text:
I want Canada to ban tax deductions on carbon emitting products and services
To Rt. Hon. Mr. Harper and other Canadians:
If Canada really wants to reduce greenhouse gas emissions then why can business deduct expenses for gas, diesel, electricity, and other terrible pollutants? Wouldn't it make more sense to eliminate these deductions?
I'm sure there would be a way to make this new tax policy revenue neutral?
You could do this by:
1) Reducing the overall tax rate for business by a rate you could review on a regular basis.
2) Give more generous amounts of Capital Cost Allowances (otherwise known as depreciation) to buy or build or invent better vehicles, buildings, equipment or processes.
I know, I know...
Business would HOWL at first but you could ease into eliminating this deduction. Maybe phase a complete tax deduction ban in 10 years (I say 5 at most but anyhoo).
This would not be the first example of expenses being excluded from tax deductibility. Meals are only 50% claimable. My guess is this was done in the interest of fairness. It is done to discourage business from taking advantage and being extravagant in their spending. In my view the same could and should be done with carbon-emitting products.
I say this because as a non-business owner it drives me up the wall to see people driving gas-guzzling vehicles for their businesses and being allowed to write off a huge portion of this on my dime. I don't want to subsidize their wasteful squandering of my air.
I know people who have worked in the oilfields. Their companies allow them to fill up their trucks/cars for free. And I know that the company gets to write off these fuel expenses. So... what do these employees do?? They buy the biggest damned trucks/cars they can find. Go to any oil-town and you see these things idling all night long. And I'm subsidizing this though I don't want to.
If we changed our tax laws as I suggest I predict capital expenditures - particularly in solar, wind, thermal and other environmentally safe services - would go up, up up while demand for carbon emitting products and services would ease.
Why? Because the playing field would be more level for alternative energy. Alternative energy costs a heckuva lot to set up (capital costs) while energy from carbon emitting products does not cost as much to set up but does cost a lot to operate year by year (you have to buy the gas/oil/electricity from coal).
I don't want to subsidize this waste any more. Do you? Let's ban tax deductions on carbon emitting products and services. Change the rules...and business will follow the money.
well that's all whaddaya think?
First, welcome aboard the good ship Babble.
Second, where did you hear that the government is interested in decreasing GHGs?
Businesses do not pay tax. They just add it to their costs and pass it on to us.
[img]rolleyes.gif" border="0[/img]
Hee. I love your handle, AllThingsBicycleIsGood. [img]smile.gif" border="0[/img] Welcome!
In order for a plan like this to work, you'd have to draw some lines. For instance, public transit emits carbon. But we get a tax break for taking it because it emits less carbon than cars. And hybrid cars emit less carbon than regular cars. And regular cars emit less carbon than SUVs.
You see where I'm going with this...
I think it can be done, but it wouldn't be as simple a formula as merely, "ban tax deductions on carbon emitting products and services". Because every product and service, somewhere along the line, emits carbon - even bicycles, if you think about the carbon emissions that go into making them!
Some sort of determination would have to be made, about which products help reduce emissions by replacing higher-emission products, and where to draw the line would be the political argument between real environmental justice activists and the pretend conservative green types.
The line can be drawn between breaking the economy and not breaking the economy.
The real struggle will not be over carbon emissions but who will bear the cost burden of their reduction. The soaring cost of living will raise the poverty line at the same time that a declining economy reduces government revenues.
Be careful of what you wish for because the new age economy will fulfill activists' dreams without providing any resources to address the results.
No more SUVs,cheap crap from China,grapes from Chile or affordable heating energy.This is the activists' dream come true. The 100 mile food challenge, higher urban density, mass transit etc will come to the fore.
What solutions do activists have to address the new reality?
ATBIG, I think you are making some assumptions that may not be accurate.
First of all, very few businesses are out to waste energy. I'd love to put my crew in a hybrid or Smart Car, but heckgoshdarn, a van works better when you've got 3 or 4 people, a camera package and lighting equipment. I also challenge someone to show me how to light an interview on portable wind or solar power. Please, go right ahead. Because, frankly, the technology isn't there yet.
No company gives its employees carte blanch on filling up their vehicles - certainly not many that stay in business for any length of time. If they use their own vehicles, they are being paid on a mileage basis that takes kilometres traveled and adds on some for wear and tear on the vehicle. Alternatively, if the employee is driving a company car, there is often a specific allowance provided on average km driven within a reasonable figure for the purposes of business. Sometimes gas is paid directly on a project basis, but you can bet your booty that somebody's keeping track.
This isn't counted as a tax deduction, btw. These are counted as business costs and are paid out of pocket by the business, the same as paper and pencils and other related costs are. You are not subsidizing any of it, to my knowledge.
I really don't know where you figure you're subsidizing our electricity, either...
It can also be that building a new building creates more footprint in terms of having to build outside the area one would do business out of in an older building and have to commute, or be a factor in creating more sprawl. It could be that retrofitting a building might make more sense -- if, that is, you own the building. Many businesses rent office space. How much carbon does it create to build, anyway? Will city ordinances allow newer green building techniques and materials? Often they don't. I know of at least one business in my city that erected a small wind turbine to generate some of their power and the city demanded they take it down.
I appreciate your green sentiments, but it strikes me that you haven't entirely thought out the implications of your proposal or given much time to how business expenditures and taxes actually work.
[ 12 June 2008: Message edited by: Timebandit ]
I also challenge someone to show me how to light an interview on portable wind or solar power.
what [img]confused.gif" border="0[/img] if you use a portable electric power source then what's wrong with charging said power source from a renewable energy source instead of... Did I miss something?
[ 13 June 2008: Message edited by: It's Me D ]
Too cumbersome to travel with, for one -- power storage units, or batteries are large and heavy. Too many variables, ie: you can't recharge with solar power overnight, and cloudy days are a problem.
ETA: We don't tend to power light kits, for example, with portable power, for the most part. With cameras and sound equipment it's possible to use batteries, but you don't necessarily have the luxury of good available lighting.
[ 13 June 2008: Message edited by: Timebandit ]
In the main forum page, in the Last Post column, this thread appears as "I want Canada to ban tax...".
I was gratified that the actual content of the post was not as such [img]wink.gif" border="0[/img]
Thanks for the welcome. Wow, those are fast replies.
To: MyLeftyInvestor Yeah, banning tax would be a good start I suppose.
Look, we are telling the doggie to not beg for food at the table while we are reaching under it to feed him some nice juicy steaks.
Michelle...Point taken about "where do you draw the line?" I dunno...let's see...gas and oil to me makes sense. so does coal produced electricity. Hydro produced electricity ain't so good either as far as I am concerned so to be fair to the coal-electricity people just say hydro electricity is not gonna get any deductibility either. If you can't prove it's solar, or wind or thermal or something danged benevolent then I say you cant deduct it.
