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Shape-Based matching (SBM) is a known method for 2D object recognition that is rather robust against illumination variations, noise, clutter and partial occlusion.
The objects to be recognized can be translated, rotated and scaled.
The translation of an object is determined by evaluating a similarity measure for all possible positions (similar to cross correlation).
The similarity measure is based on dot products between normalized gradient directions in edges.
Rotation and scale is determined by evaluating all possible combinations, spanning a huge search space.
A resolution pyramid is used to form a heuristic for the search that then gains real-time performance.
For SBM, a model consisting of normalized edge gradient directions, are constructed for all possible combinations of rotation and scale.
We have avoided this by using (bilinear) interpolation in the search gradient map, which greatly reduces the amount of storage required.
SBM is highly parallelizable by nature and with our suggested improvements it becomes much suited for running on a GPU.
This have been implemented and tested, and the results clearly outperform those of our reference CPU implementation (with magnitudes of hundreds).
It is also very scalable and easily benefits from future devices without effort.
An extensive evaluation material and tools for evaluating object recognition algorithms have been developed and the implementation is evaluated and compared to two commercial 2D object recognition solutions.
The results show that the method is very powerful when dealing with the distortions listed above and competes well with its opponents.
The importance of developing effective strategies for investigating mediastinal lymph-node metastases in non-small cell lung cancers is increasingly emphasized. It is because the precise detection of this metastatic disease is critical for optimal surgical intervention and treatment for patients with lung cancer. Existing medical image analysis is of limited power for mediastinal lymph-node staging on computed tomography (CT). Motivated by the radiomics hypothesis, this paper explored deep-learning, texture features and their combinations to ascertain subtle difference between malignant and benign mediastinal lymph nodes on CT. The radiomics-based results are found to be promising for differentiating malignant from benign mediastinal lymph nodes of patients with lung cancer.
Autoencoding in deep learning has been known as a useful tool for extracting image features in multiple layers, which are subsequently configured for classification by deep neural networks. A practical burden for the implementation of autoencoders is the time required for training a large number of artificial neurons. This paper shows the effects of scaling of texture in the histology of colorectal cancer, which can result in significant training time reduction being approximately to an exponential function, with improved classification rates.
The Kolmogorov–Sinai (K–S) entropy is used to quantify the average amount of uncertainty of a dynamical system through a sequence of observations. Sequence probabilities therefore play a central role for the computation of the entropy rate to determine if the dynamical system under study is deterministically non-chaotic, deterministically chaotic, or random. This paper extends the notion of the K–S entropy to measure the entropy rate of imprecise systems using sequence membership grades, in which the underlying deterministic paradigm is replaced with the degree of fuzziness. While constructing sequential probabilities for the calculation of the K–S entropy is difficult in practice, the estimate of the K–S entropy in the setting of fuzzy sets in an image is feasible and can be useful for modeling uncertainty of pixel distributions in images. The fuzzy K–S entropy is illustrated as an effective feature for image analysis and texture classification.
Proteomic technology has been found promising for classifying complex diseases that leads to early prediction. However, for effective classification, the extraction of good features that can represent the identities of different classes plays the frontal critical factor for any classification problems. In addition, another major problem associated with pattern recognition is how to effectively handle a large feature space. This paper addresses these two frontal issues for mass spectrometry (MS) classification. We apply the theory of linear predictive coding to extract features and fuzzy vector quantization to reduce the large feature space of MS data. The minimization of the fuzzy scattering matrix in the setting of the fuzzy c-means algorithm provides better grouping for feature classification. The proposed methodology was tested using two MS-based cancer datasets and the results are promising.
The mitochondrion is a membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are considered as the powerhouse of the cell because they function as the platform for generating the production of chemical energy. The visual information of mitochondria revealed by the recent advanced technology in nanoimaging opens doors to life-science researchers to gain insights into its spatial structure and its spatial distribution within the cell. In order to simulate and model mitochondria using a large amount of images, the first task in image processing is the automated detection of this organelle. This paper introduces a nonstationary indicator kriging model, which can model the spatial uncertainty in an image, for feature extraction. This feature can be effectively applied for the detection of mitochondria.
Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) can help people with mental illness improve their health condition. In particular, CST provides an alternative treatment for people with mild to moderate dementia. Signal processing and pattern recognition methods are promising tools for automated assessment of the effectiveness of CST in treating individuals with dementia. This paper applies the dynamic time-warping for investigating the reliability of photoplethysmography-derived features extracted by the largest Lyapunov exponents and spectral distortion for CST evaluation.
Extraction of effective features of objects is an important area of research in the intelligent processing of image data. A well-known feature in images is texture which can be used for image description, segmentation and classification. This paper presents a novel texture extraction method using the principles of geostatistics and the concept of entropy in information theory. Experimental results on medical image data have shown the superior performance of the proposed approach over some popular texture extraction methods.
The description of information content in images is imprecise in nature. Quantification of uncertainty in images for pattern analysis has been addressed with the theories of probability and fuzzy sets. In this paper, an approach for modeling the spatial uncertainty of images is proposed in the setting of geostatistics and probability measure of fuzzy events. The proposed approach can be utilized to extract an effective feature for image classification.
Semi-variogram estimators and distortion measures of signal spectra are utilized in this paper for image texture retrieval. On the use of the complete Brodatz database, most high retrieval rates are reportedly based on multiple features, and the combinations of multiple algorithms; while the classification using single features is still a challenge to the retrieval of diverse texture images. The semi-variogram, which is theoretically sound and the cornerstone of spatial statistics, has the characteristics shared between true randomness and complete determinism; and therefore can be used as a useful tool for both structural and statistical analysis of texture images. Meanwhile, spectral distortion measures derived from the theory of linear predictive coding provide a rigorously mathematical model for signal-based similarity matching, and have been proven useful for many practical pattern classification systems. Experimental results obtained from testing the proposed approach using the complete Brodatz database, and the UIUC texture database suggest the effectiveness of the proposed approach as a single-feature-based dissimilarity measure for real-time texture retrieval.
Study in restoring images from their degraded states has been an important research topic in image processing and has potential applications in complex pattern recognition. We propose in this paper a new adaptive image restoration method using the concept of random-function realizations in geostatistics. This conceptual framework allows us to derive the model means and variances in the context of spatial statistics. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed approach to other image restoration algorithms.
Intestinal abnormalities and ischemia are medical conditions in which inflammation and injury of the intestine are caused by inadequate blood supply. Developments of computerized systems for the automated identification of these types of complex gastrointestinal disorders are rarely reported. In this paper, we introduce a mapping model of spatial uncertainty in computed tomography images for feature extraction, which can be effectively applied for diagnostic detection. Experimental results obtained from the analysis of clinical data suggest the usefulness of the proposed uncertainty mapping model.
Kriging and fuzzy sets are combined as a spatial filter for smoothing gray-scale images degraded by Gaussian white noise. Application of fuzzy sets allows a gradual transition between two boundaries of semi-variance levels as a criterion for smoothing the pixel values. Results which are obtained by the fuzzy kriging filter are smoother and still preserved edges compared with those by the adaptive Wiener filter
This conference proceedings text features research papers that address novel applications of computer, physical, engineering and mathematical models for solving modern challenging problems in life sciences. All the papers, presented at the Computational Models for Life Sciences conference held in 2007, have been peer-reviewed. They cover a huge range of topics, including image analysis, computer vision, and pattern analysis and classification, among many others.
3D Models of botanical trees are very important in video games, simulation, virtual reality, digital city modeling and other fields of computer graphics. However, since the early days of computer graphics, the modeling of trees has been challenging, because of the huge dynamical range between its smallest and largest structures and their geometrical complexity. Trees are also ubiquitous which makes it even hard to model them in a realistic way, Current techniques are limited in that they model a tree either in a rule-based way or in an approximated way. These methods emphasize appearance while sacrificing its real structure. Recent development in range scanners are making 3D aquisition feasible for large and complex objects. This report presents the semi-automatic technique developed for modeling laser-scanned trees. First, the user draws a few strokes on the depth image plane generated from the dataset. Branches are then extracted through the 2D Curve detection algorithm originally developed. Afterwards, those short branches are connected together to generate the skeleton of the tree by forming a Minimum Spanning Tree (MST). Finally, the geometry of the tree skeleton is produced using allometric rules for branch thickness and branching angles.
We present a method for estimating the location of edges in binary images, in order to correct the distance produced by distance transforms to sub-pixel precision. We also show that the resulting precision significantly outper- forms the precision of an uncorrected Euclidean Distance Transform.
We present a simple approach to the topological analysis of divergence-free 2D vector fields using discrete Morse theory. We make use of the fact that the point-wise perpendicular vector field can be interpreted as the gradient of the stream function. The topology of the divergence-free vector field is thereby encoded in the topology of a gradient vector field. We can therefore apply a formulation of computational discrete Morse theory for gradient vector fields. The inherent consistence and robustness of the resulting algorithm is demonstrated on synthetic data and an example from computational fluid dynamics.
We propose a combinatorial algorithm to track critical points of 2D time-dependent scalar fields. Existing tracking algorithms such as Feature Flow Fields apply numerical schemes utilizing derivatives of the data, which makes them prone to noise and involve a large number of computational parameters. In contrast, our method is robust against noise since it does not require derivatives, interpolation, and numerical integration. Furthermore, we propose an importance measure that combines the spatial persistence of a critical point with its temporal evolution. This leads to a time-aware feature hierarchy, which allows us to discriminate important from spurious features. Our method requires only a single, easy-to-tune computational parameter and is naturally formulated in an out-of-core fashion, which enables the analysis of large data sets. We apply our method to synthetic data and data sets from computational fluid dynamics and compare it to the stabilized continuous Feature Flow Field tracking algorithm.
