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Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary. The female equivalent is baroness.
Nobility is a social class normally ranked immediately under royalty and found in some societies that have a formal aristocracy. Nobility possesses more acknowledged privileges and higher social status than most other classes in society. The privileges associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles, or may be largely honorary, and vary by country and era. As referred to in the Medieval chivalric motto noblesse oblige, nobles can also carry a lifelong duty to uphold various social responsibilities, such as honorable behavior, customary service, or leadership positions. Membership in the nobility, including rights and responsibilities, is typically hereditary.
A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify either veneration, an official position, or a professional or academic qualification. In some languages, titles may be inserted between the first and last name. Some titles are hereditary.
The word baron comes from the Old French baron, from a Late Latin barō "man; servant, soldier, mercenary" (so used in Salic law; Alemannic law has barus in the same sense). The scholar Isidore of Seville in the 7th century thought the word was from Greek βᾰρῠ́ς "heavy" (because of the "heavy work" done by mercenaries), but the word is presumably of Old Frankish origin, cognate with Old English beorn meaning "warrior, nobleman". Cornutus in the first century already reports a word barones which he took to be of Gaulish origin. He glosses it as meaning servos militum and explains it as meaning "stupid", by reference to classical Latin bārō "simpleton, dunce"; [1] because of this early reference, the word has also been suggested to derive from an otherwise unknown Celtic *bar, but the Oxford English Dictionary takes this to be "a figment". [2]
Old French was the language spoken in Northern France from the 8th century to the 14th century. In the 14th century, these dialects came to be collectively known as the langue d'oïl, contrasting with the langue d'oc or Occitan language in the south of France. The mid-14th century is taken as the transitional period to Middle French, the language of the French Renaissance, specifically based on the dialect of the Île-de-France region.
Late Latin is the scholarly name for the written Latin of late antiquity. English dictionary definitions of Late Latin date this period from the 3rd to the 6th centuries AD, and continuing into the 7th century in the Iberian Peninsula. This somewhat ambiguously defined version of Latin was used between the eras of Classical Latin and Medieval Latin. There is no scholarly consensus about exactly when Classical Latin should end or Medieval Latin should begin. However, Late Latin is characterized by an identifiable style.
A soldier is one who fights as part of an army. A soldier can be a conscripted or volunteer enlisted person, a non-commissioned officer, or an officer.
During the Ancien Régime , French baronies were very much like Scottish ones. Feudal landholders who possessed a barony were entitled to style themselves baron if they were nobles; a roturier (commoner) could only be a seigneur de la baronnie (lord of the barony). These baronies could be sold freely until 1789 when feudal law was abolished. The title of baron was assumed as a titre de courtoisie by many nobles, whether members of the Nobles of the Robe or cadets of Nobles of the Sword who held no title in their own right.
The Ancien Régime was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages until 1789, when hereditary monarchy and the feudal system of French nobility were abolished by the French Revolution. The Ancien Régime was ruled by the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The term is occasionally used to refer to the similar feudal systems of the time elsewhere in Europe. The administrative and social structures of the Ancien Régime were the result of years of state-building, legislative acts, internal conflicts, and civil wars, but they remained and the Valois Dynasty's attempts at re-establishing control over the scattered political centres of the country were hindered by the Huguenot Wars. Much of the reigns of Henry IV and Louis XIII and the early years of Louis XIV were focused on administrative centralization. Despite, however, the notion of "absolute monarchy" and the efforts by the kings to create a centralized state, the Kingdom of France retained its irregularities: authority regularly overlapped and nobles struggled to retain autonomy.
The French nobility was a privileged social class in France during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period to the revolution in 1790. The nobility was revived in 1805 with limited rights as a titled elite class from the First Empire to the fall of the July Monarchy in 1848, when all privileges were abolished for good. Hereditary titles, without privileges, continued to be granted until the Second Empire fell in 1870. They survive among their descendants as a social convention and as part of the legal name of the corresponding individuals.
The common people, also known as the common man, commoners, or the masses, are the ordinary people in a community or nation who lack any significant social status, especially those who are members of neither royalty, nobility, the clergy, nor any member of the aristocracy.
Emperor Napoléon created a new imperial nobility, in which baron was the second-lowest title. The titles followed a male-only line of descent and could not be purchased.
As Emperor of the French, Napoleon I created titles of nobility to institute a stable elite in the First French Empire, after the instability resulting from the French Revolution.
In 1815, King Louis XVIII created a new peerage system and a Chamber of Peers, based on the British model. Baron-peer was the lowest title, but the heirs to pre-1789 barons could remain barons, as could the elder sons of viscount-peers and younger sons of count-peers. This peerage system was abolished in 1848.
The Peerage of France was a hereditary distinction within the French nobility which appeared in 1180 in the Middle Ages, and only a small number of noble individuals were peers. It was abolished in 1789 during the French Revolution, but it reappeared in 1814 at the time of the Bourbon Restoration which followed the fall of the First French Empire, when the Chamber of Peers was given a constitutional function somewhat along British lines, which lasted until the Revolution of 1848. On 10 October 1831, by a vote of 324 against 26 of the Chamber of Deputies, hereditary peerages were abolished, but peerages for the life of the holder continued to exist until the chamber and rank were definitively abolished in 1848.
The Chamber of Peers was the upper house of the French parliament from 1814 to 1848.
The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers and domestically usually referred to simply as the Lords, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is granted by appointment or else by heredity or official function. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster. Officially, the full name of the house is the Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled.
In pre-republican Germany all the knightly families of the Holy Roman Empire (sometimes distinguished by the prefix von or zu ) eventually were recognised as of baronial rank, although Ritter is the literal translation for "knight", and persons who held that title enjoyed a distinct, but lower, rank in Germany's nobility than barons ( Freiherren ). The wife of a Freiherr (Baron) is called a Freifrau or sometimes Baronin, his daughter Freiin or sometimes Baroness.
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany is a country in Central and Western Europe, lying between the Baltic and North Seas to the north and the Alps, Lake Constance and the High Rhine to the south. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, France to the southwest, and Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands to the west.
A knight is a man granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch, bishop or other political or religious leader for service to the monarch or a Christian church, especially in a military capacity.
The Holy Roman Empire was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it also included the neighboring Kingdom of Bohemia and Kingdom of Italy, plus numerous other territories, and soon after the Kingdom of Burgundy was added. Its size gradually diminished over time, particularly from 1648 onward, and by the time of its dissolution, it largely contained only German-speaking territories, plus the Kingdom of Bohemia which was bordered by the German lands on three sides.
Families which had always held this status were called Uradel ('primordial/ancient/original nobility'), and were heraldically entitled to a three pointed coronet. Families which had been ennobled at a definite point in time (Briefadel or "nobility by patent") had seven points on their coronet. These families held their fief in vassalage from a suzerain. The holder of an allodial (i.e., suzerain-free) barony was thus called a Free Lord, or Freiherr . Subsequently, sovereigns in Germany conferred the title of Freiherr as a rank in the nobility, without implication of allodial or feudal status.
Since 1919, hereditary titles have had no legal status in Germany. In modern, republican Germany, Freiherr and Baron remain heritable only as part of the legal surname (and may thereby be transmitted by males to their wives and children, without implication of nobility).
In Austria, hereditary titles have been completely banned. Thus, a member of the formerly reigning House of Habsburg or members of the former nobility would in most cases simply be addressed as Herr/Frau (Habsburg) in an official/public surrounding, for instance in the media. Still, in both countries, honorary styles like "His/her (Imperial/Royal) Highness", "Serenity", etc. persists in social use as a form of courtesy.
In Luxembourg and Liechtenstein (where German is the official language), barons remain members of the recognized nobility, and the sovereigns retain authority to confer the title (morganatic cadets of the princely dynasty received the title Baron of Lanskron, using bothFreiherr and Baron for different members of this branch.) [3]
Generally, all legitimate males of a German baronial family inherit the title Freiherr or Baron from birth, as all legitimate daughters inherit the title of Freiin or Baroness. As a result, German barons have been more numerous than those of such countries where primogeniture with respect to title inheritance prevails (or prevailed) as France and the United Kingdom.