Heck, if business needs to raise their prices because of this measure so be it. We consumers will need to pay for it or we will hopefully choose to get other products or services or do the 100-mile food thang.
I remember going to Germany in 1989 just before the mighty wall came down. I stayed in a suburb built after the war. Their economy was kicking butt. Know why? Because they don't spend nearly as much on carbon emitting stuff like cars, and gas and oil.
How'd they do it? It hit me when I was staying at my sister's appt in Munich. They build these 6block by 6 block square areas. May 8 by 8 i dunno. They put a shopping mall in the middle with 1 of each of the shops you need for everyday living. 1 bakery, bar, bank, drug store, clinic, grocery store etc. ... They surround this shopping area with appt buildings about 200-300 yards away. Might have 10 -15 appt buildings (each with 50 units) Solid buildings too mind you. In a corner of this block you'll see a school...in another a sorta forest. In another is a rec centre.
When I went shopping for bread it really hit me. My sis told me to get there before 3pm or no bread would be left (slim pickings). The thing was some guy delivered this bread by truck to the bakery...the bakery poofed it up and I biked or walked a max of 300 yards to get it. The persons who sold this bread went home by 5pm. They walked or biked to shop for wine for themselves and their lover and were home by 6. Likely walked or took the U-bahn to go uptown for entertainment(subway/LRT).
Compare this to Canada where I live in a typical grid system of blocks...very convenient for cars but not for human powered travel...I have to travel some 20 blocks to get to any of 3 different grocery stores to buy a loaf of bread Half the time it's baked in-store. Or likely it was baked at some factory some 5 miles away from there or even in Red Deer (120+ miles away) and shipped in that morning.
Why do they do that? Ship from 5 miles or 120 miles away? To save 10cents a loaf? That's crazy considering how much it costs us.
The social costs... People here work till 11pm or later in grocery stores. Over there ...done by 5. Time for family and friends and -gasp-your self. I dunno about you but I'm exhausted with all the travel I must do to shop or to get around town.
In fact, I'm too tired to write anymore. ZZZZZZZZZZzzz. Let's just says that using carbon products to do business is insane. It is time to encourage us to move back to a human scale. I can't write anymore. G'night. Claude
Germany is a small country with a decent public transit system... We have a hell of a lot of work to do before what you are suggesting can be applied outside of a couple cities. And you can bet our governments have no intention of doing it.
Germany is not a small country.
And the problem here isn't surface area, but car-created sprawl. If you go to old Quйbec you can walk everywhere.
If you go to old Quйbec you can walk everywhere.
You are welcome to visit Parrsboro, where I live, and try that [img]rolleyes.gif" border="0[/img]
My point was that for rural areas the government must make investments in public transit that they've completely neglected. In fact there is no public or even private transit here besides two taxis and its over 50km to even reach any place where you can meet any other form of transit (still private).
Unless you think we should all just move to "old Quйbec" that is...
And yes, Germany IS much smaller than Canada, and thus the investments required are much larger here.
Originally posted by It's Me D:
[b]My point was that for rural areas the government must make investments in public transit that they've completely neglected. In fact there is no public or even private transit here...[/b]
So the government should subsidize the ultimate "urban" sprawl?! [img]eek.gif" border="0[/img]
What is the density in your rural area? 1 inhabitant per 10 square kilometers?
Its not urban sprawl it is just more room for blueberries.
So the government should subsidize the ultimate "urban" sprawl?!
If this was a serious comment it is just disgusting.
We are all supposed to huddle together in cities where we can be closely supervised (for our benefit of course) while all the resources we consume are shipped in from... where exactly? Once you've moved all the rural producers into the cities what do you plan to eat? To wear? Etc. Arrogant city folk [img]rolleyes.gif" border="0[/img] . How about we do a little test, to see what is really more sustainable? I'll bet you anything that we are better off without you then the reverse.
Cities are the backbone of consumptive capitalist living and fascist state control; I want nothing to do with them. So yes, stop urban sprawl; stop urbanity all together. Come live with nature, its really very pleasant.
And Kropotkin our blueberries really are very good [img]wink.gif" border="0[/img]
Originally posted by It's Me D:
[b]If this was a serious comment...[/b]
It was an extremely serious comment.
Take a look outside of most any major city in North America where you will see the single homes sitting on large acre sized lots. These are not high production farms. They are wasteful estates and hobby farms.
It is a serious issue in Southern Alberta.
A bit of back ground material about "rural sprawl".
[url=http://www.mrsc.org/subjects/planning/rural/daniels.aspx]What to Do About Rural Sprawl?[/url]
Scooter thank you for elaborating on your comment.
Take a look outside of most any major city in North America where you will see the single homes sitting on large acre sized lots.
I would have called this suburbia, as it is surrounding an urban centre. This is very different than rural villages and towns which, in this area anyway, have existed for hundreds of years. I certainly agree suburbia is a problem.
It is a serious issue in Southern Alberta.
I will be attending a conference of rural municipalities in Alberta in a couple weeks, I hope I will learn more about this. It is certainly not such a problem here; but then again I assume it is a problem associated with "prosperity" and we are short on that here [img]tongue.gif" border="0[/img]
The article's description of "rural sprawl" (divided into two types) is a little different than yours:
The first is low-density residential development that is scattered outside of villages, suburbs, and smaller cities. The second type of rural sprawl is commercial strip development along arterial highways leading into and out of villages, suburbs, and smaller cities.
As the article suggests this is a planning problem, and one that most municipal administrators and planners here are quite aware of. The article suggests seven steps to be taken in dealing with this phenomenon, I want you to know that (here) most of these steps are actually required of municipalities and in fact most exceed these requirements and have taken all seven steps. I am surprised that these steps are novel or new in the US; if that is also the case in Alberta I'm sure I will find out when I come out there shortly.
Thanks for mentioning this. It doesn't change my opinion on rural life as both more sustainable and more pleasant than its urban equivalent, however I will certainly acknowledge that making/keeping it this way takes serious work on the part of municipal administrators like myself.
ETA: cross-posted with Timebandit. That website is interesting and I certainly wish them well on their project however I don't think building new rural communities is really necessary or pheasible here; in fact there is a lot to be learned from traditional rural living (much of which was forcibly un-learned which is most unfortunate).
[ 20 June 2008: Message edited by: It's Me D ]
My point is that the community in my link is avoiding some of the pitfalls that scooter's link highlights vis infrastructure.
I think the rationale of building more is that this is a community that has lost half its population and is on the verge of losing businesses, school, etc, -- the things that make a rural community viable. Many have dwindled to nothing in these parts.
I think the rationale of building more is that this is a community that has lost half its population and is on the verge of losing businesses, school, etc, -- the things that make a rural community viable. Many have dwindled to nothing in these parts.
This is a problem here as well; including in my own town.
