text:
The Appointment of Ali ibn Abu- Ta-lib (`a)
Author: Asad Wahid al-Qasim
We have already explained the proofs testifying to the Ima-mate of Ahl al-Bayt (`a) and the number of caliphs from among them as stated by the Prophet who indicated that they should be his successors in his nation. Following are proofs regarding the appointment by the Prophet of Ali ibn Abu- Ta-lib (`a). In addition to the above, there are unequivocal proofs testifying to the same, especially to the hadi-th of the two weighty things.
Among the most famous narratives regarding the caliphate of Ali (`a) is the one known as the sermon of al-Ghadi-r after the conclusion of the Farewell Pilgrimage (Hijjatul-Wada-`) in 11 A.H. (632 A.D.) It was there and then that the Prophet declared to the people stating, at its conclusion, as narrated by al-Tirmidhi who relies on the isna-d traced to Zaid ibn Arqam, the following: "To whosoever I have been the master, Ali henceforth is his master, etc."[25]
Ibn Majah has included in his Sahi-h a portion of this detailed sermon through isna-d traced to al-Bara-` ibn `A-zib who said, "We accompanied the Messenger of Alla-h during his pilgrimage. He alighted at a distance of the road and ordered congregational prayers to be held. Then he took the hand of Ali, peace be upon him, and said, `Do not I have more rights on the Muslims than the Muslims themselves have?` They answered in the affirmative. Then he said, `Do not I have right over every believer more than he himself has?` They answered in the affirmative. He then said, `This [Ali] is the master of whoever accepted me as his master. Lord! Be the friend of anyone who befriends him, and be the enemy of whoever antagonizes him.`"[26]
It exists in the Musnad of Ahmad ibn Hanbal who relies on the isna-d of also al-Bara-` ibn `A-zib. The latter says, "We were in the company of the Messenger of Alla-h on a trip. We stayed at Ghadi-r Khumm. We were called upon to perform congregational prayers. A couple of trees were swept under for the Messenger of Alla-h who performed the noon prayers then took the hand of Ali, peace be upon him, and said, `Do not you know that I have more rights on the believers than the believers themselves have?` They answered in the affirmative. He asked them, `Do not you know that I have more rights on every believer than the believer himself has?` They answered in the affirmative. He then took Ali, peace be upon him, by the hand and said, `To whomsoever I have been the master, Ali [henceforth] is his master. O Lord! Befriend whoever befriends him and be the enemy of whoever antagonizes him.` `Umar ibn al-Khatta-b met him thereafter and said to him, `Congratulations to you, O son of Abu- Ta-lib! You have received the dawn and the sunset as the master of every believing man and woman.`"[27] This hadi-th is famous as the "Ghadi-r hadi-th" on account of this incident taking place at an area known as "Ghadi-r Khumm" (Khumm swamp) which is located near Mecca. This is something the authenticity of which nobody can doubt especially since it has been narrated in many Sunni books of hadi-th, so much so that some scholars have stated as many as 80 venues for it only from the Sunnis.
It becomes clear from the previous traditions that the Messenger of Alla-h extracted the Muslims` admission of his mastership over them when he asked them, "Do not you know that I have more rights on the believers than the believers themselves have?… Do not you know that I have more rights on every believer than the believer himself has?" It is understood that anyone who enjoys the status of having more authority over the believers than the believers themselves have is the believers` leader as was, indeed, the Messenger of Alla-h : a leader. When he included Ali (`a) besides himself in such a description by saying, "To whomsoever I have been the master, Ali [henceforth] is his master," he practically bestowed upon Ali (`a) the leadership after his own demise.
Shi-`ahs celebrate this occasion every year on the 18th of Dhul-Hijjah which they call "Eid al-Ghadi-r." As for the Sunnis, they interpret this hadi-th differently, claiming it does not refer to any caliphate. They interpret the word "mawla" [which exists in the original Arabic text] as "loved one" or "friend," not "wali amr," person in charge. In their view, the meaning of this tradition is: "Anyone whose friend I am, this Ali is his friend, too"!!! The fact is that the word "mawla" has many meanings in Arabic. It is said that it has seventeen meanings including "one who is emancipated" or "servant," etc. The word "mawla" in this hadi-th is to be understood, besides what is stated above through many proofs, to connote leadership. Among such proofs are the following:
1. The verse saying, "O Messenger! Deliver what has been revealed to you from your Lord, and if you do not do it, then you will have not delivered His message (at all), and Alla-h will protect you from the (evil) people" (Qur`a-n, 5:67) which was revealed, as stated in many books of tafsi-r, shortly before the Ghadi-r sermon. It contains the sense that there is an order from Alla-h Almighty that has to be conveyed, and this order, as the wording of the verse suggests and from its very sharp tone, is of an extreme significance, point in the direction that what is meant is not mere friendship and support.
2. The verse saying "This Day have I perfected your religion for you, completed My favor upon you, and have chosen Islam for you as your religion" (Qur`a-n, 5:4) was revealed, according to many scholars of exegesis, after the Ghadi-r incident. It conveys the completion of conveying Muhammad`s message, something which could not have been completed without the appointment of Ali (`a) and Ahl al-Bayt (`a) in general as the masters. It is far-fetched to say that the conveying became complete when the Messenger of Alla-h was told about his friendship with and love for Ali (`a)!
3. The circumstances during which the Prophet delivered the Ghadi-r sermon, in a burning desert, after having ordered the Muslims, who were said to have numbered more than ninety thousand, to assemble in order to extract from them an admission that Alla-h and His Messenger were their masters before ordering them to accept the mastership of Ali (`a) proves that the matter was not relevant to merely loving and befriending Ali (`a).
4. The previous aha-di-th, especially the one about the Two Weighty Things, in addition to the following ones, point as a whole to the caliphate of Ali (`a) without permitting any room for doubt.
Additional Proofs for Ali`s Caliphate
In al-Tirmidhi`s Sahi-h, relying on the isna-d of `Imra-n ibn Hasi-n, the latter says, "The Messenger of Alla-h dispatched an army under the command of Ali ibn Abu- Ta-lib (`a). The campaign was carried out, and Ali (`a) won a female captive as his share of the booty. Some people faulted him for doing so. Four of the companions of the Messenger of Alla-h pledged to complain against him to the Prophet . With signs of anger on his holy face clearly visible, the Messenger of Alla-h said to them, "What do you want from Ali? Ali is from me, and I am from Ali, and he is the master of every believer after me."[28] And consider the following verse of the Almighty: "Your Master is Alla-h and His Messenger and the Believers who uphold prayers and pay zakat even while prostrating (Qur`a-n, 5:58)." Most Sunni scholars of exegesis have stated that it was revealed in honor of Ali (`a) when he gave his ring by way of charity, as he was prostrating during his performance of the prayers, to a poor man. In al-Bukha-ri`s Sahi-h, Mis`ab ibn Sa`d quotes his father saying, "The Messenger of Alla-h marched out to Tabuk after having left Ali (`a) behind. Ali (`a) said to him, `Are you going to leave me with the children and the women?` He said to him, `Are you not pleased that your status to me is like that of Aaron to Moses except there shall be no prophet after me?`"[29] This tradition proves that Ali (`a) had all the positions occupied by Aaron, peace be upon him, among the Children of Israel with the exception of prophethood and which is explained by the Almighty, Praise and Exaltation are His, in these verses: "`And give me a minister from my family, Aaron, my brother. Add to my strength through him, and make him share my task: So that we may celebrate Your praise without stint and remember You without stint: For You are He Who (ever) regards us.` (Alla-h) said, `Your prayer is granted, O Moses!`" It is clear from these verses that Aaron, peace be upon him was a vizier of Moses, a special aide and a partner in leading the nation.
