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Byzantium. Was it Greek or Roman, familiar or hybrid, barbaric or civilized, Oriental or Western? In the late eleventh century Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Christendom, the seat of the Byzantine emperor, Christ's vice-regent on earth, and the center of a predominately Christian empire, steeped in Greek cultural and artistic influences, yet founded and maintained by a Roman legal and administrative system. Despite the amalgam of Greek and Roman influences, however, its language and culture was definitely Greek. Constantinople truly was the capital of the Roman empire in the East, and from its founding under the first Constantinus to its fall under the eleventh and last Constantinus the inhabitants always called themselves Romaioi, Romans, not Hellênikés, Greeks. Over its millennium long history the empire and its capital experienced many vicissitudes that included several periods of waxing and waning and more than one 'golden age'.
Its political will to survive is still eloquently proclaimed in the monumental double land walls of Constantinople, the greatest city fortifications ever built, on which the forces of 'barbarism' dashed themselves for a thousand years. Indeed, Byzantium was one of the longest lasting social organizations in history. Very much part of this success story was the legendary Varangian Guard, the élite body of axe-bearing Northmen sworn to remain loyal to the true Christian emperor of the Romans. There was no hope for an empire that had lost the will to prosecute the grand and awful business of adventure. The Byzantine empire was certainly not of that stamp.
Our story begins with a city, but not with just any city. So, let me begin by assuming, or perhaps merely pretending, that you do not know anything about Byzantine Constantinople. If you already know something, you are welcome to yawn over the following preamble to the city.
Constantinople, throughout its long and turbulent history, has been many things to many peoples: the imperial capital of the Christian Roman or Byzantine empire for over a millennium; the head of a struggling Latin kingdom for five decades; the capital of the Ottoman sultanate for nearly five centuries. To outsiders and visitors such as the Rus', who adopted its Orthodox Church, it was Tsarigrad, the city of the Caesar; to western pilgrims en route to the Holy Land, it was the New Jerusalem; to the Arabs, who coveted it, it was Rumiyyat al-kubra, Great City of the Romans; to the Northmen, who fought in its armies as mercenaries, it was Mikligarðr, the Great City; whereas to the citizens themselves, it was simply the City (Gr. ή πόλις). Thessaloniki (the biblical Thessalonica) may be a city, as may Antioch, Alexandria or Ephesos, but when the Constantinopolitans spoke of the City they strictly meant Constantinople. Here, in the Queen of Cities (Gr. băsíleúousa), anything else would have been redundant.
It is all too easy for us to assume that once the Roman empire lost the West, and Italy, and the eternal city of Rome itself, it was therefore no longer the Roman empire and had become something else. Yet, the state we are considering had long since ceased to depend on Rome or Italy for it identity. It was still the Roman empire, the Christian empire of the civilized (viz. Mediterranean) world, whatever territory it had lost. A place called the 'Byzantine empire' is, in fact, the invention of later French historians, and modern scholars still refer to the 'Byzantines' (from their capital's former name of Byzantium), as we shall continue to do, but they regarded themselves (as did those around them in this part of the world) as the 'Romans' (e.g. Ar. Rum) even though they were predominantly Greek speaking. Even today, Greek speakers in Turkey are still known as Rumlar, an echo of this Roman past, while the modern Greek word for a certain kind of Greekness is Rhomiosyni, 'Romanness'.
Consciously modelled on the first Rome, the second Rome was a worthy successor to the original capital of the Roman empire. The humanist scholar and antiquarian Pierre Gilles (1490–1555), a French visitor to the Ottoman capital who was searching to discover and reconstruct the topography and antiquities of the long-lost Byzantine capital, writes:
The ancient city of Constantinople had five palaces, fourteen churches [including the Church of the Holy Apostles], six divine residences of the Augustae, three most noble houses, eight baths, two basilicas, four forums, two senates, five granaries, two theatres, two mime theatres, four harbours, one circus [the Hippodrome], four cisterns, four nymphaea [public fountains], 322 neighbourhoods, 4,388 large houses, fifty-two porticoes, 153 private baths, twenty public mills, 120 private mills, 117 stairways, five meat markets… the Forum of Augustus [the Augusteon], the Capitol, the Mint and three ports.¹
The chosen site was that magnificent setting between Europe and Asia protected by the inlet of the Golden Horn to the north, the Bosporus to the east and the Sea of Marmara to the south. The weakest side of what was then occupied by the Greek polis of Byzantium was the landward: few natural obstacles stood between this and the vast plains rolling northwest towards the Danube. The emperor Constantinus rebuilt it, enlarged it, repopulated it, and encircled it with excellent walls.
According to Dionysios Byzantii, who was writing before a furious Septimius Severus destroyed his Greek city in 196 following a siege that had dragged on for three years, the original circuit of Byzantium was forty stadia in length,² expertly constructed, we learn from Herodian, who saw the ruins, 'out of millstone hewn into blocks and fitted together with such close mortises that one might think it was carved from a single block of stone rather than being jointed'.³ It is possible to gather this from Pausanias, who tells us in his Guide to Greece:
I have not seen the walls of Babylon or the walls of Memnon at Susa in Persia, nor have I heard the account of any eyewitness; but the walls of Ambrossos in Phokis, at Byzantium and at Rhodes, all of them the most strongly fortified places, are not so strong as the Messenian walls [in the Peloponnesus].⁴
We can only wonder what these three Greek gentlemen would have written concerning the land walls of Constantinus had they been fortunate enough to gaze upon them, not to mention the mighty double land walls of Theodosius II.
The new land walls of Constantinus stretched in a great semicircle from the Golden Horn across to the Sea of Marmara,⁵ which roughly trebled the area occupied by the old Greek polis, while sea walls were added, to link up with those rebuilt by Septimius Severus. A well-travelled visitor would have noted that the newly built Constantinople was emphatically a rival to Rome: a ceremonial Senate, a Capitol, a main forum, a milepost (the Milion) from which all distances in the empire were measured. Constantinople also boasted seven hills and fourteen districts; the same number as its illustrious predecessor Rome, ancient but perhaps not eternal.
The new capital had, therefore, a threefold destiny. By history it was linked to Rome and the Roman empire; by foundation it was the first city of Christendom, by situation and language it was Greek and tied to the Hellenistic world of Alexander the Great of Macedon and to the high intellectual heritage of classical antiquity and classical Greece. Nonetheless, as mentioned above, its emperors and people proudly regarded themselves as Romaioi, not Hellênikés.⁶ This serves to remind us that Alexander, who put paid once and for all to the independence of the free poleis of classical Greece (Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, and the rest) and then blazed his way to the borders of India effectively snuffing out the vast Persian empire as he did so, was a crucial figure in Roman culture. He was the forerunner of the world conquerors of the Roman Republic (Sulla, Lucullus, Pompey, Caesar, and the others), the yardstick of Roman military glory, and eventually the rôle model for successive Roman emperors. More than that, his conquests shaped the world stage not only for the Macedonian and Greek generals that disputed and carved up his conquests after his death, but later for the Romans too, Rome in the process irresistibly rising from a middle-ranking tribal stronghold to the greatest imperial superpower the world had ever known.
Straddling its seven hills and secure behind its elaborate defences, the city of Constantinus, the imperial powerhouse of the later Roman world, was clearly designed to impress outsiders. The scale of its defences and the density and majesty of its skyline, its urban landscape packed with palaces, villas, churches and monuments, must have been striking. And then there were the hordes of bronze and marble masterpieces that had been whisked off from all over the Mediterranean to adorn Constantinople, a brazen attempt to place the new world capital on a cultural par with her more venerable sisters, such as Rome, Alexandria and Athens.
The noonday sun, catching the walls and terraces of some of the finest buildings in the empire, would have flashed like fire from roofs and domes sheathed in burnished bronze. To any traveller approaching from the glistening waters of the Bosporus, the dazzling metropolis – as if heated in a crucible – seemed to rise out of liquid metal. The Norse poet Bölverkr Arnórsson describes the young Haraldr Sigurðarson watching the gleaming roofs of the city on his approach down the Bosporus: 'The excellent king saw the metal-covered roofs of Mikligarðr out ahead; many a beautiful ship drew next to the high end of the city'.⁷ As the future king of Norway was to soon find out, even at night Constantinople shimmered; it was one of the few cities in the empire to have street lighting. This was a city of golden opportunities, an emporium of golden dreams, ruled by a potential employer rich in worldly wealth and furniture, fat in foodstuffs and padded in soft raiment. We can imagine Haraldr's engaging sense of marvel at the size, scale and splendour of the great city.
Such sights and delights, along with the prosperity and politeness of Constantinople, would have been a source of wonder to any visiting Northman. From as early as the tenth century, Northmen had recorded their impressions of Mikligarðr and its splendours, which permeate Old Norse literature and are possibly based on the routine and ceremony of the Constantinopolitan court, something the Varangians would have intimately known. But this is a topic to be taken up in another place. Suffice to say at this moment, in the mediaeval period ultimate sovereignty had an ultimate source – God himself – and the Byzantine emperor could be seen as one of his most distinguished representatives. When seen in this light, the fact that Northmen would have taken service with the most Christian emperor, 'the earthly counterpart and vice-regent of the Christ Pantokrator',⁸ is to be expected. Besides, the northern adventurer's thrill of the boundless sea and the lure of its lucrative ports of call were foremost in the minds of these bold predators, while the sword arm was a saleable commodity, naturally. Having been brought up in a heroic tradition, he was willing to fight and die for a noble man he chose as lord, whatever the man's nationality. The Northman was offered a chance to do what he excelled at – fighting and killing – and where could loyal service be more honourable and reward more bounteous than in the sumptuous treasure-city of the Bosporus?
Splendid, almost unimaginable wealth and finery is characteristic of the Byzantine empire in the prose sagas composed on the small, rugged island of Iceland in the middle of the North Atlantic. Most clearly this copiousness is best expressed by a single line from the Heimskringla: 'The God of Greece throne is so heavenly rich'.⁹ That is the impression given by the mosaic depictions of Christ Pantokrator, which must have appealed particularly to the Northman psyche, being so fond of gold and extravagance. Norse far-travellers who return from that southern empire physically display this fondness, such as the conspicuous showmanship of Bolli Bollason decked out in scarlet silk and gold,¹⁰ the costume of court officials, or Haraldr Sigurðarson's gold ornamented, silken-sailed ship and chests of gold,¹¹ and Norse visitors to Constantinople see it on display all around them, such as Alexios I Komnenos' splendid gifts to Sigurðr I Magnússon Jórsalafari (Jerusalem-traveller).¹² These three Norse heroes we shall meet anon in another book.
It is said that gold is the mother of armies, and in Byzantium the Northmen encountered the only state in mediaeval Europe whose fiscal organization permitted regular paying of mercenaries. The inevitable burden imposed by the retention of mercenary forces was the need for their remuneration – or other form of support – in respect of sword-service rendered. In the smaller and economically weaker early mediaeval European states, the maintenance of large standing armies was simply impossible. In the tenth and the eleventh centuries, armies numbering even 10,000 soldiers were considered very large, and it was difficult to maintain them for a long period of time.¹³ By way of a contemporary comparison, the largest number ever mustered by the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem numbered no more than 15,000,¹⁴ and this was a kingdom at war.