This paper introduces a novel importance measure for critical points in 2D scalar fields. This measure is based on a combination of the deep structure of the scale space with the well-known concept of homological persistence. We enhance the noise robust persistence measure by implicitly taking the hill-, ridge- and outlier-like spatial extent of maxima and minima into account. This allows for the distinction between different types of extrema based on their persistence at multiple scales. Our importance measure can be computed efficiently in an out-of-core setting. To demonstrate the practical relevance of our method we apply it to a synthetic and a real-world data set and evaluate its performance and scalability.
Almost all cell-phones and camcorders sold today are equipped with a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) image sensor and there is also a general trend to incorporate CMOS sensors in other types of cameras. The sensor has many advantages over the more conventional CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) sensor such as lower power consumption, cheaper manufacturing and the potential for on-chip processing. Almost all CMOS sensors make use of what is called a rolling shutter. Compared to a global shutter, which images all the pixels at the same time, a rolling-shutter camera exposes the image row-by-row. This leads to geometric distortions in the image when either the camera or the objects in the scene are moving. The recorded videos and images will look wobbly (jello effect), skewed or otherwise strange and this is often not desirable. In addition, many computer vision algorithms assume that the camera used has a global shutter, and will break down if the distortions are too severe.
In airborne remote sensing it is common to use push-broom sensors. These sensors exhibit a similar kind of distortion as a rolling-shutter camera, due to the motion of the aircraft. If the acquired images are to be matched with maps or other images, then the distortions need to be suppressed.
The main contributions in this thesis are the development of the three dimensional models for rolling-shutter distortion correction. Previous attempts modelled the distortions as taking place in the image plane, and we have shown that our techniques give better results for hand-held camera motions.
The basic idea is to estimate the camera motion, not only between frames, but also the motion during frame capture. The motion can be estimated using inter-frame image correspondences and with these a non-linear optimisation problem can be formulated and solved. All rows in the rolling-shutter image are imaged at different times, and when the motion is known, each row can be transformed to the rectified position.
In addition to rolling-shutter distortions, hand-held footage often has shaky camera motion. It has been shown how to do efficient video stabilisation, in combination with the rectification, using rotation smoothing.
In the thesis it has been explored how to use similar techniques as for the rolling-shutter case in order to correct push-broom images, and also how to rectify 3D point clouds from e.g. the Kinect depth sensor.
This paper presents a method for rectifying video sequences from rolling shutter (RS) cameras. In contrast to previous RS rectification attempts we model distortions as being caused by the 3D motion of the camera. The camera motion is parametrised as a continuous curve, with knots at the last row of each frame. Curve parameters are solved for using non-linear least squares over inter-frame correspondences obtained from a KLT tracker. We have generated synthetic RS sequences with associated ground-truth to allow controlled evaluation. Using these sequences, we demonstrate that our algorithm improves over to two previously published methods. The RS dataset is available on the web to allow comparison with other methods
This article presents a method for rectifying and stabilising video from cell-phones with rolling shutter (RS) cameras. Due to size constraints, cell-phone cameras have constant, or near constant focal length, making them an ideal application for calibrated projective geometry. In contrast to previous RS rectification attempts that model distortions in the image plane, we model the 3D rotation of the camera. We parameterise the camera rotation as a continuous curve, with knots distributed across a short frame interval. Curve parameters are found using non-linear least squares over inter-frame correspondences from a KLT tracker. By smoothing a sequence of reference rotations from the estimated curve, we can at a small extra cost, obtain a high-quality image stabilisation. Using synthetic RS sequences with associated ground-truth, we demonstrate that our rectification improves over two other methods. We also compare our video stabilisation with the methods in iMovie and Deshaker.
Structured light range sensors, such as the Microsoft Kinect, have recently become popular as perception devices for computer vision and robotic systems. These sensors use CMOS imaging chips with electronic rolling shutters (ERS). When using such a sensor on a moving platform, both the image, and the depth map, will exhibit geometric distortions. We introduce an algorithm that can suppress such distortions, by rectifying the 3D point clouds from the range sensor. This is done by first estimating the time continuous 3D camera trajectory, and then transforming the 3D points to where they would have been, if the camera had been stationary. To ensure that image and range data are synchronous, the camera trajectory is computed from KLT tracks on the structured-light frames, after suppressing the structured-light pattern. We evaluate our rectification, by measuring angles between the visible sides of a cube, before and after rectification. We also measure how much better the 3D point clouds can be aligned after rectification. The obtained improvement is also related to the actual rotational velocity, measured using a MEMS gyroscope.
We study the problem of registering a sequence of scan lines (a strip) from an airborne push-broom imager to another sequence partly covering the same area. Such a registration has to compensate for deformations caused by attitude and speed changes in the aircraft. The registration is challenging, as both strips contain such deformations. Our algorithm estimates the 3D rotation of the camera for each scan line, by parametrising it as a linear spline with a number of knots evenly distributed in one of the strips. The rotations are estimated from correspondences between strips of the same area. Once the rotations are known, they can be compensated for, and each line of pixels can be transformed such that ground trace of the two strips are registered with respect to each other.
We have performed a field trial with an airborne push-broom hyperspectral sensor, making several flights over the same area and with known changes (e.g., moved vehicles) between the flights. Each flight results in a sequence of scan lines forming an image strip, and in order to detect changes between two flights, the two resulting image strips must be geometrically aligned and radiometrically corrected. The focus of this paper is the geometrical alignment, and we propose an image- and gyro-based method for geometric co-alignment (registration) of two image strips. The method is particularly useful when the sensor is not stabilized, thus reducing the need for expensive mechanical stabilization. The method works in several steps, including gyro-based rectification, global alignment using SIFT matching, and a local alignment using KLT tracking. Experimental results are shown but not quantified, as ground truth is, by the nature of the trial, lacking.
Almost all cell-phones and camcorders sold today are equipped with a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) image sensor and there is also a general trend to incorporate CMOS sensors in other types of cameras. The CMOS sensor has many advantages over the more conventional CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) sensor such as lower power consumption, cheaper manufacturing and the potential for onchip processing. Nearly all CMOS sensors make use of what is called a rolling shutter readout. Unlike a global shutter readout, which images all the pixels at the same time, a rolling-shutter exposes the image row-by-row. If a mechanical shutter is not used this will lead to geometric distortions in the image when either the camera or the objects in the scene are moving. Smaller cameras, like those in cell-phones, do not have mechanical shutters and systems that do have them will not use them when recording video. The result will look wobbly (jello eect), skewed or otherwise strange and this is often not desirable. In addition, many computer vision algorithms assume that the camera used has a global shutter and will break down if the distortions are too severe.
In airborne remote sensing it is common to use push-broom sensors. These sensors exhibit a similar kind of distortion as that of a rolling-shutter camera, due to the motion of the aircraft. If the acquired images are to be registered to maps or other images, the distortions need to be suppressed.
The main contributions in this thesis are the development of the three-dimensional models for rolling-shutter distortion correction. Previous attempts modelled the distortions as taking place in the image plane, and we have shown that our techniques give better results for hand-held camera motions. The basic idea is to estimate the camera motion, not only between frames, but also the motion during frame capture. The motion is estimated using image correspondences and with these a non-linear optimisation problem is formulated and solved. All rows in the rollingshutter image are imaged at dierent times, and when the motion is known, each row can be transformed to its rectied position. The same is true when using depth sensors such as the Microsoft Kinect, and the thesis describes how to estimate its 3D motion and how to rectify 3D point clouds.
In the thesis it has also been explored how to use similar techniques as for the rolling-shutter case, to correct push-broom images. When a transformation has been found, the images need to be resampled to a regular grid in order to be visualised. This can be done in many ways and dierent methods have been tested and adapted to the push-broom setup.
In addition to rolling-shutter distortions, hand-held footage often has shaky camera motion. It is possible to do ecient video stabilisation in combination with the rectication using rotation smoothing. Apart from these distortions, motion blur is a big problem for hand-held photography. The images will be blurry due to the camera motion and also noisy if taken in low light conditions. One of the contributions in the thesis is a method which uses gyroscope measurements and feature tracking to combine several images, taken with a smartphone, into one resulting image with less blur and noise. This enables the user to take photos which would have otherwise required a tripod.
This article deals with fast and accurate visualization of pushbroom image data from airborne and spaceborne platforms. A pushbroom sensor acquires images in a line-scanning fashion, and this results in scattered input data that needs to be resampled onto a uniform grid for geometrically correct visualization. To this end, we model the anisotropic spatial dependence structure caused by the acquisition process. Several methods for scattered data interpolation are then adapted to handle the induced anisotropic metric and compared for the pushbroom image rectification problem. A trick that exploits the semi-ordered line structure of pushbroom data to improve the computational complexity several orders of magnitude is also presented.
We propose an algorithm that can capture sharp, low-noise images in low-light conditions on a hand-held smartphone. We make use of the recent ability to acquire bursts of high resolution images on high-end models such as the iPhone5s. Frames are aligned, or stacked, using rolling shutter correction, based on motion estimated from the built-in gyro sensors and image feature tracking. After stacking, the images may be combined, using e.g. averaging to produce a sharp, low-noise photo. We have tested the algorithm on a variety of different scenes, using several different smartphones. We compare our method to denoising, direct stacking, as well as a global-shutter based stacking, with favourable results.
