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Jialong Sun
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Jialong Sun
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Xiao Zou 1, Jialong Sun 2*, Juan Li 1, Yanlong Jia 2, Tangfu Xiao 3, Fanli Meng 4, Maosheng Wang 5, Zengping Ning 6
1 Institute of Fungal Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550081, China
2 School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550001, China
3 Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
4 Guizhou Institute of Environmental Science and Design, Guiyang 550081, China
5 School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550001, China
6 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
Jialong Sun, A novel fungus strain (Isaria cicadae GZU6722) with high potential of bioflocculation(2019)SDRP Journal of Earth Sciences & Environmental Studies 4(3)
BACKGROUND:Isaria cicadae was well known as a rare entomogenous fungus with various pharmacological activities in traditional Chinese medicine, but less attention was paid to its other biological characteristics rather than the medical applications.
METHODS: In the present study, the bioflocculation ability of total 36 Isaria cicadae strains were investigated. For the first time, Isaria cicadae GZU6722 was screened as a novel fungus strain that shows high potential of bioflocculation. From the time course of bioflocculant production, the bioflocculant was assumed a kind of the secondary metabolite. Then, the bioflocculant named as IC-1 produced by Isaria cicadae GZU6722 was purified and mainly consisted of protein (4%) and polysaccharides (91%), which contained 52.75% of neutral sugar and 38.14% of uronic acid.
RESULTS: IC-1 showed high flocculating rate in kaolin suspension in a wide range of temperature, suggesting its storage potential in cold and hot conditions and a potential application for the wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the cation addition could enhance the flocculating rate, even up to 96.08% in the case of addition of CaCl2. In the present work, IC-1 demonstrated its thermo-stability over wide range of temperatures, and also suggests its storage potential in cold and hot conditions.
CONCLUSIONS: In the present work, IC-1 from Isaria cicadae GZU6722, has exhibited its excellent flocculating performance under various conditions, and also suggests its storage potential in cold and hot conditions. These findings imply that the application potential of this novel bioflocculant for wastewater bioremediation.
Key Words: Cation-dependent; Flocculanting activity; Isaria cicadae; Microbial flocculant.
Flocculating process is widely used in various fields of industries, such as food production, fermenting process, water purification and wastewater treatment [1]. In this process, the flocculants are classified into convent chemical flocculants and natural occurring flocculants such as bioflocculants [2]. Usually, the inorganic flocculants includes polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and the synthetic organic flocculants includes polyacrylamide derivatives. However, the excessive use of these chemical flocculants can cause health and environmental problems [2]. For example, a residual aluminum from PAC and acrylamide monomers from polyacrylamide was reported to be neurotoxic and carcinogenic toward humans [3]. Recently, more and more researchers have paid much attentions to bio-flocculants which could be an alternative for the chemical flocculant for their high flocculation performance, ecofriendly biodegradability [4].
Bioflocculants are mainly composed of macromolecular substances, such as polysaccharide and protein [5, 6]. The composition and properties of bioflocculants depend by the factors such as the type of bioflocculant-producing microorganisms (BPMs), composition of media and environmental conditions. The differences in the composition and properties of polysaccharides and proteins lead to differences in the flocculation ability and the application of bioflocculant [7-9]. Therefore, it is very important to screen the more ecofriendly strains with high bioflocculability [2, 10].
Isaria cicadae, an entomogenous fungus, has been used as a therapeutic dietary in traditional Chinese medicine, which contains various pharmacological activities and applied as bio-control agents recently [11-13]. To date, much attention was paid to its medical applications, but there is still a lack of comprehensive and deep studies on its applications in environmental pollution remediations. In our previous work, Isaria cicadae has shown its good flocculation performance [14], and yet little was known about its flocculating properties and optimized condition for its better improvement.
Therefore, the aim of the present study is to screen the Isaria cicadae strains with high flocculanting activity, and to investigate the optimal culture conditions including the variations of culture medium. Furthermore, the bioflocculant produced by the strain was purified, and its composition and properties were identified as well for its potential application in the wastewater treatment, even in the drinking water purification with its low risk.
2.1 Microorganism and culture conditions
The strains of Isaria cicadae were isolated from the soils and the host from China and Korea, and were preserved at Institute of Fungal Resources, Guizhou University. The strains were maintained on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) slant at 4℃. The medium for slant was consisted of (g L-1): potato extract, 4; glucose, 20 and agar, 15; and the medium for subculture as consisted of (g L-1): glucose, 20; peptone, 5; KH2PO4, 2; MgSO4•7H2O, 0.5; and CaCl2, 0.5. Meanwhile the initial pH was 6.5 ± 0.2. In order to carry out the experiment, the spore suspension was resuspended to the desired concentration of 1×107 ml-1 by flooding the plate with distilled water after the slant cultivation at 22°C for 5 d. The biomass samples were filtered and dried at 80℃ in an oven for 4 h. Distilled water was used to prepare all medium solutions and the media were sterilized at 121℃ for 30 min.
2.2 Screening of bioflocculant-producing microorganisms
A kaolin suspension was used to determine the flocculating rate of the bioflocculant in culture broth. Two gram of Kaolin clay (Merck, Germany) was suspended in 1 l of deionized water.
After 7d incubation, 1 ml culture broth were added into 100 ml kaolin suspension (5 g l-1) in 250 ml beaker, and the flocculating activity of the active fractions that could flocculate the kaolin suspension was measured. One ml of culture broth was added to 99 ml of kaolin suspension in a 400 ml beaker. The mixture was stirred slowly stirred at 80 rpm for 5 min. The optical density (OD) of the supernatant was measured with a spectrophotometer (GENESYS 10 UV, Thermo Scientific, USA) at 550 nm. In the control experiment, 1 ml of culture broth was replaced with 1 ml of fresh culture medium. The flocculating rate was calculated according to the following equation:
Flocculating rate (%) = (A550-B550)/A550×100
where A550 and B550 were the OD550 (optical density at 550 nm) of control and sample supernatant, respectively.
Bioflocculant-producing strain with the highest flocculating activity was screened to investigate the optimization of culture conditions.
For exploring the flocculating activity of different active fraction, the culture broth was centrifugated at 6000 rpm for 10 min, and the flocculating rates of the supernatant (A), mycelium in the same volume of distilled water (B), cell suspended after being washed in the same volume of distilled water (C), and the culture broth without centrifugation (D) were measured, respectively.
2.3 Purification and composition of the complex bioflocculant
The culture broth was centrifugated at 6000 rpm for 10 min, and then the supernatant was concentrated to one third volume at 50℃. Three volumes of cold ethanol (at 4℃) were added and kept for 24 hours at 4℃. Then, the mixture was centrifugated at 6000 rpm for 15 min again, and the precipitate was washed with ethanol and freeze-dried.