It was the Iberian rabbi and world traveller Benjamin of Tudela (1130–73) who once said:
Wealth like that of Constantinople is not to be found in the whole world. Here also are men learned in all the books of the Greeks, and they eat and drink every man under his vine and his fig-tree.¹⁵
Similar sentiments were expressed by the humble French knight Robert de Clari, albeit during the systematic looting of Constantinople by the crusaders of the Fourth Crusade:
Not since the world was made was there ever seen or won so great a treasure or so noble or so rich, nor in the time of Alexander nor in the time of Charlemagne nor before nor after. Nor do I think, myself, that in the forty richest cities of the world there has been so much wealth as was found in Constantinople.¹⁶
In general, all Latin chroniclers, whatever their views of the Constantinopolitans or their activities in the city, praised Constantinople, and the crusaders of the First Crusade are some of the most enthusiastic. Fulcher de Chartres, chaplain to Baldwin of Edessa (r. 1097–1100) – who was soon destined to be the second king of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem (r. 1100–18) – spoke of the marvels of Constantinople as an enthralled eyewitness:
Oh, what an excellent and beautiful city! How many monasteries, and how many palaces there are in it, of wonderful work skilfully fashioned! How many marvellous works are to be seen in the streets and districts of the city! It is a great nuisance to recite what an opulence of all kinds of goods are found there; of gold, of silver, of many kinds of mantles, and of holy relics. In every season, merchants, in frequent sailings, bring to that place everything that man might need. Almost twenty thousand eunuchs, I judge, are kept there continuously.¹⁷
Even allowing for the mediaeval propensity for exaggerating, this was undoubtedly one of biggest, and certainly the most splendid, cities in Christendom.
As for Fulcher's claim about the number of eunuchs, it does seem excessive, yet we cannot prove him wrong. Eunuchs, castrated males who could normally be recognized by their lack of facial hair, played a significant rôle in Byzantium. Indeed, the emperors were quite willing to employ eunuchs in their service, even as military commanders: for example, Iustinianus' great general Narses (d. 574) was a Perso-Armenian eunuch (who continued to successfully lead armies in the field into his nineties). This practice, abhorrent as it is to us, was because a eunuch, no matter how powerful, was seen as a safer option as no eunuch could hope to become emperor. Indeed, fear of usurpation appears to have also played a rôle in Narses' promotion. Where Prokopios of Caesarea Palestinae only insinuated, his continuer Agathias made it plain that the non-campaigning Iustinianus felt threatened by the growing popularity of his other top-flight general, Belisarius.¹⁸
Still, Fulcher's figure would have included those serving the great houses of the city as well as the imperial court. Obviously for Fulcher, an unsophisticated westerner primarily acquainted with the cities of Chartres and Orléans, and whose sojourn was lengthy, Constantinople made a lasting impression.
The Gesta francorum et aliorum Hierosolymitanorum ('Deeds of the Franks and Other Jerusalemers') was a popular work written by a crusader who followed Bohémond of Taranto, and later continued to Jerusalem with other crusader contingents when his lord remained at Antioch. Anyway, our anonymous author whole heartedly agreed with Fulcher's view of Constantinople and considers the city the centre of the mercantile world:
O how great a city! How noble! How pleasant! How full of churches and palaces created with wondrous skill! What spectacles! What fabulous things are contained in her, worked in gold and marble!¹⁹
A great city indeed, given the fact that the population of Constantinople at this time may have well reached the half-a-million mark, a very impressive establishment given that royal Paris, the strongest and largest city west of Constantinople, had fewer than 100,000 inhabitants. Curiously enough, mediaeval Paris was considered – in wisdom, might and holiness – a new Athens, Rome and Jerusalem, and by virtue of its university alone, the theological arbiter of Europe, it was the 'Athens of Europe'; the Goddess of Wisdom, it was said, after leaving Athens and then Rome, had made it her home. Yet, there never was a city like Constantinople, the guardian of the narrow straits of the Hellespont and the keeper of the black waters of the Euxine. As Benjamin of Tudela pointed out, 'there is no other [city] like it in all the countries, except Baghdad',²⁰ an observation added after his stay in the Mesopotamian city at a later stage of his worldly travels.
Girded by its mighty walls, Constantinople excited awe, admiration and not a little apprehensive amongst westerners, especially when they are not welcome. Take, for example, the vivid insight provided by the pen of Geoffrey of Villehardouin (d. 1212), a leading member and historian of the Fourth Crusade:
I can assure you that all those who have never seen Constantinople before gazed very intently upon the city, having never imagined there could be so fine a place in the entire world. They noted the high walls and lofty towers encircling it, and its rich palaces and tall churches, of which there was so many that no one would have believed it to be true if he had not seen it with his own eyes, and viewed the length and breadth of that city which reigns supreme over all others. There was indeed no man so brave and daring that his flesh did not shudder at the sight.²¹
As a centre of power and influence, the dazzling metropolis of Constantinople must have seemed to possess a magnetic attraction, constantly attracting people from a diversity of linguistic, religious, cultural, and regional backgrounds. But how does one describe Constantinople to someone who has never been there and never will?
Half a millennium ago Pierre Gilles rightly concluded the following about Constantinople: 'It seems to me that while other cities may be mortal, this one will remain as long as there are men on earth'.²² He was a visitor to the city during the golden age of the Ottoman empire, and at the time of the Frenchman's arrival in 1544 Constantinople (the name continued to be used by Greeks and even some Turks until the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923) was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe. Its nearly 700,000 inhabitants rivalled the combined populations of Venice, Palermo, Messina, Catania and Naples, significant cities at the time. It was the Mediterranean capital, and home to a truly international population of diverse origins, much as it had been in the golden age of the Byzantine empire. At that time Constantinople had been indisputably the greatest metropolis in the Christian world, and for some belonged to the world of fable and faerie, a promised land, a never-never land, a faraway land seen through the gauze of fabulous fairy tales revealing an occasional nugget of reality. Such otherworldly perceptions the modern mind will find difficult to understand, rooted as they are in the mental attitudes of mediaeval people. But this outline description is only a small part of our story.
Any history of Constantinople must start with the history of the Bosporus, the narrow sea channel dividing Europe from Asia. As Pierre Gilles so eloquently points out, the Bosporus is 'the first creator of Byzantium greater more important than Byzas, the founder of the City'. ¹ In the following passage he sums up the predominant importance of this 'Strait that Purpasses all straits' by the epigram: 'The Bosporus with one key opens and closes two worlds, two seas'. ² How spot on he was.
The Bosporus (Gr. Βόσπορος) is so named by the Greeks because Io, the daughter of the river god Inachos, crossed here from Europe to Asia.³ Poor Io had been transformed into a white cow (Gr. βός) by the supreme god Zeus, who coveted her but needed to hide her from his long-suffering wife, the domineering Hera. He was a serial adulterer, a husband who habitually strayed due to his sensual nature. She, however, was not taken in by his chicanery, and had Io in her bovine form guarded by Argos Panoptes, a giant with a hundred eyes. Of these eyes, only two would sleep at any one time, so that Argos could remain watchful with the other ninety-eight. Not to be outdone by his jealous wife, Zeus sent Hermes, who was always ready to support his father in his extramarital escapades, to Argos, with an order to kill the ever vigilant giant.
The cunning Hermes disguised himself as a cowherd and was able to close all of Argos' hundred eyes by playing sweet melodies on his flute. As soon as Argos had fallen asleep, Hermes crushed him with a boulder, cut off his head, and released Io. Hera was furious. She, having placed Argos' eyes in the tail of a peacock as a constant reminder of his foul murder, set a gadfly to sting Io and chase her all over the world. During her frantic four-legged globetrotting, poor Io plunged into the waters that separate Europe from Asia and bequeathed them the name by which they have ever since been known, Bosporus, or Crossing of the Cow.⁴
The next event in the legendary history of the Bosporus is the passage of the Argonauts on their way to Kolchis at the far end of the Euxine, today's Black Sea, to seek a golden fleece. This was the pelt of the golden ram upon which Phrixos and Helle had flown to Kolchis. The royal twins were fleeing from their wicked stepmother Ino. Along the way, Helle fell off the ram and drowned in the sea that was named for her – Hellespont. Phrixos was able to reach Kolchis and stayed there at the court of Æetes. The golden fleece of the ram was hung up in a grove of Ares and guarded by a sleepless dragon.
The fifty Argonauts sailed on the Argo, a ship built by Argus (with the help of Athena) and captained by Iason of Iolkos in Thessaly. A band of young Greek champions, each of the Argonauts were excellent warriors. They included Castor and Polydeuces (twin brothers of Helen), Peleus (father of Achilles), Atalanta (virgin huntress), Orpheus (famed poet and musician), Zetes and Kalais (winged sons of Boreas, the north wind), and even the greatest hero of all, the powerful Herakles. The expedition took place some years before the Trojan War.⁵ With regards to the Bosporus and the Argonauts, many of their stop off points along the way were recorded, among which the sanctuary of Zeus Oúrios, of Poseidon, or of the twelve gods.
The sanctuary of Zeus Oúrios, his epithet means 'granter of fair winds',⁶ stood at the northern end of the Bosporus, probably on the Asiatic shore near the entrance to the strait as one approached from the Euxine.⁷ Tucked away in the British Museum is an inscribed stone base.⁸ It once supported a votive statue of Zeus Oúrios from his Bosporus sanctuary and sings his praises in elegiac verse:
The mariner who sets his sail / For the Blue Eddies, where the gale / Rolls a big breaker on the sand, / Or backward bound for fatherland / Would cross the Aegean – let him call / From poop to Pilot of us all, / Zeus of the Fair Breeze, aye and put / His cakes before the statue's foot; / For here above the watery waste / Antipatros' son Philon placed / The god who meets us as we roam / With promise of safe voyage home.⁹
As to which shore this popular mariner's cult stood, tradition was twofold. The second-century BC Greek historian Polybios, describing the Asiatic shore of the Bosporus, begins with 'Hieron, at which place they say that Iason on his return from Kolchis first sacrificed to the twelve gods'.¹⁰ Pomponius Mela, writing under the emperor Claudius (r. AD 41–54), puts it more curtly: 'The god of the temple is Zeus, its founder is Iason'.¹¹ But Timosthenes of Rhodes, who commanded the Egyptian fleet of Ptolemaios II Philadelphos (r. 285–246), makes the altar to the Twelve Gods a dedication of the hero Phrixos.¹² However, Dionysios Byzantii, our local historian, recognizes two sanctuaries, one on the European, the other on the Asiatic, side of the strait. Of the former he notes: 'They say that here Iason sacrificed to the twelve gods'.¹³ Of the latter he states: 'Hieron, the
sanctuary was built by Phrixos, son of Nephele and Athamas, on his voyage to Kolchis'.¹⁴ The founder was, then, either Iason or Phrixos. Both attributions amount to much the same thing. For Iason was son of Æson, son of Kretheus, son of Aiolos, while Phrixos was son of Athamas, son of Aiolos. Zeus Oúrios, of course, was but a later cultic manifestation of Aiolos himself, the ruler of the winds.
What is important to understand is that when coming to new places, Greek colonists invariably brought with them their ancestral gods. Several of these lieux de mémoire have therefore been duplicated, commonly as a result of the competition between Byzantion and its rival colony across the water, Chalcedon (see below). Such stories, dating prior to the foundation of Byzantium and Chalcedon, are essentially legends retailed by ancient authors to add value to their establishment through the combination of human and divine phenomena. In this type of story most of the time it is impossible to know where myth and legend ends and history begins. Once myth and history are intertwined, it is no easy task to separate them again over the passage of time. So much for the mythical narrative.
