text:
A Point-of-Care Platelet Function Assay and C-Reactive Protein for Prediction of Major Cardiovascular Events After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation
Author + information
- Received August 23, 2011
- Accepted September 5, 2011
- Published online December 13, 2011.
Author Information
- Duk-Woo Park, MD⁎,
- Seung-Whan Lee, MD⁎,
- Sung-Cheol Yun, PhD†,
- Hae-Geun Song, MD⁎,
- Jung-Min Ahn, MD⁎,
- Jong-Young Lee, MD⁎,
- Won-Jang Kim, MD⁎,
- Soo-Jin Kang, MD⁎,
- Young-Hak Kim, MD⁎,
- Cheol Whan Lee, MD⁎,
- Seong-Wook Park, MD⁎ and
- Seung-Jung Park, MD⁎,⁎ (sjpark{at}amc.seoul.kr)
- ↵⁎Reprint requests and correspondence:
Dr. Seung-Jung Park, Department of Cardiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 388-1 Poongnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea
Objectives This study sought to investigate clinical utility of on-site platelet function test and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Background Data on long-term prognostic value of high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) on clopidogrel after PCI are limited. As a distinct biological pathway, CRP has been suggested to be associated with post-PCI atherothrombotic events.
Methods We evaluated 2,849 patients who received drug-eluting stents (DES) and had post-PCI VerifyNow P2Y12 assays (Accumetrics, San Diego, California) performed. Among them, baseline CRP measurement was available in 2,546 patients. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and stroke.
Results During follow-up (median, 2.2 years), the occurrence of the primary endpoint did not significantly differ among patients with and without HTPR (2.8% vs. 2.4% at 2 years; hazard ratio [HR]: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88 to 2.01; p = 0.18). By contrast, patients with elevated CRP levels were at significantly higher risk for the primary endpoint, as compared with those with nonelevated CRP levels (5.6% vs. 1.7% at 2 years; HR: 2.81, 95% CI:, 1.83 to 4.31; p < 0.001). The VerifyNow test had no incremental usefulness to classify long-term risk. However, the incorporation of CRP into a model with conventional clinical and procedural risk factors significantly improved the C-statistic for the prediction of the primary endpoint (0.729 to 0.759; p = 0.03).
Conclusions We failed to identify that HTPR measured by VerifyNow P2Y12 assay was significantly associated with long-term atherothrombotic risks in patients receiving DES. However, elevated CRP levels were significantly associated with worse outcomes and had incremental predictive values over conventional risk factors.
The clinical importance of clopidogrel has been intensified in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DES), which have been associated with the ongoing propensity for late stent thrombosis, necessitating the prolonged use of dual antiplatelet therapy (1). However, a wide interindividual response to clopidogrel has been observed, and high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) is associated with adverse ischemic events after PCI (2). Multiple studies suggested a relationship between HTPR, measured by point-of-care assays, and post-PCI ischemic events (3–6). However, these studies were hampered by the small number of events, few patients, or limited duration of follow-up. It is unknown whether HTPR associated with the risks for periprocedural or mid-term events are the same as those associated with long-term risks.
As a distinct biological pathway, the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP) has been postulated to be a hemostatic risk factor predicting atherothrombosis, and our previous observation suggested that a high level of CRP was associated with stent thrombosis or major cardiovascular events in patients treated with DES (7,8).
Coupled with suggested relationships of HTPR and CRP with serious clinical events, enhanced risk assessment with addition of these laboratory assays on conventional clinical and procedural risk factors would be of great clinical value if it could more accurately identify "high-risk" patients. Therefore, as a primary study objective, we tested the hypothesis that HTPR measured by the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay (Accumetrics, San Diego, California) is associated with long-term atherothrombotic events in patients receiving DES. Secondarily, on an a priori basis, we compared the incremental usefulness of onsite platelet function assay and CRP from different biological pathways to predict clinical outcome in such patients.
Study population
Patients were eligible to be enrolled if they had undergone PCI with at least 1 DES for stable angina or ischemia, or non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Study patients were consecutively enrolled at the Asan Medical Center (Seoul, Korea) between March 2006 and December 2009. All patients undergoing PCI were prescribed aspirin (loading dose, 200 mg) and received optimal clopidogrel treatment (defined as a maintenance of 75 mg/day therapy for >5 days or a loading dose of 300 or 600 mg ≥12 h before PCI). After the procedure, patients were prescribed aspirin (100 to 200 mg once daily) indefinitely and clopidogrel (75 mg once daily) for at least 12 months, regardless of DES type. Treatment beyond this duration was at the discretion of the physician.
Patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (MI), those with periprocedural use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and those with a known platelet function disorder or thrombocytopenia (platelet count of <80 × 103/μl) were excluded. Patients were also excluded if they presented with cardiogenic shock, had concomitant inflammatory conditions (such as active infection, inflammatory arthritis, or connective tissue disease) or malignancies, or had a contraindication to aspirin or clopidogrel.
This study was approved by the institutional review board of Asan Medical Center, and all patients provided written informed consent.
Laboratory measurements of platelet reactivity and CRP
Platelet function was assessed with the VerifyNow P2Y12 test 24 to 48 h post-PCI, the time at which the study patients would be expected to be near or at their steady-state level of platelet inhibition immediately before discharge. This test has been previously described in detail (9). The instrument measures platelet-induced aggregation as an increase in light transmittance and uses a proprietary algorithm to report values in P2Y12 reaction units (PRU). The device also provides an estimated inhibition without a pre-clopidogrel sample by reporting the ratio of the results of the ADP-PGE1 and iso-TRAP channels (VerifyNow % inhibition).
Considering the biological plausibility and the reported associations with cardiovascular events, we also measured baseline CRP levels in study patients. Fasting blood samples were obtained in the morning before the procedure. CRP was assayed using a latex-enhanced high-sensitivity CRP immunoassay (COBAS INTEGRA, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) (8). All laboratory testing (VerifyNow P2Y12 assay and CRP values) was performed by personnel blinded to patient information and study objectives.
Endpoints, definitions, and follow-up
The primary endpoint was the first occurrence of major cardiovascular events defined as a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal MI, stent thrombosis, and stroke. The principal secondary endpoints were death from any cause; MI, stent thrombosis; stroke (from any cause); target vessel revascularization; a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal MI, stent thrombosis, or stroke; and bleeding, according to the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) criteria (10).
All deaths were considered to be from cardiovascular causes unless an unequivocal noncardiovascular cause could be established. The diagnosis of acute MI was based on the universal definition of MI (11). Periprocedural or post-procedural elevations of cardiac enzymes were disregarded if ischemic signs or symptoms were absent. Stent thrombosis was assessed by the Academic Research Consortium criteria (12), with the pre-specified component of primary composite outcome being definite or probable. Stroke, as detected by the occurrence of a new neurological deficit, was confirmed by a neurologist and on imaging. Target vessel revascularization was defined as any percutaneous or surgical revascularization of the target vessel. Major and all types of (major, minor, or minimal) bleedings were assessed in accordance with TIMI criteria. All study endpoints were confirmed on the basis of source documentation from medical records and were adjudicated by an independent group of clinicians blinded to the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay and CRP values.
In this study, HTPR was defined by a PRU value >235 and/or a % inhibition <15%. This cutoff was chosen because it was similar to the cutoff (PRU and % inhibition) suggested by a prior observation of a similar ethnic population that used receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis to define the optimal cutoff of the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay for prediction HTPR on standard light transmittance aggregometry (13). The cutoff is also similar with other studies (14,15). Based on the cutoff point suggested in the literature and in our previous report (8,16), CRP levels ≥3 mg/l were considered elevated. These cutoff points of the P2Y12 assay and CRP values were pre-specified in the study protocol. In our practice, alteration of antiplatelet therapy was not done according to the results of the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay or CRP measurements.
Clinical, procedural, and outcome data were prospectively collected by independent research personnel unaware of the study aims and entered into a central database, as previously described (8). Clinical follow-up after PCI was performed via office visit or telephone contact at 1, 6, and 12 months and then every 6 months thereafter. At these visits, data pertaining to patients' clinical status, all interventions, outcome events, and adverse events were recorded. Adherence to antiplatelet medication was routinely assessed at each time of follow-up contact and also verified by pharmacy refill data. For validation of complete follow-up data, information about vital status was obtained from the National Population Registry of the Korea National Statistical Office with the use of a unique personal identification number.
Statistical methods
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD and were compared with the t test or Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables are reported as frequencies (%) and were compared with the chi-square statistic or Fisher exact test, as appropriate.
A total sample of 3,000 observations was computed to achieve 90% power at a 2-sided 0.05 significance level to detect a hazard ratio (HR) ≥2.0 with a Cox regression of the log HR on a binary covariate (high vs. normal on-treatment platelet reactivity) with a 25% or greater prevalence. The sample size was adjusted for an anticipated rate of the primary endpoint of 4.0% at a median follow-up of 2 years (17).
We used a Cox proportional hazards model to compare clinical endpoints between patients with HTPR and those without HTPR. In addition, the relationship between different degrees of platelet reactivity (PRU or % P2Y12 inhibition by quintiles or continuous model) and outcomes were evaluated. Survival analysis for patients with and without HTPR was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the differences between groups were assessed by the log-rank test.
After evaluating the relation to CRP to clinical outcomes with the use of Cox proportional hazards regression, we compared the incremental value of incorporating HTPR or elevated CRP levels into the context of conventional clinical and procedural characteristics, for prediction of primary endpoint. Estimates of the C-statistic for the Cox regression models were calculated according to the method of Pencina et al. (18). Differences in C-statistics (with 95% confidence interval [CI]) after the addition of the laboratory markers to a model with conventional clinical and procedural risk factors were obtained through the bootstrap percentile method (200 replicates) (19). All reported p values are 2-sided, and p values <0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. SAS software, version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina) was used for statistical analysis.
Patient characteristics