In Italy, barone was the lowest rank of feudal nobility except for that of signore or vassallo (lord of the manor). The title of baron was most generally introduced into southern Italy (including Sicily) by the Normans during the 11th century. Whereas originally a barony might consist of two or more manors, by 1700 we see what were formerly single manors erected into baronies, counties or even marquisates. Since the early 1800s, when feudalism was abolished in the various Italian states, it has often been granted as a simple hereditary title without any territorial designation or predicato. The untitled younger son of a baron is a nobile dei baroni and in informal usage might be called a baron, while certain baronies devolve to heirs male general. Since 1948 titles of nobility have not been recognised by the Italian state. In the absence of a nobiliary or heraldic authority in Italy there are, in fact, numerous persons who claim to be barons or counts without any basis for such claims. Baron and noble (nobile) are hereditary titles and, as such, could only be created or recognised by the kings of Italy or (before 1860) the pre-unitary Italian states such as the Two Sicilies, Tuscany, Parma or Modena, or by the Holy See (Vatican) or the Republic of San Marino. Beginning around 1800, a number of signori (lords of the manor) began to style themselves barone but in many cases this was not sanctioned legally by decree, while there was even less justification in the holder of any large (non-feudal) landed estate calling himself a baron. Nevertheless, both were common practices. In most of peninsular Italy the widespread medieval introduction of the title was Longobardic, while in Sicily and Sardinia it was coeval with Norman rule some centuries later, and one referred to the baronage when speaking of landed nobles generally. The heraldic coronet of an Italian baron is a jewelled rim of gold surmounted by seven visible pearls, set upon the rim directly or upon stems; alternately, the French style coronet (entwined in a string of small pearls, with or without four bigger visible pearls set upon the rim) is used.
In the medieval era, some allodial and enfeoffed lands held by nobles were created or recognized as baronies by the Holy Roman Emperors, within whose realm most of the Low Countries lay. Subsequently, the Habsburgs continued to confer the baronial title in the Southern Netherlands, first as kings of Spain and then, again, as emperors until abolition of the Holy Roman Empire, but these had become titular elevations rather than grants of new territory.
In the Netherlands after 1815, titles of baron authorized by previous monarchs (except those of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland) were usually recognized by the Dutch kings. But such recognition was not automatic, having to be authenticated by the Supreme Council of Nobility and then approved by the sovereign. This ceased to be possible after the Dutch constitution was revised in 1983. More than one hundred Dutch baronial families have been recognized. The title is usually inherited by all males descended patrilineally from the original recipient of the title, although in a few noble families baron is the title of cadet family members, while in a few others it is heritable according to primogeniture.
After its secession in 1830, Belgium incorporated into its nobility all titles of baron borne by Belgian citizens which had been recognized by the Netherlands since 1815. In addition, its monarchs have since created or recognized other titles of baron, and the sovereign continues to exercise the prerogative to confer baronial and other titles of nobility. Baron is the third lowest title within the nobility system above knight (French : chevalier, Dutch : ridder) and below viscount . There are still a number of families in Belgium that bear the title of baron.
Luxembourg's monarch retains the right to confer the baronial title. Two of the grand duchy's prime ministers inherited baronial titles that were used during their tenures in office, Victor de Tornaco and Félix de Blochausen.
In Norway, king Magnus VI of Norway (1238–1280) replaced the title Lendmann with Baron, but in 1308 Haakon V abolished the title.
The present corresponding title is baron in the Danish nobility and in the Norwegian nobility, friherre (baron is used orally, while it is written as friherre) in the Swedish nobility, and vapaaherra in the nobility of Finland.
In the beginning, Finnish nobles were all without honorific titulature, and known simply as lords. Since the Middle Ages, each head of a noble family had been entitled to a vote in any of Finland's provincial diets whenever held, as in the realm's House of Nobility of the Riksdag of the Estates. In 1561, Sweden's King Eric XIV granted the hereditary titles of count and vapaaherra to some of these, but not all. Although their cadet family members were not entitled to vote or sit in the Riksdag, they were legally entitled to the same title as the head of the family, but in customary address they became Paroni or Paronitar. Theoretically, in the 16th and 17th centuries, families elevated to vapaaherra status were granted a barony in fief, enjoying some rights of taxation and judicial authority. Subsequently, the "barony" was titular, usually attached to a family property, which was sometimes entailed. Their exemptions from taxes on landed properties continued into the 20th century, although in the 19th century tax reforms narrowed this privilege. Nobility creations continued until 1917, the end of Finland's grand ducal monarchy.
Muscovite Russia had no traditional baronial titles of its own; they were introduced in early Imperial Russia by Peter the Great. In the hierarchy of nobility introduced by Peter the Great, barons (барон) ranked above untitled nobility and below counts (граф, graf). The styles "Your Well-born" (Ваше благородие, Vashe blagorodiye) and "Master Baron" (Господин барон, Gospondin baron) were used to address a Russian baron.
There were two main groups of nobility which held the baronial title. One was the Baltic German nobility, for which Russia merely recognized their pre-existing titles; the other was new barons created by the Emperors of Russia after 1721. Like in many other countries, new baronial titles were often created by ennoblement of rich bourgeoisie. The title of baron, along with the rest of the noble hierarchy, was abolished in December 1917 after the Bolshevik Revolution; however, certain leaders of the White movement like Baron Pyotr Wrangel and Roman von Ungern-Sternberg continued to use the title until the end of the Russian Civil War.
In Spain the title follows Vizconde in the noble hierarchy, and ranks above Señor . Baronesa is the feminine form, for the wife of a baron or for a woman who has been granted the title in her own right. In general, titles of baron created before the 19th century originate from the Crown of Aragon. Barons lost territorial jurisdiction around the middle of the 19th century, and from then on the title became purely honorific. Although most barons have not held the rank of grandeza as well, the title has been conferred in conjunction with the grandeza. The sovereign continues to grant baronial titles.
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In the Peerage of England, the Peerage of Great Britain, the Peerage of Ireland and the Peerage of the United Kingdom (but not in the Peerage of Scotland), barons form the lowest rank, placed immediately below viscounts. A woman of baronial rank has the title baroness. In the Kingdom of England, the medieval Latin word baro, baronis was used originally to denote a tenant-in-chief of the early Norman kings who held his lands by the feudal tenure of "barony" (in Latin per baroniam), and who was entitled to attend the Great Council (Magnum Concilium) which by the 13th century had developed into the Parliament of England. [4] Feudal baronies (or "baronies by tenure") are now obsolete in England and without any legal force but any such historical titles are held in gross , that is to say are deemed to be enveloped within a more modern extant peerage title also held by the holder, sometimes along with vestigial manorial rights and tenures by grand serjeanty.
