text:
Appellate Court of Illinois,
First District, Fourth Division.
Usman KHAN and Zaman Khan, Co–Special Administrators of the Estate of Inam Khan, Deceased, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
STOCKDALE TRUCKING LLC, Carl E. Bergman, Ryder Integrated Logistics, Inc., Jim E. Morris, and Sohail Shakir, Defendants–Appellees.
Sohail Shakir, Plaintiff,
Stockdale Trucking LLC, a foreign limited liability company, Carl E. Bergman, Ryder Truck Rental, Inc., a foreign corporation; and Jim E. Morris, Defendants.
No. 1–13–0358.
Sept. 12, 2013.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, County Department, Law Division. Nos. 12 L 6722 and 12 L 7340, Kathy M. Flanagan, Judge Presiding.
Justice FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the judgment of the court:
*1 ¶ 1 Held: The circuit court of Cook County did not abuse its discretion in granting the defendants' motion to dismiss the plaintiffs' negligence and wrongful death/survival actions on the basis of forum non convenience. Both the private and the public interest factors heavily weighed in favor of Montgomery County, Indiana, as the more convenient forum.
¶ 2 This cause arises from a multiple vehicle collision accident that occurred in Montgomery County, Indiana, on May 16, 2012, resulting in the death of Inam Khan (hereinafter Inam). The plaintiffs, Usman Khan and Zaman Khan (hereinafter Usman and Zaman), co-special administrators of their deceased father's estate brought a wrongful death/survival action in the circuit court of Cook County, alleging negligence against the defendants, Stockdale Trucking LLC (hereinafter Stockdale), Carl E. Bergman (hereinafter Bergman), Jim E. Morris (hereinafter Morris), Ryder Integrated Logistics, Inc. (hereinafter Ryder), and Sohail Shakir (hereinafter Shakir). Shakir, who was driving the vehicle in which his employee, Inam, was a passenger when the accident occurred, filed a separate negligence action in the circuit court of Cook County against Stockdale, Bergman, Morris and Ryder. After the two actions were consolidated in the circuit court, the defendants moved to dismiss on the grounds of forum non conveniens, arguing that Montgomery County, Indiana, was a far more convenient forum in which to litigate both cases. The circuit court granted the defendants' motions to dismiss in favor of Montgomery County, Indiana. The plaintiffs petitioned this court for leave to appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 306(a)(2). Ill. S.Ct. R. 306(a)(2) (eff.Sept. 1, 2006). On appeal, they contend that the circuit court abused its discretion in ruling that the relevant private and public interest factors strongly favor suit in Indiana. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶ 4 We initially note that because this is an interlocutory appeal taken pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 306(a)(2) (Ill.S.Ct. R. 306(a)(2) (eff.Sept. 1, 2006)) FN1 the plaintiffs were required to attach a "supporting record" to their petition for leave to appeal (Ill. S.Ct. R. 306© (eff.Sept. 1, 2006)),FN2 authenticated either by a certificate of the circuit court clerk or "by the affidavit of the attorney or party filing it" (Ill. S.Ct. R. 328 (eff.Feb. 1, 1994)).FN3 In the case at bar, the supporting record was authenticated by an attorney's affidavit. After the petition for leave to appeal was granted, this court did not order the defendants to file a record, as permitted by Supreme Court Rule 306(h) (eff.Sept. 1, 2006); and no party to the appeal requested that additional portions of the record be prepared, as permitted by Supreme Court Rule 306(f) (Ill.S.Ct.306(f) (eff.Sept. 1, 2006)). Accordingly, this appeal proceeds based solely on the supporting record filed by the plaintiffs with their petition for leave to appeal. That supporting record reveals the following pertinent facts and procedural history.
FN1. See Ill. S.Ct. 306(a)(2) (eff.Sept. 1, 2006): "(a) * * * A party may petition for leave to appeal to the Appellate Court from the following orders of the trial court: * * * (2) from an order of the circuit court allowing or denying a motion to dismiss on the grounds of forum non conveniens * * *."
FN2. See Ill. S.Ct. R. 306(c) (eff.Sept. 1, 2006): "The petition shall contain a statement of the facts of the case, supported by reference to the supporting record, and of the grounds for the appeal." (Emphasis added.).
FN3. See Ill. S.Ct. R. 328 (eff.Feb.1, 1994): "Any party seeking relief from the reviewing court before the record on appeal is filed shall file with his or her application an appropriate supporting record containing enough of the trial court record to show an appealable order or judgment * * *. The supporting record must be authenticated by the certificate of the clerk of the trial court or by the affidavit of the attorney or party filing it."
¶ 5 A. The Plaintiffs' Complaint
*2 ¶ 6 On June 17, 2012, the plaintiffs Usman and Zaman, as co-special administrators of their deceased father's estate filed a wrongful death/survival action in the circuit court of Cook County against Stockdale, Bergman, Morris, Ryder and Shakir. In their complaint they alleged that on May 16, 2012, defendant Morris was driving a Freightliner truck, heading southbound on U.S. 231, a two-lane interstate highway in Montgomery County, Indiana. The Freightliner truck was pulling a box trailer owned by Ryder. At about 1 p.m., defendant Morris negligently stopped his vehicle in the middle of the interstate highway, without providing any warning to passengers traveling behind him that his vehicle was stopped. In the police report attached to the supporting record, Morris told the officers that he had been stopped in the roadway by Indiana emergency crews working to extinguish two grass fires in the area. A motorist proceeding directly behind Morris saw Morris' parked vehicle and stopped behind him. A short time later, Shakir, who was also traveling southbound on U.S. 231 in his Mercedes Benz, together with his employee Inam, riding as a passenger, observed the stopped vehicles, and pulled over the center line to see what was happening. According to the complaint, he subsequently negligently stopped his vehicle in the roadway. The complaint further alleged that another motorist driving a Ford utility pick-up truck stopped his vehicle behind Shakir's. Shortly thereafter, Bergman, driving a Freightliner truck, pulling an empty grain trailer, owned by Stockdale, "negligently crashed" into the Ford utility pick-up truck, pushing it into Shakir's parked Mercedes Benz and causing serious injuries to Inam. After the emergency vehicles arrived, both Shakir and Inam were transported by a ground ambulance and then airlifted to a hospital in Indianapolis. According to the complaint, as a result of the injuries he sustained during the collision, Inam died upon arriving to the Indianapolis hospital.
¶ 7 On June 29, 2012, Shakir filed a separate negligence action in the circuit court of Cook County against Stockdale, Bergman, Morris and Ryder. Shakir alleged that he suffered serious injuries as a direct result of the collision caused by the defendants' negligence. As a private business owner, he claimed that because of his injuries, he was unable to attend to his daily tasks and as a result lost both revenue and business opportunities.
¶ 8 B. The Defendants' Various Motions to Dismiss or Transfer Venue
¶ 9 After the two cases were consolidated in the circuit court, on September 17, 2012, as the defendant in plaintiffs wrongful death/survival action, Shakir filed a motion to transfer venue from Cook County, Illinois, to Montgomery County, Indiana, pursuant to the doctrine of forum non conveniens. Shakir argued that Indiana was a more convenient forum because: (1) the accident occurred in Montgomery County; (2) six of the seven potential occurrence witnesses identified by the plaintiffs resided in Indiana; (3) all of the investigating and emergency personnel who responded to the accident resided in Montgomery County, Indiana; and (4) immediately after the accident Inam was airlifted to a hospital in Indianapolis, so that most of his medical treaters, as well as any documents relating to that treatment were located in Indiana. Shakir also argued that Montgomery County was the proper forum because the lawsuit has "practically no connection at all to Cook County," and because Montgomery County "undoubtedly [has a] less congested docket [which] would allow the parties to expedite the resolution of this suit." In support of this contention, Shakir pointed out that the statistics published by the Administrative Office of Illinois Courts show that in 2010, there were 441 cases in Cook County in which jury verdicts over $50,000 were rendered, with a period of time from filing to verdict of 36.4 months.
