19th century" doctrine and stated that "I am not a socialist. I have never been a socialist and I never will be a socialist."[24]
The following list includes other well-known Christian socialists:
- Benigno S. Aquino, Jr., martyr of Philippine democracy, who described himself as a "born again" Catholic and Christian Socialist.
- Edward Bellamy, author of Looking Backward
- Francis Bellamy, original author of the Pledge of Allegiance
- Karl Barth, theologian
- Tony Benn, British Parliamentarian and Campaigner
- Robert Malachy Burke
- Walt Brown
- Hugo Chávez, Former President of Venezuela and Catholic Socialist.
- Joe Duffy, Irish radio presenter
- Mauricio Funes
- Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador
- Dorothy Day, Co-Founder of the Catholic Worker Movement
- Percy Dearmer
- Tommy Douglas, former Premier of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan; leader of the first socialist government in North America; father of Canadian medicare. Former leader of the socialist Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Canada, which won five back-to-back majority provincial governments in Saskatchewan. Later, when the CCF merged with the Canadian Labour Congress to become the modern-day secular and more social-democratic New Democratic Party of Canada, Douglas was elected its first leader. The NDP is currently the second largest party in the Canadian House of Commons and the holder of the title of The Official Opposition. According to polls/surveys conducted by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Canada's public broadcaster), Tommy Douglas has been consistently voted as "The Most Important Canadian" for three years in a row.
- Diane Drufenbrock
- Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educator and critical pedagogy theorist
- Vekoslav Grmič, a Slovenian Roman Catholic bishop, writer, essayist and public figure
- Thomas J. Hagerty
- Keir Hardie, Co-founder of the British Labour Party
- Chris Hedges
- Thomas Hughes
- Abe Isoo, or otherwise known as Abe Iso, Iso Abe (surname: Abe; given name, Isoo or Iso).
- Sir David Fletcher Jones
- Toyohiko Kagawa
- Tetsu Katayama
- Helen Keller
- Michael Joseph Savage, former Prime Minister of New Zealand and leader of the New Zealand Labour Party
- Charles Kingsley, novelist
- William Dean Howells, novelist, author of A Traveler from Altruria (1894)
- Edvard Kocbek, a Slovenian thinker, poet and politician
- Janez Evangelist Krek
- George Lansbury, former Leader of the British Labour Party
- Father Walter Lini, for whom Christianity and socialism held strong similarities and could be combined to form the basis of Melanesian socialism
- Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa 1994-1999
- John Ludlow
- Margaret MacDonald, the wife of UK Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald
- F. O. Matthiessen
- Frederick Denison Maurice, founding father of British Christian Socialism, and founder of The Working Men's College.
- Jürgen Moltmann
- Brian P. Moore, a candidate for the 2008 US Presidential elections
- Reinhold Niebuhr, theologian
- Huub Oosterhuis
- Karl Polanyi
- Joseph Smith, Jr.
- Dorothee Sölle
- Donald Soper, Baron Soper
- R. H. Tawney
- Norman Thomas
- Paul Tillich
- Cornel West, American academic and commentator
- Brooke Foss Westcott
- Jackson Stitt Wilson (1868–1942), a Methodist minister and socialist mayor of Berkeley, California from 1911 to 1913.
- Frank P. Zeidler, ex-Milwaukee mayor and Socialist Party USA presidential candidate
If we all came of the same father and mother, of Adam and Eve, how can they say or prove that they are better than we, if it be not that they make us gain for them by our toil what they spend in their pride? John Ball[25]
Socialism which means love, cooperation and brotherhood in every department of human affairs, is the only outward expression of a Christian's faith. I am firmly convinced that whether they know it or not, all who approve and accept competition and struggle against each other as the means whereby we gain our daily bread, do indeed betray and make of no effect the "will of God." George Lansbury
Capitalism is the way of the devil and exploitation. If you really want to look at things through the eyes of Jesus Christ—who I think was the first socialist—only socialism can really create a genuine society. Hugo Chávez[26]
Socialism is Christianity politicized. Russell Brand[27]
See also
- Agrarian socialism
- Catholic trade unions
- Catholic social teaching
- Christian anarchism
- Christian communism
- Christian left
- Christian libertarianism
- Christian trade unions
- Ethical socialism
- International League of Religious Socialists
- Jewish left
- John Ball (priest)
- Liberal Christianity
- Liberation theology
- Political Catholicism
- Postmodern Christianity
- Religious socialism
- Social Gospel
- Spiritual left
- Utopian socialism
- Waldensians
- Working Men's College
- ^ a b Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason, Hugh S. Pyper. The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press Pp. 678.
- ^ Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason, Hugh S. Pyper. The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press Pp. 677.
- ^ Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. p. 19.
- ^ Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. p. 20.
- ^ a b c Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. p. 21.
- ^ a b Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. p. 22.
- ^ a b Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. p. 23.
- ^ Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. p. 28.
- ^ Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. p. 29.
- ^ a b Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. p. 31.
- ^ a b Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. p. 32.
- ^ Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. p. 37.
- ^ Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. pp. 40–41.
- ^ a b Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. p. 43.
- ^ Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. pp. 43–44.
- ^ Cort, John C. (1988). Christian Socialism: An Informal History. Maryknoll, New York, USA: Orbis Books. p. 45.
- ^ Berman, David (2007). Radicalism in the Mountain West 1890-1920. University Press of Colorado. pp. 11–12.
- ^ Socialism & the Vatican Time magazine, July 8, 1957.
- ^ Paragraph 3, Rerum Novarum.
- ^ UK: Tony Blair's pact with God rationalistinternational.net.
- ^ Poplarism, Christianity and Socialism workersliberty.org, July 14, 2007.
- ^ Samantha Maiden and Verity Edwards: Rudd backtracks on socialism The Australian, December 15, 2006.
- ^ Kevin Rudd: Faith in Politics The Monthly, October 2006.
- ^ Michael Gordon and Michelle Grattan: Rudd rejects socialism The Age, December 14, 2006.
- ^ John Richard Green, History of the English People. Accessed 2007-07-22.
- ^ Tim Padgett: Chavez: "Bush Has Called Me Worse Things" Time magazine, September 22, 2006. Accessed 2007-07-22.
- ^ Donald Kaufman (21 January 2014). Russell Brand: 'Socialism Is Christianity Politicized'. Truthdig. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
Further reading
Primary sources
- Gray, John. The Life of Frederick Denison Maurice: Chiefly Told in His Own Letters (1885) online edition
- Kingsley, Charles. The Works of Charles Kingsley (1899) online edition
- Kingsley, Frances Eliza Grenfell. Charles Kingsley: His Letters and Memories of His Life (1877) online edition
- Leno, John Bedford. The Aftermath with Autobiography of the Author, Reeves & Turner, London 1892
Secondary sources
- Bissett, Jim. Agrarian socialism in America: Marx, Jefferson, and Jesus in the Oklahoma Countryside, 1904-1920 University of Oklahoma Press, 1999
- Boyer, John. Culture and Political Crisis in Vienna: Christian Socialism in Power, 1897-1918 (1995)
- Cort, John C. Christian Socialism: An Informal History (1988)
- Hopkins, Charles Howard. The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism, 1865-1915 (1940) (Chap. X "Christian Socialism")
- Phillips, Paul T. A Kingdom on Earth: Anglo-American Social Christianity, 1880-1940. (1996)
- Young, Shawn David. "From Hippies to Jesus Freaks: Christian Radicalism in Chicago's Inner-City." Journal of Religion and Popular Culture. Vol 22(2) Summer 2010.
External links
- Official site of Christian Socialist Movement (UK)
- Religious Socialists Vision Statement of the Religion and Socialism Commission of the Democratic Socialists of America
- Socialism and Faith Commission of the Socialist Party USA
- Spartacus Educational on nineteenth-century Christian socialism
- New Testament Supports Socialism
- Anglo-Catholic Socialism
- The Bible on the Poor: Or Why God is a Liberal
- Christian Socialist Party USA Right-wing Christian socialism movement
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014
- Articles needing additional references from July 2013
- All articles needing additional references
- Articles with too many examples
- Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011
- Commons category template with no category set
- Commons category without a link on Wikidata
- Christian socialism
- Christian philosophy
- Christian politics
- Christian terminology