William I introduced the rank of baron in England to distinguish those men who had pledged their loyalty to him under the feudal system. Previously, in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England, the king's companions held the title of earl and in Scotland, the title of thane. All who held their feudal barony "in-chief of the king", that is with the king as his immediate overlord, became alike barones regis ("barons of the king"), bound to perform a stipulated annual military service, and obliged to attend his council. Eventually the greatest of the nobles, especially those in the marches, such as the Earls of Chester or the Bishops of Durham, whose territories were often deemed palatine, that is to say "worthy of a prince", might refer to their own tenants as "barons", where lesser magnates spoke simply of their "men" (homines) and lords of the manor might reference "bondmen". [5]
Initially those who held land directly from the king by military service, from earls downwards, all bore alike the title of baron, which was thus the factor uniting all members of the ancient baronage as peers one of another. Under King Henry II, the Dialogus de Scaccario already distinguished between greater barons, who held per baroniam by knight's service, and lesser barons, who held manors. Technically, Lords of Manors are barons, or freemen, however they are not entitled to be styled as such. John Selden writes in Titles of Honour, "The word Baro (Latin for Baron) hath been also so much communicated, that not only all Lords of Mannors have been from antient time, and are at this day called sometimes Barons (as in the stile of their Court Barons, which is Curia Baronis, &c. And I have read hors de son Barony in a barr to an Avowry for hors de son fee) But also the Judges of the Exchequer have it from antient time fixed on them." [6] Within a century of the Norman Conquest of 1066, as in the case of Thomas Becket in 1164, there arose the practice of sending to each greater baron a personal summons demanding his attendance at the King's Council, which evolved into the Parliament and later into the House of Lords, while as was stipulated in Magna Carta of 1215, the lesser barons of each county would receive a single summons as a group through the sheriff, and representatives only from their number would be elected to attend on behalf of the group. [7] These representatives developed into the Knights of the Shire, elected by the County Court presided over by the sheriff, who themselves formed the precursor of the House of Commons. Thus appeared a definite distinction, which eventually had the effect of restricting to the greater barons alone the privileges and duties of peerage. [7]
Later, the king started to create new baronies in one of two ways: by a writ of summons directing a chosen man to attend Parliament, and in an even later development by letters patent. [7] Writs of summons became the normal method in medieval times, displacing the method of feudal barony, but creation of baronies by letters patent is the sole method adopted in modern times. [7]
Since the adoption of summons by writ, baronies thus no longer relate directly to land-holding, and thus no more feudal baronies needed thenceforth to be created. Following the Modus Tenendi Parliamenta of 1419, the Tenures Abolition Act 1660, the Feudal Tenure Act (1662), and the Fines and Recoveries Act of 1834, titles of feudal barony became obsolete and without legal force. The Abolition Act 1660 specifically states: baronies by tenure were converted into baronies by writ. The rest ceased to exist as feudal baronies by tenure, becoming baronies in free socage, that is to say under a "free" (hereditable) contract requiring payment of monetary rents. [8]
In the twentieth-century Britain introduced the concept of non-hereditary life peers. All appointees to this distinction have (thus far) been at the rank of baron. [7] In accordance with the tradition applied to hereditary peers they too are formally addressed in parliament by their peers as "The Noble Lord". [7]
In addition, baronies are often used by their holders as subsidiary titles, for example as courtesy titles for the son and heir of an Earl or higher-ranked peer. [7] The Scottish baronial title tends to be used when a landed family is not in possession of any United Kingdom peerage title of higher rank, subsequently granted, or has been created a knight of the realm.
Several members of the royal family with the style of Royal Highness are also titled Barons. For example, Charles, Prince of Wales is also The Baron of Renfrew. Similarly, his eldest son Prince William, Duke of Cambridge is also The Baron Carrickfergus and Prince Andrew, Duke of York is The Baron Killyleagh. Some non-royal Barons are somehow related to the royal family, for example Maurice Roche, 6th Baron Fermoy is William's first cousin once removed, through William's late mother, Diana, Princess of Wales, who was the 4th Baron Fermoy's granddaughter.
The title of baron (Irish : barún) was created in the Peerage of Ireland shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland (1169). Ireland's first baronies included Baron Athenry (1172), Baron Offaly (c. 1193), Baron Kerry (1223), Baron Dunboyne (1324), Baron Gormanston (1365–70), Baron Slane (1370), Baron of Dunsany (1439), Baron Louth (c. 1458) and Baron Trimlestown (1461).
A person holding a peerage in the rank of baron is entitled to a coronet bearing six silver balls (called pearls) around the rim, equally spaced and all of equal size and height. The rim itself is neither jeweled, nor 'chased' (which is the case for the coronets of peers of higher degree).
The actual coronet is worn only for the coronation of a new monarch, but a baron can bear his coronet of rank on his coat of arms above the shield. In heraldry, the baron's coronet is shown with four of the balls visible.
Formally, barons are styled The Right Honourable The Lord [Barony] and barons' wives are styled The Right Honourable The Lady [Barony]. [7] [9] [10] Baronesses in their own right, whether hereditary or for life, are either styled The Right Honourable The Baroness [Barony] or The Right Honourable The Lady [Barony], mainly based on personal preference (e.g. Lady Thatcher and Baroness Warsi, both life baronesses in their own right). [10] [11] [12] Less formally, one refers to or addresses a baron as Lord [Barony] and his wife as Lady [Barony], and baronesses in their own right as Baroness [X] or Lady [X]. In direct address, barons and baronesses can also be referred to as My Lord, Your Lordship, or Your Ladyship or My Lady. The husband of a baroness in her own right gains no title or style from his wife.
TheRight Honourable is frequently abbreviated to The Rt Hon. or Rt Hon. When referred to by the Sovereign in public instruments, The Right Honourable is changed to Our right trusty and well-beloved, with Counsellor attached if they are a Privy Counsellor.
Children of barons and baronesses in their own right, whether hereditary or for life, have the style The Honourable [Forename] [Surname]. After the death of the father or mother, the child may continue to use this style.
Courtesy barons are styled Lord [Barony], and their wives Lady [Barony]; the article "The" is always absent. If the courtesy baron is not a Privy Counsellor, the style The Right Honourable will also be absent.
It is very common for the surnames of barons and baronesses to be identical to or included in the formal title of their barony. However, when addressed as a peer, Lord, Lady or Baroness is followed by the name of their barony, not their personal name. This is relevant when a baron or baroness's title is completely different from their personal surname (e.g. William Thomson, Lord Kelvin), or includes a territorial designation in addition to their surname (e.g. Martin Rees, Lord Rees of Ludlow). This also means that including a baron or baroness's forename before their title is incorrect and potentially misleading. For example, "Lady Margaret Thatcher" (as opposed to "Lady Thatcher") would imply that she were the daughter of an earl, marquess or duke rather than a baroness. Likewise, in the case of men, "Lord Digby Jones" (as opposed to "Lord Jones of Birmingham") would imply that he were the younger son of a marquess or duke rather than a baron.
The United Kingdom has a policy of including titles of nobility on passports: the title is entered into the surname field and a standard observation is recorded giving the holder's full name and title. A Baron would therefore record their surname as Lord [Barony], and the observation would note that The holder is The Right Honourable [given names] [surname] Lord [Barony]. However, if the title of an applicant's peerage is different from their surname, they can choose whether to use their surname or title in the surname field. A baroness in their own right would substitute "Baroness" for "Lord", and the wife of a Baron would similarly substitute "Lady". Titles of nobility are checked against Debrett's Peerage, Who's Who or the London Gazette by the passport office on application.
In Scotland, the rank of baron is a rank of the ancient feudal nobility of Scotland and refers to the holder of a feudal barony, formerly a feudal superiority over a proper territorial entity erected into a free barony by a Crown Charter, this being the status of a minor baron, recognized by the crown as noble, but not a peer.
The Court of the Lord Lyon will officially recognise feudal barons or those possessing the dignity of baron who meet certain criteria, [13] and will grant them arms with a helmet befitting their degree. Scottish barons rank below Lords of Parliament and while noble have the status of minor baron, being a non-Peerage rank; as such it can be transferred by either inheritance or conveyance.
In showing that Scottish barons are titles of nobility, reference may be made, amongst others, to the Lyon Court in the Petition of Maclean of Ardgour for a Birthbrieve by Interlocutor dated 26 February 1943 which "Finds and Declares that the Minor Barons of Scotland are, and have both in this Nobiliary Court, and in the Court of Session, been recognised as 'titled' nobility, and that the estait of the Baronage (The Barones Minores) is of the ancient Feudal Nobility of Scotland".
Sir Thomas Innes of Learney, in his Scots Heraldry (2nd Ed., p. 88, note 1), states that "The Act 1672, cap 47, specially qualifies the degrees thus: Nobles (i.e. peers, the term being here used in a restricted seventeenth-century English sense), Barons (i.e. Lairds of baronial fiefs and their 'heirs', who, even if fiefless, are equivalent to heads of Continental baronial houses) and Gentlemen (apparently all other armigers)." Baronets and knights are evidently classed as 'Gentlemen' here and are of a lower degree than Barons.
