text:
Scheme of the implementation of the software code.
In this report a Finite Element Method (FEM) model, within the continuum mechanics of solids, for mechanical long term response of timber structures is presented. The proposed model can analyze three-dimensional solids, within the theory for non-linear material orthotropic elastic-viscous-plastic. It can account ductile behaviour in compression and brittle behaviour in tension, under the kinematics hypothesis of large displacements and large strains. The work has been carried out with a general purpose FEM software code in which a specific stress-strain law for wood, by a proper subroutine, has been built in. The constitutive equations have been formulated by a multi-surface yield approach of viscoplasticity, each yield surface acts separately each other. This approach is specifically almost necessary for some problems, such as glued composite parts or steel bolt connections. Specialized solution algorithms, which adopt time-stepping and automating relaxation techniques, have been used to handle the behaviour of the loading path response for elastic-viscous-plastic or elastic-brittle behaviours. The model has been applied to examples to test the effectiveness of the suggested approach. The results obtained have shown the potentiality of the proposed model to effectively simulate the overall mechanical behaviour of timber.
- finite element method
- timber model
- elasto-visco-plastic model
- multi-surface yield visco-plasticity
1. Introduction
Wood is one of the ancient materials employed in construction. It is commonly used as parts in buildings, such as bridges, roofs, sports halls, and floors. Today timber, especially in the glue-laminated technology, is frequently used in new constructions. Wood, as a material in the construction industry, has encountered a returned interest, mainly for its renewable nature, environmental compatibility and for its low energetic cost of production in comparison with concrete and steel.
Timber is advantageous, compared to other common construction materials, in wide spanning structures for its high ratio between load-carrying capacity and self-weight, along the longitudinal direction of grain. Timber structures have a good performance under dynamic loads for their elevated damping capacity. Although timber exhibits a consistent strength in the longitudinal direction for bending elements, in contrast it demonstrates a low value of tensile strength along the radial and tangential directions. This feature is unfavourable for connections, subjected to stress concentrations of tension, which can lead to crack development. However, timber is subjected to natural decay and its mechanical properties are sensitive to temperature and moisture.
An adequate mechanical description of timber material is an important task in scientific research on structural analysis of timber building. Also, an accurate stress analysis is particularly necessary for a composite system such as reinforced timber or pre-stressed timber, for the coupling and interaction of adhesive, lamination and reinforcements [1], and also for components used in connection joint [2].
In the scientific literature, many studies on modelling mechanics of wood can be retrieved [3]. However, continuum mechanics is the most common approach, being the basis of the finite element method (FEM) implementation. Within the theory of continuum mechanics, wood is assumed as an ideal homogeneous continuum [3], avoiding its complex nature. Wood is generally schematized as orthotropic elastic with three orthogonal material directions, corresponding to its longitudinal, radial and tangential growth fibre directions [3, 4]. However, experimental evidence [5] demonstrated that the extension of the Hooke's law to orthotropy can be acceptable only when the load intensity is low and not for high strain and for loading direction inclined with respect to the fibre orientation of the material [6].
Many theories on the wood material have been proposed in the literature. Among these, the earliest was that for wood in compression at an inclined angle of fibre, of Hankinson [7], which was extended by Goodman and Bodig [8] to a three dimension. Another model of wood was that of Tsai and Wu [9], which formulated a failure surface expressed as a scalar function of a polynomial tensor. Patton-Mallory et al. [2] used a three-dimensional model of wood, tri-linear elastic-plastic under compression stress and linear elastic, with a tension and shear cut-off, under tension stress.
Tabiei and Wu [10] proposed a continuum FEM model for timber which updated, in an incremental analysis, each component of the elastic moduli of the material stiffness matrix, on the basis of power functions, fitted to test data. This approach did not use any yield function of stress. Schmidt and Kaliske [11] proposed a three-dimensional model which adopted a multi-surface yield approach for elastic-plastic behaviour of wood. Recently, the adoption of FEM numerical codes to analyse the strength of a timber structural member has gained an increasing importance. Often the numerical codes are sophisticated and are specifically capable of representing the non-linear behaviour of the material [12–15] and some particular effects such as creep [16, 17].
The present work here discusses the following parts: the basic mathematical formulation of the continuum mechanics of solids according to the finite strain theory; the material model for timber: orthotropic, elastic-viscous-plastic, brittle in tension, ductile in compression, based on a multi-surface yield approach; the FEM formulation for large strains and large displacements with 3D solid hexahedral elements, numerical examples, results and discussion.
2. Materials and methods
The FEM is inherently developed according to the theory of the continuum mechanics of solids. In this work a general purpose FEM framework, with three-dimensional hexahedral elements and with a specific material model of wood, has been devised and software coded for the analysis of structural timber, which aims to reproduce the main mechanic performance of a timber element. In this code, the material model has been built in. In compression state, an elastic-viscous-plastic behaviour has been adopted, and in tension an elastic with brittle failure has been adopted. The stress tensor is accounted, at the integration points of an element, to compute the corresponding elastic-viscous-plastic material tangent modulus and the corresponding strain tensor. Failure is computed at a limit value of each component, in compression of both the stress tensor, representing yield, and strain tensor and in tension of the strain tensor only.
2.1. Introduction to the problem of continuum mechanics
According to the classical theory of the continuum mechanics of solids [18–20], the formulation of the FEM for finite strains is based on the description of the deformation state of a generic solid, subjected to a loading condition. The kinematic transformation of a body, from the state at the initial time 0, in the reference configuration , to a successive state at the time t, in the current configuration , is taken under consideration. and are the volumes of the body and and are the boundary surfaces at 0 time and t time, respectively. Displacements , on the portion and tractions , on the portion of the solid are specified as boundary conditions. Both body force loads, b, and traction, t, at the surface boundary, are assigned.
The solution to that problem consists to determinate the displacement of a point P, at a time t, of the body from the initial time to the current time, that is:
where and are the coordinate vectors of the point P at the time 0 and t, respectively.
A basic tensor, which has an important role in the present theory, is the deformation gradient which can be calculated as:
The quantities that govern the problem are distinguished if they are referred to the reference configuration, which is known, or to the current configuration, which is instead unknown.
The strains to which the body is subjected can be computed in the reference configuration by the Green-Lagrange strain tensor
where is the unit tensor.
The stress tensor is computed through the constitutive law that expresses the stress tensor in terms of the strain tensor, by warranting that the stress and strain measures must be energetically conjugate. Accordingly to this, the Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor, , defined in the reference configuration, energetically conjugate to , is calculated as:
The true stress tensor or Cauchy stress tensor , is defined in the current configuration and it is related to as follows:
The measures of engineering stresses are expressed by the First Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor, which is computed as
The above problem is ruled out by the equation of spatial momentum equilibrium in the reference configuration:
where is the mass density of the body, is the acceleration, which is set equal to for the present static case. Also, the momentum equilibrium can be written by the weak form of the virtual work principle in the reference configuration:
and in the current configuration:
where Γ is the inverse Jacobian of surface and
is the spatial velocity gradient, is an admissible virtual velocity and is the virtual velocity gradient that satisfy on both and .
By considering , , and the spatial Kirchhoff stress tensor , we obtain the final expression of the principle of virtual work:
2.2. Finite element method framework
According to the FEM, the variables in the above equation can be discretized by interpolation forms, hi and hj, where i, j = 1,..n; n: number of nodes, and the integral equations are linearized to be integrated. The solutions of these non-linear equations can be obtained by the Newton-Raphson iterative method [18–20]. The FEM discretization gives the following system of equations for solving :
where the nodal force vector is:
the nodal stiffness matrix is:
the nodal residual vector is:
and the tangent stiffness matrix is:
Also, to account that the orthotropic principal axes of the material can rotate with respect to the reference system, the material tensor, constitutive law, must be computed using a rotation tensor of the orthotropic axes in the reference system, which is determined from the spectral decomposition of the deformation tensor:
where is the material tensor and is the same material tensor rotated in the reference system.
