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rinsed myself off with some water but I'm still very scared.
January 2nd, 2016
My period has always been very irregular and early December, I gave my boyfriend a handjob. I licked up a lot but then wiped the rest with a tissue. I then went to the bathroom and wiped with said tissue. Seconds after, when I realized what I had done, I rinsed myself off with some water but I'm still very scared. What should I do?
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I changed my mind
replied January 2nd, 2016
Extremely eHealthy
You are close to a month after this incident and not complaining of any early symptoms other than a missing (irregular) period. I think you should quit worrying. You can run a home pregnancy test at this stage if that will help, but I'm pretty sure it will be negative.
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Deepak Anvekar
replied January 31st, 2016
Hello and welcome to e health forum.
FYI, Pregnancy can occur, only when ejaculation occurs within the vagina, and when the woman is within the fertile period of your cycle. This period is from day 12 to day 16 of a 28 day menstrual cycle.
In addition, Pregnancy can occur, only when ejaculation occurs within the vagina. Normally during sex, when ejaculation occurs inside the vagina, about 3 ml of semen (with upto 60 million sperms per ml) is deposited inside the vagina, and most of it is ejected (pushed deep) into the uterus, through the cervix. But only thousands of capacitated sperms enter the fallopian tube and only 300-500 reach the ovum, and only one of those sperms can fertilize the ovum.
Dry humping (sexual foreplay with cloths on), Genital rubbing or Mutual masturbation - including vaginal fingering , hugging or foreplay without involving vaginal penetration & ejaculation does not result in pregnancy.
In your case, since there was no ejaculation inside the vagina, there was no risk of pregnancy and you need not worry about pregnancy.
I hope this helps.
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Community Garden
April 22 - EChO & SRC
We met up at the CLC building and then headed over to the Bergen Park community garden to prep both the Evergreen Christian Outreach (EChO) and Senior's Resource Center (SRC) garden for the spring. The EChO garden supports the food bank throughout the season while the SRC garden helps keep their cost of adult daycare down. Regular EChO and SRC volunteers maintain the garden throughout the season, but both organizations need a little boost to get the year started.
This is becoming an annual event. Check out last year.
Going Beyond Sunday
About EChO - The mission of Evergreen Christian Outreach is to provide assistance to residents of the Evergreen mountain communities who are unemployed, under-employed, dealing with a long term illness, or experiencing other forms of personal crisis. In order to meet that mission, EChO has a number of programs, including a food bank. Get involved.
About SRC - Seniors' Resource Center is dedicated to enhancing the independence, dignity, and quality of life for seniors in the Metro Denver Area and surrounding communities, including Evergreen. They provide an array of services that enable older adults to remain in their homes and thrive. Services such as transportation, in home care and adult daytime programs provide life enriching activities and support both older adults and their caregivers. Get involved.


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Milbre Burch: Tales from Beyond the Ban – Folktales from Libya, Iran, Iraq, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen.
Senior Hall Parlor, 11:30 – 12:30
A spoken word concert of oral tradition tales from the seven predominantly-Muslim countries named in President Trump's initial Travel Ban, performed by acclaimed storyteller Milbre Burch. The folktales are bookended by excerpts of oral histories of international graduate students from some of those countries. Tales from Beyond the Ban has been featured at a World Refuge Day event in Columbia, MO; the National Storytelling Network's 2018 Summit in Kansas City; the RaceBridges online project in Chicago and at the series at the Hans Christian Statue in NYC's Central Park; and the Grapevine series at Busboys and Poets in DC.
Louder Than A Bomb Regional Finals
Warehouse Theatre, 2:00 – 4:00
Started by one of this year's Unbound guests, Kevin Coval, Louder Than a Bomb is the largest high school youth poetry slam competition in the world. Columbia is home to the mid-Missouri chapter of the competition, and Unbound is thrilled to be featuring the final of this year's competition on Stephens College on Saturday afternoon! Come along and hear these great young poets perform their work. You'll be moved. You'll be inspired. You'll be amazed.
James Mustich: 1,000 Books To Read Before You Die
Recital Hall, 4:00 – 5:00
Reading is usually a pretty solitary activity. But despite - or perhaps because of - the direct and very personal relationship that every reader has with each book he or she reads, a lot of people like to talk about it once they're finished. That's why book groups are so popular - and, of course, it's one of the reasons that people enjoy Unbound. We're delighted to welcome to this year's festival Jim Mustich, the author of the ultimate book discussion book - 1,000 Books to Read Before You Die - A Life Changing List. Hailed by the Washington Post as the "ultimate literary bucket list," Mustich's witty and erudite trawl through his library is more than just a list of really good books - although of course it is that, too. It's a hymn to the joys of reading, the sweet pleasure of losing yourself in a wonderful story. Guide, encyclopedia, to-do list and discussion piece all rolled into one, this book will forever solve the eternal question: What am I going to read next?
Fiction/Non/Fiction Podcast
Macklanburg Playhouse, 5:30 – 6:45
Hosted by Whitney Terrell and V.V. Ganeshananthan, the Fiction/Non/Fiction podcast is one of the best literary podcasts available. Fiction/Non/Fiction interprets current events through the lens of literature, and features conversations with writers of all stripes, from novelists and poets to journalists and essayists. The show is created in partnership with Literary Hub. Past guests include Tayari Jones, Sam Chang, Jia Tolentino, Edwidge Danticat, Pamela Paul, Ron Charles, Curtis Sittenfeld, Claire Vaye Watkins, Matt Johnson, Alexander Chee, and many more. Whitney and Sugi will be getting together with Unbound guests to record a live show at the end of the day. Come and listen to what we know will be sparkling and brilliant conversation. Because, you know, books.
This episode's topic will be: Race, Identity and the 2020 Democratic Presidential Field.


text: Glow Girls: Glow Girls is NorthStars Women's Ministry, which offers a place for women to shine in all walks of life for Jesus. Glow Girls has one core belief- we want to love Jesus and look great while doing it! While doing life together, we'll chat about the best fashions for that season, new crock-pot recipes, DIY home décor, and our monthly book club to name a few. In addition to all those amazing activities we want all women to feel Equipped, Enriched and Empowered by what Glow Girls has to offer through Christ. We want all women at Glow Girls to study God's Word and gain a deeper understanding of God's love, while cultivating a deeper connection with one another.