There has been a rapid progress of the graphics processor the last years, much because of the demands from computer games on speed and image quality. Because of the graphics processor's special architecture it is much faster at solving parallel problems than the normal processor. Due to its increasing programmability it is possible to use it for other tasks than it was originally designed for.
Even though graphics processors have been programmable for some time, it has been quite difficult to learn how to use them. CUDA enables the programmer to use C-code, with a few extensions, to program NVIDIA's graphics processor and completely skip the traditional programming models. This thesis investigates if the graphics processor can be used for calculations without knowledge of how the hardware mechanisms work. An image processing algorithm calculating the optical flow has been implemented. The result shows that it is rather easy to implement programs using CUDA, but some knowledge of how the graphics processor works is required to achieve high performance.
Many methods have been developed for visual tracking of generic objects. The vast majority of these assume the world is two-dimensional, either ignoring the third dimension or only dealing with it indirectly. This causes difficulties for the tracker when the target approaches or moves away from the camera, is occluded or moves out of the camera frame.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used in civilian applications and some of these will undoubtedly carry tracking systems in the future. As they move around, these trackers will encounter both scale changes and occlusions. To improve the tracking performance in these cases, the third dimension should be taken into account.
This thesis extends the capabilities of a 2D tracker to three dimensions, with the assumption that the target moves on a ground plane.
The position of the tracker camera is established by matching the video it produces to a sparse point-cloud map built with off-the-shelf structure-from-motion software. A target is tracked with a generic 2D tracker and subsequently positioned on the ground. Should the target disappear from view, its motion on the ground is predicted. In combination, these simple techniques are shown to improve the robustness of a tracking system on a moving platform under target scale changes and occlusions.
An increasing number of robots and autonomous vehicles are equipped with multiple cameras to achieve surround-view sensing. The estimation of their relative poses, also known as extrinsic parameter calibration, is a challenging problem, particularly in the non-overlapping case. We present a simple and novel extrinsic calibration method based on standard components that performs favorably to existing approaches. We further propose a framework for predicting the performance of different calibration configurations and intuitive error metrics. This makes selecting a good camera configuration straightforward. We evaluate on rendered synthetic images and show good results as measured by angular and absolute pose differences, as well as the reprojection error distributions.
It is possible to correct intensity inhomogeneity in fat–water Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) by estimating a bias field based on the observed intensities of voxels classified as the pure adipose tissue. The same procedure can also be used to quantify fat volume and its distribution which opens up for new medical applications. The bias field estimation method has to be robust since pure fat voxels are irregularly located and the density varies greatly within and between image volumes. This paper introduces Multi scale Adaptive Normalized Average (MANA) that solves this problem bybasing the estimate on a scale space of weighted averages. By usingthe local certainty of the data MANA preserves details where the local data certainty is high and provides realistic values in sparse areas.
A system for malaria parasite detection in thin blood-smears is presented. Sample slides prepared with standard methods are accepted. A low-cost TV-camera mounted on an ordinary microscope with a computer controlled stage is used as a picture sensor. Frames, digitized in windows of 64 x 64 pixels are fed into a special purpose picture processor at normal frame rate (25 frames/sec). In the picture processor measurements are made on the images at high speed. The classification problem is split into different levels each having different characteristics such as different sampling density. Four classes, three of which are different types of malaria parasites, are recognized. As a whole the classification is best labelled as a sequential pattern recognition procedure.
In its preliminary version the system has been run at a speed comparable to that of a human operator, that is l 500 cells per minute. A test on 80 000 cells gave 25 false negatives out of 283 parasites (9%) and 41 false positives (0.05%).
The range of missions performed by Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) has been steadily growing in the past decades thanks to continued development in several disciplines. The goal of increasing the autonomy of UAS's is widening the range of tasks which can be carried out without, or with minimal, external help. This thesis presents methods for increasing specific aspects of autonomy of UAS's operating both in outdoor and indoor environments where cameras are used as the primary sensors.
First, a method for fusing color and thermal images for object detection, geolocation and tracking for UAS's operating primarily outdoors is presented. Specifically, a method for building saliency maps where human body locations are marked as points of interest is described. Such maps can be used in emergency situations to increase the situational awareness of first responders or a robotic system itself. Additionally, the same method is applied to the problem of vehicle tracking. A generated stream of geographical locations of tracked vehicles increases situational awareness by allowing for qualitative reasoning about, for example, vehicles overtaking, entering or leaving crossings.
Second, two approaches to the UAS indoor localization problem in the absence of GPS-based positioning are presented. Both use cameras as the main sensors and enable autonomous indoor ight and navigation. The first approach takes advantage of cooperation with a ground robot to provide a UAS with its localization information. The second approach uses marker-based visual pose estimation where all computations are done onboard a small-scale aircraft which additionally increases its autonomy by not relying on external computational power.
The most common representation of volumetric models is a regular grid of cubical voxels with one value each, from which a smooth scalar field is reconstructed. However, common real-world situations include cases in which volumes represent physical objects with well defined boundaries separating different materials, giving rise to models with quasi-impulsive gradient fields. In our split-voxel representation, we replace blocks of N 3 voxels by one single voxel that is split by a feature plane into two regions with constant values. This representation has little overhead over storing precomputed gradients, and has the advantage that feature planes provide minimal geometric information about the underlying volume regions that can be effectively exploited for volume rendering. We show how to convert a standard mono-resolution representation into a out-of-core multiresolution structure, both for labeled and continuous scalar volumes. We also show how to interactively explore the models using a multiresolution GPU raycasting framework. The technique supports real-time transfer function manipulation and proves particularly useful for fast multiresolution rendering, since accurate silhouettes are preserved even at very coarse levels of detail.
Marknaden for obemannade autonoma luftburna farkoster (UAV:er) växer snabbt. För att möta behovet av marina tillämpningar har CybAero AB nyligen startat ett projekt som kallas Mobil Automatisk Start- och Landningsstation (MALLS). Syftet med malls är att möjliggöra autonom start och landning på objekt i rörelse, som till exempel ett fartyg. I det här examensarbetet studeras ett system för att bestämma position och attityd för en helikopter relativt en helikopterplatta, för att möjliggöra landning på ett ojekt i rörelse.
Fokus har främst legat på att utveckla ett positionerings- och attitydbestämningssystem. Ett datorseende positionerings- och attitydbestämningssystem har utvecklats. Två olika metoder har undersökts, ett system som bygger på homografi och ett annat som bygger på Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Båda metoderna har testats med verklig data från en kamera monterad på en RC helikopter. Noggrannheten i positionsbestämmelsen har undersökts med hjälp av data från en industrirobot. Testresultaten visar att det EKF-baserade systemet är mindre bruskänsligt än det homografibaserade systemet. En nackdel med det ekf-baserade systemet är däremot att det kräver initialvillkor vilket det homografibaserade systemet inte gör. Noggrannheten på båda systemen finner vi tillfredsställande för syftet.
Ett enkelt styrsystem med styrlagar för att genomföra landningar på ett rörligtobjekt har utvecklats. Styrsystemet har dock inte testats under verklig flygning.
I detta examensarbete har en modellbaserad videokodningsalgoritm utvecklats som använder data från en djup- och färgkamera, exempelvis Microsoft Kinect. Det finns flera fördelar med en modellbaserad representation av en video över den mer vanligt förekommande blockbaserade varianten, vilket används av bland annat H.264. Några exempel är möjligheten att rendera videon i 3D samt från alternativa vyer, placera in objekt i videon samt möjlighet för användaren att interagera med scenen.
Detta examensarbete påvisar en väldigt effektiv metod för komprimering av scengeometri. Resultaten av den presenterade algoritmen visar att möjligheten att uppnå väldigt låg bithastighet med jämförelsebara resultat med H.264-standarden.
Feature detection and pattern matching play an important role in visualization.Originally developed for images and scalar fields, pattern matching methods become increasingly interesting for other applications, e.g., vector fields. To apply pattern matching to vector fields the basic concepts of convolution and fast Fourier transform (FFT) have to be generalized to vector fields. A formalism supporting an elegant generalization of these concepts is provided by the Clifford Algebra, originally developed for describing geometry and geometric operations. We discuss an application of the Clifford Pattern Matching (CPM). We apply CPM to images for "Clifford Color Edge Detection" (C2ED), an approach for detecting edges and other features in color images. The basic idea is to treat color value tripels as vectors and apply the pattern matching algorithm to the resulting vector field. We introduce vector-valued filters for edge detection and present results.
Vector fields play an important role in many areas of computational physics and engineering. For effective visualization of vector fields it is necessary to identify and extract important features inherent in the data, defined by filters that characterize certain "patterns". Our prior approach for vector field analysis used the Clifford Fourier transform for efficient pattern recognition for vector field data defined on regular grids [1,2]. Using the frequency domain, correlation and convolution of vectors can be computed as a Clifford multiplication, enabling us to determine similarity between a vector field and a pre-defined pattern mask (e.g., for critical points). Moreover, compression and spectral analysis of vector fields is possible using this method. Our current approach only applies to rectilinear grids. We combine this approach with a fast Fourier transform to handle unstructured scalar data [6]. Our extension enables us to provide a feature-based visualization of vector field data defined on unstructured grids, or completely scattered data. Besides providing the theory of Clifford Fourier transform for unstructured vector data, we explain how efficient pattern matching and visualization of various selectable features can be performed efficiently. We have tested our method for various vector data sets.