During enrollment period, 3,370 patients underwent an index PCI and had VerifyNow P2Y12 assays performed 24 to 48 h after the procedure. Among them, a total of 2,849 patients met the study inclusion criteria and met none of the criteria for exclusion (Fig. 1).
Baseline characteristics of the entire population and of the patients according to the magnitude of platelet reactivity are shown in Table 1. HTPR was observed in 58.3% of the study population. Covariates of HTPR included older age, female sex, higher body mass index, and hypertension. Types of DES used were sirolimus-eluting stents (41.5% of the population), paclitaxel-eluting stents (12.5%), zotarolimus-eluting stents (19.9%), everolimus-eluting stents (15.5%), Resolute zotarolimus-eluting stents (8.0%, Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota), and other DES (2.5%), and did not significantly differ among patients with or without HTPR. Status of antiplatelet therapy and cardiac-related medications are summarized in Table 2. All patients received optimal clopidogrel pre-treatment before the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. The status of dual antiplatelet therapy at different time intervals did not differ between patients with and without HTPR.
Association of VerifyNow P2Y12 assay with clinical outcomes
The median follow-up was 2.2 years (interquartile range: 1.3 to 3.4 years). Clinical follow-up completeness is shown in Table 2. During follow-up, the primary endpoint occurred in 96 patients (2-year cumulative rate, 2.6%); a total of 72 patients died, 10 patients had nonfatal acute MI, 6 had definite or probable stent thrombosis, and 26 had a stroke. Target vessel revascularization was performed in 140 patients, and major bleeding occurred in 27 patients.
The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the event rate for the primary endpoint at 2 years was 2.8% in patients with HTPR and 2.4% in patients without HTPR (HR: 1.33; 95% CI: 0.88 to 2.01; p = 0.18) (Fig. 2, Table 3). Overall results were the same if just a PRU value >235 was used for the definition of HTPR (with this criteria, 56.0% had HTPR; HR: 1.37; 95% CI: 0.91 to 2.07; p = 0.13). Stratification by quintiles based on platelet reactivity (PRU value or % P2Y12 inhibition) also demonstrated no significant difference in primary outcomes among quintiles (Online Fig. 1). In addition, PRU value (HR: 1.001, 95% CI: 0.998 to 1.003, p = 0.57) or % P2Y12 inhibition (HR: 1.006, 95% CI: 0.997 to 1.014, p = 0.18) as a continuous variable was not associated with increasing risk for the primary endpoint. There was also no significant difference in the risk of individual and composite secondary endpoints among patients with or without HTPR.
Association of CRP levels with clinical outcomes
Baseline CRP was concomitantly measured in 2,546 patients (Fig. 1) and elevated CRP (≥3.0 mg/l) was observed in 24.7% of patients. Characteristics of the entire population and of the patients according to elevated versus non-elevated CRP levels are shown in Online Table 1.
During follow-up, there were progressive and significantly higher increases in primary endpoint in patients with elevated CRP levels than in those with non-elevated CRP levels (Fig. 3, Table 4). These results were also consistent with a broad range of clinical presentations (HR: 3.08, 95% CI: 1.73 to 5.47, p < 0.001 for stable angina vs. HR: 2.88, 95% CI: 1.50 to 5.55, p = 0.002 for acute coronary syndrome; p for interaction = 0.64). The association remained significant even after adjustment for other significant covariates or multiple potential confounders. The HRs for each component of mortality, MI, stent thrombosis, or stroke or secondary composite outcome range from 2 to 3, consistently (but not always statistically significantly) higher risk for patients with elevated CRP levels. However, there was no association between CRP levels and the risk of revascularization or bleeding.
Incremental usefulness of VerifyNow P2Y12 assay or CRP over conventional risk factors for prediction of clinical outcomes
Table 5 summarizes the improvements in model discrimination when adding HTPR or elevated CRP levels into a model with the conventional clinical and procedural risk factors for the prediction of the primary endpoint. The addition of HTPR did not significantly improve the C-statistic for predicting outcomes. However, when elevated CRP levels were incorporated into the model with conventional risk factors, the C-statistic increased significantly.
Relationship and outcomes according to VerifyNow P2Y12 assay and CRP
There was no significant correlation between the magnitude of platelet reactivity and CRP values (Online Fig. 2). Kaplan-Meier curves of the cumulative probability of the primary endpoint according to the combined status of platelet reactivity and CRP are illustrated in Figure 4. In patients with elevated CRP levels, there was a continuous separation of the events curves according to high versus normal platelet reactivity; however, these findings were not observed in patients with non-elevated CRP levels (p = 0.02 for interaction). Consequently, patients with both HTPR and elevated CRP levels were the highest-risk group for future atherothrombotic events.
In our large cohort of patients with DES implantation, HTPR, as measured by the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay, failed to predict long-term risk of major cardiovascular events. By contrast, our data suggested that elevated CRP levels were significantly associated with atherothrombotic events and also had incremental predictive values beyond on classical risk factors.
In contrast with our findings, several studies suggested a strong association between VerifyNow P2Y12 assays and adverse events in patients with coronary stenting (3,6,14). However, given the small number of events, limited patient populations, and the frequent use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors highly interfering with the P2Y12 assay, some studies should be interpreted with caution, and the robustness of conclusions is limited (3,6). A recent large observational study suggested that the VerifyNow test was significantly associated with atherothrombotic events (14). In this study, however, HTPR cluster with traditional clinical risk factors (i.e., old age, high body mass index, diabetes, low ejection fraction) for cardiovascular events. Therefore, independent association of HTPR with clinical outcomes after adjustment for these concomitant risk factors should be evaluated to clarify whether "in vitro" platelet reactivity has direct causality for clinical events or whether it functions as just a marker.
The GRAVITAS (Gauging Responsiveness with A VerifyNow assay–Impact on Thrombosis And Safety) trial is the first large-scale clinical trial to test tailored antiplatelet therapy based on the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay in patients who received DES (15). This trial does not support high-dose clopidogrel in patients with HTPR. In addition, similar to our findings, there was no significant association of HTPR with the clinical endpoint in patients on standard clopidogrel therapy; moreover, this association could be weaker if adjustment for a higher prevalence of concomitant risk factors in the high-reactivity group were to be done. However, because of the relatively small number of events and a clinically low-risk population in both cases—the GRAVITAS trial and the current study—more large clinical studies with longer-term follow-up are mandatory to confirm whether alteration of antiplatelet therapy based on platelet function assay actually improves outcomes and to propose how these measurements may be used in the future care of patients.
In agreement with previous findings (7,8,20), the current study also demonstrated that elevated CRP was significantly associated with increased risks of major cardiovascular events in patients receiving DES. The biological plausibility in this group has been described elsewhere (8). In clinical practice, there may be substantial interest in the use of a readily available and simple marker, such as point-of-care platelet function tests or serum biomarkers, to identify high-risk patients for future cardiovascular events who could be targeted for preventive measures. Our study suggests that elevated CRP levels could more accurately identify a high risk for major cardiovascular events in patients receiving DES. However, we did not observe the long-term prognostic value of HTPR, as measured by the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. Interestingly, on the basis of the observed differences of outcomes according to platelet reactivity in patients with elevated CRP levels, one might pose the hypothesis that elevated CRP could indicate a higher-risk population who may benefit from a selective platelet function test or tailoring antiplatelet therapy. Similarly, in the CREDO (Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation) trial, patients with elevated CRP had increased atherothrombotic events, and the clinical benefit of clopidogrel seems greater in those with elevated CRP, but not lower CRP (21). A similar proof of concept was also documented in a large clinical trial with statin treatment (22).
In our study, the rates of the primary endpoint were lower than expected and were lower than rates reported in other studies (3–6,14), for reasons that remain unclear. This could be explained in part by differences in clinical or lesion characteristics, interventional practice, or race or ethnic group between our population of patients and those enrolled in earlier studies, as previously noted (8,23,24). By contrast, the rate of HTPR in our population was higher than rates reported in other studies (3,6,14,15), even though similar cutoff levels for HTPR were used among studies. This may be related in part to the significantly higher incidence of the Asian population having specific alleles on CYP2C19 that are associated with poor metabolization of clopidogrel, as compared with the Western population (25,26). In addition, there may be the possibility of inter-racial variability of platelet reactivity as noted in another study (27). Further studies may be needed to determine the complex relationships of genetic polymorphisms, platelet function assays, and outcomes in different ethnic populations.
Study limitations
First, our study evaluated nonrandomized, observational data. Second, given the relatively infrequent occurrence of hard endpoints, our analysis was underpowered to detect a clinically significant difference in the outcomes, and nonsignificant findings with platelet function test might have been significant with a larger cohort of patients. Therefore, our findings should be confirmed or refuted through larger clinical studies with long-term follow-up. Third, we did not perform serial measurements of the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay and CRP. Platelet reactivity or inflammatory status might be variable over time. Also, optimal platelet reactivity may vary in the early or late period after PCI. Finally, since the prognostic value of other various platelet function tests was not tested, the direct application of our findings to other studies or testing may be limited.
In our cohort of patients treated with DES, the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay failed to predict the risk of cardiovascular events. However, high CRP levels were significantly associated with long-term outcomes, suggesting that CRP measurement might be useful for risk stratification for these patients.
For supplementary figures and a table, please see the online version of this paper.
A Point-of-Care Platelet Function Assay and C-Reactive Protein for Prediction of Major Cardiovascular Events After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation[S0735109711034498_mmc1.doc]
This study was partly supported by the Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Seoul, Korea, and by a grant from the Korea Health 21 R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Korea (A102065).
The authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. Drs. D.-W. Park and S.-W. Lee contributed equally to this work.
- Abbreviations and Acronyms
- confidence interval
- C-reactive protein
- drug-eluting stent
- hazard ratio
- high on-treatment platelet reactivity
- myocardial infarction
- percutaneous coronary intervention
- P2Y12 reaction unit(s)
- Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction
- Received August 23, 2011.
- Accepted September 5, 2011.
- American College of Cardiology Foundation
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The best (and worst) hedge funds so far in 2015