*3 ¶ 10 In support of his motion to dismiss, Shakir attached a copy of the plaintiffs' answer to the forum non conveniens interrogatories, which enumerates the following relevant witnesses that the plaintiffs anticipated calling at trial. The occurrence witnesses are: (1) the defendant Shakir, who resides and runs a business from his home in Northbrook (Cook County, Illinois); (2) the defendant Morris, who resides in Frankfort (Clinton County, Indiana); (3) the defendant Bergman, who resides in Veedersburg (Fountain County, Indiana); (4) Lacy N. Lasata (hereinafter Lasata), who resides in Chesterton, (Porter County, Indiana); (5) Lee T. Lewis (hereinafter Lewis), who resides in West Lafayette (Tippecanoe County, Indiana); (6) Josh Fuller (hereinafter Fuller), who resides in Lafayette (Tippecanoe County, Indiana); and (7) Michelle Peterson (hereinafter Peterson), who resides in Crawfordsville (Montgomery County, Indiana). The investigating and emergency personnel and agencies that were present at the scene of the accident are: (1) several Indiana state police troopers from Lafayette 14 (all from Montgomery County, Indiana) FN4; (2) the Montgomery County Sheriff's Department (Montgomery County, Indiana); (3) Crawfordsville Indiana Fire and Rescue (Montgomery County, Indiana); (4) Crawfordsville Indiana Emergency Medical Services (EMS) (Montgomery County, Indiana); (5) the Indiana Department of Transportation and (4) the Stat Flight Air Ambulance. The relevant medical providers who treated Inam are divided into those who treated him prior to and after the accident. The post-occurrence treaters are located in Indiana and include: (1) St. Vincent Hospital, in Indianapolis (Marion County, Indiana); (2) Crawfordsville Indiana Fire and Rescue (Montgomery County, Indiana); (3) Crawfordsville Indiana EMS (Montgomery County, Indiana); and (4) the Stat Flight Air Ambulance. Inam's medical providers prior to the accident are all located in Illinois and include: (1) Aftab Khan, M.D., in Morris (Grundy County, Illinois); (2) APPNA in Westmont (DuPage County, Illinois); (3) Adventist Hinsdale Hospital in Hinsdale (DuPage County Illinois); and (4) Central DuPage Hospital in Winfield (DuPage County Illinois).
FN4. The list initially included four Indiana State police troopers: (1) Trooper David Millburg (hereinafter Millburg); (2) Trooper Ben Fullenwider (hereinafter Fullenwider); (3) Trooper Nelson Davis (hereinafter David); and (4) Sergeant D. Ziegler (hereinafter Ziegler), but was subsequently amended to include a fifth, Sergeant Jim Cody (hereinafter Cody).
¶ 11 On September 20, 2012, the defendants Stockdale and Bergman filed a motion similar to defendant Shakir's, seeking a dismissal or, alternatively a transfer of their action to Montgomery County, Indiana. Stockdale and Bergman essentially repeated Shakir's arguments, pointing out that the majority of the relevant witnesses in this case resided in Indiana rather than Cook County, Illinois, so that the convenience of the parties strongly favored transfer to Indiana. In support, they contributed three additional "occurrence witnesses with knowledge of the accident facts," including: (1) two Ryder Truck investigators, Johnny Hawn and Daryl Burt, both from Lafayette (Tippecanoe County, Indiana) and (2) Wes Stockdale from Veedersburg (Fountain County, Indiana). In support of their motion to transfer venue, Stockdale and Bergman attached, inter alia: (1) a copy of the plaintiffs' answer to the forum non conveniens interrogatories, listing the relevant occurrence, emergency, investigatory and medical provider witnesses; (2) a copy of the Indiana State Police Crash Report confirming the Indiana addresses of the various relevant civilian and police witnesses listed by both parties; and (3) a map of the state of Indiana, pinpointing the exact location of Montgomery County.
*4 ¶ 12 Shortly thereafter, on September 27, 2012, Stockdale's and Bergman's motion was adopted as a responsive pleading to both of the consolidated cases. The defendants Morris and Ryder then moved to join the motions of the other defendants to transfer venue to Montgomery County, Indiana, and the circuit court granted their request.
¶ 13 C. The Plaintiffs' Response to the Motions to Transfer Venue
¶ 14 On October 25, 2012, the plaintiffs Usman and Zaman filed a response to the defendants' motions, arguing that the totality of factors in this case did not strongly favor transfer of the action to Montgomery County, Indiana. FN5 The plaintiffs argued that they were both residents of Cook County, as well as beneficiaries of their deceased father's estate, and that as such their choice of their home forum as the venue for the suit should be given great deference. The plaintiffs further argued that many of the damages evidence will likely come from witnesses residing in or documents found in Cook County. They pointed out that prior to his death Inam worked for Shakir in his Northbrook home office (Cook County, Illinois). They further pointed out that the remaining beneficiaries of Inam's estate (his wife, Yasmeen, daughter Nida and son Affan) reside in Lisle (DuPage County, Illinois). The plaintiffs also contended that all of Inam's pre-accident medical care came from providers in Illinois, including: (1) Aftab Khan, M.D ., in Morris (Grundy County, Illinois); (2) APPNA in Westmont (DuPage County, Illinois); (3) Adventist Hinsdale Hospital in Hinsdale (Dupage County Illinois); and (4) Central DuPage Hospital in Winfield (DuPage County, Illinois).
FN5. We note that on that same day and somewhat inconsistently, Shakir, acting as plaintiff in the negligence action against Stockdale, Bergman, Ryder and Morris, filed a response to Stockdale's, Bergman's, Ryder's and Morris's motion to transfer venue, arguing, contrary to his motion to transfer venue in the plaintiffs' cause against him, that Cook County, Illinois, rather than Montgomery County, Indiana was the proper forum. Shakir contended that because he was making a claim for lost revenues and business caused by the accident, all of the documents relevant to this claim would come from his home in Northbrook, Cook County, Illinois, where his business is registered. Shakir also argued that Cook County was the proper forum because the majority of his post-accident treatment has been in Illinois. He disclosed the following three medical providers, none of which are located in Cook County: (1) Advocate Condell Hospital in Libertyville (Lake County, Illinois); (2) Health First Wellness Center in Gurnee (Lake County, Illinois); and (3) Illinois Bone & Joint Center in Libertyville (Lake County, Illinois).
¶ 15 The plaintiffs further argued that the defendant Shakir's motion to transfer venue to Montgomery County should be given little weight since before he filed that motion, as the plaintiff in the cause of action against Stockdale, Bergman, Ryder and Morris, arising from the same exact occurrence, he chose to file his complaint in Cook County, Illinois.
¶ 16 In their response to the motions to dismiss, the plaintiffs further acknowledged that Montgomery County (with a population of about 38,000 in 2010) is a much smaller county than Cook County and therefore probably has fewer pending cases. However, they pointed out that Montgomery County does not compile statistics showing the average time it takes between filing a complaint and reaching a jury verdict.FN6 In addition, they argued that statistics compiled by the Administrative Office of Illinois Courts reveal that in the past ten years the time lapse between filing and verdict has "generally decreased." In support, the plaintiffs attached the 2001–2010 statistics complied by the Administrative Office of Illinois Courts, which revealed the following average time lapse: in 2010, 36.4 months; in 2009, 37.7 months; in 2008, 37.5 months; in 2007, 37.2 months, in 2006, 38.1 months; in 2005, 37.1 months; in 2004, 35.3 months; in 2003, 36.6 months; in 2002, 38 months and in 2001 38.1 months.