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❤Nail Art Supplies❤ http://www.cupcakenailart.com
Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ Polymer clay (Wikipedia definition)
♥Polymer clay is a sculptable material based on the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It usually contains no clay minerals, and is only called "clay" because its texture and working properties resemble those of mineral clay. It is sold in craft, hobby, and art stores, and is used by artists, hobbyists, and children.
♥To make it hard/permanent it must be baked in an oven. The time and temperature varies slightly from each brand and it will always say on the package. I normally bake mine at 275°F at anywhere between 20-40 minutes depending on how thick the charm is. I also bake in a toaster oven that I use only for baking clay.
♥Yes I bake the clay before painting it, wire wrapping and glazing.
♥Everything I use can be bought at your local craft store. I go to Micheals to get mine.
Monday videos are now polymer clay videos.
Friday videos are my nail art videos.
Music is "Cherubs" by Josh Woodward
Thank you so much for watching and please subscribe, rate and comment for lots more videos!! =D
I was not paid to use any of the products in the video nor am I affiliated with them in any way. I did not receive any of the products for free, they were all bought with my own money.

subset: commoncrawl


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This course is part I of the required sequence for full-time incoming students. It is an introduction to the study of Christianity. Through selected readings, it focuses on the nature of the Christian faith, the gospel, and the doctrines of Christianity. It serves also as an introduction to the academic study of religion and theology.
RELG110 is a 2 credit course.