The tangent stiffness matrix in general is non-symmetric and is dependent on the material tangent modulus. Its computation requires an adequate numerical approach which has to be generally relied to the constitutive relationships of the specific material.
The above non-linear system of Eqs. (12) and (13), at a global level, by applying the Newton-Raphson Method, is iteratively solved with the trial solution , updated with . Coherently to solve the updated system, the above equations, the stiffness matrix, the residual vector and the force vector are updated. The convergence of the solution is checked on a measure of error, the root mean square of the or the nodal residual vector, the un-equilibrated force .
2.3. The constitutive material model
The non-linear behaviour of a material can be analysed by constitutive equations which relate stress to strain and other internal variables in a rate form. Within the finite strain hypothesis, constitutive equations must be formulated by warranting the principle of objectivity, that is, they must remain indifferent to the change of reference frame. This can be guaranteed by utilizing the objective tensor in constitutive equations.
In recent scientific literature some authors have proposed numerical solutions to the problem of continuum and consistent elastic-viscous-plasticity. Many scientific papers have been developed within the hypothesis of small strains [21–26], and others have focused their attention on finite strains hypothesis [27–31]. Many theoretical and numerical methods have been proposed in the literature to perform the procedure of stress update, in an incremental objectivity. The formulation of an incremental objective algorithm is based on constitutive equations, expressed as objective spatial rate, which are mapped to an intermediate configuration (in the present paper the relative variables are denoted with '^'). This configuration is a fictitious configuration which remains indifferent to rigid rotation. Also, the principle of objectivity is guaranteed by appropriate tensorial transformation of the body between spatial and material configuration.
Coherently to the above assertions, in the present work a convective or material representation [32, 33] has been employed. The problem is analysed by adopting the well-known multiplicative elasto-plasticity theory [32, 34] which postulates the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient in an elastic part and a plastic (in the present work, the term 'plastic' means 'inelastic' in a more wide sense) part :
From the above discussion, the intermediate configuration can be described by the plastic part of the deformation gradient, , except for a rigid rotation.
In order to formulate the elastic-viscous-plastic kinematics, a consistent transformation to the intermediate configuration is introduced for the spatial velocity gradient:
where is the elastic part of the spatial velocity gradient and is the plastic part of the spatial velocity gradient.
The material velocity gradient is:
By mapping and to the intermediate configuration we obtain
of the velocity gradient in the intermediate configuration.
The stress power per unit reference volume is:
where the stress measure, work-conjugate to , is the Mandel stress tensor , generally non-symmetric, is the elastic Cauchy-Green tensor, and is the Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor in the intermediate configuration.
The constitutive relationships must conform to some restrictions [35], which derive from the second law of thermodynamics, expressed as the Clausius-Planck inequality. By considering an isothermal process and a purely mechanical case, the above inequality is expressed as plastic dissipation per unit reference volume:
is the dissipation; is the free energy function, expressed in terms of , and the internal variables conjugate to the internal stresses .
The material time derivative of the free energy is
and the inequality results as:
The inequality (25) being valid for any admissible process of the material and from Eqs. (26) and (27) the constitutive equations are obtained as:
where is the internal stress vector conjugate to the internal variables .
Hence the reduced dissipation inequality in a local form is:
The hardening or softening law is expressed as follows:
where are the plastic multipliers, and s is the number of multi-surfaces of yield, and Hm is the hardening or softening modulus, these quantities in the case of isotropic hardening or softening are scalars.
In the case of elastic response of stress, the response can be formulated in a non-rate form with a hyper-elastic potential in the intermediate configuration , this statement satisfy directly the principle of objectivity [28]. Thus
and [36]
is the Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor in the intermediate configuration. From the differential of Eq. (32), the fourth-order elastic modulus tensor in the intermediate configuration can be obtained as:
In the case of rate-independent elastic-plasticity, without the viscous effect, the point representative of stress cannot come outside the yield surfaces, identified by the yield functions .
Note that in the following expression the stresses include the back stresses . The plastic multiplier can be computed by forcing the optimization conditions, named the Kuhn-Tucker loading/unloading conditions:
and the consistency conditions:
In the case of rate-dependent visco-plasticity, the actual stress can overcome out the yield surface, and consequently the above condition is no longer appropriate, but an overstress function of the yield criteria can be defined such that:
The viscous-plastic flow is evaluated by the following relaxation equation
whose discretized form is:
where is a viscosity parameter and in case of no viscid effects.
In order to determine the plastic stress response in Eq. (30), the plastic dissipation requires to compute the plastic part of the deformation gradient. From the principle of maximum plastic dissipation, the evolution equations of the inelastic strain tensors can be determined as normality rules:
The introduction of the consistency multipliers allows to distinguish the different material response upon each yield surface as follows:
2.4. Objective integration algorithm
The constitutive equations can be approximately solved at a local level, with a general return mapping procedure. The time integration has been executed with a backward Euler scheme fully implicit in time, and an exponential map has been adopted for the plastic deformation gradient. According to this scheme of time integration, from a given state at the previous time step t, characterized by and and using the displacement increment , the deformation gradient can be determined. The trial elastic strain tensor can be computed from the plastic deformation gradient in the previous time step t.
The multiplicative decomposition, Eq. (19) is discretized
From the Eqs. (23) and (40) the flow rule can be recast in the following form:
is the viscous-plastic flow direction where the plastic potential coincide with the yield function, in an associative visco-plasticity.
The hardening or softening law has been discretized as follows:
From the above Eq. (43), it is possible to obtain:
the same relation can be integrated in time by an implicit backward Euler procedure, from t to , with a time increment and with an exponential shift [28]:
where is the step increment of the consistent elastic-viscous-plastic multiplier. In the above discretization the direction of the plastic flow has been taken constant throughout the increment and is equal to its final value which is assumed to be equal to that of the trial step.
Then the continuum elastic-viscous-plastic tangent stiffness matrix, which expresses the derivative of stress to respect to strain, it can be determined:
where the creep term is expressed as follows:
where the power law for creep is evaluated [16] as:
is the uniaxial creep strain;
is a reference creep strain rate; is the equivalent stress; is the coefficient in the creep power law, which is strain rate; : is the exponent of the equivalent stress in creep power law; is the exponent of time in creep power law; : is the time increment.
The trial stress predictor is computed as
and in discretized form
Substituting the Eqs. (42) and (47) into the elastic Green Lagrange strain tensor, we have:
For all the multi-surface yields, by using the proper yield criterion, the trial overstress function can be computed and hence the flow direction can be evaluated as norm of the deviatoric stress tensor . In the case of elastic response, the values of the variables at current time are equal to their respective predictors. Instead, in the case of plastic response by using the exponential mapping (47), the stress point is mapped back to the yield surface.
Then, the increment of each plastic multiplier , discretized in time, in the case of plastic loading , can be solved for each by means of a local iterative Newton-Rapshon Method.
For all the multi-surfaces, at the end of each local iteration, the intermediate configuration, described by and the internal variables are updated.
The updated stress tensor is evaluated as follows:
In the following expressions
the increments are evaluated as follows:
by introducing the residual vectors:
which are solved for the variables:
By linearizing [37] the residual vectors, a system of linear equations is obtained:
Dropping the superscript and writing:
the solution can be obtained as
where the consistent Jacobian, , of the residuals is:
the vector of unknowns is:
and the vector of residual is:
The system of equations is solved by the Newton-Raphson following iteration scheme:
where k is the iteration number. However, in a more advantageous mode the system of equations has been solved by partitioning Eq. (69) into submatrices.
At the start of the iteration loop the following positions are made:
At each iteration k the following quantities are computed:
hence the internal variables are updated as follows:
The next step begins by computing the stress tensor and the internal stress tensor. The iterations progress until the norm of the residual vectors stays behind a prefixed tolerance.