Julian Robertson's cubs may have been roarin' so far this year but as good as their performance was, it wasn't good enough for them to crack into the top five.

Zero Hedge has just released a 20 best (and worst) performing hedge funds for 2015 list and surprisingly, none of the usual suspects – save for John Burbank's Passport Capital – were on it.

Burbank's Passport Special Opportunities Fund came in third this year with a huge 29.18% return through July 31, while Simon Sadler's Segantii Asia-Pacific Equity Multi-Strategy Fund came in second with an eye-popping 32.19% return through August 28. Topping them all though is Joseph Edelman's Perceptive Life Sciences Offshore Fund, which boasts a Druckemiller-esque 35.34% return through August 21. Here's the rest of the top five:

Place
 Fund name
 Return
 Date

4th
 Lucerne Capital Fund
 23.33%
 July 31

5th
 Alcentra Global Special Situations Fund
 22.79%
 July 31

And here are the bottom three:

Fund name
 Return
 Date

Dorset Energy Fund
 -24.54%
 August 28

Elm Ridge Capital Partners
 -18.04%
 August 31

Tulip Trend Fund
 -16.73%
 August 31

Forever haters, Zero Hedge would like to point out that John Paulson has stopped publishing his performance figures entirely.
 Photo: Damon Green

ETFs may wobble, but can they 'flash crash'?

Wobbly markets and international turmoil can get the best of even a seasoned investor. Take a look at what happened in the world of ETFs. When the Dow Jones Industrials plunged 10% on Black Monday, some ETFs went all haywire. The much-loved vehicle for Main Street suddenly stopped making sense.

Kim Arthur, of Main Management, told ETF.com that the August 24 mayhem was reminiscent of the May 2010 flash crash.

Just to recall what happened: In the early trading hours, ETFs suffered a massive sell-off, with some funds seeing close to 50% losses. The iShares Select Divident fund was down 36%. And the Guggenheim S&P 500 Equal Weight dropped 42%. Skittish investors sold the funds at huge discounts, only to see the security prices bounce back in minutes. Some investors were stalled for up to 20 minutes trying to log into their accounts, creating pent-up sell stops that slammed the market.

Arthur says players aren't playing close enough attention to trade executions and keeping realistic bid/ask spreads.
 "I had thought, along with that flash crash in 2010, [regulators] told market makers they had to have some reasonable tolerance within your bid and your offers; otherwise, you cannot be making a market. You have to get out of the way," Arthur said. "It seems like we saw that again [August 24]."
 Not so, says Ed Rosenberg, head of ETF Capital Market and Analytics for FlexShares. You can't compare the original "flash crash" of 2010 to a quick downturn in ETFs, he argues. "Its almost impossible for the ETFs to crash on their own," says Rosenberg. ETFs are tied so closely to the underlying securities that there needs to be serious price dislocation from securities for that to happen. Price dislocations do happen, but they self correct within seconds. "Those last so short it's unbelievable," says Rosenberg.