The polysaccharide in the bioflocculant was determined by Molish reaction and anthrone reaction, while the protein and amino acid were determined by ninhydrin reaction, biuret reaction and protein yellow reaction [15] .
The total sugar content of bioflocculant was determined according to the phenol sulfuric acid method using glucose as standard. The total protein content was determined by the Bradford method with bovine serumalbumin as standard [15].
2.4 Factors affecting the flocculating rate
The factors including carbon source, nitrogen source, culture temperature, rotating speed, initial pH, inoculum size and metal ions were investigated. To determine the effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on bioflocculant production, glucose was replaced with sucrose, maltose, starch, fructose (20 g L-1 for each type of carbon source), and peptone was replaced with NaNO3, NH4NO3, beef extract, yeast extract and urea nitrogen source (5 g L-1 for each type of nitrogen source). The initial pH of production media were adjusted at 2–10. Temperature of production media were adjusted at 25–35℃ and the rotating speed of the shaker was adjusted at 110-200 rpm. Accordingly, the inoculum size was used as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ml spore suspension.
In addition, the effects of metal ions (CaCl2, KCl, NaCl, MgCl2 and MnSO4) were measured at the 1% (w/w) dosage. All experiments were conducted in triplicate.
2.5 Molecular phylogenetic analysis
The fungal isolates were identified by morphological traits and fungal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, EF1a andβ-tublin region sequence analysis. DNA was extracted from fungal isolates using a DNA Extraction Kit. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified and sequenced using fungal-specific primers ITS1F (5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATT GATATGC-3′) as previously described [16]. The EF1a region was amplified and sequenced using fungal-specific primers EF1a-f (5′-ATGACACCGACAGCGACGGTCTG-3′) and EF1a-r (5′-GCCCCCGGCCATCGTGACTTCAT-3′) [17]. And the β-tublin region was amplified and sequenced using fungal-specific primers Bt2a (5′-GGTAACCAAATCGGTGCTGCTTTC-3′) and Bt2b (5′-ACCCTCAGTGTAGTGACCCTTGGC-3′) [18].
The sequences of these regions were aligned with the sequence of Isaria farinosa using CLUSTAL X, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining algorithm (MEGA version 5.2) with the bootstrap analysis of 1,000 replicates.
2.6 Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS statistical package (version 17.0 for Windows, SPSS Inc., USA), and all the plots were analyzed by Sigma Plot (version 11.0 for Windows, Systat Software Inc., USA). Mean values were calculated from 3 replicates. Least significant difference (LSD) analysis was conducted to determine the differences among the treatments at the 0.05 probability level.
3.1 Screening of strains with high flocculating ability
Table 1 summarized the flocculating activity of 36 strains of Isaria cicadae in the institute. The highest flocculating rate of the bioflocculant produced by the GZU6722 strain reached a flocculating rate of 85.46% at the dosage of 1 ml culture broth per liter kaolin suspension. Although belonged to the same species, these strains exhibited the diverse flocculating rate, ranging from 13.38% to 85.46%. We observed that the strains with higher flocculating rate were isolated from Mount Qingcheng and Mount Emei in Sichuan Province of China, more than 50% of flocculating rate, but the strains with lower rate isolated from Jeju island of Korea, less than 41% of flocculating rate. This finding implied that the flocculating ability may be related with the natural habitat where the strain was collected and isolated. In order to identify the effects of the various factors on the of flocculating ability, Isaria cicadae GZU6722 strain was used in the following experiment.
To provide an insight into phylogenetic information of the flocculating activity, DNA were extracted from 36 strains and then the molecular analysis was performed. In Fig. 1, the phylogenetic tree was constructed con based on rDNA ITS1–5.8S–ITS2, EF1a,β-tublin sequences, revealing that all the 36 strains could be classified into four main groups with multiple subclusters as group A, group B, group C and group D.
Interestingly, although some strains belonged to the same group in Fig. 1, the flocculating activity of these strains are very different from each other. For example, the strain GZUXC-1 and GZU3716 were in group C, but the flocculating rate of GZUXC-1 was more than twice that of GZU3716. It was concluded that the flocculating activity maybe not be related directly with the nuclear genes [19]. Furthermore, previous experiments have shown that the active substance was mainly the polysaccharide, which could not be directly coded by the nuclear genes [20, 21].
Table 1. Flocculanting rate of Isaria cicadae strains from Institute of Fungal Resources
Flocculanting rate %
Isolated from
Mount Emei, Sichuan Province, China
Mount Emei, Sichuan Province, China
Mount Qingcheng, Sichuan Province, China
Mount Qingcheng, Sichuan Province, China
Mount Qingcheng, Sichuan Province, China
Mount Qingcheng, Sichuan Province, China
Mount Qingcheng, Sichuan Province, China
Mount Qingcheng, Sichuan Province, China
Mount Qingcheng, Sichuan Province, China
Mount Qingcheng, Sichuan Province, China
Xicheng County, Sichuan Province, China
Mount Yandang, Zhejiang Province, China
Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
Leshan County, Guangxi Province, China
Leshan County, Guangxi Province, China
Leshan County, Guangxi Province, China
Leshan County, Guangxi Province, China
Leshan County, Guangxi Province, China
Leshan County, Guangxi Province, China
Libo County, Guizhou Province, China
Mojiang County, Yunnan Province, China
Puer County, Yunnan Province, China
Puer County, Yunnan Province, China
Xicheng County, Sichuan Province, China
Jeju island, Korea
Jeju island, Korea
Jeju island, Korea
Jeju island, Korea
Jeju island, Korea
Fig.1 Phylogenetic tree based on rDNA ITS1–5.8S–ITS2, EF1a andβ-tublin sequences
3.2 Time course of bioflocculant production by Isaria cicadae GZU6722 strain
As seen from the growth curve of the strain in hydrolyzate-containing cultivation medium in Fig.2, the cells were in logarithm growth phase during 0–5 d, with a rapid growth period occurring during 0–3 d, and reached stationary phase since 5th d. On 7th d and onward, the cells were in death phase. The maximum biomass is 14.02 g in the 6th d, whereas the highest flocculating rate reached 79.96% in 7th d, which is later than the peak of the biomass. It indicated that the bioflocculant could be a kind of the secondary metabolite, produced from the primary metabolites in the growth. Fig.2 also showed the pH decreased during 0-3 d, and is around 4.5 since 3 d, which might be due to the presence of organic acid components of the bioflocculant.