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Depending on Nearby Dentists , you may end up in a health care facility that is more specialized than a regular hospital of health center. Here are some of the types of specialized health care facilities you may be transported to, depending on the nature of your injuries.
Trauma Medical Center
A trauma center is a hospital that is equipped to provide extensive emergency medical services to patients suffering from traumatic injuries. The injuries that a trauma center treats are ranked from Level I to Level IV, with the most serious cases at Level I facilities. Because medical doctors are expensive to run and not very common; patients outside major cities have to be airlifted to one. Washington State's main trauma center is Harborview Medical Center which is located in Seattle, Washington.
Rehabilitation Centers and Doctors
A rehabilitation center is a facility where patients work to reestablish or relearn abilities they lost because of a serious injury through therapy. Physical therapy helps with movement or previous loss of movement, which occupational therapy might focus on relearning activities of daily life or finding ways to perform them despite a new disability.
Burn Center
A burn center focuses on patients with serious burns. They not only treat burn injuries, but work to help patients return to everyday life often with therapists, social workers, psychiatrists and other professionals who are not conventional doctors. Many health and wellness clinics have burn areas in them but the Specialized Burn Centers in Washington are located at Seattle's Harborview Medical Center, Tacoma's St. Joseph Medical Center and Spokane's Sacred Heart Medical Center.
Assisted Living Facilities : Nearby Dentists
These facilities may be appropriate for injury victims who need long-term physical or occupational therapy and help with everyday living. This might be true of someone with a severe brain injury or spinal damage. In addition to providing meals and housekeeping, as at a nursing home, the staff at an assisted living facility works with patients to help them regain independence and abilities. Some patients are able to return home eventually; others may need to remain in a facility throughout their lives.
Home care
Home care Rosebank Olivedale and Fourways is an option for patients whose injuries do not require full time hospitalization. A nurse or other health care professional might visit everyday or a few times per week. Depending on the injuries, the professional might do anything from changing bandages to administering a treatment with an IV to helping with personal needs on all Dentists .
The Cayman Guide to Having a Baby
Dental implants are what dentists use to replace missing teeth or a tooth. There are two types of regular implants, which are:
• Subperiosteal-this implant is placed on top of your jaw and the metal framework protrudes through your jaw to hold the tooth, or teeth. This type of implant is for those that are unable to wear dentures and have minimal bone height.
• Endosteal-this type of implant is fixed into the bone with blades, cylinders, and screws. This kind of implant is for patients who have removable dentures or bridgework.
There are also mini dental implants, which are prosthetic teeth that are similar to regular dental implants but smaller. These implants are usually used as a solution to replacing the patient's missing incisors or front teeth.
Having dental implant surgery will require surgery so the dentist can place the dental implants inside your jawbone. These are what functions as the roots for your missing tooth or teeth. Once the jawbone fuses with the metal in the implants they will remain secure, does not make any noise, and no damage to your jaw burn.
Who benefits
• Patients who have a jawbone that is fully grown
• Have enough bone to support the implant
• Patients who have healthy oral tissues
• Who does not have any health problems that will interfere with the healing of the bone
One important thing to remember is that when you have such a surgery it is not a one or two visit procedure. The process can require several months of dental visits before the process is complete.
Dental implant surgery procedure
In order to help control the pain a form of anesthesia is given to the patient. The anesthesia can be sedation, general, or local anesthesia. Once the patient is feeling no pain the dentist will cut open their gum to expose the bone. To create a hole in the bone the dentist will use a drill, and then the dental implant cylinder is put in the opening. This will function as the root for the dental implant. Once the cylinder is placed in the hole the jawbone will fuse with it. This process can take from two to six months to complete. After enough time has passed, the gum will be reopened to expose the implant.
An abutment will be attached to the implant at this time and the gum tissue around the abutment is closed. The gums are allowed to heal for a couple of weeks and then the dentist will make impressions of any natural teeth and your mouth so they can create crowns or artificial teeth. The artificial teeth are then attached to the abutment.
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Dentists have a variety of tasks that they must complete on a daily basis, and they usually have a staff to help coordinate and assist with those many tasks. A dentist office must coordinate the circulation of patients with a combination of phone calls and records. Paper records are still widely used, but there has been a huge push in the medical industry to digitize and network patient records. Then there is the matter of dental technology itself.
Dentists have a large selection of tools from which to choose and apply to particular situations. To help keep this grouping of technologies running smoothly, a dentist employs a staff of aides, such as dental assistants and dental hygienists. Everything from X-ray machines to the many hand held dentist tools such as electric drills and brushes and simple metal picks must be accounted for and organized in the most effective way possible. Each situation with every patient counts, and being time efficient is crucial to keep a dentist office running smoothly.
Because dentists have a staff helping them run a tight ship, so to speak, they are able to focus on their primary role in the office. The primary role of dentists is to care for patients' tooth and gum health. While hygienists and assistants can carry out many of the function of tooth maintenance, such as cleaning, a dentist can diagnose problems and repair damaged teeth.
One of the many procedures a dentist can perform is a filling. A cavity is a hole in the hard outer layer of a tooth. A cavity can be filled with different materials. A dentist must make the decision of which material to use and then apply it properly to the tooth.
Dentists also can perform root canals. A root canal involves removing the inflamed or infected pulp from within a tooth. The procedure itself is feared because it is invasive and involves a lot of drilling, so it may be painful. However, in the long run, a root canal will reduce one's sensation of tooth pain by removing the irritated nerve from the tooth and filling in the remaining hole.
A dentist also has the duty of interpreting X-rays and molds of teeth. Through various techniques, a dentist collects information about the health of each individual mouth. These records are kept over time. This data, when digitized, can be stored electronically and cross-referenced instantly with other records. By using X-rays, molds, and simple observation, a dentist can diagnose problems and apply the most effective solution for the benefit of the patient.
Dentists have many tasks that they must complete. Their staff aids them in coordinating these tasks so that they can focus on the specific duties for which they were trained. The technical training that a dentist must go through gives him or her the ability to operate different tools toward the goal of keeping mouths healthy. As the practice of dentistry makes new technological innovations, dentist offices will have to continually innovate ways of remaining efficient to keep the mouths of the population healthy and functioning properly.
Dentists: What Do They Do?
Going to the dentist is probably one of the most hated experiences by most people. And the worst part about going to a dentist is that you start going at a very young age, pretty much as soon as you get your first teeth. There's no point in your life, really, where you can remember not being tortured by that man with the sharp instrument, poking it into your mouth and ripping your teeth apart with it. Okay, it's not quite that bad, but it's certainly not a pleasant experience. The truth is, very little about a dentist visit is pleasant.
For starters, there's that stupid sheet that he wraps around our neck. If he made it any tighter he'd probably cut off our air supply. Sure, he does this so we don't drool all over ourselves, but the least he can do it loosen it just a little. It's not bad enough that the dentist chair itself with that neck brace is so uncomfortable. Talk about leaving the dentist's office with a stiff neck.
Then comes the x-rays. Now let's face it, this can't be the safest thing in the world. I mean he puts this lead covering over our chest and then leaves the room when he puts on the x-ray machine. And that's not even the uncomfortable part. The worst part of the x-rays is when he takes the film, which is twice the size of our mouth to begin with and he then attempts to jam it into one corner of our mouth while attached to these metal tongs that are heavier than a box of screwdrivers. And we're supposed to hold that thing in our mouth without holding it with our hands? Is he on drugs? And then, we have to go through about 4 of these things, 8 when he has to do a full set every 4 or 6 years.
Then after the x-rays, he sticks that thing in our mouth that sucks up the saliva. Feels like we're having our insides sucked out of us. And then, if that's not bad enough, while he's got that thing in our mouth and digging at our teeth with the metal hook, he begins to ask us things like, "So, have you done any fishing lately?" What does he possibly expect to get out of us when we've got all that garbage in our mouth? But like idiots we try to answer him and end up drooling down our chin. The little bib doesn't help very much.
Then after he's done digging at our teeth for a while and we rinse all this blood out of our mouth, (that can't be good) the next thing he does is brush our teeth with this stuff that could take the chrome off a car bumper. The goal is to clean our teeth, not remove them completely.
And then, after it's all over, he hands us this bill for $118. All he did was take a few x-rays, pick at our teeth and brush them and we get hit with a bill that's 5 times what it would cost us to get an oil change for our car.
And dentists wonder why we hate going there.