What emphasizes this lofty status in his appointment as the caliph of the nation is that he was the most knowledgeable among all the saha-bah according to what al-Bukha-ri narrates from `Umar ibn al-Khatta-b . Ibn `Abba-s has said, "`Umar said, `The one who recites the Qur`a-n the best is my father, while the most judicious among us is Ali."[30] One who is the most knowledgeable of the injunctions and the laws, as is well known, is the one who makes the best judge. Suffices to prove that he is the most knowledgeable among all the companions and the most wise is that he was the gate of the city of knowledge of the Messenger of Alla-h . In Mustadrak al-Sahi-hayn, relying on the isna-d of Ibn `Abba-s, the Messenger of Alla-h said, "I am the city of knowledge and Ali (`a) is its gate. Whoever seek knowledge has to approach through the gate."[31] In al-Tirmidhi`s Sahi-h, the Messenger of Alla-h is quoted as having said, "I am the city of wisdom and Ali is its gate."[32] In Mustadrak al-Sahi-hayn, it is stated that the Messenger of Alla-h said to Ali (`a), "You must explain to my nation after me anything wherein they differ."[33] The Messenger of Alla-h even made the mark of hating Ali (`a) as one of the indications of hypocrisy as is clear from the narrative included by Muslim in his Sahi-h with its isna-d to Ali (`a) who said, "By the One Who split the seed and created the breeze, it is a covenant from the Ummi Prophet to me that none loves me except a believer (mu`min) and none hates me except a hypocrite."[34]
Even if the Prophet did not appoint a successor after him, is not the nation supposed to choose the one who has the most knowledge and with the most distinctions in order to be its leader? We have already clarified that Ali (`a) was the most knowledgeable among the companions. They used to refer to him whenever they confronted a complex theological problem. Similar to this is included by Abu- Dawud in his isna-d to Ibn `Abba-s who said, "`Umar brought a mentally retarded woman who had committed adultery. He consulted some people in her regard. `Umar ordered her stoned. Ali ibn Abu- Ta-lib (`a) passed by her and inquired about her. He was told that she was a mad woman by so-and-so who had committed adultery, so she was ordered to be stoned. He told them to take her back. Then he went to him [to `Umar] and said to him, `O `Umar! Don`t you know that judgment against three categories of people is lifted: the mad person till he recovers, the one sleeping till he wakes up and the child till he attains mental maturity?` He said, `Yes.` Ali (`a) said, `Then what is the matter with this woman that she should be stoned?` `Umar said, `Nothing.` She was sent back. `Umar kept making takbeer."[35] Al-Bukha-ri, too, includes part of the same incident in his own Sahi-h.[36]
Moreover, Ima-m Ali (`a) was famous as the "Ima-m of the ascetics" and he was also famous for his courage and extra-ordinary daring feats. He was the first commando in Islam. In every Islamic battle, he played a decisive role on the side of the Messenger of Alla-h . In the Battle of Badr, he killed with his sword, Sayf al-Fiqa-r, thirty Qurayshite heroes. In the battles of Uhud and Hunayn, he undertook a historic stand, jeopardizing his own life in defense of the Messenger of Alla-h following the flight of the vast majority of the saha-bah! In the Battle of Khandaq (moat), he stood to duel the giant of the polytheists, namely `Amr ibn Wudd al-`A-miri whom he killed at the time when none of the other saha-bah dared to face him although the Messenger of Alla-h had three times called upon them to do so. He finally permitted Ali (`a) to face the man although Ali (`a) was quite young compared to most saha-bah. In the battle for Khaybar, Alla-h granted victory at his hands, so he was able to open the gate of the fort after the Muslims at the time could not do so. A large number of the saha-bah failed collectively to open it.
Ima-m Ali (`a) distinguished himself from the other saha-bah by the fact that the time of ja-hiliyya did not pollute him with its idols. He received his unique upbringing at the hands of the First Teacher of Humanity, Muhammad , from whom he did not part for one moment as long as the Prophet lived. When the Prophet passed away, Ali (`a) was tending to him. He, therefore, remained all his life receiving knowledge and wisdom from the Messenger of Alla-h . Hence, he deserved to be the gate of the city of knowledge of the Prophet , of his wisdom, and his brother. Al-Bukha-ri narrates in his Sahi-h, relying on the isna-d of Abdulla-h ibn `Umar saying, "The Prophet established ties of fraternity among his companions. Ali (`a) came with tearful eyes and said, `O Messenger of Alla-h! You have established ties of fraternity among your companions but did not establish a tie of fraternity between me and anyone else.` The Messenger of Alla-h said, `You are MY brother in the life of this world and in the Hereafter.`"[37] The Prophet even considered Ali (`a) as being of him as al-Bukha-ri has narrated: "The Prophet said to Ali (`a), `You are of me, and I am of you.`"[38]
Ali (`a) distinguished himself from the rest of the saha-bah by acquiring the most merits as we are told by al-Ha-kim in his Mustadrak where he quotes Ahmad ibn Hanbal saying, "None among the companions of the Messenger of Alla-h acquired as many virtues as Ali son of Abu- Talib (`a)."[39] And in Kanz al-`Umma-l, the Messenger of Alla-h is quoted as having said, "Alla-h ordered me to marry Fa-timah (`a) off to Ali."[40] This happened after having rejected the offer of marriage from a number of the saha-bah who sought her hand in order to earn the great honor of marrying a lady who was "part" of the Messenger of Alla-h , the Head of the Believing Women and of the residents of Paradise, the lady because of whose anger Alla-h would be angry. It is quite true what one said: "Had Ali (`a) not been created, Fa-timah (`a) would have had no match for marriage."[41]
Having stated all the above, had the selection of the caliph been truly in the hands of the people, Ali (`a) was the most distinguished among the saha-bah, hence he was the most deserving of the caliphate.
[25]Al-Tirmidhi, Sahi-h, Vol. 2, p. 298.
[26]Ibn Ma-jah, Sunan, Vol. 1, p. 43, in a chapter about the distinction of Ali ibn Abu- Ta-lib (`a) (published by Da-r Ihya-` al-Tura-th al-`Arabi).
[27]Ahmad, Musnad, Vol. 4, p. 281.
[28]Al-Tirmidhi, Sahi-h, Vol. 2, p. 297.
[29]Al-Bukha-ri, Sahi-h, Vol. 5, p. 492, the book of military campaigns.
[30]Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 10, in the book of exegesis.
[31]Mustadrak al-Sahi-hayn, Vol. 3, p. 126.
[32]Al-Tirmidhi, Sahi-h, Vol. 2, p. 299.
[33]Mustadrak al-Sahi-hayn, Vol. 3, p. 122.
[34]Muslim, Sahi-h, in the book of ima-n, in a chapter about loving Ali (`a), Alla-h glorified his countenance, one of the dignitaries, Vol. 1, p. 262 (Da-r al-Sha`ab edition).
[35]Ibn Dawu-d, Sunan, in a chapter about a mad person stealing or being penalized according to the Shari-`a.
[36]Al-Bukha-ri, Sahi-h, the book of warriors, in a chapter about a mad man or woman should not be stoned.
[37]Al-Tirmidhi, Sahi-h, Vol. 2, p. 299.
[38]Al-Bukha-ri, Sahi-h, Vol. 5, p. 43, in the book of the virtues of the saha-bah.
[39]Mustadrak al-Sahi-hayn, Vol. 3, p. 107.
[40]Kanz al-`Umma-l, Vol. 13, hadi-th 37753. Dhakha-`ir al-`Uqba.
[41]Al-Mana-wi, Kunooz al-Haqa-`iq. It is also recorded by al-Daylami.
Source: alhassanain.com


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Special Report
Next Generation Wiring Harnesses, Panels and Electromechanical Assembly Solutions
Kembrey's Focussed Evolution High Volatility in a Globalised Market The Critical Importance of High Quality Harnessing High Quality Harnessing is Vital Harnessing a Secure Future?
