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1. IntroductionMany works done on the syntax of imperatives in Romance and Slavic languages note that while some languages have negative imperatives, others do not, instead expressing prohibition through the use of suppletive subjunctives or innitives (Joseph & Philippaki-Warburton (1987), Zanuttini (1991), Zanuttini (1994), Rivero (1994a), Rivero (1994b), Rivero & Terzi (1995), Zanuttini (1997)). This paper provides a novel account for the cross-linguistic variation in the compatibility of imperatives and negation. I argue that some languages rule out negative imperatives because the syntax derives a structure which maps onto an illegitimate semantic representation. This paper mainly considers data from Italian, Spanish, French, Modern Greek, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, German and English. In 2, I discuss the data and the issues they raise. In 3, I discuss previous studies that provide syntactic accounts of the relation between negation and imperatives. In 4, I discuss a puzzle concerning the non-availability of negative imperatives, which previous studies failed to take into account. In 5, I establish that C0 is the locus of imperative operator which attracts the imperative verb. In 6, I propose that negative imperatives are ruled out because they have a syntactic conguration which maps onto a semantic
I thank Anthony Kroch for many valuable discussions on this topic. I also thank Robin Clark, Sabine Iatridou, Roumyana Izvorski, Eric Potsdam and Beatrice Santorini for helpful comments. I am also grateful to Alexis Dimitriadis, Luis L opez, Paola Merlo, Carmen Rio Rey, and Sandra Stjepanovic. Of course, all errors are mine.
representation that is simply uninterpretable. Under the proposed analysis, negative imperatives are ruled out by semantics and not syntax. In 7, I discuss and account for a potential counterexample to the proposed analysis posed by the existence of negative imperatives in Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian. In 8, I extend the proposed analysis to negative interrogatives.
d. * No hablad! * No lee! not talk-2pl.Imp Neg read-2sg.Imp Dont talk! Dont read! e. No habl eis! b. No leas! not talk-2pl.Subj Neg read-2sg.Subj Dont talk! Dont read! f. No hablar! c. No leer! not talk-Inf Neg read-Inf Dont talk! Dont read! In Italian, imperatives in the 2nd person singular cannot be negated, but imperatives in the 2nd person plural can be. The prohibition in the 2nd person singular is expressed through the use of suppletive innitives. (3) Italian a. * Non telefona le! Neg call-2sg.Imp her Dont call her! Non telefonare le! Neg call-Inf Dont call her! c. Telefonate le! call-2pl.Imp her Call her! Non telefonate le! Neg call-2pl.Imp her Dont call her!
1 In Modern Greek, many imperative verbs in the 2nd person plural have the same forms as corresponding subjunctive verbs. One way to distinguish the two forms is through the use of pronominal clitics. In imperatives, clitics encliticize onto the verb, whereas in subjunctives, they procliticize.
Imperatives in the 2nd person singular have verbal forms unique to the imperative paradigm, whereas imperatives in the 2nd person plural have verbal forms morphologicallyidentical to the corresponding indicative form. For this reason, Zanuttini (1991) refers to 2nd person singular imperatives as TRUE IMPERATIVES and 2nd person plural imperatives as SUPPLETIVE IMPERATIVES.2 In French, German, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian and English, imperatives are compatible with negation. (4) French a. Ne chante pas! Neg sing-2sg.Imp pas Dont sing! b. Ne chantez pas! Neg sing-2pl.Imp pas Dont sing! (6) Bulgarian a. Ne c eti! Neg read-2sg.Imp Dont read! Ne c etete! Neg read-2pl.Imp Dont read! (5) German a. Schreib nicht! write-2sg.Imp neg Dont write! b. Schreibt nicht! write-2pl.Imp neg Dont write! (7) Serbo-Croatian a. Ne c itaj! Neg read-2sg.Imp Dont read! Ne c itajte! Neg read-2pl.Imp Dont read!
Why are imperatives compatible with negation in some languages but not in others? In languages like Italian, in which the imperative verbal paradigm has both true and suppletive imperative verbal forms, why are imperatives in the suppletive form compatible with negation, whereas true imperatives are not? Why do languages that do not allow negative imperatives choose innitives or subjunctives as suppletive forms?
In this paper, I only address the rst issue for lack of space. See Han (in prep.) for the discussion of the other issues.
2 In Italian, although imperatives in the 2nd person plural have verbal forms morphologically identical to the corresponding indicative form, they do not have the syntax of indicatives. Pronominal clitics procliticize onto verbs in indicative sentences, but they encliticize in both afrmative and negative imperative sentences.
3. Previous Studies3.1 Zanuttini (1991, 1994, 1997) Zanuttini (1991, 1994, 1997) provides an account for Romance of the incompatibility of negation and true imperatives. Her basic claim is that imperatives are defective in that they lack a certain functional category required by a certain type of negation. Hence, languages with this type of negation do not have negative imperatives. Here, I discuss the version presented in Zanuttini (1991) in more detail (because it is the most straightforward and simplest version). Zanuttini (1991) distinguishes between preverbal and postverbal negation in Romance: preverbal negation requires TP, whereas postverbal negation does not. She also argues that imperatives are tenseless and so do not project TP. Putting the two assumptions together, Zanuttini concludes that imperatives are incompatible with negation in languages that have preverbal negation (e.g., Italian, Spanish and Catalan). Although Zanuttinis analysis works well for Romance, it does not easily extend to Balkan languages such as Modern Greek, Bulgarian, and SerboCroatian. These languages all have preverbal negation but differ in whether they allow negative imperatives: Modern Greek does not, whereas Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian do. Given Zanuttinis analysis, one would have to argue that either the preverbal negation of Modern Greek requires TP but that of Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian does not, or that TP is absent in the imperatives of Modern Greek but present in those of Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian. 3.2 Rivero (1994), Rivero and Terzi (1995) The accounts given in Rivero (1994) and Rivero and Terzi (1995) start from the assumption that Neg0 projects to NegP in Modern Greek, Spanish, Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian and that they share a phrase structure in which CP dominates NegP, which in turn dominates IP. Rivero and Terzi argue that in Spanish and Modern Greek (and potentially in Italian) the root C0 hosts a strong imperative mood feature that must be checked by the verb before Spellout requiring the imperative verb to move to C0 overtly. The claim is that negative imperatives are unavailable in Modern Greek and Spanish because Neg0 blocks imperative verb movement to C0 . According to Rivero and Terzi, in Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian, the strong imperative mood feature is located in I0 , rather than in C0 . This means that the imperative verb moves only up to I0 . Negative imperatives are available in these languages because imperative verbs do not cross Neg0 . According to Rivero and Terzi, C0 cannot be the position associated with imperative force in these languages (or any other illocutionary force for that matter), because C0 is reserved as the last-resort landing site for verb movement to rescue clause-initial clitics. Rivero and Terzis analysis is problematic in that it does not take into account the fact that negation in Spanish and Modern Greek have the morphosyntactic properties of clitics, which I discuss in more detail in 4. The issue does not arise for Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian although the negation markers in these languages are also clitics.
In Spanish and Modern Greek, questions can be formed by moving the verb to C0 , resulting in subject-verb inversion. In negative questions, negation and the verb move to C0 as a unit as well, as in (9).4 (9) a. Ti den edose o Yannis stin Meri? what Neg gave the Yannis to Meri What didnt Yannis give to Meri? (Modern Greek) Qu e no le di o Juan a Mar ia? What Neg to-her gave Juan to Maria What didnt Juan give to Maria? (Spanish)
Given Rivero and Terzis analysis, examples in (8b) and (9) are expected to be ungrammatical. But this is not correct. Moreover, given the behavior of negation and the verb in Aux-to-Comp constructions in Italian and in questions in Spanish and Modern Greek, we expect Neg0 and the verb to move to C0 as a unit in negative imperatives as well. But this expectation is not borne3 I assume that clitic negation attaches to the verb in the overt syntax. That is, I am not assuming that cliticization of negation is a pure PF phenomena, where clitic negation attaches to the verb only at PF. 4 I assume that Spanish allows verb movement to C0 in some wh-questions (see Torrego (1984)). For Modern Greek, there is some controversy as to whether verb-movement to C0 in questions exists at all (see Anagnostopoulou (1994)).
out. Then, the real puzzle (under the assumption that imperative verb moves to C0 ) is why the construction in which Neg0 and the imperative verb have moved to C0 as a unit is ruled out in languages that allow verb movement to C0 along with negation in other types of constructions.
5.1 Subject Position In German, when an imperative has an overt subject, the verb precedes the subject. In yes-no questions, the verb also precedes the subject. (10) a. Schreib Du den Aufsatz! write2sg.Imp you the paper You write the paper. Schreibst Du den Aufsatz? write you the paper Are you writing the paper?
The fact that the verb must precede the subject in both imperatives and yes-no questions suggests that the verb in imperatives is located wherever the verb in yes-no questions is located: namely, in C0 . In English, imperative verbs follow the subject in positive imperatives. But in imperatives with do-support, namely, negative imperatives and emphatic imperatives, the verb do precedes the subject. (11) a. b. c. You open the door! Dont you talk back to me! Do at least some of you have a try. (Davies 1986:89)
This suggests that at least auxiliary do moves to C0 in imperatives. Potsdam (1997) discusses various evidence for the claim that do and dont in imperatives are in C0 .5 5.2 Adverb Placement Adverb placement in Italian imperatives suggests that imperative verbs move to a position quite high in the clausal structure. Zanuttini (1997) shows that imperative verbs obligatorily precede the adverbs pure and ben, which are particles of emphatic afrmation.5 I assume that in
b. (13) a.
Dagli ben una risposta! give-2sg.Imp-him indeed an answer Do give him an answer! (Zanuttini 1997:135) * Ben dagli una risposta! (Zanuttini 1997:135) Fallo pure! do-2sg.Imp-it indeed Go ahead and do it! (Zanuttini 1997:135) * Pure fallo! (Zanuttini 1997:135)
According to Cinque (1999), pure and ben occur higher than TP. If so, then the fact that imperative verbs must precede these adverbs suggests that they move higher than the functional head that hosts tense features. 5.3 Clitic Placement In French, Italian, Spanish and Modern Greek, a direct object clitic must follow the verb in imperatives, whereas it must precede the verb in other types of constructions, such as indicatives and subjunctives. (14) French a. Faites le! do-2pl.Imp it Do it! b. * Le faites! it do-2pl.Imp Do it!
(15) Modern Greek a. Diavase to! read-2sg.Imp it Read it! b. * To diavase! it read-2sg.Imp Read it!
(16) Spanish a. L ee lo! read-2sg.Imp it Read it! b. * Lo l ee! it read-2sg.Imp Read it! * Le telefona! her call-2sg.Imp Call her!
According to Kayne (1994), a clitic adjoins to an empty head of a functional projection above I0 . In subjunctives and indicatives, the verb moves to I0 , resulting in clitic-verb order. Rooryck (1992), Rivero (1994b) and Rivero & Terzi (1995) take the verb-clitic order in imperatives to indicate that the imperative verb moves to C0 , bypassing the functional head to which the clitic is adjoined (adopting Kaynes analysis of the syntax of clitics).
5.4 Emphatic Commands Under the assumption that imperative verbs move to C0 , this movement would be blocked if C0 is already occupied by some other lexical element. Rivero (1994b) discusses such constructions in Spanish. In Spanish, emphatic commands are expressed with que and the subjunctive verb. Tellingly, the imperative is ruled out in this construction. (18) a. Que escrib ais! that write-2pl.Pres.Subj You just write! (Rivero 1994b:99) b. * Que escribid! that write-2pl.Imp You just write! (Rivero 1994b:99)
The marker que is a complementizer in C0 and it is being used with emphatic force. Since C0 is already occupied by que, emphatic commands cannot co-occur with the imperative verb. 5.5 No Embedded Imperatives As noted by Sadock & Zwicky (1985) and Palmer (1986), an imperative cannot occur as an embedded clause. (19) a. * O Yannis se dietakse grapse. the Yannis you order-2sg write-2sg.Imp Yannis ordered you to write. (Modern Greek) * Pido que dad-me el libro. ask that give-2sg.Imp-me the book I ask that you give me the book. (Spanish) * Ti ordino (di/che) fallo! you order (of/that) do-2sg.Imp-it I order you (of/that) do it! (Italian) * Jexige que tu chante. I-require that you sing-2sg.Imp I require that you sing. (French) * Hans schl agt-vor da du den Aufsatz schreib(e). Hans suggests that you the paper write-2sg.Imp Hans suggests that you write the paper. (German)
Embedded clauses cannot express illocutionary force. If imperatives have an operator in C0 that encodes directive force, it follows that imperatives cannot be embedded in and of itself. This fact does not show that imperative verbs move to C0 but it is consistent with the claim that the locus of imperative operator that encodes directive force is in C0 .
6. ProposalBefore I present my analysis with respect to the cross-linguistic variation in the compatibility of negation and imperative, I note that the directive force contributed by the imperative mood cannot be negated. This is shown by the 8
fact that negative imperatives only have reading in which the directive force has scope over the negation, never in which the negation has scope over the directive force. (20) Dont call! I order you not to call. I dont order you to call.
This fact is not specic to imperatives, but holds of interrogatives and statements as well. Just as the directive force of an imperative cannot be negated, neither can the question force of an interrogative nor the assertive force of a statement. I propose an account of the cross-linguistic variation in the availability of negative imperatives based on the fact that the directive force cannot be negated and on the assumption that the imperative operator encoding the directive force is located in C0 . The proposal is that negative imperatives are unavailable in some languages because they have syntactic conguration in which negation takes syntactic scope over the imperative operator in C0 . Such constructions are ruled out because they map onto a semantic representation in which the directive force ends up being negated. Such semantic representations are simply illegal. Under the proposed analysis, negative imperatives are ruled out by semantics and not syntax. 6.1 Languages without Negative Imperatives Recall that negative imperatives are not available in Modern Greek, Spanish and Italian (in the 2nd person singular). In all three languages, sentential negation is expressed by a preverbal negation which has the status of a clitic on the verb. This means that the negative marker is treated as a unit with the verb in the overt syntax. Thus, in negative imperatives, we expect the negative marker and the verb to move to C0 as a unit. However, if it did, the imperative operator would end up within the scope of negation. Consequently, the directive force would end up being negated, resulting in semantic uninterpretability.6 6.2 Languages with Negative Imperatives Languages that have negative imperatives include English, French and German. In German, the verb in imperatives is also adjoined to C0 . But negation never forms a unit with the verb, and so it never ends up in C0 . Since Neg0 stays low in the clause, it does not scope over the imperative operator in C0 . In French, the imperative verb and the negative marker ne form a unit, and so when the imperative verb moves to C0 , ne also ends up there. Thus,6I