3D-kameror som levererar höjddata kan användas för kvalitetskontroll av varor på ett löpande band.
Det är då av intresse att urskilja de viktiga delarna av bilden från bakgrund och brus samt även att dela upp dessa intressanta delar i segment med stark korrelans till objekten på bandet.
Segmentering kan utföras genom tröskling i det enkla fallet. I mer komplexa situationer då objekt vidrör eller överlappar varandra blir det svårare.
I detta examensarbete presenteras forskning och utvärdering av några olika metoder för segmentering av höjdbildsdata. Fokus ligger på att finna en noggrann metod för segmentering av mjuka släta oregelbundna objekt som grönsaker och skaldjur.
I utvärderingssyfte har en databas bestående höjdbilder föreställande lite olika typer av sådana organiska objekt samlats in.
Vi visar i uppstatsen att en konventionell gradientlängdsmetod är svår att slå i det generella fallet. Om objekten som ska segmenteras är kraftigt icke-konvexa å andra sidan, med en mängd krön och dalar inom varje objekt, kan man göra bättre i att välja en normaliserad minstakvadratfelsmetod.
Today, product development processes in mechanical engineering are almost entirely carried out via computer-aided simulations. One essential output of these simulations are stress tensors, which are the basis for the dimensioning of the technical parts. The tensors contain information about the strength of internal stresses as well as their principal directions. However, for the analysis they are mostly reduced to scalar key metrics. The motivation of this work is to put the tensorial data more into focus of the analysis and demonstrate its potential for the product development process. In this context we resume a visualization method that has been introduced many years ago, tensor lines. Since tensor lines have been rarely used in visualization applications, they are mostly considered as physically not relevant in the visualization community. In this paper we challenge this point of view by reporting two case studies where tensor lines have been applied in the process of the design of a technical part. While the first case was a real success, we could not reach similar results for the second case. It became clear that the first case cannot be fully generalized to arbitrary settings and there are many more questions to be answered before the full potential of tensor lines can be realized. In this chapter, we review our success story and our failure case and discuss some directions of further research.
The cat (Felis catus, Linneaus 1758) has lived around or with humans for at least 10,000 years, and is now one of the most popular pets of the world with more than 600 millionindividuals. Domestic cats have developed a more extensive, variable and complex vocal repertoire than most other members of the Carnivora, which may be explained by their social organisation, their nocturnal activity and the long period of association between mother and young. Still, we know surprisingly little about the phonetic characteristics of these sounds, and about the interaction between cats and humans.
Members of the research project Melody in human–cat communication (Meowsic) investigate the prosodic characteristics of cat vocalisations as well as the communication between human and cat. The first step includes a categorisation of cat vocalisations. In the next step it will be investigated how humans perceive the vocal signals of domestic cats. This paper presents an outline of the project which has only recently started.
Exploration is an important aspect of robotics, whether it is for mapping, rescue missions or path planning in an unknown environment. Frontier Exploration planning (FEP) and Receding Horizon Next-Best-View planning (RH-NBVP) are two different approaches with different strengths and weaknesses. FEP explores a large environment consisting of separate regions with ease, but is slow at reaching full exploration due to moving back and forth between regions. RH-NBVP shows great potential and efficiently explores individual regions, but has the disadvantage that it can get stuck in large environments not exploring all regions. In this work we present a method that combines both approaches, with FEP as a global exploration planner and RH-NBVP for local exploration. We also present techniques to estimate potential information gain faster, to cache previously estimated gains and to exploit these to efficiently estimate new queries.
This paper presents a new method to automatically detect occluded vehicle in semi or deep shadow areas using combined very high resolution (VHR) 3D LIDAR and hyperspectral data. The proposed shape/spectral integration (SSI) decision fusion algorithm was shown to outperform the spectral based anomaly algorithm mainly in deep shadow areas. The fusion of LIDAR DSM data with spectral data is useful in the detection of vehicles in semi and deep shadow areas. The utility of shape information was shown to be a way to enhance spectral target detection in complex urban scene.
In an effort to overcome the limitations of small target detection in complex urban scene, complementary data sets are combined to provide additional insight about a particular scene. This paper presents a method based on shape/spectral integration (SSI) decision level fusion algorithm to improve the detection of vehicles in semi and deep shadow areas. A four steps process combines high resolution LIDAR and hyperspectral data to classify shadow areas, segment vehicles in LIDAR data, detect spectral anomalies and improves vehicle detection. The SSI decision level fusion algorithm was shown to outperform detection using a single data set and the utility of shape information was shown to be a way to enhance spectral target detection in complex urban scenes.
Methods for measuring deformation and motion of the human heart in-vivo are crucial in the assessment of cardiac function. Applications ranging from basic physiological research, through early detection of disease to follow-up studies, all benefit from improved methods of measuring the dynamics of the heart. This thesis presents new methods for acquisition, reconstruction and visualization of cardiac motion and deformation, based on magnetic resonance imaging.
Local heart wall deformation can be quantified in a strain rate tensor field. This tensor field describes the local deformation excluding rigid body translation and rotation. The drawback of studying this tensor-valued quantity, as opposed to a velocity vector field, is the high dimensionality of the tensor. The problem of visualizing the tensor field is approached by combining a local visualization that displays all degrees of freedom for a single tensor with an overview visualization using a scalar field representation of the complete tensor field. The scalar field is obtained by iterated adaptive filtering of a noise field.
Several methods for synchronizing the magnetic resonance imaging acquisition to the heart beat have previously been used to resolve individual heart phases from multiple cardiac cycles. In the present work, one of these techniques is extended to resolve two temporal dimensions simultaneously, the cardiac cycle and the respiratory cycle. This is combined with volumetric imaging to produce a five-dimensional data set. Furthermore, the acquisition order is optimized in order to reduce eddy current artifacts.
The five-dimensional acquisition either requires very long scan times or can only provide low spatiotemporal resolution. A method that exploits the variation in temporal bandwidth over the imaging volume, k-t BLAST, is described and extended to two simultaneous temporal dimensions. The new method, k-t2 BLAST, allows simultaneous reduction of scan time and improvement of spatial resolution.
While many methods exist for visualising scalar and vector data, visualisation of tensor data is still troublesome. We present a method for visualising second order tensors in three dimensions using a hybrid between direct volume rendering and glyph rendering.
An overview scalar field is created by using three-dimensional adaptive filtering of a scalar field containing noise. The filtering process is controlled by the tensor field to be visualised, creating patterns that characterise the tensor field. By combining direct volume rendering of the scalar field with standard glyph rendering methods for detailed tensor visualisation, a hybrid solution is created.
A combined volume and glyph renderer was implemented and tested with both synthetic tensors and strain-rate tensors from the human heart muscle, calculated from phase contrast magnetic resonance image data. A comprehensible result could be obtained, giving both an overview of the tensor field as well as detailed information on individual tensors.
To develop a new volumetric imaging method resolved over both the cardiac and respiratory cycles, to enable future physiological and pathophysiological studies of respiratory-related cardiac motion.
Materials and Methods
An acquisition scheme is proposed whereby the k-space acquisition order is controlled in real-time by the current cardiac and respiratory phases. To reduce eddy-current effects induced by sudden jumps in k-space, the acquisition order is further optimized by the use of a Hilbert curve trajectory in the ky-kz plane. A complete three-dimensional (3D) k-space is acquired for all combinations of cardiac and respiratory phases, yielding a five-dimensional (5D) data set after retrospective reconstruction.
Left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) wall excursion was measured in a healthy volunteer. Diastolic LV diameter was shown to increase during expiration and decrease during inspiration, as expected from previous echocardiography studies. The LV volume was estimated for all cardiac and respiratory phases with the use of a fully 3D segmentation tool. The results confirmed that the diastolic LV volume increased during expiration and decreased during inspiration.
With its ability to measure motion anywhere in the heart, the described technique provides a promising approach for in-depth description of interventricular coupling, including 3D ventricular volumes, during both the cardiac and respiratory cycles.
Multidimensional imaging resolving both the cardiac and respiratory cycles simultaneously has the potential to describe important physiological interdependences between the heart and pulmonary processes. A fully five-dimensional acquisition with three spatial and two temporal dimensions is hampered, however, by the long acquisition time and low spatial resolution. A technique is proposed to reduce the scan time substantially by extending the k-t BLAST framework to two temporal dimensions. By sampling the k-t space sparsely in a lattice grid, the signal in the transform domain, x-f space, can be densely packed, exploiting the fact that large regions in the field of view have low temporal bandwidth. A volumetric online prospective triggering approach with full cardiac and respiratory cycle coverage was implemented. Retrospective temporal interpolation was used to refine the timing estimates for the center of k-space, which is sampled for all cardiac and respiratory time frames. This resulted in reduced reconstruction error compared with conventional k-t BLAST reconstruction. The k-t2 BLAST technique was evaluated by decimating a fully sampled five-dimensional data set, and feasibility was further demonstrated by performing sparsely sampled acquisitions. Compared to the fully sampled data, a fourfold improvement in spatial resolution was accomplished in approximately half the scan time.
The purpose of this thesis is to develop an application for mobile phones that simplifies communication. The company Doberman wanted to look at possibilities to develop such an application that uses Bluetooth™ technol-ogy to communicate in ad-hoc networks. The aim has been an application to run on mobile phones in which you can send messages and files to other devices and also add a user profile with personal information to share with others. The communication will take place in temporary networks created when Bluetooth enabled devices is in range of each other.