Sponsored by
Published by Global Business Media
Next Generation Wiring Harnesses, Panels and Electromechanical Assembly Solutions
Contents Foreword
Kembrey's Focussed Evolution High Volatility in a Globalised Market The Critical Importance of High Quality Harnessing High Quality Harnessing is Vital Harnessing a Secure Future?
Mary Dub, Editor
Kembrey's Focussed Evolution
Robert Wellman
Changes for the Better New Backing Brings Acquisition Opportunities Sponsored by
Impressive Client List Published by Global Business Media
Published by Global Business Media Global Business Media Limited 62 The Street Ashtead Surrey KT21 1AT United Kingdom Switchboard: +44 (0)1737 850 939 Fax: +44 (0)1737 851 952 Email: email@example.com Website: www.globalbusinessmedia.org Publisher Kevin Bell Business Development Director Marie-Anne Brooks
Vision for the Future
High Volatility in a Globalised Market Why the Need for Ever Greater Specification and Quality? Why Were Aircraft Wiring Harnesses so Closely Scrutinised? Retrieved Parts of the Plane Told a Story
The Critical Importance of High Quality Harnessing What did Raytheon's Report on the Wiring Reveal? A Key Warning to Wire Harness Manufacturers
Senior Project Manager Steve Banks
Raytheon's Conclusions
Production Manager Paul Davies For further information visit: www.globalbusinessmedia.org The opinions and views expressed in the editorial content in this publication are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily represent the views of any organisation with which they may be associated. Material in advertisements and promotional features may be considered to represent the views of the advertisers and promoters. The views and opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily express the views of the Publishers or the Editor. While every care has been taken in the preparation of this publication, neither the Publishers nor the Editor are responsible for such opinions and views or for any inaccuracies in the articles.
© 2013. The entire contents of this publication are protected by copyright. Full details are available from the Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
Mary Dub, Editor
Editor Mary Dub
Advertising Executives Michael McCarthy Abigail Coombes
Don McBarnet, Staff Writer
Types of Testing for the Wires on TWA 800 Not Just TWA800
High Quality Harnessing is Vital
Don McBarnet, Staff Writer
What Does This Mean? DIT-MCO More Causes for Concern and Emphasis on the Need for Excellent Wiring Harnesses: UA 811(1989) The Lessons from Swissair 111 (1998)
Harnessing a Secure Future?
Mary Dub, Editor
A Flexi Future? High Density Interconnect PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards) The Increased Manufacturing Costs of New HDI Technology Other Uses of New Laser Technologies
References 14
www.defenceindustryreports.com | 1
Foreword W
iring harnesses and electromechanical
The second item in this report looks at the results of
assembly is a vital and important part of civil
the Air Accident Investigation reports into three key
and defence aerospace, as well as the automotive
air accidents where there is probable evidence that
and marine markets. And, as the evidence provided
different types of wiring problems caused serious
in this Special Report demonstrates, the failure to
loss of life. The third piece describes the detail of
provide high standards in this area has had fatal
the evidence offered by the investigator's report and
consequences. As a result, there has been a strong
highlights how poor practice and degradation of
and steady demand for wiring harness solutions
insulation can prove so highly problematic.
that can offer the highest quality sourcing and
In the fourth article, the critical role of high
assembly techniques combined with rigorous high
technology testing of harnesses is the focus.
technology testing to offer products that meet the
Only the best suppliers can provide the latest
highest international standards demanded by the
techniques in high technology testing that are critical
American Federal Aviation Association.
to ensuring the tightest standards for harnessing.
The Report opens with an article that looks at
Looking to the future is inevitably a high-risk
Kembrey Wiring Systems and the decisions that
venture, but the role of new flexi films and lighter,
have been taken by that company in the last twelve
smaller devices is going to be centre stage. For
months to restructure its business. This has involved
suppliers, they offer a high cost, high-risk path
the introduction of new personnel and revised
forward that may lead the way to meet the demands
supply chain arrangements, as well as attracting
of tomorrow's consumer.
new investment into the business. As supply chains are reduced by prime contractors, Kembrey is looking to act more strategically and work closely with engineering and design teams. The aim of these changes is to create a solid foundation for the company's future.
Mary Dub Editor
Mary Dub has covered the defence field in the United States and the UK as a television broadcaster, journalist and conference manager.
2 | www.defenceindustryreports.com
Kembrey's Focussed Evolution Robert Wellman
Kembrey is capable of delivering small scale through to full aircraft solutions.
Swindon based Kembrey Wiring Systems Ltd (Kembrey) has been supplying cable harnessing solutions for over 60 years to a wide range of markets and clients. This experience has allowed Kembrey to establish a trusted pedigree in the aerospace and defence market. However, it has been the important and tough decisions that have been taken over the last 12 months that will define the future of the business.
Changes for the Better John Gimson, one of Kembrey's shareholders and Managing Director, commented "2012 was certainly an interesting and challenging year". It quickly become apparent when meeting John that he has the passion and commitment to turn Kembrey into a company that is adaptable, agile and ready for future client requirements. In July 2012, Kembrey commenced a major restructuring and transformation process and John is open in recognising "it was a difficult process for all those affected and involved, from our employees, suppliers and clients, but it was necessary to confront reality and restructure the business in order to bring stability". Kembrey is not the only business in the aerospace and defence market that has undergone such a change process and
with the current economic climate it will not be the last company to do so. With the business secure, John is clear that Kembrey now needs to focus on the future: "bringing about change and the associated level of disruption we caused to our clients and supply chain means we need to re-build confidence and re-gain trust, which can only be done as we return to high levels of delivery performance". It is important for all those involved to "put the past behind us and look forward to an exciting future, especially as Kembrey is open and capable of doing business at all levels" said John. There is no doubt that Kembrey is a stronger company and a better proposition to do business with post-restructure. The introduction of new personnel in key posts, revised supply chain arrangements, investment in R&D, new business processes and continuous improvement initiatives mean that Kembrey is well equipped to move to meet future requirements. In support of this, Kembrey has invested in a new and appropriately sized facility in Swindon in order to bring its production environment and processes up to date and secured the AS 9100 Rev C accreditation in September 2012. Kembrey recently attended an event hosted by a major www.defenceindustryreports.com | 3
The introduction of new personnel in key posts, revised supply chain arrangements, investment in R&D, new business processes and continuous improvement initiatives mean that Kembrey is well equipped to move to meet future requirements.
aerospace prime contractor and it is quite clear that there are significant long term opportunities in the sector. But at the same time, companies like Kembrey need to stand up and demonstrate that they can support their global requirements in a changing environment.
New Backing Brings Acquisition Opportunities Whilst looking to the future is always easy, John is also very focussed on delivering today's contractual requirements. "We have clients who utilise Kembrey's knowledge and skill right now and our products are being delivered onto platforms across the globe today". In order to support existing contracts and develop future clients and business, Kembrey has attracted new investment from Champlain Cable Corporation, an AIAC company from the USA, which allows vertical integration of products and potential integration of group companies' products into the Kembrey portfolio. Importantly, Kembrey now has the backing of a $1 billion organisation behind it so therefore is well placed to meet existing and future requirements. With this backing, Kembrey will also be looking to consolidate its position but while also seeking further synergistic acquisition opportunities.
Impressive Client List Kembrey has an impressive client list and is delivering, or has delivered in the past, to a wide range of platforms including Boeing 787, G150, Dash-8, Nimrod, Tornado, Harrier, Challenger, Terrier, Bowman, C130 and C27. Today, Kembrey has a number of unique capabilities that allow the company to meet a wide range of harnessing and panel requirements. The business has a full suite of automatic test machines, a laser marker and nine braiding machines for different materials including steel, PEEK and PTFE. Speaking with Adrian Woodridge, Kembrey's Quality Manager, it is clear that "Kembrey have traditionally succeeded with harnessing and panel builds that are complex and require a significant amount of technical build knowhow, such as sealed and ruggedised systems, complex processes, along with building large full aircraft looms". Adrian was quick to point out that Kembrey have "the capabilities to build a range of looms from small length one-offs to full aircraft sets". Kembrey have also recently secured a new contract with a major US aerospace company to provide a number of components on a worldwide, exclusive basis. The component supply business interests Kembrey as it allows its clients to benefit from improved material pricing across all of its programmes. Additionally, it allows Kembrey to be more strategic and supply a wider number of platforms, locations and applications.