At this point each overstress function can be defined as follows:
are the indexes which define the nine components of the stress and strain tensors; is the deviatoric operator; ; is the stress flow due to creep effects; is the stress flow without creep effects; is the equivalent accumulated plastic strain; is the increment of the equivalent plastic strain; is a reference strain assumed as the strain correspondent to ; is a reference creep strain rate; m are multi-surface indexes; are the components of the stress tensor ; are the components of the hardening tensor ; is the initial yield value of the yield surface which is assumed as follows
are tensile values and are compressive values, nine components which reduce to six for symmetry. The initial yield values are material parameters, which can be identified by experimental tests.
To enhance the convergence in the equilibrium iteration, with the Newton-Raphson Method, the consistent elastic-viscous-plastic tangent stiffness matrix can be used instead of the continuum elastic-viscous-plastic tangent stiffness matrix (48). This is the consequence of the discretization of the consistency condition in correspondence of the rate-independent elastic limit. It can be obtained by substituting the matrix , in the expression (48) the following pseudoelastic material stiffness matrix:
2.5. The finite element method implementation
The previous non-linear constitutive material model has been implemented in a three-dimensional finite element code, based on the displacement approach. The geometry was schematized by adopting linear hexahedral solid iso-parametric elements with eight node. The spatial integration was carried out for each element with an 8-point Gauss quadrature rule.
Within the framework of the Newton-Raphson iteration method, the solution of the non-linear equilibrium equation system was found for the displacements as unknown variables.
The procedure implemented in the software code is listed in Table 1.
The FEM code was employed to simulate the load-displacement behaviour of white spruce timber up to and beyond failure. Simple tests in tension and in compression have been run to check the ability of the computational code.
2.6. Comparison with experimental data and numerical example
As a check to the suggested implementation, application examples by using the present model have been simulated with the software code. The hexahedron 3D solid elements have been used to mesh timber. Note that the purpose of these tests is to make a preliminary check of the proposed model. Subsequently, the improvement of this model and of its parameters, and further checks against experimental data, is a future task.
To verify the present model preliminarily, a comparison between numerical results and experimental data has been reported here. The experimental data concern a test on a specimen of white spruce under compressive loading, with the loading axes set along the longitudinal fibre of wood. The specimen has been dimensioned with size 20 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm. The experimental data have been assumed from a previous work [6]. In this work, the specimen has been tested by an electro-mechanical press, whose computer controlled the displacement rate at 8 mm/min. The specimen has been loaded until it failed. In this test the elastic and post-elastic stress-strain path of the material has been data-logged. The numerical results have been obtained by referring to the dimensions and mechanical characteristics of the same specimen in order to reproduce the test on the real specimen effectively. The mechanical characteristics of the white spruce wood, assumed from Refs. [6, 38] in the present work, are reported in Tables 2 and 3. However, in this numerical test not any fracture has been considered, by reducing the compressive maximum strains respect to those measured in [6]. The creep parameters assumed from [16] are reported in Table 4. The simulation of the non-linear behaviour of a wood specimen under compression test has been executed by using a finite element mesh of eight node hexahedral elements, with 1000 elements and 1331 nodes. The specimen has been cinematically restrained at its bottom surface edge, whereas it has been subjected to an impressed displacement path at its top surface edge. The loading simulation has been carried out in control of displacement.
|Tensile strength (numerical)
|Compressive strength [6]
|Compressive maximum strain (numerical)
Another simulation has been reported as an example. It consists of the reproduction of the non-linear behaviour of a wood specimen under tension loading. The wood specimen has been dimensioned with a size of 20 mm × 10 mm × 240 mm, assuming that the orientation of the longitudinal fibre of wood is set along the loading axes. The simulation has been executed by using a finite element mesh of eight node hexahedral elements with 700 elements and 1188 nodes. In the test, the specimen has been restrained at its bottom surface edge and it has been subjected to an imposed displacement course at its top surface edge. The loading simulation has been carried out in control of displacement.
3. Results and discussion
The stress-strain data of both the experimental and numerical results for the specimen under compression loading have been plotted in Figure 1. One can view that the mechanical behaviour is properly predicted both for the elastic tract and for the yielding zone, although the last part of the elastic path, numerically predicted, stays slightly behind that measured.
Also the numerical results concerning the compression test are reported as a plot of coloured iso-map. These iso-maps show the intensity distribution of displacement, stress, strain and equivalent plastic (inelastic) strain along the longitudinal fibre, at some prefixed time steps (Figures 2–5).
In the plotted iso-map of the displacement field, along the longitudinal axes of the specimen (Figure 2), it is quite clear to observe the different levels of displacement along the specimen height, it varies from the maximum level at the top edge of the specimen to the minimum at the bottom edge, close to the restrains.
Figure 3 shows the distribution of normal stress along the longitudinal axes of the specimen. The distribution is reasonably uniform with the exception around the edge restrain, where the marked colour variation points out the expected stress concentrations.
Figure 4 displays the colour iso-map of the strain field along the longitudinal axes of the specimen. In this figure, the different levels of strain along the height of the specimen are quite evident, from a minimum at the bottom edge, which is cinematically restrained, to a maximum at the top, where the deformation increases from the inner side towards the outer side of the specimen.
Figure 5 shows the equivalent plastic strain distribution on the specimen shape, which is however comprehensive of other inelastic strains, such as creep. At the loading step illustrated in this figure, the plastic strain is quite extended on the whole of the specimen shape.
The numerical results for the specimen under tension loading are also reported as a plot of coloured iso-map. The iso-maps show the intensity distribution of displacement, stress and strain along the longitudinal fibre, at some prefixed loading stepping (Figures 6–8).
Figure 6 shows the displacement field along the longitudinal axes of the specimen. The distribution is quite coherent with a mechanical behaviour, it varies along the height of the specimen with a high level towards the centre of the specimen.
In Figure 7, the stress distribution along the longitudinal axes of the specimen is displayed. The distribution is correctly rather uniform. It also presents stress concentrations near the bottom edge where the specimen is held back.
Figure 8 displays the strain iso-map along the longitudinal axes of the specimen. This distribution is quite uniform except near the bottom edge of the specimen.
4. Conclusions
Most common models, used to analyse the mechanical behaviour of timber or wood composite structures, mainly adopt a single equivalent yield surface to describe the non-linearity of the material. In the present approach a multi-surface yielding description of the non-linear behaviour of wood is proposed. It performs a general orthotropic elastic-viscous-plastic constitutive formulation, according to the finite strain theory. Within a continuum mechanics approach, the proposed three-dimensional FEM model is capable to represent elastic-viscous-plastic in compression and elastic-brittle in tension behaviour of wood.
On the basis of a preliminary comparison of the numerical results with experimental data, the model has demonstrated to be valuable to represent the main mechanical behaviour of a test specimen. The examples presented here illustrate that the FEM model can be adequate to examine the mechanical behaviour of wood under displacement loading both in linear and non-linear situations. The model has been built within a general purpose FEM code, its formulation being quite general it is almost powerful to describe complex states in wood materials such as anisotropy, elasticity and visco-plasticity, brittle crack occurring in the timber structure. However, the validation of the model with the comparison between numerical and experimental results can be carried out in a future work
This work has been supported by the University of Basilicata under the research Project 'RIL 2015'. This support is gratefully acknowledged.


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DSL software tool supplier ASSIA, Inc. says it has reached an agreement with China Telecom Jiangsu, its first customer in China, to deploy ASSIA DSL Expresse to manage several million DSL links.
China Telecom Jiangsu, one of the provincial telephone companies under the China Telecom umbrella, will use DSL Expresse in a variety of ways, ASSIA says. These include:
- Gain detailed visibility into its DSL network to how it can improve its broadband infrastructure
- Implement line-by-line diagnostics to ensure issues are resolved quickly and effectively
- Offer reliable data-rate upgrades on existing DSL lines
- Prioritize areas for fiber deployment via the DSL Expresse Service Recommender module
- Streamline and improve customer support by integration of DSL Expresse with its existing network management software
- Implement a unified management platform with a consolidated, centralized view to manage all lines in all regions from provincial headquarters.