The Scottish equivalent of an English baron is a Lord of Parliament. [7]
Scottish feudal barons were entitled to a red cap of maintenance (chapeau) turned up ermine if petitioning for a grant or matriculation of a coat of arms between the 1930s and 2004. This chapeau is identical to the red cap worn by an English baron, but without the silver balls or gilt. This is sometimes depicted in armorial paintings between the shield and the helmet. Additionally, if the baron is the head of a family, he may include a chiefly coronet which is similar to a ducal coronet, but with four strawberry leaves. Because the chapeau was a relatively recent innovation, a number of ancient arms of Scottish feudal barons do not display the chapeau. Now, Scottish barons are principally recognised by the baron's helm, which in Scotland is a steel helmet with grille of three grilles, garnished in gold. Occasionally, the great tilting-helm garnished with gold is shown, or a helmet befitting a higher rank, if held. [14]
Scottish barons style their surnames similarly to Clan Chiefs, with the name of their barony following their name, as in John Smith of Edinburgh or John Smith, Baron of Edinburgh. [15] [16] [17] [18] Most formally, and in writing, they are styled as The Much Honoured Baron of Edinburgh. Their wives are styled Lady Edinburgh, or The Baroness of Edinburgh. The phrase Lady of Edinburgh is wrong if the lady in question does not hold a Scottish barony in her own right. Orally, Scottish barons may be addressed with the name of their barony, as in Edinburgh or else as Baron without anything else following, which if present would suggest a peerage barony. Informally, when referring to a Scots feudal baron in the third person, the name Baron of [X] is used or simply [X].
Scottish feudal Barons may record [surname] of [territorial designation] in the surname field of their passport, and an official observation would then note that The holder is [given names] [surname] Baron of [territorial designation]; applicants must provide evidence that the Lord Lyon has recognised their feudal barony, or else be included in Burke's Peerage. [19] [20]
Like other major Western noble titles, baron is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-Western languages with their own traditions, even though they are necessarily historically unrelated and thus hard to compare, which are considered 'equivalent' in relative rank. This is the case with China's nanjue (nan-chueh) (Chinese : 男爵 ), hereditary title of nobility of the fifth rank, as well as its derivatives and adaptations:
In some republics of continental Europe, the unofficial title of "Baron" retains a purely social prestige, with no particular political privileges.[ citation needed ]
In Armenian, the word "Baron" should not be confused with the similar word "Paron" (Armenian: Պարոն), which is a title given to ordinary men, equivalent to 'Sir' or 'Mr'.
In the Polynesian island monarchy of Tonga, as opposed to the situation in Europe, barons are granted this imported title (in English), alongside traditional chiefly styles, and continue to hold and exercise some political power.
The peerage in the United Kingdom is a legal system comprising both hereditary and lifetime titles, composed of various noble ranks, and forming a constituent part of the British honours system. The term peerage can be used both collectively to refer to the entire body of nobles, and individually to refer to a specific title. British peerage title holders are termed peers of the Realm.
A viscount or viscountess is a title used in certain European countries for a noble of varying status. In many countries a viscount, and its historical equivalents, was a non-hereditary, administrative or judicial position, and did not develop into an hereditary title until much later. In the case of French viscounts, it is customary to leave the title untranslated as vicomte[vi.kɔ̃t] and vicomtesse.
A courtesy title is a form of address in systems of nobility used for children, former wives and other close relatives of a peer, as well as certain officials such as some judges and members of the Scottish gentry. These styles are used 'by courtesy' in the sense that the relatives, officials and others do not themselves hold substantive titles. There are several different kinds of courtesy titles in the British peerage.
Forms of address used in the United Kingdom are given below. For further information on Courtesy Titles see Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom.
The Peerage of Scotland is the section of the Peerage of the British Isles for those peers created by the King of Scots before 1707. Following that year's Treaty of Union, the Kingdom of Scots and the Kingdom of England were combined under the name of Great Britain, and a new Peerage of Great Britain was introduced in which subsequent titles were created.
The Peerage of the United Kingdom comprises most peerages created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the Acts of Union in 1801, when it replaced the Peerage of Great Britain. New peers continued to be created in the Peerage of Ireland until 1898.
A Lord of Parliament was the holder of the lowest form of peerage entitled as of right to take part in sessions of the pre-Union Parliament of Scotland. Since that Union in 1707, it has been the lowest rank of the Peerage of Scotland, ranking below a viscount. A Lord of Parliament is said to hold a Lordship of Parliament.
Freiherr, Freifrau and Freiin are designations used as titles of nobility in the German-speaking areas of the Holy Roman Empire, and in its various successor states, including Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, etc. Traditionally it denotes the titled rank within the nobility above Ritter (knight) and Edler and below Graf and Herzog (duke). The title superseded the earlier medieval form, Edelherr.
In English, a coronet is a small crown consisting of ornaments fixed on a metal ring. By one definition, a coronet differs from a crown in that a coronet never has arches, and from a tiara in that a coronet completely encircles the head, while a tiara does not. By a slightly different definition, a crown is worn by an emperor, empress, king or queen; a coronet by a nobleman or lady. See also diadem.
The hereditary peers form part of the peerage in the United Kingdom. As of 2019 there are 814 hereditary peers: 31 dukes, 34 marquesses, 193 earls, 112 viscounts, and 444 barons.
Grandee is an official aristocratic title conferred on some Spanish nobility and, to a lesser extent, Portuguese nobility. Holders of this dignity enjoyed similar privileges to those of the peerage of France during the Ancien Régime, but unlike in Great Britain, they were not organised into political groupings. "Grandee of Spain" is the highest dignity of nobility in all of Europe, due to its privileges having been greater than those of other similar European dignities, such as the peers of France or the peers of Great Britain. All Dukedoms are automatically attached to a Grandeeship yet only a few Marquessates, Countships, Viscountcies, Baronies and Lordships have the distinction. A single person can be a Grandee of Spain multiple times, as Grandeeships are attached, with the exception of a few cases, to a title and not an individual. Consequently, nobles in Spain with more than one title, most notably the Duchess of Medinaceli and the Duke of Alba, are Grandees 10 and 9 times respectively.
In Scotland, a baron is the head of a feudal barony, also known as a prescriptive barony. This used to be attached to a particular piece of land on which was situated the caput or essence of the barony, normally a building, such as a castle or manor house. Accordingly, the owner of the piece of land containing the caput was called a baron.
In the United Kingdom, a territorial designation follows modern peerage titles, linking them to a specific place or places. It is also an integral part of all baronetcies. Within Scotland, a territorial designation proclaims a relationship with a particular area of land.
A feudal baron is a vassal holding a heritable fief called a barony, comprising a specific portion of land, granted by an overlord in return for allegiance and service. Following the end of European feudalism, feudal baronies have largely been superseded by baronies held as a rank of nobility, without any attachment to a fief. However, in Scotland, the feudal dignity of baron remains in existence, and may be bought and sold independently of the land to which it was formerly attached.
The British nobility is the peerage of the United Kingdom. The nobility of its four constituent home nations has played a major role in shaping the history of the country, although in the present day they retain only the rights to stand for election to the House of Lords, dining rights in the House of Lords, position in the formal order of precedence, the right to certain titles, and the right to an audience with the monarch. Still, more than a third of British land is in the hands of aristocrats and traditional landed gentry.
A feudal lordship is a Scottish feudal title that is held in baroneum, which Latin term means that its holder, who is called a feudal lord, is also always a feudal baron. A feudal lordship is an ancient title of nobility in Scotland. The holder may or may not be a Lord of Regality, which meant that the holder was appointed by the Crown and had the power of "pit and gallows", meaning the power to authorise the death sentence.
Ridder is a noble title in the Netherlands and Belgium. Traditionally it denotes the second lowest rank within the nobility, standing below Baron, but above the untitled nobility (Jonkheer) in these countries. "Ridder" is a literal translation of Latin Eques and originally meant "horseman" or "rider". For its historical association with warfare and the landed gentry in the Middle Ages, it can be considered roughly equal to the titles of "Knight" or "Baronet". In the Netherlands and Belgium no female equivalent exists. The collective term for its holders in a certain area as an executive and legislative assembly is named the Ridderschap.
The Much Honoured is an honorific that is bestowed – normally by hereditary right – on Scots feudal barons.