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Price: $20.40
Quantity: 1 available
Book Condition: Good
HC. Edition Not Stated. VG/-; oversized, B&W and colour art throughout
Title: The Age of Expansion: Europe and the World 1559-1660
Categories: Warehouse - P3,
Publisher: New York, McGraw-Hill: 1968
Binding: Hardcover
Book Condition: Good
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Seller ID: 020044
Keywords: HISTORY


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text: Through 12 and 13 May, North India remained quiet. Once word spread that Delhi had fallen to the rebels and Bahadur Shah had blessed the rebellion, events moved swiftly. Cantonment after cantonment in the Gangetic valley and some to the west of Delhi rose in mutiny. 1. Pattern of the Rebellion If one were to place the dates of these mutinies in chronological order, it would appear that as the news of the mutiny in one town travelled to the next the sepoys there took up arms. The sequence of events in every cantonment followed a similar pattern. 1.1 How the mutinies began The sepoys began their action with a signal: in many places it was the firing of the evening gun or the sounding of the bugle. They first seized the bell of arms and plundered the treasury. They then attacked government buildings – the jail, treasury, telegraph office, record room, bungalows – burning all records. Everything and everybody connected with the white man became a target. Proclamations in Hindi, Urdu and Persian were put up in the cities calling upon the population, both Hindus and Muslims, to unite, rise and exterminate the firangis. When ordinary people began joining the revolt, the targets of attack widened. In major towns like Lucknow, Kanpur and Bareilly, moneylenders and the rich also became the objects of rebel wrath. Peasants not only saw them as oppressors but also as allies of the British. In most places their houses were looted and destroyed. The mutiny in the sepoy ranks quickly became a rebellion. There was a general defiance of all kinds of authority and hierarchy. Bell of arms is a storeroom in which weapons are kept. Firangi, a term of Persian origin, possibly derived from Frank (from which France gets its name), is used in Urdu and Hindi, often in a derogatory sense, to designate foreigners. THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III In the months of May and June, the British had no answer to the actions of the rebels. Individual Britons tried to save their own lives and the lives of their families. British rule, as one British officer noted, "collapsed like a house made of cards''. Source 1 1.2 Lines of communication The reason for the similarity in the pattern of the revolt in different places lay partly in its planning and coordination. It is clear that there was communication between the sepoy lines of various cantonments. After the 7th Awadh Irregular Cavalry had refused to accept the new cartridges in early May, they wrote to the 48th Native Infantry that "they had acted for the faith and awaited the 48th's orders". Sepoys or their emissaries moved from one station to another. People were thus planning and talking about the rebellion. Source 2 The pattern of the mutinies and the pieces of evidence that suggest some sort of planning and coordination raise certain crucial questions. How were the plans made? Who were the planners? It is difficult on the basis of the available documents to provide direct answers to such questions. But one incident provides clues as to how the mutinies came to be so organised. Captain Hearsey of the Awadh Military Police had been given protection by his Indian subordinates during the mutiny. The 41st Native Infantry, which was stationed in the same place, insisted that since they had killed all their white officers, the Military Police should also kill Hearsey or deliver him as prisoner to the 41st. The Military Police refused to do either, and it was decided that the matter would be settled by a panchayat composed of native officers drawn from each regiment. Charles Ball, who wrote one of the earliest histories of the uprising, noted that panchayats were a nightly occurrence in the Kanpur sepoy lines. What this suggests is that some of the decisions were taken collectively. Given the fact that the sepoys lived in lines and shared a common lifestyle and that many of them came from the same caste, it is not difficult to imagine them sitting together to decide their own future. The sepoys were the makers of their own rebellion. THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III At the end of 1858, when the rebellion collapsed, Nana Sahib escaped to Nepal. The story of his escape added to the legend of Nana Sahib's courage and valour. 1.3 Leaders and followers To fight the British, leadership and organisation were required. For these the rebels sometimes turned to those who had been leaders before the British conquest. One of the first acts of the sepoys of Meerut, as we saw, was to rush to Delhi and appeal to the old Mughal emperor to accept the leadership of the revolt. This acceptance of leadership took its time in coming. Bahadur Shah's first reaction was one of horror and rejection. It was only when some sepoys had moved into the Mughal court within the Red Fort, in defiance of normal court etiquette, that the old emperor, realising he had very few options, agreed to be the nominal leader of the rebellion. Elsewhere, similar scenes were enacted though on a minor scale. In Kanpur, the sepoys and the people of the town gave Nana Sahib, the successor to Peshwa Baji Rao II, no choice save to join the revolt as their leader. In Jhansi, the rani was forced by the popular pressure around her to assume the leadership of the uprising. So was Kunwar Singh, a local zamindar in Arrah in Bihar. In Awadh, where the displacement of the popular Nawab Wajid Ali Shah and the annexation of the state were still very fresh in the memory of the people, the populace in Lucknow celebrated the fall of British rule by hailing Birjis Qadr, the young son of the Nawab, as their leader. Not everywhere were the leaders people of the court – ranis, rajas, nawabs and taluqdars. Often the message of rebellion was carried by ordinary men and women and in places by religious men too. From Meerut, there were reports that a fakir had appeared riding on an elephant and that the sepoys were visiting him frequently. In Lucknow, after the annexation of Awadh, there were many religious leaders and self-styled prophets who preached the destruction of British rule. Elsewhere, local leaders emerged, urging peasants, zamindars and tribals to revolt. Shah Mal mobilised the villagers of pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh; Gonoo, a tribal cultivator of Singhbhum in Chotanagpur, became a rebel leader of the Kol tribals of the region. THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III 1.4 Rumours and prophecies Rumours and prophecies played a part in moving people to action. As we saw, the sepoys who had arrived in Delhi from Meerut had told Bahadur Shah about bullets coated with the fat of cows and pigs and that biting those bullets would corrupt their caste and religion. They were referring to the cartridges of the Enfield rifles which had just been given to them. The British tried to explain to the sepoys that this was not the case but the rumour that the new cartridges were greased with the fat of cows and pigs spread like wildfire across the sepoy lines of North India. This is one rumour whose origin can be traced. Captain Wright, commandant of the Rifle Instruction Depot, reported that in the third week of January 1857 a "low-caste" khalasi who worked in the magazine in Dum Dum had asked a Brahmin sepoy for a drink of water from his lota. The sepoy had refused saying that the "lower caste's" touch would defile the lota. The khalasi had reportedly retorted, "You will soon lose your caste, as ere long you will have to bite cartridges covered with the fat of cowsFig. 11.5 and pigs." We do not know the veracity of the report, Henry Hardinge, by Francis Grant, but once this rumour started no amount of1849 As Governor General, Hardinge assurances from British officers could stop its attempted to modernise the circulation and the fear it spread among the sepoys. equipment of the army. The Enfield This was not the only rumour that was circulatingrifles that were introduced initially in North India at the beginning of 1857. There wasused the greased cartridges the the rumour that the British government had hatchedsepoys rebelled against. a gigantic conspiracy to destroy the caste and religion of Hindus and Muslims. To this end, the rumours said, the British had mixed the bone dust of cows and pigs into the flour that was sold in the market. In towns and cantonments, sepoys and the common people refused to touch the atta. There was fear and suspicion that the British wanted to convert Indians to Christianity. Panic spread fast. British officers tried to allay their fears, but in vain. These fears stirred men to action. The response to the call for action was reinforced by the prophecy that British rule would come to an end on the centenary of the Battle of Plassey, on 23 June 1857. Rumours were not the only thing circulating at the time. Reports came from various parts of North India that chapattis were being distributed from village to village. A person would come at night and give a chapatti to the watchman of the village and ask him to make five more and distribute to the next village, and so on. The meaning and purpose of the distribution of the chapattis was not clear and is not clear even today. But there is no doubt that people read it as an omen of an upheaval. 1.5 Why did people believe in the rumours? We cannot understand the power of rumours and prophecies in history by checking whether they are factually correct or not. We need to see what they reflect about the minds of people who believed them – their fears and apprehensions, their faiths and convictions. Rumours circulate only when they resonate with the deeper fears and suspicions of people. The rumours in 1857 begin to make sense when seen in the context of the policies the British pursued from the late 1820s. As you know, from that time, under the leadership of Governor General Lord William Bentinck, the British adopted policies aimed at "reforming" Indian society by introducing Western education, Western ideas and Western institutions. With the cooperation of sections of Indian society they set up English-medium schools, colleges and universities which taught Western sciences and the liberal arts. The British established laws to abolish customs like sati (1829) and to permit the remarriage of Hindu widows. On a variety of pleas, like misgovernment and the refusal to recognise adoption, the British annexed not only Awadh, but many other kingdoms and principalities like Jhansi and Satara. Once these territories were annexed, the British introduced their own system of administration, their own laws and their own methods of land settlement and land revenue collection. The cumulative impact of all this on the people of North India was profound. It seemed to the people that all that they cherished and held sacred – from kings and socio-religious customs to patterns of landholding and revenue payment – was being destroyed and replaced by a system that was more impersonal, alien and oppressive. This perception was aggravated by the activities of Christian missionaries. In such a situation of uncertainty, rumours spread with remarkable swiftness. To explore the basis of the revolt of 1857 in some detail, let us look at Awadh – one of the major centres where the drama of 1857 unfolded.  Discuss... Read the section once more and explain the similarities and differences you notice in the ways in which leaders emerged during the revolt. For any two leaders, discuss why ordinary people were drawn to them. THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III 2. Awadh in Revolt 2.1 "A cherry that will drop into our mouth one day" In 1851 Governor General Lord Dalhousie described the kingdom of Awadh as "a cherry that will drop into our mouth one day". Five years later, in 1856, the kingdom was formally annexed to the British Empire. The conquest happened in stages. The Subsidiary Alliance had been imposed on Awadh in 1801. By the terms of this alliance the Nawab had to disband his military force, allow the British to position their Resident was the designation troops within the kingdom, and act in accordanceof a representative of the with the advice of the British Resident who was now Governor General who lived in to be attached to the court. Deprived of his armed a state which was not under forces, the Nawab became increasingly dependentdirect British rule. on the British to maintain law and order within the Subsidiary Alliance Subsidiary Alliance was a system devised by Lord Wellesley in 1798. All those who entered into such an alliance with the British had to accept certain terms and conditions: (a)The British would be responsible for protecting their ally from external and internal threats to their power. (b)In the territory of the ally, a British armed contingent would be stationed. (c)The ally would have to provide the resources for maintaining this contingent. (d)The ally could enter into agreements with other rulers or engage in warfare only with the permission of the British. kingdom. He could no longer assert control over the rebellious chiefs and taluqdars. In the meantime the British became increasingly interested in acquiring the territory of Awadh. They felt that the soil there was good for producing indigo and cotton, and the region was ideally located to be developed into the principal market of Upper India. By the early 1850s, moreover, all the major areas of India had been conquered: the Maratha lands, the Doab, the Carnatic, the Punjab and Bengal. The takeover of Awadh in 1856 was expected to complete a process of territorial annexation that had begun with the conquest of Bengal almost a century earlier. 2.2 "The life was gone out of the body" Lord Dalhousie's annexations created disaffection in all the areas and principalities that were annexed but nowhere more so than in the kingdom of Awadh in the heart of North India. Here, Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was dethroned and exiled to Calcutta on the plea that the region was being misgoverned. The British government also wrongly assumed that Wajid Ali Shah was an unpopular ruler. On the contrary, he was widely loved, and when he left his beloved Lucknow, there were many who followed him all the way to Kanpur singing songs of lament. The widespread sense of grief and loss at the Nawab's exile was recorded by many contemporary observers. One of them wrote: "The life was gone out of the body, and the body of this town had been left lifeless … there was no street or market and house which did not wail out the cry of agony in separation of Jan-i-Alam." One folk song bemoaned that "the honourable English came and took the country'' (Angrez Bahadur ain, mulk lai linho). This emotional upheaval was aggravated by immediate material losses. The removal of the Nawab led to the dissolution of the court and its culture. Thus a whole range of people – musicians, dancers, poets, artisans, cooks, retainers, administrative officials and so on – lost their livelihood. 2.3 Firangi raj and the end of a world A chain of grievances in Awadh linked prince, taluqdar, peasant and sepoy. In different ways they came to identify firangi raj with the end of their world – the breakdown of things they valued, respected and held dear. A whole complex of emotions Map 1 Territories under British control in 1857 Source 3 THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III and issues, traditions and loyalties worked themselves out in the revolt of 1857. In Awadh, more than anywhere else, the revolt became an expression of popular resistance to an alien order. The annexation displaced not just the Nawab. It also dispossessed the taluqdars of the region. The countryside of Awadh was dotted with the estates and forts of taluqdars who for many generations had controlled land and power in the countryside. Before the coming of the British, taluqdars maintained armed retainers, built forts, and enjoyed a degree of autonomy, as long as they accepted the suzerainty of the Nawab and paid the revenue of their taluqs. Some of the bigger taluqdars had as many as 12,000 foot-soldiers and even the smaller ones had about 200. The British were unwilling to tolerate the power of the taluqdars. Immediately after the annexation, the taluqdars were disarmed and their forts destroyed. The British land revenue policy further undermined the position and authority of the taluqdars. After annexation, the first British revenue settlement, known as the Summary Settlement of 1856, was based on the assumption that the taluqdars were interlopers with no permanent stakes in land: they had established their hold over land through force and fraud. The Summary Settlement proceeded to remove the taluqdars wherever possible. Figures show that in pre-British times, taluqdars had held 67 per cent of the total number of villages in Awadh; by the Summary Settlement this number had come down to 38 per cent. The taluqdars of southern Awadh were the hardest hit and some lost more than half of the total number of villages they had previously held. British land revenue officers believed that by removing taluqdars they would be able to settle the land with the actual owners of the soil and thus reduce the level of exploitation of peasants while increasing revenue returns for the state. But this did not happen in practice: revenue flows for the state increased but the burden of demand on the peasants did not decline. Officials soon found that large areas of Awadh were actually heavily overassessed: the increase of revenue demand in some places was from 30 to 70 per cent. Thus neither taluqdars nor peasants had any reasons to be happy with the annexation. The dispossession of taluqdars meant the breakdown of an entire social order. The ties of loyalty and patronage that had bound the peasant to the taluqdar were disrupted. In pre-British times, the taluqdars were oppressors but many of them also appeared to be generous father figures: they exacted a variety of dues from the peasant but were often Source 4considerate in times of need. Now, under the British, the peasant was directly exposed to overassessment of revenue and inflexible methods of collection. There was no longer any guarantee that in times of hardship or crop failure the revenue demand of the state would be reduced or collection postponed; or that in times of festivities the peasant would get the loan and support that the taluqdar had earlier provided. In areas like Awadh where resistance during 1857 was intense and long lasting, the fighting was carried out by taluqdars and their peasants. Many of these taluqdars were loyal to the Nawab of Awadh, and they joined Begum Hazrat Mahal (the wife of the Nawab) in Lucknow to fight the British; some even remained with her in defeat. The grievances of the peasants were carried over into the sepoy lines since a vast majority of the sepoys were recruited from the villages of Awadh. For decades the sepoys had complained of low levels of pay and the difficulty of getting leave. By the 1850s there were other reasons for their discontent. The relationship of the sepoys with their superior white officers underwent a significant change in the years preceding the uprising of 1857. In the 1820s, white officers made it a point to maintain friendly relations with the sepoys. They would take part in their leisure activities – they wrestled with them, fenced with them and went out hawking with them. Many of them were fluent in Hindustani and were familiar with the customs and culture of the country. These officers were disciplinarian and father figure rolled into one. In the 1840s, this began to change. The officers developed a sense of superiority and started treating the sepoys as their racial inferiors, riding roughshod over their sensibilities. Abuse and physical violence became common and thus the distance between sepoys and officers grew. Trust was replaced by suspicion. The episode of the greased cartridges was a classic example of this. THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III It is also important to remember that close links existed between the sepoys and the rural world of North India. The large majority of the sepoys of the Bengal Army were recruited from the villages of Awadh and eastern Uttar Pradesh. Many of them were Brahmins or from the "upper" castes. Awadh was, in fact, called the "nursery of the Bengal Army''. The changes that the families of the sepoys saw around them and the threats they perceived were quickly transmitted to the sepoy lines. In turn, the fears of the sepoys about the new cartridge, their grievances about leave, their grouse about the increasing misbehaviour and racial abuse on the part of their white officers were communicated back to the villages. This link between the sepoys and the rural world had important implications in the course of Discuss... the uprising. When the sepoys defied their superiorFind out whether people in officers and took up arms they were joined very your state participated in the swiftly by their brethren in the villages. Everywhere,revolt of 1857. If they did, find peasants poured into towns and joined the soldiersout why they did so. If they and the ordinary people of the towns in collectivedid not, try and explain this. acts of rebellion. 