Physically speaking, the Bosporus measures some thirty-two kilometres long, running in the general direction south-south-west to north-north-east from the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea. The narrowest passage, 700 metres wide, is between the two Ottoman fortresses, Anadolu Hisarı (built by Beyazit I Yildirim in 1394) and Rumeli Hisarı (by Mehmet II in 1452). It was here that Dareios I chose to construct his bridge of boats, designed by the Greek engineer Mandrokles of Samos, when in 512 BC he led his Persian army against the Scythians. While his army crossed the Great King watched from a stone throne cut into the cliff above the waters of the Bosporus.¹⁵ Further north from this crossing point is the widest passage, some 3.4 kilometres wide, between the two lighthouses of Rumeli Feneri (near the village of Büyükdere) and Anaduli Feneri.
One geomorphologic theory is that the Bosporus originally followed the line of a prehistoric river valley and that the sea channel we now know was formed in about 5600 BC when the rising waters of the Mediterranean and the Sea of Marmara breached through to the Black Sea, which at the time was a low-lying body of fresh water. Some people think that the resulting massive flooding of the northern shores of the Black Sea is the historic basis for the flood stories found in the Epic of Gilgamesh and Noah's Flood in the Bible. Another theory holds that the deep and jagged cleft of the Bosporus was formed as part of a cataclysmic earthquake caused by movement in the nearby African and the Eurasian tectonic plates. This theory is supported by the appearance of the opposing shores of the Bosporus, which seem to fit each other like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. In fact, from a geological point of view, the zone is still notoriously active.
The narrow sea channel has a depth that varies from thirteen to 110 metres in midstream with an average of sixty-five metres. It has two strong currents, the upper one flowing from the Black Sea in a southerly direction to the Sea of Marmara, and the lower one in the opposite direction. The predominant surface current flows at a rate of three to five kilometres per hour, but because of the sinuosity of the channel, eddies producing strong reverse currents flow along most of the indentations of the shore. A very strong wind may reverse the main surface current and make it flow toward the Black Sea, in which case the counter eddies also change their direction. The sub-surface current lies at a depth of about forty metres, and this is so strong that fishing nets can sometimes drag boats north against the surface flow. And then there are the occasional storms that lash it and the impregnable fogs that envelop it. When you consider some 80,000 vessels pass through the Bosporus annually, 10 per cent of which are crude oil or liquefied natural gas tankers, this maritime waterway is one tricky customer when it comes to navigating its winding waters. One wonders if Zeus Oúrios is still doing business with Bosporus navigators.
Byzantion, Byzantium, Constantinople, Stamboul, Istanbul, the names change but the city remains. Byzantion, as the Greeks knew it, was born of humble origins, the earliest human settlement on the west side of the Bosporus dating from the thirteenth century BC and there has been a Greek city there since the seventh century BC. Byzantion maintained independence as a city-state, or polis, until it was annexed by Dareios I in 512 BC into the Persian empire, who saw the site as the optimal location to construct a pontoon bridge crossing into Europe as Byzantion was situated at the narrowest point in the Bosporus strait. Persian rule lasted until 478 BC, when, as part of the Greek counterattack to the recent invasion of Greece by Xerxes, a Greek coalition army led by the Spartan stratêgos Pausanias captured Byzantion.
Pausanias was soon recalled by the authorities in Sparta from his post after they received complaints of his overbearing behaviour. When he departed for home, Byzantion and other poleis in the region placed themselves under the aegis of Athens. Pausanias was acquitted of charges, though not reinstated to his command. However, Pausanias decided otherwise and returned privately to Byzantion, seized the polis and, in contrast to Spartan custom and practice, set himself up as its tyrant.¹⁶ Finally expelled forcibly from Byzantion by the Athenians, Pausanias was alleged to have adopted the manners and dress of a Persian satrap. Worse still, not only did Pausanias lead a lavish and comfortable existence at Byzantion, he also appears to have entered into an alliance with the Persian Great King.¹⁷ Wishing to avoid suspicion, Pausanias returned home to Sparta only to be imprisoned. Escaping from his confinement, he was finally cornered in the temple of Athena of the Brazen House, where he was walled up and left to starve to death.¹⁸ Somewhat of an inglorious end for the glorious victor of Plataia.
Byzantion remained an independent, yet subordinate, state under the Athenians, although in 440 BC it joined Samos in a revolt against Athenian domination, but in the following year they gave up the attempt and resumed their tributary status. It was during these troubled times that Byzantion, the gateway to the north Aegean, became a major player in the Mediterranean world when it went to war with Athens against Sparta 431 BC, the conflict we know as the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC). However, in 411 BC Byzantion revolted once again against Athens, allying itself with Sparta,¹⁹ but three years later the Byzantines and their Spartan allies were defeated in a naval engagement in the Hellespont. Alcibiades, who commanded the Athenian fleet, soon afterwards took control of Byzantion and then was welcomed home in triumph and given full command by land and sea.²⁰ Within six months the brilliant but reckless Alcibiades had been rejected once again by the Athenians, a decision that was to cost them dearly.
After the defeat of Athens, Byzantion was garrisoned by Sparta and it was still under a Spartan governor when Xenophon and the remnants of the Ten Thousand arrived at its gates in 400 BC. Xenophon and his mercenary comrades were so inhospitably treated that in retaliation they forced their way into the polis and, according to Xenophon, would have sacked it but for the pacifying effect of one of his speeches.²¹ During the first half of the fourth century BC, Byzantion was once again in enforced alliance with Athens, which imposed a 10 per cent toll on all ships passing through the Bosporus.²² In the year 364 BC, however, the Byzantines placed themselves under the command of the brilliant Theban stratêgos Epameinondas,²³ joining him in his war against the Athenians. In spite of this, the Athenians, through the preaching of Demosthenes,²⁴ put aside their former hostility to the Byzantines, made an alliance, and sent out a naval contingent to Byzantion when it was invested by Philip II of Macedon in the summer of 340 BC. But the Byzantines fought well and successfully held off the Macedonians in a year-long siege, which included the first recorded use of the torsion-powered catapult. After his final assault was betrayed by inopportunely barking dogs, and despite all his ingenuity in military matters, Philip broke off the siege.²⁵
Despite their spirit defence against Philip, the Byzantines had enough good sense not to resist his son, Alexander the Great. Soon after Alexander's victory at the Granikos in 334 BC, the polis capitulated and opened its gates to the Macedonians. After Alexander's sudden demise in 323 BC, Byzantion was involved in the collapse and dismemberment of his empire and the subsequent eastward expansion of Rome. From the very beginning of its history Byzantion was an important centre for trade and commerce – the Athenians were very much dependent on grain imports from Scythia – and noted for its wine and fisheries. Not all the wine was exported, apparently, for the Byzantines had the reputation of being inveterate boozers. From the end of the fourth century BC we have the earliest societal descriptions of Byzantion, which refers to the polis as a rowdy port full of winos and villains. The Athenian dramatist Menander (d. 292/1 BC), in his comedy Auletris ('The Flute Girl'), delights his theatre audience with the statement that Byzantion is populated with sottish merchants. Says one of the characters in his play:
Byzantion makes all the traders tipsy. The whole night through for your sake we were drinking, and, thinks 'twas very strong wine too. At any rate I got up with a head on for four.²⁶
But then greed became the ruling policy of the polis.
In the year 220 BC Rhodes went to war with Byzantion to protect the freedom of the seas; the Byzantines were levying dues from ships sailing onto the Black Sea.²⁷ The naval war ended when Byzantion agreed to abolish the duty they had introduced.²⁸ In the year 179 BC Byzantion was captured by the combined naval forces of Rhodes, Pergamon and Bithynia. A century later Byzantion was a pawn in the titanic struggle between Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus, and Rome. After the final victory of Rome, Byzantium, as the Romans called it, became its client state, and thereby enjoyed the fruits of some three centuries of quiet prosperity under the mantle of pax Romana.
It is true to say, the Mediterranean was the Greeks' first love. It was their home sea, offering a convenient space that could be used for colonization and commerce. Byzantion's geographical situation was superb, and it was the judicious Polybios who sagely observes that
the site of Byzantion is as regards to the sea more favourable to security and prosperity than that of any polis in the world known to us… The Greeks, then, would entirely lose all this commerce or it would be quite unprofitable to them, if the Byzantines were disposed to be deliberately unfriendly to them.²⁹
Even Septimius Severus (r. 193–211), after taking the city in 196 in a long and bitter siege that resulted in great destruction (its citizens had supported a rival candidate in the civil war that made him emperor), was quick to rebuild the ancient polis so as to benefit from the commercial and strategic importance of Byzantium's location.
It was through its waterways that Constantinople was to manifest its true nature. Perched on a triangular peninsula at the extremity of the flat-lands of Thrace, the city was a place formed by nature for command. Strategically situated at the narrow crossing from Europe to Asia, the city watched over the profitable sea-lane between the Mediterranean and the Euxine, a region that provided fish, grain, honey, wax and costly furs. To its south was the Propontis, today's Sea of Marmara, while to its northeast was the deep, virtually tide-less, seawater harbour still known as the Golden Horn.³⁰ Northward from the tip of the city ran the Bosporus, joining the Euxine to the Sea of Marmara, and thence through the Hellespont of antiquity, today's Dardanelles, the strategic narrows flanked by the fatal shores of Gallipoli and Troy, to the Mediterranean. The shining sea was visible from almost anywhere in Constantinople, and in the eloquent words of Prokopios of Caesarea Palestinae its watery surrounds formed a 'garland around the city',³¹ a sentiment repeated by Pierre Gilles when he says 'Constantinople is washed on three sides by the sea'.³²
A Greek poet might have once compared Constantinople, the Queen of Cities, with a ship moored at the intersection of two continents, Europe and Asia, and two seas, the Mediterranean and the Euxine, yet believe it not the importance of this prime location was not immediately realized. During the seventh century BC the poleis of Greece were busily taking to their agile boats and planting colonies along the seaboard of Anatolia, but Kyzikos (near Bandırma) and Lampsakos (Lapseki) had both become important before Byzantion was even founded. So had Chalcedon (Kadıköy), on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus, for Herodotos says that the foundation of Chalcedon antedated that of Byzantion by seventeen years.³³ Incidentally, both were colonies of one of Athens' neighbours, Megara.
According to tradition, Byzantion was founded in the first-half of the seven century BC, perhaps in 668/7 BC, by the eponymous chief of the colonists, Byzas of Megara.³⁴ Both traditions have been disputed, and archaeological evidence on the site of the ancient acropolis (now occupied by the Topkapı Sarayı) puts the establishment of the colony a generation later. It is Herodotos who also reports that the Persian general Megabazos, who was in Byzantion in the year 511 BC or thereabout, observed that the colonists of Chalcedon must have been blind at the time to miss the superior spot just across the water.³⁵ Naturally enough, in later years this judgement was appropriated by the priests of the shrine of Pythian Apollo at Delphi, while the Chalcedonian blindness was repeatedly noted in all kinds of literary records. Both Strabo and Tacitus, for example, recount the expedition from Megara consulted the oracle there before setting out in their boats and