FN6. In support of this contention, they attached an affidavit of Hary C. Lee, who averred that he spoke to the compiler of court statistics for both the Indiana Supreme Court and Montgomery County and was informed that neither the State of Indiana, nor Montgomery County compile statistics on the average time it takes from filing to verdict.
¶ 17 D. The Circuit Court's Ruling
*5 ¶ 18 After considering all of the pleadings and supporting documents, the circuit court ruled in favor of the defendants. In a written order explaining its reasoning, the court dismissed the cause of action in Cook County in favor of Montgomery County, Indiana, on the basis of forum non conveniens. In holding that Montgomery County was the more convenient forum, the circuit court first noted that the ease of access to proof factor weighed in favor of dismissal because "nearly all of the [occurrence] witnesses" and relevant documents are located in Indiana. Accordingly, the court also found that most of the witnesses would not be amenable to the Illinois compulsory process. The court further noted that since the accident occurred in Montgomery County any jury viewing of the scene, if necessary, would be more convenient in that county. The court next observed that because this cause arose from a multi-vehicle collision in Montgomery County, it was a local controversy to which Indiana law would likely apply. It therefore held that Indiana residents had a far more significant interest in litigating this matter and that they, rather than Illinois residents should be burdened with jury duty. The court also found relevant that the likely less congested docket of a fairly unpopulated county in Indiana versus one of the largest cities in the country favored dismissal. For all of these reasons, the circuit court dismissed the cause of action in Illinois and instructed the plaintiffs' that if they elected to, they could file their suit in Indiana. The plaintiffs now appeal.
¶ 20 We begin our analysis by setting forth the well-established principles regarding forum non conveniens. The forum non conveniens doctrine is an equitable doctrine grounded on considerations of " 'fundamental fairness and sensible and effective judicial administration.' " First American Bank v. Guerine, 198 Ill.2d 511, 515 (2002) (quoting Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 507 (1947)). It permits the circuit court to decline jurisdiction of a case, even though it may have proper jurisdiction over the subject matter and the parties, where a trial in another forum with proper jurisdiction and venue would better serve "the convenience of the parties and the ends of justice." Fennel v. Illinois Central Railroad Co., 2012 IL 113812 ¶ 12; see also Dawdy v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., 207 Ill.2d 167, 171 (2003); Langenhorst v. Norfolk Southern Ry. Co., 219 Ill.2d 430, 441–42 (2006). A defendant may invoke the doctrine of forum non conveniens to transfer an action from one county in Illinois to another Illinois county (intrastate transfer), or, as in this case, to transfer an action from a county in Illinois to a county in a different state (interstate transfer). Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 13; see also Dawdy, 207 Ill.2d at 176; Peile v. Skelgas, Inc., 163 Ill.2d 323, 335 (1994). "The same considerations of convenience and fairness" apply in deciding the motion in either setting. Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 13; Dawdy, 207 Ill.2d at 176.
*6 ¶ 21 In determining whether forum non conveniens applies, the trial court must balance private interest factors affecting the convenience of the litigants and public interest factors affecting the administration of the courts. Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 17; Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 442. Relevant private factors include: (1) the convenience of the parties; (2) the relative ease of access to sources of testimonial, documentary, and real evidence; (3) the availability of compulsory process to secure attendance of unwilling witnesses; (4) the cost to obtain attendance of willing witnesses; (5) the possibility of viewing the premises, if appropriate; and (6) all other practical problems that make trial of a case easy, expeditious, and inexpensive. Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 15; see also Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 443 (citing Guerine, 198 Ill.2d at 516). Relevant public interest factors include: "(1) the interest in deciding controversies locally; (2) the unfairness of imposing trial expense and the burden of jury duty on residents of a forum that has little connection to the litigation; and (3) the administrative difficulties presented by adding litigation to already congested court dockets." Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 443–44; see also Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 16.
¶ 22 In balancing the private and public interest factors, no single factor is controlling. Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 17; see Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 443 ("In deciding a forum non conveniens motion, a court must consider all of the relevant factors, without emphasizing any one factor."); see also Dawdy, 207 Ill.2d at 176 (" 'If central emphasis were placed on any one factor, the forum non conveniens doctrine would lose much of the very flexibility that makes it so valuable.' ") (quoting Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyeno, 454 U.S. 235 (1981)). Moreover, in determining whether the doctrine applies, the trial court should not balance the private interest factors against the public interest factors; rather it should evaluate the totality of circumstances of the case in order to determine whether the balance of all factors strongly favors transfer. Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 17; see also Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 444; see also Gridley v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 217 Ill.2d 158, 169–70 (2005); see also Lambert v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 332 Ill.App.3d 373, 378–79 (2002).
¶ 23 In addition to balancing the private and public interest factors, the court must also consider its deference to the plaintiff's choice of forum. Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 18; see also Dawdy, 207 Ill.2d at 173. Generally, a plaintiff's right to select a forum is substantial, unless the factors weigh strongly in favor of dismissal. Dawdy, 207 Ill.2d at 173; see also Guerine, 198 Ill.2d at 521 (acknowledging that "the battle over forum begins with plaintiff's choice already in the lead"). In practice, our courts have given less deference to the plaintiff's chosen forum where that forum is neither the plaintiff's residence, nor the location in which the cause of action arose. Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 18; see also Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 448; Dawdy, 207 Ill.2d at 173–74.
*7 ¶ 24 Throughout the proceedings, the burden remains on the party seeking dismissal to establish that the relevant factors strongly favor transfer. Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 20; see also Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 444 (quoting Griffith v. Mitsubishi Aircraft International, Inc., 136 Ill.2d 101, 108 (1990)). Each forum non conveniens case is unique and must be considered on its own facts. Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 21; see Moore v. Chicago & North Western Transportation Co., 99 Ill.2d 73, 83 (1985) ("all factors essential to the trial of a particular case must be balanced in determining whether to dismiss an action on forum non conveniens grounds.").
¶ 25 Broad discretion is vested in the trial court in determining whether particular facts and circumstances warrant dismissal of a case based upon forum non conveniens. Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 21; see also Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 441–42. The decision to grant or deny such a motion will be reversed on review only if it can be shown that, in deciding the motion, the trial court abused its discretion. Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 21; see also Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 441–42. "A circuit court abuses its discretion in balancing the relevant factors only where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the circuit court." Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 442; see also Vivas v. Boeing Co., 392 Ill.App.3d 644, 657 (2009) ("[t]he issue * * * is not what decision [the reviewing court] would have reached if [it] were reviewing the facts on a clean slate, but whether the trial court acted in a way that no reasonable person would").
¶ 26 With these principles in mind, we consider the relevant factors as they apply to the facts of this case.
¶ 27 A. Private Interest Factors
¶ 28 First, with respect to the private interest factors, we take into account the deference owed to the plaintiffs' chosen forum and the convenience of the parties. The plaintiffs contend that the circuit court failed to accord substantial deference to their choice of their home state as the forum for this litigation. In considering the plaintiffs' chosen forum, the trial court below acknowledged the level generally accorded a plaintiff's choice but then indicated that it was according less deference to the plaintiffs' choice in this case, because the plaintiffs' father Inam, on whose behalf they were bringing the wrongful action suit was not a resident of Cook County where the lawsuit was filed, but rather a resident of DuPage County. With respect to Shakir, the trial court also found that any deference to be accorded his chosen forum was at best "debatable," because Shakir was simultaneously attempting to litigate the lawsuit in Cook County, but defend it in Indiana. The trial court then held that regardless of the level of deference accorded to the plaintiffs' choice, that choice was outweighed by the remaining forum non conveniens factors, a totality of which, strongly favored transfer to Indiana. We find nothing illogical in this reasoning by the trial court.