3. What the Rebels Wanted As victors, the British recorded their own trials and tribulations as well as their heroism. They dismissed the rebels as a bunch of ungrateful and barbaric people. The repression of the rebels also meant silencing of their voice. Few rebels had the opportunity of recording their version of events. Moreover, most of them were sepoys and ordinary people who were not literate. Thus, other than a few proclamations and ishtahars (notifications) issued by rebel leaders to propagate their ideas and persuade people to join the revolt, we do not have much that throws light on the perspective of the rebels. Attempts to reconstruct what happened in 1857 are thus heavily and inevitably dependent on what the British wrote. While these sources reveal the minds of officials, they tell us very little about what the rebels wanted. 3.1 The vision of unity The rebel proclamations in 1857 repeatedly appealed to all sections of the population, irrespective of their caste and creed. Many of the proclamations were issued by Muslim princes or in their names but even these took care to address the sentiments of Hindus. The rebellion was seen as a war in which both Hindus and Muslims had equally to lose or gain. The ishtahars harked back to the pre-British Hindu-Muslim past and glorified the coexistence of different communities under the Mughal Empire. The proclamation that was issued under the name of Bahadur Shah appealed to the people to join the fight under the standards of both Muhammad and Mahavir. It was remarkable that during the uprising religious divisions between Hindus and Muslim were hardly noticeable despite British attempts to create such divisions. In Bareilly in western Uttar Pradesh, in December 1857, the British spent Rs 50,000 to incite the Hindu population against the Muslims. The attempt failed. Source 5 The Azamgarh Proclamation, 25 August 1857 This is one of the main sources of our knowledge about what the rebels wanted: It is well known to all, that in this age the people of Hindostan, both Hindoos and Mohammedans, are being ruined under the tyranny and the oppression of the infidel and treacherous English. It is therefore the bounden duty of all the wealthy people of India, especially those who have any sort of connection with the Mohammedan royal families, and are considered the pastors and masters of their people, to stake their lives and property for the well-being of the public. … Several of the Hindoo and Mussalman Chiefs, who have long since quitted their homes for the preservation of their religion, and have been trying their best to root out the English in India, have presented themselves to me, and taken part in the reigning Indian crusade, and it is more than probable that I shall very shortly receive succours from the West. Therefore for the information of the public, the present Ishtahar, consisting of several sections, is put in circulation and it is the imperative duty of all to take into their careful consideration, and abide by it. Parties anxious to participate in the common cause, but having no means to provide for themselves, shall receive their daily subsistence from me; and be it known to all, that the ancient works, both of the Hindoos and Mohammedans, the writings of miracle workers, and the calculation of the astrologers, pundits, … all agree in asserting that the English will no longer have any footing in India or elsewhere. Therefore it is incumbent on all to give up the hope of the continuation of the British sway, side with me, and deserve the consideration of the Badshahi, or imperial government, by their individual exertion in contd THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III Source 5 (contd) Source 6 3.2 Against the symbols of oppression The proclamations completely rejected everything associated with British rule or firangi raj as they called it. They condemned the British for the annexations they had carried out and the treaties they had broken. The British, the rebel leaders said, could not be trusted. What enraged the people was how British land revenue settlements had dispossessed landholders, both big and small, and foreign commerce had driven artisans and weavers to ruin. Every aspect of British rule was attacked and the firangi accused of destroying a way of life that was familiar and cherished. The rebels wanted to restore that world. THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III The proclamations expressed the widespread fear that the British were bent on destroying the caste and religions of Hindus and Muslims and converting them to Christianity – a fear that led people to believe many of the rumours that circulated at the time. People were urged to come together and fight to save their livelihood, their faith, their honour, their identity – a fight which was for the "greater public good". As noted earlier, in many places the rebellion against the British widened into an attack on all those who were seen as allies of the British or local oppressors. Often the rebels deliberately sought to humiliate the elites of a city. In the villages they burnt account books and ransacked moneylenders' houses. This reflected an attempt to overturn traditional hierarchies, rebel against all oppressors. It presents a glimpse of an alternative vision, perhaps of a more egalitarian society. Such visions were not articulated in the proclamations which sought to unify all social groups in the fight against firangi raj. 3.3 The search for alternative power Once British rule had collapsed, the rebels in places like Delhi, Lucknow and Kanpur tried to establish some kind of structure of authority and administration. This was, of course, short-lived but the attempts show that the rebel leadership wanted to restore the pre-British world of the eighteenth century. The leaders went back to the culture of the court. Appointments were made to various posts, arrangements made for the collection of land revenue and the payment of troops, orders issued to stop loot and plunder. Side by side plans were made to fight battles against the British. Chains of command were laid down in the army. In all this the rebels harked back to the eighteenth-century Mughal world – a world that became a symbol of all that had been lost. The administrative structures established by the rebels were primarily aimed at meeting the demands of war. However, in most cases these structures could not survive the British onslaught. But in Awadh, where resistance to the British lasted Discuss... What do you think are the longest, plans of counter-attack were being drawn major problems faced by up by the Lucknow court and hierarchies of historians in reconstructing command were in place as late as the last months the point of view of the rebels? of 1857 and the early part of 1858. Source 7 THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III attempts to recover Delhi began in earnest in early June 1857 but it was only in late September that the city was finally captured. The fighting and losses on both sides were heavy. One reason for this was the fact that rebels from all over North India had come to Delhi to defend the capital. In the Ganegtic plain too the progress of British reconquest was slow. The forces had to reconquer the area village by village. The countryside and the people around were entirely hostile. As soon as they began their counter-insurgency operations, the British realised that they were not dealing with a mere mutiny but an uprising that had huge popular support. In Awadh, for example, a British official called Forsyth estimated that three-fourths of the adult male population was in rebellion. The area was brought under control only in March 1858 after protracted fighting. The British used military power on a gigantic scale. But this was not the only instrument they used. In large parts of present-day Uttar Pradesh, where big landholders and peasants had offered united resistance, the British tried to break up the unity by promising to give back to the big landholders their estates. Rebel landholders were dispossessed and the loyal rewarded. Many landholders died fighting the British or they escaped into Nepal where Fig. 11.9 Secundrah Bagh, Lucknow, photograph by Felice Beato, 1858 Here we see four solitary figures within a desolate place that was once the pleasure garden built by Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. British forces led by Campbell killed over 2000 rebel sepoys who held the place in 1857. The skeletons strewn on the ground are meant to be a cold warning of the futility of rebellion. 5. Images of the Revolt How do we know about the revolt, about the activities of the rebels and the measures of repression that we have been discussing? As we have seen, we have very few records on the rebels' point of view. There are a few rebel proclamations and notifications, as also some letters that rebel leaders wrote. But historians till now have continued to discuss rebel actions primarily through accounts written by the British. Official accounts, of course, abound: colonial administrators and military men left their versions in letters and diaries, autobiographies and official histories. We can also gauge the official mindset and the changing British attitudes through the innumerable memos and notes, assessments of situations, and reports that were produced. Many of these have now been collected in a set of volumes on mutiny records. These tell us about the fears and anxieties of officials and their perception of the rebels. The stories of the revolt that were published in British newspapers and magazines narrated in gory detail the violence of the mutineers – and these stories inflamed public feelings and provoked demands of retribution and revenge. One important record of the mutiny is the pictorial images produced by the British and Indians: paintings, pencil drawings, etchings, posters, cartoons, bazaar prints. Let us look at some of them and see what they tell us. 5.1 Celebrating the saviours British pictures offer a variety of images that were meant to provoke a range of different emotions and reactions. Some of them commemorate the British heroes who saved the English and repressed the rebels. "Relief of Lucknow", painted by Thomas Jones Barker in 1859, is an example of this type. When the rebel forces besieged Lucknow, Henry Lawrence, the Commissioner of Lucknow, collected the Christian population and took refuge in the heavily fortified Residency. Lawrence was killed but the Residency continued to be defended under the command of Colonel Inglis. On 25 September James Outram and Henry Havelock arrived, cut through the rebel forces, and reinforced the British garrisons. Twenty days later Colin Campbell, who THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III was appointed as the new Commander of British forces in India, came with his forces and rescued the besieged British garrison. In British accounts the siege of Lucknow became a story of survival, heroic resistance and the ultimate triumph of British power. Barker's painting celebrates the moment of Campbell's entry. At the centre of the canvas are the British heroes – Campbell, Outram and Havelock. The gestures of the hands of those around lead the spectator's eyes towards the centre. The heroes stand on a ground that is well lit, with shadows in the foreground and the damaged Residency in the background. The dead and injured in the foreground are testimony to the suffering during the siege, while the triumphant figures of horses in the middle ground emphasise the fact that British power and control had been re-established. To the British public such paintings were reassuring. They created a sense that the time of trouble was past and the rebellion was over; the British were the victors. 5.2 English women and the honour of Britain Newspaper reports have a power over public imagination; they shape feelings and attitudes to events. Inflamed particularly by tales of violence against women and children, there were public demands in Britain for revenge and retribution. The British government was asked to protect the honour of innocent women and ensure the safety of helpless children. Artists expressed as well as shaped these sentiments through their visual representations of trauma and suffering. "In Memoriam" (Fig. 11.11) was painted by Joseph Noel Paton two years after the mutiny. You can see English women and children huddled in a circle, looking helpless and innocent, seemingly waiting for the inevitable – dishonour, violence and death. "In Memoriam" does not show gory violence; it only suggests it. It stirs up the spectator's imagination, and seeks to provoke anger and fury. It represents the rebels as violent and brutish, even though they remain invisible in the picture. In the background you can see the British rescue forces arriving as saviours. THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III Fig. 11.13 Justice, Punch, 12 September 1857 The caption at the bottom reads "The news of the terrible massacre at Cawnpore (Kanpur) produced an outburst of fiery indignation and wild desire for revenge throughout the whole of England." In another set of sketches and paintings we see women in a different light. They appear heroic, defending themselves against the attack of rebels. Miss Wheeler in Figure 11.12 stands firmly at the centre, defending her honour, single-handedly killing the attacking rebels. As in all such British representations, the rebels are demonised. Here, four burly males with swords and guns are shown attacking a woman. The woman's struggle to save her honour and her life, in fact, is represented as having a deeper religious connotation: it is a battle to save the honour of Christianity. The book lying on the floor is the Bible. 5.3 Vengeance and retribution As waves of anger and shock spread in Britain, demands for retribution grew louder. Visual representations and news about the revolt created a milieu in which violent repression and vengeance were seen as both necessary and just. It was as if justice demanded that the challenge to British honour and power be met ruthlessly. Threatened by the rebellion, the British felt that they had to demonstrate their invincibility. In one such image (Fig. 11.13) we see an allegorical female figure of justice with a sword in one hand and a shield in the other. Her posture is aggressive; her face expresses rage and the desire for revenge. She is trampling sepoys under her feet while a mass of Indian women with children cower with fear. There were innumerable other pictures and cartoons in the British press that sanctioned brutal repression and violent reprisal. What idea is the picture projecting? What is being expressed through the images of the lion and the tiger? What do the figures of the woman and the child depict? 5.4 The performance of terror The urge for vengeance and retribution was expressed in the brutal way in which the rebels were executed. They were blown from guns, or hanged from the Fig. 11.15 Execution of mutineers in Peshawar: Blowing from the guns, Illustrated London News, 3 October 1857 The scene of execution here appears to be a stage where a drama is being performed – an enactment of brutal power. Mounted soldiers and sepoys in uniform dominate the scene. They have to watch the execution of their fellow sepoys, and experience the chilling consequences of rebellion. THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III Fig. 11.16 Execution of mutinous sepoys in Peshawar, Illustrated London News, 3 October 1857 In this scene of execution 12 rebels hang in a row, with cannons all around them. What you see is not routine punishment: it is the performance of terror. For it to instil fear among people, punishment could not be discreetly meted out in enclosed spaces. It had to be theatrically performed in the open. 5.5 No time for clemency At a time when the clamour was for vengeance, pleas for moderation were ridiculed. When Governor General Canning declared that a gesture of leniency and a show of mercy would help in winning back the loyalty of the sepoys, he was mocked in the British press. In one of the cartoons published in the pages of Punch, a British journal of comic satire, Canning is shown as a looming father figure, with his protective hand over the head of a sepoy who still holds an unsheathed sword in one hand and a dagger in the other, both dripping with blood (Fig.11.17) – an imagery that recurs in a number of British pictures of the time. 5.6 Nationalist imageries The national movement in the twentieth century drew its inspiration from the events of 1857. A whole world of nationalist imagination was woven around the revolt. It was celebrated as the First War of Independence in which all sections of the people of India came together to fight against imperial rule. Art and literature, as much as the writing of history, have helped in keeping alive the memory of 1857. The leaders of the revolt were presented as heroic figures leading the country into battle, rousing the people to righteous indignation against oppressive imperial rule. Heroic poems were written about the valour of the queen who, with a sword in one hand and the reins of her horse in the other, fought for the freedom of her motherland. Rani of Jhansi was represented as a masculine figure chasing the enemy, slaying British soldiers and valiantly fighting till her last. Children in many parts of India grow up reading the lines of Subhadra Kumari Chauhan: "Khoob lari mardani woh to Jhansi wali rani thi" (Like a man she fought, she was the Rani of Jhansi). In popular prints Rani Lakshmi Bai is usually portrayed in battle armour, with a sword in hand and riding a horse – a symbol of the determination to resist injustice and alien rule. The images indicate how the painters who produced them perceived those events, what they felt, and what they sought to convey. Through the paintings and cartoons we know about the public that looked at the paintings, appreciated or criticised the images, and bought copies and reproductions to put up in their homes. These images did not only reflect the emotions and feelings of the times in which they were produced. They also shaped sensibilities. Fed by the images that circulated in Britain, the public sanctioned the most brutal forms of repression of the rebels. On the other hand, nationalist imageries of the revolt helped shape the nationalist imagination.  Discuss... Examine the elements in each of the visuals in this section and discuss how they allow you to identify the perspective of the artist. THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III 1. Why did the mutinous sepoys in many places turn to erstwhile rulers to provide leadership to the revolt? 2. Discuss the evidence that indicates planning and coordination on the part of the rebels. 3. Discuss the extent to which religious beliefs shaped the events of 1857. 4. What were the measures taken to ensure unity among the rebels? 5. What steps did the British take to quell the uprising? 6. Why was the revolt particularly widespread in Awadh? What prompted the peasants, taluqdars and zamindars to join the revolt? 7. What did the rebels want? To what extent did the vision of different social groups differ? 8. What do visual representations tell us about the revolt of 1857? How do historians analyse these