assume the denition of c-command given in Kayne (1994). Denition of c-command (Kayne 1994) X c-commands Y iff X and Y are categories and X excludes Y (i.e., no segment of X dominates Y) and every category that dominates X dominates Y.
Under the denition of c-command in (1), when the negation and the verb adjoin to C0 , the negation c-commands C0 but C0 does not c-command negation. Thus, negation asymmetrically scopes over the imperative operator and the other scope possibility where the imperative operator scopes over negation is ruled out by the syntax.
the proposed analysis seems to predict incorrectly that imperatives should not be compatible with negation in French. However, closer look reveals why imperatives and negation are compatible in French after all. French forms sentential negation with ne ... pas, where ne is a proclitic on the verb. In informal registers, the negative clitic ne is not obligatory, indicating that ne is pleonastic and that sentential negation is expressed by pas. But then, the prediction is that negative imperatives are available in French: the imperative verb moves to C0 with the pleonastic ne, and the true negation pas stays low in the clause. Hence, the negation does not take scope over the imperative force of C0 . English has two types of negative imperatives: do not imperatives, as in Do not call, and dont imperatives, as in Dont call. The explanation for why do not imperatives are available is simple: do alone moves and adjoins to C0 , and not stays low in the clause. And so, negation does not take scope over the imperative operator of C0 . In the case of dont imperatives, negation forms a unit with do. Moreover, as is evident from the order of dont and the subject in imperatives (e.g., Dont you cry), dont is in C0 . Just as in Spanish, Italian and Modern Greek, in dont imperatives, negation and the imperative verb form a unit and adjoin to C0 , the locus of imperative operator. However, unlike Spanish, Italian and Modern Greek, dont imperatives are ruled in. I argue that this can be explained with the assumption that do in imperatives is like the deontic modal verb must. In a negative deontic modal sentence in English, the deontic modal verb has scope over the negation. (21) John mustnt leave. It is obligatory for John not to leave. ( It is not obligatory for John to leave. (
) )
This means that the deontic modal verb, which takes scope over the entire sentence at LF or in semantic representation, passes the negation low in the representation, deriving the interpretation in which the deontic modal scopes over the negation. If do in dont imperatives is like the deontic modal verb must, then it, too, can also pass the negation low at LF or in semantic representation. In this representation, the negation does not take scope over the imperative operator, and so dont imperatives are not ruled out.
7. Apparent CounterexamplesIn languages like Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian, clitics encliticize onto the imperative verb, and yet negative imperatives are possible, as shown in (22) and (23). (22) Bulgarian a. Ceti ja! read-2sg.Imp it Read it! (23) Serbo-Croatian a. Citaj je! read-2sg.Imp it Read it! 10 b. Ne ja c eti! Neg it read-2sg.Imp Dont read it! b. Ne c itaj je! Neg read-2sg.Imp it. Dont read it!
These facts appear to pose counterexamples to the analysis proposed here because they suggest that although the imperative verb moves to C0 , imperatives are compatible with negation. But they are only apparent counterexamples because the imperative verb is not in C0 on the surface. Following Rivero & Terzi (1995), I take the fact that clitics can appear preverbally in imperatives when they are not in a clause-initial position as evidence that the imperative verb is low in the clause. This is shown in (24). (24) a. Knjige im c itajte! books to-them read-2pl.Imp Read books to them! (Serbo-Croatian) (Rivero and Terzi 1995, 17a) Ela i mi ka zi! come-2sg.Imp and me tell-2sg.Imp Come and tell me! (Bulgarian) (Hauge 1976, 5; cf. Rivero 1994, 35)
If imperative verbs do not move to C0 , then how can we explain the fact that clitics enclitize in some imperatives? An answer will be given in 7.2. 7.1 Imperative verb movement to C0 at LF Neither Bulgarian nor Serbo-Croatian allows embedded imperatives. This is consistent with the proposal that C0 is occupied by an imperative operator. (25) a. * Ivan nastojava (ti) govor i. Ivan insists (you) speak-2sg.Imp Ivan insists that you speak. (Bulgarian) * Ivan insistira da je c itaj. Ivan insists that it read-2sg.Imp Ivan insists that you read it. (Serbo-Croatian)
I therefore assume that Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian imperatives also have an imperative operator in C0 , and I propose that the imperative verb moves and adjoins to C0 at LF. But since morphological/phonological constraints do not apply at LF, the imperative verb can move alone stranding the cliticlike preverbal negation. Consequently, Neg0 does not take scope over the imperative operator of C0 , and so negative imperatives are not ruled out.7 7.2 C0 as the locus of illocutionary force operators Recall that Rivero (1994b) and Rivero & Terzi (1995) argue that C0 cannot host an operator which encodes directive or question force in Bulgarian and SerboCroatian. Their claim is that C0 is the locus for last-resort verb movement to prevent clitics from occupying rst position. This claim can be contradicted on two grounds:7 As Chomsky (1995), I assume that LF movement involves feature movement, where only necessary features are attracted by the target. Thus, the imperative operator in C0 attracts the verbal feature, leaving behind other features.
a. b.
It can be shown that verbs do not move to C0 to prevent clitics from occurring in the rst position. It can be shown that C0 does indeed have something to do with encoding illocutionary forces.
If we adopt the account on participle-aux orders in Slavic given by Embick & Izvorski (1997), which is extended to verb-pronominal clitic orders, we can do away with the claim that C0 is reserved for verb movement to prevent clitics from appearing in the rst position. In Slavic, some sentences show participle-aux orders, as in (27). (27) Nap isal som list. written am letter I have written a letter. (Slovak) (Embick and Izvorski 1997:210)
According to Embick & Izvorski (1997), some auxiliaries in Slavic are like clitics. Thus, they cannot occur in a sentence-initial position. They propose that when clitic auxiliaries are stranded by the syntax in sentence-initial position, Morphological Merger (Marantz 1989) operates at a post-syntactic level to invert the stranded clitic auxiliary with an adjacent element, namely the participle, thus satisfying the clitics need for a host and yielding participle-aux orders. Extending the account to verb-clitic orders, they argue that clauseinitial clitics afx onto the adjacent verb at a post-syntactic level, eliminating the motivation for last-resort verb movement to C0 . Assuming Embick and Izvorskis (1997) account, we immediately have an explanation for imperatives in which clitics have encliticized onto the imperative verb, as in (22a) and (23a): the clitics have afxed onto the verb in I0 at a post-syntactic level. Also, clitics procliticize in negative imperatives in Bulgarian, as in (22b), because the presence of ne renders Morphological Merger unnecessary.8 We still need to explain why clitics enclitize in Serbo-Croatian negative imperatives, as shown in (23b). As pointed out by Rivero & Terzi (1995), in Serbo-Croatian, negation ne and the verb cannot be intervened by pronominal clitics. This is exemplied with indicative sentences as in (28). (28) Serbo-Croatian a. Ne c itate je. Neg read-Pres.2pl it You are not reading it. b. * Ne je c itate. Neg it read-Pres.2pl You are not reading it.
8 Macedonian imperatives potentially pose a problem. In Macedonian, clitics procliticize in nite clauses, but encliticize in non-nite clauses, where non-nite clauses include imperatives and gerunds (Tomi c (1996), Legendre (1999)). The clitic placement in imperatives suggests that the imperative verb is somewhere high in the clause. However, negative imperatives are available and pronominal clitics encliticize in negative imperatives just as in afrmative imperatives. This suggests that negation and the verb in negative imperatives are also located somewhere high in the clause. One possible explanation may be that non-nite verbs (including imperative verbs) are located in a functional head below Neg0 but above I0 on the surface, deriving (neg)-verb-clitic order. And then the imperative verb moves further to C0 at LF.
Thus, the fact that clitics encliticize in negative imperatives in Serbo-Croatian is simply due to an independent constraint of the language. The facts from questions in Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian establish that C0 does indeed have something to do with encoding illocutionary forces. In wh-questions, all wh-phrases undergo fronting. (29) a. Koj kak udari Ivan? who how hit Ivan Who hit Ivan how? (Bulgarian) b. Ko gdje spava? who where sleeps Who sleeps where? (Serbo-Croatian)
The structural position to which the wh-phrases move in wh-questions is generally argued to be [Spec, CP]. Then, the question relevant here is why the wh-phrases move to [Spec, CP] even when there is no clitic (either pronominal or auxiliary) to support. The obligatoriness of wh-movement in wh-questions suggests that C0 is associated with an operator that encodes the illocutionary force of questions. Moreover, the Bulgarian particle li which occurs in yes-no questions is argued to be a complementizer in C0 (Rivero (1993), Izvorski et al. (1997)). If these accounts are correct, then this is another case of C0 hosting an operator that encodes illocutionary force. Under the simplest theory, if C0 is the locus of operator that encodes question illocutionary force in a language, it should also be the locus of the operator that encodes directive illocutionary force in that language. Under such a simple theory, the fact that a sentence cannot be both an imperative and an interrogative follows without any stipulation. Moreover, such a simple theory simplies type theory in that operators with same semantic type associate with the same syntactic category.
As shown in (30), there are negative yes-no questions in which the verb and the negation occupy C0 as a unit. I explain why such negative yes-no questions are available by appealing to the semantics of questions. 8.1 Negation in Yes-no-questions Following Groenendijk & Stokhof (1985), I assume that a yes-no question denotes a partition that represents the possible answers: namely, the positive and the negative answer. An afrmative yes-no question and the corresponding negative yes-no question both denote the same partition because they both have the same set of possible answers. For instance, the question Does John drink? and Doesnt John drink? have the same set of possible answers: John drinks and John doesnt drink. They both denote the same partition in (31).
John drinks John doesnt drink They differ in that while the negative question implicates that the speaker expects a positive answer, the afrmative question has no such implication. Since the clitic-like negation in yes-no questions does not make a truthconditionally relevant contribution to the denotation, we can assume that it is pleonastic. Thus, it does not negate the question force, and so negative yes-no questions are allowed. 8.2 A Prediction with respect to alternative questions The analysis presented here makes a prediction with respect to alternative questions. The possible answers to an alternative question, such as Did John drink coffee or tea?, are John drank coffee and John drank tea. That is, an alternative question denotes a partition as in (32). (32)
John drank coffee John drank tea The negation in alternative questions is a true negation because it affects the denotation. Thus, the prediction is that alternative questions with negation in C0 should not be available, whereas alternative questions with the negation low in the clause should be. This prediction is borne out in English. (33) a. b. Didnt John drink coffee or tea? Did John not drink coffee or tea?
The question in (33a) cannot have the alternative question reading in which the possible answers are John didnt drink coffee and John didnt drink tea. It can only be interpreted as a yes-no question in which the possible answers are John drank coffee or tea and John didnt drink coffee or tea. In contrast, the question in (33b) has both the alternative question reading and the yesno question reading, as expected. The prediction with respect to alternative questions holds in other languages as well. See Han (in prep.) for more discussion on this issue.
9. ConclusionI have proposed that a language does not allow negative imperatives if the syntax derives a structure in which the imperative operator ends up in the scope of negation. This is because such a syntactic structure maps onto a semantic representation in which the directive force is negated. This semantic representation is simply illegal. The proposed analysis has implications for the syntax to semantics mapping in imperatives. Given the proposed analysis, the cross-linguistic variation in the compatibility of negation and imperatives is another case that shows that the set of available syntactic structures in a language is restricted by the semantics.
ReferencesANAGNOSTOPOULOU, ELENA, 1994. Clitic dependenciesin Modern Greek . University of Salzburg dissertation. CHOMSKY, NOAM. 1995. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. CINQUE, GUGLIELMO. 1999. Adverbs and Functional Heads : A Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. DAVIES, EIRLYS. 1986. The English Imperative. London, Sydney, Dover, New Hampshire: Croom Helm. EMBICK, DAVID, & ROUMYANA IZVORSKI. 1997. Participle-auxiliary word orders in slavic. In Annual Workshop on Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics: the Cornell Meeting 1995, ed. by Natasha Kondrashova Wayles Brown, Ewa Dornisch & Draga Zec, volume 4, 210239. Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Publications. GROENENDIJK, JEROEN, & MARTIN STOKHOF, 1985. Studies in the semantics of questions and the pragmatics of answers. University of Amsterdam dissertation. HAN, CHUNG-HYE, 1999. The Structure and interpretation of imperatives: mood and force in universal grammar . University of Pennsylvania dissertation. IZVORSKI, ROUMYANA, TRACY KING, & CATHERINE RUDIN. 1997. Against li-lowering in bulgarian. Lingua 102.187194. JOSEPH, BRIAN, & IRENE PHILIPPAKI-WARBURTON. 1987. Modern Greek . London: Croom Helm. KAYNE, RICHARD. 1994. The Antisymmetry of Syntax, volume 25 of Linguistic Inquiry Monograph. Cambridge, London: The MIT Press. LEGENDRE, GERALDINE. 1999. Morphologicaland prosodic alignment at work: the case of southslavic clitics. In The Proceedings of the Seventeenth West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. by Kimary Shahin, Susan Blak, & Eun-Sook Kim, 436450. Stanford: CLSI. MARANTZ, ALEC. 1989. Clitics and phrase structure. In Alternative Conceptions of Phrase Structure, ed. by M. Baltin & Anthony Kroch. Chicago: Chicago Press. PALMER, FRANK ROBERT. 1986. Mood and Modality. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. POTSDAM, ERIC, 1997. Syntactic issues in the English imperative. University of California at Santa Cruz dissertation. RIVERO, MARIA-LUISA. 1993. Bulgarian and serbo-croatian yes-no questions: V0 raising to -li vs. -li hopping. Linguistic Inquiry 24.567575. . 1994a. Clause structure and v-movementin the languages of the balkans. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 12.63120. . 1994b. Negation, imperatives and wackernagel effects. Rivista di Linguistica 6.3966. , & ARHONTO TERZI. 1995. Imperatives, v-movement and logical mood. Journal of Linguistics 31.301332. RIZZI, LUIGI. 1982. Issues in Italian Syntax. Dordrecht: Foris. ROORYCK, JOHAN. 1992. Romance enclitic ordering and universal grammar. The Linguistic Review 9.219250. SADOCK, JERROLD M., & ARNOLD M. ZWICKY. 1985. Speech act distinctions in syntax. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, ed. by Timothy Shopen, volume 1, 155 196. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. , OLGA MIS ESKA. 1996. The balkan slavic clausal clitics. Natural Languageand Linguistic TOMIC Theory 14.811872. TORREGO, ESTHER. 1984. On inversion in spanish and some of its effects. Linguistic Inquiry 15.103129. ZANUTTINI, RAFFAELLA, 1991. Syntactic properties of sentential negation: a comparative study of Romance languages. University of Pennsylvania dissertation. . 1994. Speculations on negative imperatives. Rivista di Linguistica 6.6789. . 1997. Negation and clausal structure: a comparative study of Romance languages. Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.