"ASSIA is proud to welcome China Telecom Jiangsu to its global customer community," said Dr. John Cioffi, CEO and chairman of ASSIA. "The broadband market in China is the largest in the world and growing quickly. ASSIA is pleased to serve this central role in helping China Telecom Jiangsu improve their DSL networks' performance and broadband service delivery to their customers."
"The demand for high-speed broadband is exploding in Asia, and this demand is fueling the need for cutting-edge technologies such as ASSIA's to help service providers optimize their broadband services," said Jeff Heynen, directing analyst, broadband access and video, Infonetics. "The initial purchase of ASSIA in China exemplifies the emerging trend of increasing broadband performance and service offerings throughout Asia."


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Company Info
SUN "Group was established in 2000, specializing in air-conditioning equipment production, design and sales. In 2005 developed the self-brand" SUN "(Wancai) with focus on VAV boxes and variable air volume systems.
SUN is the one and only Hong Kong brand successfully accepted by Hong Kong Government as VAV Supplier:
With years of working experience and understanding of VAV system while adhering to the principle of customer-oriented, "SUN" has developed series of products with a view to facilitate easy installation and perfectly matching requirements of customers design and production.


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In Conversation: Lisa Watts on Data, Privacy and Publishing
Lisa Watts in conversation with Megan Anderson
Photos courtesy of Lisa Watts and Pe3k
This conversation was produced in partnership with Pause Fest
After launching in 2011, The Conversation has grown to become one of Australia's largest independent news and commentary sites. We chat with CEO Lisa Watts about open-access publishing, data and privacy ahead of her appearance in Melbourne at Pause Fest, the world's largest creativity-infused business event.
Megan Anderson: Firstly, are you prepared for the heat today?
Lisa Watts: Well, sort of. I'm in shorts and a T-shirt so that's pretty good.
How did your interest in publishing begin?
Well I am someone who, in my non-professional life, has always been very interested in books, literature, ideas and theatre – I'm an avid reader and theatre goer. But my career led me towards publishing because I started working in businesses that were thinking about digital quite early in the piece – I grew up in a sense professionally at Yellow Pages, at a time [when they were] transitioning from the print product, which was a very valuable, profitable business, to an online world, where it was very obvious that the business would be massively disrupted by the internet.
When I heard about The Conversation's business model I was really impressed by it…I'd heard a lot of pitches and ideas about new ways of thinking about doing publishing or communicating to people online, and when one of the co-founders told me the idea, and that they'd raised some money, I was really blown away by the power of the idea and the simplicity of it: that you can basically create a new way of doing journalism by hiring a whole lot of fantastic editors and pairing them up with academics to write about current events that are happening in the world around us, and to provide that explanatory journalism.
You've seen [The Conversation] grow a huge amount in recent years. How has it changed? Is it still true to that starting idea or has it morphed as the digital landscape has changed?
The idea is very much intact, and part of the reason why it is so successful, and has grown so fast, is because we've been quite relentlessly aligned to the original vision. We haven't been persuaded to do things that people might have wanted us to do. And I think because of our non-profit status we've been quite rigorous in terms of really looking at the project as a public good. We're not here to make anyone any money – we're here to better inform a democracy by giving them access to high-quality content that they can [use to] make sense of the world.
We've also put a lot of energy into a global expansion of the model. So now we're in eight countries and have academic authors and readers all over the world … Last month we had just over 40 million readers in total, including readers of all the republished articles – that's a lot of people.
That's huge! Building trust among readers seems to be something The Conversation has done really well, especially in a digital publishing landscape where it's difficult to know what's reliable and what's not.
Absolutely, and we often describe The Conversation as being public interest journalism. In Australia we've been able to effectively build a brand around that degree of trust. The reason it works so well with academics writing is because they're not try to sell you something – they have to disclose if they've got any funding that might be relevant to the article on every single article that is written. They have to provide a full disclosure statement. You can click through and see the profile, you can read about the author and understand who they are and get a bit of context. For us, that trust is pivotal in terms of our capacity to have a loyal and engaged readership.
Why do you think that transparency is so important right now?
Most people are consuming news through other platforms – they're not going directly to a brand, and articles can be indistinguishable in a news feed, or on whatever platform you are. If news is being shared among peers, it's very difficult to explore who is publishing it, who's written it and what interests they have –for example are they trying to push an ideological or a commercial or another sort of angle? It's just very difficult for consumers to make sense of.
Our audience is very diverse, but it's not an academic audience. Only 20 percent of our readers are academics. The rest are just the general public, but a lot of people use The Conversation in their work, especially teachers, health professionals and policy makers.
How does your work with The Conversation tie in with the conversation around data, privacy and ethical use of online information? How has this affected you and your work?
It guides our decision-making. We're very cautious about what we do and don't do around data. For example, we've got a big audience now, and we've been approached many times to think about ways in which we could monetise people coming to the site, but we would never do that. In the same way, we wouldn't aggressively think about an advertising model. We really want to make the experience as clean and as purposeful as possible, and not surprise anyone.
We're quite risk-averse in the sense of data and security and privacy…because everyone must expect to get data breaches. It will happen. It's just a matter of trying to minimise the impact of that...We put a lot of effort into making sure we're as secure and as careful as possible about what we collect, why we need it and how we might expose it even accidentally through other parties.
It feels a bit out of control – the amount of data available online about people. Do you think we're too trusting?
I think people have given up knowing how to try to protect their information. There's so many instances where you can't get access to something unless you sign up via Facebook, or even just managing passwords – there's a few people that use password managers, but not many. Which is sort of unbelievable, really. Most people still have a variation on the same password for all their things … It's almost gone too far to worry about.
What do you think the implications of that are?
Well I mean it's interesting, isn't it? Have you ever known anyone who suffered from identity theft in a proper way in your life?
I haven't either. But we're all sort of frightened – that's the worst-case scenario, right? ... Once it becomes a dystopian nightmare, we can worry about it. But until then we're like, "Oh well, let's just hope the bank rings me if I'm being hacked."
Because it's for convenience, isn't it, that we're giving this data up for?
Yes, it's convenience. And so that's the trade-off, really … But I think there's more awareness about some things after Cambridge Analytica – you know, not signing up for weird quizzes and not giving survey data out to someone on a social platform. I think people are much more aware of that than they perhaps used to be. But in terms of other ways in which you can navigate your way online, I think most people still preference convenience over privacy.
I guess the flipside of this is open-access publications like The Conversation, where sharing information becomes a good thing.
That's right ... Part of what we wanted to do is have limited barriers to sharing the knowledge and getting articles out there, so that's why The Conversation is as light as possible in terms of signing up for things and doing things – even at our own inconvenience. It means that any other media site or blog or school or business can take any article on The Conversation and reproduce it in full without getting permission, under Creative Commons licensing.
How does The Conversation manage the data it collects about readers?
We allow universities to have access to a lot of the data that they create. There's probably more that we could choose to share and do, but we also think, "Well to what end and for what purpose?"
So you decide what's relevant and what's not?
Yes, even in terms of collection. Because we operate under a charter, we're not trying to monetise it – we're trying to think, "How does this help citizens be more informed with good information that they can trust?" Once you have that as a guide, you're allowed to say "no" to a lot more things.
That sounds sensible. Do you think there should be more regulations like this in place?
Yes I think so, [but] I think it's also very hard to regulate – because it's up to humans to decide what they give over.
"I think people still preference convenience over privacy."


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It's no secret that men are obsessed with beards these days. And though that may be ending soon, one thing is surprising: how long the trend has lasted.
According to historian Alun Withey, the beard's popularity has waxed and waned over the last few centuries, starting when surgical razors first became available in the 1700s.
Men began idolizing the clean shaven faces of Greco-Roman statues. However, beards came back in Victorian times but fell out again since the First World War.
And now they're back again, and it has Withey scratching his head.
"The most recent rise of beards, which began several years ago, was most likely triggered when George Clooney, among others, arrived at the 2013 Baftas and Oscars with facial hair," Alun Withey said in an interview with The Telegraph. "We saw a huge rise in beards in the months following those ceremonies."