*8 ¶ 29 As already noted above, a plaintiff's chosen forum is given "substantial deference" unless it is outweighed by the relevant factors favoring transfer. See e.g., Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 18; see also Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 448; Dawdy, 207 Ill.2d at 173–74. The plaintiff's chosen forum deserves "less deference" where the accident did not occur in the chosen forum and where the plaintiff is not a resident of the chosen forum. See e.g., Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 18; see also Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 448; Dawdy, 207 Ill.2d at 173–74; see also Smith v. Jewel Food Stores, Inc., 374 Ill.App.3d 31, 33–34 (2007) ("the Illinois Supreme Court has stated that where the plaintiff chooses a forum that was neither the site of the accident nor the county in which she resides, her choice 'is not entitled to the same weight' as the choice of the county of her residence or the accident site").
¶ 30 In the present case, the parties agree that the accident occurred outside of the plaintiffs' chosen forum—Cook County, Illinois. They disagree, however, as to whether the plaintiffs' choice of Cook County, as their place of residence was given the proper deference.
¶ 31 With respect to the negligence action raised by Shakir, the plaintiffs assert that because he is a resident of Cook County, his choice of Cook County as the proper forum should have been accorded substantial deference, rather than some or no deference at all. We, however, find nothing unreasonable in the trial court's conclusion that the deference to be accorded Shakir's choice of Cook County is "debatable," since he simultaneously attempted to litigate his negligence action in Cook County, and defend against Usman's and Zaman's wrongful death/survival action in Indiana. Since both actions arose from the same exact occurrence, involving the same exact parties and witnesses, Shakir cannot have it both ways and avail himself of the better forum, depending on which hat he is wearing, that of plaintiff or the defendant. See Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 19 ("Decent judicial administration cannot tolerate forum shopping as a persuasive or even legitimate reason for burdening communities with litigation that arose elsewhere and should, in all justice, be tried there. [Citation.] Indeed, '[a] concern animating our forum non conveniens jurisprudence is curtailing forum shopping by plaintiffs.' [Citation.]").
¶ 32 We next turn to Usman's and Zaman's choice of Cook County for filing their wrongful death/survival action. Usman and Zaman acknowledge that some Illinois cases have held that in a wrongful death action it is the decedent's residence at the time of death, rather than the residence of the estate's administrator or beneficiary that is relevant in determining the more convenient forum. See e.g., Bradbury v. St. Mary's Hospital of Kankakee, 273 Ill.App.3d 555 (1995) ("In a wrongful death action, it is the decedent's residence at the time of death that is of significance") (citing Moore, 99 Ill.2d at 78); but see Glass v. DOT Transp., Inc., 393 Ill.App.3d 829, 835 (2009). They also acknowledge that their father, Inam was a resident of DuPage, rather than Cook County. The plaintiffs, however, argue that for purposes of an interstate forum analysis, such as the one here, the residence (or the "home forum") of the deceased is the decedent's home state rather than his county. Accordingly they contend that their choice of any Illinois county should have been afforded "substantial deference."
*9 ¶ 33 Although we are inclined to agree with the plaintiffs that "[a] plaintiff's 'home forum' for purposes of an interstate forum non conveniens motion is the plaintiff's home state" (see Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 18 (quoting Kwasniewski v. Schaid, 153 Ill.2d 550, 553 (1992)), in the present case, we need not determine whether the trial court accorded the plaintiffs' choice proper deference, since, regardless of the level of deference afforded, as shall be more fully discussed below, the totality of the relevant public and private factors overwhelmingly favored transferring suit to Indiana.
¶ 34 With respect to the private interest factors, the relative ease of access to sources of testimonial, documentary and real evidence, overwhelmingly weighs in favor of transfer to Indiana. The multi-vehicle accident central to this litigation took place in Montgomery County, Indiana. Immediately after the accident, Inam and Shakir were airlifted to a hospital in Indianapolis where Inam succumbed to his injuries. As a result, aside from Shakir all of the occurrence witnesses identified by the plaintiffs reside in Indiana. All of the investigatory and emergency personnel and agencies that responded to the scene of the accident are located in Montgomery County, Indiana. All of Inam's post-accident medical care providers, are also located in Indiana. Although Shakir's post-accident treaters are located in Illinois, none of them are in Cook County. Accordingly, the trial court was well within its discretion when it noted that under these circumstances, aside from the damage witnesses scattered between Cook and DuPage Counties, "nearly all of the witnesses in this case are located in Indiana."
¶ 35 Turning to the relative ease of access to documentary evidence, we reiterate that because the accident occurred in Montgomery County, the overwhelming majority of relevant documentary evidence is likely to be discoverable in Indiana. Botello v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 348 Ill.App.3d 445, 456–57 (2004) (noting that while "[t]he record [wa]s devoid of facts relating to the location of sources of proof, such as police reports or medical reports," it nevertheless stood "to reason that the location of the sources of proof and the location of the witnesses is one and the same."). In the present case, there is no question that the police and investigatory reports written by the Indiana State Police troopers and emergency technicians on the scene are kept in their respective agencies in Montgomery County, or in their vicinities. As already noted above, all of the relevant agencies are located in Indiana, and include: the Montgomery Sheriff's Department (Montgomery County, Indiana); the Indiana State Police, Lafayette 14 (Montgomery County, Indiana); the Crawford, Indiana Fire and Rescue (Montgomery County, Indiana); the Crawford, Indiana EMS (Montgomery County, Indiana); and the Indiana Department of Transportation. Likewise, any documentation relative to the investigation of the crime scene completed by Ryder's investigators after the accident is likely to be located in those investigators' offices, identified by the defendants as being in Lafayette, Indiana (Tippecanoe County, Indiana).
*10 ¶ 36 The same is true for any medical records relevant to Inam's treatment at St. Vincent Hospital in Indianapolis (Marion County, Indiana). While we acknowledge that Shakir's and Inam's pre-accident medical records, and Shakir's post-accident medical records are probably discoverable with their providers, we note that the record reveals that none of those providers are in Cook County. Accordingly, we see no abuse of discretion in the trial court's determination that the ease of access to documentary proof favored transfer of the actions to Indiana.
