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(Eagle News) — Malacanang described as "fallacious" arguments made by critics of President Rodrigo Duterte that he was surrendering the country's sovereignty by not pressing China to recognize and abide by the 2016 arbitral ruling on the South China Sea.
In a press briefing, Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo also reminded critics, including Supreme Court Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio, that the proper way in reading the Constitution was not to read one provision in isolation, but in relation to its other provisions.
"It is absolutely fallacious to argue that the President is surrendering our sovereignty by not aggressively pursuing the arbitral ruling in our favor rendered by the Permanent Court of Arbitration," he said Tuesday.
"Let me remind the critics, the issue here is not about which country has a better claim based on its constitution or laws, nor it is the enforcement of our upheld rights which unfortunately until now, no entity or country is inclined to perform," he said.
Panelo said that President Duterte as head of state is working on ensuring the security of all Filipinos, and this includes resorting to peaceful and diplomatic ways that would not trigger aggression or an armed conflict.
-The real issue-
"What is the issue? The issue is: How to go about getting the benefits without endangering the lives of our countrymen and bringing us to the precipice of war?"
"Now, the President as head of state with only the well-being and security of the Filipino people in mind and in his heart, believes that aggressively enforcing the arbitral award will only precipitate or trigger an armed conflict that could escalate into continuing bloody encounters detrimental to the national interest. Hence, he has resorted to diplomatic negotiations that may reap the desired windfall from the arbitral ruling," he explained.
Panelo reminded critics that before the President assumed power, Filipinos could not even fish in Scarborough Shoal even if this was within the country's EEZ.
He said China drove away Filipinos who could not fish anymore in Scarborough or Panatag shoal in 2012 during the Aquino administration and even after the 2016 arbitral ruling.
But he said President Duterte's "measured tact" and diplomacy with China allowed Filipino fishermen to fish again in the disputed shoals.
-Scarborough Shoal case cited-
"If you remember before in the Scarborough, we could not fish; our fishermen were being driven away but after that agreement with the President they're not being molested," Panelo noted.
Scarborough Shoal is among the various disputed shoals in the South China Sea which are being claimed by countries other than the Philippines, including China and Taiwan.
The Philippines had asserted that the EEZ claim on the waters around Scarborough Shoal was different from the sovereignty exercised by the country on the shoal itself.
China, on the other hand, claims the shoal was first discovered by the Chinese in the 13th century and that it was historically used by Chinese fishermen.
China had rejected the 2016 Hague ruling on the South China Sea. It did not participate in the arbitration proceedings which was initiated by the Philippines and did not appoint any agent to represent China, according to the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA).
In a Note Verbale to the international court, the PCA, on August 1, 2013, and throughout the arbitration proceedings, China reiterated "its position that it does not accept the arbitration initiated by the Philippines."


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subset: commoncrawl


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Internet Explorer
Prices and offers may vary in store
Available for download
Not available in stores
In Prospect Harbor, Maine, lobsterman Harper Cook has always loved the sea. He and his two brothers work the harbor waters, in a fishing village of one thousand where everybody knows everybody else's business and nobody wants to be different.
When it's time for the annual Men of Maine pinup calendar, Harper's brothers eagerly volunteer him. Harper isn't thrilled to bare it all to raise money for an elementary school playground—until he meets out-and-proud Los Angeles out-a-statah Sean Blackburn: the highly available first-grade teacher with Hollywood heartthrob looks.
Harper has no desire to ever stand out from the crowd, but Sean persists and earns Harper's friendship. Through Sean, Harper opens up to new possibilities. Things get steamy, but Harper still protects his heart. Though the right pressure in the right place might crack even a loner lobsterman out of his shell.
States of Love: Stories of romance that span every corner of the United States.
The following ISBNs are associated with this title:
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The maps are made with commercial grade GPS. Positioning is done with reference points on the ground and aerial photography with a drone. To improve relative accuracy ground measurements use reference points to be able to correct for drift over time, both over a period of months and, by measuring a reference point at the start and at the end of a measuring sequence, thus correcting for drift during the measuring sequence itself.
Aerial photos are made with a drone, operating at 100m or 50m. The individual photos are stiched together to form a photo of a large area, between 200 and 500 photos for a paddock. The stitched image is corrected for the map projection.
The projection of all maps and aerial photos is UTM Zone 51S on the WGS84 ellipsoid.
As a result, the estimated relative accuracy of the maps is about 5 meter.
The maps are in PDF format.


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Smadav 2019 Free Download Setup – Download Antivirus Free, Smadav Blacklist Removal 2019, Baixar Smadav 2019, Cara Pasang Antivirus Di Flashdisk, Free Smadav 2019 Windows 8, Download Smadav 2019 Untuk Hp Java, Smadav 2019 Download Apk, Smadav 2019 Free Download Updated, Free Download Smadav 2019 New Update, Smadav 2019 Telecharger is rather easy to use and have an understanding of. It is actually a lightweight application which may perhaps be put to use as second layer antivirus in your computer. The majority of the antivirus options cannot be installed collectively with several a single, and it's considering that the antivirus is produced for primary protection in your Computer. This antivirus may perhaps also repair registry that's broken or transformed considering that of malware's contaminations.
Table of Contents
Smadav 2019 Free Download Setup
Smadav 2019 Free Download Setup Reviews
Laptop or computer viruses now are increasingly frequent inside the last couple of years. What a virus does is it exploits your Computer to do undesirable actions. This antivirus isn't going to make your Computer slow; you are likely to observe this antivirus performs without having you even see it really is operating. SmadAV Antivirus is definitely an fantastic antivirus software that was developed to safeguard your Windows Computer.
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2019-10-11 REWRITE BEGINS !!! See also:ThinkingTalkingComputing.com
Tchaikovsky - Hymn of the Cherubim
We live in a dynamic universe powered by change.