The market for mobile phones has grown rapidly over the past years and is still growing. There are many differ-ent phone models and it is difficult to find a developer platform that covers many phone models. In the beginning of this thesis an inquiry of different developer platforms has been made. The Java™ platform is supported by most phones but has limitations in accessing functions on the device. The best alternative was Symbian C++ for devices with Symbian OS. This alternative does not have the same limitations as Java and is still supported by relatively many devices. The application was then developed in Symbian C++. There are a number of different versions of Symbian OS and different GUI-platforms that runs on Symbian OS which leads to other issues in the development. We have limited the development of the application to the Series 60 platform for Symbian OS v7.0s. During design and implementation portability to other GUI-platforms has been considered.
We have tested the application on emulator compatible with Symbian OS v7.0s and Symbian OS v8.0a and found some compatibility problems between the two versions. We have also tested the application on mobile phones and between emulator and the phone with corresponding OS-version no new problems occurred
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) equipment is a radar imaging system that can be used to create high-resolution images of a scene by utilizing the movement of a flying platform. Knowledge of the platforms trajectory is essential to get good and focused images. An emerging application field is real-time SAR imaging using small and cheap platforms where estimation errors in navigation systems imply unfocused images. This contribution investigates a joint estimation of the trajectory and SAR image. Starting with a nominal trajectory, we successively improve the image by optimizing a focus measure and updating the trajectory accordingly. The method is illustrated using simulations using typical navigation performance of an unmanned aerial vehicle. One real data set is used to show feasibility, where the result indicates that, in particular, the azimuth position error is decreased as the image focus is iteratively improved.
Visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) as field has been researched for ten years, but with recent advances in mobile performance visual SLAM is entering the consumer market in a completely new way. A visual SLAM system will however be sensitive to non cautious use that may result in severe motion, occlusion or poor surroundings in terms of visual features that will cause the system to temporarily fail. The procedure of recovering from such a fail is called relocalization. Together with two similar problems localization, to find your position in an existing SLAM session, and loop closing, the online reparation and perfection of the map in an active SLAM session, these can be grouped as visual location recognition (VLR).
This thesis presents novel results by combining the scalability of FabMap and the precision of 13th Lab's tracking yielding high-precision VLR, +/- 10 cm, while maintaining above 99 % precision and 60 % recall for sessions containing thousands of images. Everything functional purely on a normal mobile phone.
The applications of VLR are many. Indoors, where GPS is not functioning, VLR can still provide positional information and navigate you through big complexes like airports and museums. Outdoors, VLR can improve the precision of GPS tenfold yielding a new level of navigational experience. Virtual and augmented reality applications are other areas that benefit from improved positioning and localization.
The possibility to use real-time computer vision in video sequences gives many opportunities for a system to interact with the environment. Possible ways for interaction are e.g. augmented reality like in the MATRIS project where the purpose is to add new objects into the video sequence, or surveillance where the purpose is to find abnormal events.
The increase of the speed of computers the last years has simplified this process and it is now possible to use at least some of the more advanced computer vision algorithms that are available. The computational speed of computers is however still a problem, for an efficient real-time system efficient code and methods are necessary. This thesis deals with both problems, one part is about efficient implementations using single instruction multiple data (SIMD) instructions and one part is about robust tracking.
An efficient real-time system requires efficient implementations of the used computer vision methods. Efficient implementations requires knowledge about the CPU and the possibilities given. In this thesis, one method called SIMD is explained. SIMD is useful when the same operation is applied to multiple data which usually is the case in computer vision, the same operation is executed on each pixel.
Following the position of a feature or object in a video sequence is called tracking. Tracking can be used for a number of applications. The application in this thesis is to use tracking for pose estimation. One way to do tracking is to cut out a small region around the feature, creating a patch and find the position on this patch in the other frames. To find the position, a measure of the difference between the patch and the image in a given position is used. This thesis thoroughly investigates the sum of absolute difference (SAD) error measure. The investigation involves different ways to improve the robustness and to decrease the average error. One method to estimate the average error, the covariance of the position error is proposed. An estimate of the average error is needed when different measurements are combined.
Finally, a system for camera pose estimation is presented. The computer vision part of this system is based on the result in this thesis. This presentation contains also a discussion about the result of this system.
Two novel contributions to Content Based Image Retrieval are presented and discussed. The first is a search engine for font recognition. The intended usage is the search in very large font databases. The input to the search engine is an image of a text line, and the output is the name of the font used when printing the text. After pre-processing and segmentation of the input image, a local approach is used, where features are calculated for individual characters. The method is based on eigenimages calculated from edge filtered character images, which enables compact feature vectors that can be computed rapidly. A system for visualizing the entire font database is also proposed. Applying geometry preserving linear- and non-linear manifold learning methods, the structure of the high-dimensional feature space is mapped to a two-dimensional representation, which can be reorganized into a grid-based display. The performance of the search engine and the visualization tool is illustrated with a large database containing more than 2700 fonts.
The second contribution is the inclusion of color-based emotion-related properties in image retrieval. The color emotion metric used is derived from psychophysical experiments and uses three scales: activity, weight and heat. It was originally designed for single-color combinations and later extended to include pairs of colors. A modified approach for statistical analysis of color emotions in images, involving transformations of ordinary RGB-histograms, is used for image classification and retrieval. The methods are very fast in feature extraction, and descriptor vectors are very short. This is essential in our application where the intended use is the search in huge image databases containing millions or billions of images. The proposed method is evaluated in psychophysical experiments, using both category scaling and interval scaling. The results show that people in general perceive color emotions for multi-colored images in similar ways, and that observer judgments correlate with derived values.
Both the font search engine and the emotion based retrieval system are implemented in publicly available search engines. User statistics gathered during a period of 20 respectively 14 months are presented and discussed.


text:
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It's about one-seventieth as big as Wyoming.
In other words, 3,500,000 dunams is 0.0138156 times the size of Wyoming, and the size of Wyoming is 72.38190 times that amount.(United States)
The "Equality State," Wyoming measures 253,336,000 dunams in total area. A 100 m (300 ft) wide, 26 km (16 mi) long geological feature near Cheyenne is known as The Gangplank and provides an un-eroded, natural ramp from the Great Plains to the Laramie Mountains that was used as the route of ascension for the first transcontinental railroad and is still in use for Interstate 80.
It's about one-seventy-fifth as big as Oregon.
In other words, 3,500,000 dunams is 0.01373601 times the size of Oregon, and the size of Oregon is 72.801340 times that amount.(United States)
The "Beaver State," Oregon measures 254,804,700 dunams in total area. The largest single organism in the world, a 9,650 dunams fungus of the Shoestring Rot (Armillaria ostoyae) variety, lives in the Malheur National Forest in Oregon's Strawberry Mountains.
It's about 75 times as big as The Pitcairn Islands.
In other words, the size of The Pitcairn Islands is 0.014 times 3,500,000 dunams.(a.k.a. Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, a.k.a. Pitkern Ailen) (British overseas territory) (total land area)
The Pitcairn Islands are a group of four islands which have a combined area of 47,000 dunams. A British overseas territory since 1838, the island is populated by the descendents of mutineers and others who traveled on the British Royal Naval Ship, HMS Bounty during her 1789-1790 voyage.
It's about one-seventy-fifth as big as Colorado.
In other words, 3,500,000 dunams is 0.012982142 times the size of Colorado, and the size of Colorado is 77.028891 times that amount.(United States)
The "Centennial State," Colorado measures 269,601,110 dunams in total area. Within Colorado, there are 54 peaks of the Rocky Mountains that rise above 4,270 m (14,000 ft) — including the range's highest peak, Mount Elbert — and are therefore referred to as "fourteeners" by mountaineers.
It's about one-eightieth as big as Nevada.
In other words, 3,500,000 dunams is 0.012222765 times the size of Nevada, and the size of Nevada is 81.8145490 times that amount.(United States)
The "Silver State," Nevada measures 286,350,920 dunams in total area. Federal Government land-holdings in Nevada make up a greater percentage of the state — 80.89%, or 230,047,920 dunams — than any other state in the country.
It's about one-eighty-fifth as big as Arizona.
In other words, 3,500,000 dunams is 0.01185419 times the size of Arizona, and the size of Arizona is 84.358360 times that amount.(United States)
The "Grand Canyon State," Arizona measures 295,254,200 dunams in total area. The Navajo Nation (a.k.a. Diné Bikéyah),the largest reservation in the country, occupies the entire area of northeastern Arizona, a total of 41,131,450 dunams.
It's about 90 times as big as Rock Island.
In other words, 3,500,000 dunams is 89.2330 times the size of Rock Island, and the size of Rock Island is 0.011207 times that amount.(a.k.a. Arsenal Island, a.k.a. Rock Island Arsenal) (Illinois, on the Iowa border) (land area only)
Rock Island measures 39,220 dunams in total area. It is known as the largest government-owned weapons manufacturing arsenal in the United States and the US Army's only active foundry, as well as a former Union prison camp during the American Civil War.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Secrets Within
Secrets Within is the second of the New London Books and was released on 12 May 2017.
To purchase copies of Secrets Within, please click here.
Secrets Within, by Alison Clifford
Ditched by the love of his life, Andrew, a US Navy lawyer, takes time off to spend with his sister, Nell. When he succumbs to temptation on the journey to Nell's home, the resulting one night stand with a grey-eyed woman leaves Andrew torn and confused.