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Artwork from Elfman
Submitted by: Full Moon
A big thank you goes out to an artist named Elfman, who autographed this copy of his picture for The Werewolf Cafe. Elfman likes to hang out at www.approbationcomics.com (with one of our forum members here that works there). Thank you so much Elfman! Cool looking werewolf!
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What is Psychology? In my research of Psychology and its meaning I have come up with many definitions. To sum all of the definitions into one it's the study ones feelings, thoughts, and their way of thinking and using all of there senses rather its cognitive, physical, or mental. Some other questions that came to mind during my research are what is normal psychology and what is abnormal psychology?
What is normal psychology? Most people consider one to be normal if they seem
to have no ...view middle of the document...
Why do we conform to these roles?
We do it because in most societies, including ours, there are rewards for conformity.
People tend to treat us with respect when we play roles that others are comfortable with.
What is abnormal psychology? I think it could be the study of mental illness as
some journals stated. Overall it's the study of mental illnesses and of how people with mental illnesses can be treated. Stated in Health and Science guide mental illness is a much-debated topic in the world of psychology to which a lot of research is still needed. Problems usually come up when people try to define what is normal. Sigmund Freud was considered to be the father of Psychoanalysis, said there was no such thing as a normal person.
Since the beginning of psychology, psychologists have been exploring methods of psychology. There will always be problems with the mind so there will always be the need for new techniques. Every psychologist has to decide what method of psychology he or she will practice. There are a variety of methods and even though they all differ; there are a lot of similarities.
Sigmund Freud founded the Psychodynamic...