Everything changes:
planets, stars and galaxies -
atoms, molecules and cells -
flowers, trees and people.
There is life here. There is love here. . . . and mysteries.
We come, we go. Everything comes, everything goes.
It's natural. It's astonishing. It's even beautiful.
New journeys, new dreams, require new worldviews.
Long ago, friends unsatisfied with religion asked for my help.
I promised them a survey of modern science for curious non-scientists.
And a new view of our world - far, far beyond religion
Fifty years later, we have a beginning:
Come, my friends, 'Tis not too late to seek a newer world.
Come, my friends,
'Tis not too late to seek a newer world.
Push off, and sitting well in order smite
The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds
To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
Of all the western stars, until I die.
It may be that the gulfs will wash us down:
It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,
And see the great Achilles, whom we knew.
Tho' much is taken, much abides; and tho'
We are not now that strength which in old days
Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are;
One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.
— Tennyson. . .
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.
NEXT The Unfolding or use the Site Map
NOTES: I change this intro page from time. In fact, I change them all - from time to time.
All pages have their latest update timestamp in the bottom corner.
about MEDIA:
Still images often link to a larger image in a new window. Try Clicking !!
Videos do not autoplay. Instead, they are under your control.
Use the controls along the bottom of videos to start, stop and enlarge videos to full screen.
All copyrights of quoted works belong to their associated author, performer or publisher.
Quotation of excerpts here are under fair use doctrine of copyright law


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See you in July 2020!
The 2019 season at Gianettis' U-Pick Blueberries has ended. We appreciate your continued support and look forward to seeing you in July 2020.
Remember to check this page, Facebook (Gianettis' U-Pick Blueberries), Instagram (Franklinblueberries), or give us a call (508-528-9430) for current picking conditions, updates to hours or weather conditions.
Bring your own container, or use one of ours. We take cash or personal checks.
Gianettis' UPick Blueberries
557 Union Street
Franklin, MA 02038


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Authenticity Over Everything
Mara Strobel-Lanka
Anyone with an Instagram account and a habit of getting lost on the "explore" page has probably noticed that while content everywhere has gotten prettier, more professional, and more curated, it's also started to all look the same.
The boutiques and bloggers that we've followed since their first mirror selfies, now have professional photographers armed with Pinterest pose boards and picturesque presets. Since influencers like @songofstyle and @evachen212 first proved the app as a marketing tool, retail shops everywhere have armed their Instas with savvy content creators, talented photographers, and trusty scheduling apps. We've watched brands in all industries heighten their Instagram game with new, aesthetic grids. But lately it seems we've watched them level out. The photos are beautiful, yet often unrecognizable. The makeup, styling, and poses are stunning, yet repetitive.
Everything looks pretty and everything looks the same.
Plateaus happen to everyone, in every industry. They're a natural part of growth, but they don't have to last forever. (And for lots of freelancing content creators, they can't last forever.)
That's where everyone's favorite buzzword, "authenticity", comes in. Marketing pros and media kits everywhere are flagged with the magic word, because it genuinely works magic. It's the secret ingredient making your content not only recognizable, but unique. And the best part? Everyone and every brand has it. You just have to figure out how to show it. That's where we come in.
Here are 7 tips and tricks to bringing your Instagram-game out of the plateau.
1. Tell your story.
We're talking Instagram stories, aka the easiest most accessible way to show your audience who you are. Snap your morning coffee and also the stain it left on your favorite shirt. Show the world what you're reading and share what's inspiring you today.
Everybody loves to laugh. If a photo or caption makes you laugh, it will probably make your followers laugh too. So mix a shoot blooper, goofy pose, or corny joke in where you can.
3. For the love of Merriam Webster, pls stop posing candids.
4. The IRL rule.
Everyone gets a lot braver on the internet. While Instagram can be a grateful safe space to show yourself in a bolder light, it shouldn't be a highlight reel of a second personality. So don't caption, comment, or post anything you (or your brand) wouldn't actually be caught doing or saying IRL.
5. Make it personal.
For Instagram personalities, this means telling your story or sharing a glimpse into your everyday life. For brands, this means team pics, origin stories, and "thank yous". You don't have to post a tell-all expose to show who you are, you just have to be a little honest.
6. Engage.
Your Instagram shouldn't be a fish tank for the world to sit and stare at your life. Invite people in to comment, share their own story, or ask/answer questions about your area of expertise.
7. Trust your gut.
The only person who knows you, or your brand, best, is you. If a photo doesn't feel right or a caption feels forced, trust your gut, wait a few hours, and start anew. Instagram will still be there when you're ready for it.


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Elder Patrick Kearon was sustained as a General Authority Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on April 3, 2010. At the time of his call, he had been serving as a member of the Third Quorum of the Seventy in the Europe Area.
Elder Kearon was named a member of the Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2017. He currently assists Elder Dieter F. Uchtdorf in supervising the Europe and Europe East Areas and assists Elder Quentin L. Cook in supervising the North America West and North America Northwest Areas.
Elder Kearon has lived and worked in the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, and the United States in a range of industries and ran his own communications consultancy. His civic and community involvement has included service on the boards of charities, a school, an enterprise agency, and a college.
After joining the Church on Christmas Eve of 1987, Elder Kearon served in numerous Church callings, including assistant ward clerk, ward Young Men president, counselor in a bishopric, branch president, stake president, and Area Seventy.
Patrick Kearon was born in Carlisle, Cumberland, England, on July 18, 1961. He married Jennifer Carole Hulme in January 1991. They are the parents of four children.
Arthur C. Brooks is president of the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), a public policy think tank in Washington, DC, where he is also the Beth and Ravenel Curry Scholar in Free Enterprise.