Our results showed that the cells produced bioflocculants along with their growth, and the bioflocculant quantity was increased rapidly with cultivation time and peaked at 7th d. Afterwards, the bioflocculant quantity was decreased, which may be due to substrate exhaustion and enzymatic activity decrease [22]. Restated, the production of the bioflocculant was positively associated with the biomass growth [23]. Consequently, a period of 7 d was chosen as the culture time for the subsequent experiments.
Fig.2 Time course of bioflocculant produced by Isaria cicadae GZU6722 strain. Error bars indicate standard deviation of triplicate experiments.
3.3 Distribution of flocculating activity and composition analysis of the novel bioflocculant
The flocculating rates of different fractions of the culture broth from Isaria cicadae GZU6722 were shown in Fig. 3. From Fig. 3, the supernatant had the highest flocculating rate, while the washed cells had the lowest, which confirmed that the flocculating substance mainly distributed in the supernatant. It was the active secondary metabolite produced by the fungus but not their mycelia that had the flocculating activity. This is similar to most strains capable of bioflocculating, such as Serratia ficaria [24] and Rhizopus sp. [25].
Fig.3 Flocculating rate of the different fraction. A is the supernatant after the centrifugated broth, B is mycelia suspended in the same volume of distilled water, C is myclia suspended in the same volume of distilled water after being washed and D is the culture broth without centrifugation. Significant differences among different treatment are indicated by lowercase (p<0.05).
The chemical composition of the biofloccualnt by Isaria cicadae was analyzed by chromo-genic reactions, and the results were shown in Fig.4. The main component of biofloccualnt was identified as polysaccharide (91%) rather than protein (4%), which could be attributed to the thermal stability of the bioflocculant because protein denatured easily in boiled water [26, 27].
Fig.4 Purified bioflocculant by Isaria cicadae GZU6722 strain and its composition. A is purified bioflocculant, B is the bioflocculant suspention, and C indicate the composition of the purified bioflocculant.
3.4 Flocculating activity under various culture conditions
3.4.1 Effects of carbon, nitrogen sources and C/N ratio on the flocculating activity
Fig.5A showed the varied flocculating rate of the bioflocculant after 7th d of cultivation in media containing sucrose, fructose, maltose or starch instead of glucose. Sucrose, glucose and fructose were favorable for the bioflocculant production, while the production was relatively low when maltose and starch were used as the carbon source. The highest production was achieved in sucrose medium. Sucrose and glucose were also reported as the favorable carbon sources for Aspergillus flavus in the production of bioflocculant [28]. In this work, beef extract and peptone as organic nitrogen source were effectively used in the bioflocculant production, while NaNO3, NH4NO3, yeast extract and urea led to the poor production (Fig. 5B). At a fixed concentration of beef extract of 5.0 g l-1, a rapid increase in the bioflocculant production was noticed when the C/N ratio was increased up to 12.3/1 (Fig. 5C), and a further increase in the C/N ratio caused a decrease in the production.
Fig.5 Effect of carbon sources, nitrogen sources and C/N ratio on floccualting activity of the bioflocculant. A indicates the effect of carbon sources on floccualting activity with peptone used in the medium as nitrogen source. B indicates the effect of nitrogen sources on floccualting activity with glucose used in the medium as carbon source. C shows the effect of C/N ratio of the floccualting activity. Error bars indicate standard deviation of triplicate experiments. Significant differences among different treatment are indicated by lowercase (p<0.05).
3.4.2 Effect of the initial temperature and pH on the flocculating activity
Physical conditions affect the microbial growth and productivities, as enzymatic activity of microorganism depends on temperature of culture medium [25, 28]. The production of bioflocculant rapidly increased as the temperature of culture medium increased from 20 to 25℃, and the highest flocculating rate was 93.8% at 25℃, then slightly decreased as the temperature reached 30℃ (Fig. 6A). Nevertheless, the production of bioflocculant dropped significantly in culture medium temperature (35℃), as the enzymes of bioflocculant production are deactivated at 35℃ [8]. The optimal temperature range for bioflocculant-producing microorganisms was reported to be between 25 and 30℃[7]. As was shown, the optimum temperature for the production of bioflocculant was 25℃, which was chosen for the following experimental condition.
For most microorganisms the microbial product such as the bioflocculant regularly increase between the minimum and optimum pH, and a corresponding regularly decrease in microbial product between the optimum and maximum pH. This reflects the effect of varying pH on enzymatic reaction rates and nutrient absorption. Fig. 6B showed the effect of initial pH of culture medium on the flocculant activity. The production of bioflocculant dramatically increased following pH variation from 2 to 4, and stable at pH range from 4 to 8, within which, the maximum flocculating rate was 93.83%. Thus, pH 8 was selected as the initial pH in the following experiments.
3.4.3 Effect of the air amount and the inoculum size on the flocculating activity
Microorganisms used in this study were all aerobic ones and large amount of air should be supplied during their growth. Accordingly, the culture medium volume in flask and the rotating speed can affect the air quantity directly, i.e., large amount of the medium in flask makes less air left, so that microorganisms will grow slowly under this condition, thus causing the decrease of the flocculating rate. Fig. 6C and Fig. 6D showed the flocculating rates of culture broth produced by cultivating at different rotating speed and various culture volume of medium in 500 ml flask, respectively. The results indicated that when the proportion of culture medium volume and flask cubage was under 1/2, the air quantity in the flask would maintain the growth of microorganisms under stirring function, which had little effect on flocculating activity of the produced bioflocculant.
The flocculating rates of the bioflocculant obtained from cultures inoculated with 1–6 ml spore suspension were shown in Fig. 6E. The inoculation amount of 1 ml suspension in medium recorded the highest flocculating rate of 93.89%. It could be concluded that the flocculating activity would be the highest under optimal dosage, but decrease when the inoculation was more or less than the optimal one.
3.4.4 Effect of the metals on the flocculant activity
In addition, the bioflocculant production by Isaria cicadae was stimulated in the presence of different metal ions such as Mn2+, K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in culture medium with the flocculating rate of 81.37, 81.13, 76.00, 96.08 and 77.33%, respectively (Fig. 6F), and Ca2+ was the most favorable metal ion for the production. [29] reported that some metal ions (Ca2+ , Mn2+, K+, Mg2+ and Na+) significantly stimulated the bioflocculant production by Bacillus sp [30].
Commonly, cations are applied to neutralize the negative charges of cation- dependent bio-flocculants and kaolin particles, thereby increasing the adsorption of bioflocculant onto kaolin particles [31]. The results showed that the flocculating activity of the bioflocculant was Ca2+-dependent, if there were no Ca2+ added, the flocculating activity was about 76.65% at optimum condition. This agreed with the reports that many microbial flocculants were cation-dependent [23].