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There's no way to eliminate weather threats. But it is possible to get better at predicting them.
For the last four decades, scientists have depended on the National Center for Atmospheric Research, or NCAR, and its sophisticated computer models to forecast everything from the intensity of a thunderstorm to the track of a hurricane.
With the recent unveiling of Yellowstone— the world's fastest supercomputer devoted to climate research — housed at the NCAR-Wyoming Supercomputing Center (also called the NWSC) in Cheyenne, Wyoming, those weather projections just got a lot more accurate.
What is a supercomputer?
A supercomputer is a very powerful computer that can perform calculations at incredible speed.
The world's fastest supercomputer can hit a speed of 20 petaflops, which means it can run 20,000 trillion calculations per second. (That's equal to 7 billion people solving 3 million math equations every second).
Depending on its purpose, a supercomputer can be used to solve practical business problems, like figuring out how to package potato chips, to answering larger science questions, like simulating what happens when a nuclear bomb explodes or understand how climate is changing.
The main purpose of the Yellowstone supercomputer is to run numerical simulations of physical systems, like the atmosphere and the ocean.
Go inside Yellowstone >
For a simulation, you begin with a set of initial conditions — typically from land and weather observations made over the last half century that stream in from organizations like NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. All of that data, which is essentially a snapshot of the planet, is stored in the massive computer's data centers.
The model then moves that snapshot forward in time using mathematical equations describing how things like air and moisture move around in Earth's system, provided by the researchers. The computer breaks the problem up into little pieces and runs them across thousands of processors. In that process, the computer determines how those equations will change the initial conditions over time.
Some models will integrate for a century into the future or even longer. Others may integrate over two weeks — essentially a very detailed weather forecast.
"In some ways, it's the mathematical equivalent of a telescope," Rich Loft, the researcher who directs technology development within NCAR's computer lab, told Business Insider. He played a key role in bringing Yellowstone to life.
"A telescope lets you see farther than you can see with your own eyes," Loft said. Similar to that, he said: "the computer allows you see the consequences of the mathematics well beyond what you can ever hope to do with pencil and paper."
Yellowstone's computing muscle
Yellowstone is a 1.5 petaflop supercomputer, which means it can run 1,500 trillion calculations per second. This puts Yellowstone among the top 25 speediest supercomputers in the world and makes it about 30 times more powerful than its predecessor supercomputer, Bluefire.
Thirty times more computing means researchers can do a lot of things that were simply impractical before, like examining how ocean currents affect rain distribution or seeing areas of rotation that could create a tornado within a larger thunderstorm.
"It's like getting roughly 10 times more megapixels in your camera. With better resolution, you get crisper images of what's going on in the Earth's systems," Loft said.
For people who model the center, or eye, of hurricanes, that means being able to construct a much more realistic and less smeared out picture of the eye wall and its wind gusts — which is typically what causes the most damage to structures.
"Think about a very low-resolution picture and then a much higher resolution picture of the same thing — you get a much better feel for what you're looking at, " says Loft.
Hurricane prediction
Superstorm Sandy and the devastation it brought to large swaths of Eastern Seaboard is a testament to the importance of hurricane modeling as a way to protect lives, prevent loss of property and improve warning times.
"[Yellowstone] will provide an excellent testbed for improving hurricane prediction," said Loft. This includes the ability to predict the track and intensity of a hurricane with greater accuracy.
"You need higher resolution to get the intensity right, and you need a lot of statistical information to get a good picture of where [the hurricane] is going to strike," explains Loft. The more models the computer can run, the clearer the picture of the hurricane's future becomes.
A better understanding of climate change
Although Yellowstone is designed to study a range of Earth science topics, including space weather, air quality, water aquifers and energy production, about half of Yellowstone's work load focuses on climate modeling.
"The thing about climate is that we have a very good consensus between observation and theory in computer models, which all show that there is going to be climate change."
Most climate models show that the temperature is going to rise depending on how much carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. (Since temperature records began in 1880, nine of the 10 warmest years have occurred since the year 2000 and the first half of 2012 was the hottest in U.S. history). This long-trend mapping is good, but it doesn't tell scientists how that temperature change affects the redistribution of energy within the system, explains Loft.
And that's important because it impacts things like rainfall (and the lack of rainfall that causes drought) around the world. Some places under climate change are likely to lose rainfall, which will affect crops and water supply. Some people are going to get more rain, milder temperatures and a longer growing season.
A more powerful computer can answer these questions. Yellowstone not only allows researchers to predict whether it's going to be warmer in a century, they can also look 10 or 20 years into the future and make a probabilistic prediction as to what the weather will look like in a given region.
"When you talk to government officials, city planners, state water boards, or insurance companies, they want to know specific information on a regional level. You can't answer those questions with a coarse-grain model," said Loft. "Yellowstone is going to give us answers to some very important unfinished business in atmospheric science."
Creating a supercomputer that can perform at such a high level requires a lot of work. See how it came together.