But then something interesting happened. The beards … never went away.
"It feels less like a trend this time. In recent decades, facial hair has had its moments, but it has always felt rather fleeting; think about 80s designer stubble, or the goatees of the mid-90s," Withey told The Telegraph. "These current, full-face beards have embedded themselves a little more."
"I'm already surprised at how long it's lasted," he confessed.
NOW WATCH: These 25-year-old BFFs are Instagram stars thanks to their crazy beards
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text:
Addressing China's growing water shortages and associated social and environmental consequences
Download full text from publisher
References listed on IDEAS
- Anderson, Kym & Huang, Jikun & Ianchovichina, Elena, 2004.
"Will China's WTO accession worsen farm household incomes?,"
China Economic Review,
Elsevier, vol. 15(4), pages 443-456.
- Kym Anderson & Jikun Huang & Elena Ianchovichina, 2002. "Impact of ChinaÂ's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty," Centre for International Economic Studies Working Papers 2002-11, University of Adelaide, Centre for International Economic Studies.
- Anderson, Kym & Huang, Jikun & Ianchovichina, Elena, 2004. "Will China's WTO Accession Worsen Rural Poverty?," CEPR Discussion Papers 4196, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Anderson, Kym & Huang, Jikun & Ianchovichina, Elena, 2003. "Long-run impacts of China's WTO accession on farm-nonfarm income inequality and rural poverty," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3052, The World Bank.
- Anderson, Kym & Huang, Jikun & Ianchovichina, Elena, 2002. "Impact of China's WTO Accession on Rural-Urban Income Inequality," 2002 Conference (46th), February 13-15, 2002, Canberra, Australia 173975, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
- Ravallion, Martin & Chen, Shaohua, 2007.
"China's (uneven) progress against poverty,"
Journal of Development Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 82(1), pages 1-42, January.
- Ravallion, Martin & Shaohua Chen, 2004. "China's (uneven) progress against poverty," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3408, The World Bank.
- World Bank, 2002. "Agenda for Water Sector Strategy for North China : Summary Report," World Bank Other Operational Studies 15418, The World Bank.
- Shahid Yusuf & Kaoru Nabeshima, 2006. "China's Development Priorities," World Bank Publications, The World Bank, number 7049, September.
- Hua Wang & Somik Lall, 2002. "Valuing water for Chinese industries: a marginal productivity analysis," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(6), pages 759-765.
CitationsCitations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
Cited by:
- Jian Xie, 2009. "Addressing China's Water Scarcity : Recommendations for Selected Water Resource Management Issues," World Bank Publications, The World Bank, number 2585, September.
- Jianjun Tang & Henk Folmer & Arno J. Vlist & Jianhong Xue, 2014. "The impacts of management reform on irrigation water use efficiency in the Guanzhong plain, China," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 93(2), pages 455-475, June.
- Theresa Carino & Ying Xie, 2013. "Water and sanitation in six villages in Guizhou and Guangxi Provinces, China: a critical perspective," Water International, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(7), pages 954-966, November.
- Zhang, Lei & Zhu, Xueqin & Heerink, Nico & Shi, Xiaoping, 2014. "Does output market development affect irrigation water institutions? Insights from a case study in northern China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 70-78.
- Woo, Chi-Keung & Wong, Wing-Keung & Horowitz, Ira & Chan, Hing-Lin, 2012. "Managing a scarce resource in a growing Asian economy: Water usage in Hong Kong," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 23(4), pages 374-382.
- Qu, Futian & Kuyvenhoven, Arie & Shi, Xiaoping & Heerink, Nico, 2011. "Sustainable natural resource use in rural China: Recent trends and policies," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(4), pages 444-460.
More about this item
KeywordsWater Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions; Town Water Supply and Sanitation; Water and Industry; Water Conservation; Water Use;
NEP fieldsThis paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:
- NEP-AGR-2006-04-29 (Agricultural Economics)
- NEP-CNA-2006-04-29 (China)
- NEP-ENV-2006-04-29 (Environmental Economics)
- NEP-SEA-2006-04-29 (South East Asia)
- NEP-TRA-2006-04-29 (Transition Economics)
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Is your toolbox never out of sight? Looking to join a company that's out of the ordinary? We've got the job for you: we're looking for talented millwrights to join team EACOM.
You will maintain and repair equipment to keep the mill running efficiently.
Your day at EACOM
- Repair equipment such as conveyors, hydraulic and pneumatic components, and automated systems.
- Investigate any malfunctioning machinery and perform the necessary repairs.
- Optimize equipment and help continuously improve its efficiency.
- Do welding work when needed.
- Respond to any mechanical emergencies quickly and safely.
- Operate machining tools to fabricate parts.
You're good at
- Getting good results without compromising safety
- Elevating the quality of work performed in the mill
- Working in a dynamic team environment
- Demonstrating your collaborative spirit and initiative
Extra points for
- 2-5 years and at least 10,000 hours of experience maintaining industrial equipment, ideally in a timber complex
- College degree or diploma in industrial engineering
- Familiarity with Occupational Health and Safety legislation
- Being available to work days, evenings, or nights
The perks of joining Team EACOM
- Your limit's the limit. We develop and promote from within.
- Modern facilities and equipment thanks to continuous improvement and investments.
- Relocation support to get you and your family rooted in our communities.
- A strong company culture that puts people first.


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Tender, Succulent, Juicy chicken tikka is just homemade and the marination is absolutely Lip-Smacking! There is one secret tip to get a smokey chicken Tikka that makes it even better!
Mix all the ingredients in yoghurt and marinate the chicken for 15 mins or refrigerate them overnight.
Line the aluminium foil on the baking tray/Grease some butter
Grill it on the oven at 180 degree C for 15 to 20 mins and keep basting the chicken with butter/ghee every 5 to 10 mins.
Place the baking tray in the top most rack for 5mins, so that chicken pieces will get a smokey flavour


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What's hot
Replacement parts businesses generally succeed or fail on their ability to offer the right parts at the right place and the right time.
Activant's analysis of aftermarket catalog lookup and parts transaction information for December 2007 indicates that in the disc brake caliper category, having the right parts on hand means bolstering inventories for the 1998 Ford F-150, 2004 F-250 and 2000 Chevrolet Blazer, each of which posted a dramatic rise.
While the 1998 Blazer remains No. 1 in this category, the 1998 F-150 rose from eighth to second overall, and the 2004 F-150 rocketed from 32nd to fifth. (A more detailed analysis of "risers" and "fallers" is available by going online to www.search-autoparts.com).
"My guess is that you're looking at a heavier, harder-working truck that's fitted with a somewhat undersized brake package," an Ohio jobber says regarding the 2004 F-150.
A regional breakout of catalog transactions in the caliper category shows a striking contrast in the type of vehicles, as well as significant spikes in demand covering several applications. For the December 2007 period, the 2000 Nissan Maxima rose 12 positions to No. 1 in the northeastern U.S., followed by the 1995 Ford Taurus (up 10 spots to No. 2) and the 1996 Taurus (up 12 spots to fourth overall) in this category.
Predicting the consumption of alternators requires "black magic," according to one manufacturer, because "many technicians tend to throw alternators into vehicles in order to solve other, harder-to-find electrical problems." Leading the category in December 2007 was the 1995 GMC C&K 1500 pickup, rising from fifth overall in 2006.
Demand shifts were more prevalent in the regional snapshot, where the 2000 Ford Expedition rose from 59th to third place overall, and the 1997 F-150 pickup climbed 12 spots to fourth overall.
Tie rods commonly fail due to normal wear and tear, but they tend to wear out faster in areas prone to bad weather, where vehicles might slide into curbs or hit crater-size potholes. Nationally in December 2007, this category saw moderate movement in demand, with the 2000 Ford Windstar rising three positions to No. 1 and the 1999 Windstar climbing from seventh to third overall.