The market did exactly what it was supposed to do August 24, but ETF investors freaked out, writes Dave Nadig in FactSet. For example during the first hour of the market's open, trading in the Guggenheim S&P 500 Equal Weight ETF (RSP) only happened in 15 to 30 second bursts between halts. Any move of more than 10% within a five minute window triggers a halt, meaning trading halted four times on down moves and six times on up moves.

Most investors are "smart enough to treat their ETFs...as long term asset allocation vehicles," says Nadig. The day to day swings can be scary, but most people recognize that it's part of holding such an investment.

Investors do need to understand that an ETF isn't to be traded like a stock, says Rosenberg. ETFs seem to trade like stocks, but stocks are driven by supply and demand, where ETFs are tied to the underlying securities, he says.

Unlike mutual funds, which just trade once a day at the closing net asset value price, ETFs have to weather the daily trading storms, says Ben Carlson in his blog "A Wealth of Common Sense." "Whenever something goes wrong in the markets (read: losses), people tend to look for someone or something to blame," writes Carlson. It's not the ETFs' fault if an investor put in a sell order and gets stuck with the market's price for the fund. ETF traders should expect this, but long term investors needn't worry. Panics can and will happen on occasion, says Carlson. The trick is just to not be forc

Top Ten Investment Scams Ever

Every year, over 31 million purchasers are victimized by investment fraud. The medium loss per investor is roughly $15,000. Individual losses run into hundreds of thousands of dollars. Most remarkable is that financial swindle targets ranked above financial non-victims with percentages of 58% and 41% respectively.

Why do many get scammed The #1 rule in fraud is "Don't breed any mistrust." High returns can go overlooked for decades. But, like Bernie Madoff shows, it will all show up at the end of the day. In 2013, the SEC listed over 700 enforcement efforts for investment scams.

A look at fraud would have to go back centuries to 300 BC. That's about the timie a Greek merchant named Hegestratos took out an insurance policy. The merchant would borrow money and pay it back with interest on a ship's cargo arrived. If the loan isn't paid back, the lender had the rights to acquire the boat and its freight.

Hegestratos conspired with a few friends to empty his boat, sink it, keep the loan and sell the corn. His plan didn't really work out. The ship's crew and passengers caught him in the act and he drowned trying to escape.
 Investment Scams: The First Insider Trading Scheme
 Just a few years after American became a nation, it produced it first fraud. In the late 18th century, American bonds were like junk-bonds are today. Every wind of news about the colonies' fortunes cause the value of the bonds to fluctuate. The trick for the investor was to be able to anticipate which direction a bond's value was headed.

Alexander Hamilton, Treasury Secretary, worked to restructure American finance by replacing a variety of bonds issued by the colonies with bonds from the new country's central bank.

William Duer, assistant secretary of the Treasury, was in the perfect spot to get in some profitable insider trading. Duer was among the first to know news which would drive up bond prices. He would tip his friends, trade in his portfolio and then leak that information to the public. Then all Duer had to do was set back and sell off bonds and make an easy profit.
 Top Ten Investment Scams

 Charles Ponzi – $20 million lost by investors

Everyone has heard of "Ponzi scheme. It is titled after Charles Ponzi's famous scheme where he promised profits of 50% in 45 days. Tenured investors were paid off with money from fresh investors.

Lesson: Get an independent 3rd party to write the statements

 Barry Minkow – Loss calculated at $100 million

When he was 19, Minkow saw his rug washing company go public and eventually reach $200 million in capitalization. Using false records and sales slips, it appears Minkow had built a huge and profitable business. Clients who were suspicious about overcharges on their invoices headed to an inquiry which uncovered Minkow's revenue figures. Minkow was sentenced regarding almost 60 felonies.

Lesson: Again — Get a reliable 3rd party accountant is reviewing the statements.

 Jordan Belfort – Loss $200 million

Jordan Belfort was the subject of the TK movie "Wolf of Wall Street." Belfort reached the silver screen by running a pump-and-dump scam in the 90s where agents would force up the cost of usually, junk stock and then ca

Dan Loeb's books: Recommended reading list

Daniel Seth Loeb is the founder of the New York based hedge fund Third Point LLC, which at the end of the third quarter of 2014 reported assets under management of $17.5 billion.

The outspoken and prominent value investor founded the hedge fund in 1995 and is currently responsible for the business activities of Third Point. He is also the managing member and chairman of Third Point, LLC.

Dan Loeb is known for his explicit public letters regarding the performance and actions of other financial executives. His mocking letters are an entertaining yet the thought-provoking approach of addressing and disapproving a certain serious issue.

For more on Dan Loeb, head over to ValueWalk's Dan Loeb Resource Page, where you can find a detailed rundown of his background, bio, and investment philosophy.
 Dan Loeb: Recommended books
 Reminiscences of a Stock Operator

Edwin Lefevre. Loeb calls the book a classic. The book is the thinly disguised biography of Jesse Livermore, a remarkable character who first started speculating in New England bucket shops at the turn of the century. Livermore, who was banned from these shady operations because of his winning ways, soon moved to Wall Street where he made and lost his fortune several times over. What makes this book so valuable are the observations that Lefèvre records about investing, speculating, and the nature of the market itself.

You Can Be a Stock Market Genius

Joel Greenblatt. Greenblatt's book explains how best to invest such as spin-offs, mergers, risk arbitrage, etc. Loeb uses many of the strategies discussed in this book in his own investing strategy. Loeb is now alone in his admiration of the book. Seth Klarman also recommends Greenblatt's book on his list of favorite books as detailed here.

Financial Shenanigans

Howard Schilit. The author details various tricks that management have used, and will continue to use in the future. They consist of various manipulations of the income statement, and the cash flow statement.

The Art of Short Selling

Kathryn Staley. A book about finding tricks used by management in financial statements, and using the information to short the company.

The Power of Story

Jim Loehr. Loeb's favorite "non-investing" book. Loeb stated that the book can "change your destiny in business and in life."

You've Gotta Be Kidding Me: That story about a fund making $1B on Black Monday? Impossible!

Remember those stories you read about a "Black Swan" fund that made $1 billion on Black Monday?

"It's all marketing garbage," says Tom Sosnoff, a trader and co-host of TastyTrade. In a 15-minute video, Sosnoff along with his co-host Tony Battista, eviscerate a story that Mark Spitznagel of Universa Investments made $1 billion on August 24, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged 10% at the open.

It isn't even remotely possible, says Sosnoff who took out a pencil and paper to do the math.

Battista figures that if Universa had $250 million in capital to invest in put options (which Spitznagel claimed to have deployed), the fund would have needed to trade more than 60,000 in options (in one scenario) and more than 300,000 in options, in another possible scenario. The market didn't trade anywhere near that volume. At the open, the open interest stood at 83 in the first scenario and just over 9,000 in the second.

"This scares me," says Sosnoff. Spitznagel was splashed on every major media outlet -- from Bloomberg to The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times. "How does it work? I just don''t get it. Can't anybody do the math?"