Fig.6 Effect of various culture conditions on the floccualting activity of the bioflocculant. (A) Culture temperature, (B) Initial pH in the culture medium, (C) Rotating speed of the shaker, (D) Volume of the culture, (E) Inoculum size and (F) Metal ions. Error bars indicate standard deviation of triplicate experiments. Significant differences among different treatment are indicated by lowercase (p<0.05).
Currently most of bioflocculants have attracted research and industry interests, as alternative flocculant, due to their high flocculation performance, ecofriendly, and biodegradability. A number of investigations using different microbial flocculants for the treatment of different types of wastewater have been carried out, such as removing suspended solids (SS) of coal washing wastewater treatment, decolorization for dye solution and improving performance of activated sludge. In the present work, a strain of Isaria cicadae GZU6722 with high flocculanting activity was screened, and its bioflocculation characterization was investigated for the first time. This study showed that Isaria cicadae GZU6722 is an outstanding bioflocculant-producing strain, it produced bioflocculant named as IC-1. The bioflocculant optimally produced with sucrose and beef extract under wide range of environmental conditions. IC-1 showed excellent flocculating rate of kaolin suspension, especially with CaCl2 addition. According to the data, IC-1 mainly consists of polysaccharides that explain its thermo-stability over wide range of temperatures, and also suggests its storage potential in cold and hot conditions. The present work has demonstrated that IC-1 has a potential application for the wastewater treatment, and it can be used as an alternative to common chemical flocculants in actual treatments. The next step is to improve the application feasibility of the bioflocculant in the treatment of the wastewater.
This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31360031, 41563010, 41563015), Science and technology services project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-STS-ZDTP-005), Major Program for Innovative Research Groups of from Guizhou Provincial Department of Education (Qian-KY[2016]045), Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Major Project (QianKeHe-[2016]3022-07), Guizhou Provincial Key Social Development Program (Qian-SY[2013]3143), Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Foundation (2014J2079), Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Research Foundation for Young Talents ([2017]5617) and Research Foundation for Advanced Scholars of Guizhou Institute of Technology (XJGC-20140605, 20140606).
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Gong, W., S. Wang, X. Sun, X. Liu, Q. Yue, and B. Gao. Bioflocculant production by culture of Serratia ficaria and its application in wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technol. 2008, 99(11): 4668-4674. PMid:18024024View Article PubMed/NCBI
Pu, S., L. Qin, J. Che, B. Zhang, and M. Xu. Preparation and application of a novel bioflocculant by two strains of Rhizopus sp. using potato starch wastewater as nutrilite. Bioresource Technol. 2014, 162: 184-191. PMid:24747673View Article PubMed/NCBI
Banerjee, C., P. Gupta, S. Mishra, G. Sen, P. Shukla, and R. Bandopadhyay. Study of polyacrylamide grafted starch based algal flocculation towards applications in algal biomass harvesting. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2012, 51(4): 456-461. PMid:22705571View Article PubMed/NCBI
Chaisorn, W., P. Prasertsan, S. O-Thong, and P. Methacanon. Production and characterization of biopolymer as bioflocculant from thermotolerant Bacillus subtilis WD161 in palm oil mill effluent. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 2016, 41(46): 21657-21664.View Article
Aljuboori, A.H.R., A. Idris, H.H.R. Al-joubory, Y. Uemura, and B.S.U. Ibn Abubakar. Flocculation behavior and mechanism of bioflocculant produced by Aspergillus flavus. J. Environ. Manage. 2015, 150: 466-471. PMid:25560664View Article PubMed/NCBI
Ugbenyen, A.M., S. Cosa, L.V. Mabinya, and A.I. Okoh. Bioflocculant production by Bacillus sp. Gilbert isolated from a marine environment in South Africa. Appl. Biochem. Micro.+. 2014, 50(1): 49-54.View Article
Ugbenyen, A.M. and A.I. Okoh. Flocculating properties of a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus sp. isolated from a marine environment in South Africa. Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. 2013, 27: 511-518.
Dermlim, W., P. Prasertsan and H. Doelle. Screening and characterization of bioflocculant produced by isolated Klebsiella sp. Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 1999, 52(5): 698-703. PMid:10570817View Article PubMed/NCBI


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You can access prompt auto accident injury treatment at Zia Chiropractic to prevent complications, especially from non-obvious injuries to the spine. Our Hobbs chiropractors specialize in providing post-accident care to patients needing urgent relief for mild to disabling pain and other symptoms. We can perform X-rays to determine the extent of your injury before tailoring an integrative chiropractic care plan to help you recover fast.
Common Auto Accident Injuries
Cuts, bruises, broken bones, spinal injuries, or any of the following may occur:
- Head and brain injuries including contusions, concussions, or traumatic brain injuries, and lacerations.
- Neck and back injuries such as whiplash, sprains, strains, dislocated spinal bones (subluxation), herniated discs, and spinal cord compression.
- Soft tissue injuries, for example, stretched or torn muscles, tendons, or ligaments.
Symptoms of Car Accident Injuries
- Swelling
- Back or neck pain
- Headaches or migraines
- Neck or body stiffness
- Shoulder or chest pain
- Reduced mobility
Why You Should Get Treated Right Away
Prompt auto accident injury treatment helps to protect your health and well-being as well as enable you to file a successful personal injury claim. Car crash injuries are not always visible or show symptoms right away. A prime example is whiplash or neck sprain, an injury that may herniate the cervical discs or dislocate the spinal joints. However, it may take 24 hours or more before you feel pain or experience other symptoms.
Auto Accident Injury Treatment Provided by Your Chiropractor in Hobbs, NM
Seeing our chiropractors immediately after the accident helps us to properly diagnose and treat you to prevent your symptoms from getting worse or causing loss of mobility. Non-invasive spinal adjustments and soft tissue mobilization provide lasting pain relief for musculoskeletal injuries.
- Adjustments: Chiropractic adjustments relieve pressure on the spinal structures, mobilize the joints, bones, and tissue, and help the nervous system function normal again. Adjustments allow nutrients to flow to the spine thereby helping to reduce inflammation and providing an environment for healing.
- Spinal Decompression: This is a form of traction therapy used to stretch the spine and relieve pain caused by slipped or herniated discs. Lengthening the spine makes room for the discs to move back between the vertebrae and heal. It also corrects nerve interference caused by spinal cord compression.
- Healing and Repair Therapies: Ultrasound is a soft-tissue therapy used to minimize pain, relieve stiffness, and reduce inflammation. We also encourage patients to do corrective exercises. This helps to repair and strengthen the tissue as well as stabilize the bones and joints.