In reading the site you linked with next to no knowledge of Saskatchewan I really missed a lot! I basically only found this from the linked site:
Planning for a new sustainable housing development or Eco-Village, consisting of several families living sustainably, was initiated during the summer of 2005. Participants in the Eco-Village will be expected to build energy efficient housing on separately deeded, unserviced lots 38 m (125 feet) by 30.5 m (100 feet).
I wrongly assumed this was a new planned community, not a project to revitalize an existing one. Thanks for provoking me to look into it more.
I do wonder about the sustainability of this though,
unserviced lots
For anyone else in the same situation as me:
[url=http://www.craik.ca/]Town of Craik Official Homepage[/url]
[url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craik,_Saskatchewan]Wikipedia entry on the Town of Craik[/url]
[url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craik_Sustainable_Living_Project]Wikipedia entry on the Craik Sustainable Living Project[/url]
Now that I read all that I am more interested in the project's applicability here. I think there was a slightly less ambitious but similar project on the South Shore of NS a number of years back. I will see if I can find a link.
I'll be following this project for sure. Maybe someone from Craik will even be attending the conference of rural municipalities I spoke of.
[ 20 June 2008: Message edited by: It's Me D ]


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text:
I Stink At Networking
13 Replies
John Elias
posted 7 months ago
So nearly everyone says the best way to get started is to network. Find other successful individuals in your area and get to know them and their story. Does anyone have any tips as to how they overcame networking struggles? Its not like I am a hermit or anything, small talk has just never really been my forte, so would you recommend just cutting straight to the point or how do many other already successful investors sort of act at big meetups
@John Elias -- I understand networking can be difficult, especially if you are introverted.
Keep in mind that it isn't about you. People are generally tuned into channel WIIFM...What's In It For Me? So, focus, not on yourself...but on them. Just get curious.
What do they do? How long have they been doing it? What do they like most about it? What are their current goals? What are the biggest challenges they face? etc etc. People love to talk about themselves. They of course will then ask you questions which you will know the answers to. (see above questions).
Have plenty of business cards...keep yours in one pocket, everyone else's in another. Have a pen to make notes on theirs.
After a few times, it will get easier. Remember also that many people there are just as uncomfortable as you are and are thrilled to have someone asking questions and being interested in them.
Hi John.
I'm pretty good at networking, so I'll give you a tip.
Be yourself at all times.
And always remember you do not have to lead the conversations.
An easy trick is to join a conversation between two people already in progress and just listen.
While they are talking smile a little and seem pleasant and just listen.
Then when they are done, ask one of them a question this way. "Hi my name is John, and you were talking about X, that's really interesting, can you tell me more about Y and Z."
Then when he or she is done, hand the person your business card and concurrently ask for theirs.
Bingo, you now have a new "Business friend" Stage-1 (you have just networked).
Then when you get home send them an email saying "Hello" and that way they have your email and you now have a Stage-2 "Business Friend".
Pop them an email every few weeks or so and say hello and you now have a stage-3 "business friend".
Then when you see them again at another networking event, "Say hello and ask them if they have been up to anything new". Easy Peasy.
Since it's not natural to you, focus on quality over quantity when you go an event, and when your burnt out leave, even if you only get one business card.
Then go out and have a nice meal as a reward for getting even 1 card. Because the journey of 1000 miles begins with one step.
Good Luck!
Ned Carey
(Moderator) -
Investor from Baltimore, Maryland
replied 7 months ago
@John Elias I recommend you go to local Meetups and REIA meetings. Show up a little early and stay late. Often there will be a guy or two holding court with a small group standing around and asking questions. Just stand there and listen to others questions and answers. That will give you some ideas.
You might also go to someone running the group and ask"I'm new. Is there anyone here who might be willing to show me one of their projects or rentals?"
Here you can add to your profile and add your location. You can also set up keyword alerts, so you get notified when someone mentions them in a post. you location or your particular interests make great keyword alerts.
PS; Networking is more about listening than talking. People love to talk about themselves. You don't have to do small talk. Just ask questions. Who What Why When and How.
Ted L.
Investor from Schenectady, New York
replied 7 months ago
I think Scott has given the secret to networking above. It's not just meeting people, it's the follow up. I think it's especially important to offer something of value to the other person so that you might work together. Starting out, the most important thing is to be involved in deals/projects so that those contacts get added to your network.
@Dutch Langley Thank you for this advice, I think it is really helpful. If I am just starting out, should I just sort of get generic business cards made that say I'm some sort of real estate professional or investor?
@Scott Mac Wow that is really insightful, I appreciate that response. MY only question is about joining that already in progress conversation. Does it not seem awkward to those 2 people if I just kind of walk up and stand there and wait my turn?
@John Elias When you are walking up, just take a look at their body language -- are they really in a private conversation or just like everyone else, chatting each other up..business style? Just walk up casually, sip your drink, smile and when there is a break, reach out and say hello. It's more awkward for you because you are overthinking it. Remember, everyone is there for the same reason...to meet, greet, network. They are usually not there to find a date. (a few are...but you will notice them).
Hi John,
I doubt they will mind someone walking up and listening.
Remember they want to meet YOU too, that's why they are there.
When you walk up and listen, it makes it easier for them to meet another person--your kind of doing them a favor.
Your presence there is more important than you are giving yourself credit for.
You don't have to be top dog, just be one of the dogs in the pack just be ready to bark a little bit when your in the right position.
Good Luck!
Brit F.
Rental Property Investor from DFW
replied 7 months ago
@John Elias , another way to build networking confidence is to listen to a bunch of Bigger Pockets Podcasts. You can mirror the conversations/questions at your events - as if you are the host interviewing the guest (or vice-versa). The podcasts cover many aspects/professions in real-estate. You'll develop a list of go-to q's for any type of person you meet in the business.
Outside of that, figure out in your own mind:
1) What value can you provide to the people you meet?
2) What do you want from other people and/or what do you need help with?
These will steer your interactions in mutually beneficial ways.
Chantal Ceja
replied 7 months ago
Small talk isn't my strongest suit too, just like you. But about asking questions and doing follow-ups, there are actually studies that say people are liked better when they ask questions instead of doing all the talking. Of course that extends beyond professional networking. I keep that in mind when I'm feeling jittery at the prospect of talking to other people.
Gil Ganz
Real Estate Investor from Tel Aviv, Israel
replied 6 months ago
Great advise here. As an introvert myself i can relate to this subject, I think Scott gave some good tips, i think using them will help you, always keep in mind the other person you are talking too might be in the same spot as you, just be yourself and do it.
Charles Carillo
Rental Property Investor from North Palm Beach, FL
replied 6 months ago
I would highly recommend reading "How to Win Friends & Influence People by Dale Carnegie," it is a great book for networking.