Marquess is a rank of nobility in the peerages of the United Kingdom.
An Irish feudal barony was a customary title of nobility: the holder was always referred to as a Baron, but was not the holder of a peerage, and had no right to sit in the Irish House of Lords. In 1614 the Dublin Government noted that there were "diverse gentlemen" in Ireland who were called Baron, yet: "Never was any of them Lord Baron nor summoned to any Parliament".


text:
Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industry has taken another major step in the Pakistani aviation sector. The association was granted a commercial airline license by the CAA, helping it bring one step closer to launching Air Sial, the newest domestic airline in the country.
Informed sources in CAA told ProPakistani that the federal government approved Sialkot Chamber's application for setting up a commercial airline. The Aviation division from the government's Cabinet Secretariat issued the approval notice to CAA.
According to sources, government approved the establishment of the new commercial airline after Sialkot Chamber was successfully able to build and operate a commercial airport in the city.
Sources also said that the management of Air Sial will have to fulfill CAA requirements in order to obtain the air transport license. It will take at least 6 months to fulfill those civil regulations.
Air Sial will have to provide sufficient bank guarantee, professional management, details about the type of aircraft they will operate and other legal, financial and technical details.
Currently 3 private sector commercial airlines are operating in Pakistan – Shaheen Air International Airblue and Serene Air. Bhoja Air was forced to suspend its operations after the Islamabad plane crash. Furthermore, Indus Air's 2 aircraft were damaged during the Karachi airport terrorist attack and the airline failed to replace them.
Air Sial Ye Naam Rkha hai : Koi Acha Naam Public Se Phoch Lete :
Their city name is in it. So they chose it.
AIR PAK Bhi Rakh Sakte the :
Air PAK is no name… There is nothing wrong in Air Sial… stop criticizing on petty things… and never claim to be right if you have a suggestion as well.
Air Abdul Wahab rakh lety to ziada acha tha… ? SIAL is equals to Sialkot International Airport Limited… ?
I Know BABA : Flight Pure Pakistna Main Chaligi Na SIAL Main Only & Naam Kuch Unique Hona Chahyeh tha :
Pk Air Line
Pak Air Line
AIR PAK Etc Jis K Pakistan Ka Naam Nazar Aye.
chawalen na mara kar Abdul Wahab
Abdul Wahab bhai,
phr to PIA ne puri duniya me chalna he tou AIR WORLD ker den.. :-/
G Kar Do Mujhy to Koi Aeteraz Nahi :D
waraich tayara
hahahha good reply, i think Mr.Abdul Wahab is Incensed case…jo kehta ha k glass adha khali kiyon ha…..
S there are new jobs i am intrest at Assistant manager of networks or assitant manager of IT i have 4 year exprience at airblue airline i hope you will know me my contact:03469228456 email [email protected]
In geology, the term 'sial' refers to the composition of the upper layer of the Earth's crust, namely rocks rich in silicates and aluminium minerals
IS there are new jobs i am intrest at Assistant manager of networks or assitant manager of IT i have 4 year exprience at airblue airline i hope you will know me my contact:03469228456 email [email protected]
Good job
Keep it up Sialkot!
Emirates airlines should take domestic routes of Pakistan. People dont rely such bad Pakistani Airlines anymore.
You are right
nice name

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
Most investors cant see the macro future better than anyone else. Thus trying to
predict the future wont make them successful investors.
We have two classes of forecasters: Those who dont know and those who
dont know they dont know.
The Truth about Investing
Nevertheless, most investors act as if they can see the future. Either they think they
can, or they think they have to pretend they can. Thats dangerous if it turns out they
cant, as is usually the case.
Its frightening to think that you might not know something, but more
frightening to think that, by and large, the world is run by people who
have faith that they know exactly whats going on.
Amos Tversky
It ain't what you don't know that gets you into trouble. It's what you
know for sure that just ain't so.
Mark Twain
The Truth about Investing
The investment business is full of people who got famous by being right
once in a row.
The Truth about Investing
One of the main reasons for this is the enormous influence of randomness. Events
often fail to materialize as they should. Improbable things happen all the time, and
things that are likely fail to happen. Investors who made seemingly logical decisions
lose money, and others profit from unforeseeable windfalls. Nothing is more common
than investors who were right for the wrong reason and vice versa.
The Truth about Investing
Investors would be wise to accept that they cant see the macro future and restrict
themselves to doing things that are within their power. These include gaining insight
regarding companies, industries and securities; controlling emotion; and behaving in a
contrarian and counter-cyclical manner.
The Truth about Investing
While we cant see where were going, we ought to have a good sense for where we
are. Its possible to enhance investment results by making tactical decisions suited to
the market climate. The most important is the choice between aggressiveness and
defensiveness. These decisions can be made on the basis of observations regarding
current conditions; they dont require guesswork about the future.
The Truth about Investing
Superior results dont come from buying high quality assets, but from buying
assets regardless of quality for less than theyre worth. Its essential to
understand the difference between buying good things and buying things well.
The Truth about Investing
A low purchase price not only creates the potential for gain; it also limits downside
risk. The bigger the discount from fair value, the greater the margin of safety an
investment provides.
The Truth about Investing
Sometimes there are plentiful opportunities for unusual return with less-than-
commensurate risk, and sometimes opportunities are few and risky. Its important
to wait patiently for the former. When theres nothing clever to do, its a mistake to
try to be clever.
The Truth about Investing
The price of a security at a given point in time reflects the consensus of investors
regarding its value. The big gains arise when the consensus turns out to have
underestimated reality. To be able to take advantage of such divergences, you have
to think in a way that departs from the consensus; you have to think different and
better. This goal can be described as second-level thinking or variant perception.
The Truth about Investing
Superior performance doesnt come from being right, but from being more right
than the consensus. You can be right about something and perform just average if
everyone else is right, too. Or you can be wrong and outperform if everyone else is
more wrong.
The Truth about Investing
Any time you think you know something others dont, you should examine the
basis for that belief. Does everyone know that? Why should I be privy to
exceptional information or insight? Am I certain Im right and everyone else is
wrong; mightnt it be the opposite? If its the result of advice from someone else, you
must ask, Why would anyone give me potentially profitable information?
The Truth about Investing
Over the last few decades, investors timeframes have shrunk. Theyve become
obsessed with quarterly returns. In fact, technology now enables them to become
distracted by returns on a daily basis, and even minute-by-minute. Thus one way to
gain an advantage is by ignoring the noise created by the manic swings of others
and focusing on the things that matter in the long term.
The Truth about Investing
It isnt the inability to see the future that cripples most efforts at investment. More
often its emotion. Investors swing like a pendulum between greed and fear; euphoria
and depression; credulousness and skepticism; and risk tolerance and risk aversion.
Usually they swing in the wrong direction, warming to things after they rise and
shunning them after they fall.
The Truth about Investing
The Truth about Investing
Cyclical ups and downs dont go on forever. But at the extremes, most investors
act as if they will. This is a big part of the reason for bubbles and crashes.
the third, when everyone concludes that things can only get
better forever.
The Truth about Investing
Its important to practice contrarian behavior and do the opposite of what others
do at the extremes. For example, the markets are riskiest when theres a widespread
belief that theres no risk, since this makes investors feel its safe to do risky things.
Thus we must sell when others are emboldened (and buy when theyre afraid).
The less prudence with which others conduct their affairs, the greater
the prudence with which we should conduct our own affairs.
Warren Buffett
The Truth about Investing
The efficient market hypothesis holds that thanks to the combined efforts of thousands
of intelligent, informed and motivated investors, the market price of each asset
accurately reflects its underlying or intrinsic value. Thus market prices are fair, and if
you pay the market price, you can expect to earn a risk-adjusted return thats fair relative
to all other assets no more and no less. This is the reason for the assertion that you
cant beat the market.
While not all markets are efficient and none are 100% efficient the concept of
market efficiency must not be ignored. In more-developed markets, efficiency
reduces the frequency and magnitude of opportunities to out-think the consensus and
identify mispricings or inefficiencies.