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Hi There!
Wednesdays, Mornings Only - September 4th, 11th and 18th. 9:00 a.m. - 11:00 a.m.
OR Tuesdays, Evenings Only - September 3rd, 10th and 17th. 6:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m.
Who else loves flowers, beside me? I am delighted to bring you this three week series where we will paint landscapes full of flowers.
Watercolor has a unique personality. I have been exploring this medium for over 12 years. It still surprises me and excites me. In this 3 week series I will teach you washes and techniques to interpret loose and confident flowers. I will guide you through the process with demos and then time for you to create your own watercolor compositions. Your experience will equip you to move forward with watercolors having more confidence to paint more on your own or in future classes.
No experience is required. It will be for beginners and intermediate watercolorists. Come as you are with curiosity and a desire to learn more about the wonderful medium of watercolors.
I hope you will join me for this creative opportunity.
$75 if bringing your own supplies Or $120 all supplies provided
Registration now open
Supplies Needed If Bringing Your Own
arches 140# cold press paper. Multiple sheets, approximately 8" x 10" and a few 5" x 7"
6 and 14 round watercolor brush
1" flat watercolor brush
liner or detail round watercolor brush. Approx. size 0
watercolor paints ( if purchasing, please contact me for recommendations)
masking tape
foam board, acrylic baord or gator board, approximately 11" x 14"
here is what you will learn from the class
- how to design a pleasing composition
- how to loosen up for a more light and free painting
- washes and techniques to build your watercolor skills