Before becoming president of AEI in 2009, Dr. Brooks was the Louis A. Bantle Professor of Business and Government at Syracuse University, where he taught economics and social entrepreneurship. Prior to his work in academia and public policy, he spent 12 years as a classical musician in the United States and Spain.
Dr. Brooks is a columnist for the Washington Post, host of the podcast "The Arthur Brooks Show," and the bestselling author of 11 books on topics including the role of government, economic opportunity, happiness, and the morality of free enterprise. His latest book, "Love Your Enemies" (Broadside Books, 2019), and a feature-length documentary, "The Pursuit," will be released in spring 2019. He has also published dozens of academic journal articles and the textbook "Social Entrepreneurship" (Prentice Hall, 2008).
Dr. Brooks holds a Ph.D. and an M.Phil. in policy analysis from the Pardee RAND Graduate School. He also holds an M.A. in economics from Florida Atlantic University and a B.A. in economics from Thomas Edison State College.
|8:30 am
|Marriott Center doors open
|9:00 am
|Assemble for the academic procession: Graduates (in the ASB parking lots); Faculty, Administrators, and Dignitaries (outside of the ASB)
|9:15 am
|Family and friends to be seated in the Marriott Center
|Academic Procession departs from the ASB
|10:00 am
|University Commencement Services in the Marriott Center (duration: approx. 90 mins.)
Students graduating December 2018, April 2019, June 2019 or August 2019 may request up to four tickets per graduate to the April, 2019 Commencement Ceremony. Tickets may be requested at commencementtickets.byu.edu beginning Friday, February 15, 2019.
A standby line will be available at the Northeast corner of the BYU Marriott Center for those wishing to have additional guests attend Commencement. Standby guests will be admitted on a space-available basis beginning 15 to 30 minutes prior to the start of the service. Standby guests may choose to go directly to the Harman Conference Center or Hinckley Building overflow sites. Graduates will be notified one week prior to Commencement if additional Commencement tickets become available.
For special needs seating, please contact the Special Events Office at (801) 422-6022 for assistance.
Commencement exercises will be broadcast live on BYU TV, BYU Radio, Classical 89 KBYU-FM and byutv.org.
College Convocations are the ceremony where graduates are recognized by name. See convocation schedule for details.
Most college convocations do not require tickets for attendees. Check with your advisement center for details.


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Favorite Room Ideas
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Beautiful stone house, fully renovated, with a beautifully landscaped 1200m2 adjoining site., Puy-de-Dome, Auvergne and Rhône-Alpes
Key Features
Don't Forget€109,000 [convert] Part Loads & Removals
Property Description
Beautiful stone house, fully renovated, with a beautifully landscaped 1200m2 adjoining site. Certain original features have been highlighted, and the decor is very charming. Nearby Clermont-Ferrand is the administrative centre of the Auvergne region and is located in the Massif Central. The city is surrounded by the Chaine des Puys, a chain of volcanoes including the Puy de Dome. As an important historical city, Clermond-Ferrand offers many sites to visit the most famous is the Place de Jaude, a square considered to date from the Roman period, the Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption Cathedral, or the Notre-Dame-du-Port Romanesque basilica. The city also has a dynamic cultural and sportive life, with numerous festivals, museums, sport facilities, and clubs. Clermont-Ferrand airport is 10 minutes away from the centre and offers cheap flights to Southampton. Sales Agent Sextant France - Michele Bouttaz agent for MARAT - more information on www.sextantfrance.fr ref. 9155 To receive more information about this property and to be put in touch directly with our local agent, Michele Bouttaz, please fill in the form below.


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The Hollyoaks cast alumnus was issued a three-year restraining order against her ex-boyfriend in August 2017.
Jeremy, 27, was banned from contacting Steph, 24, or entering the road she lives on, after he violently assaulted her while she held their baby son Caben, now 13 months old, in April last year.
In a recent interview with OK! Magazine, Davis expressed her relief at having obtained a restraining order, and claimed she was still receiving messages from her former partner.
She said: "I was so relieved when we were granted the restraining order as I knew it was a chance to sort myself out once and for all.
"But I've started getting messages on social media, including a picture of my back garden, which I believe are from him. I can't speak about it, it's under police investigation."
However, a series of messages obtained by The Sun Online reportedly show Steph attempting to get Jeremy to breach the order and visit her.
A friend of McConnell is quoted as telling the publication: "Steph made out she's never been in touch with Jeremy but that couldn't be further from the truth.
"She's repeatedly approached him and begged him to visit her. Steph even said his late mother Val had told her to tell him to come to her house. It's sick."
In early November, Davis reportedly left six voicemails on Jeremy's friend's phone, demanding McConnell call her back, despite the court arrangement.
On November 8, the actress is said to have sent Jeremy 16 emails in a 24-hour time frame.
One message read: "It's me contacting you if that gives you piece of mind. Look Jez, I love you always."
Alongside an email containing her home address, Steph told the Irish model: "Your family loves you. Your son loves you. Your future wife loves you. Just make the move so we know you care."
According to Jeremy's friend, the model replied to his ex's messages on three separate occasions, because he was concerned about her.
The source told The Sun: "He clearly told her he couldn't come to her home and asked her if she had been drinking in the messages he sent back. In another he said he was sorting out money for Caben [their son]."
Steph and Jeremy — who struck up a romance on Celebrity Big Brother in January 2016 — have not been in contact since January 12, following the actress' 90-day stint in rehab.
Daily Star Online has contacted representatives for Steph and Jeremy for comment.


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admin / May 22, 2019
On Monday she shared a sizzling snap of herself in burlesque gear, plugging the 'the uncensored, behind the scenes and live videos' on her app. The burlesque bombshell broke into the music business.
Apr 17, 2018 · Katy Perry suffers unfortunate wardrobe malfunction on American Idol: 'Tape my butt!'. On Monday evening the singer was the victim of a very unfortunate wardrobe malfunction.