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Summer weather in Nashville is not for the faint-hearted. Seriously the humidity is a killer which is why for the past 15 years my family has headed up North. We're all Canadian-Americans so we migrate for the summer back to the Great White North.
As long as your not north of Edmonton your summer will be anything but white. Come on people…global warming. Seriously our annual migration to Canada is something we all look forward to—LeBraun included. Note: He's been talking about it since we left Canada for our wedding last August.
We enjoy weather hovering between the mid-20s to mid-30s (that's 80s and 90s Fahrenheit) with very minimal humidity. The lakes are close and there are always nice cool breezes coming down the mountain.
But it's still Summer and summertime calls for popsicles! Have you ever read the ingredients on store-bought popsicles. Most are riddled with added sugars and artificial flavors. Yuck! So when we bought ourselves a popsicle mold years ago, the decision was made that we should never again have to suffer the sugar-high of a store-bought popsicle….that may be a bit dramatic but you get the picture. Homemade popsicles for us from here on out.
With a good mold (and a bit of patience) homemade popsicles can easily be created AND enjoyed!
Summer is the perfect time for fruit-based popsicles because so many delicious, juicy fruits are in season. Here are just a few:
- Apricots
- Plums
- Cherries
- Blackberries
- Nectarines
- Strawberries
- Peaches
- Passion Fruit
- Melon
- Lime
- Lemon
We ended up at a local u-pick the other day and came home with several pounds of strawberries so the flavor choice was easy for us. Adding lime gives the sweet berries a bit of a punch. Zesty!
If you have trouble waiting for food to be completely finished cooking before enjoying (like us), it's best to prepare these in the evening allowing them to freeze overnight while you're sleeping. It's a serious problem for us. We're always "testing" food before it's prepared. Our fingers have gotten the kitchen slap before. Haha.
We have two of the Zoku Classic Pop Mold. We've never owned another one so I can't attest to its superiority but it has worked great for us.
- 2 lbs of ripe strawberries, washed and hulled
- 1 lime, zested
- 1/2 cup freshly squeezed lime juice
- 2 tsp agave (optional for added sweetness)
- Cut the strawberries into halves.
- Add all ingredients to a bender.
- Blend until pureed.
- Pour the puree into the popsicle molds, insert the popsicle stick bottoms.
- Place the filled popsicle molds on a completely flat surface in the freezer overnight or until fully frozen.
- One at a time, pull out the mold from the container and run under warm water for 30-60 seconds, or until plastic mold cover releases from the popsicle. Repeat until all are released or release as needed.
- Enjoy!