4 | www.defenceindustryreports.com
Vision for the Future Asking John about what the future holds, it is clear to see that Kembrey is a totally different business. There has been an emphasis on cost reduction, investment in systems, facilities and processes. Kembrey's vision is to be a leading international provider of electrical interconnect solutions to the global aerospace, defence and security sectors. John states that "Kembrey is in a global market with global competitors. The push towards low cost sources of manufacture is always present but given that nearly 60% to 70% of a harness cost is a result of brought in materials, it is key that we improve supply chain interaction and relationship management. Supply chain performance management is also important and is at the heart of Kembrey's new supply chain strategy". John is quick to praise his employees at Kembrey, "Our employees are terrific and in 2013 we will continue to focus on improving our engagement with our employees and improving skill levels through on-the-job training and further qualifications. Equally, our significant investment in our new facility will provide a greatly enhanced working environment. Not only are our employees impressed by the new facility, but clients also who have visited our facility have commented on the improvements. We cannot meet our vision without the support of our employees". John feels that "We need to differentiate our business from our competitors through high quality service, agility, on time delivery, entrepreneurial spirit, high quality and robust partnership behaviours". Indeed, as supply chains are reduced by prime contractors, Kembrey is looking to act more strategically and work closely with the engineering and design teams. Some of the work Kembrey has done with supporting prototypes and engineering development "has brought real tangible benefits to our clients and Kembrey, especially forging closer relationships at a working level". With the continued pressure on budgets, John believes that "upgrades and enhancements to capabilities will continue and this is an extremely exciting area, especially where a client is willing to modify drawings and insert the latest material choices – that's our value add". Kembrey are quite clearly independent from material suppliers and John stressed that "Kembrey can offer an impartial view" when selecting and specifying specific materials on drawings. "It is important that primes and design teams do not specify specific manufacturers on their drawings as this reduces competition, innovation and may lead to higher costs". Kembrey can add more value than just purely
All employees undertake a rigorous training programme throughout the year. Building upon those skills is essential for Kembrey to meet their vision.
traditional build to print but is clear that "we want to work in tandem with our clients, meeting and exceeding their needs and requirements". In the future, there are several new and different technologies Kembrey is pursuing, but given the competitive nature of the market, John prefers to discuss these developments directly with Kembrey's clients. Along with Kembrey's fibre optic experience, one technology John did discuss was flexiPCBs, "this is an area which the company has been investigating for some time and we have formally kicked off an internal programme to accelerate our position. We are looking to develop formal relationships with suppliers and potential clients for this application". Fibre Optics and flexiPCBs have a number of advantages but speaking with John, it's clear that the traditional harnessing requirements will remain into the foreseeable future.
Kembrey's vision is to be a leading international provider of electrical interconnect solutions to the global aerospace, defence and security sectors.
Should you have any requirements or areas where you feel that you could work with Kembrey, please contact: Kembrey Wiring Systems Ltd Unit 7 & 8, Westerngate, Langley Road, Hillmead Enterprise Park, Swindon, Wiltshire, SN5 5WN Tel: 01793 881 115 Email: email@example.com Web: www.kembrey.co.uk www.defenceindustryreports.com | 5
High Volatility in a Globalised Market Don McBarnet, Staff Writer
Wire harnessing for the civil and military aerospace industry has been subject to a very high level of regulation, enquiry and control after a series of serious air accidents with high loss of life.
he market for wiring harnesses is highly segmented and subject to vigorous global competition from China and India. Demand for wire harnesses follows the cycles of demand in the individual sectors: civil or defence aerospace, automotive, marine, energy or rail transportation. For example, according to one market analyst Research in China1, the automotive wiring harness market touched bottom in 2009. The automotive industry suffered a downturn from August 2008 to July 2009, and started to recover at the end of 2009. The global automotive wiring harness market size reached USD21.9 billion in 2009, and increased by 32.2% to USD29 billion in 2010. The top four producers2 in China were Yazaki, Sumitomo Electric, Delphi and Leoni. In subsequent years, the market has picked up: TechNavio's analysts forecast the Global Automotive Wiring Harness market to grow at a CAGR3 of 6.8 percent in terms of revenue over the period 2011-2015. One of the key factors for this growth is the increasing demand for electric vehicles. The Global Automotive Wiring Harness market has also been witnessing the increasing demand for hybrid vehicles during the forecast period. However, the increasing financial constraints are acting as a barrier to market growth4. Other markets have also been negatively affected and subject to rapid technological change as the demand builds for smaller, lighter and cheaper products to ever-higher levels of technical excellence. Moore's Law is applying its ruthless effect making products ever smaller and lighter within the much-quoted 18-month lifespan.
Why the Need for Ever Greater Specification and Quality? Wire harnessing for the civil and military aerospace industry has been subject to a very high level of regulation, enquiry and control after a series of serious air accidents with high loss of life. What happened and why
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was wire harnessing implicated and therefore under such high levels of scrutiny? There were three important and rigorously investigated American air crashes: the TWA 800 crash of 1996, where a Boeing 747-131, exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean on July 17, minutes after take off from John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing all 230 people on board. The second incident was UA 811, which experienced a cargo door failure in flight on Friday, February 24, 1989, after its stopover at Honolulu International Airport, Hawaii on the way to Australia. This resulted in the death of 9 passengers. The aircraft was a Boeing 747 12. The third accident was Swissair Flight 111 in 1998. This was a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 on a scheduled airline flight from John F. Kennedy Airport in New York to Geneva, Switzerland. All 229 people on board died, the highest death toll of any aviation accident involving a McDonnell Douglas MD-11. The Swissair crash was generally believed to have been caused by faulty wiring in the cockpit, after the recently installed entertainment system in the plane started to overheat. In each one of these fatal crashes the American FAA or Canadian air accident investigators came to the conclusion that there was a very high probability that faulty wiring systems were contributory to the loss of life.
Why Were Aircraft Wiring Harnesses so Closely Scrutinised? There was a four-year National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation set up with the approval of the Aircraft Accident Report on August 23, 2000, ending the most extensive, complex, and costly air disaster investigation in United States history into TWA 800. The report's conclusion was that the probable cause of the accident was an explosion of flammable fuel/air vapours in a fuel tank, and the most likely cause of the explosion was a short circuit. The evidence that was revealed in the process
did not have a written policy concerning the use of protective covers over or around wire bundles when performing metal work near the wire bundles; instead, maintenance personnel were expected to determine whether a protective covering was necessary and whether the wire bundle needed to be moved to accomplish a maintenance task. The maintenance record was salutary: The Safety Board's examination of the accident airplane's maintenance records revealed that the airplane had experienced several intermittent problems during fuelling operations in the 2 years before the accident, including one that occurred just before the airplane departed JFK.