Mar 13, 2018 · Katy Perry Accidentally Flashed Her 'American Idol' Co-Stars. By Josh Sorokach. Perry, unable to overcome the combination of a short dress and high heels, suffered a wardrobe malfunction…
Mar 14, 2018 · Katy Perry Had Wardrobe Malfunction on 'American Idol' – Watch the Video! Home-News; TV. The 'Roar' hitmaker and one contestant are having too much fun while dropping low to Selena's 'Techno.
Loose Women Late: Girls' Night Out will see the fabulous Andrea McLean, Coleen Nolan, Saira Khan and Nadia Sawalha coming to Birmingham NEC on May 17 for an evening of uncensored chat, laughs and.
Fans who caught Ryan's live-stream Naked Dating segment on Instagram would have seen his entire uncensored physique and appendage. In archived footage from The Kyle And Jackie O Show, he is seen.
And it's now been claimed that Perrie Edwards, 23, took a direct swipe at her former fiancé's supermodel girlfriend, Gigi Hadid, in the original uncensored lyrics to number one Little Mix hit, Shout.
In the uncensored clip, Trent Mays said: 'I would truly like to apologize to [victim's name], her family, my family and the community. 'No picture should have been sent around, let alone even taken.'.
May 04, 2018 · Katy Perry Suffered a Wardrobe Malfunction on 'American Idol' — but She Handled It Like a Pro! Updated: May 4, 2018 11:32 am. By Life & Style Magazine.
He returned to Tripoli a hero and remains alive today, two years later. Uncensored documents found lying around in the British ambassador's residence in Tripoli show how Labour ignored the likely fury.
The photo was taken in Bundaberg on Queensland's central coast and uploaded to an 'uncensored' Facebook Page. The woman who posted the photo said the pictures were taken on her partner's phone after.
The pair were still able to have a good time as they worked up a sweat in the run-up to their show – James and Ola: Uncensored gets underway. James posted a picture admiring his wife's peachy.
Mar 13, 2018 · Katy Perry Leaned Into a Wardrobe Malfunction on "American Idol". Katy laughed, cried, flirted with a few contestants — and she danced so hard that she fell over and had a wardrobe malfunction.
On Wednesday, further claims about Sam and Tara's bitter split surfaced. According to the Woman's Day Uncensored podcast, the Queensland nanny allegedly 'bragged' about hitting her partner to friends.
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Uncensored Wardrobe Malfunction: Katy Perry Accidentally Mooned An Entire Waterpark. Katy Perry's bikini bottom slipped off after riding a water slide at a popular waterpark in California. Katy only flashed the crowd for a few seconds– long enough for one paparazzi to snap a few pics of Katy…
Apr 17, 2018 · Katy Perry's clothes won't stay on. not that we're complaining. The American Idol judge suffered yet another wardrobe malfunction, mere weeks after.
Mar 13, 2018 · 'American Idol' judge Katy Perry took a tumble while dancing, but Lionel Richie and Luke Bryan were there to stop a wardrobe malfunction.
Jun 18, 2014 · EMBARRASSING Katy Perry Wardrobe Malfunction On The Streets. Check out Katy Perry's weird wardrobe malfunction in this video and tell us if it is funny or not. Wardrobe malfunction. Katy Perry. Report. Browse more videos. Playing next. 6:16. Bollywood MOST FUNNY & EMBARRASSING Moments – Bollywood Most EMBARRASSING Moments 2015. World Movies.
Author and former police officer, Trevor Marriott, has tried for three years to see uncensored versions of the documents. He has previously applied under the Freedom of Information Act and, when that.
Katy Perry accidentally flashes her bum in embarrassing Oscars wardrobe malfunction. The star was attending the Vanity Fair after party when her dress gave way and exposed her rear.
Jackson's 2004 wardrobe malfunction, thanks to Justin Timberlake's tug on her. "marking the scandalous debut of a man's uncensored nipples in American cinema." In 1935 New Jersey, 42 topless men.
The council went to court in an attempt to tried to suppress the hidden information after a uncensored copy of the report was leaked to the Times newspaper but they have now abandoned legal action.
The online action figure company that brought us Rambama has now jumped on the Anthony Weiner sexting scandal bandwagon with a doll of the New York congressman in two versions: censored and uncensored.
They are currently blasting an uncensored sicko mode at JFK,' one user noted, referring to the Scott song. 'JFK is playing sicko mode we're living in a simulation,' another added. 'TSA has officially.
Later in the program, Kyle teased Jackie with the opportunity to see the uncensored version of Tom's pictures on the condition that she would eat three hash-browns, therefore breaking her diet the day.
Mar 13, 2018 · Last night, Katy Perry made her mark as an American Idol judge by kissing one contestant, dancing with another, and suffering through an embarrassing wardrobe malfunction. Well, embarrassing for.
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Apr 19, 2012 · Katy Perry almost suffered an embarrassing wardrobe malfunction at last night's ASCAP Pop Music Awards, after she trotted along to the event in.
Ahead, check out 29 of the most NSFW celebrity wardrobe malfunctions in recent memory. A version of this article was originally published in February 2017. Katy Perry. At a water park in 2012.
He eventually returned the information including the classified material. However in an apparent mix-up, Assange released all the documents online including the uncensored cables. Assange is currently.
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Mar 14, 2018 · Katy Perry Had Wardrobe Malfunction on 'American Idol' – Watch the Video! Home-News; TV. The 'Roar' hitmaker and one contestant are having too much fun while dropping low to Selena's 'Techno.
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Jul 18 '14
Reducing the Potential for CICS Storage Violations
Storage violations in CICS are unpredictable, notoriously difficult to identify and resolve, and can cause data corruption and region failure. For this reason, it's important to learn the common causes of storage violations and what enhancements IBM has made to CICS that reduce the potential for storage violations.