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Electrical Appliance Installation
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The Saudi-led war on Yemen is inflicting a slaughter by bombs, famine and disease, yet both Presidents Obama and Trump have insisted on supporting the Saudi "allies" in their war crimes, warns Shireen Al-Adeimi.
By Shireen Al-Adeimi
Yemen continues to suffer in silence as the world turns away from its ongoing misery. Despite 2½ years of brutal war, the average American remains oblivious to the inconvenient truth that the United States has been helping Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates destroy a sovereign country that posed a threat to no one.
While rich Arab states bombard the Middle East's poorest country, creating the world's largest humanitarian crisis and an unprecedented cholera outbreak, the U.S. government (starting with the Obama administration and continuing with Trump's) has continued to support them not only through the sale of weapons, but also through mid-air refueling, targeting intelligence, and other logistical support.
The international community has betrayed Yemenis over and over again – examples include the United Nation's capitulation to Saudi pressure by removing it from the list of child killers and allowing the Saudi-led Coalition to investigate (and clear) itself from any wrongdoing. Even as an inquiry into Yemen war crimes was finally agreed recently, the word "investigation" was dropped, and it remains to be seen which "regional experts" will comprise the committee.
But have we, the American people, turned our backs to our government's involvement in Yemen's destruction? Yemenis are not seeking refuge in Europe or America because of a land, air, and sea blockade that has kept food and medicines out, while trapping people in. Unlike those fleeing the war in Syria, Yemenis may be "out of sight, of mind." But those of us who do know about the plight of Yemenis may feel helpless or unclear about what can be done to help. The truth is, we have to act, and we have to act fast.
We can no longer stand by and watch as Yemeni children die of curable diseases like cholera (with 750,000 cases and