Retrieved Parts of the Plane Told a Story
Larger looms require team work and commitment to completing the harness.
of producing the report was revelatory. A great deal of focus was placed on the wiring bundles in the Boeing plane, how they were handled during maintenance and the effect that handling had on them. According to a Boeing Service Letter (SL) 747-SL-20-048, dated January 25, 1995, as a general rule, wiring that is left undisturbed will have less degradation than wiring that is reworked. As wiring and components become more brittle with age, this effect becomes more pronounced5. Boeing had also issued Service Bulletin (SB) 747-532272, which advised operators to fabricate a suitable work platform as required to protect wire bundles. According to Boeing engineers, most operators cover nearby wire bundles with bubble wrap or tape a clean cloth over the bundle while making repairs in the area. TWA engineers had not received the Service Bulletin. TWA personnel indicated that the company
The contamination observed by investigators on the wiring recovered from the accident airplane prompted the Safety Board to contact the Lectromechanical Company (Lectromec) to conduct laboratory research into the shortcircuit behaviours of commonly used aircraft wiring: BMS13-42 and -42A Poly-X wires and Kapton wires. The Lectromec report indicated that during these tests, three categories of electrical activity were observed: scintillations, flashing, and strong arcing, which it described. Scintillations are high frequency, microdischarges that appeared as pinpoints of light that flickered at the edge of cracks in the wiring insulation. Flashing is an arcing discharge, seen as a single flash of light with an accompanying popping sound that usually occurs after a test sample has been scintillating for some time. Strong arcing is an arcing discharge that could continue for hundreds of cycles; typically involving 5 kilojoules (kJ) of electrical energy and that could cause significant collateral damage to the insulation of adjacent wires. This damage to the insulation of the wiring over time and due to wear may well have been the cause of the accident.
www.defenceindustryreports.com | 7
The Critical Importance of High Quality Harnessing Mary Dub, Editor
To better understand the condition of wiring in aging transportcategory airplanes, the Safety Board contracted with Raytheon Systems Company (Raytheon) to test aged wire samples to the specifications for newly manufactured wire of that type.
or civilian aircraft, military aerospace, naval applications and a multitude of other uses of high quality harnessing, the way that the connections are made and the harnessing is put together and tested during manufacture is an issue of life or death importance. This is especially critical in an aircraft that has an extended life. The aircraft in flight TWA 800 had already had 93,303 total hours of operation at the time of the accident. So, as the Air Accident Investigators found out over their four-year enquiry, the quality of the insulation and wiring was very important indeed. To better understand the condition of wiring in aging transport-category airplanes, the Safety Board contracted with Raytheon Systems Company (Raytheon) to test aged wire samples to the specifications for newly manufactured wire of that type. The aged wire samples were similar in age and type to the wiring on TWA flight 800 and were obtained from three recently (not more than 6 months before the wire samples were obtained) retired airplanes – two 747s, one manufactured in 1970 and the other in 1973, and a Douglas DC-10 manufactured in 1973.6
What did Raytheon's Report on the Wiring Reveal? According to the Raytheon report, in general, the wire samples obtained from the three airplanes appeared to be in similar, generally decent condition. However, the condition and performance of the specific wire samples varied within and across the airplanes. Raytheon's report indicated that visual examination of the wire samples revealed a variety of conditions: the presence of debris, such as lint and small chips, paint residue, and possibly foam or adhesive residue; contamination by what appeared to be oil or grease and a dark brown film; mechanical damage, such as insulation cracking, indentations caused by tight clamps or nylon tie wraps, abrasion of the insulation, and various nicks and cuts; and deep hot-stamp marking, which resulted in cracking of the insulation. The wire insulation
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was also observed to be brittle in all cases, and, in some cases, the outer layers cracked as a result of routine handling in the laboratory. About 20 per cent of the wires received with damage failed in dielectric testing, indicating that the wires' insulation did not meet the integrity requirements for new wire and that fluid could reach core conductors.7
A Key Warning to Wire Harness Manufacturers This list of observations from Raytheon's report is a nightmare scenario for any harness manufacturer seeking to produce high quality wire. Each factor: presence of debris, for example, lint and small chips, foam or adhesive residue, contamination by oil or grease, mechanical damage, indentations from tight clamps abrasion and the rest are events that should never be present to visual inspection and need to be avoided by high quality processes and even better training of assembly staff and operatives. It should be noted that these weaknesses were found on visual inspection; high technology testing is also used after manufacture to ensure harnessing meets the tightest international regulations and standards.
Types of Testing for the Wires on TWA 800 Raytheon performed a number of tests: mechanical and electrical tests, thermal tests, including blocking tests (to ensure that the insulation did not adhere to itself after heating), low-temperature (cold-bend) and thermal aging tests. The results were salutary: About 20 per cent of the wires received with damage failed in dielectric testing, indicating that the wires' insulation did not meet the integrity requirements for new wire and that fluid could reach core conductors. Raytheon's report on wire of similar age to that on the TWA800 was damning. In several cases the elongation of the outer insulation was extremely low, indicating that the wire became more brittle with age.... None of
Notably, the weak point in this wire type appears to be the lack of ability to maintain physical and electrical integrity during extended elevated thermal exposure with mechanical stress. As the wire ages, there is an increased risk of dielectric problems, mechanical damage and loss of electrical integrity. And these were wires that were protected from the highest levels of environmental exposure, as no wire was tested that had been exposed to high levels of environmental exposure such as wires from wheel wells, wing leading edges and the rest.
Not Just TWA800
Harnessing behind the panel.
the wire samples tested passed the lifecycle test, indicating that the long-term life of all samples may be limited. Additional thermal life testing showed that the samples had some limited life remaining before beginning to fail physically and electrically.
Raytheon's Conclusions For civil and military aircraft wire harness manufacturers the conclusions probably make familiar reading. However, for potential customers of high quality harnessing they underline the supreme importance of high quality of sourcing and high quality assembly of harnessing for the safety of global air transportation. First, most wire samples tested had definitely aged as indicated by the outer jacket failures; secondly, although the inner insulation continued to provide electrical integrity, as it was designed to do, the outer jacket was losing its ability to mechanically protect the wire.
It would be easy to look specifically at TWA and point a finger at their failure: but worryingly, the issue of degeneration is far more widespread. As a consequence of the TWA flight 800 investigations, the Safety Board examined the wiring in 25 transport-category airplanes that had been maintained by various air carriers. The inspected airplanes included 18 Boeing airplanes, 4 Douglas airplanes, 2 Lockheed L-1011s, and an Airbus A300. The airplanes examined ranged in age from new to 28 years old and in total flight time from 4 to 102,712 hours. The examples of what they found constituted a long list of horror stories for a member of the travelling public. What they recommended was attention in critical areas: to damaged clamps, clamp cushion migration, or improper clamp installations, which can aggravate wire chafing; connectors and worn seals, where lateral pressure on connector grommets can compromise connector integrity and allow contamination to enter the connector, which can result in corrosion or grommet degradation. They noted that terminal lugs and wire splices are susceptible to mechanical damage, corrosion, heat damage, and chemical contamination. Importantly, wires may break at back shells because of excessive flexing, static pressure, or missing build up. Finally, they pointed out that conduit or sleeving damage could lead to wire damage. They set a very high standard for wire harness manufacturers to maintain and improve on.
www.defenceindustryreports.com | 9
High Quality Harnessing is Vital Don McBarnet, Staff Writer
Software to perform
"The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the TWA flight 800 accident was an explosion of the centre wing fuel tank (CWT), resulting from ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank. The source of
a very complex range
ignition energy for the explosion could not be determined with certainty, but, of the sources evaluated by the investigation, the most likely was a short circuit outside of the CWT that allowed excessive voltage to enter it through electrical wiring associated
of tasks with a range
with the fuel quantity indication system."8 3.2 Probable Cause of TWA 800 break-up NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT REPORT
of capabilities can deliver the power and performance needed to create very large, complex assemblies.
ll leading manufacturers now follow the recommendations of the NTSB: the need for improved training of maintenance personnel to ensure adequate recognition and repair of potentially unsafe wiring conditions; the need for improved documentation and reporting of potentially unsafe electrical wiring conditions; and the need to incorporate the use of new technology, such as arc-fault circuit breakers and automated wire test equipment. Global leaders in the wireless harnessing business now use CADDS, CATIA and DITMCO systems. And following the NTSB report on the effect of traditional marking techniques they now use UV laser marking.