The Truth about Investing
In the search for market inefficiencies, it helps to get to a market early, before it
becomes understood, popular and respectable. Theres nothing like playing in an
easy game an inefficient asset class where the other investors are few in number,
ill-informed or biased negatively. Thats far easier than trying to be the smartest person
in a game that everyone understands and is eager to play.
What the wise man does in the beginning, the fool does in the end.
Warren Buffett
The Truth about Investing
In investing, the behavior of the participants alters the landscape; this is what George
Soros calls reflexivity. Thus markets should be expected to become more efficient
over time. When investors who bought early show big gains, others will rush in and bid
things up. It makes no sense to assume a market that offered bargains in the past
will always do so in the future.
The Truth about Investing
To be a successful investor, you have to have a philosophy and process you believe
in and can stick to, even under pressure. Since no approach will allow you to profit
from all types of opportunities or in all environments, you have to be willing to not
participate in everything that goes up, only the things that fit your approach. To be a
disciplined investor, you have to be able to stand by and watch as other people make
money in things you passed on.
The Truth about Investing
Every investment approach even if skillfully applied will run into environments for
which it is ill-suited. That means even the best of investors will have periods of poor
performance. Even if youre correct in identifying a divergence of popular opinion from
eventual reality, it can take a long time for price to converge with value, and it can
require something that serves as a catalyst. In order to be able to stick with an
approach or decision until it proves out, investors have to be able to weather
periods when the results are embarrassing. This can be very difficult.
The market can remain irrational longer than you can remain solvent.
Being too far ahead of your time is indistinguishable from being wrong.
The Truth about Investing
Those who invest the money of others, rather than their own, have to worry about
losing their jobs or their clients. Fear of embarrassing performance can make them
excessively risk-averse and cause them to over-diversify and shy away from bold
David Swensen
The Truth about Investing
To succeed you have to survive, and in particular that means avoiding selling out at
market bottoms. Its not enough to survive on average; you have to survive on the
worst days. Selling out at the bottom and thus failing to participate in the subsequent
recovery is the cardinal sin of investing. The ability to persevere requires consistent
adherence to a well-thought-out approach; control over emotion; and a portfolio built to
withstand declines.
Never forget the six-foot tall man who drowned crossing the stream that was five
feet deep on average.
The Truth about Investing
The Truth about Investing
But you also shouldnt expect to make money just for bearing risk. Many people
believe riskier investments produce higher returns, and thus the way to make more
money is to take more risk. That cant be right.
The Truth about Investing
Theres a very popular graphic that purports to show the relationship between risk and
Most people interpret it to mean riskier assets produce higher returns or the way to
make more money is to take more risk. These are traps into which most investors fall,
especially in times when things are going well and risk taking is being rewarded.
Its true that investments that seem riskier must appear to offer higher returns in order to
attract capital. But if risky investments could be counted on to produce high returns,
they wouldnt be risky.
The Truth about Investing
As risk increases,
the expected return rises,
the range of possible outcomes becomes wider, and
the worst outcome worsens and ultimately becomes negative.
In American football, after four unsuccessful tries to gain ten yards, the
referee stops play and turns the ball over to the other teams offensive
squad. But investing is more like soccer, where every team has to
comprise both offense and defense, and no one blows a whistle to tell
you which way to play.
Oaktree motto
The Truth about Investing
Risk has to be dealt with, but not through quantification. Theory accepts volatility
as the indicator of risk, largely because data on volatility is quantitative and machinable.
But people in the real world dont worry about volatility or demand a premium return to
bear it; what they care about is the likelihood of losing money. Because that likelihood
cant be quantified, risk is best handled by experienced experts applying subjective,
qualitative judgment that is superior.
The Truth about Investing
Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that
counts can be counted.
Albert Einstein
The Truth about Investing
To ascertain whether a manager has above average skill, its essential to observe
performance over many years and in bad markets as well as good. Short-term
outperformance and short-term underperformance are impostors that say very little
about the skill of a manager. Randomness can cause a weak manager to show good
performance for a year or two, but good long-term records are likely to be the result of
skill. Absent testing in tough times, aggressive risk-taking in an environment that turns
out to be salutary can easily be mistaken for investment skill.
Its only when the tide goes out that we find out whos been swimming
Warren Buffett
The Truth about Investing
The Truth about Investing
Good results will bring a manager more money to manage. If inflows are allowed
to go unchecked, eventually more money will bring bad performance. Increased
assets under management can shorten the list of potential investments large enough to
make an impact; erode a managers ability to be selective and agile; and encourage
style drift, under which a manager strays into strategies beyond his core competence
in an effort to put money to work.
The Truth about Investing
Not everyone can beat the market averages. By definition, the average investor does
average (before fees and transaction costs).
The Truth about Investing
The Truth about Investing
By investing passively in a low-cost index fund that mirrors a market average, you
can be sure to capture the return of the average. People err, however, when they think
of such funds as being low-risk. Index funds eliminate the risk of underperforming
the market average, but not the risk inherent in the average itself.
The Truth about Investing
Expectations should be reasonable. Aiming for too high a return will either require
excessive risk bearing or guarantee disappointment . . . or both.
The Truth about Investing
Charlie Munger
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This presentation contains information and views as of the date indicated and such information and views are subject to
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information provided by independent third-party sources. Oaktree believes that the sources from which such information
has been obtained are reliable; however, it cannot guarantee the accuracy of such information and has not
independently verified the accuracy or completeness of such information or the assumptions on which such information
is based.


text:
Laura - Matsuda Jiu-Jitsu Fighting Tour
In Brazil we find Laura Matsuda, the newest grappler in the world of Street Fighter, and her brother, Sean, who is a fighter in Street Fighter 3 (chronologically happens after Street Fighter 5). Sean is still young here as Laura tells him it's time to start training his Matsuda style electric shock, something she uses in her own fighting. Sean shows little interest as he reads about Master's Online Training (owned by the famous fighter, Ken). While Laura thinks about such a concept, Sean bursts her bubble by saying that no one would go to a Matsuda Jiu-Jitsu school unless she became famous and beat a lot of fighters with her fighting style. Laura loves the idea and heads out to show the world her fighting style.
The first fighter she finds is Birdie who seems totally uninterested in a fight until Laura tells him that she'll buy him food if they fight. The two fight immediately and end up having their meal together. Birdie thanks her for the food, but Laura's mind is on facing more great opponents. She asks if Birdie knows any and Birdie immediately thinks of "a girl that's pretty eccentric and scary" named Karin Kanzuki. Laura takes off with excitement leaving Birdie with the bill.
At the Kanzuki Estate, Laura introduces herself to Karin as the successor of Matsuda Jiu-Jitsu and explains that she wants to fight only the best fighters to promote her fighting style. Karin, never one to decline a fight, accepts the challenge. Afterwards, Karin complements Laura on her moves while Laura thanks Karin for the match and immediately looks for a new challenger recommendation. Karin ponders for a moment and suddenly the story jumps to New Zealand where Ryu is found training.
Laura is is filled with joy to find the fighter who "looks strong." She quickly asks for a fight with the legendary street fighter, explaining that to fight with Ryu would be "very awesome." Ryu calmy allows Laura to fight him if she wants and of course she does. They have their battle and Laura is left impressed. She asked Ryu about a weird presence she felt coming from from his fists. Ryu asks if she means the Satsui no Hado, and Laura declares that she really liked it and thinks that it's a cool name. Ryu is left laughing about the encounter as Laura heads off for a new opponent.
Laura's last battle takes place in Russia where she talks to Zangief about all the fascinating fighters in the world that she has met. He agrees that fighting many people is great and that it also helps build muscle. The two grapplers square off to battle. When they finish, Zangief offers Laura a ticket to enter a talent scouting tournament for wrestlers. She gets going as soon as she can and thanks Zangief for everything. The story concludes back in Brazil with Sean wondering where his sister has gone.
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Our Free Counselling Service
Getting a Counselling Appointment: Monday to Friday 9.15 am - 2.30pm
There is no criteria for accessing this service. Contact us to let us know you want to start the counselling process. As this service is popular, we do have a waiting list. Your details will be added to this list, and we will contact you with further detailed information on how this service works. Once an appointment becomes available we will be in touch. If you accept the time, you will meet the same counsellor each week (same day and time) for up to ten sessions.