text: Predicting how species will respond to selection pressures requires identifying the factors that constrain their evolution. The repeated evolution of unrelated herbivorous insects to toxic cardiac glycosides primarily occurs via a small subset of possible functionally-relevant substitutions to Na+,K+-ATPase. We used genome engineering of Drosophila to evaluate the phenotypic effects of frequently observed adaptive substitutions at two sites (111 and 122). Surprisingly, these substitutions exhibit recessive lethality and dominant neural dysfunction. We identify a phylogenetically correlated substitution, A119S, that partially ameliorates the deleterious effects of substitutions at 111 and 122. Despite contributing little to cardiac glycoside-insensitivity in vitro, A119S, like substitutions at 111 and 122, substantially increases adult survivorship upon cardiac glycoside exposure. By revealing distinct effects of substitutions in vitro and in vivo, our results underscore the importance of evaluating the fitness of adaptive substitutions and their interactions in whole organisms.


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Fundamental repetition rates of 3.1 GHz, 7.0 GHz, and 12.5 GHz in passively modelocked Yb-doped fiber lasers are demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, the fundamental repetition rate of 12.5 GHz is the highest value for 1.0 μm mode-locked fiber lasers. The mode-locked oscillator has a peak wavelength of 1047.5 nm and a pulse duration of 1.9 ps. The repetition rate signal has a signal-to-noise ratio of 57 dB. The peak wavelength of mode-locked spectra gradually makes a blue-shift and the modelocked threshold power increases with an increase in pulse repetition rate. Furthermore, in contrast to most of the all-normal-dispersion mode-locked fiber lasers, the present linear resonator (e.g., length < 1 cm) allows the buildup of gain-guided soliton without any filter effect. To unveil the underlying pulse shaping mechanism, a combined model comprising dynamic rate equations and the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation is established. Surprisingly, an essential gain filtering effect, which is contributed by a 26-nm gain bandwidth, is revealed and can verify the gain-guided pulse dynamics. Moreover, the pulse build-up in temporal and frequency domain, like spectral evolution and gain bandwidths, is numerically carried out in detail.
© 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing AgreementFull Article | PDF Article
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The closer we get to Jesus, the stronger and happier we become in facing life and its ordeals. Sometimes in life you may not have that certain someone to encourage and push you forward, but when you experience radical intimacy with Jesus, every aspect of life seems to just fit in and fall into place. Getting closer to Jesus is an ongoing process.
1Spend quality quiet time with Jesus. Quiet time can involve you reading various gospel oriented books or listening to devotionals or even Christian music. Just taking some time off to sit and think about certain verses or passages from the Bible would also amount to quiet time. It's frankly just isolating yourself from this noisy world and letting God know that you are waiting on him. So quality quiet time would surely make you feel closer to Jesus.
2Attend church regularly. It doesn't matter what church, as long as it is Bible based and teaches the Bible truths. Be sure when you are attending you try to engage yourself in the mass. When hymns are being sung, sing along from the heart, when scripture is being read listen intently and focus your attention on the words. Being engaged in church can have you leaving much more fulfilled and feeling closer to Jesus.
3Receive the sacraments. If you belong to a church that has sacraments (the Roman Catholic church, for example) talk to a priest about receiving the sacraments. And before each one, study what their meaning is and how they will affect your walk with Jesus. Whether it be your first communion (receiving Jesus's body) or Confirmation (confirming that you will follow Jesus), think about Jesus and pray to him to prepare yourself. Be sure to read your bible (as stated in the last step).
4Read the Bible. The Lord has blessed you with the Bible so that you can get to know Him better, among many other reasons. So, take advantage of having this great book with you by exploring it and enjoying it. Try to also follow some of the instructions He has given you in the Bible. Try to analyse how each verse or passage can be applied in your life.
- For instance, Psalm 46 verse 1 says "God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble.". So next time you see trouble brewing at your workplace or college or wherever, you can look it in the eye and recite this verse aloud. This will surely bring you closer to Jesus and you will feel his presence even more.
- Live by the Bible. Don't add to it nor subtract anything––what is in the Bible,was meant to be in the Bible.
5Talk to Jesus through prayer. To Jesus you are his precious child. He loves you no matter what problem you are facing. Tell him what you are up to or what your plans are or why you are sad or what you need and so on. He is your Father. He wants what's best for you and most of all he wants you! Go to him for everything and you will feel closer to him in no time. He wants you to pray in the Spirit as well as in the understanding and He wants you to pray for other people so that they will repent and so that they will be healed.Advertisement
Community Q&A
QuestionWhat should I do if people take me for granted when I follow the verse where Jesus said, "Love others as you do yourself"?Community Answer
- While it is good to love others as Jesus loves us, we should also remember that we were made in the image of God and we are His beloved, so we do not deserve to be taken for granted. If you find yourself in a situation where someone is repeatedly taking advantage of you, love that person from a distance by praying for them, and respect the person God made you to be.
QuestionWhat should I do when it seems difficult to get closer to Jesus?Community Answer
- Visit with a believing friend and ask for prayer. Spend time alone with Jesus just listening to worship music, intentionally not trying to get closer but trusting you are already close. Remind yourself that Jesus is ALWAYS there and always willing to draw close to you, and that this feeling of distance and difficulty is just a feeling.
QuestionWhy do I feel like God does not listen to me?
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- Be sincere in your prayers.
- Always be following the word of God because the rapture will come when you least expect it, nobody knows the time nor the hour so be ready.
- Don't worry if you're struggling, be patient and wait on God. Christianity was born of the necessity to suffer in life. Remember that God loves you and He will never abandon you.
- No matter what situation you come across, you can always call Jesus for help and guidance.
- Be around Christian people more. Listen to Christian music instead of pop. Be around nature rather than
being on your phone all the time. Set a boundary time and pray for the Holy spirit humbly.
About This Article
Reader Success Stories
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If you're in need of little script that change your title into and animated "Loading …" use this :
[wpgist id="57d2acfd13041c5068d3″]
An experiment in learning
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This is really simple so I'll keep it short. This statement has to do with being successful in your career.
At this point in my life I am happy. I have a relationship with my heavenly Father through Jesus. I have a loving wife with who'm I'm excited to share the rest of my life with and together we are working towards common goals.
This blog post will serve as the official starting point of my Journey. I publish this in faith as I believe there will be others asking me about my journey and how I made and and i'd like to share my ups downs and what I have done but more specifically the mind set behind my success as a Software Engineer. Continue reading "Start your Journey now"
We all have those times when really need inspiration. Most times we find it in the simplest places. It's in books, blogs, talks even the little children, other times we draw inspiration from our industry leaders and people we look up to.
When speaking about great leaders our thoughts often go out to great names like Nelson Mandela, Winston Churchill and like, but you often fail to notice the leader staring back at you in the mirror. This leader , the one you fail to see, has a lot more to give than you can currently imagine.
Often we look for the position and the acceptance from other people before we will take charge and lead from our current position. We sometimes pass on each great opportunity because of fear.
Consider this for a moment. No matter how you see yourself, Someone looks up to you. So do them a favour. Tell your story. Share your journey with them. Talk about your failures and success. Share the the gift of your precious life.
I'm slowly sharing mine, so go on share yours. Blog about it, make a video or add it to your about me page. Host a talk. What ever you do, share it !
When I see a kid so brilliant I often wonder if it is worth trying to compete. I mean if I were to be a classically trained pianist at age 30, seeing a kid at age 4 I would question my abilities in comparison to his.
We all desire to be the best and to be recognised as such. Hence the ladders we climb in the corporate world, tribes and communities. Although we are not all like this it is a common trend that can't be ignored.
I am a firm believer that great men are not born, but that they are made. I am well aware that there are wiz kids out there who simply excel without the level of experience any normal human being would need, but they are not the what keep our economy afloat. They dazzle us but the aim is not to simply be impressive the aim is be consistent.
In some instances with a sheer stroke of luck the genius in the room takes home the bacon, but it has been proven over time that slow and steady wins the race.
On 1 December 2012, I started working full time as a support ninja at WooThemes.
Besides motoring away everyday at making clients happy, I have also been monitoring my progress along the way. Now by monitoring I mean physically counting the tickets and doing analytics and basic reflection. During this time I have found out that there are some valuable life lessons and disciplines that I got from simply doing support from day to day.
I'm continually learning, but I'll be happy to share my lessons with you:
You have just installed the Disqus comment system on your WordPress blog and now you see it appearing all over the show, on both pages and posts alike. I ran into the same issue and for obvious reasons only wanted to show it on single blog posts and would love to share how I fixed this with you.
There are only two simple steps so be sure to do exactly as I explain.
Disqus is added to your posts and page alike through the WorPress 'comments_template' filter. In order to override this we will have to disable this filter from being called by the plugin. To do this add the following code to your theme's functions.php:
This will only disable Disqus, but will still show the default comment system, which we'll remove in the next step.
The final step will simply be to remove the default comment system from pages as well. To save you some time there is already a plugin that does this: http://wordpress.org/plugins/disable-comments/
After installing and activating this plugin. Go over to the settings and make sure you select by post type option ensure that only blog posts are unchecked ( meaning comments will be hidden for the checked post types).
Your project is going absolutely great. You're committing regularly and you're getting close to the release date and then you that the is a (CONFLICT).
You see something like : file.extension : needs merge ,?
Then you google ans see that opening a merg tool will help and then suddenly you're dumbstruck and you can't even move.
The first thing I wanted to do was to the heck out of there.
Press "ESC" then press " : " after that enter " qall! " , after this make sure to selecet no when you're prompted with "Was the merge successful? [y/n]" . Unless you've fixed it select no.
Secondly, what's up the 4 windows? Please not the descriptions below are not in order 1,3,2,4:
1. The target branch, which is the one you're on now. This is where you would like to merg the other branch into, but this window is only used as a reference to see what the current branch looks like.
3. The remote/merge branch which is the branch that you would like to merge into the local/target branch above (1).
2. The most common ancestor of the target (1) and the merge(3) branch.
4. The final branch into which you would like to merge the target and the merg branch. This a computer generated file into which the most common items is merged but this is where you need to pull items from target (1) and merge(3) into, to give you the final file.
Now the first thing you should note about the four windows is that you can have the cursor in any one of the four and work from there. To move the cursor around you press:
'CTRL + W' ' CTRL + W' (press it twice)
The second thing you would like to do is move from one conflict area to the next.
']c' (right square bracket 'c') move you to the next conflicting text
'[c' (left square bracket 'c') moves you to the previos conflicting text.
:ls identify the windows (names and numbers) This is important so you can combine it with diffput and diffget commands below.
:diffget * diff get takes a change and brings it into the current working window. It is important for you to use this with the identity that you find when running :ls . You can also use 'do' as a shortened version (without the colon)
:diffput modify another buffer from the current focus area.
I'll add more and change this cheat sheet as I discover this tool.
I learnt this very neat way to think about integrity and and its practical implementation. It goes something like this:
I needed to print out a list of links for all articles in a specific forum, for use in our Project management system. I had to go through all the items to ensure that they are compatible with the latest version of our Canvas Theme.
I've used chrome for this and suggest you do the same as I don't know how to replicate this other browsers.
1) Navigate to the specific forum on the Zendesk agent panel. In this case canvas.
2) Scroll down to the bottom of the page and click more until all the items are displayed on the page:
3) Then Open the chrome developers console and click on console:
4) Past the code below inside the console and press enter ( be sure to change line:4 from support.woothemes.com support your own domain):
[code language="javascript"]
var count = 0;
jQuery("#content_entries .frame .item").each(function(index){
console.log("http://support.woothemes.com"+jQuery(".item-info h1 span a", this).attr("href") );
5) You will now see a nice list of items which you can copy as a todo list on your project management software. Trello allows you to paste this whole list and creates individual to do list items .


