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magnetic resonance imaging. ; nuclear magnetic resonance.
nerves. ; peripheral -- pathophysiology. ; nervous system -- diseases -- immunological aspects. ; spinal cord -- pathophysiology. ; pain -- physiological aspects. ; rats -- nervous system -- diseases -- immunological aspects. ; rats -- behavior.
echocardiography. ; heart -- diseases -- diagnosis.
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Echocardiographic tissue characterization of normal, ischemic and infarcted myocardium.
Echocardiography. ; Heart -- Diseases -- Diagnosis.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Distinct neuroimmune interactions in acute inflammatory pain and persistent neuropathic pain.
Pain -- Immunological aspects. ; Inflammation -- Immunological aspects. ; Nervous system -- Diseases -- Immunological aspects. ; Neuroimmunology.
Chronic neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that exacts an emotional and physical toll on its sufferers and their family as well as an enormous monetary toll on society. Neuropathic pain can arise following nerve injury induced by trauma,...
Dartmouth Dissertations
The role of gut commensals in regulating susceptibility to acute liver damage / by Stela Celaj.
Liver disease of different etiologies confers significant morbidity and mortality and hence it constitutes a major health concern worldwide. Stemming from a range of causes, such as viral, drug-induced, alcoholic, or autoimmune, the rate of...
Dartmouth Dissertations
The functional roles of the rostral pons in the control of respiration in mammals.
Respiration -- Regulation. ; Cats -- Respiration. ; Rats -- Respiration. ; Pons Varolii -- Physiology.
Dartmouth Dissertations
High-speed MRI-guided near-infrared tomography system to monitor breast hemodynamics in vivo ;
Near infrared spectroscopy -- Instruments -- Design and construction.;""Magnetic resonance imaging -- Instruments -- Design and construction."";""Breast -- Cancer -- Imaging."";""Breast -- Magnetic resonance imaging."";""Breast -- Cancer --...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Building a better trap: the use of iron dithiocarbamate complexes in the in vivo and ex vivo detection and quantification of nitric oxide.
Nitric oxide -- Analysis. ; Dithiocarbamates. ; Iron compounds. ; Organonitrogen compounds. ; Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Nitric oxide is synthesized by living organisms and plays important roles in circulatory, neurological, and immune function. Nitric oxide can also play pathophysiological roles, depending on the amount of the molecule, the presence of other species...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Identification of risk factors and etiology of strokes after CABG surgery.
Coronary artery bypass -- Evaluation. ; Cardiovascular system -- Diseases -- Risk factors. ; Cardiovascular system -- Diseases -- Etiology. ; Outcome assessment (Medical care).
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a leading treatment option for extending and/or improving the quality of life for patients suffering from heart disease. While we have witnessed improvements in mortality and morbidity secondary to...
Dartmouth Dissertations
The effects of endocrine disruptors on the development of Xenopus embryos.
Xenopus laevis -- Embryology. Xenopus laevis -- Endocrinology. ; Estrogen -- Physiological effect. ; Estrogen -- Toxicology. ; Nonylphenol -- Physiological effect. Endocrine toxicology.
Many environmental toxicants found in pesticides, herbicides, and industrial solvents are believed to have deleterious effects on development by disrupting hormone-sensitive processes. Xenopus embryos were exposed to commonly encountered endocrine...
Dartmouth Dissertations
The role of the Drosophila SK channel in sensory processing and behavior / by Ahmad Nawwaf Abou Tayoun.
Partially ordered sets. ; Forcing (Model theory). ; Set theory.
Dartmouth Dissertations
5-azacytidine induces fetal hemoglobin by a cell signalling mechanism that is upstream of changes in differentiation kinetics and promoter hypomethylation.
Antineoplastic agents -- Mechanism of action. Hemoglobin -- Synthesis -- Regulation. Protein kinases. Cellular signal transduction. Promoters (Genetics) -- Methylation. Azacitidine -- pharmacology. Fetal Hemoglobin -- biosynthesis. p38...
The β-hemoglobinopathies sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia represent some of the most common inherited diseases. It is recognized that increased fetal hemoglobin (HbF) ameliorates symptoms, mortality and morbidity in β-hemoglobinopathy...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Development of a multi-high frequency electrical impedance tomography system for breast imaging.