Shawn Ackerman
Real Estate Entrepreneur from Mid West, East Coast
replied 6 months ago
@John Elias You have to build rapport with anyone you intend to do business with. With that said you must remain focused on the value one can provide you and what you can provide others. When you find a match you will know. "small pebbles come from boulders" Think longball when networking and not a quick fix. The best relationships I have were cultivated overtime. It's also a numbers game. You will kiss many frogs before getting to the princess. All the best.
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24.09.2017, 23:49
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MMA Goat, is it Daniel Cormier? Nah!
After beating Stipe Miocic at UFC 226 earlier this month in Las Vegas, Nevada Daniel Cormier insists that Jon Jones or Anderson Silva are not the all time MMA GOATS, it is him! Well, Jones and Silva have a history when it comes to pre- and post-fight drug tests. DC did
Golden Boy MMA Will Have a Clothing Sponsor
So, Oscar De La Hoya is really going forward creating a UFC ass busting promotion. Golden Boy MMA is expected to host its inaugural event later this year, headlined by the trilogy fight between UFC legends Chuck Liddell and Tito Ortiz. The best part of it is that we are
Yoel Romero: Cuban Missile Crisis
"My fellow citizens, I want to take this opportunity to report on the conclusions which this [site] has reached" – Modified JFK Quote If you haven't heard, Yoel "Cuban Missile Crisis*" Romero has launched a full-on assault on the UFC's middleweight division. You may not be too familiar with his
Vitor Belfort: The Wolf of MMA
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UFC 171 Highlight: Hector Lombard Tosses Jake Shields
Today's highlight comes from the past… UFC 171 Lombard vs. Shields. The picture pretty much sums up the fight. UFC 171 – Hector Lombard vs Jake Shields Highlights Notes: Lombard did seem to gas out a bit, but he did a good job of saving his energy. Jake Shields went
UFC 171 Recap: Hendricks vs Lawler
UFC 171: Johny "Big Rigg" Hendricks and "Ruthless" Robbie Lawler. Two beasts with "God-given knockout power" according to Mr. Joe Rogan. Well, the results were just as expected: they banged it out like Rocky V. Lawler rocked Hendricks a few times, and vis versa. However, the end was quite anticlimactic.


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Wild Nights With Emily Is The Queer Emily Dickinson Comedy We Didn't Know We Needed
I never knew I needed a movie with Molly Shannon as a super gay Emily Dickinson living her best, secret gay life until I saw Wild Nights with Emily. Holy cannoli! You know how sometimes you learn a new fact about history that you didn't know before and you feel lied to your entire life? Well, that's how this movie made me feel, and I couldn't be any happier to learn that I was so wrong for so long.
Wild Nights with Emily is a mostly light-hearted comedy written and directed by Madeleine Olnek and starring Molly Shannon as Emily Dickinson. My entire life I have been fed information – what I now know has been a lie - that Emily Dickinson was a stoic shut-in obsessed with death and all things depressing. It turns out that she lived quite the entertaining life.
The story uses comedy to depict much of Emily's life and her relationship with her secret partner (also her sister-in-law) Sue (Susan Ziegler). The two would write letters to each other several times a day, every day, while also being neighbors. Many of Emily's poems were edited by Sue, and the movie intertwines some of Emily's poetry that allows the audience to see it in a new light, given the context of her queer relationship.
We also get to see Emily's journey to publishing her poetry, which had been mostly unsuccessful during her lifetime. Emily wrote over 2,000 poems during her lifetime, and it wasn't until after her death that they were finally published, though, with some… "edits" as the movie shows us.
Shannon portrays Emily in a way I never thought imaginable, and I really enjoyed her chemistry with Ziegler. The duo was passionate and played off of each other well with great comedic timing. Jackie Monahan had a few hilarious scene-stealing moments with her character as Emily's sister, Lavina.
Despite the film's comedic nature, there were some serious moments that really help the audience emotionally connect with the characters. It was a beautiful movie, regardless of its potentially – er – low production costs. If I had to make one critique, it would be that I think some moments with Emily's poetry were a little misplaced. But I appreciated the comedic depiction of Emily's life story and the "wild" truth of her lived experience.


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Brilliant Brighton
Follow the (train) tracks of royalty and steam down to the glorious British seaside city of Brighton - just over an hours escape from the capital. Undoubtedly, the city's central attraction is the Brighton Pavilion with its eccentric, unexpected and extravagant Indian architecture that contrasts dramatically with the surrounding sedate Victorian houses. This quirky building is matched by the quirky ethos of the city. Today, Brighton is perhaps most famous for voting in the UK's only Green MP, Caroline Lucas, and its status as the 'Gay Capital of Britain', culminating in a huge Pride Festival each summer. This liberalism has a long trajectory. The first resident of the Royal Pavilion - the future George IV - used it as a base for dalliances with his 'companion' Maria Fitzherbert. From 1841, the railway allowed the middle classes to imitate aristocratic society, developing the city into a fashionable destination in the Regency era. Yet it maintained its rowdy and raunchy reputation. This image is perpetuated by Austen's Pride and Prejudice; Lydia Bennett and Mr. Wickham eloped in Brighton (as did Paul Bettany and Kirsten Dunst in the film Wimbledon), making Brighton synonymous with the 'Dirty Weekend'. This lively party atmosphere has endured, and, in combination with its artsy and cultural atmosphere, contributes to Brighton's standing as a honeypot destination. The city is a wildly popular tourist destination: an estimated 1.4 million overnight stays occurred in 2012. And that's not including the London daytrippers. Brighton is a cosmopolitan, modern and fun city whose seaside location makes this city a worthwhile destination.
Top Five Activities in Brighton
1. Visit the stunning Royal Pavilion. And the adjacent Brighton Museum and Art-Gallery, which is free to enter. If you are visiting the winter, pay a visit to the Ice Rink located in front of the Pavilion.
2. Wander around the Laines. Brighton's premier shopping destination with hundreds of independent shops.
3. Check out some cool cafes – Choccywoccydoodah, home of the artisan chocolate company and Bills, the perfect brunch destination, are definitely worth a visit.
4. Visit Brighton Pier – all the fun of the fair – on the sea.
5. Enjoy the beach. If you are brave, go swimming. For the less foolhardy, either enjoy a classic British deckchair or hunt out some fish and chips/ice cream/hot chocolate on the beach.
6. Do something cultural. Brighton is abuzz with theatres, street performances, buskers, and is host to the some of the biggest arts festivals in the UK, hosting the Brighton Festival and the Brighton Fringe each May. For more information, see Visit Brighton. Also famous is the Pride festival, one of the biggest in the country, which takes place in early August each year.


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On March 21,2015 we threw a bridal shower for our fabulous niece. The theme was vintage garden party. I think it was a success!
This was a game where she had to put a gumball in her mouth every time she got a question about her fiancé wrong…
Some of the wonderful gifts she got:
Vintage Photo Booth:
She got a lot of questions wrong!