What Does This Mean? Software to perform a very complex range of tasks with a range of capabilities can deliver the power and performance needed to create very large, complex assemblies. Computervision's first product, CADDS-1, was aimed at the printed circuit board layout and 2-D drafting markets. CADDS stood for Computervison Automated Design and Drafting System. Other companies are in the same market to offer software to allow multi-disciplinary systems design capabilities, which give comprehensive support for designing electrical, piping, and other systems. For the manufacture and design of wire harnesses, CATIA is frequently used. CATIA (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application) is a multi-platform commercial software suite developed by the French company Dassault Systemes. It is written in the C++ programing language.
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DIT-MCO It was an American company, DIT-MCO, which produced some of the most well known wire harness testers for the international market. The history of the product starts in the 1950s when Warren Hannon was working as an engineer at the nearby North American Aviation plant. The plant built the F-86 and C-45 planes. Hannon was in charge of overseeing the electrical cable testing. "It was chaotic," said "Tom" Thompson, former president and CEO of DIT-MCO. "At that time each company made their own testers. There was no standardization. Hannon got the idea of making a 'universal automatic analyser' and somehow they got together." This was so successful it was used by Boeing, and high prestige aerospace projects like the early "Hawk Missile," the first intercontinental Atlas missile, the Polaris missiles for the Navy, the Titan missiles for the Air Force, and the Patriot Missile used in the Desert Storm War, as well as almost all the aircraft used by the Air Force, Army and the Navy. Many of the leading wire harness producers use the latest versions of DIT-MCO in the 21st century.
More Causes for Concern and Emphasis on the Need for Excellent Wiring Harnesses: UA 811 (1989) While the Air Accident investigators report for TWA 800 sent ripples through the global market place for electrical wiring, other accidents where wiring failure was a contributory cause have made troubling headlines. On
The FAA now demands more interaction between its officials and FAA designees during aircraftmodification projects and mandatory refresher training for engineers authorized to act on the Agency's behalf.
February 24, 1989, United Airlines Flight 811 experienced a cargo door failure in flight after its stopover at Honolulu International Airport, Hawaii. The resulting decompression blew out several rows of seats, resulting in the death of 9 passengers. The aircraft involved was a Boeing 747-12. Martin B Aubury, Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and Former Head of Aircraft Structures at the (Australian) Civil Aviation Authority made a number of insightful points about the response to this incident. The cause of the United Airlines accident never attracted the attention it deserved partly because blame was initially directed at the cargo handler. He was accused of not
closing the door properly, just another human error.9 However, the NTSB on finding the door and investigating it pointed a finger very clearly at the wiring: After studying the door and its internal wiring the National Transportation Safety Board changed its earlier findings. The probable cause became "…a faulty switch or wiring in the door control system which permitted electrical actuation of the door latches toward the unlatched position after initial door closure and before takeoff. Contributing to the cause of the accident was a deficiency in the design of the cargo door locking mechanisms, which made them susceptible to deformation, allowing the door to become unlatched after being properly latched and locked."
The Lessons from Swissair 111 (1998) Swissair Flight 111 (SR-111, SWR-111) was a Swissair McDonnell Douglas MD-11 on a scheduled airline flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, to Geneva, Switzerland. It crashed on 2 September 1998 8 kilometres offshore from the United States. All 229 people on board died, the highest death toll of any aviation accident involving a McDonnell Douglas MD-11. Why? Flammable material propagated a fire that started above the ceiling on the right side of the cockpit near the cockpit rear wall. The fire spread and intensified rapidly to the extent that it degraded aircraft systems and the cockpit, and ultimately led to the loss of control of the aircraft. USA Today10 takes up the explanation: the probable cause was the wiring of a new entertainment system. After the Swissair crash, the FAA tightened oversight of private companies and individuals authorized to act on its behalf, but problems remain. Its post-crash review of other airliner entertainment systems turned up 18 installations that were improperly certified and unsafe. The FAA now demands more interaction between its officials and FAA designees during aircraft-modification projects and mandatory refresher training for engineers authorized to act on the Agency's behalf. But, some designated engineers say the FAA lacks the technical expertise and resources to oversee the projects.11
www.defenceindustryreports.com | 11
Harnessing a Secure Future? Mary Dub, Editor
Flex circuits offer the advantage of dissipating heat at a better rate than other dielectric materials.
ooking over the horizon at the future in a volatile market with a high rate of technological change and intense global competition is hazardous to say the least. But it has value if only as a discussion point. First, the intense global competition; staying in the global market for electrical and electronic components is a ruthless and highly competitive endeavour. Leading on the latest technologies is high risk, but vital to be in the market. Flexi printed circuit boards are a new technology which may, in a shorter time than anyone can envisage, result in another paradigm shift comparable to mobile computing. They are an obvious adjunct and possible replacement for wires and wire harness assemblies. What are their benefits? They offer size and volume reduction and cost reduction. The thinness and lightweight of flexible circuits will enable a substantial packaging size reduction. More flexible circuits offer the capability of being folded or creased and positioned into the smallest areas, which makes miniaturization of many devices possible.
A Flexi Future? A thin and flexible polyimide film layer lowers material costs. Flexi PCBs can be used as interconnects to reduce the number of connections to be soldered. They have high temperature applications and can be used to replace wiring, which reduces the errors, which can be common in hand wired assemblies. Flex circuits offer the advantage of dissipating heat at a better rate than other dielectric materials. Even better, expansion and contraction are minimized when using polyimide material. Some manufacturers argue that the exceptional thermal stability of polyimide allows the circuit to withstand applications with extreme heat, as the material's excellent thermal stability provides a better base for surface mounting than traditional boards. As a result, the compliant base film places less stress on
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soldered joints, and so thermal mismatch is less likely to occur.12
High Density Interconnect PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards) HDI-PCBs are pushing their way on to the electronics market. The manufacturers argue that they are an effective way to reduce costs. While some consumer products shrink down in size, quality remains the most overriding factor for the consumer, second to price. Using HDI technology during design, it is possible to reduce an 8-layer through-hole PCB to a 4 layer HDI microvia technology-packed PCB. The wiring capabilities of a well-designed HDI 4 layer PCB can achieve the same or better functions as that of a standard 8 layer PCB. Although the microvia process increases the cost of the HDI PCBs, the proper design and reduction in layer count reduces cost in material square inches and layer count more significantly. What are the benefits of HDI-PCBs? By using HDI technology, designers now have the option to place more components on both sides of the raw PCB. Multiple via processes, including via in pad and blind via technology, allow designers more PCB real estate to place components that are smaller even closer together. Decreased component size and pitch allow for more I/O in smaller geometries. This means faster transmission of signals and a significant reduction in signal loss and crossing delays.13
The Increased Manufacturing Costs of New HDI Technology While HDI-PCBs may have benefits for the consumer, they bring high associated costs for the manufacturer. Building non-conventional HDI boards requires special equipment and processes such as laser drills, plugging, laser direct imaging and sequential lamination cycles. HDI boards have thinner lines, tighter spacing and tighter annular rings, and
Although the microvia process increases the cost of the HDI PCBs, the proper design and reduction in layer count reduces cost in material square inches and layer count more significantly.
use thinner specialty materials. In order to successfully produce this type of board, it requires additional time and a significant investment in manufacturing processes and equipment. Much of this type of investment requires parallel investment in laser technologies. Using laser drill technology, drilling the smallest of microvias allows for more technology on the board's surface. Using a beam of light 20 microns (1 Mil) in diameter, this high
influence beam can cut through metal and glass, creating the tiny via hole. New products exist such as uniform glass materials that are a low loss laminate and low dielectric constant. These materials have higher heat resistance for lead free assembly and allow for the smaller holes to be used.14 Whether such tiny wiring systems will become universal is something only time will tell.