Electrical impedance tomography. Breast -- Imaging. Imaging systems -- Design and construction.
Dartmouth Dissertations
SirT1 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell plasticity : implications for age-related cardiovascular disease / by Anne Marie Thompson.
Loss of vascular smooth muscle cell function is a hallmark of vascular disease. Vascular smooth muscle cells become increasingly resistant to phenotypic modulation, apoptotic and senescent. Sirtuin 1 (SirT1) is a deactylase that regulates...
Dartmouth Dissertations
The role of microglia in morphine tolerance.
Microglia -- Effect of drugs on. Morphine -- Physiological effect. Purines -- Receptors. Drug tolerance. Cell culture -- Technique. Medical Term Receptors, Purinergic P2 -- physiology.
Chronic pain is a debilitating condition which exacts severe emotional, physical and economic tolls on the millions of people who suffer from it worldwide. Opioids are a mainstay of acute, postoperative and cancer pain therapy, however, their use...
Dartmouth Dissertations
FGF2 in endothelial cell migration, intracellular signalling and receptor endocytosis.
Fibroblast growth factors. Rho GTPases. Cell receptors. Integrins -- Physiological effect. Endocytosis. Vascular endothelium. Cellular signal transduction.
Endothelial cell migration is an important element of a number of biological processes, including angiogenesis. The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of angiogenic heparan-binding proteins that potently induce endothelial migration....
Dartmouth Dissertations
The effects of acute exposure to hypoxia on physiological tremor in humans.
Anoxemia. ; Tremor.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Shared decision making for people with severe mental illness.
Mentally ill -- Care -- Decision making. Mental illness -- Treatment -- Decision making. Mental health services -- Decision making. Mental health -- Information services. Medical informatics. Mental Disorders -- drug therapy.
Objective. We explored preferences and perceptions about treatment decision-making roles among persons with severe mental illness and evaluated two computer-based medication values clarification tools. Methods. In this study we conducted a pilot...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Characterization of molecular subsets of scleroderma using pathway analysis and animal models.
Scleroderma (Disease) -- Genetic aspects. Scleroderma (Disease) -- Molecular aspects. Cytokines -- Pathophysiology. Gene expression. Cellular signal transduction.
Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis; SSc) is a devastating autoimmune disease of unknown etiology for which there is no cure, and no truly effective therapies available. Immune dysfunction, fibrosis and vasculopathy are the three major features of the...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Genetic inactivation of ACAT1 ameliorates the amyloid pathology and cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Acyltransferases -- Genetic aspects. Enzyme inhibitors. Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid.
Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferases (ACATs) are key enzymes in cellular cholesterol metabolism. ACAT converts free cholesterol to cholesterol ester, which makes it more easily storable in lipid droplets. There are two ACAT genes encoding two...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Computational methods for microwave medical imaging.
Microwave imaging -- Mathematics. ; Three-dimensional imaging -- Mathematics. ; Image reconstruction -- Mathematics. ; Microwave imaging in medicine. ; Computer algorithms.
Medical imaging methods have become increasingly important in diagnosing diseases and assisting therapeutic treatment. In particular, early detection of breast cancer is considered as a critical factor in reducing the mortality rate of women....
Dartmouth Dissertations
Immunomodulatory effects of chronic low dose arsenic exposure.
Arsenic -- Toxicology. Lungs -- Diseases -- Immunological aspects. Lungs -- Diseases -- Genetic aspects. Medical Term Arsenic -- toxicity.
Toxic metals are a major health concern in the environment and particularly in Superfund and other toxic waste sites. Arsenic (As) is considered the number one environmental chemical of human health concern both in the U.S. and worldwide. It is...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Spectroscopic reconstructed near infrared tomographic imaging for breast cancer diagnosis.
Breast -- Cancer -- Tomography. ; Breast -- Cancer -- Imaging. ; Breast -- Cancer -- Diagnosis. ; Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. ; Image processing -- Digital techniques.
Near-infrared (NIR) light has the potential to be used as a non-invasive means of diagnostic imaging within the human breast. Due to the diffusive nature of light in tissue, computational model-based methods are required for functional imaging...