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Black Nore Lighthouse Residency
I've taken on a mini-residency at Black Nore Lighthouse, on the Severn Estuary coast in Portishead, ahead of North Somerset Arts Week, when I'll be exhibiting my work at 12 Glenwood Rise, just behind the lighthouse. Though relatively small in stature, it makes up for it in picturesque position and has been saved and maintained by a small group of local residents. I have been … Continue reading Black Nore Lighthouse Residency


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Set amongst lush palm groves, the beachfront Hilton Salalah Resort hotel offers views over the Arabian Sea along with a welcoming, professional standard of service. Only ten minutes' drive from Salalah International Airport via the shuttle service, this ho offers contemporary comfort and an extensive choice of leisure facilities. Cool off and swim laps in the pool as the children have fun in the kid's pool with a waterslide. Lie back in the beautiful landscaped gardens, which surround the pool area, and soak up the sun or enjoy a re-energizing workout in the fitness center.
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West Texas A&M will show off new facilities during an open house scheduled for 9-11 a.m. Saturday at Buffalo Sports Park in Canyon.
The public is invited to tour the new homes of WT's baseball and softball programs.
Children will be allowed to bring gloves and play catch with WT players. Coffee and doughnuts will be available.
Season tickets will be sold for $50. A ticket will admit two adults and any number of children to every WT home game - baseball and softball.
For more information, contact Amanda Workman at firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Globe-News staff


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1 Introduction
Emulsification technology using microfabricated devices has been the focus of much attention in various fields over the past decade. Microfabricated emulsification devices include micromixer devices [1, 2], microfluidic emulsification devices [3–9], and microchannel (MC) emulsification devices [9–11]. Micromixer devices have demonstrated the mass production of emulsion droplets on a liter scale, while slightly polydisperse emulsions were obtained [1, 2]. Other microfabricated emulsification devices are capable of producing monodisperse emulsions containing uniformly sized droplets with a coefficient of variation (CV, defined in section 3.2) below 5% and precisely controlling the droplet size [9]. These monodisperse emulsions have potential applications for biomedicals, chemicals, cosmetics, and foods. In addition, they have been used as templates for manufacturing monodisperse microparticles and microcapsules whose size, shape, and composition are precisely controlled [5, 9, 12–17]. Industrial-scale production of these monodisperse micromaterials requires the mass production of uniformly sized droplets with a productivity of at least several tons per year (t/year), i.e., liters per hour (l/h).
Numerous research studies have been carried out using microfluidic chips with geometric designs such as T, Y, and cross junctions [3, 18, 19] and flow focusing of quasi-two and three dimensions [4, 5, 20, 21]. Microfluidic chips normally have only one droplet generation unit, resulting in a very low droplet productivity of typically <10-3 l/h. This droplet productivity is determined by the volumetric flow rate of the dispersed phase (Qd). Droplet generation for microfluidic emulsification requires forced flow of the continuous phase and is influenced by the flow of both phases [22]. The resultant droplet size can be varied using the same microfluidic chip but is sensitive to the flow of each phase. To improve the droplet productivity of microfluidic emulsification, several research groups have proposed large microfluidic chips, each consisting of parallelized droplet generation units [19, 23–26]. Nishisako and Torii [19] produced uniformly sized monomer droplets at a maximum Qd of 0.32 l/h using a microfluidic chip with 128 cross junctions, i.e., 256 droplet generation units. However, successful long-term emulsification using large microfluidic chips is not straightforward, because it is necessary to maintain an equal flow of each phase at all of the droplet generation units, as well as to prevent clogging at each droplet generation unit due to the presence of tiny debris or bubbles. Cleaning these large microfluidic chips is also difficult, as they are chemically bonded with a flat plate prior to the first use.
The authors' research group has developed MC emulsification chips, each with at least one MC array composed of parallel microgrooves [10] or compactly arranged straight through-holes [11, 27]. MC arrays of asymmetric structure (Figure 1) are preferable for stably generating uniformly sized droplets whose size is mainly controlled by the MC dimensions [27, 28]. MC array chips have numerous droplet generation units [9], as each asymmetric MC corresponds to one droplet generation unit. In MC emulsification, droplets are generated by spontaneous transformation of the dispersed phase that has passed through the MCs, driven by the Laplace pressure difference [29]. This robust droplet generation has the major practical advantage that the resultant droplet size is insensitive to the flow of each phase below a critical value [30–32]. More over, each MC array chip physically attaches to a transparent plate or a thin spacer in the module, indicating that the chips can be readily cleaned when necessary. MC emulsification is, in principle, similar to membrane emulsification using micro-porous membranes [9, 33]. In membrane emulsification, relatively uniformly sized droplets with the smallest CV of ∼10% are generated by forcing the dispersed phase through membrane pores in the continuous phase. Although membrane emulsification can generate droplets in the absence of the cross-flowing continuous phase at low production scales [34, 35], shear stress caused by the cross-flowing continuous phase is usually applied in this technique [36]. Real-time monitoring of droplet generation by membrane emulsification is normally difficult. Industrial-scale membrane emulsification devices were previously used for commercial production of a low-fat spread [33].
The use of MC array chips consisting of microgrooves resulted in low droplet productivity of up to 1.5×10-3 l/h [37]. Asymmetric MC arrays consisting of straight through-holes can accommodate >104 MCs per 1 cm2 [11, 32], which is two orders of magnitudes greater than the typical number of microgrooves per 1 cm2. Vladisavljević et al. [32] demonstrated the production of uniformly sized droplets at a maximum Qd of 0.27 l/h using a previously designed 24×24-mm asymmetric MC array chip. Ideally, the maximum droplet productivity per unit area of an asymmetric MC array is constant, regardless of the MC size [38]. To satisfy the minimum droplet productivity needed for industrial-scale production, the MC emulsification device, including the preceding asymmetric MC array chip, must be scaled up. Therefore, in this study we developed a large MC emulsification device including a newly designed asymmetric MC array chip to realize the mass production of uniformly sized droplets on a liter per hour scale. We also investigated the shear stress at the MC array chip surface, the droplet generation characteristics via an asymmetric MC, and the influence of Qd on the droplet size and droplet size distribution.
2 Development of a large microchannel emulsification device
2.1 Asymmetric microchannel array chip
We designed a 40×40-mm MC array chip (Model WMS10) consisting of four 11×11-mm asymmetric MC arrays (Figure 2A). The total area of these asymmetric MC arrays was approximately five times larger than that of a standard-sized asymmetric MC array chip [11]. In total, 6193 MCs were arranged in each asymmetric MC array (Figure 2B); this plate had 24,772 MCs. Each MC consisted of a circular microhole (17-μm diameter and 200-μm depth) located on the inlet side and a microslot (17×119-μm cross-section and 60-μm depth) located on the outlet side. The aspect ratio of 7:1 at the slot outlet is high enough to generate uniformly sized droplets [39]. The distance between two adjacent MCs in the horizontal and vertical rows (Figure 2B) was determined by considering the estimated droplet size and movement. The slot direction was vertical, parallel to the cross-flowing continuous phase over the slot outlets. A crossed support structure was fixed to the bottom side of the chip to reinforce asymmetric MC arrays with a 260-μm thickness.