Watch this episode of "You've Got to Be Kidding Me" on TastyTrade and let us know what you think.

h/t The Reformed Broker

NexAmerica People Moves: Fortress exec departs; Stanford Management CEO leaves for Credit Suisse

Fortress hedge fund exec departs firm. Stuart Bohart, president of the firm's hedge fund unit, is leaving the firm after five years. Fortress' macro trading business has suffered recently from disappointing performance and outflows. Bohart previously worked as co-head of Morgan Stanley's asset management unit. Wall Street Journal

Credit Suisse hedge fund arm hires former Stanford Management CEO. John Powers, former president and CEO, is leaving the Stanford University endowment to lead Credit Suisse Asset Management's new hedge fund initiative. Powers will be launching a strategy that invests in the equity of hedge fund managers. Institutional Investor
 Photo: ©iStock.com/ooyoo

NexAmerica People Moves: Northern Trust adds to Canada team; BlackRock alpha strategies head to retire

Northern Trust added institutional sales v.p. Nick Petruccelli has joined Northern Trust for the newly created position of senior v.p. for institutional sales in Canada. Petruccelli will be responsible for building the custody and asset servicing business with pensions funds, endowments and foundations. Petruccelli most recently worked as head of sales and business development at Larsen & Toubro Infotech. Pensions & Investments

BlackRock alpha strategies head to retire. Quintin Price, the lead behind the $944 billion alpha strategies group, will retire next year. Price will return to London, and will continued to work with the firm as senior advisor through next summer. The 54-year-old Price has been with the firm since 2005, and has led the alpha strategies group since its start in 2012. Reuters

Nikko Asset Management hires institutional business head. Nikko Australia hired Eddy Schipper to the newly created role. Schipper previously worked as executive director of Asia Pacific investor relations for IFM Investors. Investor Daily
 Photo: ©iStock.com/ooyoo

The China survival guide: Foreign funds change strategy

As China's markets are consumed by panic and paranoia, foreign investment funds are in a scramble to switch their strategies and generate some upside from the chaos, or at least mitigate some of their loses.

According to Reuters, there have been range of responses to the implosion. Here are a few of the strategies funds are adopting to survive the rout:

Looking to Hong kong. Those who still remain bullish on China's long terms prospects are now looking for more opportunities in the territory where valuations are lower. Another main attraction is that the market is better regulated and less subject to whims of Beijing officials than Shanghai and Shenzhen.

Shorting Asian currencies. While the bearish sentiment on Asian currencies has eased recently, those that still see the decline in the yuan, and fall in national exports, as a precursor to more economic pain down the line are betting against the currencies of China's Asian trading partners.

Shorting banks with heavy China exposure. Many of the same pessimists going short on Asian currencies are also banking on the decline of those with massive China exposure, particularly UL-headquartered banks like HSBC Holdings, and Standard Chartered.

Buying US mortgage-backed bonds. Some are investing in this area in the expectation that the wealthy Chinese looking for a safe haven will pull capital out of China and pour it into US real estate.

...or just staying focused on China. Instead of fleeing the mainland completely some are just becoming more targeted. Fidelity Investments, for example, is seeking value in specific high-growth business, particularly in the consumer space, that were undervalued even before the meltdown.
 Photo: Lwp Kommunikáció, Bear Grylls Ventures

Leon Cooperman blames risk parity for market chaos

Last week JPMorgan Chase & Co. (NYSE:JPM) Chase & Co. warned its clients that Volatility Target strategies, CTAs and Risk Parity portfolios could sell a combined total of $150 billion to $300 billion of equities during the next few weeks as momentum drives selling (Concerns Over Risk Parity Grow [Cont.])

The report from JPMorgan came a few days after the Financial Times published an article on the risks that Risk Parity strategies posed to the global bond market. The Financial Times cited a new report from AllianceBernstein (Introduction to Tail Risk Parity an old copy of the paper can be found here), which estimates that risk parity is now a $400 billion industry. Assuming an average leverage ratio of 355%, these funds control around $1.4 trillion in assets.

Leon Cooperman on risk parity
 Reports from the Financial Times, AllianceBernstein and JPMorgan all imply that Risk Parity is a disaster waiting to happen. And Leon Cooperman, the founder of Omega Advisors just joined the party.

Within his August letter to investors, Cooperman blamed Omega's poor returns (year to date Omega's funds are down between 6% and 11% according to Omega's letter to investors reviewed by ValueWalk) on "price-insensitive" investors.

Our investment process, grounded in fundamental company research, with a capital marketr overview designed to help us gauge appropriate risk asset exposure, has served us well since our inception 23 years ago, and we believe in its continued effectiveness. The firm has virtually no debit balance, and we like what we own.
 With respect to the investment outlook, we believe that shares in the U.S. will end the year higher. A slowing in China's economic growth, the surprise devaluation of the yuan in August, continued weak oil and commodity prices, and uncertainty as to the timing of the first Federal Reserve rate hike, all contributed to an initial weakness in U.S. and global equity markets in late August. However, these factors, we believe, cannot fully explain the maenitude and velocity of the decline in equity markets last month. We think that much of that decline can Ix attributed to systematic/technical investors that are price-insensitive and largely indifferent to fundamentals. Such investors include risk-parity funds, derivative hedgers, trend-following CTA's, and insurance variable-annuity programs.

The month of August was a bad one for global risk markets and a bad one for Omega. The S&P 500 dropped 6%, its worst monthly decline in over three years. Our various investment funds, excluding our Credit Opportunity Fund which eased just 1.4% last month, declined by between 9% and 11% in August. Year to date, our equity-focused funds are down between 6% and 11%; differential returns among our funds reflect

A month of pain: Latest on hedge funds returns for big 5 activists

August was the month of pain.

In August, per HFR, the average fund lost 2.2% (versus the S&P 500's 6% fall) and is down 1% for the year. Some big name factivists aren't so lucky.

Bill Ackman's Pershing Square was down 9.2% in August, putting the fund down 0.1% for the year.

Top holding Mondelez International Inc (NASDAQ:MDLZ) (MDLZ) was down 6% for the month of August, no. 2 holding Valeant Pharmaceuticals Intl Inc (NYSE:VRX) (TSE:VRX) (VRX) was off 10.5%, no. 3 Air Products was down 2%, no. 4 Canadian Pacific (CP) was down 10%, no. 5 Zoetis (ZTS) down 8% and no. 5 Restaurant Brands (QSR) off 11%. Collectively, eight make up the bulk of the long-only portfolio.

David Einhorn's Greenlight Capital was down 5.3% in August and now down 13.8% for the year.

Top holdings Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL) (AAPL) and GM (GM) were down 7% and 6.6%, respectively, in August. Everyone wants to talk about SunEdison, which was off 55% for the month, with Micron Tech and CONSOL also being down 11% and 8%, respectively, for the month. Einhorn was cutting some of his long and short bets in August, though.

Dan Loeb's Third Point was off 5.2% last month, but still up 1.2% for the year.

Third Point's top holding, Baxter (BAX) was off 4% in August, no. 2 holding Amgen, Inc. (NASDAQ:AMGN) (AMGN) was down 14% and no. 3 Allergan (AGN) was down 8.2%. Collectively, the three make up about 40% of the long-only portfolio.

Barry Rosenstein's JANA Partners was down 4.3% in August and down 2.9% for the year.

JANA's top holding, Qualcomm, Inc. (NASDAQ:QCOM) (QCOM), was down 12% in August. Other top holdings off big in August were Walgreen Company (NYSE:WAG) (WBA), down 10.4%, and ConAgra (CAG), down 5.4%.
 Other activists down in August were Cliff Robbins' Blue Harbour, off 2.6% for the month, and Scott Ferguson's Sachem Head Capital, down 2%.
 Jeff Ubben's ValueAct Capital, up 1.6% in 2Q, the standout of sorts - although it remains to be seen how he did in August. YTD through June, ValueAct is up 8%.