subset: commoncrawl


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"Outstanding beyond outstanding. This was an invaluable course."- Ellen Gendler, MD
"I came thinking I would learn about new injecting techniques and left with a new framework for patient treatment and practice management."- Derylann Price, MSN, FNP
"I leave the Aesthetic Blueprint with an even higher level of confidence."- Kimberly Lopez
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"The best teaching/training meetings I've ever been to over the past twenty years. I would highly recommend this program to anyone who injects."- Rand Rusher, RN
"By far, one of the pre-eminent seminars for understanding of the anatomy, art, practice, and passion of injectable aesthetic outcomes in the US."- Grace McLaurin, RN
"The Aesthetic Blueprint gives a reproducible method for evaluating and safely injecting patients for outstanding results. You should not miss this meeting!"- Betsy Perry Thacker, MD
"A dynamic and outstanding program!"- Henry Gasiorowski, MD
"I absolutely recommend this program to any injector. Everybody can learn from this candid, broad-spectrum course. I will return!"- Diane Orlinsky, MD
"The best advanced injectable course that I have attended."- Michael Persky, MD, FACS
"I go to many meetings, but this one has transformed my life."- Marguerite Germain, MD
"The Aesthetic Blueprint is the best meeting I've been to and well worth the time."- David Applebaum, MD
"The Aesthetic Blueprint is the best training program available in aesthetics."- Barry Kusman, MD
Clinical Training Videos
View more than 4 hours of educational video for one year. The most advanced and innovative clinical approaches and techniques in contemporary aesthetics. Study the techniques that truly create outstanding results for your patients, direct to your desktop or device. The content that you purchase will be yours to stream and view for 1 year on your schedule.
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Experience our seminars in-person.View Upcoming Events


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Dominion Resources, Inc. Corpor (NYSE:DCUA) reached today (3/31/2016) a price of $58.65 with a total volume of 83914. Today's high was $59.22 and Today's low was $58.17. A change of $0.15 or 0.26% from the previous day of ($58.5). The company's 200-day MA (Moving Average) was 54.88 and a 50-day MA of 55.91.
|Stock Overview
|Name: Dominion Resources, Inc. Corpor
|Stock Symbol: DCUA
|Price: $58.65
|Volume: 83914
|Day High: $59.22
|Day Low: $58.17
|Prev Close: $58.5
|Change %: 0.26
|Change $: $0.15
|52 Week High: $59.68
|52 Week Low: $49.84
|200 Day MA: 54.88
|Market Cap: 645.15B
|Book Value: 0
|EPS Current:
|EPS Next Year:
|PE Ratio:
|Dividend Pay Date: 1/4/2016
|Dividend $/Share: $
|Ex Dividend Date: 12/29/2015
|Category: NYSE
Dominion Resources, Inc. Corpor (OTCBB:DCUA) has a Market Cap of 645.15B and a book value of common share of 0, and an Earning/Share (EPS) of 3.2. The 52-week high was $59.68, while the 52-week low was $49.84.
To make any decision of buying or selling or holding you need to consider the company's situation today as well as its history and future prospect. Based on the information above and relying on your own research you can determine if it is a good or crazy idea to buy/sell Dominion Resources, Inc. Corpor (DCUA) stocks. Overall, today the market has performed as follows:
You can also check the Best Performing Stocks, and the Worst Performing Stocks.
For more US Stock Market - AMEX, NASDAQ, & NYSE - stocks visit our homepage: US Stocks.
Information is provided "as is" and solely for informational purposes, not for trading purposes or advice, and may be delayed.
AMEX, NASDAQ, and NYSE are registered trademarks of their respective owners, and are in no way affiliated with MarketDatum.com.