WMS10 chips were fabricated via repeated photolithography and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) on a 5-in. (127-mm) diameter, 600-μm thick silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. The SOI wafer was composed from top and bottom single-crystal silicon (Si) layers and a thin, middle silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer (Figure 2A). In brief, the first (second) DRIE on the top Si layer fabricated the microslots (circular microholes). Afterwards, a third DRIE on the bottom Si layer fabricated the deep wells as well as the crossed support structure, followed by the removal of the middle SiO2 layer by reactive ion etching (RIE) to connect the microholes and the wells. Finally, the fabricated wafer was diced into individual asymmetric MC array chips. The fabricated microslots and microholes were highly uniform, satisfying a necessary criterion for obtaining monodisperse emulsions by MC emulsification [11].
2.2 Module and peripherals
The large MC emulsification device developed in this study is schematically presented in Figure 3A. We designed a module that can perform MC emulsification using a WMS10 chip. Figure 3B depicts top and bottom views of this 125-mm diameter, 42-mm height module. The main parts of the module are a bottom lid, a middle holder, a top lid, and two quartz glass plates that enable directly observing the flow of the two phases. The lids and holder were made of stainless steel (Japanese Industrial Standard, SUS 304). Wide upper and lower channels for separately directing two phases towards the WMS10 chip were formed by attaching two fluoro-rubber spacers inside the module. The WMS10 chip was sandwiched by two 0.5-mm thick fluoro-rubber spacers, which is intended to appropriately separate the two phases. Two inlet through-holes and two outlet through-holes were fabricated on the middle holder (Figure 3B). To simplify the MC emulsification, each phase can be introduced into a wide channel via an inlet through-hole. One of the outlet through-holes is available for collecting the emulsion product.
In addition to the module, the large MC emulsification device also included a 10-l plastic vessel filled with a continuous phase, a 5-l pressure vessel (DV-5-A; Advantec Toyo Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) filled with a dispersed phase, and a custom-made microscope video system. The pressure vessel is connected to a nitrogen gas cylinder. The microscope video system consisted of a frame equipped with a precision XY stage, a metallographic microscope (MS-511B, Seiwa Optical Co., Tokyo, Japan), and a high-speed camera (Fastcam Ultima 1024R2; Photron Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). This system enables direct microscopic observation of droplet generation on the top surface of the WMS10 chip at a precisely adjusted position. Long-term MC emulsification could be performed by continuously adding the continuous phase to the vessel at a specified flow rate.
3 Materials and methods
3.1 Chemicals and solution preparation and properties
n-Tetradecane and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Ind. (Osaka, Japan). These reagents were used for our experiments as received. The dispersed phase was n-tetradecane with a viscosity of 2.7 mPa s and a density of 763 kg/m3 at 25°C [40]. The continuous phase was prepared by dissolving Tween-20 in Milli-Q water at a concentration of 2.0 wt%. The continuous phase had a viscosity of 1.1 mPa s and a density of 1006 kg/m3 at 25°C. Interfacial tension was measured at 25°C with a pendant drop interfacial tensiometer (PD-W; Kyowa Interface Science Co. Ltd., Saitama, Japan). The equilibrium interfacial tension between the two phases was 7.4 mN/m. The interfacial tension between n-tetradecane and pure water was 50 mN/m [40].
3.2 Emulsification procedure
Prior to the first use, the WMS10 chip surfaces were oxidized in a plasma reactor (PR500; Yamato Science Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) to render them hydrophilic. The contact angle of a water drop on the plate top surface was less than 10°. Successful production of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions by MC emulsification is normally achieved when an MC array chip is sufficiently hydrophilic to prevent wetting of the dispersed phase on the chip surfaces [41]. Each emulsification experiment started with degassing of a WMS10 chip soaked in the continuous phase under ultrasonication at 100 kHz for 20 min. During module assembly, the degassed WMS10 chip was mounted in a module compartment filled with the continuous phase, and two wide channels with a 0.5-mm depth were formed above and beneath the WMS10 chip.
The dispersed phase was supplied to the module by applying N2 gas pressure to the liquid in the pressure vessel. The continuous phase was supplied to the module from an elevated vessel containing the liquid. The weight of each liquid phase was measured with a precision balance (PG12001-S; Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland) placed beneath its vessel. The volumetric flow rate of each liquid phase was calculated from the weight data acquired at a time interval of 60 s. The tip of the collection tube was fixed to suppress the variation in the apparent pressures applied to the two phases during emulsion production. We captured microscopic images of droplet generation from the slot outlets using a high-speed camera (see section 2.2) at a frame rate of 1000 s-1. The droplet generation rate from the slot outlets was estimated from the captured images. After each experiment, the WMS10 chip taken out from the disassembled module was subjected to a cleaning procedure using a 100-kHz ultrasonic bath [42]. The cleaned WMS10 chip was soaked in Milli-Q water containing 0.02 wt% sodium azide for the next experiment.
3.3 Determining average droplet size and droplet size distribution
The microscopic images captured with the high-speed camera were used to measure droplet size. The diameters of the resultant droplets were measured manually using WinRoof software (Mitani Co., Ltd., Fukui, Japan). The number-average droplet diameter (dav) was determined by the following equation:
where di is the diameter of the ith droplet and n is the number of the droplets measured (n=100). The droplet size distribution was expressed in terms of CV, defined as:
where σ is the standard deviation.
4 Results and discussion
4.1 Shear stress at the MC array chip surface
The volumetric flow rate of the continuous phase (Qc) applied in this study ranged from 1.2 to 10.8 l/h, depending on Qd. To evaluate the flow state of the continuous phase in the upper channel, we calculated its Reynolds number (Rec) defined as:
where ρc is the density of the continuous phase, Uc is the average velocity of the continuous phase in the upper channel, deq,u.c. is the equivalent diameter of the upper channel, Au.c. is the cross-sectional area of the upper channel, Lu.c. is the wetted perimeter of the upper channel, and ηc is the viscosity of the continuous phase. The estimated Uc ranged between 21 and 178 mm/s. The calculated Rec of 20 to 173 demonstrates that the cross-flowing continuous phase was in a laminar state. The shear stress (τc) caused by laminar cross-flow of the continuous phase at the MC array chip surface can be calculated by:
where hu.c. is the depth of the upper channel and wu.c. is the width of the upper channel. The calculated τc ranged between 0.07 and 0.6 Pa and was less than the shear stress at the membrane surface (typically 1–30 Pa) applied during membrane emulsification [36]. The τc values at the plate surface strongly suggest that droplet detachment from the slot outlets (Figure 4) is not influenced by the shear stress caused by the cross-flowing continuous phase.