Learn More about activist strategy

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committees and Judge Lynch supplant the regular courts. That is the natural outcome for any locality where the lawyer, and especially the able criminal lawyer, achieves his highest successes. Lynch law dwarfs immensely the lawyer's importance, and while it is a dangerous remedy for legal evils, it is well to remember that it is best avoided by such an administration of the law as not only gives the criminal a fair chance, but in addition protects society.
It may be charged that a general feeling of hostility to criminal lawyers would make it easy for real criminals to involve the innocent in trouble. This is to be considered; but the history of judicial proceedings in recent years rarely shows that persons leading lives of probity, faithful to every duty of the good citizen, are often arraigned at the bar of justice. In general, under a free government, those charged with great crimes are guilty, and their swift conviction and punishment are demanded by every interest of society. In other cases suspicion may be due to bad habits and bad company, and when this class of people are charged with crimes they have themselves mainly to blame. What is wanted is swift punishment for real transgressors, and that our present system of criminal jurisprudence does not bring. The safeguards provided for the innocent are perverted to the use of the guilty by lawyers who foolishly imagine that their own interests will be promoted through the defeat of justice, forgetful that reactions must come when public interests are persistently disregarded.
A reform of great value to the State would be the education and training of judges at public expense, instead of taking them, as now, from among practicing lawyers. We have a National Military Academy and a National Naval School from which to obtain officers for the army and navy, though only at long intervals and in great emergencies is there any serious need of them; but the administration of justice, which is an every-day need, is left pretty much to chance. The lower courts, those presided over by justices of the peace in the rural districts, as well as the lower grade of city courts, are usually held by petty local politicians, without, generally, any pretense to legal knowledge except such as they obtain from certain printed forms prescribed for them, and whenever an important case is tried by them it is of course appealed. It should be said, however, that in spite of many drawbacks, these petty courts—in the country at least—dispose satisfactorily of a great deal of litigation without a tithe of the cost, delay, and parade of the higher courts, which are invariably presided over by lawyers sitting during regular terms, and where justice is balked at nearly every step by the various arts—impossible for a layman to catalogue—so familiar to lawyers, and with which the judges, from their education and long and close association with lawyers, very earnestly sympathize. If the United States, or each State, had a school for the education of judges in which the course of study, in addition to a knowledge of the principles of law, aimed to fit the pupils to admin-


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Thursday, August 20, 2009
Monday, August 10, 2009
Our First Day of 2009-2010 School Year
We started with our Bible time-studying diligence this week. Then it was on to math, phonics, spelling, and language lessons. And, finally......Five in a Row! Over the next two weeks we'll be reading The Story of Ferdinand and taking a "tour" of Spain. We had a great first day and we're looking forward to the rest of our school year.
Friday, August 7, 2009
I'm an Army Mom
Well, it's official. My 17 year-old son is enlisted with the Army. He's in the delayed entry program, which means that he'll go to basic training in July of 2010, two months after he graduates from high school. My husband and I signed the consent forms. I'm so proud of him, but scared, too. I may need lots of reminders from all of my friends that God will watch over and protect my son when he'll be so far away from me. PSALM 139
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Self-Care That's Not So Fun
As promised in my previous post, I am now going to talk about self-care that's not so much fun. This kind of self-care involves thin...
We had a good, but busy, week. We had to be out of the house more than usual due to extra theater practice-our homeschool co-op's pla...
I've discussed the importance of self-care in previous posts, and for those of us with depression, it can be difficult to find the ene...
Most of us eventually reach a certain place that will never allow us to go back to the place we used to be. We know too much. Our eyes ...


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text: Devin Asay wrote: > Jacque, > > You said the user has QT Pro, right? That means she can save movies from > the QT player. Is it possible that she has opened and saved the movies > after having played them to the end? So that the "currentTime" is in > effect saved with the movie. Would that then cause the movie to open at > the end instead of at the beginning, therefore end immediately after > they are started? If that were the case, you could just set the > currentTime to 0 before you play the video. > > Just a thought that occurred to me. I'm not even sure about the saving > currentTime part, but it's a possibility. Good thoughts, but... the script sets the currentTime to zero before each playback starts. I'm not sure saving a movie also saves its current time anyway; don't they always open at the beginning? I did get more info from the customer. There is no virus checker running automatically (she does manual checks) so that's not the issue (so much for that hope.) The loop does run, she can tell because the corresponding images flash past. It looks like we're either going to have to write a special app that does some logging, or just wait till someone else has the problem too, to see if it is worthwhile to pursue it. This is when I wish I could just go to that machine and run it myself -- but she's in another country. -- Jacqueline Landman Gay | jacque at hyperactivesw.com HyperActive Software | http://www.hyperactivesw.com


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Nigerian clothing always look impressive and elegant, but different tribes prefer their traditional wear styles. Let us talk about Igbo culture and all the different types of Igbo dressing that existed in the past and are popular today. The fascinating Igbo culture is explored in the Southeastern territories in Nigeria. Millions of Igbo people follow their traditional practice and beliefs that originated from centuries ago. They perform their cultural dances, enjoy their unique language and, of course, use their traditional wear. Would you like to learn what types of Igbo dressing were preferred centuries ago and are loved in the 21st century?


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The latest report on ' Ambulatory Cardiac Monitoring Devices Market' now available at Market Study Report, LLC, explains the current and upcoming trends besides details related to the regional landscape of the ' Ambulatory Cardiac Monitoring Devices market' that includes numerous regions. The report further emphasizes intricate details regarding the demand and supply analysis, contributions by leading industry players and market share growth of the Ambulatory Cardiac Monitoring Devices industry.
Ambulatory cardiac monitoring is a way to watch and record the electrical activity of the heart. It is done as you go about peoples daily activities. Most of the recording devices are about the size of a cell phone.,Ambulatory cardiac monitoring records the hearts electrical activity for long periods of time. The length of time makes it much more likely to detect an abnormality that comes and goes.,In this report, we study the devices for Ambulatory cardiac monitoring, and the services is not included in our report.
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The latest research report on Ambulatory Cardiac Monitoring Devices market is a compilation of details pertaining to the segmentation of this business that is expected to accumulate substantial incomes and register significant annual growth rate over the foreseeable duration. The report precisely evaluates the Ambulatory Cardiac Monitoring Devices market and in doing so, delivers valuable insights with regards to industry size, revenue estimates, sales capacity, and more. Additionally, the report also assesses the segments as well as the market drivers influencing the commercialization portfolio of this vertical.
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Executive Summary
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Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
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Source - SMW
John Flint, Chief Executive Officer, has transferred in 34,987 shares in the company on the 10th December 2018 at a price of 644.00p. The Director now holds 533,987 shares representing 0.00% of the shares in issue. NOTE: Vesting - net of tax etc. Director deals data provided by www.sharesmagazine.co.uk