Andrew's holiday is soon disrupted when an officer on the submarine commanded by Nell's husband is caught with stolen plans. As a favour to his brother-in-law, Andrew agrees to act on behalf of the accused officer. A specialist team of NCIS agents is called in to lead the investigation— the ex-love of Andrew's life among them. And the local NCIS agent assisting them? The grey-eyed mystery woman – Tait.
As the investigation proceeds, what started out as a straightforward case becomes complicated, as long held secrets are revealed one by one. The key to solving the puzzle proves elusive, until one tiny piece of information exposes the biggest secret of them all.


text: Boston Properties Atlantic Wharf has their holiday decorations.. Do you? November 20, 2012/0 Comments/in Christmas, CityScapes, Displays, Exterior Landscaping, General, Holiday Decor /by Curt ConradAtlantic Wharf's holiday display consists of Winter exterior planting using Boxwoods, White Glittered 6' Manzanita Branches, and Recycled Teal Crushed Glass as the top dressing. Have some free time? Stop by and check it out Boston Properties Atlantic Wharf 280 Congress Street Boston /wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BlackISO.png 0 0 Curt Conrad /wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BlackISO.png Curt Conrad2012-11-20 09:30:152012-11-20 09:30:15Boston Properties Atlantic Wharf has their holiday decorations.. Do you?


text:
A long-standing must-have at Israeli weddings, photo-magnets have arrived in the UK thanks to MAGNIV. With their 20-minute turnaround, MAGNIV's incredible photographers print stunning magnets for your guests to take home, right there and then at your event venue. How cute!
They've grown so much, they're now a team of 25, based in London and Barcelona and covering all over. The business is led by Director Dror Wayne — a seasoned events pro who just loves weddings and all their magic — who handpicks each member of the team for their unique skills.
MAGNIV's photographers usually work around your main wedding photographer for 5 hours, during the reception and dinner, capturing candid, action and posed photos of you and your guests having a blast. Their technicians use the latest tech to produce waterproof magnets that are full of colour and last for years.
Instagram | Facebook
Location: London, UK and Barcelona, Spain — regularly travelling across the UK and willing to go further!
Willing to travel: Yes
magniv GALLERY
Had Magniv for our wedding this past summer. So many stunning photos to choose from – really spoilt for choice. Guests were all commenting during and after the wedding about how much they liked the photos and how quickly they were printed. A great concept for a big celebration!
Thanks again Dror and the Magniv team!"
We had Magniv photo magnets at our wedding and were so happy. All our guests were thrilled with their photo magnets and it was so lovely for them to be able to take photos home and keep as mementos. The photos were very high quality and the photographers really captured some beautiful moments."
Dror and his team did the most incredible job at our wedding! subtle, unobtrusive and the most incredible pictures! It's amazing to have some photos you can take home and keep the night of the event which really capture the whole experience!
Thanks so much!"
Rafi and Tami


text:
Joint and bone pain can result from wear and tear on the body, aging, not consuming enough bones and strengthening the joints, loss of cartilage, arthritic conditions and more. Older adults can attest to the importance of bone and joint health because almost 50% of those 65 and older have arthritis.
Your skeletal system includes 206 different bones and is the framework of your body. It structures your body and allows you to move in various ways while protecting your internal organs. Improving the health of your bones and joints at all ages can help improve your overall health and your quality of life.
Top 7 Glucosamine Chondroitin
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- ★ VIMERSON HEALTH ULTRA FLEX JOINT SUPPORT is a complete dietary supplement for the...
- ★ POWERFUL JOINT RELIEF - A complete dietary supplement for joints. It helps repair...
- ★ EXTRA STRENGTH INGREDIENTS - Glucosamine 1500 mg, Chondroitin 1200 mg, MSM 1000 mg...
- Glucosamine HCI 1500 mg and Chondroitin Sulfate 1200 mg
- Helps Lubricate and Cushion Joints
- Joint Health*
- Joint Mobility and Comfort*
- Doctor's Best Glucosamine/Chondroitin/MSM featuring OptiMSM supports joint structure,...
- A potent combination of three proven, purified ingredients that help build the cushy...
- 120 tablets, a two month supply (taken daily at listed serving size)
- Glucosamine 1500 mg, Chondroitin/MSM Complex 1103 mg per serving (2 tablets)
- MSM is a bioavailable sulfur.
- Sulfur is a necessity.
Importance of joint health
To understand how glucosamine can benefit joint health, you must understand what joints are, what they are made of and how they work. The joints are connections between the bones of your body, and the ones that we will focus on are the mobile joints. They include cartilage, which is a firm but flexible and rubbery connective tissue. There are usually fibrous connective tissues called ligaments around the joint. The joints are lubricated to allow a smooth movement through a synovial membrane that produces the lubricant, synovial fluid.
What is glucosamine?
It is a substance made up of sugars and proteins linked together that can be found in some food sources, such as bone broth and crustacean shells, such as shrimp, lobster, and crab. It can also be derived from certain plant sources for complementary purposes. It also occurs in the human body and plays a key role in the construction of cartilage. Originally it was used as a supplement for racehorses to strengthen their joints and bones for race tracks.
There are three forms of glucosamine, two of which are typically used glucosamine supplements.
Glucosamine sulfate, which is the most studied form, has been found to be able to control the symptoms of osteoarthritis according to several studies.
It can also be found in the form of glucosamine hydrochloride, which has not been as widely studied. However, there is evidence that glucosamine hydrochloride may be more bioavailable than glucosamine sulfate. Some glucosamine hydrochloride supplements are derived from plant sources and are known to have more gastrointestinal side effects.
The third form of glucosamine, N-acetyl glucosamine, is obtained directly from shellfish and can be used to make chitosan. It is not commonly used as a glucosamine supplement. Glucosamine hydroxide is another available form that is generally not used for supplementation. In total, there are four forms of glucosamine.
What are the uses and benefits of glucosamine?
There are many important benefits of glucosamine that can help your health. All these benefits can be very effective in improving the quality of life, longevity and physical health.
- Help reduce inflammation
- Help improve cartilage health
- Help improve the health of the immune system
- May reduce the risk of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
- Help reduce osteoarthritic pain
- Help reduce joint swelling and stiffness
- Help improve bone strength and density
- Can improve knee function in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee
Who can benefit from glucosamine?
This list examines the types of people who may have increased the benefits of glucosamine supplements.
- Those who are young – Young people can greatly benefit from the bulk of glucosamine through the preservation of joint health. When most people are young, their joints and bones and cartilage are quite healthy, as they have not worn away over time. As you get older, move a lot, or do not move enough, you can take a toll on the condition of your cartilage and synovial fluid. Your cartilage can be ground down, lose your rubber mattress, tense and harden. Your joint synovial fluid may lose its viscosity, not to reduce its lubricating effects on the joints. Glucosamine retains the rubber cushion of your cartilage and connective tissues and the viscosity of your synovial fluid.
- Older People – Taking glucosamine supplements in your older years can help rejuvenate the health of your joints and connective tissues, resulting in better overall health and a reduction in joint pain. Glucosamine can stimulate the growth of cartilage to counteract the damage of wear and can help improve the viscosity of the synovial fluid in your joints.
- People with osteoarthritis – Those who have osteoarthritis, or OA, can benefit from taking glucosamine. OA is a condition in which aging and the use of joint wear on the cartilage over time reduce the cartilage between the joints and cause pain, stiffness, reduced mobility, and swelling. Glucosamine sulfate has been studied for its efficacy in reducing pain symptoms in patients with OA, and studies have shown that it can reduce the needs of NSAID patients. This means that patients with OA can be supplemented with glucosamine, a natural alternative, to reduce the dose of analgesics they need. It has also been found to help pain for up to three months.
- People with rheumatoid arthritis – rheumatoid arthritis ORRA, is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints in the body. Glucosamine is less effective for RA than it is for OA, but it can help reduce inflammation. By reducing inflammation, glucosamine can slightly reduce pain and joint stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, reducing the doses of pain medication they may need.
- People with TMJ disorder – TMJ disorder, also known as a temporomandibular joint disorder, is a disorder that causes pain and reduced mobility of the jaw. Symptoms include pain in the jaw, neck, and shoulders, difficulty chewing, problems opening the mouth, toothache, headaches and more.
- Overweight people – Being overweight or obese puts a lot more stress on the joints and bones, increasing the likelihood of developing OA and RA. Glucosamine can be particularly beneficial in reducing joint wear by improving the viscosity of the synovial fluid and the cushioning of the cartilage.
- Those who are athletes – Athletes also exert greater pressure on their joints, causing more wear on the cartilage and joints and exerting more pressure on the joints and bones. Taking glucosamine can help the health of your joints. It can also help reduce joint pain caused by exercise and exertion, which helps improve athletic performance and endurance.