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As discussed on Fly 92 this morning:
I'm repeatedly surprised when I hear another person (usually a woman) has saved a string of voicemails, text messages or e-mails a la Tiger Woods' mistresses.
Are these women saving the communication for sentimental reasons, or something else? This morning, Brian (Cody) pointed out how, in Tiger's case, some of these ladies are scoring 6-figure deals to share their stories. So, if you're sleeping with a married celeb, you may save the whole back and forth to use to your advantage one day.
But what about regular people? Sure, I have the original e-mails (and even the first couple of voicemails) from R, but I can't imagine saving something for three years from someone I wasn't really with — especially three-years worth of such communication (aka someone I was just dating).
Readers, do you save voicemails and texts from the man (men) or woman in your life?


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SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) — Oil futures finished with a slight gain Friday, finding support from a hefty drop in last week's U.S. crude supplies, but also pressured by a stronger dollar, as traders weighed concern over a potential end to the Federal Reserve's monetary stimulus this year.
Crude-oil futures for delivery in February CLG23, +0.83% tacked on 17 cents, or 0.2%, to settle at $93.09 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange. Prices, which traded between $91.52 and $93.15, climbed 2.5% for the holiday-shortened week.
"Crude has mustered a minor gain as the nonfarm payroll report helped to pare strength seen in the U.S. dollar," said Matt Smith, commodity analyst at Schneider Electric in Louisville, Ky. And "a huge draw in the oil inventory report — although due to end-of-year tax considerations — helped to bring oil prices back into minorly positive territory."
Crude supplies fell by 11 million barrels, the U.S. Energy Information Administration reported Friday. Analysts polled by Platts expected a 1 million-barrel decline.
Motor gasoline supplies rose by 2.6 million barrels, while distillate stocks climbed 4.6 million barrels. Analysts had forecast a rise of 2.3 million barrels for gasoline inventories and a climb of 1.6 million barrels in distillate supplies, which include heating oil.
February gasoline futures US:RBG3 lost 3 cents, or 1.2%, to end at $2.76 a gallon, up 0.2% from a week ago. Heating oil US:HOG3 for delivery in the same month weakened by less than a penny, or 0.2%, to $3.02 per gallon, down 0.1% for the week.
Data Thursday from the American Petroleum Institute showed U.S. crude-oil inventories dropped by 12 million barrels last week. See: Oil supplies down 12 mln barrels last week, says API.
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"Imports fell to the lowest level since September 2008 (and Hurricane Ike)," said Smith.
But that was "due to end of year tax considerations," he said, explaining that Gulf Coast refiners get taxed on how much oil they have in storage at year-end, so they may try to mitigate that cost by delaying receipt of imports. Given that, Smith said the market will likely see a significant rebound in supplies next week.
John Macaluso, research analyst at Tyche Capital Advisors, said that "the issues with the elevation of the [U.S.] debt ceiling and the sequester still ahead of us should help keep crude down as we come into the first quarter of the new year."
Fed minutes and the dollar
Oil prices lost 20 cents Thursday after the minutes of the Fed's most recent meeting were released.
The minutes showed "several" Fed officials thought the central bank would be able to slow, or stop altogether, their asset purchases well before the end of the calendar year. See: Fed sees bond buying ending this year.
The Fed's asset purchases, known more popularly as quantitative easing, are regarded as a key source of liquidity that weakens the dollar and helps support an array of assets, including crude oil.
The ICE dollar index DXY, -0.01%, which measures the greenback's performance against a basket of six major global currencies, climbed to 80.490 from 80.447 late in North America on Thursday. Read more about the dollar's climb.
Meanwhile, the market saw lackluster data Friday, helping the dollar to pare some of its strength, with the U.S. creating 155,000 jobs in December versus expectations for a gain of about 160,000 jobs. The unemployment rate was unchanged at 7.8%. See: U.S. gains 155,000 jobs in December.
Rounding out action in the energy market, front-month February natural-gas futures rose 9 cents, or 2.8%, to $3.29 per million British thermal units, while prices for the March contract US:NGH13 rose 9 cents, or 2.8%, to $3.30. But the contracts were both down over 5% for the week.
The EIA reported Friday that natural-gas supplies fell 135 billion cubic feet for the week ended Dec. 28. Analysts polled by Platts forecast a fall of between 133 billion and 137 billion. See: Natural gas adds to gains after EIA supply data.