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Category of Documents
Submit new Issue / Query
Dear Sir,
if any manufacturer want to import goods in concessional rates and he is not able to finish whole material production inhouse is it possible he can give rawmaterial for jobwork to any local jobworker????also help me is there any time boundation for imported material cunseption.
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What is the product manufactured by you?
sir we are not importing currently but willing to import led lighting related parts for manufacture led lighting but not capable to finish and bill all material in within 6 months.
as per our information any import valid till 6 months
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text:
True hunger is the longing for more.
True hunger is a calling from soul to live life in a different way. It is a signal that something deeper within us is asking to be fed.
In a culture that demands relentless progress, it is deeply inconvenient to hunger for depth, meaning, and connection. What so many women are truly hungry for is not easily bought or achieved through following the rules of being "good", responsible, or accomplished.
Is often taken when the desperate attempts of "keeping it together" begin to crack… when we're too tired to continue doing what we've been doing simply to get by… when we have a sense that something has to change and external sources just aren't working anymore.
On a deeper level, this work is designed to help you decrease tolerating what isn't nourishing and to tap into what will actually satisfy you.
When we are hungry, it's hard to feel intuitive hunches. In order to thrive, we must tune into our intuition. Feeling requires re-learning how to sense the body, hunger, and emotions.
Often we need more words, tools, and practices to do this since it could be a very long time since we felt anything of substance.
Kathryn works with people who can no longer avoid the calling to go within, to find the answers to the hard questions, What am I hungry for? What is life asking of me? What am I here to do? How I can learn to trust myself, take risks, and dream a bigger dream for my life?
As a psychotherapist, she works with hundreds of women who were called to uncover their purpose, gain clarity, and step into their power.


text:
autumn 2015
BIO-8018 Environmental Molecular Genetics - 20 ECTS
Admission requirements
The number of participants is limited to 10.
PhD students register for the course through StudentWeb. Registrations for the autumn semester starts June 1st.
External applicants apply for admission through SøknadsWeb. Registrations for applications regarding the autumn semester starts February 1st.
Contact Ingjerd Gauslaa Nilsen at the BFE-faculty if you have troubles or questions regarding registration to the course.
Course contentThe aim of this course is to give a thorough introduction to molecular genetic methods and bioinformatics used in modern biological research. The course will give a basis for advanced studies in different areas of biology and include practical exercises followed by computer analyses of own data sets. The students will isolate DNA and RNA from Arctic samples, and prepare samples for sequencing and bioinformatics in the first part of the course. The second part includes the study on the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in plants. The laboratory and computer work is running for four weeks and the results are discussed in plenum. The students have to write individual laboratory reports. The lectures will be closely connected to the practical problems to be solved in the laboratory. Selected articles from the scientific curriculum are topics for seminar presented by the students.
Objectives of the course
- Theory of microbial ecology and epigenetics
- Theory of gene and gene expression analyses
- Critical consideration of scientific literature within the topics for the course
- How to write a laboratory report
- Critical assessment of own results
- Isolation of DNA and RNA from environmental samples
- Preparation of samples for sequencing
- Bioinformatics - analysis of sequencing results, sequence assemblies
- Gene expression (qPCR), methylation status analysis
- Present objectives, methods and results.
- Oral and written discussion of results
General competence:
- Theory of environmental genetics
- Experimental design
- Molecular laboratory work
- Evaluation of methods
- Discussion of results
- Presentation of results
AssessmentReport (50%) and oral exam (50%). A graded scale of five marks from A to E for pass and F for fail.
Students require to attain a pass grade (A to E) in the laboratory report in order to be able to take the oral examination. There will be a re-sit examination for students that did not pass the previous ordinary examination.
Lectures Autumn 2015
Same schedule as BIO-3018. Introduction 25.08 at 08.30, D-112 NFH.
prof. Mette Marianne Svenning
forsk.sjef Laura Elina Jaakola
prof. Mette Marianne Svenning
forsk.sjef Laura Elina Jaakola
prof. Mette Marianne Svenning
forsk.sjef Laura Elina Jaakola


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Play trailer
Fred Armisen: Standup For DrummersMovie For an audience of drummers, comedian Fred Armisen shares and demonstrates his thoughts on musical genres, drummer quirks, regional accents and more.
Runtime65 minutes
Added to Netflix
- 2019-08-22
New movies
EliAdded yesterday6.1
SeventeenAdded yesterday7.3
Tell Me Who I AmAdded yesterday7.3
The LaundromatAdded yesterday6.3
Up NorthAdded yesterday6.9
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BabyOctober 18 - New season6.8
MeatEaterOctober 18 - New season8.0
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The House of FlowersOctober 18 - New season7.9
ChosenOctober 16 - New season6.2
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- "Strangers in a Strange Land": Autobiographies by Female Itinerant Evangelists in Nineteenth-Century America
- Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory
- Johns Hopkins University Press
- Volume 55, Number 1, Spring 1999
- pp. 67-95
- 10.1353/arq.1999.0022
- Article
- View Citation
- Additional Information
ELIZABETH ELKIN GRAMMER "Strangers in a Strange Land": Autobiographies by Female Itinerant Evangelists in Nineteenth-Century America little known chapter in the history of American literature . is the story of nineteenth-century women who pursued—and later wrote about—unorthodox careers as itinerant ministers, both before and after the Civil War.1 Evangelical denominations, which commonly conceived of the ministry as inspired rather than learned, awakened many women not only to the saving power ofChrist but also to the possibility of crossing geographic and gender boundaries in the service of their Lord. Authorized by God, female itinerant preachers eschewed the certainty and closure of domesticity in favor of an itinerant life.2 "The shore is safer," they might have said with Emily Dickinson, "but I love to buffett the sea" (qtd. in Wolff 104). At times, however, the shore must have looked inviting for America 's female itinerant evangelists, for they sailed through uncharted waters. Consider, for example, the life of the itinerant preacher Lydia Sexton. The daughter of a Baptist minister who died shortly after her birth in 1799, Sexton spent her youth being passed around from a mother—who had hastily remarried a man with a large brood of his own—to an aunt, to the aunt's neighbor, and finally to a brother who took her from New Jersey to Ohio in 1814. In the mid-1830s she was converted by a group of "New Light" Christians and baptized by the Campbellites; "sickened" by that sect, she ultimately joined the United Arizona Quarterly Volume 55, Number 1, Spring 1999 Copyright © 1999 by Arizona Board of Regents rssN 0004- 1610 68Elizabeth Elkin Grammer Brethren Church (a German Methodist body). Not long thereafter she received "a special call to the ministry," which she resisted for almost a decade because she believed female preaching to be unscriptural and because she feared the scrutiny and ridicule preaching would bring (Sexton 199). When one of her sons became seriously ill, however, she made a deal with God: should the boy survive, she bargained, she would take up her cross. God spared the child, and she began preaching sometime in 1843. Her itinerant ministry, which continued until 1870, took her all over the mid-West, far from her home and children who were left, primarily, in God's care. Abandoning her domestic responsibilities in an age in which "true women" were defined as wives and mothers, Sexton not surprisingly met with much opposition.3 Family members, ministers both within and without the significantly denominated United Brethren, and audiences everywhere were appalled by her willingness to "expose" herself before "promiscuous," public assemblies. On one occasion she was informed that "[God] made roosters to crow, and not hens" (Sexton 396), or as an angry critic put it to the African Methodist preacher Jarena Lee, you are '"not a woman, but a man dressed in female clothes'" (Religious Experience 23). Often the hectoring, critical voices of these "persecutor ^] of preaching women" were echoed by an inner voice, speaking in a similar accent (Sexton 358). "I thought," Sexton reports, "if I were only a man it would be no hardship to me ... to preach, but rather a pleasure" (Sexton 213). Having rejected the plot—that of courtship , marriage, and domestic life—for which many poor black women longed and by which most nineteenth-century white women were defined, Sexton was no doubt fearful that she was in a sort of no (wo)man's land, being neither male nor female. At times, she clearly felt "out of place" in the evangelical landscape of nineteenth-century America.4 She needed to find—and publicly demonstrate—her "place" in the story of American evangelicalism and, more broadly, in the history of Christianity. She needed, in other words, a means by which she might explore— and perhaps understand—the strange life to which she had been called; she needed, moreover, to explain herself to all those critics who found her presence on the public stage of American religion both puzzling and alarming. As an anonymous "Judge" put it in a poem presented to the independent itinerant preacher Nancy Towle and later included in Autobiographies r^y Female Itinerant Evangelists69 her...