The term "storage violation" has a very precise definition in CICS and is related to control blocks that existed prior to the new architecture introduced in CICS/ESA. In early releases of CICS, the control blocks that tracked task-related storage lived within the storage area they described. These Storage Accounting Areas (SAAs) contained information, including the length of the storage area and the address of the next SAA on the chain. If this information was over-written, CICS couldn't track the next area of storage on the chain, meaning the storage couldn't be freed when the task terminated. Storage violation was used to describe the specific condition where an 8-byte SAA had been altered. Because the SAA lived within task storage, it was common for a programmer to lose track of storage boundaries, and storage violations occurred frequently.
In addition to this strictly limited technical definition of a storage violation, the presence of an overlaid SAA almost always indicated that some additional storage had been corrupted. As CICS ran in a single address space and storage key, this corruption could occur anywhere in the region, including CICS and user load modules, control blocks and file buffers. The message that "A Storage Violation Has Occurred" was frequently followed by the CICS region failing in spectacular and inexplicable ways. It's important to note the reverse isn't always true; a CICS region can suffer huge storage overlays without generating a storage violation simply because no 8-byte SAA had been affected.
IBM recognized the need to reduce the frequency and severity of storage violations, while at the same time simplifying the process of problem determination, and has directed significant effort toward this goal. One of the significant enhancements IBM introduced was to relocate CICS' critical control blocks outside the bounds of task-related storage—including the data held in the SAA. Rather than embedding SAAs in task storage, this critical data was moved into a new series of control blocks that live in 31-bit storage areas normally not addressable by a CICS task. The SAA was replaced by the storage check zone, a control block that's almost universally referred to as the crumple zone. The crumple zone is an 8-byte area containing only a literal that's formed by concatenating the task's task number with a 1-byte field indicating the type of storage; whenever CICS acquires task-related storage, it increases the size of the getmain by 16 bytes and appends a crumple zone at the start and end of the storage. The address returned to the requesting program is always the first byte following the leading crumple zone, so the program never has addressability to it. When CICS frees the storage, it checks the values of the leading and trailing crumple zones. The definition of a storage violation is that any crumple zone has been corrupted.
Intercepting Storage Violations
While storage violations are almost always the result of an application coding error, the actual cause of the overlay can be difficult or impossible to determine. In many cases, the task in control when the violation was detected isn't the task that caused the violation; frequently, the offending task has completed and already been cleaned up by the time CICS notices the violation. Prior to the introduction of CICS/ESA, there were only two avenues available to achieve the goal of reducing the number and severity of storage violations. The first—long, difficult and prone to disappointment—was reviewing CICS storage violation dumps to determine the cause of the violation; the second—proactive, long-term and with difficult to prove results—came through enforcement of proper coding practices. Applications programmers felt that the systems programmers didn't make dump reading a priority but instead pushed for source code changes "just for the sake of standards" while systems programmers felt applications programmers ignored standards and assumed systems would always be available to read dumps. Both sides, meanwhile, complained to IBM.
IBM responded and has worked diligently to provide CICS with the capability of both preventing storage corruption attempts at run-time and improving the documentation provided when CICS produces a storage violation dump. The result are four options that will abend a task that attempts certain types of storage violations.
CICS storage protection was the first enhancement released by IBM that actually prevented storage violations. Prior to storage protection, the entire CICS address space ran in the same z/OS storage key, meaning that any user program could overwrite any user or system storage at any time. Storage protection changed this by allowing the CICS address space to be divided into two different storage keys. Key 8 (CICS key) is the primary storage key and key 9 (user key) is the subordinate key. Tasks running in CICS key (which includes most of the CICS system code) can read and write both CICS key and user key storage; tasks running in user key can read and write user key storage and can read CICS key storage, but will abend with a S0C4 if they attempt to overwrite CICS key storage. With the primary CICS control blocks and system code loaded into CICS key storage, these critical areas of CICS were protected from storage overlays. Further, if a user key program attempted to overwrite CICS key storage, the S0C4 abend would generate a transaction dump showing exactly which line of code caused the error, significantly reducing the effort required for problem determination. New program and transaction definition parameters were added to allow the customer to define non-IBM resources as CICS key where desired.
Storage protection is activated at the region level by setting the STGPROT option in the DFHSIT to 'YES' (the default is 'NO'). Once activated, task-related storage is allocated from CICS or user key based on parameters in the TRANSACTION and PROGRAM definitions.
Storage protection didn't solve the storage violation issue. By leaving all user programs to run in the same key (key 9), it had no impact if one user program violated another user program's storage. Worse, some older CICS applications couldn't run in user key, leaving those applications unprotected and capable of overwriting any storage in the region. Still, storage protection was a major step toward actually controlling the storage violation problem.
Transaction isolation, introduced in CICS/ESA 4.1, provided significant improvement over the storage protection feature. Transaction isolation uses the subspace group facility of MVS and allows CICS to function as if every user task had its own z/OS storage key. Tasks that run with transaction isolation active have read and write access to their own task storage and certain shared storage areas, read only access to CICS key storage and no access to the task-related storage for other user key tasks. This last feature—making other task's storage fetch-protected—
went far beyond storage protection by abending programs that would never have generated a storage violation. By casting a wider net, CICS could now identify programs with addressability issues that might have led to storage violations in the future.
Transaction isolation is activated at the region level by setting the TRANISO option in the DFHSIT to 'YES' (the default is 'NO'). Once activated, transactions are run as isolated based on parameters in the TRANSACTION definition.
Unfortunately, some older applications rely on the ability of one task to access another task's storage, meaning these applications couldn't take advantage of transaction isolation without recoding. Transaction isolation also increases a task's virtual storage utilization, making it difficult to implement in a region that was virtually storage-constrained.