What's not
Where there are "risers" there also must be "fallers." Caliper applications falling out of the top 10 year-to-year in December were the 1993 F100-350, 1999 F-150, and 2000 F-350 Super Duty. The Super Duty dropped from fourth to 23rd position nationally.
In the national alternator snapshot, the 1997 GMC C&K 1500 dropped to No. 11 overall, and the 1989 F100-300 fell six positions to No. 12. Three applications fell dramatically in this category in the western United States: the 2000 Honda Accord (from 10th to 40th), '98 Chevrolet S-10 (sixth to 54th) and the 1999 Toyota Camry (seventh to 59th).
Tie rod applications dropping out of the top 10 nationally and in our snapshot of the southern U.S. didn't surprise one chassis parts manufacturer, who indicated that applications such as the 1999 Ford Escort and Taurus and older Ford and GMC pickups have moved into their next cycle of aftermarket replacement.
Methodology: The Activant Vista market intelligence tool captures point of sale information from a national panel of aftermarket stores. This information is processed and aggregated through Activant's unique statistical methodology on a daily basis before being delivered in reports to Vista subscribers. Collected information includes eCatalog lookups, product availability and sales transactions by vehicle and SKU.
Rod Bayless is the product director for Activant Solutions, Inc. For additional information regarding Activant Vista market data, write to email@example.com. Activant is a leading innovator and the industry standard for information and supply chain technology in the automotive aftermarket.


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Dear friends,
This Sunday goes by a number of names: The Fourth Sunday of Easter, Good Shepherd Sunday, the World Day of Prayer for Vocations, and, of course, Mother's Day. Whatever title we call today, they all weave together into a similar theme. The image of the Good Shepherd is quite a tender image, and it is an image that children easily relate to, even if we don't see shepherds around the city streets these days. The second reading ends with the declaration of God's promise "to wipe away every tear" from our eyes. On this Mother's Day, I hope that many of us can remember a childhood moment when our mother wiped away our tears in her tenderness. Our fathers may have done this too but Mums always seem to do it better. Today is also the World Day of Prayer for Vocations, and there is no greater vocation than that of being a parent. When we think of vocations, we immediately tend to think of priestly and religious life, but being a husband or wife, father or mother is also a vocation. We shouldn't downplay the calling to married life. Even so, the call to Priesthood is also a call to the best attributes of "fatherhood". Ordained ministry and religious life is a call to participate in the Church's mission to work with God to wipe every tear
away from every eye. It is a call to become a "good shepherd" who speaks with the tender voice of Jesus. To quote Pope Francis on this World Day of Prayer for Vocations, and on this Mother's Day, and on this Good Shepherd Sunday:
"The Lord's call is not an intrusion of God in our freedom; it is not a 'cage' or a burden to be borne. On the contrary, it is the loving initiative whereby God encounters us and invites us to be part of a great undertaking…. God in fact desires that our lives not become banal and predictable, imprisoned by daily routine, or unresponsive before decisions that could give it meaning. The Lord does not want us to live from day to day, thinking that nothing is worth fighting for, slowly losing our desire to set out on new and exciting paths…. Every vocation is a summons not to stand on the shore, nets in hand, but to follow Jesus on the path he has marked out for us, for our own happiness and for the good of those around us."
May we pray that each of us will be sustained in our vocation, in whatever circumstance of life to which we are called. Let us also pray that God may continue to call forth good shepherds to lead us into God's eternal embrace. And happy Mother's Day! Fr. Anthony


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Date: Wed, February 27, 2019, 12:33:50 ET Posted by: Doc Mu, Dean, I never said released by the summer. More on the line of recording it. I don't think it's a question of having enough material.
The first show of Bob Weir & Wolf Bros' spring tour included a setlist filled with Grateful Dead favorites, Bob Dylan covers and a pair of songs Bobby hadn't played in nearly five years. The Telluride.
In April, Unknown Mortal Orchestra will return with Sex & Food. UMO has mapped an upcoming tour in support of the release, including festival appearances at Primavera Sound in Barcelona and The Net.
Unknown Mortal Orchestra Tour Dates 2018, 2019. Unknown Mortal Orchestra concert tickets are on sale. You can find the list of Unknown Mortal Orchestra tour dates here. Unknown Mortal Orchestra is an American and New Zealand rock band composed of singer, guitarist and songwriter Ruban Nielson, bassist Jake Portrait and drummer Riley Geare.
It took a good 20 minutes, but finally the lights went red (just like the last time they were here) and Unknown Mortal Orchestra slithered to the stage. "Faded in the Morning" is the first track on.
SXSW announces more 2019 lineup additions (De La Soul, Andrew Bird, Trail o. StubHub 2019 SXSW showcase lineup (De La Soul, Open Mike Eagle, Leikeli47,
Last night's episode of SiriusXMU Sessions featured a stripped-down performance by Unknown Mortal Orchestra. The session saw the band performing a cover a classic David Bowie song. Frontman Ruban Niel.
Mac DeMarco. On tour: yes 2019-2020 tour dates: 53 concerts Next concert near you: 2 months (Seattle) 360,947 fans tracking concert alerts for this artist. Join Songkick to track Mac DeMarco and get concert alerts when they play near you.
Robyn brought her 'Honey' tour to Aragon Ballroom (pics, video, setlist) Bernie Sanders launches 2020 presidential campaign in NYC & Chicago (Navy P.
Slightly Stoopid's 28-date "How I Spent My Summer Vacation 2019" tour also features Matisyahu, Tribal Seeds and HIRIE. Disc Jam Music Festival organizers announced the initial 2019 lineup, which featu.
Unknown Mortal Orchestra will release a new album entitled Sex & Food via Jagjaguwar on April 6. The Portland, Oregon-based band shared the lead single "American Guilt." "American Guilt" is an attempt.
Additionally, the band will perform a special show in Berkeley, California on April 19 with Unknown Mortal Orchestra. Preceding the trek, Chvrches will visit the UK and Ireland and will head back over.
Every Christmas, Unknown Mortal Orchestra gift their fans with a new instrumental track, and this year's no different. Following past selections "SB-02", "SB-03", and "SB-04", the New Zealand-bred out.
Mar 05, 2019 · This video is unavailable. Watch Queue Queue. Watch Queue Queue
Unknown Mortal Orchestra today released their new studio album Sex & Food on the Jagjaguwar record label. Today the band also shared a video for the album track "Everyone Acts Crazy Nowadays." UMO rec.
Find Unknown Mortal Orchestra's upcoming U.S. and international concerts, tickets, demands and tour dates for 2019 on Concertful.
Here we go: Coachella has just announced its 2019 lineup. Childish Gambino. H.E.R., Blood Orange, Pusha T, Unknown Mortal Orchestra, Kaytranada, Jon Hopkins, Lizzo, SOB x RBE, Soccer Mommy, U.S. Gi.
A Campingflight to Lowlands Paradise (Lowlands), is an annual three-day music and performing arts festival, held in the Netherlands.The festival is held 68 kilometres (42 mi) east of Amsterdam in Biddinghuizen, at Spijk en Bremerberg, which is adjacent to Walibi Holland. Although the main focus is on music – rock, pop, dance, hip hop and alternative – Lowlands also offers indoor and outdoor.
Scottish indie-pop trio CHVRCHES have announced a new run of US tour dates. The performances come in support. Cherry Glazerr are set to open a majority of these dates, with Unknown Mortal Orchestra.
Swedenborgian Hymns The Lord Is Good To Me I was taught that we sing our hymns together in a reverent manor. Psalm 122:1 "I rejoiced with those who said to me, 'Let us go to the house of the Lord.'" Let's keep our lives filled with dignity, Here we identify ourselves with the Lord's fast. mortality come home to me in this way.