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Misty Night is a 2 year old dark calico beauty! She is gorgeous and tiny girl weighing only about 6lbs! She is shy at first but as son as she learns you won't hurt her she is your best friend rubbing against your legs and wanting to be loved. She does well with the other animals, has been living in the house and is litter box trained, tested FIV/ Felueke negative upon arrival, spayed, fully vaccinated and dewormed. Her adoption fee is $100.
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We block people who post offensive messages. See a problem? REPORT NOWPlease ✔ check "Also post on Facebook" after typing a question or comment.


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The Abbey of Fontevraud was founded in 1101 by Robert of Arbrissel , an itinerant preacher of Breton origin, who settled his community there. It makes it the place of an ideal of exaltation of faith, where men and women, rich and poor, noble and reprobate, live together in a community life dedicated to God, to prayer and work, in silence, abstinence and poverty. The object of fierce enmity in the Church but also of powerful protection, such as that of Pope Urban II, man fascinates as much as he shocks by his appearance and his practices: he is described walking barefoot and dressed in rags, and engaging, by asceticism, in practices sometimes considered scandalous.
Robert's fame led to an influx of postulants and gifts, so the Mother Abbey soon became a real "monastic city", composed of four entities: the monastery of Sainte-Marie (known as the Grand Moutier) was intended for nuns, the priory of Saint-Jean-de-l'Habit, reserved for brothers, the priory of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine, refuge for "repentant girls", and finally Saint-Lazare, intended to welcome lepers. Before resuming his journey, Robert d'Arbrissel entrusted the direction of the Abbey to a woman, the first abbess of Fontevraud, Pétronille de Chemillé .
Possession of the Counts of Anjou then of the Plantagenets , it was transformed into a royal fortress at the beginning of the 13th century at the time of King Saint Louis. During the second half of the 14th century, the Duke Louis I of Anjou (brother of King Charles V) transformed it into a sumptuous castle-palace. The miniature depicting him in the famous "Très riches heures du duc de Berry" gives us a precise picture.
Until the end of the Ancien Régime, the building was used as a residence by the various governors of the city. The most famous of them, Philippe Duplessis-Mornay, was appointed in 1589.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, Saumur Castle was also used as a prison: prisoners on stamped letters and then from the 1780s onwards as prisoners of war.
The castle of Saumur was classified as a Historical Monument in 1862. Since then, the restoration work has been carried out in coordination with the State services.
Bioparc of Doué-la-Fontaine - Zoological park
Located near the Loire Valley, the BIOPARC of Doué la Fontaine is a unique site in the world thanks to its troglodytic location.
France has decided to organise equestrian education by creating a school whose purpose is to prepare students for higher teacher qualifications and to prepare them for high-level competition.
Entrusted to the Ministry of Youth, Popular Education and Community Life, the National Riding School naturally relied on the know-how and knowledge of the riders of the Cadre Noir, who found in this new school created in Saumur, heir to those that preceded it, their original missions that they have been able to expand: training horses, teaching sports riding and training in horseback riding professions.
Do you want to know mushroom secrets?
Explore the mushroom farm from stage to stage where you will be exposed to the secrets of varied and experimental cultivation. From step to step, experiment with the family with the different workshops offered. Through touch or observation, you will discover the fascinating world of mushrooms through their secrets.
The discovery of the secrets of mushrooms and the atmosphere of the troglodytic depths go well together! A journey where the curiosity of young and old should be satisfied because mushrooms have more than one trick in their bag to surprise you.
L'abus d'alcool est dangereux pour la santé. A consommer avec modération.
La vente d'alcool est interdite aux mineurs.


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Google rolls out yet another killer feature for their Gmail suite: money as an attachment. For Gmail users with a Google Wallet account (or who can open one), now sending money as as easy as attaching an image to your email.
X.commerce: designing a lingua franca
"The face of commerce is going to change more in the next three years than the last fifteen," said John Donahoe, President & CEO of eBay.