Reentrant program protection expands storage protection by allowing reentrant programs to be loaded into read-only storage in one of the CICS read-only dynamic storage areas (RDSAs). If reentrant program protection is active, any attempt to overlay a reentrant program in CICS storage will result in an S0C4 abend.
Reentrant program protection is activated at the region level by setting the RENTPGM option in the DFHSIT to 'PROTECT' (this is the default; to de-activate, set RENTPGM to 'NOPROTECT'). Once activated, any load module that has been linked as RENT will be loaded into read-only storage. The best part of reentrant program protection is that it has literally no overhead at run-time.
Because the program binder performs no validation of the RENT attribute, it's quite common for programs that are actually non-reentrant to be linked as RENT. If this is the case, setting RENTPGM to PROTECT will cause any non-reentrant activity to abend, making the program unusable. This problem can be resolved without recompiling by relinking the program as NORENT. Only truly reentrant programs should be linked as RENT if reentrant program protection is to be used.
Command protection was introduced to plug a loophole in storage protection and transaction isolation, commonly known as the "hired gun" effect. This comes into play when a program issues an EXEC CICS command that returns data, but passes CICS an invalid address for the receiving field. CICS is still in control and running in CICS key when the data is returned, so CICS will overlay whatever storage is found at the return address provided, regardless of the key the user task is assigned. When command protection is in effect, CICS will validate the first byte of the address passed with the EXEC CICS command to ensure the requesting program actually has authority to write to that storage area; if the program doesn't have authority, CICS will abend the task with an AEYD abend. The key limitation to command protection is that only the first byte is tested; if the return data area starts at a valid address but then continues into an invalid area, CICS will allow the overlay to occur.
Command protection is activated at the region level by setting the CMDPROT option in the DFHSIT to 'YES' (this is the default; to deactivate command protection, set CMDPROT to 'NO'). Once activated, CICS will validate the first byte of any return area on every EXEC CICS command that's processed. Because CMDPROT offers limited protection at the expense of some additional overhead on every command, CICS regions without active storage violations tend not to make use of it.
Dealing With Storage Violations
Even with these protection options active, some storage violations may continue to occur, but now the majority of violations are self-inflicted. If a CICS region is set so every application transaction is running in user key with transaction isolation, storage protection, command protection and reentrant program protection active, it still has the authority to overwrite its own user storage. Every transaction has a unique set of storage areas that are acquired as the storage is needed. Note that programs can acquire storage explicitly via the EXEC CICS GETMAIN command, but the bulk of a task's storage is acquired by CICS to fulfill a request. For example, when an EXEC CICS LINK is issued, CICS must acquire storage to retain the current state of the transaction, and LE must acquire program-related storage, including working storage.
Each of these storage areas has increased by 16 bytes to hold the leading crumple zone and trailing crumple zone. While the program is never given addressability to the leading crumple zone, the trailing crumple zone can be inadvertently addressed by using more storage than was requested; for example, by overrunning a table past its OCCURS clause. Since the trailing crumple zone is often followed by the leading crumple zone for the next storage area, it can be overlaid in the same way. Even though CICS might not detect such a storage violation until task termination, the fact the transaction in control at the time the violation was found is also the culprit means the dump CICS produces is much more likely to contain sufficient information, especially in the CICS trace table, to identify the cause of the violation.
Preventing Storage Violations
There are two COBOL coding errors that between them account for the vast majority of storage violations: incompatibility in the DFHCOMMAREA length and table index overruns. In most cases, neither of these errors will be intercepted by the CICS protection functions described earlier.
The COBOL compile option SSRANGE, in conjunction with the LE run-time option CHECK, will intercept attempts by a COBOL program to access an out-of-range entry in a table. When SSRANGE is used, the compiler adds code to every table accessed in the program to ensure the current index value isn't greater than the OCCURS value. The CHECK run-time option is used to activate this checking. The combination of SSRANGE and CHECK can add significant CPU overhead to your processing, and should be used only when other attempts to identify the error code have failed. Generally speaking, it's never a bad idea to compile all programs in the development environment with SSRANGE and have CHECK on in all development CICS regions.
With SSRANGE and CHECK activated, an attempted access to an out-of-range table entry will generate an LE U1006 abend, and a message will be written to CEEMSG that describes the error in detail.
There's no automated method to identify storage overlays that are the result of DFHCOMMAREA length mismatches. When a program issues an EXEC CICS LINK, XCTL or RETURN with the COMMAREA option, it passes the desired length of the area to CICS. The serving program, when activated, will be passed the address of the DFHCOMMAREA and the length specified by the caller will be in EIBCALEN. The called program assigns the passed address to an 01 level in its LINKAGE area, and can then either use the data description in linkage or copy the area to working storage. There's no problem if the called program's data layout addresses an area less than the actual EIBCALEN; that simply leaves some unused storage at the end of the area. The problem occurs if the data layout addresses an area greater than the EIBCALEN. For example, if the actual commarea length is 100 bytes, but the 01 level in linkage includes a field that starts at offset 101, any attempt to update that field will cause a storage violation.
Commarea size mismatches are the leading cause of storage violations, yet they're the simplest to prevent. Simply add code to the called program to compare the value in EIBCALEN to the length the program expects for the commarea; if the values differ, the transaction should be abended. There are no acceptable circumstances under which any program should reference a commarea without verifying the length first.
Debugging Storage Violations
Reading CICS storage violation dumps is more of an art form than a science. To begin with, you must have a full system dump of the state of the region at the time the storage violation was detected. CICS produces a system dump by default unless you've used dump suppression to manually prevent it, but your internal procedures must ensure the dump data set is preserved. While it's almost impossible to resolve a storage violation without the internal CICS trace table, IBM recognizes that many shops can't support the CPU overhead required for the trace and will create an "exception" trace record when a storage violation is detected. These exception entries are collected even when tracing is disabled and contain information that will greatly assist in evaluating the dump.