Cadillac Classical Music Suite 1 Commercial Advertisement Tunes like "Spanish Flea" and "Gymnopédie No. 1" pop up in soundtracks. with a clichéd bit of classical music, then subverting them with silly characters. Others were one-hit wonders. 1" and "Holberg Suite" are remarkably musical. Both North European composers chose to use their native accents and rhythms to blend with mainstream classical music,
Unknown Mortal Orchestra tour. Unknown Mortal Orchestra tour dates 2019 can be found above, sorted by date and location closest to you. Be sure to check and see what time the Unknown Mortal Orchestra show starts so you don't have any surprises on the day of the show.
Following in an annual Christmas tradition, Unknown Mortal Orchestra has shared a new song. The group posted the sprawling instrumental track "SB – 05." Last year on Christmas Eve, UMO issued "SB – 04.
Tour dates for all Unknown Mortal Orchestra concerts are refreshed constantly. Tour schedule for Unknown Mortal Orchestra can be found above. Backstage passes will not be an issue, we always have top quality seats. Unknown Mortal Orchestra tour dates has recently been reported. Unknown Mortal Orchestra could be coming to a city near you.
One artist who hasn't ever listened to Dave Matthews Band is Unknown Mortal Orchestra's Ruban Nielson. It's the same obsessive thing where people collect records, write down setlists, make mixtapes.
The indie rock/pop station is an excellent source for conversations with artists on the rise, world premieres, and the odd delightful cover. This, from Unknown Mortal Orchestra, falls in that last cat.
The first show of Bob Weir & Wolf Bros' spring tour included a setlist filled with Grateful Dead favorites, Bob Dylan covers and a pair of songs Bobby hadn't played in nearly five years. The Telluride.
Local Natives. On tour: yes 2019-2020 tour dates: 27 concerts Next concert near you: 2 months (Seattle) 447,367 fans tracking concert alerts for this artist. Join Songkick to track Local Natives and get concert alerts when they play near you.
Jan 01, 2019 · Unknown Mortal Orchestra Live Full Concert 2019. Unknown Mortal Orchestra Live Full Concert 2019. Skip navigation Sign in. Search. Loading. Close. This video is unavailable.
Deer Tick are whipping up some Mayonnaise — that's the name of a new compilation of covers, alt-versions of songs from their two 2017 LPs, and a few new tracks, that'll be released on February 1, 2019.
In What Language Is Lutheran Church Hymns Lutheran Service Book Prepared by The Commission on Worship of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod CONCORDIA PUBLISHING HOUSE • SAINT LOUIS hee ateria a e rerouce or uroe o revie on Holy Faith Church is an inclusive, affirming, Lutheran-and-Episcopal congregation. People of all generations and family groupings gather at our church to seek God together and
Get Unknown Mortal Orchestra tickets. See every Unknown Mortal Orchestra concert. Check out Unknown Mortal Orchestra tour schedule, live reviews, photos, and details.
Testament's second album, The New Order, was released in May 1988, and found the band continuing in a similar vein.The album was a minor success, peaking at number 136 on the Billboard 200, but managed to sell over 250,000 copies. In support of The New Order, Testament opened for Megadeth on their So Far, So Good. So What! tour in Europe, and toured the United States with the likes of.
The first show of Bob Weir & Wolf Bros' spring tour included a setlist filled with Grateful Dead favorites, Bob Dylan covers and a pair of songs Bobby hadn't played in nearly five years. The Telluride.
Love Rocks NYC Brings Robert Plant, Sheryl Crow, Ann & Nancy Wilson, Buddy Guy, Hozier, & Many More Together For A Cause [Videos]
Toro Y Moi has added an Unknown Mortal Orchestra track – this year's album title track 'Multi-Love' – to his setlist. Videos have emerged showing. Andy Ford/NME Toro Y Moi continues his American to.
Close To The Edge (Expanded & Remastered) Elektra Catalog Group 2003: $6.28 $4.99 (used) Close To The Edge (Steven Wilson Remix) Wea Japan 2019: $31.68
Unknown Mortal Orchestra Tour dates 2019. Unknown Mortal Orchestra tickets are on sale right now on ConcertPass. ConcertPass is your number one destination for all Unknown Mortal Orchestra concerts tickets as well as concert dates and extensive tour information.
Foo Fighters. When Foo Fighters released a debut album written and recorded entirely by leader Dave Grohl — at that point known only as the powerhouse drummer for Nirvana — in the summer of 1995, few would have guessed that the group would wind up as the.


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The credit rating agency said it didn't originally announce "potential" data points, like tax identification numbers, that "may
have been accessed" by hackers.
Hackers stole more data from Equifax in a breach last year than initially thought.
In September, the Atlanta, GA-based credit giant revealed a huge data breach, including names, social security numbers, birth
dates, home addresses, and in some cases driver's license numbers. It was later confirmed over 145 million were affected,
primarily Americans, but also some Canadians and British citizens.
The hack became the largest single data breach reported in 2017.
But documents seen by members of the Senate Banking Committee suggest the types of data stolen were wider than the company first
A letter published Friday by committee member Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) to acting Equifax chief executive Paulino do Rego
Barros summarized the senator's five-month investigation into the Equifax breach, which said exposure of tax identification
numbers (TINs), email addresses, and additional license information — such as issue dates and by which state — was not
originally disclosed.
The news of the documents was first reported by The Wall Street Journal.
Tax identification numbers are usually issued by the Internal Revenue Service to workers who aren't eligible for a Social Security
number, like foreign nationals, in order to report income and file tax returns.
Tax identification numbers were likely exposed because they were found in the same portion of the database where other tax
numbers, like Social Security numbers, were stored.
Commenting in several tweets, Warren said: "In October, when I asked the CEO about the precise extent of the breach, he couldn't
give me a straight answer. So for five months, I investigated it myself."
"My investigation revealed the depth of the breach and cover-up at Equifax," she added. "And since I published the report, Equifax
has confirmed it is even worse than they told us."
When reached, an Equifax spokesperson called the Journal's headline "extremely misleading," but confirmed that some additional
data points were impacted by the breach.
"We are fully aware — and have been — of the data that was stolen," said spokesperson Meredith Griffanti in an email to ZDNet.
The company said it has always been up front about the data "primarily included" in the breach, but recently gave the Senate
Banking Committee data points "that may have been accessed that we categorized and analyzed in the forensic investigation."
"Some of these were impacted — and some, like passports or [card verification numbers] for example, were not," said Griffanti.
"We sent direct mail notices to those consumers whose credit card numbers or dispute documents with [personal data] were
impacted," the spokesperson confirmed.


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Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary1. (n.) A loose, flowing upper garment
2. (n.) The ordinary outer dress of a woman; as, a calico or silk gown.
3. (n.) The official robe of certain professional men and scholars, as university students and officers, barristers, judges, etc.; hence, the dress of peace; the dress of civil officers, in distinction from military.
4. (n.) A loose wrapper worn by gentlemen within doors; a dressing gown.
5. (n.) Any sort of dress or garb.
Greek4749. stole -- equipment, apparel
... long robe. From stello; equipment, ie (specially), a "stole" or long-fitting gown
(as a mark of dignity) -- long clothing (garment), (long) robe. ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/4749.htm - 7k
Strong's Hebrew6361. petash -- (a garment) perhaps leggings
... hose. (Aramaic) from a root corresponding to that of pattiysh; a gown (as if hammered
out wide) -- hose. see HEBREW pattiysh. 6360, 6361. petash. 6362 . ...
/hebrew/6361.htm - 6k
Virtues of the Mantle. It Pleads in Its Own Defence.
When Diamond Got Round the Corner of the Hay...
Measures to Promote Revivals.
Time Changes Nations' Dresses --And Fortunes.
On Dress.
Introductory Note to the Writings of Justin Martyr
George Buchanan, Scholar
Of the Power and Authoritie Given to Synods.
Rondelet, {7} the Huguenot Naturalist {8}
ThesaurusGown (1 Occurrence)
... 2. (n.) The ordinary outer dress of a woman; as, a calico or silk gown. ... 4. (n.)
A loose wrapper worn by gentlemen within doors; a dressing gown. ...