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An important shift is occurring away from the defeatist attitude that for too long undermined the Democratic Party's commitment to greater gun safety.
The party's wariness of the gun issue began with its defeat in the 1994 congressional elections and Al Gore's failed run for the White House in 2000. National candidates like John Kerry and Barack Obama did not hit the issue hard in their presidential campaigns. But ghastly shooting sprees like the Newtown school massacre in 2012 have demanded solutions, prompting Democratic leaders to stress it prominently this year on their national agenda.
Hillary Rodham Clinton has been campaigning on the issue for weeks in gun-friendly primary states, offering no apology for embracing a topic that national Democratic candidates had avoided for the last 15 years, either because they thought progress was hopeless or because they feared giving the gun lobby political ammunition to use against them. She is proposing a series of strong gun safety steps that, while surely doomed in the current Republican Congress, have the virtue of forcing a national debate on a grave public health issue.
Senate Democrats, defeated two years ago in their gun safety proposals made after Newtown, are reviving them as an important campaign priority. House Democrats are demanding the same sort of congressional investigation of the nation's 30,000-plus annual gun deaths that Republicans haven't hesitated to use against Planned Parenthood and on Benghazi.
"This is not just tragic," Mrs. Clinton said of the mass shooting at an Oregon community college. "We don't just need to pray for people, we need to act," she declared, pressing the gun safety issue by appearing in New Hampshire with a mother who lost her child in the Newtown massacre. In response to this national calamity, Republican rivals offer nothing more than National Rifle Association bromides about the right to bear arms, which has never been threatened by common sense legislation.
Voters need to be reminded of the stark difference between the candidates, which is why Mrs. Clinton should drive this issue into the general election, should she win her party's nomination. Her proposals would revive the ban on military-style assault weapons that Congress let expire in 2004; close lethal loopholes in gun buyers' background checks to include Internet and private sales; repeal the notorious law protecting the gun industry from damage suits by victims of gun violence; and withhold firearms from people accused of being domestic abusers.
Most of these would require congressional action, and Mrs. Clinton vows to use executive action if lawmakers resist. Solutions are what elections are about, but right now she is calling on voters to create a political counterweight to the gun lobby and "take back the Second Amendment from these extremists." Her main Democratic challengers, Senator Bernie Sanders and Martin O'Malley, are likewise not shying away from the issue. Making speeches is not the same as taking action, but at least voters are hearing Democrats find their voice again on this national disaster.