Dartmouth Dissertations
HIF1A-mediated STAT3 activation promotes self-renewal and malignancy of stem-like cells derived from spontaneous murine glioma.
Stem cells. ; Cerebral anoxia. ; Genetic transcription -- Regulation. ; Gliomas. ; STAT3 Transcription Factor. ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 alpha Subunit.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Subcellular location and function studies of the serum and glucocorticoid induced kinase-1 (SGK1).
Protein kinases -- Mechanism of action. Sodium channels -- Genetic aspects. Glucocorticoids. Acetylation. Histones. Sgk protein. Receptors
The serum and glucocorticoid induced kinase 1 (SGK1) is involved in aldosterone-induced Na + reabsorption by increasing epithelial Na + channel (ENaC) activity in cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells. We found the SGK1-GFP fusion protein is...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Phosphoproteomic strategies to identify aberrant kinase signaling in lung cancer / by Devin Karl Schweppe
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA and worldwide causing 160,000 and 1.5 million deaths per year, respectively. Due to the late stage of diagnosis, poor efficacy of chemotherapies (targeted and pleiotropic), and...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Steady state NMR imaging of cerebral blood volume as an index of chronic hypoxia induced angiogenesis.
Neovascularization. Brain -- Blood-vessels -- Magnetic resonance imaging. Blood volume -- Measurement. Cerebral circulation -- Measurement. Anoxemia. Blood Volume Determination -- methods.
Angiogenesis is part of the natural defense mechanism in brain against hypoxia and ischemia. Animal models and methods for the non-invasive investigation of cerebral angiogenesis are needed. This thesis addresses the hypothesis that steady state,...
Dartmouth Dissertations
On the first-order amplitude statistics of myocardial ultrasonic backscatter.
Echocardiography -- Mathematical models. ; Backscattering -- Statistics. ; Myocardium.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Effects of anoxia on phagocytic function in the pulmonary alveolar macrophage.
Macrophages. ; Pulmonary alveoli. ; Anoxemia.
Dartmouth Dissertations
The mechanism of action for angiotensin-1-7 in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in the modulation of cardiovascular sympathetic nerve activity / by Mark S. Bilodeau
Elevated sympathetic discharge from the CNS is an underlying pathogenic mechanism in neurogenic hypertension and an exacerbating factor in chronic heart failure (CHF). Current treatment of these diseases focuses on attenuation of the downstream...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Local hyperthermia and nanoparticle targeting for cancer immunotherapy / by Seiko Toraya Brown.
Local hyperthermia treatment for cancer has been used clinically in combination with and to enhance the efficacy of traditional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation. In association with recent understanding of the importance of stimulating...
Dartmouth Dissertations
The role of glia in neuropathic pain: a journey into the tetrapartite synapse.
Neuroglia -- Effect of drugs on. Astrocytes. Opioids -- Physiological effect. Central nervous system -- Pathophysiology. Nerves
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Unfortunately, opioids are only partially effective in treating neuropathic pain while entraining tolerance and a myriad of side effects from the high...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Functions of prostacyclin in vascular and uterine smooth muscle.
Prostacyclin -- Physiological effect. Vascular smooth muscle. Vascular endothelium -- Physiology. Myometrium -- Physiology. Cardiovascular system -- Diseases. Cellular signal transduction.
Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a major product of COX-2 derived arachidonic acid metabolism in the endothelium and uterine myometrium. Evidence indicates that PGI 2 protects against development and progression of vascular disease. While it has been known...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human prostacyclin gene: implications for cardiovascular disease and genetic mutagenesis.
Prostacyclin -- Receptors. Chromosome polymorphism. Cardiovascular system -- Diseases -- Genetic aspects. Polymorphism.
Prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) is a major product of COX-2 catalyzed metabolism of arachidonic acid in the endothelium and has been shown to be atheroprotective. PGI 2 signals though its G-coupled protein receptor (GPCR) the human Prostacyclin receptor...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Rapamycin and adiponectin in vascular smooth muscle cells : implications in the development of drug-eluting stents
Stents (Surgery);Coronary arteries -- Stenosis -- Relapse -- Prevention -- Vascular smooth muscle -- Differentiation."";""Rapamycin."";""Drug delivery devices."";""Drug-Eluting Stents."";""Coronary Restenosis -- prevention &...