/g/gown.htm - 7k
Goyim (7 Occurrences)
Governorship (1 Occurrence)
Garment (143 Occurrences)
Train (17 Occurrences)
Presentable (2 Occurrences)
Pluck (41 Occurrences)
Bedstead (1 Occurrence)
Bed (142 Occurrences)
ConcordanceGown (1 Occurrence)
Psalms 45:13
Related Terms
LinksBible Concordance • Bible Dictionary • Bible Encyclopedia • Topical Bible • Bible Thesuarus


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In this presentation, Jennie Milne will describe her extraordinary journey to understand her mother's mysterious background. Elizabeth Lis was abandoned in a babies home in 1943 in Devon, England. Her father was a highly decorated Polish Officer under British command. Her mother, at the time of her birth, had also been serving in the Polish army and was reputedly Jewish.
In March 2014 Jennie began searching in earnest for her grandparents and broke the silence of years after teaming up with Michael Tobias and Mark Halpern. She has been able to connect with cousins through recent DNA results, assisted by Karen Franklin.
This talk will describe the extensive research through records, and Jewish connections through JRI Poland, JewishGen, DNA, Tracing the Tribe, FTDNA & Ancestry. Recorded at the IAJGS Conference, Warsaw 2018
in the garden of Loxtor Wrey, Lustleigh, Devon 1950
at our grandmothers grave
Helena's former next door neighbour.
Dear Jennie,
I have found the only photo I have of Helena your grandmother – on the day of her marriage to Jan Konopka – probably at Kensington Registry Office.
I am also sending you a brass joss stick vessel for incense which Helena used constantly as an ash tray! Id love you to have these things. Ruth and I loved Helena in our different ways. When your letter arrived, I burst into tears not realising then why. Now I do! She represented so much to me- Broken lives, the terror of war – being a refugee, fighting back etc etc. I'm so glad I had the privilege of caring for her during ng the last phase of her life.
We the British owe an immeasurable debt to the Poles. They led the way to breaking the enigma codes, their fighter pilots taught our air force how to win at aerial combat and then we had the gall NOT TO INCLUDE them in the victory parade after the war – we were scared of Stalin!!
We will carry on our love of Helena till we reach the great horizon ourselves!
Yours Doig
Janusz Ral helped me locate and translate many of my grandparents (particularly my grandfathers) records.
Vice President programming at JewishGen, Co founder and Board Member of Jewish Records Indexing - Poland, Jewish expert (Q&A) WDYTYA Magazine.
Holding a portrait of our father Derek Workman.
Oldest grandchild of Stanislaw and Helena Lis
Tomas Workman
Tom's wife
Seth Milne with his grandfathers image


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Slow Down with the Seasons
At this time of year it often feels like there is a subtle pressure building to a crescendo as the holiday season looms and an expectation of how we are supposed to behave.
Therefore it is a good time to think about how to ensure that you are looking after yourself so that you can give your best to your loved ones. To achieve this you need to take care of yourself and make sure that your mind and body are being supported fully
Sometimes as we come up to the holiday season all those jobs that have been avoided suddenly seem to be the most important things to finish. Before you go manic, ask yourself, "do they really need to be done now?" Make a list and rank them in order or importance, then start crossing off those that really don't need to be finished. Know your own limits and work within them. A job done quickly and badly is not worth doing.
Take moments throughout your day to realise how lucky you are; anything from just looking up at the sky on a crisp winters day, to noticing the beauty of a fallen leaf on the ground.
Perhaps make a conscious effort to give something to the homeless person on the street, to donate unwanted items to your local charity shop or spend time talking to someone who needs you to listen
As mentioned in a previous blog, make sure you are looking after your health by keeping hydrated, and nourished with food that is sourced ethically and is good for you. It is hard to avoid "treats" at this time of year, so take time to really taste and savour them and you may find that one chocolate is enough!
Be aware if you are spending time with people who drain your energy, may be unintentionally, but who rely on you, so arrange to see them when you feel full of energy yourself.
Try meditation before you get up in the morning, even for 5 minutes, you might be surprised how much better you feel for taking the time to do so before starting your day.
Plan to go to a yoga class on the days you feel you need a lift, perhaps a Wednesday to give you that extra boost for the rest of the week, and may be a more gentle class at the end of the week to ease yourself into the weekend.
We all know that getting enough good quality sleep is known to be one of the most important things for your health. Different age groups require different amounts of sleep. Children between 14 & 17 year old on average require; 8-10h; 18-65 year olds an average of 7-9h and 65 years and older an average of 7-8h.
It is important to pay attention to your sleep hygiene. This includes keeping to a regular sleep pattern, even at the weekend. Avoid eating within a 3 hours of bedtime; try to keep all electronics, computers and phones out of the bedroom (perhaps get a manual clock for Christmas); make sure the room is maintained at a steady temperature, ideally at 21C; reduce light pollution to a minimum and ensure you have a comfortable mattress and pillow.
If you have trouble getting to sleep there are yoga sequences that can help you relax into a deep quality slumber that use the knowledge gleaned from Traditional Chinese Medicine based on the meridians that are also used in acupuncture. The example below is aimed to work with the gall bladder, liver, lung and large intestine meridians at the times where these meridians are most energised.
Aim to be in each pose for between 5 and 8 mins.
Intention: To release all negative thoughts from the day and replace them with positive thoughts about tonight's sleep which will re-set your mind ready for tomorrow. Mantra "this is the first night of complete quietude and peaceful sleep"
At any point in the practice feel free to repeat the mantra to yourself.
Seated cross legs, 10 long settling breaths, thinking about filling your lungs to their maximum capacity and totally exhaling all the air from your lungs. Repeating the mantra as you breath
Take your legs into knee pile with eagle arms, folding forwards to hold for 5-8 mins on both sides
Child, resting your arms
Ease yourself up and gently hold sphinx, the head can relax
Transitioning through a very gentle down dog with really bent knee come into Pigeon pose, hold for 5-8 mins then change sides
Lower yourself completely on the mat, extend your left arm out at 90 degrees to the body then take the right hand near your chest to gently ease yourself away from the floor to allow you to stretch out the left shoulder joint. Hold for up to 5 mins. Then go onto the other side
Roll onto your belly then ease yourself up to all 4's and as you inhale pull the belly towards the floor and on exhale push the back towards the sky (cat/cow) repeat for 5 rounds
From all 4's position take the right hand to the sky out to the side then thread the arm underneath the left arm through to your shoulder, inhale and lift the arm up, exhale and thread underneath. Repeat 4 time on each side
Come onto your belly, take your hands on the floor and extend the elbows into Seal and hold for 2 mins.
Lie down onto the belly, take the your hands underneath your forehead palms facing downwards and rest your head on the back of your hands


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We give because He first gave!
The Bible teaches us that God Himself is a generous and extravagant giver. When we honor Him through our tithe and offerings, we are being obedient to His word as well as reflecting His character through our lives. Generosity is an act of worship that expresses our gratitude, faith, and love for others.
God provides for the ministry, outreaches and missions of Happy Hill Church through your generosity. We honor your gifts with faithful stewardship, ethical business practices, and full accountability so that the financial integrity of Happy Hill remains beyond reproach.
"Let giving flow from your heart, not from a sense of religious duty. Let it spring up freely from the joy of giving—all because God loves hilarious generosity!" 2 Corinthians 9:7
Happy Hill Church 399758 W. 3100 Road
Ramona, OK 74061


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This boiler is a kind of fully automatic horizontal type fire tube oil gas fired hot water boiler with high thermal efficiency and it is safe and reliable.Learn More
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Hubert creates some superb farm-produced Calvados in the Pay D'age les Vergers de la Moriniere county, and this 2009 vintage is no exception. Fruit from the 200-year-old tree next to the brand's… More info
Made by Michel Hubert on his farm in the Pay D'age les Vergers de la Moriniere county, Hubert Calvados Pays d'Auge 2002 is a sweet calvados made with no fewer than 15 apple varieties, as well as a… More info