¶ 37 Since the overwhelming majority of witnesses are in Indiana, the availability of the compulsory process to secure the attendance of unwilling witnesses factor, also favors dismissal. While we agree with the plaintiffs that a court cannot speculate as to witnesses' unwillingness to testify at trial, this is true only "where the witnesses have not yet been identified." Koss Corp. v. Sachdeva, 2012 IL Ap (1 st) 120378, at ¶ 107 (citing Cradle Society v. Adopt America Network, 389 Ill.App.3d 73, 76 (2009)). In the present case, the parties have identified at least 14 occurrence witnesses relevant to the cause at bar, all of whom are located in Indiana, including: (1) the defendant, Morris; (2) the defendant, Bergman; (3) Ryder's investigator, Hawn; (4) Ryder's investigator, Burt; (5) Wes Stockdale; (6) Lasata; (7) Lewis; (8) Fuller, (9) Peterson; (10) Trooper Millberg; (11) Trooper Fullenwider; (12) Probationary Trooper Nelson Davis; (13) Sergeant Ziegler; and (14) Sergeant Cody. Illinois courts would have no subpoena power over any of these 14 witnesses residing in Indiana. Accordingly, the defendants would be thwarted in securing their presence if they were unwilling to testify. While it is true that Indiana courts similarly would have no subpoena power over any unwilling Illinois witnesses, the plaintiffs have identified no witnesses who are unlikely to subject themselves to Indiana jurisdiction. The plaintiffs' named damages witnesses are either the plaintiffs themselves (Usman and Zaman), or the remaining beneficiaries of Inam's estate (his wife Yasmeen, and minor children, Nida and Affan). As such, they are likely to volunteer or be compelled as parties (or parties in interest) to testify in Indiana. Similarly, the plaintiffs identify only one witness relevant to Inam's earning potential, his employer Shakir. Since Shakir as the defendant in this cause of action seeks transfer to Indiana, or alternatively as the plaintiff seeks a judgment in his favor, he is similarly unlikely to refuse to subject himself to the jurisdiction of any court, including one in Indiana.
¶ 38 In addition to the increased convenience of conducting the trial close to where the majority of the witnesses and documents are located, both Shakir's and Inam's injuries occurred on the highway in Montgomery County, Indiana. As such, it is undeniable that if the trier of fact determined that it should view the sight of the accident, such a viewing would be more conveniently and expeditiously accomplished if this action were tried in Montgomery County, Indiana. See Botello, 348 Ill.App.3d at 457 ("The possibility of having a jury view the accident scene is an important consideration in ruling on a forum non conveniens motion"); Dawdy, 207 Ill.2d at 178–79 ("This convenience factor is not concerned with the necessity of viewing the site of the injury, but rather is concerned with the possibility of viewing the site, if appropriate. [Citation.] * * * Further, the necessity or propriety of viewing the scene is a decision left within the discretion of the trial court. [Citations.]" (emphasis in original.))
*11 ¶ 39 Lastly, we consider the "practical problems that make trial of a case easy, expeditious, and inexpensive," (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 433. The plaintiffs argue that the circuit court improperly gave no consideration to the location of the five law firms chosen by the parties to represent them in this litigation. While we acknowledge that all of those law firms are located in Cook County, we note that our supreme court has repeatedly held that this particular factor should be accorded very little weight in forum non conveniens analysis. See e.g., Dawdy, 207 Ill.2d at 179 ("While a court may consider this factor, 'little weight should be accorded it.' ") (quoting Boner v. Peabody Coal Co., 142 Ill.2d 523, 534 (1991)); see also Erwin v. Motorola, 408 Ill.App.3d 261, 288 (2011) ("little weight should be accorded this factor.")
¶ 40 Accordingly, on the whole we conclude that the private interest factors strongly favor the convenience of Montgomery County, Indiana, over Cook County, Illinois.FN7
FN7. We note that in considering the private interest factors, in its written order the trial court did not analyze to convenience of the parties. The plaintiffs make no argument as to this factor, and our review of the record reveals that it would not have favored either Cook County or Montgomery County as the more convenient forum. In that respect we note that, while all three plaintiffs, Usman, Zaman and Shakir reside in Cook County, all of the defendants aside from Ryder (with a principal place of business in Miami, Florida, but offices all over the country) reside in Indiana.
¶ 41 B. Public Interest Factors
¶ 42 We next turn to the public interest factors: (1) the interest in deciding controversies locally; (2) the unfairness of imposing trial expense and the burden of jury duty on residents of a forum that has little connection to the litigation; and (3) the relative docket congestion of the two suggested forums. Fennel, 2012 IL 113812 at ¶ 16; see also Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 443. With respect to the first two factors, the plaintiffs contend that the trial court abused its discretion when it found that Montgomery County, Indiana, would have a "much more significant" interest in deciding this controversy. They argue that Illinois has as much of a stake in this litigation as Indiana because the litigation involves its own residents. We disagree.
¶ 43 Our courts have repeatedly held that "[t]here is a local interest in having localized controversies decided at home." ( McClain v. Illinois Central Gulf, 121 Ill.2d 278, 289 (1988); see also Dawdy, 207 Ill.2d at 173; see also Washington v. Illinois Power Co., 144 Ill.2d 395, 399 (1991)). The rationale has been twofold. First, public interest requires that "causes which are without significant factual connections to particular forums be transferred to convenient forums to insure that those jurisdictions are not unfairly burdened with litigation in which they have no interest or connection." Botello, 348 Ill.App.3d 458; see also Espinosa v. Norfolk & Western Ry. Co., 86 Ill.2d 111, 121 (1981) ("Courts generally have a shared concern 'in protecting finite judicial resources' and the efficient functioning of their judicial systems, so that they are not impeded by nonresident litigation to the extent that their availability to local citizens is impaired or diminished."). What is more, "[t]here is an appropriateness * * * in having the trial of a diversity case in a forum that is at home with the state law that most govern the case, rather than having a court in some other forum untangle problems in conflict of laws, and in law foreign to itself." McClain, 121 Ill.2d at 289; see also Satkowiak v. Chesapeake & Ohio, 106 Ill.2d 224, 232 (1985) ("the State has an interest in applying its own law in its own courts. Illinois courts have a corresponding interest in not being burdened with applying foreign law 'unless there are strong policy reasons and unless Illinois has strong connections to the case.' ").
*12 ¶ 44 For these reasons, our courts have repeatedly held that the forum where the injury occurred generally has the strongest interest in the outcome of litigation. See e.g., Woodward v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 368 Ill.App.3d 827, 836 (2006); see also Botello, 348 Ill.App.3d at 459; Dawdy, 207 Ill.2d at 173; Guerine, 198 Ill.2d at 525; Washington, 144 Ill.2d at 403. In the present case, as already explained above, the multi-vehicle accident in which Inam and Shakir were injured occurred in Montgomery County, Indiana. What is more there is evidence in the record to suggest that accident was caused because defendant Morris was forced to stop his vehicle in the middle of the highway by Indiana emergency crews working to extinguish two grass fires in the area. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the circuit court's holding that Indiana has a "much more significant" interest in resolving this decidedly local controversy. See Dawdy, 207 Ill.2d at 173 (finding that the public interest factors favored litigation in the county where the accident occurred because "most significantly, the fact that the accident occurred in Macoupin County gives the action a local interest" (emphasis added.)); see also Guerine, 198 Ill.2d at 525 (noting that the county where the accident originated was the more convenient forum because the fact that the accident occurred in that county gave "the plaintiffs' negligence claim * * * a local flavor."); see also Washington, 144 Ill.2d at 403 (holding that the greatest interest in the litigation was in the county "where the accident occurred."); see also Botello, 348 Ill.App.3d at 459 (holding that the residents of DuPage County had a stronger connection to the cause of action because the plaintiff's injury occurred at railroad track located within their county; nothing that "[i]f those tracks are deemed unsafe, other DuPage County residents may be harmed. Thus, the interest of DuPage County in ensuring safety at local railroad tracks would strongly militate in favor of transferring this action to that county.").
¶ 45 The plaintiffs nevertheless argue that Cook County "might have an interest in this litigation" because one of the defendants, Stockdale, is an interstate trucker. They speculate that there is a high likelihood that an interstate trucker traveling the highways of Indiana, a state adjacent to Illinois, would also be traveling the highways of Illinois. Accordingly, they contend, the residents of Illinois, including Cook County, would "surely be interested in protecting those traveling their highways from such motorists."