Heal and Recover With Natural Treatments at Zia Chiropractic
Chiropractic care may be ideal for patients seeking drug-free, surgery-free solutions for their accident injury symptoms. At Zia Chiropractic, we aim to provide the highest level of personalized care to all our patients. Visit our clinic in Hobbs, NM or call 575-318-2640 to schedule an appointment.

subset: commoncrawl


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MRT3 unloads 420 passengers due to electrical failure
MANILA, Philippines – After almost a month without glitches, the Metro Rail Transit Line 3 (MRT3) on Thursday, August 2, unloaded 420 passengers due to electrical failure.
MRT3 management said the whole train unloaded passengers at the Araneta-Cubao Station at 5:30 pm.
MRT3 said the electrical failure in the motor was due to worn-out electrical sub-components. After the breakdown, the MRT3 ran on 16 trains.
Since the year started, the MRT3 has broken down 61 times and experienced a record low of 6 running trains back in February. Ridership was cut down to around 200,000 then, from the average daily ridership of 463,000 in 2017.
Busan Universal Rail Incorporated (BURI) took over as maintenance provider of MRT3 early 2016. DOTr terminated its contract with BURI in November 2017 after it failed to address the maintenance issues raised by the government.
This August, Japan's Sumitomo-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) is set to take over as the new maintenance provider. Sumitomo-MHI built and designed the MRT3 railway system from 1998 to 2000, and maintained it until 2012. – Rappler.com


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Theobald has over 20 years of software industry experience and has previously held senior executive roles at both large enterprise and venture-backed software companies, including being a VP at global developer of business software and hardware systems Oracle, founder at RubiconSoft and SVP at Serena Software, a provider of application and process governance. Carmen Sebe, the former CEO who has led the company since 2005, will assume the role of Chief Operating Officer.
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text: Andrew Reid 7,857 Report post Posted May 17, 2013 The Speed Booster for Micro Four Thirds gives cameras like the Panasonic GH2, GH3 and Blackmagic Cinema Camera a Super 35mm / APS-C sized sensor using clever optics, in the same way that the E-mount version turned cameras like the Sony FS100 and NEX 7 into valid alternatives to full frame. As well as shrinking the image circle of a full frame lens to fit a smaller sensor, the Speed Booster lives up to its name by giving you a 1 stop increase in brightness so that F2.8 effectively becomes F2.0. I've been testing the Leica R mount version of the new Micro Four Thirds Speed Booster on the Panasonic GH3 and here are some of my early observations.Read the full article here 3 Ernesto Mantaras, Ratguity and Sean Cunningham reacted to this Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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April 1, 2019: Day 103: Something about this day
This day always feels to me like some kind of anticlimax. I have a good friend whose birthday is this day. And of course, he has been the brunt of jokes over lotsa time. Still, he says, he is almost always caught off guard. And that makes the joke complete does it not.
So the day itself comes off as some sorts of funniness. It is one day when there is about universal foolishness which is a very good thing: all those people dressed in their perfect black get to kick up those high heels and laugh, let it be. Both the world's business and its sundry government people get to tickle their fancies at least once a year. Although those elites always seem terminally serious about making war pay which is, of course, no joke.
In the beginning of my life, I was given a really bad program. Needless to say, nothing was funny! Then in my early adulthood, a couple of really good friends identified the program for me and supported my liberation into my own kind of quirky funniness. What's the line: I never looked back.
One of the great geniuses in the world of crazy comedy reminded me once: it's non stop comedy. And with that we come round the bush once more and decide to make a contribution to the missing looney tunes and merry melodies right here on the streets where I must go regularly to the grocery store, to the pub, to check out the gardens and greet the dogs and their owners on the streets. The wheelchair bound enjoy
a wave and a joke: "Keep on rolling, man. We will make it!"
The rest of it is that comedy is always a finesse of pain and pleasure: laugh and the world will laugh with you. And surely tears and grief, sadness and desperation are for lonely hours.
Laughter is medicine. And, although I know most of nothing much about you, I already know you are on board with a little laughter. I like it because the trolls and the grumps; the righteous and those who must always be right are completely foiled. My comment: Crack your face! You will feel better right away.
Works for me! Bon Appetit!


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If you want to see your website thrive, you're going to want to learn as much as you can about search engine optimization. Also known as SEO, this process involves optimizing your site to improve your search engine rankings. Here's what you should be doing if you want to learn more about this process.
Start Reading Some Blogs
There are many different blogs that cover SEO. There are blogs that are focused on the basics, and there are also blogs that are built around more in-depth concepts and principles.
Now is the right time for you to start reading some of these blogs. Look at popular blogs and see what they can teach you. Since it doesn't cost anything to read these kinds of blogs, you should try to soak up as much information as you can.
Sign Up For A Training Program
Are you the sort of person that learns more when they're learning directly from an instructor? If you feel like you would benefit from working with a good teacher, you're going to want to sign up for some sort of training program. There are all kinds of programs that specifically focus on SEO.
Join Online Communities
Even after you've learned the basics, you'll want to see out additional knowledge. You should try to become a part of some online communities. The right communities can be a tremendous resource for someone in your position. Whenever you have a question, you'll be able to turn to members of the community. They'll give you the answers that you need.
If you're looking for an in-depth search engine optimization education, there are all kinds of resources available to you. You should start learning about this process sooner rather than later. If you arm yourself with roofing knowledge, you'll be able to tackle all kinds of challenges head on!


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Burning Man is a place where you can let your creative energy thrive. I've searched for the best Etsy shops to find the most interesting and inspirational accessories to add to your Burning Man wardrobe.
I'm Chrissi, a remote digital art director with an insatiable curiosity about the world, and a passion for all things creative.
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Who doesn't like a good retro tee? The Zodiac collection of tees by KaeRaz are each as unique as their perspective personalities!
I've had a safari on my bucket list for a really long time! I've been was hunting Pinterest and doing some research on what to wear. In this post I'll give you a rundown of what to pack (subject to your own personal taste), and why, along with some good finds!
It's winter in California! And while this doesn't mean we need to break out the heavy coats, it does mean it's sweater weather!
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An interview with Lindsay Ogus of Art by Ogus, creator of colorful psychedelic masterpieces creatively turned into leggings, sneakers, backpacks and more.
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When people fail to recall what we said, it might be because we said too much. Can one picture word be worth a thousand words?
Kids love the 'telephone game'. When we pass around a message, misunderstandings happen. What makes children laugh, can make adults cry. Interviews and speeches are stronger without long words or sentences.
Metonymies can solve our problem. Such linked terms can summarise extensive explanations. Whilst a metaphor replaces one word for another, a metonymy simplifies through combination. You spot them in famous quotes but also use them every day. For instance, people often complain about "the EU" or "Brussels" although they mean three institutions with representatives from 28 Member States. A more romantic example would be condensing our feelings in the word 'heart'.