4.2 Droplet generation via an asymmetric MC
The micrographs in Figure 4 present a typical droplet detachment from a slot outlet at the lowest Qd of 0.15 l/h and at a Qc of 1.2 l/h. Although droplet generation via an asymmetric MC involves expansion and detachment processes [38], there is a difficulty in observing the expansion process that occurs in a microslot during experiments. During the detachment process, the dispersed phase that has reached the slot outlet starts to expand into the upper channel in the presence of the cross-flowing continuous phase. The starting point of the detachment process is defined as the moment when the tip of the dispersed phase reaches the slot outlet. The movement of the dispersed phase expanding in the upper channel cannot be observed until the expanding dispersed phase becomes wider than the narrow side of the slot outlet (Figure 4A,B). Our previous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results demonstrated that this period usually takes up less than 10% of the total detachment time [38]. The dispersed phase rapidly expanded within 10 ms (Figure 4B–E), followed by instantaneous pinch-off of the neck formed in the slot, terminating the detachment process. Droplet generation, including the detachment process, was repeated periodically. A generated droplet with a diameter of approximately 85 μm immediately moved away from the slot outlet, unlike the weak adhesion to the plate surface of freshly generated soybean oil droplets stabilized by Tween-20 with a similar diameter [31]. This difference is attributable to the n-tetradecane being more hydrophobic and the n-tetradecane-containing system having a density difference between the two phases approximately three times greater than the soybean oil-containing system.
4.3 Influence of the volumetric flow rate of the dispersed phase
To investigate the influence of Qd on emulsion production using the WMS10 chip, we applied Qd over the range of 0.15 to 1.4 l/h. The Qd/Qd ratio was fixed at 0.13; the volume fraction of the dispersed phase (ϕd) was 11%. A typical micrograph of oil droplet generation from the slot outlets at the lowest Qd of 0.15 l/h is presented in Figure 5A. Each active asymmetric MC generated uniformly sized droplets throughout four asymmetric MC arrays. The generated droplets had a dav of 86.8 μm and a CV of 1.2% (Figure 5B), demonstrating high monodispersity of the resultant O/W emulsion. In MC emulsification, the resultant droplet size depends primarily on the narrow-side length (wn,slot) of the slot as well as depending somewhat on the ratio of the slot depth (hslot) to wn,slot [28]. Typical dav/wn,slot values are between 3 and 4 [11, 31], depending on the slot dimensions. The dav/wn,slot values increase when the viscosity ratio, defined as ηd/ηc, is below a critical value of ∼10 for symmetric MCs [40] and 3–4 for asymmetric MCs [43]. The ηd/ηc value was 2.7 in this study, and the droplet/slot size ratio (dav/wn,slot) obtained using the WMS10 plate was 5.1. We thus consider that the dav value of the generated oil droplets is reasonable.
The influence of Qd on the dav and CV of the O/W emulsions produced using the WMS10 chip is presented in Figure 6A. Their dav values (87 μm) hardly depend on Qd, and their CV was <2% over the Qd range applied here. This demonstrates that the asymmetric MC array chip developed in this study is capable of producing monodisperse emulsions at droplet productivities over 1 l/h, which has not yet been achieved by other microfluidic emulsification devices. Further increases in Qd caused droplet plugging near the outlet of the upper channel. The influence of Qd on the droplet generation frequency per MC array chip (f) is also presented in Figure 6B. f can be estimated by:
where Vav is the average droplet volume. f increased almost linearly with increasing Qd, achieving a maximum value of 3.8×109 h-1 (1.1×106 s-1). If droplets were generated from all of the asymmetric MCs, the droplet generation frequency per asymmetric MC (fMC) could be simply calculated as 42.8 s-1. During MC emulsification, we observed that all of the asymmetric MCs generated uniformly sized oil droplets with fMC of approximately 40 s-1. The preceding comparison regarding fMC proves that our experimental result is valid. The dispersed-phase flux (Jd) is a useful indicator of droplet productivity via MC arrays as well as microporous membranes. Jd is defined as:
where AMCA is the total area of the MC arrays. The maximum Qd of 1.4 l/h is equivalent to Jd of 2800 l/(m2 h). The maximum Jd applied in this study was similar to the critical Jd [2700 l/(m2 h)] for producing uniformly sized n-tetradecane oil droplets with dav of around 30 μm using a standard size asymmetric MC array chip (WMS1-3) [32].
As presented in this section, we realized the mass production of uniformly sized droplets at a maximum Qd of 1.4 l/h by MC emulsification. The maximum productivity of monodisperse emulsions in this study was 11.2 l/h. This droplet productivity corresponds to a droplet throughput capacity of 12.2 t/year. Actual droplet productivity per year may become somewhat lower owing to the necessity of regularly cleaning the module and WMS10 chip. This droplet production scale is considered to permit a minimum industrial-scale production of monodisperse emulsions as a template for monodisperse high-tech micro-materials (e.g., highly functional polymer microparticles). Some important industrial applications require the mass production of uniformly sized droplets with several microns. We expect that development of large MC emulsification chips consisting of smaller asymmetric MCs could achieve production scales of these droplets higher than the current MC emulsification chips [37]. Droplet productivity could be easily increased by parallelizing the modules, equipping each with a WMS10 chip. In a large MC emulsification device (Figure 3), both liquid phases are delivered from vessels, not from syringes, thereby indicating that only one vessel is needed to deliver a liquid phase to multiple modules over a long period of time. An alternative approach for increasing droplet productivity is to further scale up the asymmetric MC array chip. As mentioned in an earlier section, a 5-in. (127-mm) diameter wafer was used for fabricating the WMS10 chip. The fabrication of an asymmetric MC array wafer could realize the production of uniformly sized droplets at Qd over 10 l/h and monodisperse emulsions with a throughput of over 100 l/h.
5 Conclusion
The large MC emulsification device developed in this study realized the mass production of uniformly sized droplets with dav of 87 μm and CV below 2% with a productivity exceeding 1 l/h. Droplet generation via asymmetric MCs was not influenced by the cross-flowing continuous phase because of low shear stress at the chip surface and remarkably rapid droplet detachment. The n-tetradecane droplets generated could readily move away from the slot outlets, differing from the motion of the soybean oil droplets stabilized by the same surfactant [31]. This difference is attributable to the higher hydrophobicity of n-tetradecane and the higher density difference of the O/W system containing n-tetradecane. Use of the large MC emulsification device also demonstrated the practical advantage of mass producing uniformly sized droplets whose dav and CV barely depend on Qd. Successful MC emulsification using large vessels for supplying both phases suggests the feasibility of long-term mass production of uniformly sized droplets. Large MC emulsification devices with liter-scale droplet productivity per hour are expected to find application in the industrial-scale production of monodisperse dispersions containing droplets, microparticles, and microcapsules.