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Siemens Mobility announced the opening of its new Digital Lab for Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS) based in Austin, TX. The lab will monitor, collect and analyze data to further study and develop important digital urban mobility technologies. Main areas of focus will center around important new technologies like connected vehicles, self-driving vehicles, advanced traffic management systems, multimodal transportation, shared mobility, electric bike sharing and fleet management.
"The amount of data that we are now collecting from various traffic technologies and intelligent infrastructure is extremely valuable for transport operators," said Marcus Welz, president of Siemens Intelligent Traffic Systems in the U.S. "The key is to help them by translating the data into the right urban mobility solution or application to ultimately solve real world mobility problems – and that's what this ITS Digital Lab is going to do." The new center is located in downtown Austin and features an open layout supportive of design thinking methodologies needed for rapid prototyping and co-creation with customers. The Lab will primarily house data engineers, software developers and data scientists who are experts in machine learning and artificial intelligence.
With digitalization, Siemens Mobility is enabling mobility operators worldwide to make infrastructure intelligent, increase value sustainably over the entire lifecycle, enhance passenger experience and guarantee availability. Powered by software
tools, the work from the Lab will help develop solutions for cities that can improve traffic flow, reduce unplanned congestion, and ensure better safety for the cities' drivers, cyclists and pedestrians. It will also help local transportation agencies improve operational efficiency, enable improved business planning and performance, as well as generate energy and cost savings.


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Let us for a moment, cast our minds away from the unpleasantness of today. Instead I present to you a vlog of the first day of my trip to Agadir, Morocco. I hope you enjoy it and keep an eye out for further vlogs which will tell the story of our adventures in the…Read more Vlog Agadir – Day 1
An Attempt at Some Drama
Writing drama has never been my forte but this semester, I am taking a Creative Writing class for drama and so I will be made to confront a new form of writing. The last 'play' or script that I wrote of any significance was way back, in the grand year of 2007, at the age…Read more An Attempt at Some Drama
They glide like ghosts In the morning mist Exhaling their way through the streets Creeping up on you Catching you unaware Spinning and weaving their magic As they rattle your mind It's like you're in a video game And they, the reckless characters Who seem to do with everything with such ease But their…Read more Ghosts
The Writer's Thoughts
His earlobe felt cool as he pressed it against his earcanal and sighed. It was a dreary wintery afternoon in what should have been a pleasant day in the middle of April. Bloody global warming. He wasn't complaining too much though as he sat at his desk, playing with his earlobe once again. The moody…Read more The Writer's Thoughts
The Countryside
I am not really sure Yorkshire can be classified as the countryside or simply a small sleepy town. The people here appear to be friendly although there are the few racists who shout out remarks as they drive past. An ignorant bunch, borne out of fear of the unknown. The one thing that is more…Read more The Countryside
Standing Up Against Oppression
In the latest clash between the Israeli military and the people of Gaza, it seems that everyone supports the Palestinians. Messages of support, words of condemnation, protests, marches and angry demonstrations against Israel are increasing in number. Just yesterday, The Co-op supermarket chain announced it has banned all exports from Israeli settlements. In this conflict,…Read more Standing Up Against Oppression


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Tree Service Contractor Allwood NJ: Tree Pruning
A tree service near Montclair NJ that you hire to perform a wide range of kinds of services such as tree removal and pruning should have the proper qualifications. It does not matter if you're a business or homeowner in need of care of your trees. Do not be one of those individuals that underestimates how important making sure the work is performed properly is. If it's not completed right, hazardous situations can arise. It's important that anybody you hire have the appropriate insurance, and reputation is something that's extremely essential. Your first priority should be making sure you hire a company focused on making certain your trees receive everything they need to live a long and healthy life.
Tree Service Allwood NJ
When you're in need of a trusted tree service in Montclair NJ , Arbor Ace Tree Services is here to be your first choice. We have been performing high quality service in the local area for nearly twenty years. We're a NJ Certified Tree Expert as well as an arborist led tree service. This means you're capable of relying on us to do what is best for your property. We offer a broad variety of types of service and have you covered whether you're in need of ongoing maintenance, a total tree removal of a dangerous tree, or even when you aren't certain and you are simply trying to find a comprehensive evaluation. Our experts are prepared to handle any job you require, large or small. Be sure you go with an expert you are able to depend on. Contact Arbor Ace Tree Services next time you are searching for a highly-rated tree service in Allwood NJ.
Tree Service Contractor Allwood NJ
Hiring a qualified tree service in Montclair NJ should always be a priority if you're needing tree pruning and other services. This is why you need to hire Arbor Ace Tree Services. A tree that becomes deformed is capable of becoming the result of improperly performed tree pruning, which is not something everyone is aware of. In the long run, this is capable of creating a dangerous condition. Additionally, if you were doing it yourself to save money, which is most likely the case, this completely defeats the purpose. It is never a wise idea to allow you or your family to be placed in harm's way. Liability issues are capable of resulting when your trees present a danger to others or surrounding property, which any home or business owner should work to avoid. For all your tree pruning requirements, hire Arbor Ace Tree Services as your tree service in Allwood NJ instead. You're able to always rely on us to use the appropriate methods which will make sure your trees are healthy and thriving for years to come.
Tree Removal Service Allwood NJ
When you work with Arbor Ace Tree Services as your tree service contractor in Montclair NJ , you will have a contract where you known in advance the work which is going to be done and the price you're capable of expecting. Additionally when performing an assessment of the trees on your property we provide you with highly accurate estimates. Other companies out there that are less reliable can't be counted on to supply this service. Call us right away when a reliable tree removal company in Allwood NJ is what you're trying to find.