text:
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- Art of Vampirella: The Warren Years
- Publisher: Dynamite
- Written by: Roy Thomas→
- Art By: Enrich, Frank Frazetta, Jose Gonzalez, Ken Kelly, Sanjulian, Various→
- Digital Release Date:
February 5th, 2014
- Language: English
In 1969 an iconic image of a mysterious female and the backdrop of an alien moon popped up on America's newsstands and forever became the fantasy of millions of young adult males! Dynamite Entertainment is celebrating these classic images of the original Vampirella series by presenting fans with The Art Of Vampirella: The Warren Covers which will feature every image to grace the cover of the Vampirella magazine from issue 1 through 112 and the 1972 Annual. Showcased in their purest form, every cover presented in this volume will be without logos and cover type. This is the first time anywhere that fans can see how the original works of art looked before any design elements were placed over them. Featuring the art of Frank Frazetta, Sanjulian, Enrich, Ken Kelly along with photo covers of the beautiful Barbara Leigh dressed as Vampirella! This is sure to be one of the hottest collectibles in Vampirella history!→ more
- Reefer Madness
- Publisher: Dark Horse
- Written by: Jerry Siegel, Joe Shuster→
- Art By: Frank Frazetta, Jack Kirby, Jerry Robinson→
- Digital Release Date:
February 20th, 2019
- Language: English
Degradation! Crime! Madness! Hysteria surrounded marijuana as a perceived gateway drug from the 1930's to the 1950's and beyond. Adventure Comics, by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, and works by Frank Frazetta, Jerry Robinson, Jack Kirby, and many more, reveal the social reaction to this era of "Reefer Madness". Like the anti-drug propaganda film, these stories range from comically misinformed to soberly concerned about the influence of Mary Jane on the youth of America. Eisner and Harvey Award winner Craig Yoe brings us his newest collection of wacky, wild, and culturally relevant comics. See how marijuana was perceived in the days of ignorance before it was legalized by the visionary people of Oregon, Washington, and Colorado! See marijuana demonized as a "Satan's cigarettes" in 1950's comics!→ more
- Art of Vampirella
- Publisher: Dynamite
- Written by: Davide Barzi→
- Art By: Frank Frazetta, J. Scott Campbell, Jae Lee, Joe Jusko, Joe Quesada, Mike Mignola, Various→
- Digital Release Date:
February 8th, 2017
- Language: English
For over 40 years, Vampirella has been the muse for many artists in the comic industry and even beyond. Dynamite Entertainment brings forth a veritable museum of fine art masterpieces collected in a 216 page hardcover volume! This tome contains a retrospective of artists who have contributed the most memorable imagery of Vampirella with such names as Jose Gonzalez, Adam Hughes, Dave Stevens, Jim Silke, Jae Lee, Joe Jusko, Amanda Conner, Mark Texeira, Mike Mignola, Mike Mayhew, Joe Quesada, Bruce Timm, Arthur Suydam, Dan Brereton, Michael Golden, J. Scott Campbell and many more. Featuring a spectacular cover by the Dave Stevens!→ more
- Thun'da
- Publisher: Dynamite
- Written by: Gardner Fox, Robert Place Napton→
- Art By: Cliff Richards, Frank Frazetta→
- Digital Release Date:
September 21st, 2016
- Language: English
After a military helicopter crashes in a remote valley in Africa, a lone survivor awakens without memory of his identity or mission. From the wreckage, he learns only his name: Roger Drum. Armed with instinctive survival skills, the amnesiac roams his new surroundings, discovering a bizarre lost world of dinosaurs, mammoths, sabretooth tigers, and primitive human tribes. Against the backdrop of this hostile new reality, Drum must come to terms with his violent past... so that he may assume the respected and feared mantle of the prophesied jungle warrior Thun'da! Thun'da, the hero of the primeval forest created by legendary fantasy illustrator Frank Frazetta, returns in this action-packed adventure by Robert Place Napton and Cliff Richards! As a special treat, Dynamite Entertainment proudly presents four classic tales of Thun'da, fully remastered and featuring the creative talents of comic legends Gardner Fox (Detective Comics, The Flash) and Frank Frazetta himself!→ more
- The EC Archives: Weird Fantasy Volume 3
- Publisher: Dark Horse
- Written by: Al Feldstein, Bill Gaines→
- Art By: Al Feldstein, Frank Frazetta→
- Digital Release Date:
February 20th, 2019
- Language: English
One of the greatest sci-fi comics ever published now collected! This wonderful and strange volume collects issues #13-18 of the groundbreaking comics anthology--remastered in glorious digital color! Featuring amazing tales from iconic writers and artists including Al Feldstein, Jack Kamen, Wally Wood, Jack Kamen, Joe Orlando, Al Williamson, and more!→ more
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Introduction Marketing Automation Data
In the modern Sendlane review I shall give you an in depth look at this autoresponder and answer some queries which you might have. Marketing Automation Data
I think you'll agree with me when I say that if you are building a successful company, you've got to have an email listing.
Here's the problem…
There are many autoresponders out there it is difficult to find one that meets your needs and your budget.
Let us get into this Sendlane Inspection and see if this autoresponder business can meet your needs and objectives for your company.
You can use the table of contents below to jump to various sections of the Sendlane Inspection
Sendlane was set in 2013 by Jimmy Kim, Zak Meftah and Anik Singal, all very successful online entrepreneurs.
Jimmy Kim and Anik Singal were searching to get an all inclusive management platform for their internet business.
Despite their connections in the market, they were not able to find what they were looking for.
In true entrepreneurial fashion, they recognized the problem and decided to produce their own solution.
They had a vision to make the Supreme Digital Marketing Platform with the ability to create and manage Intelligence Driven Behavior Bases Automations, Campaigns, Broadcasts, and earnings marketing funnels.
A whole email marketing automation platform for their electronic advertising and marketing companies.
After clocking in over 1,000 hours of development, They opened their doors to get their very first client in 2015.
Sendlane was born…
Check out this Sendlane video!
- Schedule emails start the moment a new subscriber signs up.
- Produce as many autoresponder messages as you'd like.
- Campaign analytics to ascertain the operation of your mails.
Email Automations
This is the area where Sendlane shines. Accepting your email marketing automation to another level.
- Move readers across lists based on specific actions.
- Track clicks and opens with accurate analytics.
- Retrieve vital revenue information such as conversions and revenue.
- Label readers and schedule segmented content to engaged contacts.
Newsletter Campaigns
- Create magnificent newsletters with ease.
- Drag and Drop Editor makes it simple to communicate your message.
- Schedule newsletters or send instantly.
- Choose from pre-designed effort templates or start from scratch. Marketing Automation Data
Email Program
This Sendlane Feature is among my favorites. It automatically sends your email depending on the period that each of your subscribers usually open their mails.
Consider how powerful hat is for a minute.
Click here to begin your free trial of Sendlane.
Sendlane integrates directly with all of the best web services and applications through the Sendlane API.
The Sendlane Integrations Marketplace comprises everything: Out Of webinar applications like Easy Webinar and Webinar Ninja to Landing Page production platforms such as Privy and Convertri.
Sendlane makes it easy to make a native connection from inside Sendlane to your site. Additionally, you can connect to popular internet affiliate marketing programs like WooCommerce and Clickbank. Integrations are being added continuously, which means that your favorite application might not be available today, but it is going to most likely be available shortly. Sendlane's team is always available to choose any integration asks, so make your voice be heard and request your favorite program!
Shopify Integration: Currently with Deep Data Capabilities
Using Sendlane's event tracking and a simple"copy and paste" Shopify integration install, Sendlane will track your clients on each step of the purchasing journey.
You will have the ability to know precisely how your visitors move and browse through your site. Additionally, it stores and displays all of that data within their client profile in your Sendlane account.
The newest Deep Data capacities enable you to catch the whole listing of your clients behaviours on your Shopify store.
From website visits to product purchases to just how much they invested, Sendlane will collect all of that information for you.
Additionally, the data sync occurs instantly, so that you may view the most updated details (by client ) anytime you desire!
The ideal way to find out if Sendlane integrations will work together with your software is to register for a free 14 day trial and give it a try!
Reporting And Analytics
Sendlane's effort analytics and reports allow you to keep your finger on the pulse of your email campaigns and adjust your plan based on functionality.
- Open Rates
- Click Rates
- Successful Deliveries
- Hard Bounces and Soft Bounces.
- Unsubscribes
- Which Links were Clicked.
- Subscribers with Highest Open Rates.
Sendlane's tagging feature lets you automatically label readers based on what they did or didn't do.
You may then decide what activities to send to each branded readers. This makes the segmentation merchandise as automatic as it could be.
- Easily segment your subscribers based on activities, interests and more.
- Easily import subscribers from another autoresponder firm.
- Get detailed reports on the actions and behaviours of your subscribers.
One of the hottest buzzwords in 2018 is retargeting or even remarketing. It's a term used to describe a way of advertising that gets customers or potential customers back to your site.
Sendlane has just introduced e mail retargeting for every one its customers as a new feature included free of price.
How does this Work?
- A contributor visits your site.
- The visitor leaves your site without taking a pre-prescribed action that you needed them to take. (purchase your product, or any other action)
- An email is automatically sent to them to convince them to return to your website.
Consider how strong email retargeting can be!
Click on the button below and register for a free account to view email retargeting in actions.
Client Support Team
The Sendlane Support staff is only a click away, even if you're not a client yet. They provide 24/7 support, 365 days out of the year via live chat or email.
Other email autoresponder services tend to be tough to get a hold of. Emailing service may take hours or days, and you might not receive the response you were searching for.
I had my first experience with Sendlane support lately on a Sunday morning.
I had a query that I couldn't find the answer to in their extensive knowledge database.
Their average response time is really a whooping 3 moments, but odds are you will be speaking to some Sendlane Support Specialist in less than that. Additionally, they've worked on an extensive knowledge base full of very helpful tutorials where you can easily learn how to get started using Sendlane.
I emailed support at 8:27 am and received a comprehensive reply at 8:32 am.
That is impressive.
Click here to begin your free trial of Sendlane.
There have been many people questioning Sendlane deliverability. I've moved a few of subscribers to them in order to check the Sendlane deliverability and I have discovered it to be in line with my additional autoresponders.