This work was supported by the Food Nanotechnology Project of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan. The authors appreciate Ms. Yuko Hori, National Food Research Institute, NARO, for her assistance with these experiments.
- Ach
- d
- dav
- deq,ch
- fchip
- fMC
- hch
- hslot
- Jd
- Lch
- Qc
- Qd
- Rec
- Uc
- wch
- ws,slot
- Vav
cross-sectional area of upper channel (m2)
total area of MC arrays (m2)
coefficient of variation (-)
droplet diameter (m)
average droplet diameter (m)
equivalent diameter of upper channel (m)
droplet generation frequency per MC array chip (s-1)
droplet generation frequency per MC (s-1)
height of upper channel (m)
depth of microslot (m)
flux of dispersed phase [l/(m2 h)]
wetted perimeter of upper channel (m)
flow rate of continuous phase (l/h)
flow rate of dispersed phase (l/h)
Reynolds number of cross-flowing continuous phase (-)
average velocity of continuous phase (m/s)
width of upper channel (m)
narrow side length of microslot (m)
average droplet volume (m3)
Greek symbols
- ηc
- ηd
- ρc
- σ
- τs
- ϕd
viscosity of continuous phase (Pa s)
viscosity of dispersed phase (Pa s)
density of continuous phase (kg/m3)
standard deviation (m)
shear stress at chip surface (N)
volume fraction of dispersed phase (%)
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About the article
Isao Kobayashi
Isao Kobayashi was born in Gunma, Japan, in 1975. He received a PhD in Agricultural and Forest Engineering from the University of Tsukuba, Japan, in 2003. He worked on microchannel emulsification as a JSPS postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Tsukuba from 2003 to 2005. In 2005, he joined the National Food Research Institute, Japan as a researcher. Currently, he is a senior researcher at National Food Research Institute, NARO, Japan. He is the author and co-author of over 60 peer scientific articles. His current research interests include micro/nanofluidics, emulsification, food nanotechnology, and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.
Marcos A. Neves
Marcos A. Neves was born in California, Paraná, Brazil, in 1971. Initially, he received a Bachelor degree in Food Engineering in Brazil, followed by a PhD in Agricultural Sciences from the University of Tsukuba, Japan, in 2006. After graduation, he worked as a research associate at the National Food Research Institute conducting research related to food micro/nanotechnology, where he remains as a visiting researcher to date. He joined the University of Tsukuba in 2007, working initially as a postdoctoral researcher. Since 2010, he has been working as an assistant professor at the same university. He is the co-author of 6 book chapters and over 20 peer reviewed scientific articles. His current research interests include development of bioactives delivery systems, emulsification and food micro/nanotechnology.
Yoshihiro Wada
Yoshihiro Wada was born in Ibaraki, Japan, in 1956. He graduated from Ibaraki National College of Technology, Japan, in 1977. He worked at Hitachi Haramachi Electronics Co., Ltd. from 1977 to 2002 and was a section manager from 1998 to 2002. In 2002, he joined EP Tech Co., Ltd. as a project manager. His current research interests include microchannel emulsification and micro/nano mechanical engineering.
Kunihiko Uemura
Kunihiko Uemura was born in Fukuoka, Japan, in 1962. He received a PhD in Agricultural and Forest Engineering from the University of Tsukuba, Japan, in 1999. He worked at the National Food Research Institute, Japan as a researcher from 1987. Currently, he is Head of the Advanced Food Technology Laboratory, National Food Research Institute, NARO, Japan. His current research interests include electrical processing, pasteurization, and sterilization of foods.
Mitsutoshi Nakajima
Mitsutoshi Nakajima was born in Kumamoto, Japan, in 1954. He received a PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Tokyo, Japan, in 1982. He worked on food engineering projects in Kyushu University (1980–1985), the National Food Research Institute (1985–2007), and University of Tsukuba (2007–present). Currently, he is the Director of Alliance for Research on North Africa (ARENA), and Professor of the Division of Appropriate Technology and Sciences for Sustainable Development, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences at the University of Tsukuba, Japan. His current research interests include food engineering, food nanotechnology, and micro/nano-process systems.
Received: 2012-03-19
Accepted: 2012-04-05
Published Online: 2012-07-28
Published in Print: 2012-08-01
Citation Information: Green Processing and Synthesis, Volume 1, Issue 4, Pages 353–362, ISSN (Online) 2191-9550, ISSN (Print) 2191-9542, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2012-0023.


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Stay Talking Ish
I have the pleasure of joining TeeKay one of the dopest women on the mic, Ish my favorite misogynist and Gus the light skin republican each week on Stay Talking Ish radio show and podcast.
A podcast where nothing is off limits and the truth is always told. Find us at StayTalkingIsh.com.


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Right Hi everyone I bought a used ECS GS7610 ULTRA board off eBay in very good condition and I also bought a 754 Sempron Mobile CPU which runs at 1.8ghz.
Now when I bought it the auction never said it was a mobile just a plain old Sempron the seller later told me that he had sent it and told me he just found out it was a Mobile varient.
Now the board only supports 3 CPU's Athlon 3000, Sempron 3000 & 3100 upto to E6 revisions what would happen if I put the mobile in the board and powered up would it melt or blow up or would the board just see the CPU at all.


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Some examples of our work. To get you started on pricing. all items start with a design fee. This varies from $50-$300 depending on the complexity of the work. None of the prices listed below includes postage or assembly. Pending design, quantity and print method, I can give you a custom quote, or suggest ways to stay within budget.
Save the Dates
Digitally printed (like below) start at $2 + tax per save the date. This includes a save the date card (single or double sided), envelope with digital guest address printing, and return address printing.
Magnets start at $2+tax per save the date, but pricing can increase based off of the size of the magnet.
Invitation Suites
Digitally printed start at $4+tax per suite. This includes an invitation card, details/accommodations card, response card and envelope with digital guest address printing, return address printing, and return address printing on the response card envelope. Extras would include any embellishments like pocket folds, envelope liners, vintage postage stamps, wax seals, ribbon, etc…
Letterpress invitations can start around $11+tax per suite. This includes all of the above, but with a letterpress print method.
Foil invitation can start $4+tax per suite, but with an added plate cost per element. This can average around $150 per plate.
Acrylic invitations can start around $7+tax per invitation card only. With this route, I recommend doing just the acrylic invite, followed by non-letterpress details and response cards. With acrylic invitations, you need special mailing envelopes, but a box is safest .
Day-of Stationery
For programs, folded programs are normally $1.50+ tax per piece. For long programs, this is about $1.25+tax per piece. Same goes for menu cards.
Place and name cards are normally <$2+tax per piece.
Seating charts depend on the type, size and number of names. For simple seating charts like below, you're probably looking at $75-$125+tax.