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Jada Pinkett Smith Says s Willow & Jaden Are Her 'Biggest Contribution' Calvin Harris Explains That Taylor Swift Rant; Mika Brzezinski Reacts To Trump Slam
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Beth Chapman 'Not Expected to Recover'
This is heart breaking news.
We previously reported that "Dog The Bounty Hunter" star Beth Chapman was placed in a medically induced coma over the weekend as she continues to battle stage IV lung cancer. Now, a sad update has come in, as family sources have told TMZ that Beth is "not expected to recover."
The U.K. Sun reported that sources said that Beth's mother, children, and grandchildren have rushed to her bedside in Hawaii and that they are "preparing for the worst" since "not much can be done" for the 51-year-old reality television star.
Beth was placed in a medically-induced coma on Saturday after she began frantically fighting against doctors' attempts to treat her. It's been reported that Beth was pulling out the tubes doctors were using to give her fluids and medications, leaving them with no choice but to sedate her. When this did not work, doctors resorted to putting her in a medically-induced coma so she could get the treatment she needs.
Beth's husband, Duane "Dog" Chapman, took to social media over the weekend to ask for prayers, writing to his fans, "Please say your prayers for Beth right now thank you love you."
Despite these reports, Chapman family spokeswoman Mona Wood-Sword said the family is still hopeful that Beth will get through this.
"Duane and the family feel she's such a fighter, she could get better," Wood-Sword said. "The family still has hope."
Chapmans Turn To Their Christian Faith
Duane has previously been open about how his family's Christian faith has been getting them through this cancer battle.
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"Faith is probably the No. 1 thing in our lives, no matter what we're faced with," Duane said. "Through this cancer episode, we had to drum up as much faith as we could. And the Bible talks about having faith as small as a mustard seed. And that's not much… And I thank God that we had at least that much faith to get her through that."
Please keep Beth in your thoughts and prayers right now. She needs them more than ever.


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Intro to Probability and Stats | Towards AI
@Bayes' Theorem For Bae
Introduce someone to probability theory and statistics without scaring them off
Bayes' Theorem is something that confuses and frustrates many, but is not as awful as many make it out to be. It is written out as:
where P(A) means the probability that event A occurs, and P(A|B) means the probability that event A occurs given that event B occurs (in other words, knowing that B occurs, the probability that A will occur).
While the formula for "Bae's Theorem" given in the graphic above is silly, doesn't make mathematical sense, and borders on being NSFW, it does help illustrate what the problem statement is (something that throws many, as intuitively it seems kind of backwards). Given that Netflix is occurring, one would want to know the probability of 'chill', NOT the other way around. Granted, the right side of the equation is complete nonsense, but the left-side is actually a good mnemonic device, especially given that part of the reason so many students tune-out while learning mathematics is due to the dry sterility of the presentation.
The theorem essentially states that: the probability of event A given event B is equal to the probability of B given event A times the probability of event A divided by the probability of B. Which seems very complex without breaking it down bit by bit. The best way to explain (and see the use of this) is to look at an example (which I have taken directly from a lab assignment from the DSI program hosted by General Assembly):
You work at a financial services company that offers individual retirement accounts (IRAs). To target high potential customers, you want to find out if people with children are more likely to invest in IRAs.
So far you have found:
- 30% of all Americans have IRAs.
- half of Americans have children.
- two-thirds of those with IRAs have children.
Based on this information, what is the probability that someone with children has an IRA?
You may (or may not) have noticed that the question is framed like the left-side of the equation for Baye's Theorem: probability of event A (having an IRA) given event B (having children). Note that an 'event' doesn't have to be an active fact; sometimes it just can represent possessing a quality. If we frame this question to fit the equation for Bayes' Theorem and fill in the right side with the appropriate values, we have something like this:
P(IRA|Child) = P(Child|IRA)*P(IRA)/P(Child).
Then go back to the set up of the question:
30% of all Americans have IRAs is the same as saying the probability of having an IRA is 30%, or P(IRA) = 0.3
Half of Americans have children is the same as saying the probability of having children is 1/2, or P(Child) = 0.5
two-thirds of those with IRAs have children is the same as saying the probability of having children, given that the person has an IRA, is 2/3, or that P(Child|IRA) = 0.666
So ultimately, after somewhat advanced logical interpretation, the mathematical end of things is fairly straightforward algebraic plug n' chug:
P(IRA|Child) = (0.666 * 0.3) / 0.5 = 0.4
Thus there is a 40% probability that someone with children has an IRA.
Did you follow along? Congratulations! You now understand a concept in statistics that trips up a large majority of data scientists. Math can be an intimidating and unpleasant experience for people who don't naturally take to it, but when you demystify it and break it down into it's components, most people can grasp even advanced concepts.


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The Steinel Lab's focus is in understanding the interplay and co-evolution of hosts and pathogens. Using threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as a model organism, the lab studies teleost (bony fish) adaptive immunity, the manipulation of adaptive immunity by parasites, and the co-evolution of host and parasite factors. This work involves both laboratory-based experimentation as well as the study of wild populations.
While much is known about the mammalian adaptive immunity, substantially less in known about the adaptive immune responses of other vertebrates, including fish. The Steinel Lab uses a comparative approach to characterize the activation and the kinetics of the adaptive immune response of threespine stickleback.
The tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus is a natural parasite of threespine stickleback, and wild fish can become heavily infected in the wild (top image). We have observed that this tapeworm can suppress certain components of the stickleback adaptive immune response. Using histological and cell culture techniques the Steinel Lab studies the mechanisms by which a parasite can immunosuppress its host.
We have also observed that this immunosuppression varies among stickleback populations, suggesting that parasite-mediated immunomodulation may be locally adapted. The lab uses genetic screens, such as QTL mapping, to identify the areas of the genome associated with variability in immunosuppression.
Photos from 2019 Field work season in Alaska and Vancouver Island.


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Throughout the Bible, God takes his people on some wild adventures. What better setting to explore these stories than the beautiful landscapes of the savanna with its gorgeous sunsets and incredible animals. Kids K-6th grade are invited to join us for VBS July 22-25 as we go on safari to discover an exciting adventure with God!
VBS is 6:15pm to 8:50pm each evening. Registration/Check-in opens 5:45pm.
Online registration has closed. To register, please visit our Guest Central booth at the church when check-in opens.
REMINDER: VBS is for children who were K-6th in the 2018/2019 school year.
When you arrive pre-registered families can go straight to our self-check in kiosks on the front porch area. Families who have yet to register can go to the registration table to get checked in.


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text: What is in the rules directory? On Fri, Jul 8, 2011 at 2:09 PM, Damien Hull <dhull at ...15333...> wrote: > I compiled snort for Ubuntu 10.04 following the instructions on the > snort website. I installed the snort rules. Snort and barnyard2 start. > There are snort files in /var/log/snort. However, there's nothing in > the log files. The database doesn't contain any info. > > I did a port scan of the system. I'm assuming snort should pick that > up. Again, nothing in the log files or in the database. I'm using > snort report just like the documentation says. > > Can someone point me in some kind of direction? I must be missing > something. > > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ > All of the data generated in your IT infrastructure is seriously valuable. > Why? It contains a definitive record of application performance, security > threats, fraudulent activity, and more. Splunk takes this data and makes > sense of it. IT sense. And common sense. > http://p.sf.net/sfu/splunk-d2d-c2 > _______________________________________________ > Snort-users mailing list > Snort-users at lists.sourceforge.net > Go to this URL to change user options or unsubscribe: > https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/snort-users > Snort-users list archive: > http://www.geocrawler.com/redir-sf.php3?list=snort-users > > Please see http://www.snort.org/docs for documentation > -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: <https://lists.snort.org/pipermail/snort-users/attachments/20110708/6f77803e/attachment.html>