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Art Basel Miami Beach kicks into full gear this week, bringing nearly half a million people from across the globe to greater Miami. Art and design have played big roles in Miami's revitalization, from South Beach's restored Art Deco treasures to the more recent redevelopment of the Design District and the Wynwood Arts District, homes to galleries, private museum collections, bars and restaurants. Art and culture are increasingly important components of urban redevelopment efforts everywhere. The National Endowment for the Arts embraces the connection in its pioneering ArtWorks slogan and strategy.
But which U.S. cities and metros have the most extensive artistic communities?
With the help of my Martin Prosperity Institute colleague Kevin Stolarick, I used data from the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey to rank the leading metros for both their numbers of artists and their concentration relative to their population. We used the data on "artists and related workers," which covers both employed and self-employed visual artists in the United States. There are about 237,000 such artists across the U.S., of which roughly 210,000 are located in cities and metro areas.
The list of the top metros with the largest number of artists largely follows population size, as you would expect. New York comes in first, followed by Los Angeles, with Chicago in third place, San Francisco in fourth and Seattle fifth. Atlanta, greater Washington D.C., Philadelphia, Orange County, California and Dallas, Texas round out the top ten. Even with all the hub-bub of Art Basel, Miami ranks just 28th on this metric.
But we wanted to examine which metros have the largest concentration of artists relative to their population. We use a measure called a "location quotient," or LQ, which is basically a ratio that compares a region's share of artists to the national share of artists. An LQ of one implies that its regional share equals the national average; less than one is less than the national average and greater than one is more than the national average. An LQ of two, for example, means a region has twice the national average of artists.
Below, you'll find a slideshow of the top ten metro areas by this new measure:
Now smaller metros move up the list. Boulder has a university, bohemian culture, and scenery; Santa Fe, of course, has been an arts center since the days of Georgia O'Keeffe. Santa Cruz, New Bedford, and Barnstable-Yarmouth are coastal locations with long-standing artistic communities. Jersey City is just across the Hudson from Manhattan; like Brooklyn across the East River, it is a source of more affordable housing and work spaces.
It's time to get over the notion that only large urban cities like New York or L.A. can make it as artistic centers. While it's true that large cities and metros dominate in terms of sheer numbers of artists, smaller communities are home to vibrant artistic communities as well—many with national and international reputations and reach.
Photo credit: Andrea Bowers & Olga Koumoundouros: "Transformer Display of Community Information and Activation," 2011 / Susanne Vielmetter Los Angeles, part of Art Basel Miami Beach 2011
Keywords: Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Santa Fe, Seattle, Washington, DC, Artists, Art, Art Basel