How to make metonymies
Close your eyes and think about a typical week in your life from Monday to Sunday. Write down 10 words that elicit emotions and you can imagine as a logo.
(e.g. crown, suit, movies)
Identify long explanations, lists or words with two parts in your speech.
(e.g. constitutional monarchy, business man and film industry)
Simplify your text by replacing complex wording with at least three 'logos'.
(e.g. constitutional monarchy becomes crown; we talk about a suits instead of business men, and Hollywood replaces the film industry)
British biologist Sir David Attenborough not only announced his next TV series at the World Economic Forum in Davos. Interviewed by Prince William, he shed light on why political leaders are not reacting fast enough to prevent the destruction of the Garten of Eden. Here is the link to his speech. Find three metonymies.
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In an interview with the Washington Post, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman said this week that Islam was a moderate religion and there a those who attempt to hijack it. "I believe Islam is.
Oct 1, 2012. We investigate whether individual and cultural religious beliefs. We also look at whether Islamic culture is powerful enough to shape the.
"Research also points out that 11 percent of Dutch Muslims in the Netherlands are prepared to use violence on behalf of their religion. That is a 110,000 people, twice the size of the Dutch army!" –.
What are the core beliefs and practices of Islam?. one of the three Abrahamic faiths (along with Judaism and Christianity), is the world's second-largest religion,
And secondly, religious belief systems satisfy powerful psychological needs. and Egyptians and the 'Abrahamic' religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
Islam is a monotheistic religion which calls mankind to serve the one omnipotent creator, known, in Islam, as Allah, a word which simply translates to "the God," from Arabic.
Jun 15, 2015. Religious persecution is on the rise, especially in the Middle East. It is belief in a transcendent, not what that transcendent looks like, which.
Islam and Christianity, having different beliefs on essential doctrines such as God, Jesus, Scripture, and salvation, are irreconcilable. Both religions cannot be true. We believe that Jesus Christ, as presented in the Bible, is the true Son of God and Savior of mankind.
In Religious Freedom in Islam: The Fate of a Universal Human Right in the Muslim. Religion, he writes, can be seen as "an interconnected set of beliefs and practices through which people answer the.
Most Tory members believe 'Islam is a threat to Western civilisation' according. and calls for violent actions against.
Theoretical Islam 51–63% (depending on how it is measured) of the Quran. Historians says Islam consists of Arabian religious belief,Persian.
Start studying Beliefs and Practices of Islam. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
The basis for these lenient views is simply that Islam as a religion is not to be. Whereas Maimonides' opponents held to the mistaken belief that Islam was.
Islam (Arabic: الإسلام , Al-Islam (Submission)) is a monotheistic religion All of its teachings and beliefs are written out in the Quran (also spelled Qur'an or Koran), the.
Islam (religion) synonyms, Islam (religion) pronunciation, Islam (religion) translation, the beliefs and practices of an ascetic, retiring, and mystical sect in Islam.
Jan 26, 2016 · Dr Musharraf Hussain introduces the basic beliefs of Islam and explores the belief (iman) with Dr Jon Hoover. This is the first in a series of videos examini. Skip navigation
Feb 26, 2015. Malcolm was largely known as a spokesman for the Nation of Islam, a religious movement based on Islam. He joined the group after he was.
Free Printable Copy Of The Serenity Prayer But it has been years since he has been "The Thumb Print Killer," knocking off people, posing them rudely and leaving their bloody thumbprints as a calling card. He goes to AA meetings, whispers the. Serenity. Showing top 8 worksheets in the category – Serenity. Some of the worksheets displayed are Cognitive enhancements for the
Professing this statement is the starting point of all Islamic belief. Muslims assert. Like the diversity found in other religions, there are different kinds of Muslims.
Nov 15, 2017 · Converts give a variety of reasons for changing faiths. Roughly one-in-four (24%) say they prefer the beliefs and teachings of Islam or find more meaning in Islam than in their previous faith, and one-in-five say reading religious texts and studying the faith were the main reasons for their conversion.
Feb 1, 2017. No one has the right to bully or annoy anyone else for their religious beliefs or rituals, and anyone, anywhere in the world, is free to live.
The Meaning of Islam. Muslims call their religion Islam, and the Arabic word Islam implies the attainment of peace through submission to Allah. The word Muslim is an adjective derived from the noun Islam, and implies one who has peace within himself from his submission to Allah.
Aug 27, 2018 · Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world – more than twice as fast as the overall global population. Between 2015 and 2060, the world's inhabitants are expected to increase by 32%.
Kids and students learn about the religion of Islam including its founder the Prophet. These are groups that share many of the same fundamental beliefs, but.
Islam is one of the world's largest and the fastest-growing major religion with over 1.8 billion followers. It is a monotheistic faith based on revelations received by.
What Is The True Gospel Message The true gospel is the message Jesus taught. The word "gospel" is an old English word meaning "good news.". This good news about Jesus is expressed clearly in , "For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but. 1. The Raw, True Gospel.
rather than trying to deepen their understanding of the nature of Islam and the beliefs of Muslims. As with any religion, the reality of peace and violence in Islam is complex, requiring nuanced and.
World religious, traditional and philosophical Heritage. The cornerstone of Islamic faith is a strict belief in monotheism. God is considered one and without an.
Vis-à-vis the dominant belief system, it is heretical, blasphemous. The phenomenon I'm dealing with in the book is something else. Yes, today we hear many of the same words: that Muhammad is a false.
Although Islam traces its historical roots back to Abraham over 3,500 years ago, Islam is a relatively recent arrival on the world religion scene. Islam emerged around 610 CE, when Muhammad—the founder of the religion—said he received the first of many revelations from God. Muhammad was living in what is now Saudi Arabia, a region then deeply steeped in tribal divisions and belief in many gods.
You weren't aware then what the president's view was. Have you learned since? Does the president believe Islam is a religion? GORKA: It would be nice if you actually reported things accurately. I didn.
Basic Beliefs Of Buddhism Quizlet The Atheist Experience Youtube Channel. the late night television experience, and we are delighted to celebrate their 10-year anniversary this way. The show will be packed full of surprises, games and music – all with a YouTube twist.". Get more information on the many speakers that will be attending the Atheist Day. Links: Atheist Community
Sep 26, 2018. At the root of the push to deny that Islam is a religion is a misguided belief that Muslims are anti-American. An industry of anti-Muslim.
The plaintiffs are of diverse religious faiths, including Christianity, Judaism and Islam. As a result of the. sincere religious beliefs against them. Kennedy, Chief Legal Counsel for.