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Bring Your Group to the Mansion!
Tours for groups of 10 or more people can be scheduled 7 days a week from 10:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. There is a minimum charge of $100 for groups of less than 6 or for individuals. Please fill out the form below or call 212-923-8008 to make a reservation. Two week advanced registration is required. If you are looking to book a tour for a school, please click here.
General Mansion Tour
Guided tour focusing on the architecture, period rooms, and history of the Mansion and its inhabitants. It is about an hour long. There is a $100 flat rate for groups of less than 6. For group of 6 or more admission is $16 per person.
Tours available in French and Spanish upon request.
Admission Price for General Mansion Private Tour
$16 for adults
$12 for students/seniors
$100 flat rate for parties of 6 or fewer, $16 per person for six and above


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Isabelle Brourman
Starting November 5th we will introduce our next Featured Artist: Isabelle Bourman.
Artist's Statement of Isabelle Bourman:
"Beautiful and tangled in doubt, the unknown creates a haunting aspect to my work. It reveals a space of mystery where light can be transformed into the likes of my own imagination. Some might call this delusion- to see something in the object other than the object itself, but I believe it is a great source of enjoyment. It is the act of experiencing imagination. Imagining isn't a far-fetched experience separate from reality, but rather it emanates from reality. It is a real experience. Fantasy made physical. An object's physical reality is imagination's vehicle for creative growth in which we, as infants in a new world, may crawl in and around.
There is also a sadness in my work emanating from the cognitive dissonance we bear as humans: understanding the separation between what's wanted and what actually is, between romance and reality. This creates disappointment if it is not used for a greater good such as the process of creating new things to bridge these two worlds. This is what I try to do."
Come check out Isabelle's work at Adda for yourself. Prints and postcards of Bourman's work will be available to purchase at Adda. For more, visit her website at Isabellebourbanart.com
Recommended Posts
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Fitbit Overtakes Samsung In Global Smartwatch Market; Apple Still On Top
Samsung may have secured its spot as the top player in the smartphone market, but it failed to grab on to its top 2 spot in the global smartwatch market. Latest data revealed that Fitbit has overtaken Samsung in the market for the previous three-month period.
The latest data compiled by Strategy Analytics revealed Wednesday that Samsung has slipped to no. 3 in the global smartwatch market in the second quarter. Samsung shipped 900,000 units of smartwatches from April to June, and the figure only accounts for 10.5 percent of the total market, according to Yonhap.
Compared to its performance during last year's second quarter, Samsung experienced a slight drop from its 12.7 market share before. Fitbit dethroned Samsung from the top two by securing 15.2 percent market share in the period ending on June 30.
On the other hand, Apple still emerged as the top player in the global smartwatch market after securing 44.4 percent of the market in the second quarter. It's important to note that Apple's share also dropped sharply. A year earlier, its Apple Watch smartwatches accounted for 50.9 percent of the global market.
Samsung is now hoping to bounce back and win back its top two spot in the next quarter. The tech giant is said to be preparing to launch its new Galaxy Watch smartwatch line alongside its Galaxy Note 9 phablet this Thursday, Aug. 9. As per previous reports, Samsung has decided to move forward with Galaxy Watch after ditching the Gear S nomenclature for its smartwatches.
Meanwhile, Apple is also working on its next-generation Apple Watch smartwatch models that are expected to launch alongside the highly anticipated trio of iPhones in September. Sources said the new Apple Watch will sport a larger display, slimmer bezels, a redesigned clickable side button and a spinning clickable digital crown, CNET has learned.
As for Fitbit, there are rumors claiming it is developing the Fitbit Charge 3 as it looks forward to securing its new spot in the global smartwatch scene. The company is believed to be introducing the updated tracker at IFA 2018, which runs from Aug. 31 to Sept. 5. This would come months after the Fitbit Versa was launched in March 2018, as pointed out by Pocket-lint.


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Augmented reality has been in development over a number of years, but until very recently, it has been much more of a theory than something that could be usable in the large scale. That, however, looks as though it will be changing very soon due to the rapidly developing technology of smartphones and other mobile devices. Augmented reality is a kind of technology that will allow the users of certain devices to view digital content as an integrated element of their actual physical world. It will provide users of the…Read More
Tag: what is ar
New Augmented Reality Applications in the Pipeline
With technology improving daily, mobile phones and netbooks are quickly evolving into more than just a "personal assistant" type of apparatus. The applications have become far more personalized for individual needs and now there is something new to add into the mix. Augmented Reality applications may just push us into the next phase of becoming 'one' with our mobile devices. The new generation devices of iPhone/iPad, and Android, have been able to integrate a few augmented applications that react and respond in a believable manner. Augmented Reality joins the digital…Read More
Augmented Reality Marketing Service Expands
Stepping into a virtual world is so yesterday. We have moved on to bigger things; like bringing an augmented world into our realm. Augmented Reality (AR) is the new buzz word. Augmented Reality is a term used for an indirect or live view of the physical (real world) environment, with sensory graphics or sound input added to the view. It's worth over 5 million in funding to one company. Total Immersion is a company founded in France over ten years ago, and they just received over 5 million dollars…Read More
QR vs. AR: Let's get ready to RUMBLE!
QR codes have seen a string of unabashed successes in the U.S. and other nations with relatively no competition. With their ease of use, quick implementation and cost-effectiveness, there seems to be no viable alternative in the mobile technology sector. The main competitor, however, may be laying in wait as QR codes begin to see a growing trend of people shying away from them. Though smart phone usage is expected to make tremendous leaps this year, some are still weary of using scanners to interact with the 2d barcode. While…Read More


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An Art exhibit of existence and Resistance. Angel's Gate Cultural Center Gallery and FA4 Collective present Ganas de Exisitir! A multimedia exhibition featuring artworks that explore themes of identity, erasure and visibility.
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In 2015 Far Bazaar created a once in a lifetime opportunity for 50 art collectives and a diversity of artists to participate in an exhibition that had no limitations in regard to space or process.
In space/ Out of place


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|(920)864.3400 | email@example.com | (920)864.2244(fax)
New Popup - 2018 Coachmen Viking Express 180
GREAT for the HUNTER or FISHERMAN!
Item Information:
Features Included:Electrical
E-Z to open and close!! VERY LIGHTWEIGHT!! Easily towed with an ATV or UTV!!! Only 65 lbs. hitch weight! Has 13"Tires for that OFF ROAD ADVENTURE!!! Can be used for a camper, hunting blind or ice fishing shelter!! Equipped with (2) Ice Fishing Holes with covers, Battery Rack on Tongue, Charging Station for your phone, and double bed with storage under. Front and Rear windows and screens can be zipped open for the bow hunter!!
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Dealer Information
Paul's Trailer & RV Center
3213 Mill Road Greenleaf, WI 54126
920-864-3400 • Email Dealer Here! • http://www.ptrv.net
Paul's Trailer & RV Center RVs for sale on RVUSA: a Division of NetSource Media
• 3213 Mill Rd. Greenleaf, WI 54126 •
920-864-3400 · 920-864-3400
• 14440 Velp Ave. Suamico, WI 54173 •
Operating Hours · Directions
© 2015, Paul's Trailers & RV Inc. All Rights reserved
|The abbreviation "RV" is used on this web site in reference to the genre of recreational vehicles that includes, but is not limited to, Class A Diesel, Class A Gas, Class B and Class C motorhomes (sometimes referenced as motor home or motor homes), Towable RVs (including Travel Trailers and Fifth Wheels) and Tow Vehicles. Pauls Trailer & RV proudly sells RVs manufactured by Forest River RVs.


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Q: I don't believe the trailhead mapped is correct. The correct address is 1682 Glasgow Street, Kitchener? -ironhead700
A: Correct. There's also an entrance off Snyder's Rd, but Snyder's Rd was closed for construction a few weeks ago. The TH showing up on Village Rd is incorrect.
Guest answered on August 21, 2017. Did you find this helpful? Yes | No
Q: How are the conditions? -Downhill Mike
No answers yet.