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Moderators: Minimalist, MichelleH
now you are being coy about clarifying "those-whose-existence-is-recorded-in-universal-memory-but-who-are-not-to-be-mentioned-because-the-current-paradigm-does-not-admit-that-they-could-have-been-here-among-us. "
that supposedly is an explanation . Don't be shy . It's only a laugh .
Circumcision was practiced by the Egyptians before the Exodus.
kbs2244 wrote:I have to give some weight to the idea of "imitation"
Lily wrote:Tiompan wrote:What is the alternative ?
Since when is asking for examples obstructing or sabotaging .
Minimalist wrote:Since when is asking for examples obstructing or sabotaging .
When you don't have one?
(Just a guess.)
uniface wrote:Lilly's put her finger on it. Either of my two ways, it's emulation -- whether that be of the highest status people in that culture or of those-whose-existence-is-recorded-in-universal-memory-but-who-are-not-to-be-mentioned-because-the-current-paradigm-does-not-admit-that-they-could-have-been-here-among-us.
Same thing as Black folks in decades past buying trainloads of hair conk and skin lightener to make them look more nearly White.
None of your genetic problems or environmental issues deform skulls to that extreme a degree and in that way. That's claiming "It just happened" again -- which you reject as a summary of your position but then immediately revert to behind a smokescreen of non sequeturs.
Just look at your example... In your world view whites are the highest status persons in our culture... Therefore all non white persons want to emulate their appearance? Really?
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The capabilities of sprayer technologies that link GPS navigation systems with sophisticated by-the-nozzle controls continue to expand. Now, if you want a sprayer that can handle odd-shaped fields as well as a high-end planter with by-the-row shutoffs, aftermarket providers are leading the way.
PinPoint's pulse technology
PinPoint from Capstan Ag Systems builds on the blended pulse-width modulation (PWM) technology used in the company's SharpShooter system, as well as AIM Command, available on
Case IH Patriot sprayers. The system uses pulsing solenoids at each nozzle body to provide constant spray pressure independent of speed, while allowing a range of application rates from a single spray tip.
While still using PWM, PinPoint is a totally new system that uses controller area network (CAN) wiring and associated microprocessors to control individual nozzles. The tiny microprocessors arrayed along the boom — each of which controls nine nozzles — are connected to a hub at the back of the sprayer. In turn, the hub is connected to the PinPoint controller in the cab, which can run the system independently or integrate with an existing rate controller.
system will not spray an area that already has been covered," says Jeff Grimm, Capstan. "And whenever the sprayer is turning, the sprayer puts out more flow at the end of the boom than at the center, so the effective rate is the same."
The price for PinPoint on a 90- to 120-ft. boom is $25,000 to $30,000. Systems also are available for anhydrous ammonia and liquid fertilizer applicators. Call Capstan Ag Systems at 855/628-7722, or visit capstanag.com.
Controller application
In 2012, Harrison Ag Technologies and Altek International, based in Germany, unveiled a prototype Smart Nozzle spraying system built around a CANbus-controlled quadruple nozzle body and sophisticated software that operates each nozzle independently. With the recent introduction of a controller application for an Android tablet computer, the system is ready for the market.
The Android application independently controls an unlimited number of spray tips, allowing rates to be varied along the boom for turn compensation, plus by-the-nozzle on/off control. The app also can drive map-based prescription applications. The tablet can be integrated with an existing rate controller or run as a stand-alone controller.
Varying rates along the boom is tied to Altek's Multi-Spray DC (direct control) quadruple nozzle body, which uses solenoids to turn various combinations of spray tips on and off as needed. With 16 nozzle combinations at each nozzle body, operators also can customize spray particle size to emphasize drift control or maximum coverage. Single CANbus actuated nozzle bodies also are available.
The price for a single nozzle body system is $15,000 for a 90- to 120-ft. boom. A quadruple nozzle body system retails for $20,000 to $22,000. Call Harrison Ag Technologies at 605/845-2433, or visit h-agtec.com.


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The program is designed around a four-credit-hour course entitled "Transnational Dispute Resolution". It is taught on the premises of Gray's Inn, located near the Law Courts in the Bloomsbury neighborhood of central London. Interested students are encouraged to visit the Gray's Inn web site. The subject matter of the course includes U.S./English comparative law and legal institutions, international dispute resolution in foreign and United States courts, and international alternative dispute resolution. The subject matter lends itself to an interest not only in dispute resolution, but also in English legal history, comparative law, and international commercial law.
The course meets four mornings a week, with Thursday afternoons and Fridays left free. Arrangements are made for visits to London legal sites such as the Houses of Parliament, the Law Courts, and the other Inns of Court. One function of Gray's Inn is the training of student barristers, and formal interaction between our students and the Gray's Inn student barristers includes dinners 'in Hall' in the Inn's 16th-Century Great Hall, and a debate (in which the School of Law team has a very strong record).
The course is directed by Professor Martin C. McWilliams, Jr., and taught principally by Professor McWilliams and Professor Nathan Richardson. Course materials are provided.
Lodging convenient to the Inn is arranged for those students desiring it.


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Home › Scene › Seeing Stars ›
Seeing Stars
THE PARTY The International Furnishing and Design Association recognized the next generation at its first Rising Design Stars event. THE SHOWROOM The sleek, sparkling Cosentino HQ was an inspirational backdrop for the event, where guests mingled and sipped cocktails to DJ-provided beats. THE NEW CREW For the awards, directors of local colleges (including Cuyamaca College Design Institute of S.D., MiraCosta College, NewSchool of Architecture & Design, SDSU, Mesa College and Southwestern College) nominated their best and brightest. Talk about being ahead of the class! Photography by Arlene Ibarra


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|Louise Marsland
Louise Marsland is currently Africa Editor: Bizcommunity.com; a Content Strategist and Trainer; and Trend Curator for Bizcommunity.com and her own TRENDAFRiCA.co.za. She has been writing about the media, marketing and advertising communications industry in South Africa for over 20 years, notably, as the previous Editor of Bizcommunity.com Media & Marketing; Editor-in-Chief AdVantage magazine; Editor Marketing Mix magazine; Editor Progressive Retailing magazine; Editor Business Brief magazine and Editor FMCG Files ezine..
|Tom Jackson
Co-founder @DisruptAfrica. Tech and business journalist in Africa.