Our Counsellors
BA Fine Arts (University of New England), MGestTherapy (Gestalt Therapy Brisbane), Member of GANZ
Michelle is interested in working with a range of people from diverse backgrounds. She believes that within every woman lies the essential wisdom for growth and change. As a Gestalt therapist she believes it is through shared experience and insight, and by deepening self awareness, that each of us can be who we truly are and live our lives more fully.
Diploma of Professional Counselling (NZIPC ), Provisional Member NZAC
Mata is enthusiastic about working alongside women of all cultures and diverse backgrounds. Her aim is to create a non-judgemental, warm and empathetic space where women can become more self-aware, be able to create changes and develop personal growth.
Masters of Art Therapy (Whitecliffe College of Arts and Design, Auckland)
Arts therapy engages with various forms of creative expression, such as storytelling, poetry, free writing, painting, visualisation, drawing, movement and dance. These are the channels through which the person addresses both conscious and subconscious aspects of self. Each session is structured according to the client's specific needs, interests and their sense of timing and being in the world. Arijana trusts that each person has their own voice and resources within to effect the change that they desire.
Bachelor of Counselling (third year, Laidlaw College)
Jaz enjoys working with people from all walks of life and backgrounds. She aims to provide a therapeutic space that is client-focused, empathetic, and non-judgemental. Jaz has been trained in Person-Centred and Narrative Therapy. Her aim through counselling is to assist others to live life in a way that is aligned with their values and to achieve a sense of mental wellness and resilience.
Bachelor of Counselling (third year, Laidlaw College)
Alice feels honoured to be able to share in the exploration and transformation of her clients journeys. She believes that growth and healing stem from an environment of compassion and care and aims to provide women with a space that feels safe and nurturing. Engaging with the wisdom that the body holds, and integrating one's emotions, mind and body is an important part of her approach. Alice is trained in Person-Centred and Narrative Therapies.
Master of Counselling (first year, University of Canterbury)
My desire to counsel comes from a simple place of "wanting to be there" when an individual has nowhere else to go. I aim to create a safe space and be but a small anchor for just a fleeting moment in this journey that we all walk. I am particularly passionate about working with women as I believe that they have within themselves profound strength that sometimes requires a little nudge to be tapped into...and I aim to be this 'nudge'. While training in the Solution-focused modality I am keen and open to embracing other modalities into my box of life tools.
Bachelor of Counselling (second year, Vision College), Student Associate with NZCCA, Cert. TESOL
Irene is committed to working alongside with individuals from all backgrounds and cultures in the person-centred approach. She believes in a safe and nurturing environment to support client with issues around grief, loss, depression, anxiety, trauma, and spirituality.
Master of Counselling (first year, University of Canterbury), Diploma of Professional Counselling (NZIPC)
Karen is training in the Solution Focused modality, an approach which highlights a client's natural strengths, skills and resources to work towards finding solutions to life's challenges. Karen's gentle counselling style is one of care and respect, and her aim is to provide a space where women feel safe, heard and confident to move forward.


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Discover everything Scribd has to offer, including books and audiobooks from major publishers.
Healthcare professionals: Please see back of card for reference to the complete statement.
Name: _________________________________________ needs protection from INFECTIVE (BACTERIAL) ENDOCARDITIS because of an existing heart condition. Diagnosis: ______________________________________ Prescribed by: __________________________________ Date: __________________________________________You received this wallet card because you are at increased risk for developing adverse outcomes from infective endocarditis (IE), also known as bacterial endocarditis (BE). The guidelines for prevention of IE shown in this card are substantially different from previously published guidelines. This card replaces the previous card that was based on guidelines published in 1997. The American Heart Associations Endocarditis Committee together with national and international experts on IE extensively reviewed published studies in order to determine whether dental, gastrointestinal (GI), or genitourinary (GU) tract procedures are possible causes of IE. These experts determined that there is no conclusive evidence that links dental, GI, or GU tract procedures with the development of IE. The current practice of giving patients antibiotics prior to a dental procedure is no longer recommended EXCEPT for patients with the highest risk of adverse outcomes resulting from IE (see below on this card). The Committee cannot exclude the possibility that an exceedingly small number of cases, if any, of IE may be prevented by antibiotic prophylaxis prior to a dental procedure. If such benefit from prophylaxis exists, it should be reserved ONLY for those patients listed below. The Committee recognizes the importance of good oral and dental health and regular visits to the dentist for patients at risk of IE. The Committee no longer recommends administering antibiotics solely to prevent IE in patients who undergo a GI or GU tract procedure. Changes in these guidelines do not change the fact that your cardiac condition puts you at increased risk for developing endocarditis. If you develop signs or symptoms of endocarditissuch as unexplained fever see your doctor right away. If blood cultures are necessary (to determine if endocarditis is present), it is important for your doctor to obtain these cultures and other relevant tests BEFORE antibiotics are started. Antibiotic prophylaxis with dental procedures is reasonable only for patients with cardiac conditions associated with the highest risk of adverse outcomes from endocarditis, including: Prosthetic cardiac valve or prosthetic material used in valve repair Previous endocarditis Congenital heart disease only in the following categories: Unrepaired cyanotic congenital heart disease, including those with palliative shunts and conduits Completely repaired congenital heart disease with prosthetic material or device, whether placed by surgery or catheter intervention, during the first six months after the procedure* Repaired congenital heart disease with residual defects at the site or adjacent to the site of a prosthetic patch or prosthetic device (which inhibit endothelialization) Cardiac transplantation recipients with cardiac valvular disease*Prophylaxis is reasonable because endothelialization of prosthetic material occurs within six months after the procedure.
Dental procedures for which prophylaxis is reasonable in patients with cardiac conditions listed above.
All dental procedures that involve manipulation of gingival tissue or the periapical region of teeth, or perforation of the oral mucosa**Antibiotic prophylaxis is NOT recommended for the following dental procedures or events: routine anesthetic injections through noninfected tissue; taking dental radiographs; placement of removable prosthodontic or orthodontic appliances; adjustment of orthodontic appliances; placement of orthodontic brackets; and shedding of deciduous teeth and bleeding from trauma to the lips or oral mucosa.
OR Clindamycin OR Azithromycin or clarithromycin 500 mg 1 g IM or IV 600 mg IM or IV 15 mg/kg 50 mg/kg IM or IV 20 mg/kg IM or IV 600 mg 20 mg/kg
*IMintramuscular; IVintravenous **Or other first or second generation oral cephalosporin in equivalent adult or pediatric dosage. Cephalosporins should not be used in an individual with a history of anaphylaxis, angioedema or urticaria with penicillins or ampicillin. Gastrointestinal/Genitourinary Procedures: Antibiotic prophylaxis solely to prevent IE is no longer recommended for patients who undergo a GI or GU tract procedure, including patients with the highest risk of adverse outcomes due to IE. Other Procedures: Procedures involving the respiratory tract or infected skin, tissues just under the skin, or musculoskeletal tissue for which prophylaxis is reasonable are discussed in the updated document (reference below).Adapted from Prevention of Infective Endocarditis: Guidelines From the American Heart Association, by the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease. Circulation, 2007; 116: 1736-1754. Accessible at http://circ. ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095.
Healthcare ProfessionalsPlease refer to these recommendations for more complete information as to which patients and which procedures need prophylaxis.
The Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Dental Association has approved this statement as it relates to dentistry.
50-1605 0805


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Shocking Use of Acrylic
Kai Pak wrote us about his Tesla Coil project.
Hi. I'm a physics major at Portland State University wrapping up my degree shortly. This last quarter, I had an experimental physics class where my lab partner, Cristal Vann and I built a Tesla coil. I bought the plastics at your TAP Sandy Blvd. Portland store and wanted to send you pics of the completed device (maybe to post on facebook? :)). Calculated around 250 kV output.