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The 2019 Mother's Day Collection!
It's safe to say that April has become the busiest time of the year. Spring is in the air and with it brings energy, inspiration, outings, and most importantly—Mother's Day!
For the past two spring seasons, I've placed this newfound energy into creating the most ambitious collection of the year. And this year is no exception. I'm so excited to announce the 2019 Mother's Day Collection!
As I noted last time, I spend most of the year sourcing and collecting vases and containers that I know will be perfect for this very event. I feel it's important to provide options to best suit every Mom and take the work off of them on their special day. This year I've designed seven gifts that ship entirely ready to go. No fuss, no muss (and no need to water!)
In addition to this set of gifts, I am offering three bundles of loose stems that represent my most coveted (and requested) varieties. My personal favorite—Charlie's White Peonies— the softest blush peonies with beautiful hand-inked details, and a set of vivacious poppies. Each of these bundles contains a mix of blooms and buds (because I like to keep people guessing) and look great on their own, or mixed and matched with each other and the stems in my Perennial Collection.
WIthin the full collection, I've made sure to incorporate lots of textures, springtime colors, and unique blooms. Here's a list of what's involved this year: Charlie's White Peonies, My Love Peonies, Double Daffodils, Iceland Poppies, Fringed Tulips, Mimosa, Sweet Peas, Chocolate Cosmos, Ranunculus, English Lavender, Lilac, and a whole spectrum of roses (of course!)
To help celebrate the season, I'm also attending two local events. Be sure to check the calendar for those listings and all of the other dates you need to know.
This next month (and this collection) goes quickly. While designed for Mother's Day, these pieces also make great gifts for Teachers, graduates, housewarmings, and all of the other things that will be filling your schedule soon. Make sure you put your order in sooner than later for the best selection of gifts.
I'm excited to see which are your favorites. More peeks below, or check out the full collection here.
Tomorrow I'm going to share where all of the names for this set came from, Here's a hint—these ladies inspire my gift giving too! Stay tuned!


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Too Hot - Grin with cat attached — LiveJournal
|Too Hot
|Jul. 26th, 2002 05:09 pm
30° C in my flat... toooo hot!
Update: Cold showers good... except that I can't have it particularaly cold or my shoulders lock.
Yeah, I'm wittering...
It *is*? I thought it was about 25...anything above that just registers as "hot" with the Firewoman thermometer.
Well, that's what my desktop thermometer says... dunno how accurate it is though.
It *does* live above your computer though...i had a horrible case of hot-scalp earlier & now i have braids behind the bunches in a little red-arrows stylee formation :) but my scalp is coooool! :)
|From: josh_the_cat
Date: July 26th, 2002 - 09:37 am (Link)
The legal minimum temperature is 16oC unless much of the work done involves severe physical effort, in which case the temperature should be at least 13oC. There is no maximum temperature prescribed in UK Health and Safety Legislation and an ambient room temperature of between 19oC and 23 oC would be considered reasonable. However, where temperatures are outside this range, especially where the temperature is in excess of 26oC, staff may start to experience some degree of discomfort due to the high temperature. Employers have a duty of care to their employees to provide a safe and healthy working environment under health and safety legislation and should consider what measures they should adopt to alleviate these conditions.
From: josh_the_cat
Date: July 26th, 2002 - 09:36 am (Link)
33 C here, but we've got lots of fans... But here is the office!!! :(


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Every 51 minutes, unorthodox person dies in an alcohol-related traffic collision. In 2012 alone, more than 10,000 people were killed in drunk driving accidents, accounting for approximately one-third of every fatalities.

You can locate more drunk driving statistics upon the Mothers adjacent to Drunk Driving (MADD) website here.

Drunk Driving Prevention In America
In the slant of these staggering numbers, what are governmental agencies and private campaigns undertaking to educate American drivers roughly drunk driving? This article will present a survey of the most widely-publicized anti-impaired driving campaigns, and an analysis of their real-world effects.

Buzzed Driving
In the last few years, weve seen numerous ad campaigns, initiated both by state-funded organizations and private engagement groups, advocating for widespread acceptance of something called buzzed driving. suitably what is it?

Buzzed driving is a extremely simple concept. After ingestion, alcohol is absorbed quickly by the bloodstream and common tests, next a breathalyzer, can work the amount of alcohol in your blood reliably and quickly. Driving subsequently a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of 0.08 or later is illegal in all state. At that concentration, drivers nearly invariably experience sedation and slower wave times. In extra words, its simply risky to steer subsequent to that much alcohol in your system.

Buzzed driving is comprehensibly having a BAC belittle than 0.08% but forward-looking than 0.00%.

One Beer Wont modify The mannerism I Drive
And significant studies have found that less is no better. One explanation from UC San Diego that evaluated accident reports found that buzzed drivers, those with a BAC of 0.01 percent are 46 percent more likely to be officially and solely to blame than teetotal drivers. The fact is that driving even slightly buzzed is dangerous, far more dangerous than driving sober.

The genuine pain is that American appear in and public policy tend to see on 0.08% as a definitive, meaningful boundary. under that pedigree and youre relatively safe, above it youre dangerous. But the researchers at UC San Diego found that the chances of causing a wreck increases steadily and cleverly from BAC 0.01 to 0.24 percent, meaning that there is no sharp transition in imitation of comparing a buzzed driver to a drunk driver. It turns out that 0.08% is not a definitive boundary, and that no amount of alcohol is secure in the resolution analysis.

The bank account from UC San Diego was published in the British medical journal injury Prevention. You can admission a summary here.

The Worlds Stance upon Drunk Driving
Much of the world has even more rigorous limits.

China has a genuine limit of 0.02%
Japan uses 0.03%
Frances legal limit is 0.05%
Germanys is 0.05%
Sweden uses 0.02%
Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Bangladesh, and Saudi Arabia all have zero-tolerance policies; any BAC above 0.00% and youll lose your license, be penalized afterward argumentative fines, and your car can be impounded.
In fact, North America (including Canada and Mexico) is one of the worlds without help regions to use 0.08% BAC as its authenticated limit.

Has The stir up opinion Worked?
The Ad Council, Americas largest non-profit producer of public support announcements, spearheaded the Buzzed Driving watchfulness campaign. on their website, they balance that their ads reached nearly one half of every American adults beyond the age of 21. And that there was a significant growth in the proportion of men age 21 35 who called themselves extremely concerned more or less the event of drunk driving, from 22 percent in 2005 to 27 percent in 2011.

And even if public attentiveness is no question important, Americas legislators have still to reply to our supplementary concurrence of buzzed driving. In fact, behind most confess governments forward to zero tolerance, they either limit this prohibition to drivers below 21 or intention handily that they wont tolerate any driver subsequently a BAC more than 0.08%.

Only times will tell whether or not give access governments follow through on the current research. assist in 2013, the National Transportation Safety Board recommended lowering Americas real limit to 0.05%, but no let in has nevertheless to refer this stricter limit.

Alcohol Addiction Treatment
Another appreciation has been to contextualize drunk driving, to define it in terms of unconventional tragic condition. As the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) states: drunk driving is often a symptom of a larger problem: alcohol shout abuse and abuse. The underlying premise to this advocate is that some drunk drivers proceed vehicles even though impaired because (in fittingly many words) they cant back up it. And if you acquire substance dependent persons treatment, you might bow to some impaired drivers off the road in the same gesture.

Also telling is that the NHTSA refers to impaired driving, rather than drunk driving. In origin similar to recent developments in addiction studies, the NHTSA has adopted the scientific convention that finds more description than contrast in the midst of alcohol abuse and drug addiction in general.

This lineage of reasoning seems bolstered by statistical evidence. In a breakdown released by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, researchers found that almost half of all drivers who were killed in crashes and tested distinct for drugs with had alcohol in their system. In many cases, then, the difficulty is mixed. And the answer might be, too.