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Stock Image
An easy-to-use handheld blower with a simplified starting system.
"Absolutely the best blower I've ever owned. The total ease of operating this equipment is far superior from any others I've owned in the past. Makes quick work of grass leaves and debris."
Raymore, Mo
Designed with ease of use in mind, the STIHL BG 56 C-E features our simplified starting system with the STIHL Easy2Start™. The STIHL Easy2Start™ lets you start the engine with a long easy pull of the starting rope rather than a hard fast jerk, making starting virtually effortless. The semi-automatic choke and the new start/stop switch make it virtually impossible to flood when starting this unit. The high-performance, low-emission engine makes quick work of leaves and other yard waste.


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by Christopher Johnson
Although straight plane, or forward movement, plays an integral role in triathlon, unlocking your potential while resisting injury demands that we move our bodies in other directions. A common element of every program I develop, as a physical therapist and coach, is ensuring that I challenge triathletes with exercises and drills that involve a mixture of movements in different planes.
Movement of the body is typically described as occurring along three main planes 1) the sagittal plane, 2) the transverse plane and 3) the frontal plane. The sagittal or straight plane divides the body into left and right halves. Movements in the sagittal plane are typically those that occur forward and backward, as well as up and down such as a bicep curl, knee extension, or hamstring curl. These movements generally involve flexion and extension. The transverse plane divides the body into a top and bottom. A couple examples of movements that occur in the transverse plane include head rotation or body roll as you swim. The frontal plane divides the body into a front and back half. Frontal plane movements are typically sideways in nature and are referred to as abduction and adduction. The best example of a movement that occurs in the frontal plane would be raising your arm directly out to the side.
The bottom line is that although the sport of triathlon may be biased towards movement in the straight plane, it combines a mixture of movements in all three planes. This means that training the body according to the performance demands of the sport is essential. Below you will find a couple exercises that I perform myself and routinely prescribe to triathletes. Try adding one or both to your training program—I'm confident you'll find them valuable.
The drills
1. Single Leg Stance and Hip Abduction (Watch a video demo here.)
Goal: to challenge balance while improving trunk control and hip strength. The athlete will balance on one leg and keep their hips and shoulders square while drawing the non-balancing leg out to the side with the foot straight.
Equipment: platform and lightweight resistance band.
Success: performing one set of 10 on each leg without losing your balance.
Mastery: performing three sets of 15 with a lightweight resistance band secured around your feet.
2. Redcord Side Plank (Watch a demo video here.)
Goal: to challenge rotational control as well as hip and trunk strength. The athlete will perform a side plank while keeping their hips and shoulders stacked and head neutral while slowly raising and lowering the top leg.
Equipment: Redcord suspension system or TRX.
Success: holding a side plank with the body parallel to the floor for 10 seconds.
Mastery: holding a side plank for 20 seconds while drawing the top leg towards the ceiling five times.
Chris Johnson is a Seattle based physical therapist and triathlete. He currently manages patients out of Olympic Physical Therapy and renders performance coaching and clinical education through head2toesystems.com.


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Dry & inexpensive
More posts
- Mmm tasty
- Can I just say??? What a wonderful find? Smooth tannins, warm black cherry notes, vanilla, hint of oak, rich full=bodied, delicious! Bevmo for around $14
- Chalone. Cabernet
- wow nice camera iPhone 4! a yummy $10ish cab from Monterey. delicious w/ beef pot roast soup and grilled cheese! lol
- Good with cheese


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Find out more about the services, sessions and resources available for teachers from The National Archives.
We want to support your teaching and share expertise on working with original documents in the classroom. If you have ideas you would like to pursue, or if you use documents with your students and would like to share your experiences, feel free to contact us.
We are experts in the teaching of history through original sources.
Find out more about the sessions we teach and the resources we offer for the classroom.
We'd love to welcome you and your students to The National Archives.
Our professional development programme gives teachers access to our unique collections and supports them in developing new source based activities.
You can keep up to date with the education department by following our social media channels.