I must state that deliverability depends on many distinct issues and it is hard to make a decision on deliverability without sending the specific same message, together with precise subject line to a listing that has substantially the exact same average open rates.
So this is what I did to be able to check Sendlane deliverability.
I discovered that the Sendlane open rate was slightly lower than my other responder open rate, but it's not easy to tell whether that was a deliverability problem or not.
Sendlane pricing is appropriate in line with others in the autoresponder market.
You can see the pricing of the competitors in our Ultimate Guide to Choosing the Best Autoresponder.
No extra fees. No hidden costs. All attributes available at each contributor tier.
There are no hidden fees or extra costs associated with a Sendlane account. Everything is simple to understand and it's simple to scale your company because your email list expands. Marketing Automation Data
|Up to 1000
|Up to 2,500
|Up to 5,000
|Up to 10,000
|Up to 25,000
|Up to 50,000
Free Trial
Sendlane does offer a free trial. It is a 14 day free trial plus a credit card is required as it will upgrade to a paid accounts after 14 days based on the amount of subscribers which you have in your account.
It offers you an opportunity to test drive the Sendlane autoresponder and produce your own review so as to decide if it is right for you.
Now that we know what Sendlane outlays, let's take a look at what features are included in the cost.
Sendlane supplies a rich suite of high quality features aimed at the electronic marketing platform.
Let's take a look…
We have covered a lot in this Sendlane Inspection and I believe we have answered any questions you may have.
I discovered Sendlane a few years back, but they were just getting the business off the ground and with any young firm, there were difficulties.
So I let them grow and work through their problems before I decide to give them a test drive and then evaluate them for this review.
What I discovered was an autoresponder firm with exceptionally lofty goals to provide an all in one management system for digital marketers.
That is a large undertaking and should you try to become everything to everyone, sometimes things fall through the cracks.
I believe they've gotten through the initial growing pains and are on their way to becoming one of the greatest autoresponders from the email marketing industry. Marketing Automation Data
Click here to sign up your free trial of Sendlane.


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I have come to believe healthy human civilizations need to share dreams.
Scientists have observed that if you deprive human beings of sleep they will soon display psychotic behavior: hallucinating during their waking state and general mental deterioration. The cure for this particular psychosis is simple: let them dream. As soon as sleep deprived subjects are allowed to sleep, they enter an intense phase of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. REM is how scientists measure dreaming, as opposed to other deeper forms of sleep (alpha and delta-wave sleep). Human beings have a biological need to dream.
I have come to believe healthy human civilizations need to share dreams. When we enter a darkened concert hall to hear music or watch a play or a movie, we are entering into an artist's dream space. We are watching and participating in an illusion. These illusions may be beautiful fantasies, or something more a like a nightmare, but we are all sharing an imaginary world. By that same token, when we open a book, plug into our MP3 players, listen to a bedtime story, or watch the television sitcom, we are entering into the artists' imagination, "the stuff that dreams are made of".
When the Inner City Muslim Action Network announces that they will be sponsoring a Community Café featuring musicians, poets, and artists, I drag my kids there. My children are not particularly enthused with the idea: they like the B-Boys break dancers the best, my oldest is slowly developing an interest in jazz, but it always helps if my husband and I bring our phones so the kids can play games. We are lucky if we can get them to stay there for longer than the time it takes to drive from suburbia to downtown. Why do I do this when it only reinforces my reputation as the "Mom who plans lame adventures"?
I want my children to experience the collective dream of our American Muslim culture. I want them to understand that being a Muslim doesn't only consist of listening to Friday khutbahs, going to Sunday School, and not eating pork. I want them to go to a place where they can see Muslims actively creating, and participating in the Fine Arts. My children may not grow up to be artists, but we can all be inspired by the artists' vision. We all have the potential to be parents, friends, neighbors, and stewards of our community and our environment. The artists put forth their dreams, and we have the potential to make them a reality.
Many Muslims are proud of the liberation movements of Tunisia, Egypt, and God willing, many other Muslim majority nations. I too celebrate their victories, but for me the bigger, harder challenge remains: what will you create with this freedom you have? If you have no vision, no sense of purpose, then it really doesn't matter if you waste away in a totalitarian state or a pluralistic democracy. Only in pursuing our dreams to their reality can we truly fulfill our human potential. If you were to ask these Muslim artists what was their inspiration, I'm fairly certain they would say their inspiration was a gift from Allah. Their art is a form of worship, and who would block this pathway to the worship of God?


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Standard Information Site
This affordable website package available from 3 Legs Ltd comprises a custom website design, client defined pages and your choice of add-on options.
Our standard package is our basic starting point. Simply add to your package with our range of add-on options to build the website you want.


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Search the Community
Showing results for tags 'app'.
Found 3 results
Mobile Support / Mobile App
Starslash posted a topic in [Oxygen Not Included] - Suggestions and FeedbackHello. I've always been annoyed about the lack of apps with ONI. There is not a single english guide on the app store and the mobile website for Klei can be a bit troublesome. I would find a mobile app - or a forum app - extremely useful. Do you think this might be available in the future? I would even be willing to pay for a guide app if it was user-friendly and informational. These are the only apps, one of which is in chinese and the other of which is a $5 app for ONI steams. I love ONI, it's undoubtably the best simulation/colonization game. I feel that some mobile info or support (Or a future app for the game itself) would bring a whole new audience and would be a smart decision on Klei and the consumer's part. Thanks, Starslash
Captain Potato's Hardcore Challenge 2- Mapping the Test Maps
Tbet posted a topic in [Don't Starve] General DiscussionHardcore challenge with Willow I was also very interested in trying to play the game in a hardcore way. I didn't want to craft any item and see how far I could go, and therefore I chose Willow who is the only character (to my knowledge) that allows to survive without crafting anything. What I don't like with crafting a torch is that it can be used as a weapon. Without it you either have to fight with your fists (ctrl + click) or to find a tentacle (quite challenging!). I had never used the new map generator before and I had to kill my previous character to do so :'( Here is my world after 21 days of survival After 12-13 days I had pretty much discovered all the map following the coast. But it felt still too easy so I went back and tried to discover the inside parts as well. As you can see I managed it except for the highly dangerous swamps. I didn't feel like doing an extra trip inside, just to discover... more swamps. The path was linear except for two bridges between zones 3 and 4. I didn't realized it was that linear before I got the whole picture! As in potatoe's map the beefalos' area was at the very end and I think it would have been very hard to play it in a "regular" way. If I think of a newbie player it must be very frustrating to see items that require manure and not being able to find it. I think at least 10 days of intensive search would be required to find the beefalo area. As you can see there is a tiny island with no bridge. Here is a picture of myself after 21 days In this picture I also wanted to show that it is actually possible to hunt birds with only one's fists. You have to bait them with seeds, then attack them (ctrl + click) at the right timing as you would do with another weapon. Three hits are required to kill it but it's not especially difficult since the bird is stunned after the first hit (like when you free a bird from a bird trap). It may not appear very important but this source of meat made my survival much easier for several reasons: - Meat allows to "hire" pigs, that can fight many monsters (giving out more meat or just protecting yourself) - Meat can bait hounds and many other monsters to win time during a fight - Meat has a quite good health / food ratio (I ate like 200 flowers beside that XD) Bugs / Comments - No pig king (assuming that it's not on the last island, which I don't believe) - No mandrake - I was able to fight a tallbird with my fists while it wasn't fighting back (I don't know the reason) - Many many many spiders, in almost every areas. - "only" five bee hives or so. The numerous graves This is a little something appart from the hardcore challenge. I am not a big fan of graves myself. I keep wondering: "why would there be so many grave on a otherwise inhabited island?". Does Maxwell dig them each time he leaves somebody on the island?? I have no clue of that. It might as well be on purpose. Anyway, I think that digging graves (which I haven't done in this challenge of course) shouldn't give anything else than......... bones! Bones could perfectly be included in the meat effigy's recipy btw. I don't find any interest in the items you dig from the graves and the amount of gold you can get from them (imagine with the 100 graves of this map...) ridiculous! Overall I likes the way the islands were splitted. It added difficulty and gathering ressources from an island to another must be much more rewarding.
Having some difficulty unlocking the Don't Starve Chrome beta version
ButtercupSaiyan posted a topic in [Don't Starve] General DiscussionI'm having some trouble unlocking it within Chrome, I go to the App Store and it starts to download but gets stuck on common.zip then never progresses.


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Is there a stand alone temperature sensor to use with an HQd meter?
Temperature sensor for HQd meter.
All IntelliCAL™ probes have built in temperature sensors regardless of parameter or sensor type, and temperature is displayed along with the other result. There are no sensors dedicated to temperature however. If temperature in particular needs to be measured, the CDC401 would be the recommended probe to use. It's temperature sensor has the largest surface area of any of the IntelliCAL™ probes, and as noted in the specification section on page one of it's user manual it has a temperature accuracy of ±0.3 °C (±0.54 °F) which is comparable to that of other stand alone digital thermistors.
See also Are the temperature sensors in IntelliCAL™ probes NIST traceable?
See also Are the temperature sensors in IntelliCAL™ probes NIST traceable?


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|Living in Bend, Oregon for the last year has been an amazing change of pace. I never thought I'd leave the Aptos, California dirt jump scene, but having new trails to ride, zones to explore, and jump spots to develop has sparked a new fire and I'm having more fun on my bike than ever before. - Cam McCaul
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