Other Uses of New Laser Technologies Lasers offer multiple benefits in the modern electronics workplace. Undoubtedly they will become the preferred form of marking for wires. Laselec says its products provide the best alternative to non-permanent wire marking methods such as "Ink Jet" or to the out-dated and aggressive marking methods such as "Hot-stamping". The UV laser marking process used in the ULYS™ and MRO 200 series involves no alteration of the insulating material and no damage to the wire, while producing a permanent high-contrast mark. Their laser wire markers will mark and cut-tolength wires from 6 to 26/28 gauge, including twisted pairs, fibre optics, Teflon wires …with tremendous productivity gains and great userfriendliness.15 Reviewing the recommendations from the various air accident investigations, the universal provision of laser marking without damage to the insulating layer would appear to hold advantage. The future in the field of harnessing is undoubtedly highly competitive with vigorous global competition. While global competitors in China and India deliver low cost and high volume products, the European and American market for carefully sourced and high quality products produced by a trained and dedicated workforce should be strong. Technological change in this area is running forward at a fast pace. Untried and high-risk new technologies may well reward the entrepreneur who can deliver at high specifications and low cost. Only time will tell.
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References: 1
http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/4p54j6/global_automotive Global Automotive Wiring Harness Market 2011-2015
'Compound Annual Growth Rate - CAGR
h ttp://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/4p54j6/global_automotive Global Automotive Wiring Harness Market 2011-2015 Infiniti Research Limited, September 2012, Pages: 41
In-flight Breakup Over the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines Flight 800 Boeing 747-131, N93119 Near East Moriches, New York July 17, 1996 http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2000/AAR0003.pdf 6
22.214.171.124 Aging Effects on Material Properties of Wires NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 20594 AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT REPORT
In-flight Breakup Over the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines Flight 800 Boeing 747-131, N93119 Near East Moriches, New York July 17, 1996 http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2000/AAR0003.pdf 7
18.104.22.168 Aging Effects on Material Properties of Wires 126.96.36.199 Aging Effects on Material Properties of Wires NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 20594 AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT REPORT
In-flight Breakup Over the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines Flight 800 Boeing 747-131, N93119 Near East Moriches, New York July 17, 1996
http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2000/AAR0003.pdf 8
Aging Effects on Material Properties of Wires 184.108.40.206 Aging Effects on Material Properties of Wires NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 20594 AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT REPORT
In-flight Breakup Over the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines Flight 800 Boeing 747-131, N93119 Near East Moriches, New York July 17, 1996
http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2000/AAR0003.pdf 9
http://avstop.com/technical/burning.html United Airlines from Honolulu to Sydney By Martin B Aubury Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society Former Head of Aircraft Structures at (Australian) Civil Aviation Authority (United Airlines Flight 811 took off from Honolulu for Sydney) http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/biztravel/2003-02-16-swissair-investigation_x.htm Posted 2/16/2003 4:50 PM Updated 1/2/2004 2:49 PM Doomed plane's gaming system exposes holes in FAA oversight By Gary Stoller, USA TODAY
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/biztravel/2003-02-16-swissair-investigation_x.htm Posted 2/16/2003 4:50 PM Updated 1/2/2004 2:49 PM Doomed plane's gaming system exposes holes in FAA oversight By Gary Stoller, USA TODAY
LASELEC website http://www.laselec.com/en/
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Defence Industry – Special Report on Next Generation Wiring Harnesses, Panels and Electromechanical Assembly Solutions
Published on Feb 3, 2013
Defence Industry – Special Report on Next Generation Wiring Harnesses, Panels and Electromechanical Assembly Solutions


text:
It's not skillful to be completely honest with everyone you meet. But it's important to have some place in your life where you can be completely honest with someone. It's the only way to truly know yourself. When you witness people in their vulnerable honesty, you learn what human beings are truly like and you learn what is underneath the exterior that many people show in their daily lives.
My first structured experience with this was at an ashram(yoga center) that I was working at. All of us who had been working side by side for months got together and sat in pairs. The instructions were simple - give the person across from you honest feedback about themselves. Tell them three things you don't like about them.
In daily life we tend to silently put up with the negative characteristics of the people around us. Once we get a chance, in a safe environment, to express what we don't like about someone and to hear what they don't like about us, an incredible chemistry can happen. We can see what fears and challenges are underneath that persons negative behavior. With this knowledge, instead of merely tolerating the things we don't like about someone, we experience true compassion.


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While the reading of a book holds great value, holding the story close in order to more fully explore the imaginings of the author's tale is an even greater value.This is how a child becomes a reader.
Play is Passed From One to Another
Play arcs and play destination messages are passed from older children to younger. Recently, we held a parent training our parent educator called, When Nothing is Everything - the Value of Free Time, and during the discussion period I asked the parents how many of them played in free-ranging groups of mixed ages where the oldest child was 8, 10, or older? Almost all of them raised their hands. When I talk about how play is passed from one child to another, I am talking about older children, 7 through 10 teaching younger children what to play.
What is Dramatic Play?
We take a sharp departure from community helper, teacher-shaped delivery and packaged dramatic play -- that is not the scaffolding we are looking for -- and this departure takes us down a path that is not always a sunny, little place of a brick-solid house with garden. Mostly, our dramatic play is built of sticks and how fabulous is it when it holds? And falls?!?


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Reviewed by Soup Dragon on 07 June 2013
A large detached Miller & Carter Steakhouse with patio area and a rammed car park. The place looks quite neat, although plain - the main part being a cream rendered winged-corridor house, with sash windows and tall brick stacks. The interior has and ... [more>]
Reviewed by Ale Monster on 13 March 2013
This is a brilliant country pub located on the edge of Penn Common which is just on the border of Wolverhampton and South Staffordshire. The original cottage was built around 1630 but it has been extended a couple of times since, most recently in the... [more>]
New Penn Common pub pictures
Added by Soup Dragon
Added by Soup Dragon
Added by peter ashworth


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Football shorts
Ecclestone linked to Arsenal bid
Formula One supremo Bernie Ecclestone could be part of a £700m Arsenal takeover, it was reported today. He may join forces with the American tycoon Stan Kroenke, who has built up a 12% stake in the club, according to the News of the World. Meanwhile, Keith Edelman, the managing director of Arsenal, has moved to reassure fans that the Gunners can still compete at the top level. He says Arsenal have money for transfers and a 'very cordial' relationship with Kroenke. Edelman adds: 'It's very difficult for me to imagine how someone buying Arsenal could improve the business.'
Henry limbers up for Barca challenge
A sorry sight for Arsenal fans - Thierry Henry started training at Barcelona yesterday in the elevated…


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– H. Nelson
Container Representation; Element Requirements
Member Types; Constructors, Destructor, and Assignments; Size and Capacity; Iterators; Element Access; Stack Operations; List Operations; Other Operations
vector; Lists; Associative Containers
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The STL consists of the iterator, container, algorithm, and function object parts of the standard library. The rest of the STL is presented in Chapter 32 and Chapter 33.
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The UCL Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology (CP3) hosts research on high energy particle physics, cosmology, phenomenology and theory of the fundamental interactions. It is strong on both the experimental and theoretical fronts. The aim of the Centre is to bring together researchers in these scientific fields and to encourage collaboration.
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Today at 2:00 pm
Thursday 24th October, 1:00 pm
Thursday 31st October, 1:00 pm
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Enlarging the scope of resonant di-Higgs searches: Hunting for Higgs-to-Higgs cascades in $4b$ final states at the LHC and future colliders
D. Barducci, K. Mimasu, J. M. No, C. Vernieri and J. Zurita
Refereed paper. October 14.
From positive geometries to a coaction on hypergeometric functions
Samuel Abreu, Ruth Britto, Claude Duhr, Einan Gardi, and James Matthew
Refereed paper. October 14.