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The extent of my political activism is taunting @realDonaldTrump on Twitter. But now that things have gotten real, I know that complaining and tweeting aren't going to do a damn thing. It's time to make our voices heard. The Women's March on Washington (and New York City, L.A., London, Seattle, and everywhere else!) was a historic game changer. Hundreds of thousands of people, really cool signs, pink pussy hats, and even Pedro Pascal from Narcos!
The March revved us up to get involved and take a stand—but what do we do now? If you want to know, like I do, exactly how to affect change, here are some excellent ways to get started:
#10Actions100days https://www.womensmarch.com/
The organizers of the Women's March have a solid game plan: 10 actions in the first 100 days of the presidency. Action 1: Write a postcard to your senator making it clear where you stand on issues that matter to you. (In my case that's healthcare, and um, everything?) Go to the Women's March site, and enter your zip code to find your senator's address. You can even download a postcard and print it out. It couldn't be easier. A new challenge will be announced every 10 days, so stay tuned…
#DailyAction https://dailyaction.org/
Think of this as an activist advent calendar. Sign up to get a text every day suggesting something concrete that you can do. Here's one: "Urge your senator to oppose modern-day robber baron Steven Mnuchin as Treasury Secretary." They not only give you the number to call, but also the backstory, and even the correct pronunciation of Mnuchin's name (muh-NOO-chin).
#WeThePeople https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/
If a petition here gets 100,000 signatures in 30 days, it will be reviewed, put in front of the right policy experts at the White House and given an official response. What does that mean, or achieve, exactly? I have no idea, but it's better than just tweeting at Trump. And it couldn't be simpler: Just log on, sign in, and done! (I signed the petition demanding that Trump release his tax returns. You should too.)
Here are my favorite excuses for not going to the Museum of Modern Art:
1. Admission price ($25, ouch)
2. Midtown is a pain
3. So many tourists
But here are better reasons to go: When I'm there, I remember why I pay up to live in this city, and I realize how just being around great art can be a transformative, mind-blowing experience. That's how I felt when I saw Francis Picabia: Our Heads are Round so Our Thoughts Can Change Direction.
Go before it's too late (it closes March 19). Picabia was a wildly talented badass French painter who worked at the same time (from around 1911 through the 1940s) as a bunch of his much more famous artist pals like Man Ray and Marcel Duchamp. Picabia's style bounced around from Cubism, to Dada, to kitschy pinup paintings. He was a master of reinvention and originality, and had an awesome I-don't-give-a-shit attitude. The guy was way ahead of his time.
Here's a painting/collage he did in the 1920s—made with matchsticks, coins, hairpins, and lash curlers (zoom in on her eyebrows).
I'm not the only one who comes to MOMA for inspiration. Celebrity hairstylist Mark Townsend (Marie Claire's 2017 Image Maker Award winner) told me how he gets ideas for hairstyles by wandering around the van Goghs and Pollocks:
"MOMA is like my church. Looking at a Jackson Pollock painting actually inspired an updo I did on Elizabeth Olsen. An abstract work of art can inform how I do hair—the texture, the movement of it. This painting looks incredibly chaotic, but there's so much control involved. In the same way that an effortless hairstyle is really all about precision."
I'm pretty over-the-top with my skin-care routine, but hey, it's worth it if you don't want to look and feel like an old leather bag, especially in the wintertime. Here's my double moisturizing strategy from the neck down: First, slather a lightweight body lotion all over, then put a richer cream over that—just on super-parched shins, heels, elbows, and forearms. Step 2 is the OCD part, but I swear it gives you baby skin.
Here's the combo I use:
There's no fragrance, parabens, or any other bad BS in this Skinfix stuff, and it's loaded with really good natural ingredients. So lube up, baby!


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Dear Family and Friends,
We are so excited to once again be participating in the American Brain Tumor Association (ABTA) BT5K! This will be our 15th year in a row participating, and as a special treat, Izzy and our cousin, Lauren Sadkin, will be singing the national anthem this year!
We are even more motivated to raise as much money as possible and have the biggest team we can as I am once again having to fight against my brain tumor. (It's growing again, so I will be starting chemo for a year right after the walk weekend.)
Please join Team Hope by walking or running with us on SATURDAY, April 13, 2019 in the morning at the Soldier Field Stadium Green in Chicago, and/or donate to our team.
Please join Izzy and me at this year's 5k run/walk on the morning of Saturday, April 13, 2019 at Soldier Field. (Chad will be with us in spirit - he'll be in Florida for his annual partner's mg.) Help us support the nearly 700,000 people currently living with a brain tumor. You can join our team (Team Hope) by clicking the "Join Our Team" button on the right.
Please also consider making a donation to the American Brain Tumor Association in support of our team's efforts. Click the "Donate Now" button on the right.
Thank you so much for supporting our efforts on behalf of brain tumor patients, their families, and the researchers pursuing the breakthroughs.
Juliana, Chad and Izzy :)
About the American Brain Tumor Association
The ABTA provides critical funding to researchers working toward breakthroughs in brain tumor diagnosis, treatment and care, with the ultimate goal of finding a cure. The ABTA is also the recognized resource for comprehensive information and compassionate support for the brain tumor patients, families and caregivers who are living with this disease.


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Having turned her hand to fashion design, Victoria Beckham ought to have an outfit for every situation.
But if she was trying to hide her baby bump, her efforts were in vain.
Victoria, who is six months pregnant with her fourth child, chose a billowing grey jumper dress as she made her way through Los Angeles airport.
Blooming: Victoria Beckham, who is expecting her fourth child, tried to hide her baby bump under a billowing grey dress as she made her way through Los Angeles airport
Colour co-ordinated: The former Spice Girl looked as stylish as ever in the dress which she teamed with a matching bag and black heels
The 36-year-old former Spice Girl, who has admitted that she considers the airport her 'fashion runway', is expecting a daughter in July.
She and husband David already have three boys – Brooklyn, 12, Romeo, eight, and Cruz, six.
The couple confirmed they were expecting a baby girl last month after weeks of speculation.
David discussed their excitement at the news while appearing on late night show Jimmy Kimmel Live earlier this month.
Yummy mummy: Victoria has previously admitted she treats the airport like her own personal runway
He said: 'We've got three beautiful boys and we're ecstatic to have another one on the way but when we first found out, we went for the scan and they said, "oh, it's a boy" and we were like "great" but Victoria was like, "Ahh, another penis in the house".
'She thinks there's too many in the house already. So then we went back for the next scan and they said, "oh, we think it's a girl". So we were like, "oh, ok, well, that's amazing".
'And then on the final scan they said it's definitely a girl so, yeah, it's incredible.'
Here comes Daddy! David Beckham was seen arriving at Pearson International Airport in Toronto after flying in with LA Galaxy
David and Victoria will be among the guests at the Royal Wedding this month after a string of celebrities, politicians and diplomats were invited.
Happy family: Victoria and husband David, who already have three sons, are expecting a little girl in July
©2011 Tiffany Silverlight. All Rights Reserved.


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Garden antiques to augment your collection of antique garden ornaments. Find items such as garden benches, urns, tables, chairs, statuary and other garden collectibles from manufacturers such as Salterini, Woodward, Molla, Fiske.
Victorian Cast Iron Rococo Base small table with a hexagonal white marble top with stains, old black paint is wearing thru, structurally sound (Item number: 403)
If you prefer to you can email email@example.com. Please include product number and name.


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February 15, 2017
In the current dynamic of the HIV/AIDS epidemic at the global level, the communities most exposed to the virus are male and female sex workers, men who have sexual relations with other men and injectable drug users. Because of the discrimination and even criminalization they are subjected to, these persons are, in fact, 10% to 24% more liable to be infected by HIV than the general population. What is at issue here is the limited access to prevention and care when their sexual practices or drug use are condemned by society and even the State. According to the terms of reference of the United Nations these are « key » populations in the epidemic.
Source : Pulsation – June 2016 – Coalition PLUS


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The book behind the bLog
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Newborn babies are absorbed in three core activities; to cry and to eat and to excrete. They can't focus their eyes, they can't smile and they can't co-ordinate their limbs. Why is this? The answer to this question carries the … Continue reading
It might seem strange to consider that our soul is an inner activity where our feeling, thinking and will (intentions) play out. These three interact with each other in many and various ways. So that we can become more aware … Continue reading
How often do we feel that we have no power? The media is full of what the so-called powerful people in this world are doing – or not doing. It is only natural that when we read these reports that … Continue reading


text: From the information office, head east and turn left before the Raiffeisenbank and head upwards. Follow the signs for Stöcklweg up to the Untere Waldebene fork. Turn right here and follow the signs until the Untere Waldebene, a pasture with a boulder, the so-called witch's hole ("Hexenloch"). From the Hexenloch (Trail 17), the trail climbs a little steeply at the start, in some places along the rugged, fallen rocks of the Galdrintal valley, and leads to a plateau surrounded by trees. Take the same path back to the starting point (approx. 1.5 hrs).


text:
Ghana journalist who had investigated corruption in football shot dead
Friday 18 January 2019 09:52 CET
In tonight's edition: a Ghanaian undercover journalist who helped expose corruption in African football has been gunned down in Accra. Meanwhile, in Zimbabwe, pastor and activist Evan Mawarire has been charged with subverting the government. And security forces in Sudan fire tear gas and rubber bullets at protesters in Khartoum as anti-government demonstrations continue in their fifth week.
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