As a rule of thumb, start the problem determination process by finding the damaged crumple zone that's located at the smallest address value. Because CICS only checks the crumple zones when an area is freemained, most storage violations are found at task termination time (i.e., when CICS frees all the remaining user storage areas associated with the task). It's possible for a large number of crumple zones to be damaged before CICS recognizes that a storage violation has occurred, and the crumple zone that's noticed first may not be at the beginning of the storage corruption.
If the first damaged crumple zone is a leading one, then the culprit is most likely not the task that owns the storage area in question. If the first damaged is a trailing crumple zone, then the task owning the storage is likely the culprit. This is due to the nature of crumple zones. To start with the second case first: As described earlier, programs are never given addressability to their leading crumple zones, but always have addressability to their trailing crumple zones by overrunning the end of a storage area. While there may be a damaged leading crumple zone immediately following the damaged trailing one, that can still be the result of overrunning the end of a storage area. However, if a leading crumple zone is the first damaged, it's less likely this task caused the problem. Again, this task has never had addressability to the leading crumple zone, and if the corruption had been started in this task's user storage, it most likely would have hit a trailing zone before it got to a leading zone.
On the other hand, storage violations are by their nature unpredictable. It's quite possible for a program to loop through a routine that corrupts a few bytes of storage and then skips over a few kilobytes before its next overlay. In this case, the crumple zone that eventually is corrupted would be chosen completely at random and would be of no help in identifying the failing code.
The CICS trace table is invaluable when attempting to identify the cause of a storage violation. Once the damaged crumple zone has been identified, search the trace table backward to find the trace record that was written when the area was acquired. The trace will show who asked for the area to be acquired, and why. For example, a user program might make an explicit GETMAIN request, or the user program might have issued an EXEC CICS request that required storage to process, or LE may have needed the storage for some internal use. Since the damage must have occurred between the time the storage was acquired and the time the storage violation was noticed, use the trace entries between these two events to identify which other tasks were active during this period.
As the result of a combination of increased robustness of CICS application programs and the efforts IBM has made to reduce the ability of programs to corrupt storage, the number and severity of storage violations has dropped significantly. Despite this, it's important to recognize the implications that lie behind the occurrence of even a single storage violation: that some unknown program has corrupted an unknown amount of storage. The only thing we know for sure about a CICS region that's suffered a storage violation is that we know absolutely nothing about the state of the region at that time. Data buffers may have been overlaid while being written to DASD, other task's working storage may have been altered in ways that change their logic paths and literally any portion of the CICS environment may have been compromised. By their nature, storage violations are random and unpredictable and should always be considered a high-severity problem.
If your shop never experiences storage violations, it's still good practice to activate the low-overhead protection options, such as storage protection and reentrant program protection, as a preventive measure against future problems. If your shop sees storage violations on a regular basis, and the various protection features described here aren't already in place, they should be reviewed and activated. If your shop is CPU-constrained, consider activating high-overhead options such as SSRANGE and command protection in the development environment only.
Many shops make the decision to run without trace to reduce the measurable overhead that trace requires. This is a reasonable decision. In fact, it may be a requirement if the processor is full or the CICS is CPU-constrained, but it does have the negative side-effect of drastically reducing the possibility of resolving a storage violation. If your shop suffers from regular storage violations, it may be worth incurring the additional overhead of trace in production; again, activating full trace in test or development would add minimal overhead. When activating trace, be careful to set the size of the trace table large enough to actually capture the relevant data following an abend; remember that increasing the size of the table uses more virtual storage but doesn't add to the CPU overhead.


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The blossoming of M tis society and culture in the 19th century marked a fascinating and colourful era in western Canadian history. Drawing from journals and contemporary sources, Irene Ternier Gordon presents a vivid account of M tis life in the area that is now Saskatchewan and Alberta. Here are the stories of the masters of the plains M tis buffalo hunters, traders and entrepreneurs like Louis Goulet, Norbert Welsh and the legendary Gabriel Dumont. Many enjoyed lives of freedom and adventure, yet also faced heartbreak as their way of life came to an end. From the delightful details of marriage customs, feasts and fancy clothing to the sad consequences of the events of 1885, this book is a vivid chronicle of M tis life.
It was late afternoon on Saturday, July 12, 1851. Scouts from the St. François Xavier buffalo-hunting party had just reached the top of the first terrace of the Grand Coteau of the Missouri River. They caught sight of a large Sioux encampment and signalled back to the rest of the group. Jean-Baptiste Falcon, chief of the hunt, ordered camp be made immediately and that it be put in defensive mode.
Falcon sent five scouts with a spyglass to check out the Sioux camp. They rode to the top of the nearest high bluff and looked down on a camp that they estimated to hold at least 2,000 warriors. The scouts, scorning concealment, rode boldly toward the camp. A party of 20 Sioux rode out to meet them. When the two groups met, the Sioux surrounded the Métis and invited them to accompany them to their camp.
Two of the Métis, realizing that the Sioux considered them prisoners, suddenly kicked their horses into a gallop and escaped under fire back to their camp. The Sioux followed. They assured Falcon that they had peaceful intentions, but said that they were hard up and needed help. They promised that a small party of them would return the next day to release the three remaining prisoners in exchange for gifts.
The Métis did not believe the Sioux promise, but they did not expect trouble until the next day because the Sioux did not fight at night. After dark, two men were sent to the main party of buffalo hunters, some 12 to 18 kilometres away, to ask for help. Could they arrive back with reinforcements in time?
Early Sunday morning, Father LaFlèche, who was travelling with the hunters, said Mass. Shortly afterwards, the Sioux arrived—not the promised small group, but a whole army of men shouting and brandishing weapons that glinted in the fierce morning sunlight.