Modified interactions in the top-quark electroweak sector: exploiting unitarity violating effects at the amplitude level to probe New Physics
Luca Mantani, Ken Mimasu, Fabio Maltoni
Contribution to proceedings. October 11.


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Secrets to climate change adaptation uncovered in the European corn borer moth
A team led by Tufts biologists find genetic variation that allows the moth to change its biological clock and adjust to shorter winters
America's Top STEM Schools for Women
Forbes ranks Tufts as one of the top research institutions for women in STEM fields.
On the Job Learning for Undergrads
Students in the VERSE Program talk about their experiences doing research with Tufts faculty this summer
Mapping the Kinks in Faulty DNA
Catherine Freudenreich, professor and chair of Biology, and colleagues find the molecular mechanism that causes fragility in abnormal DNA structures, which can lead to disease
Conference on Modern Challenges in Imaging: In the Footsteps of Allan MacLeod Cormack
On the fortieth anniversary of Allan MacLeod Cormack's Nobel Prize, Tufts will host a conference August 5-9 celebrating his achievements and gathering top international researchers in mathematics, engineering, science, and medicine.
New Film with Tufts Cosmologist Explores Why There is a Multiverse and How it Might be Tested
Alex Vilenkin, Leonard and Jane Holmes Bernstein Professor in Evolutionary Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, is featured in a new film, "Before the Big Bag 9: A Multiverse from 'Nothing,'" part of a series which has featured Stephen Hawking and other leading cosmologists
The Nose Knows Better Than Any Machine
Roy Desrochers and Amanda Kern from Tufts' Sensory and Science Center describe their research on taste and smell in this video from WCVB Channel 5.
From Tufts to STEM Advocate
Tufts Ph.D. candidate Amanda Strawhacker is helping to develop a tool to foster a love for science, technology, engineering and math in young children
Spotlight on Research and Collaboration
Tufts hosts event October 29 to bring university community together to network and brainstorm on key research focus areas
Faculty Focus: Fall 2018
Meet the New Faculty: Drawing, Painting and Performance, Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning, and Community Health


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How to Arrange a Candle Light Dinner at Home for a Surprise Date
Set the mood by playing romantic music that is soothing to the ear, such as jazz, bossa nova or any type of music that you find relaxing. The venue for the dinner can be your dining room, porch or your garden. Congrats, if you're thinking about purchasing and lighting candles to set the scene, you're absolutely on the right track. End the evening watching a romantic movie and kissing one another, in the midst of some cuddly hugs and snuggles! There are even candles that float to make a shared bath even more romantic.
How to Create a Romantic Bedroom. Keep the room lights dim, so that the candles can add their own mystery to the surroundings. These affordable floating candles will up the ante on whatever underwater sex adventures you have planned. Show your better half a good time with a candlelight dinner.
- How to Decorate for a Romantic Dinner for Two.
- Crack open the tin on this pink prosecco-scented candle as you pop open a bottle of matching actual prosecco.
- Light the floating candles as soon as you begin having your food!
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The chef serves up a scrumptious Mediterranean menu, with solid cooking that isn't overly poncy or affected. Provide appropriate drinks. So, dress up sexily and smartly, be soft spoken and loving and spend the evening in each other's company, and dos making some romantic memories together! Start with her shoulders and then feel free to move down the body until the massage turns erotic.
To arrange a candlelight dinner, you need to plan and to pay attention to detail. Keep the music at low volume, so that it does not distract. Stages of a Healthy Relationship.
Make heart shapes with them on the walls or use them in some wacky way, to add a bit of humor to the evening! It's certain to sweep that special someone right off their feet. Fancy getting it on in the pool or bathtub?
Why We Use Candlelight at Funerals
Baxter, President of Willamette University in Salem, Oregon employed the saying while addressing a graduating class. To pick the perfect candle to match your desires, first, meditate on the atmosphere you wish to create. One of the ways to do so is by arranging a candle light dinner for your partner.
Flirting Questions to Ask a Guy. Go on a week night when the restaurant is emptier and the staff even more attentive. Eat at its multi-cuisine restaurant, or swan around in the fairy-lit bar area, dating cancer patients sipping cool cocktails and dancing the night away. His sermon published in helped to popularize the saying.
As it's a special dinner, the table setting should be formal, with everything right from tablecloth, dinnerware, cloth napkins, cutlery, crystal glasses, etc. Many of us grew up with the scent of Yankee Candles, so filling the air with such a comforting scent will help set a mood of calm and connection. Dim the lights and get the candles lit and wait for your loved one to show up. And so we present a few of our favourite Mumbai restaurants for that special date.
Dating Profile Headline Examples. After all, there's really nothing more romantic than mezzes and mojitos under the stars, is there? Cannabis, which is becoming more legal in America by the day, can enhance intimacy between couples by reducing our negative thinking, some studies suggest. Head to these beautifully decked up restaurants that are not only going to make your evening special but treat your palates with all the love!
Tips for Arranging a Candle Light Dinner. Yet it is far better to light the candle than to curse the darkness. Avoid getting too many scented candles because, although the scent might be good, it can become overwhelming. Yet is it far better to light the candle than to curse the darkness.
Here's hoping that with these tips you should be able to plan a very pleasant surprise for your partner. Pomeroy Cutler was planning to deliver. Below are additional selected citations in chronological order. In former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt died. Make your loved one feel like nothing else exists for that moment.
The attribution to Confucius is currently unsupported. Ultimately, your presence and the fact that you took the initiative to do something special for your loved one will make the candlelight dinner a memorable moment. Ensconced within the Ramada Powai, lies one of the suburb's most romantic restaurants - Skky. If you want to role play masseuse and relax your lover after hard day's work, opt for something subtler, such as a lavender scent.
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- La Patio Across the road from Andheri's Infiniti Mall, the roar of the traffic has been replaced by the gentle clinks of cocktail glasses at the charming roof top bar and restaurant, La Patio.
- She would rather light a candle than curse the darkness, and her glow has warmed the world.
- They are known to possess aphrodisiac properties and thus, will add on to the romance and feel of the evening!
12 Amazing Date Places In Mumbai To Celebrate Valentine s Day
Go with the type of cuisine you and your companion enjoy eating most. Make sure that all other gadgets, such as television or computer, michael and rachel are switched off. Oliver Wendell Holmes is the author of the saying.
Best Candles To Set The Mood For Sex
Use ornaments to set a motif for your candlelight dinner and display them on the table and surrounding areas. One look at the table setting and the room, and your spouse should be thinking of love, romance, food and sex, in no particular order! For making the centerpiece, an interesting idea is to keep a flat bowl, fill it with water and place some colored floating candles in it. Thus, the expression was disseminated to a group of people in China. This candle is also made with hints of sage and vanilla, dating two other scents ideal for creating a calming atmosphere.
Perhaps you and your lady associate steamy sex with whiskey rather than floral arrangements. Set the volume at a level that isn't so loud that you can't converse comfortably. However, this candle burns at a lower temperature than most.
Swingers and photos
Dating Tips
Plan for a Romantic Dinner at Home. For instance, you can have champagne, chardonnay or merlot. Rose-scented candles will always be ideal for romance and work wonderfully paired with the gift of a bouquet. For an even more intimate experience, climb up the twirling staircase to the balcony on the mezzanine, where you'll find perfectly private two-seater tables. Scented candles bring in the sense of smell, which is highly sensual, to the bedroom.
Keep it a surprise and do not tell your partner about it. It is your night of primal sex, after all. So, light a few scented candles all around the room. How to Make a Romantic Picnic.


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EXp World Holdings, the holding company for virtual brokerage eXp Realty, continued to motor on agent and broker numbers in the first quarter of 2017, growing its agent and broker count by 23 percent over Q4 to a total of 3,118.
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