¶ 46 We first note that this argument is waived since the plaintiffs never raised it before the circuit court. See Hatch v. Szymanski, 325 Ill.App.3d 736, 741 (2001) ("Issues not raised in the lower court are waived and may not be raised for the first time on appeal"). What is more, even if we were to consider this argument, and were at liberty to speculate as the plaintiffs do, we would nevertheless find that Indiana's interest in deciding whether the defendant Stockdale was negligent in the manner in which one of its contractors drove a truck on an Indiana highway far outweighs any hypothetical interest Illinois would have in protecting its residents against Stockdale's possible future presence on an Illinois highway.
*13 ¶ 47 Turning to the third public interest factor, i.e., the comparative congestion of the respective courts, the plaintiffs contend that the circuit court abused its discretion when it found that Cook County was more congested than Montgomery County. The plaintiffs do not contest that Cook County is congested, but rather point out that the trial court was without resources to determine that it was "more congested than Montgomery County" as it was without any comparable statistics from the Indiana courts. We disagree.
¶ 48 In analyzing this factor, the trial court had before it: (1) the annual reports of the Administrative Office of Illinois Courts dating between 2001 and 2010, which revealed that in 2010, there were 441 cases in Cook County in which jury verdicts over $50,000 were rendered, with a period of time from filing to verdict of 36.4 months, and (2) the population of Montgomery County, Indiana, which was about 38,000 in 2010. The trial court acknowledged that it was without "comparable statistics" from Montgomery County, but then held that "assuming that a small county in Indiana would have a less congested docket than Cook County, which is located in the third largest city in the country, this factor would favor the suggested forum." The court then went on to state that "this factor alone would not justify a dismissal under the doctrine of forum non conveniens unless the other factors, appropriately weighed, also strongly favor dismissal." We find nothing unreasonable in this qualified conclusion by the trial judge. See In re T. W., 313 Ill.App.3d 890, 895 (2000) (Geiger, J., dissenting) ("Just as we do not require jurors to leave their common sense and life experience at the door, we similarly do not require that a trial judge operate in a vacuum when functioning in a fact finding role.")
¶ 49 Lastly, we reject the plaintiffs' assertion that Glass, 393 Ill.App.3d 829 is dispositive because "each case must be decided based on a case-by-case consideration of conventicle and fairness." Cradle Society, 389 Ill.App.3d at 79 (citing Gridley, 217 Ill.2d at 168).
¶ 50 In conclusion, and after evaluating the record below, we find that the trial court carefully balanced all of the private and public interest factors relevant in a forum non conveniens analysis. We therefore hold that the trial court did not abuse its considerable discretion in granting the defendants' motions to dismiss the action in Cook County, Illinois, in favor of Montgomery County, Indiana. See Vivas, 392 Ill.App.3d at 657 ("[t]he issue * * * is not what decision [the reviewing court] would have reached if [it] were reviewing the facts on a clean slate, but whether the trial court acted in a way that no reasonable person would"); see also Jones, 93 Ill.2d at 378 (noting that although it was "conceivable that [on the facts of that case] a different result could have been reached," "the question [was] not whether a reviewing court would have weighed the factors differently or would have resolved the issue as did the trial court" but, rather, whether the trial court's decision constituted an abuse of discretion); see also Langenhorst, 219 Ill.2d at 433; Woodward, 368 Ill.App.3d at 837–38.
*14 ¶ 52 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶ 53 Affirmed.
Presiding Justice HOWSE and Justice EPSTEIN concurred in the judgment.
¶ 54 Justice EPSTEIN, specially concurring:
¶ 55 While I disagree with the majority that "the totality of the relevant public and private factors overwhelmingly favored transferring suit to Indiana" (¶ 33), I concur in the result because I cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in granting defendants' motion to transfer.
¶ 56 "The issue * * * is not what decision [the reviewing court] would have reached if [it] were reviewing the facts on a clean slate, but whether the trial court acted in a way that no reasonable person would." Vivas v. Boeing Co., 392 Ill.App.3d 644, 657 (2009).
¶ 57 The decision in this close case is determined by the deferential standard of review, abuse of discretion, mandated by a long line of precedents, including Fennel v. Illinois Central Railroad Company, 2012 IL 113812.


text:
How TUSOW refreshed an established Travel Agency with a new Website
TUSOW partnered up with Regal Travel to refresh its identity and improve the brand's online engagement.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
My Bodyguard (1980)
Directed by: Tony Bill
Starring: Adam Baldwin, Chris Makepeace, Matt Dillon, Paul Quandt
Revealing mistake: Linderman refuses Clifford's offer to be his personal bodyguard from Moody's gang, and leaves. As Clifford walks by the students practicing their violins, playing Mozart, their bow movements do not match the music.oprlvr33
Continuity mistake: When Clifford is running down the hallway from Moody and his gang, Moody closes in on him by almost 40 feet. In the following shot, outside the auditorium, Clifford is a greater distance from the gang, sighing relief at the apparent getaway. Unless he suddenly picked up speed rounding some hallway corner, the time distance is impossible.oprlvr33
Continuity mistake: When Clifford picks up his schedule on the first day, the lady tells Cliff where room 327 is. He then confronts a teacher in a brown polka dot shirt in the hall and asks her where 235 is. He then proceeds to enter home room 327.Eric Eaton
Ricky Linderman: He was only 9. I practically raised him since he was 2. Drive you crazy! Tell him to sit down, he'd stand up. Tell him do his homework, he'd read a comic book. Couldn't eat food without spitting it at you. A real shoplifter too. Go through a store, half of it'd wind up in his pocket. He was a good kid. A real handful, though. Poor little guy... poor little guy.
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Restrictions Lifted On Outdoor Burning In Northwestern Ontario
McGuinty Government Removes Restricted Fire Zone
At noon today, the Restricted Fire Zone across Northwestern Ontario was lifted. Campfires for cooking and warmth are now allowed in this area.
On Friday, April 23, the Restricted Fire Zone was ordered due to the extreme fire hazard and unusually dry spring conditions which resulted in increased forest fire activity. The restrictions are no longer required as the fire hazard has eased due to precipitation across region.
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Revenge dramas are long-standing elements of our shared cultural heritage. And probably because they are so satisfying to watch. After a day of dealing with idiots on the road, in the office, or on the train, a hurly-burly action-packed drama about a hero exacting revenge on evil-doers can be just what the doctor ordered. "John Wick: Chapter 2" is the first on my list of Favorite Revenge Movies to add to the queue.Read More
"3:10 to Yuma" and the New Western
The Western is still a relatively uncommon movie these days, but the ones that have come out are generally of a much higher quality than the stuff Hollywood cranked out almost by rote back in the 1950s. Which ones are at the top of the heap, you ask?Read More
Member Spotlight: Donald Evans
What is "Worst Saturday?" A group of friends gathering to watch movies that are so bad, they're good. And sometimes they're really hard to track down.... unless you have DVD Netflix.Read More
Member Spotlight: Nancy Fradette & Bernini
Nancy Fradette and her dogs, Bernini and Bella, love watching movies tonight. Lil' Bernini got a little too excited by hearing his name during Angels & Demons....Read More
"Mystic River" and Beyond: Five Gritty Boston Crime Dramas
A slew of outstanding and gritty crime films have been set in South Boston (and the rest of the city) in recent years. Here are five to add to your queue.Read More


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This Charity is near and dear to my heart because my mother passed due to lung cancer. Everyone I know has been touched by this disease in one way or another. By either having been diagnosed with Cancer or having a loved one challenged by the disease.