Thanks so much for all your help. Your associate, David Golden, was kind, courteous, and just an awesome dude all around. -Kai Pak


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PESHAWAR: Chairman NAB Justice (retd) Javed Iqbal said that probing into corruption is not a crime.
Chairman NAB while addressing a ceremony in Peshawar said that its not a crime to ask questions about corruption. He said making queries about how and where it was done is duty of NAB.
During the press conference NAB Chief said that he will probe into corruption even if someone calls it crime.
Reaffirming his view about not tolerating corruption anymore, Chairman NAB Iqbal said that whatever the anti-corruption bureau was doing was doing so in best in best interest of the state.
He said no statuettes of limitations were crossed by NAB, adding that the Bureau remained in its constitutional jurisdictions. He said that the body was doing its job and will continue to do so in unveiling corruption in the country.
NAB Chairman recently came under fire by the ruling party, PML-N and Nawaz Sharif himself after a money laundering probe. The probe was into laundering $4.9 billion to India by Nawaz Sharif and other leaders in 2016.
The NAB chairman had taken notice of the corruption in a local news column. The column highlighted the laundering by former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and others. The column had claimed that the incident was mentioned in the World Bank's Migration and Remittance Book 2016.
However the World Bank had issued a statement on May 8 denying such claims. World Bank said it did not name any individuals or point towards instance of money laundering.
Nawaz Sharif has said to consult legal team for action against the baseless allegations of Chairman NAB. Nawaz Sharif said that the Bureau Chairman should either provide evidence or resign from his post.
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Come hang out, and meet other new parents at this casual talk! Carly will be sharing speech and language developmental milestones from age birth-one year and sharing strategies for encouraging language development from the start. She will also share about bilingualism, screen time, soother use, and answer YOUR questions.
This is a free meet-up for parents. No sign up necessary. All parents and caregivers welcome & of course babies!


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NEW YEAR, NEW FOCUS: #shareyourwhy
For many years, too many years, I spent more time consumed with how I looked instead of how I felt. I was so wrapped up in food and exercise that I wasn't aware of my energy. I needed to create space in my mind- just enough to gain some perspective. Just enough to realize I had the power within to shift my internal dialogue and could do so much more with the time and energy I was wasting! I could use that space in my brain to create. Todream!
I dreamt of building a community around mindful and intense movement that was welcoming, non-judgmental, and not at all about what you look like when you walk in the door. I dreamt of creating a movement that would force you to drop into the moment like nothing else. A movement that has a level of intensity and challenge that forces you to look at how you communicate with yourself.
Knowing that if you think you can't - you probably can't but - what if you allow yourself to lift yourself up? What if you said something positive to yourself? ABOUT yourself?What if you celebrate your strength? Not just in body, but in mind. If you can practice shifting your internal dialogue while being pushed to your physical limit - wouldn't it be that much easier to shift your dialogue when life throws you curve balls?! A-HA! This is it. THIS is FierceMovement. THIS is my why.
It's simple to say that my why behind creating Fierce45® and FierceMovement is "SelfLove" , but it has become so much more than that. It is a reflection of ME. This brand is my baby and my mirror; bringing me new successes and challenges each and every day - both on and off of the machine.
However, to this day the physical practice of FierceMovement never fails to shift my mind set - to make me FEEL good in my body and my mind and moreover in my spirit. Plus, if you FEEL good - that radiates!!!! Your energy absolutely effects everyone around you. I am reminded of a quote my dear friend Jacki Carr shared with our team recently, "Please take responsibility for the energy you bring into this space." - Dr Jill Bolte Taylor. Now I know everyone has bad days, sad days, or just plain off days - I know I do. But I know I NEVER regret taking a class and I know I will always feel better if I do. My hope is that my energy, my vulnerability, and my creativity SPARKS flames in others.
With that being said, as we move into 2019 we are making the BADASS student photo wall NO LONGER about how many classes you have taken - because it's not about that - but about your WHY. We want YOU to #shareyourwhy.
Be vulnerable with me. With Fierce. If it's too scary - that's ok. Write on the back of your photo so only you know. Or perhaps you will inspire someone else by being bold, vulnerable, and real. It doesn't have to be deep, but the deeper you go the more you will benefit….just saying ;)
With so much love,


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220146 has 8 divisors (see below), whose sum is σ = 440304. Its totient is φ = 73380.
The previous prime is 220141. The next prime is 220147. The reversal of 220146 is 641022.
Adding to 220146 its reverse (641022), we get a palindrome (861168).
It is a sphenic number, since it is the product of 3 distinct primes.
220146 is an admirable number.
It is a super-2 number, since 2×2201462 = 96928522632, which contains 22 as substring.
It is not an unprimeable number, because it can be changed into a prime (220141) by changing a digit.
It is a polite number, since it can be written in 3 ways as a sum of consecutive naturals, for example, 18340 + ... + 18351.
It is an arithmetic number, because the mean of its divisors is an integer number (55038).
2220146 is an apocalyptic number.
220146 is a primitive abundant number, since it is smaller than the sum of its proper divisors, none of which is abundant.
It is a pseudoperfect number, because it is the sum of a subset of its proper divisors.
220146 is a wasteful number, since it uses less digits than its factorization.
220146 is an evil number, because the sum of its binary digits is even.
The sum of its prime factors is 36696.
The product of its (nonzero) digits is 96, while the sum is 15.
The square root of 220146 is about 469.1971866923. The cubic root of 220146 is about 60.3814585720.
The spelling of 220146 in words is "two hundred twenty thousand, one hundred forty-six".
• e-mail: info -at- numbersaplenty.com • Privacy notice • done in 0.055 sec. • engine limits •


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Girl under forty, regardless of exactly how clever they are,
can ne'er change a matron's kiss upon the blvd.
Under a moonlit skies with memories of love,
A female over forty might trigger a male to dance.
Will I locate a fully grown promiscuous female if I look for one today?
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The Principia College Athletics Department announces the hire of Pete Paciorek as Director of Athletics, effective May 1. Paciorek brings extensive experience in leadership roles—as a coach, founder and CEO of a character-development program, and consultant for high-performance sport development. He served as Assistant Athletic Director and Head Baseball Coach at Principia College from 2006–2011. Paciorek's outstanding individual athletic record and exceptional ability to train student-athletes will take Principia's athletics program to new heights.
While previously at Principia, Paciorek boosted the baseball team's performance and mentored both student-athletes and other coaches. Paciorek then worked at IMG Academies, a leading sports training facility in Brandenton, Florida, where he served as Head Baseball Instructor and Camp Director, overseeing 40+ coaches and facilitating several different programs.
Paciorek's love of character development led him to establish Character Loves Company Inc. in 2016, an organization devoted to making meaningful connections with student-athletes and coaches in order to promote and develop character-building opportunities. Also in 2016, Paciorek published Character Loves Company–Defining the Teachable Moments in Sports: A Guidebook to Character Literacy Development.
Paciorek played professional baseball for nine years in MLB organizations, including time with the Los Angeles Dodgers organization. He played for the California League and Southern League Championship teams as well as for the San Diego Padres organization.
"There's a rich history of athletic success at Principia College, and I am honored by this leadership opportunity," Paciorek says. "I look forward to working with the coaches, student-athletes, faculty, staff, and administration to continue to promote excellence in the classroom, in athletics, as well as in the community. I also want to express gratitude for all that Dr. Lee Ellis has done as the Athletics Director over the past decade, as well as for Brian Gavaletz, who has graciously served as Interim Athletics Director over the past four months.
"We are delighted to welcome Paciorek back to campus, and look forward to working together to enhance our student-athletes' experience," said Dr. Joseph Ritter, Provost.
Paciorek will be accompanied by his wife, Sara, and their three young children.
About Principia College:
An NCAA Division III school, Principia College enrolls students from 37 states and 31 nations. The faculty at Principia College includes world-class scientists, published authors, noted historians, and celebrated artists and musicians. Active, experiential learning opportunities abound across the curriculum and in co-curricular activities. The only college in the world where faculty and students are Christian Scientists, Principia provides an outstanding liberal arts academic program in a unique learning environment that supports students' spiritual growth.