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Bounce is a powerful, professional and fully responsive WordPress & BuddyPress theme. If you want to impress your visitors with a good looking theme then look no further.
Please read before purchasing:
This item is no longer being actively updated, meaning there will be no new features added, only bug fixes. I am still selling this theme because people are still buying it. Many authors sell old themes here and stop updating them, they just don't tell you about. I want you to be aware of this before purchasing the theme.
If you're looking for an actively updated, fully responsive BuddyPress theme I recommend one of my following themes: Socialize and Vivacity
Key Features
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- Compatible in all major browsers
Customer Reviews
YOU ARE THE MAN! The tech support you give makes the theme worth every cent!
Ohhhh my! This is huge and so easy to use!!!! Veeeery nice job guys!!!! I am totally exited…pffiuuuu and also totally angry because I won't sleep for next 5 nights! ^^
I'm going to be really tearing into this over the next couple days, so I'm sure I will be posting a lot here. I just want to say before posting any bugs I find that this is the best BP theme I've tested (and I have tested them all). Like any new theme it has a couple bugs (there is only so much one team can test for), but it seems to have a solid foundation. There is a couple other popular BP themes on TF and while they make look nice in a demo the code is complete junk.
I have to say that support is great. About mid-afternoon, I had a collection of questions (there were 5 of them) and I placed them onto the support site. All, bar one, have now been answered and I am very happy with that service.
I said bar 1 because that one is a little more involved and GhostPool are going into my admin for me to take a look and, to be honest, it is probably not a theme error but a conflict error.
I'm saying this here because I use the comments section to see comments about support, so thought I would let those thing of purchasing know
Another thing, and this isn't official, I'm using WooCommerce on my Bounce site and, following a single line change provided by GhostPool, everything works with no edits required on the WooCommerce files.
We have tested every Buddypress theme on TF and this is the only one we can recommend buying. It is a very strong base for developers and has just the right amount of admin features for non-developers.
I love your theme and wanted to thank you for your great support as well. You've answered a lot of my questions in the forum really well.
I thought I'd add that this is a great theme. I have been developing a really cool community website similar to a meetup.com type of event page with it. Even with 3 or 4 large plugin integrations it is still working like a champ. Constant updates and easy to read documentations. Good job GhostPool!
Still the best BP theme around…we built http://smeak.com on this theme, and yes we have done extensive modifications to the original css, but without the foundation of this brilliant theme, none of this would have been possible. thank you. – gregmc
Just want to let you know that this is my second Bounce WordPress & Buddypress theme I purchased. What initially attracted me was the dark blue color theme. It was perfect for one of my sites as my brand colors are dark blue, light green, and white.
I did extensive research before purchasing my first Bounce theme with all the other themes out there. Reading the comments people left on all the competitor themes really helped me in making my decision. Not only is the Bounce theme well designed, it's also stable. Everything works. Key features that I wanted were a good design, Buddpress compatibility, and the responsive feature, which works on all my mobile devices. Tested it and works beautifully on my phone and tablet. Been developing my sites for the last few days and I absolutely love this theme. Learning how to use and implement all the provided shortcodes is the feature I like the most. Let's me customize my site so it doesn't look like everyone else's.
I was tempted to purchase a different theme from a different author who had a few thousand sales, but after reading the comments on their themes, they had either technical issues or bad customer support, and the killer was their theme didn't have the responsive feature which I think is important since the majority of people nowdays are viewing websites on their mobile devices. At the time of this writing, your theme has 598 sales. I'm really surprised it's not up in the five, six, or seven thousand sales range. Anyway, I hope my purchasing your theme twice at least says something for anyone out there wanting to buy this theme.
Skill wise, I think one has to have at least an intermediate level of knowledge with WordPress to take advantage of the full feautures of this theme. The only issues I've had so far dealt with the Buddypress capabilities, which this theme is not responsible for.
Anyway, I love your work. I will definitely make my third WordPress/Buddypress theme purchase from Ghostpool. My closing question is do you currently have any further Buddypress themes in the works? If so, when will they be available to purchase? – ImReadyForMyCloseup
Just wanted to say, this is a great theme. I've used it a few times and it's really flexible. Coupled with fantastic support you can't go wrong! – alexdigital
To view the changelog please visit http://ghostpool.com/help/bounce/changelog.html


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But I have to say for creepiest movie I have ever seen, there is this one. If you haven't seen it, I highly recommend it. But not with the lights off!:
And, I'm sorry, but this one really scared the hell out of me when I had the unpleasant experience of stumbling on it late one night on cable and watching it all alone. I had no idea just how genuinely scary it would be (maybe it was because of all those camping trips I've been on?):
But in terms of plain gross-out, creepy, scary unpleasantness, nothing really has ever beaten this in my opinion:


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