Description for Simple Apple Basket Png Image – Basket With Apples Png Free Png Images inspiration
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|Simple Apple Basket Png Image – Basket With Apples Png Free Png Images inspiration
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Is My Home Under-Insured?
Replacement cost, Inflation guard, Ordinance or Law coverage, what do these terms mean? Understanding the key terms in your Homeowners policy can often mean the difference between being properly insured or under-insured. Click the link for an article on what you need to know to protect your greatest financial asset.
To the Fallen and Survivors
As we reflect on this national day of remembrance let us keep in our hearts all of the families impacted by the events of this tragic day.
College bound? How to prevent on-campus losses.
Learn about what may or may not be covered under your Homeowners policy should a theft occur, and what steps you can take to protect your belongings. Click the link for the article.
Common Insurance Mistakes
While shopping for insurance it's easy to focus on price and forget what the purpose of the coverage is. What is the purpose? To restore you to the point you were prior to the loss. Watch this quick video to understand the most common mistakes people make when reviewing their insurance.
Customer Support
CSR24 Client Support
CSR24 gives MAG clients access to their account information as well as provides some self-service features. Click here for a brief description of the services it provides. If you are already registered for the service please click the Login icon. To register, please contact your account representative or follow the direction on the Login page.
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MAG is always helpful, answering all questions and solving problems.
Quick and effective communication and personal service are what I like most about MAG as my independent insurance agent.


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Zilco ZGB Saddle Team Wheeler
All Zilco ZGB & Classic saddles are constructed using our unique elastomeric flexible tree, which conforms to the shape of most horses whilst giving good spine clearance.
Saddles are fitted with high density removable foam panels that are contoured. They can be positioned on the saddle via touch-tape backing to suit each horse's individual shape, providing an optimum fit.
These improved models also feature Zilco's new purpose-moulded, abrasion resistant wear pads for greater durability.
The ZGB saddle, with it's wider bearing surface is ideal for heavy duty driving, marathons and working horses.
This saddle features Zilco's new removable, 45mm thick, high density foam panels for improved comfort to the horse. The saddle girth points are 32mm (1 1/4") wide and are lined for durability.
This Figure 8 model is supplied in all ZGB and Elite harness sets. It has a large terret on one side and a Figure 8 terret on the other. The option for a centre pedestal is also available
The Figure 8 terret should be attached on the near side for the near side wheeler, or on the off side for the off side wheeler. The wheeler rein is fed through the bottom loop and the leader rein is fed through the top loop - to prevent them from becoming tangled.
Cob Size
Length (Minimum): 105cm (41 1/3")
Length (Centre): 125cm (49 1/4")
Length (Maximum): 145cm (57")
Width: 125mm (5")
Full Size
Length (Minimum): 115cm (45 1/4")
Length (Centre): 135cm (53")
Length (Maximum): 155cm (61")
Width: 125mm (5")
Extra Full Size
Length (Minimum): 125cm (49 1/4")
Length (Centre): 145cm (57")
Length (Maximum): 165cm (65 1/3")
Width: 125mm (5")
On orders over £29
UK Mainland
Customer Reviews
Write an online review and share your thoughts with other shoppers!


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Moving to a new home can be an exciting undertaking, a fresh start that brings with it the potential for new friends, opportunities and experiences.
For parents of young children, though, the process of adapting to a new home can be stressful. While you may have been proactive about averting safety hazards in your old house, a move to a new one calls for renewed awareness of anything that could potentially harm your kids. Unfortunately, the National Safety Council advises that more than a third of child injuries and deaths happen at home, with household injuries the No. 1 reason children younger than 3 visit emergency rooms.
Fortunately, conscientious parents can do much to avoid such injuries. Consider these tips for keeping your children safe through the moving process and beyond.
Be proactive about precautions
Don't wait until all your belongings are moved in and you're adding the finishing touches. Instead, evaluate potential safety hazards before the move even begins, buying important tools and fixtures so you can make adjustments early rather than retrofitting. Then, once everything is in place, reevaluate results one more time. "The first step to a safe home … is to look at the world through your baby's eyes," writes Laura McHolm in the Huffington Post. "See what looks interesting and what can be reached. And I mean it literally — get down on your hands and knees in your new home and check for small things your baby can choke on."
Switch all your blinds to the cordless variety
Kids and cords don't mix, and the string-like attachments that adjust old-style blinds and other window coverings are strangulation hazards. If the windows of your new home have corded window coverings, replace them immediately with the cordless varieties available at major U.S. retailers. Look for the Best for Kids(TM) label that certifies window coverings that are best suited for young children.
Separate and secure household chemicals
The moving process can be chaotic, and it's all too easy to lose track of where movers are placing potentially harmful substances such as cleaning products, medicines, vitamins, alcohol, pet food, paint, gasoline and poisonous plants. That's why you should deliberately pack anything that could hurt your kids into marked boxes that travel with you in your car, separate from the belongings handled by your movers. Upon arrival, keep those boxes apart and sealed until you're ready to unpack them into locked cabinets.
Secure furniture and TVs against tip-overs
As your furniture and heavy electronics are arranged, install safety latches to ensure they can't inadvertently fall onto young children. The installation will be faster and easier if you label the latches ahead of time.
Update locks inside and out
When shopping for locks and deadbolts for your new home, seek the BHMA Certified Secure Home(TM) label that ensures your new products have been tested in all the areas of most importance to you and your family: security, durability and finish.
Install baby gates at staircases
Don't wait; do this as soon as you arrive on moving day. Children will be curious about their new surroundings, but at the same time unfamiliar with potential hazards.
A move to your new home should be a happy time. Make sure you're keeping it that way by fully protecting your children as you make the transition. -(BPT)
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This post contains major spoilers for the finale of Game of Thrones. Consider yourself warned.
It's hard to believe, but we are now living in a post–Game of Thrones world. Today the Internet will be flooded with hot takes about whether or not the show nailed the landing and characters ended up where they should have. (Spoiler: A lot of people don't think so.)
After more than eight years watching this epic show, fans have formed strong bonds with their favorites like Daenerys Targaryen. But there's likely no one who cares more about the Mother of Dragons than the woman who brought her to life onscreen, Emilia Clarke.
In a new interview with Entertainment Weekly, Clarke admitted she cried when she read the final script. After all, Dany is killed by her lover-nephew Jon Snow after she laid waste to much of King's Landing with her remaining dragon, Drogon.
But more than that, Clarke says the negative commentary on the Internet about the show has also taken its toll on her. "I have my own feelings [about the storyline], and it's peppered with my feelings about myself," she told Entertainment Weekly. "It's gotten to that point now where you read [comments about] the character you [have to remind yourself], 'They're not talking about you, Emilia, they're talking about the character.'"
Luckily, she also had her mom around for moral support. "I genuinely did this, and it's embarrassing and I'm going to admit it to you," Clarke said. "I called my mom and [said], 'I read the scripts and I don't want to tell you what happens, but can you just talk me off this ledge? It really messed me up.' And then I asked my mom and brother really weird questions. They were like: 'What are you asking us this for? What do you mean do I think Daenerys is a good person? Why are you asking us that question? Why do you care what people think of Daenerys? Are you OK?' And I'm all: 'I'm fine!… But is there anything Daenerys could do that would make you hate her?'"