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The Art of the Remix
One of Larry Lessig's favourite concepts is that of the remix: taking pre-existing stuff and doing something new with it. Recently I came across one of the purest expressions of that remix idea in the shape of the Georg Baselitz exhibition at the Royal Academy.
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Work Department
Real estate
Henri d'Ursel heads the Brussels real estate team. Henri's expertise covers all aspects of real estate including, in particular, real estate acquisitions, reorganisations, developments and sale transactions. He focuses on significant market profile transactions and developments for leading market players, both in the domestic and international markets. Henri's work products cover all stages of the property life cycle. His client base includes large, international, real estate investment companies, funds and hospitality and leisure players as well as family investment trusts.
Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, Licence in Law 1996
Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, Degree in Philosophy 1996
Admitted as an avocate in Brussels 1997
Real estate and construction
Within: Leading individuals
Henri D'Ursel - Clifford Chance


text:
Used Audi A4 Avant 2015-present review
What is it like?
In this review
What's the used Audi A4 estate like?
Once upon a time the Audi A4 Avant and its rivals were labelled as 'lifestyle' estates, as they seemed to rank style and intent above down-to-earth practicality. Now, though, a few generations on, these cars have all grown in size, and now offer space and flexibility as well as retaining a heap of handsome styling.
The A4 Avant is based on the Audi A4 executive saloon, one of our very favourite cars, both new and used, and adds a larger and more practical boot. The boot space is rated at 505 litres, rising to 1510 litres when the standard 40/20/40 split rear seats are folded. The smaller boot volume figure eclipses both the BMW 3 Series Touring and Mercedes-Benz C-Class Estate, its main rivals, while the C-Class Estate is a match for the A4 Avant seats down.
Indeed the engine range of the A4 Avant even mirrors that of the saloon, meaning four-cylinder petrols are offered alongside four and six-cylinder diesels, with front and quattro all-wheel drive and six-speed manual and seven-speed S tronic dual-clutch automatic transmissions.
It's a sharp-looking car on the outside and is arguably even better inside, with a thoroughly modern design and exquisite, class-leading build quality. The driving position is good, and there's plenty of space for passengers front and rear. The dash looks classy, and the infotainment system is first-class.
You'll also find the A4 Avant is a comfortable car, too, with a smooth ride and eager handling. But its main selling feature is its refinement, which is particularly good even with the diesel-engined options.
Add a raft of good-quality safety and security kit and you've got a car that shines in this class and looks even more appealing for families on a budget when purchased used.
Page 1 of 5


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text:
Copper Market in a Deficit, But ETNs Need More Help
The global copper market is experiencing a supply deficit, which, in theory, should boost prices of the red industrial metal.…
The SPDR SP Metals and Mining ETF seeks to provide investment results that, before fees and expenses, correspond generally to the total return performance of the SP Metals and Mining Select Industry Index.
© 2019 Market data provided is at least 10-minutes delayed and hosted by Barchart Solutions.
Fundamental company data provided by Morningstar and Zacks Investment Research. Information is provided 'as-is' and solely for informational purposes, not for trading purposes or advice, and is delayed. To see all exchange delays and terms of use please see disclaimer.


text:
H.R.5475 - Health Equity and Accountability Act of 2016114th Congress (2015-2016)
BillHide Overview
|Rep. Kelly, Robin L. [D-IL-2] (Introduced 06/14/2016)
|House - Energy and Commerce; Ways and Means; Agriculture; Education and the Workforce; Budget; Judiciary; Veterans' Affairs; Armed Services; Natural Resources
|Latest Action:
|House - 09/19/2016 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions. (All Actions)
This bill has the status Introduced
Here are the steps for Status of Legislation:
- Introduced
Subject — Policy Area:
- Health
- View subjects
Related Bills: H.R.5475 — 114th Congress (2015-2016)All Information (Except Text)
A related bill may be a companion measure, an identical bill, a procedurally-related measure, or one with text similarities. Bill relationships are identified by the House, the Senate, or CRS, and refer only to same-congress measures.


text:
The inn offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. Wireless Internet access is complimentary.
This business-friendly inn also offers a terrace, a garden and room service (during limited hours). Complimentary self-parking is available on-site.
The White Buck is a smoke-free property.
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Free breakfast
- Terrace
- Bar/lounge
- Meeting rooms
- Luggage storage
- Restaurant
- Total number of rooms - 16
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Smoke-free property
- Garden


text:
After effect edit project
Budget $2-8 USD / time
Need After effect expert to edit our AE files..
Its ongoing jobs that we have some files for edit per weeks..
We provide all materials. All AE project are ready that we bought already and you need just change some text and modify it..
Tildelt til:
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text:
Open Auditions
When: Wednesday, September 4 and 11, 2019
Time: 7:30pm to 10:00pm
Where: Simcoe Street United Church, 66 Simcoe Street South, Oshawa (enter through the auditorium doors off of Bagot Street)
CTS is starting their 2019 Christmas Season rehearsals and welcomes new singers who would like to come out and see what we are about. We are a community choir who sing for the love of it. It is not required that you read music as many members learn and memorize our program by ear. In addition to weekly rehearsals scheduled from September - November, members are encouraged to attend monthly workshops which are held on Saturdays. For more information, please visit our Join Us page.
Phone | 905.259.5597
County Town Singers is a non-profit charitable
Our registration number is 3038024.


text:
CM to meet mines minister in July; hold meeting with workers
20 Jun 2019 06:09 PM
Chief Minister Pramod Sawant said that will meet various central ministers including the Finance Minister to get budget as per the requirement of State.
He said that he will meet the mines minister in July.
He was speaking during the BJPs meeting at party headquarters in Panaji. Chief Minister said that the meeting was a meeting with North Goa BJP workers.
Ironically there have been rumours of more Congress MLAs joining the BJP, fuelling speculations about the meetings. Watch.
What do you feelClick here


text:
LinuxMCE Forums
General => Users => Topic started by: matmbl on October 08, 2007, 12:14:14 pm
Shuttle SD11G5 & LinuxMCE to drive 1080p ?
Post by:
October 08, 2007, 12:14:14 pm
Hi All,
I'm new to LinuxMCE and I'm just about to start buying and building a PVR as I think the hardware (in terms of size, noise level and power) is just about there. I'm looking to get a Shuttle SD11G5 as the bare bones and put a 2.5" HDD in (as they're quiter), 2-4Gb dual channel RAM and a TV card (maybe the kworld DVB-T dual tuner). I understand the setup has linux drivers but I'd like to know if anyones got LinuxMCE working on it?
The shuttle spec can be found here: http://global.shuttle.com/product_detail.jsp?PI=81
The kworld spec can be found here: http://www.kworld.com.tw/product_overview.aspx?P_id=45
The only real downside I can see for MCE is the Video card (integrated) is Intel's Graphics Media Accelerator 900 VGA graphics engine. Will this work or should I be looking to build a Nvidia pci-e?
The MCE will be driving an LG 42LF66 (http://uk.lge.com/products/model/detail/lcdtv_47lf66.jhtml) in 1920x1080 (full 1080p) either through the PC-Sub connector or a DVI-D to HDMI converter (if I can find one). So I'm going to want to scale-up SD DVB-T and DVD content using software!
Simple Machines


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Oreopsittacus arfaki A. B. Meyer, 1874
Plum-faced or Whiskered lorikeet
Subspecies and distribution:
Oreopsittacus arfaki arfaki (A. B. Meyer, 1874) – NW New Guinea (mountains of Vogelkop Peninsula).
Oreopsittacus arfaki major (Ogilvie-Grant, 1914) – WC New Guinea (Snow Mountains).