Falcon sent 30 of the hunters out to meet the Sioux.
They one and all look upon themselves as members of an independent tribe of natives entitled to a property in the soil, a flag of their own, and to protection from the British government.
—William McGillivray, Nor'west Company Head, 1818
Who are the Métis? The simple answer is that they are the offspring of First Nations women and European men, the first of whom were born precisely nine months after the first Europeans set foot in North America. Not counting the visits of the Vikings circa 1000, this was around 1500 in eastern North America and 1670 in the West. Racial mixing alone does not produce a new people, however. At first, mixed-race children normally assimilated into the society of one of the parents. While a small number of boys went to Europe or the Canadas for an education, and some girls married their father's fur-trade colleagues, most early western Métis lived the lifestyle of their Native mothers. However, by 1812, when Lord Selkirk established the Red River Settlement at the site of present-day Winnipeg, the Métis were well recognized as a culturally distinct people.
According to most historians, this happened only in the Canadian West (and a narrow strip south of the Canadian-American border), where the Métis carved out a distinctive economic niche for themselves in the fur trade by manning the brigades hauling supplies and furs, hunting buffalo and making pemmican. The Métis even had their own language, called Michif, which uses French nouns and Cree verbs plus some words from other Native languages.
Métis society became different from either parent society largely due to the nature of the founding fathers of the Métis nation. These men left their homes in Quebec or the British Isles to explore and participate in the fur trade. As such, they were often the bravest and most independent and adventuresome of their communities.
The North West (or Nor'West) Company strongly opposed the establishment of the Red River Settlement because it believed that agriculture would damage the fur trade. It encouraged the Métis to join in a campaign against the settlement. Nor'West leaders named four captains to lead the Métis: Cuthbert Grant Jr., William Shaw, Pierre
Bostonnais Pangman and Nicholas
Bonhomme Montour. These men, all sons of Nor'West employees, described themselves as
the four chiefs of the half-Indians by the mutual consent of their fellows. In addition to demanding that the settlers be removed, the chiefs also insisted that the Métis keep
the full liberty of running buffalo and living according to the custom in which they have been brought up.
Louis Riel is the first person known to have used
Métis (an old French word meaning
of mixed race), in an article published not long after his death in November 1885. There is no single agreed-upon definition of Métis today. A minority would argue that the only true Métis are directly descended from a French-Canadian father and a Cree or Ojibwa mother, but most people accept a broader definition. The Métis Nation-Saskatchewan Constitution defines a Métis as: an Aboriginal person who
self-identifies as Métis and is either a descendant of those Métis who
were entitled to receive land grants and/or Scrip under the provision of the Manitoba Act, 1870 or the Dominion Lands Act ; or
a person of Aboriginal descent who is accepted by the Métis Nation and/or Métis Community.
A missionary named Father Belcourt wrote in the 1850s that the Métis were
endowed with uncommon health and strength [and] esteem themselves the lords of the land . . . Their character is gentle and benevolent . . . they are capable of enduring . . . the most horrible fatigues and they undertake them with the greatest cheerfulness when circumstances call for it.
In the following pages are the stories of the Métis of the western plains (what became the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta in 1905). Many of them migrated from the Red River or were descendants of the Red River Métis. The blossoming of their society and culture marked a fascinating and colourful era in Canadian history.
One of my interpreters has taken one of the native's daughters for a wife . . . all the ceremonies attending to [a marriage] are that when it becomes time to retire, the husband . . . shews his bride where his bed is, and then they . . . go to rest together, and they continue to do so long as they can agree among themselves, but when either is displeased with their choice he or she will seek another partner.
—Daniel Harmon, Nor'west Company Fur Trader
Shortly after Harmon wrote the above journal entry describing an 1801 wedding, a Cree chief offered his daughter to Harmon as a wife.
He pressed me to keep her . . . he said he was fond of me, and he wished to have his daughter with the white people. Harmon almost accepted the offer because he was lonely and the marriage would have been good for his business.
While I had the daughter I should not only have the father's hunts, but those of his relations also. Harmon, however, was a very religious man who did not believe it would be right to take a wife without marrying her in a religious ceremony.
In 1805, Harmon finally broke down and accepted a 14-year-old girl named Lisette (Lizette) Duval as a wife. She was the daughter of a French-Canadian father and a Snake mother.
The girl is said to be of a mild disposition and even tempered, which are qualities very necessary to make an agreeable woman and an affectionate partner, he wrote of her. Originally, Harmon had planned to place Lisette
into the hands of some good honest man, with whom she can pass the remainder of her days when he left the fur trade. When that time came, however, he had changed his mind and asked her to marry him in a religious ceremony. He could not imagine breaking up their family because he and Lisette had
wept together over the earthly departure of several children and their living children were
equally dear to both of them.
The Harmons were formally married at Fort William in 1819. They had six more children before moving to a farm near Montreal in 1843. Harmon and several of the children died a few weeks later of either smallpox or scarlet fever. Lisette, who lived for another 19 years, remained in the Montreal area. She outlived all but one of her 14 children.
Marriage à la façon du pays
Marriages like those of Harmon and his interpreter were known as country marriages (marriage à la façon du pays). Initially, First Nations people encouraged such unions for their daughters. Marriage to a fur trader worked to the economic benefit of both sides. The First Nations people expected to have free access to the fur-trade post and provisions, while the trader expected the marriage to strengthen trading ties with his wife's extended family or tribe. The trader also gained a helpmate skilled in the many tasks essential for daily life in fur-trade country, a companion and sexual partner, and a mother for his children.
If a trader wanted a First Nations wife, he first had to gain her parents' consent and pay a bride price determined by her relatives, which often was a horse. The men then smoked a calumet (pipe) together to seal the agreement. When the trader came to claim his bride, the couple would be ceremoni-ously escorted to the fort.


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