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Olusola Fabiyi, Abuja
The National Working Committee of the Peoples Democratic Party has suspended the Chairman, Borno State PDP, Alhaji Baba Basharu.
It said that the action was taken after a preliminary hearing on the reports of alleged anti-party activities within the state chapter.
This was contained in a statement issued by the National Publicity Secretary of the PDP, Chief Olisa Metuh, in Abuja, on Wednesday.
Metuh said that Basharu had been referred to the national disciplinary committee of the party for appropriate action in line with the provisions of the constitution of the PDP.
The party specifically mentioned the alleged flouting of the provisions of the various articles of the party's constitution.
The NEC said that the suspension was in line with the relevant provisions of the PDP constitution on disciplinary procedures.
Copyright PUNCH.
All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from PUNCH.
Contact: [email protected]


text:
Large Incinerators software for Waste and Recycling available in Africa
WINSCAN - Data Acquisition & Data Management System
By ENVEA based in Poissy, FRANCE. from Data Acquisition And Data Management Software Software line
Need help finding the right suppliers? Try XPRT Sourcing. Let the XPRTs do the work for you


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Practical and natural beauty products can be hard to come by, sometimes nearly impossible. What's natural is not always the best and what's the best is not always natural. Whichever end of the natural beauty and makeup spectrum you land on, these are some of the latest in the natural-ish world of beauty.Read More
It is a new year! We get to redefine ourselves, set goals, and hopefully stick to them. But, a new year comes with a breath of fresh and frigid cold air right to the face. We have already discussed skincare changes you can make to accommodate yourself for the cooler weather in our "Skincare Products For Fall" post, but what about makeup changes?Read More
The exfoliators you used back in the day, St. Yves among others, probably had little plastic beads in them, which are now banned. Not only were these detrimental to the environment but they could burst within the pores causing serious damage. All of those have since been replaced with physical exfoliators. What is a physical exfoliator, you ask? Here are basics of exfoliation!Read More
Tis the season for shopping. If your friends gave you a list of exactly what they want, good for you, but not all of us are so lucky, and finding gifts they will LOVE can be tricky. So here are some last minute beauty gifts Ideas according to personalities!Read More
For how long has makeup been marketed solely to women? Just because a product has pink packaging, is sold near handbags, and being used by female models does not mean it is only meant for women. And times are changing. Men, transgenders, and those who are gender-neutral are making their voices heard in the beauty world.Read More
Drugstore brands have just as much money as high-end brands and quite often the actual products are just as good. So let's take a minute to focus on some new and standout products from the drugstore. These are not just new shades of blush, but products we don't often see at drugstore prices.Read More
Natural beauty is on the rise. The brands we love and the products we buy all contain natural essence, organic this, and plant-derived that. There is a reason we adore them so much; they work. Essential oils have been used in beauty routines and rituals for centuries. So, here are some tips on essential oils and DIYs for your skin type.Read More
Finding hidden gems in the beauty world can be nearly impossible. Everyone is screaming from the rooftops about brands like Urban Decay and Tarte, but what about the products that are not getting the praise they deserve? Discover the undiscoverable, the diamond in the rough, the latte in a world of instant coffee.Read More
For real summer is officially over. What does that mean for your beauty routine? Your skin will most likely start to parch, and that increase in dryness is localized on your cheeks, lips, under eyes, back, and legs. So, other than amping up your moisturizer game, here is how you can make your skincare and beauty routines work this fall.Read More
As much as budget buying in the beauty world is easy and convenient, there is nothing like splurging on luxury beauty products. Whether it be skincare, makeup or hair care, when you invest in yourself the feeling is indescribable. So here are just some of the luxury brands that not only make you look amazing, but make you feel extra fabulous.Read More
Have you heard of franken-makeup? Maybe not. After all, it is a relatively new idea and is not exactly a running success. No, it isn't making your makeup look like Frankenstein or anything like that. It also isn't the next cat eye or liquid lip craze. It was first introduced to the online beauty community about a year ago by one of the most unique creators there is Safiya Nygaard.Read More
Whether you are looking to revamp your beauty collection, go entirely cruelty-free on a budget, or just want to delve into the world of affordable beauty, these are some cruelty-free brands selling phenomenal makeup for mostly under $5. Many of them even have a large number of vegan products available, and rarely cost more than $10.Read More
"What do you mean?" is probably a question you ask a lot if you read about beauty, but are less than familiar with beauty jargon. Beauty, like most everything else in life, is all about learning. There is an endless world of techniques, looks, styles and ideas to know, play with, and master. So here are some of the most common and confusing beauty slang words and their definitions.Read More
If you want to customize your lip scrub and have full control over what you put on your skin, or are on a budget but still want a quality product that works wonders, DIY is your best bet. And trust me, I made the best lip scrub last week and it took under 2 minutes. My lips are smoother and more kissable than ever before! Plus, this is the best time to get into the lip scrub life, because that chill in the air will only get colder, bringing with it cracked and flaky lips.Read More
Beauty brands can no longer launch without some sort of concept beyond "this is skincare" or "this is makeup." With the beauty space so full that even the biggest of beauty lovers cannot possibly get their hands on everything, brands need to stand out from the crowd. Of course, there are new brands launching what seems like daily, but these 4 are some beauty brands that really stand out due to their unique ideas, fun concepts, or intense transparency.Read More
Unless you have been living under a rock (with the latest political news, I wouldn't blame you), you have likely heard something about blackhead vacuums. Nearly every beauty blogger and vlogger has reviewed one. These handy gadgets are super intriguing. You know the satisfaction when you rip off a pore strip and see the grossness come off, seeing blackheads being sucked out with a vacuum is much better. With all the hype, do these gadgets really work? And if so, which ones are the best?Read More
We have all heard of the Clarisonic, Foreo, and Neutrogena Light Therapy Mask. And thanks to stunning celebrities like Tracee Ellis Ross and Sarah Hyland, we also know and love the coveted Nurse Jamie tools. There are so many beauty gadgets around, it can be hard to keep up. Yes, some are certainly gimmicks, but others are actually worth it with sophisticated Instagram videos and stunning before-and-afters that are impossible to deny.Read More
Pimples. We all deal with them. Whether it is full on acne, one spot, or a cluster of pimples, they have a life of their own. They pop up overnight, but seem to take ages to bid us adieu. So what's happening when a pimple rears its ugly head, becomes inflamed, dries out, and scars? Let's run the hardship of having a breakout, and what's actually happening underneath our skin.Read More
A few months ago, we published an article on Hair Growth Inhibitors, and it was so well received that we decided to dive a bit deeper and tell you everything you need to know. Hair growth is an issue we all struggle with, whether you remove your hair or not, dealing with is a hassle.Read More
Sadly summer is heading into its final weeks and that means fall and winter beauty collections are on the rise, so there is even more to buy than usual. There are about 10 new foundations on the market, fun beauty tools, and even unique and affordable skincare releases. It is all so glamorous and more importantly, intriguing. Personally, I want it all. But as a girl on a budget, I must stick to a list.Read More


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I walked in hoping I found my new liquor store. The place reeks of cigarette smoke. Their top shelf liquor section is very weak. Same with liqueurs. Sort of a convenience store for booze. And they don't take plastic.
Tri-County Beverage Cntr is located at 350 Northland Blvd, Cincinnati, OH. This business specializes in Alcoholic Beverages and Breweries.