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We're the people who believe in pride and equality and diversity and. In fact, I know Christians who are far more worried.
Okay, this i shall explain. Islam is a monotheistic religion, that was founded at times of war, 1400 years ago in Arabia. As such most of it's beliefs.
It made the West conclude that offending Islam was a global capital offense and it. He also asks that if respect is required for all religions, even cults and satanic beliefs, is it legitimate to.
In Islam, there is no legal judgment against people who feel homosexual impulses but do not act upon them. In many Muslim countries, acting upon homosexual feelings — the behavior itself — is condemned and subject to legal punishment.
Every year, followers of the Nation of Islam celebrate the birth of its founder on Feb. 26. The holiday, known as Saviours' Day, is commemorated by a three-day series of lectures, speakers and.
Aug 27, 2018 · Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world – more than twice as fast as the overall global population. Between 2015 and 2060, the world's inhabitants are expected to increase by 32%.
The truth is that Islam is not like any other faith. It is the religious equivalent of fascism," he said. "And just because the followers of this savage belief were not the killers in this instance.
Americans are having a hard time discussing the problem of Muslim immigration and assimilation because Islam is not just a religion. of all denominations believed that while people's religious.
Islam is considered to be one of the Abrahamic Religions, the others being Christianity and Judaism. The beliefs of Muslims are actually quite similar to those of Christians and Jews. So the short.
Dec 19, 2014. There is little point in arguing that their understanding of Islam is mistaken. When it comes to religious belief, there is no objective test for.
Islam religion is one religion. However, Muslims are belonging to mainly two groups, schools, or sects. They are Sunnis and Shiites.
Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the three major monotheistic religions, all originated in what is known. Monotheism literally means "the belief in only one God".
They believe that they would establish a state. identifying yourselves as Muslims belonging to the great religion of Islam.
Roughly one-in-four (24%) say they prefer the beliefs and teachings of Islam or find more meaning in Islam than in their previous faith, and one-in-five say reading religious texts and studying the.
Denominations of Islam. Islam is not a monolithic religion. That is to say, it is not linked to just one school of thought or one rigid interpretation. Within Islam, several different denominations exist that hold different beliefs and traditions.
Dec 1, 2018. To understand the religion of Islam and Muslims better, you need to understand their worldview or system of beliefs. Here are 5 prominent.
Islam, another monotheistic religion, is the second most popular religion in the world with over a billion followers. A Muslim is a follower of Islam. A Muslim is a follower.
She also practices Sunni Islam and wears head scarf over. Legault responded that while he doesn't believe people who wear.
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Religion as we have known it has been good for society. It has nurtured morality, strengthened the family, fostered public service and encouraged social harmony. Islam, on the other hand, is self-segregating and fosters ideas of Muslim supremacy and thereby sows seeds of social discord.
LGBT is haram in Islam and goes against the norm of Malaysian. in most Muslim communities on the selective basis of 'Islamic beliefs'. This homophobia, however, has no religious or cultural.
Apr 25, 2017 · Islam is the main religion of the state where the king and his family have to be Muslims. The members of the royal family lose their privileges if they deviate from Islam. Muslims believe in Allah and Muhammad as Allah's last prophet.
Chatper 1: Islamic Beliefs and Teachings The religion of Islam provides a complete code of law and guidance. In this chapter, you will find a brief summary of the.


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F&Home Radio - wireless intelligent bulding system
F&Home - wired intelligent bulding system
F&Wave system
Proxi - Bluetooth Smart remote control system
Meternet - remote reading meters
Remote reading systems
Elements of the system
Usage electric power meters
Glass buttons
Light dependent relays
Staircase timers
Stairs lighting
Stair controllers
Electronic bi-stable pulse relays
Light dimmers
Motion sensor switch
Lighting controls
Roller blind controllers
Remote control relays
GSM remote control
Video door system
Timing relays
Time controllers
Programmable control timers
PLC programmable controllers FLC serie
PLC programmable controllers MAX serie
Phase control relays
Voltage relays
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Backup power controllers
Power limiters
Priority relays
Power protection
Microprocessor-based relay for electric engines
Fuse modules
Stabilized power supply
Signal lamps
Voltage indicators
Soft Start
Time impulse meters
Fluid level control relays
Temperature regulators
Control system components
I/O extension modules
Modular contactors
Electromagnetic relays
States Control
Our websites
domestic and industrial automation
F&Home Radio - wireless intelligent bulding system
Two-channel low-voltage controller rH-PWM2S2
Two-channel low-voltage controller rH-PWM2S2
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Two-channel low-voltage controller rH-PWM2S2
Two-channel low-voltage PWM controller with two inputs of the F&Home RADIO system.
The rH-PWM2S2 module is a combination of two power regulators and two contact inputs. The module sends information about opening or closing of the contacts to the system and controls two low voltage receivers powered from an external power supply (12V DC). The module has two electrical inputs for connecting two momentary potential-free contacts and two inputs for connecting receivers. Power control is performed by pulse width modulation (PWM) that switches the receiver. The pulse frequency is set in the range of 100 Hz to 1 kHz. Communication with the server is done by radio. The rH-PWM2S2 module is particularly suitable for controlling LEDs, switching electromagnetic locks and other low-voltage electromagnetic actuators.
If the module is disconnected from the server, it goes into autonomous mode and starts to operate as a classic dimmer. Short press of the button connected to contact 1 or 2 switches on or off the first or the second output of the PWM respectively. Long press of the button increases/decreases power, in steps of 10% in the range of 10%-100%. Conditions for autonomous mode to activate: Correct connection of S1 and S2 contact with the button and Option Offline: autonomous mode enabled in the Installer settings.
The rH-PWM2S2 module is represented by an object, which consist of two LIGHT-type channels that read information about power and activation time from four identical inputs. The algorithm determines the maximum power read from all inputs and, along with the switch-on time, controls the connected lamp or other receiver. Feedback about the actual level of load control is applied on the âConfirmed PWM statusâ output. The element has also two binary (bistate) inputs and two binary outputs, separate for each physical input. Closing or opening the contact causes the logical state to change at the corresponding output.
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rH-PWM2S2 manual
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WEG Electric, Corp has a great opportunity for a Field Service Engineer to support WEG products, to include low, medium, and high voltage electric motors. This role is responsible for providing technical guidance, installation supervision, commissioning support, and troubleshooting capabilities at WEG customer sites in the US. Additional duties will include warranty evaluation and coordination of third party vendors in the field.