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Upstalsboom Hotel FriedrichshainGubener Str. 42, Berlin, 10243 See map
Hotel Overview
In a quiet location but still in the midst of the action, with friendly, attentive service and a bright, appealing atmosphere, the Upstalsboom Hotel Friedrichshain is waiting to welcome you. The hotel is located in the heart of Berlin in the Friedrichshain district which lies to the east of Berlin-Mitte, the district with all the government offices. Located between quiet side-street and next to the leafy Comeniuspark, the Upstalsboom Hotel Friedrichshanin is only a few minutes away by car or underground railway from the Alexanderplatz station. Starting from here, you can quickly reach the historic sights such as the museum island with Pergamon Museum and such architectural highlights as the New Berlin around the Postsdamer Platz. The Upstalsboom Hotel Friedrichshain is the best possible place to relax after savouring the dynamic metropolitan life of Berlin. Enjoy the friendly, attentive service of our hotel, which keeps to the fine tradition of Friesian hospitality.
Situated in the Friedrichshain neighborhood, in the heart of Berlin, this hotel is close to O2 World, East Side Gallery, and Brandenburg Gate. Also nearby are Alexanderplatz and TV Tower.
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Rooms overview
Upstalsboom Hotel Friedrichshain has 170 guestrooms. Guestrooms have LCD televisions with satellite television channels and pay movies. Guestrooms provide wireless Internet access (surcharge), direct-dial phones, complimentary newspapers, and voice mail. All guestrooms provide sofa beds and desks. Guestrooms feature complimentary bottled water. Bathrooms offer showers, handheld showers, makeup/shaving mirrors, and hair dryers. Additional amenities include minibars, fax machines, and in-room safes. Guestrooms have city views. In addition, amenities available on request include irons/ironing boards, extra towels/bedding, and wake-up calls. Housekeeping is offered.
Hotel facilities
- Restaurant
- Lifts/Elevators
- Car Parking (charges payable)
- Concierge
- Sauna
- Conference Facilities
- Bar/Lounge
- Pets allowed (subject to fees and restrictions)
- Meeting/Banquet Facilities
- Laundry Service
- Laundry Facilities
- Room Service
- Wireless internet
- 24 Hour Front Desk
- Fitness facility
- Gymnasium


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The Siege of Dalaran (WC3 Undead)
- For the story of the battle itself, see Siege of Dalaran. For the unrelated mission from Warcraft II, see The Siege of Dalaran (WC2 Orc).
|Previous: Blackrock & Roll, Too!
|Next: Under the Burning Sky
|The Siege of Dalaran
|Campaign: Path of the Damned
|Place: Dalaran
|Outcome: Tactical Scourge victory
|Commanders and leaders
|Casualties and losses
|template | talk | edit
This article or section contains lore taken from Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne, the manuals, and/or official bonus maps.
The Siege of Dalaran is chapter 7 of the Path of the Damned campaign.
Loading screen
The next morning, at the gates of Dalaran...
- 5 Sheep
Main Quests
Three Archmagi
- Slay the first Archmage
- Slay the second Archmage
- Slay Antonidas
Each of the three Archmagi who power the city's defensive shield have hidden somewhere within Dalaran's streets. You must charge into the city and slay each Archmage in order to bring down the crippling shield.
- Arthas, Kel'Thuzad, and the forces of the Scourge gather in front of the entrance to Dalaran.
- Arthas: Wizards of the Kirin Tor! I am Arthas, first of the Lich King's death knights! I demand that you open your gates and surrender to the might of the Scourge!
- Antonidas and two Knights ride up to greet the death knight.
- Antonidas: Greetings, Prince Arthas. How fares your noble father?
- Arthas: Lord Antonidas. There's no need to be snide.
- Antonidas: We've prepared for your coming, Arthas. My brethren and I have erected auras that will destroy any undead that pass through them.
- Antonidas swings his staff, and the auras in question become visible.
- Arthas: Your petty magics will not stop me, Antonidas.
- Antonidas: Pull your troops back, or we will be forced to unleash our full powers against you! Make your choice, death knight.
- Antonidas teleports himself and his Knights away.
- Kel'Thuzad: I sense that three separate wizards are maintaining these auras. If you find and kill them, the auras will disperse.
During the Mission
- Kel'Thuzad: The Kirin Tor keeps these creatures caged for studying. If they were to be released, they would cause our enemies a great deal of pain.
- Kel'Thuzad: The wizards keep many enchanted items within that vault. Shatter it, and we can use their own weapons against them.
Mission Complete
- Antonidas: It pains me to even look at you, Arthas.
- Arthas: I'll be happy to end your torment, old man. I told you that your magics could not stop me.
- Arthas kills Antonidas. He and Kel'Thuzad approach the Book of Medivh, which is hovering above a pedestal.
- Arthas: The spellbook is all yours, lich. Let's take it and leave before the wizards amass for their final attack.
- Kel'Thuzad: Indeed. I will begin summoning Lord Archimonde at sunset.
- Kel'Thuzad picks up the tome.


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Rhett Olsen, Parking Lot Sweeper
Categories: Get to know our TEAM
Meet Rhett Olsen; the most dedicated Salt Lake City parking lot sweeping team member. Rhett has been recently engaged to his fiancé Kristyn, they are to marry in June of 2013. Together they have 2 cats and an undeniable love for being together. During his downtime from work he can be found hanging out with Kristyn, watching television, gaming or reading the news.
One interesting fact Rhett gave us was he used to be a ballroom dancer, and says he was pretty good. We also found Rhett's first job interesting, not many people can say they have worked on a dairy farm. This must be where he developed his outdoor interests. Rhett likes to hike and take in the outdoors during the summer months.
If given the opportunity of an all-expense paid vacation, Rhett would like to see Rome. This is no surprise as he enjoys Italian food. The four food groups… to Rhett they are Pepsi, Pizza, Pasta and Pie.
We asked Rhett what he enjoyed about working at Jacketta, he said "Being able to accomplish things. I like to see the progress I make in the overall appearance of a dirty parking lot." In fact Rhett exceeds expectations set by our customers. He once handpicked a 6 level parking structure to remove screws and various pieces of hardware scattered throughout the parking stalls. This is dedication and hard work to the art of Salt Lake City parking lot sweeping if we've ever heard of it!
Rhett's Motto: Don't take life to serious; no one gets out alive anyway.
We are grateful to have Rhett as part of our night sweeping parking lot crew!!


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Article Information
- Published 4 December 2017.
Copyright & Usage
© 2017 The Author(s). Published by The Geological Society of London. All rights reserved
Author Information
View Full Text
- 1Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- 2Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
- 3Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78758, USA
- 4Present address: Department of Geology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA
- 5Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
- 6Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- ↵*Correspondence: jdickson{at}caltech.edu


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Under the Financial Services and Markets Act, as amended by the 2012 Act, the FCA has the power to obtain a "skilled persons report" from a third party about aspects of a firm's activities where they have concerns about potential weaknesses or failings in a firm's practices.
These reports can cover areas such as business conduct, governance, controls, financial crime, and client assets. This activity can be completed by an approved "skilled person" within the firm or by someone appointed by the regulator directly. The cost of carrying out the report must be met by the selected firm. As well as business conduct, governance controls and risk management, a skilled person report may also concentrate on areas such as financial crime and client assets.
In the 3rd quarter of 2016 the regulator commissioned 15 skilled person reports, an increase of 60% from the previous quarter. Of these 15 reports, 5 were conducted on investment management firms and 5 on insurance companies. The Insurance Companies include Lloyd's members' agents, Lloyd's managing agents and Lloyd's Agents.
The largest proportion of reports were requested due to FCA concerns relating to business conduct, closely followed by issues relating to governance, controls and risk management frameworks, which accounted for 4 of the reports.
Andy Evans, Managing Director at Xactium commented "It is clear from this announcement that the FCA isn't going to hesitate in exercising its additional powers of supervision to request wide-ranging assessments and impose remediation on firms. Organisations should ensure that their Enterprise Risk Management processes and supporting systems are up to date and that relevant information can be easily extracted."
For more information about skilled persons reviews, visit the FCA's website: https://www.fca.org.uk/about/supervision/skilled-persons-reviews


text: Radcliff Electric Supply is a full service electrical wholesaler that has served the Radcliff and Lincoln Trail area for over a quarter of a century. We continuously strive to work with many of the industry's most respected manufacturers to provide quality materials for commercial, industrial, institutional, and residential projects. We stock a full range of electrical equipment including motor controls, distribution, cable, wire, lighting, conduit, fittings, wiring devices, support systems, fasteners, outlet boxes, enclosures, transformers, power conditioning, power protection, tools, instruments, and much more.


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- • Hottest months: August, July, June, September (average 65°F)
- • Coldest months: February, January, December, March (average 36°F)
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