Oreopsittacus arfaki grandis (Ogilvie-Grant, 1895) – EC, NE & SE New Guinea (Central Highlands to mountains of Huon Peninsula and Owen Stanley Range).
Not globally threatened. CITES II. Fairly common but difficult to observe.
The population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats.
Oreopsittacus arfaki arfaki
A unique detail is that they have 14 tail feathers. (All other parrots have only 12 tail feathers).
A line of white feathers from the lores to the outer part of the cheek.
Lores and cheeks mauve.
Abdomen is dull red, also the lower parts of the flanks.
Underwing coverts and the sides of the breast are brighter red.
A yellow band across the underside of the secondairies.
Tail above is green tipped with rose - red, the underside is rose red marked with dark gray transverse bands near the base.
The upperparts are green.
The beak is black, with a long curved upper mandible.
Iris is dark brown.
Legs and skin surrounding the eye are dark grey.
Sexual dimorphism:
Male: red crown and forehead.
Female: no red crown and forehead but green.
Oreopsittacus arfaki major
Differs from the nominate by it scarlet-tipped tail, (nominat is rose-red tipped).
almost dissapeared.
I have seen 2 mutations from this species, a faded mutation, not very special colored but got pale feet and darkreddish eyes, the black in the feathers was grey, but almost no other difference, the German breeder (G. Becker) even didn't believe me when I told him, he got at least 5 fadeds in his collection.
Another possible mutation is the pied, not sure it really was pied and reproduced but got some yellow feathers in the head.
Oreopsittacus arfaki grandis
Differs from the nominate by the entire green abdomen and lower flanks.


text:
Dana DeArmond
Years Active: 2005 -
Born: June 16th 1979 / Gemini
Birth Place: Fort Bragg, NC, US United States
Gender: Female
Ethnicity: Caucasian
Height: 5ft 8in
Breast Size: 32C
Typical Hair Color: Brunette
Eye Color: Brown
Tattoos: Unknown on lower abdomen
Piercings: Clit, one at the rear of pussy just before anus
Submit/Correct Star Bio
Dana DeArmond Porn Star Biography
Dana DeArmond-one of the few porn starlets who actually uses her real name as her stage name-has been performing her whole life, from being an ice skater as a child (she was a competitive skater and in the same club as Sunny Lane in Orlando, Florida) to dancing, to finally to becoming an adult film star. Performing is something she really enjoys. Specifically, before making her way into the industry, she worked as a street dancer at Disney World and Universal Studios. After turning eighteen, she started working at gentlemen's clubs in Orlando and dabbled in some nude modeling on the internet. Colorfully known as the "Internet's Girlfriend," because she made a huge name for herself on the popular social media site Myspace.com long before she began performing (with 300,000 followers, she claims she saw a piece on fucking machines on the internet and found herself immediately drawn to them. As Dana treated her fans as peers and friends, instead of merely customers, it seemed fitting to reach out to porn director Eon McKai through Myspace and eventually did her first scene for the film Neu Wave Hookers in 2006.
Since then, she has gained a reputation for being a prolific anal sex performer-especially known for her sharp wit and sense of humor. The popular brunette has worked for every major studio in the business like Girlfriends Films, Evil Angel, Zero Tolerance, Kink.com, and Adam & Eve. Dana has been featured in well over 500 different adult titles of various genres like lesbian, interracial, anal, double penetration, creampie, and squirting. DeArmond has had some very hot scenes on her resume, but her MMF, interracial threesome with Jon Jon and Julius Ceazher in 2012's Baristas was very special; and her lesbian romp with London Keyes in 2013's Belladonna: Fetish Fanatic 12 was also seen as a very strong performance. However, she is also known to be unconventional and reclusive, referred to by some as the "porn unicorn."
Getting to know the "Internet's Girlfriend"
Dana is recognized as one of the most internet savvy and perhaps the biggest social media presence of any porn star on the Web. Her personality, sense of humor, and openness has opened up many doors for her:
- She hosts a radio show called Dirty/Nerdy on Vivid Radio for Sirius XM and co-hosts a podcast on the Deathsquad Podcast Network called XXX Squad.
- She has directed two documentary porn movies in which she helps young people whom she meets on the Web break into the business, called Dana DeArmond Does the Internet and Dana DeArmond's Role Modeling.
- Due to her intimate knowledge of the adult film world and sexual relationships, Dana has also guest lectured on the adult industry for classes at University of California, Irvine, and University of California, Santa Barbara.
- In January 2014, DeArmond, Asa Akira, Chanel Preston, and Jessie Andrews were featured in a Cosmopolitan article titled "4 Porn Stars on How They Stay Fit."
Quirky Facts
DeArmond admits to having suffered from social anxiety, stating, "I made my life so I don't have to come into contact with lots of people except for once or twice a year when I sign." She dealt with her social anxiety by spending a lot of time on MySpace-which ended up revolutionizing the way that alt, fetish, Web models, and porn stars communicated through the Internet-and an "Indie Rock" chat room on AOL.
Porn Awards
- 2008 C.A.V.R. Award Siren of the Year
- 2009 Urban X Award Best Anal Sex Scene Rico The Destroyer
- 2010 Urban X Award Best Anal Sex Scene Juicy White Anal Booty 4
- 2012 AVN Best Girl/Girl Sex Scene Belladonna: Sexual Explorer
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Release Year: 2019
Date Added: 2019-10-19
Premium Title
Katie Morgan, a single mother, is visiting Reagan Foxx at Reagan's home. Eventually. . .
MILF Creampied Stepmoms 3
Release Year: 2019
Date Added: 2019-10-05
Premium Title
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Stars: Dana DeArmond, Fallon West, London River, Ryan Keely, Codey Steele , More...Studio: Third Degree
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Release Year: 2019
Date Added: 2019-10-01
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Date Added: 2019-09-13
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Avi Love has been talking online to Dana Dearmond. Avi swoons with young love as . . .
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Hot girls have hard passion for some lesbian fun! They lust for each other's pleasure . . .
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London Keyes, Dana DeArmond, Sarah Vandella, Mia Lelani, Lola Foxx, and more beautiful . . .
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Stars: AJ Applegate, Anna De Ville, Dana DeArmond, Haley Reed, Kacie Castle, More...Studio: Belladonna
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Stars: Dana DeArmond, Desiree Dulce , Jasmine Jae, Kenzie Taylor, Codey Steele , More...Studio: Zero Tolerance Entertainment
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Release Year: 2018
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text:
An incredibly detailed life-size bronze statue of Formula One (F1) legend Ayrton Senna was unveiled at the Autosport International Show at Birmingham's National Exhibition Centre (NEC) on Saturday, to mark 25 years since his passing.
British portrait artist and sculptor Paul Oz, who is behind the piece of work, said that he wanted to create the statue of Senna because he is «easily the biggest... Еще icon in F1, the F1 will ever have.»
The statue portrays Senna in the pose of driving through the Eau Rouge corner. According to Oz, the inspiration for this posture came from the idea «to try and impart the dynamic of Eau Rouge» in a static sculpture.
The Senna statue reportedly weighs in at 160 kilogrammes (352 pounds) of raw bronze. It took the sculptor and his team more than a year to complete the work.
Oz said that his team broke some boundaries when creating the statue. He explained that 400 images were knitted together to create a 3D model, which was then resurfaced in clay. Wax casts were created from the clay model, and the statue was finalised in a foundry.
Oz noted that he 3D modelled for the sculptured pose. «I am the same height, weight and shoe size as Ayrton Senna, maybe a few kilos heavier. So it's me who got to play dress-up and 3D modelled in.»