Most qualified candidates will have a Bachelor�s degree in engineering or equivalent and at least three years of service experience. Must have a strong working knowledge of electrical and mechanical system fundamentals, ability to read and interpret technical information (blue prints, technical manuals and schematics) and experience in troubleshooting and repair of electric motors. Strong problem solving, analytical skills, and a working knowledge of industrial applications are a requirement. Other qualifications include a focus on customer service along with strong written and verbal skills. The role is based in North America with a potential for international travel. This person needs to be located near a major airport.
We offer a pleasant work environment, competitive compensation and full benefits package. Please indicate how your background meets our initial requirements and submit your resume.
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Tien Giang (VNA) – Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc and Deputy Prime Minister Trinh Dinh Dung inspected a coastal dyke in Tan Thanh commune, Go Cong Dong district, one of the landslide hotspots in the Mekong Delta province of Tien Giang , on September 27. During a working session with leaders of 13 regional cities and provinces in the afternoon the same day, PM Phuc requested them to take measures to completely deal with the problem. As the Mekong Delta is the hardest hit by climate change, he affirmed that the Party and State will do their best to support regional development, and highlighted the need to apply modern technology to deal with landslide more effectively, restrict the exploitation of sand on rivers, and make proper residential planning. The leader assigned the Ministry of Science and Technology to work with ministries and agencies to study landslide prevention in the Mekong Delta with specific and effective measures. He said the Government would ask … [Read more...] about PM directs landslide prevention in Mekong Delta
Mekong deltas
Can Tho leads Mekong Delta region in rural development
Rice harvesting in the Mekong Delta As of the end of August this year, 34 out of the total 36 rural communes in Can Tho, or 94.4 percent, were recognized as new-style rural areas, double the rate in the Mekong Delta region (43.8 percent) and the national rate (50.8 percent). The city also had two districts – Phong Dien and Vinh Thanh - bestowed with the title. Can Tho set out on the building of new-style rural area in 2011. While only 12 communes completed the required criteria during 2011-2015, another 22 communes achieved the feat since 2016 to now. Director of the municipal Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Nguyen Ngoc He, the achievement in building new-style rural areas in Can Tho is attributable to the city's success in mobilizing resources from various sources and investing in socio-economic infrastructure in rural areas. Can Tho aims to have all its 36 rural communes and all four rural districts recognized as new-style rural … [Read more...] about Can Tho leads Mekong Delta region in rural development
Mekong Delta shrimp farmers take baby steps towards renewable energy
Shrimp farmers are looking for a model integrating solar panels with motors used to aerate their ponds. — VNS Photo Ngọc Diệp by Ngọc Diệp MEKONG DELTA — Cost and technology are the top concerns for shrimp farmers when investing in renewable energy, Trần Văn Đấu, a farmer in Cà Mau Province, said. Đấu, 59, deputy head of the Hưng Mỹ Co-operative in the province's Cái Nước District, was one of many shrimp farmers and executives of seafood processing companies in the Cửu Long (Mekong) Delta who attended a recent conference in Bạc Liêu Province on the use of renewable energy in the shrimp industry. He said that the increase in electricity prices and sudden power cuts were affecting shrimp farming. "Electricity costs farmers VNĐ50-200 million (US$2,150-8,600) per hectare of pond per crop, or 10 per … [Read more...] about Mekong Delta shrimp farmers take baby steps towards renewable energy
Mekong Delta develops beef, dairy farming
Breeding cattle in Tiền Giang Province's Chợ Gạo District. – VNA/VNS Photo Minh Trí HCM CITY — Many provinces in the Cửu Long (Mekong) Delta have developed dairy and beef farming since it provides farmers with an additional income and benefits from local agricultural by-products. The delta, the country's largest rice producer, produces large quantities of by-products, including rice straw for feeding cows. In Trà Vinh, the province Department of Agriculture and Rural Development is encouraging farmers to breed cattle for meat and calves this year since there are huge volumes of agricultural by-products available locally and beef prices are high. The price of beef cattle on the hoof is VNĐ180,000 – 190,000 (US$7- 8) a kilogramme. At these prices, farmers earn a profit of 50 per cent within one year. Nguyễn Văn Son in Long Sơn Commune in the province's Cầu Ngang District … [Read more...] about Mekong Delta develops beef, dairy farming
Mekong Delta needs urgent measures to prevent drought, saline-intrusion
A river in Bạc Liêu Province has begun to dry up due to a lack of water. — VNS Photo Ngọc Diệp MEKONG DELTA — Immediate measures and long-term plans should be implemented quickly to help provinces in the Cửu Long (Mekong) Delta cope with drought and saline intrusion, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Lê Công Thành has said. Thành has asked the ministry's Việt Nam Meteorological and Hydrological Administration to improve the monitoring of water flows and salinity rates in the delta's coastal provinces and cities. "They need to improve the quality of the forecasting systems and provide detailed assessment of impacts of natural disasters, drought and saltwater intrusion on industries such as agriculture and water supply systems," he said. He said the … [Read more...] about Mekong Delta needs urgent measures to prevent drought, saline-intrusion


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Tua and the Elephant is a beautiful little novel, and it was such a nice change of pace from my read aloud with my son of action and adventure stories that have a lot of noise but very little depth. Which is not to say that action and adventure are not part of this story in which a little girl, Tua, sets out to rescue an elephant, even as she is being chased by two seedy men who have abused the elephant and want it back. Set in Thailand, this small novel gives such a flavor of setting and character, and moves with humor and humanity, making it a perfect read-aloud for home or the classroom.
Tua is smart and determined, and her heart is what drives the story forward from the first page to the last. You can't help but root for Tua and care about the young elephant she is intent on saving. Finding a gem like Tua and the Elephant (I saw it on a table at the book store, and was captivated by the cover, and picked it up) is such a refreshing thing, reminding me of the power of story told with compassion and understanding.
Tua lives in our hearts now, too.
Peace (in the story),


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In addition to credit accounts, you will also want to gather and copy all financial records, including the most recent bank statements, check registers, investment and retirement accounts, mortgage and real estate paperwork. Your property division lawyer will also need copies of your most recent tax returns. This may seem like a cumbersome task, but it will ultimately save you money and time as your divorce actions progress.
Divorced doesn't have to be financially devastating. A Colorado Springs property division lawyer can guide you through the complexities of dissolving your marriage and help you make the most informed decisions.


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Welcome to the Super Adventure Club
The Super Adventure Club is a guild that was founded on Blackrock Horde [US] back in 2006 by a group of friends. The guild unfortunately didn't survive the next few expansions, but the friends did. After spending time playing various games together through the years, we've decided it's time to make our triumphant return! Join us in making history once more!


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Trucos para que tus flores frescas duren más
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An elegant platinum diamond eternity ring.
Diamond Set
Precious Metal:
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This is a lovely, tactile design that has been given that extra sparkle by clever grain setting.
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