Statement of the problem. Drug-eluting stents (DES) dramatically reduce the incidence of coronary restenosis, a frequent complication of percutaneous coronary interventions in the treatment of obstructive arterial diseases. However, they have been...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Functional connectivity of brain reward circuitry in patients with schizophrenia and cannabis use disorder : effects of cannabis and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) / by Adina Sheri Fischer.
Up to 43% of patients with schizophrenia suffer from a co-occurring cannabis use disorder (CUD), which results in symptom exacerbation, decreased response to antipsychotic medication, and an overall worsening of disease course. Available treatments...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Genetic variants among G-protein coupled receptors and implications for cardiovascular disease.
G proteins -- Receptors. Cardiovascular system -- Diseases -- Genetic aspects. Medical Term Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled -- genetics.
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), particularly non-synonymous variants, provide opportunities for deciphering pathophysiological protein influence. An ideal group for realizing these opportunities is the GPCR-superfamily. Principles from...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Mechanisms for chromium-induced signaling changes in pulmonary epithelial cells.
Chromium -- Pathophysiology. ; Lungs -- Pathophysiology. ; Epithelial cells. ; Cellular signal transduction. ; Transcription factors -- Pathophysiology. ; Protein kinases -- Pathophysiology. ; src-Family Kinases. ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases.
Both human epidemiological and animal studies have associated inhalation of chromium(VI) (Cr(VI)) with increased incidence of pulmonary disease. This thesis examined the hypotheses that Cr(VI) activates cell signaling through kinase cascades and...
Dartmouth Dissertations
ACAT1 in macrophage as a potential target for atherosclerosis and for diet induced obesity / by Li-Hao (Paul) Huang.
Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs) are key enzymes in cellular cholesterol metabolism. There are two isoenzymes, ACAT1 and ACAT2. Here I performed biochemical analyses of individual amino acids within c-terminal loop of ACAT1 and showed...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Hormonal and neurochemical determinants of sex differences in chronic radicular pain.
Radiculitis -- Endocrine aspects. Radiculitis -- Sex factors. Radiculitis -- Pathophysiology. Pain -- Sex factors. Progesterone -- Physiological effect. Cellular signal transduction. Neuregulin-1 -- physiology.
Chronic low back pain is a debilitating and devastating disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Considerable evidence indicates that there are sex-related differences in clinical and experimental pain sensitivity in men and women. Women...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Understanding PDZ affinity and selectivity: all residues considered / by Jeanine F. Amacher.
PDZ protein-protein interaction domains recognize short linear motif (SLiM) sequences typically at the extreme C-terminus of a target protein. These domains often act as scaffolds, connecting target proteins to additional interaction and catalytic...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Myc post-transcriptionally iduces HIF1 protein and target gene expression in normal and cancer cells
Myc oncogenes.;""Transcription factors."";""Genetic regulation."";""Genesmyc."";""Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 alpha Subunit.""
Dartmouth Dissertations
The interplay between GATA4-FOG2 transcriptional regulation and the canonical WNT signaling pathway in mouse organogenesis.
Mice -- Morphogenesis. ; Mice -- Genetics. ; Transcription factors. ; Cellular signal transduction. ; Genetic regulation. ; GATA4 Transcription Factor -- genetics. ; Wnt Proteins -- physiology.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Brain repair after trauma : birth and migration of immature neurons after focal traumatic brain injury in piglets and human children / by Sabrina Rose Taylor.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of acquired disability in children, yet innate repair mechanisms are incompletely understood. A possible innate mechanism to repair injury after insult is neurogenesis - the birth, migration,...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Dosimetry for 5-aminolevulinic acid induced Protoporphyrin IX photodynamic therapy of Barrett's esophagus.
Esophagus -- Diseases -- Photochemotherapy -- Technique. ; Esophagus -- Diseases -- Dosimetric treatment. ; Radiation dosimetry. ; Porphyrins -- Therapeutic use.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used to cause specific tissue destruction, using photochemical reactions that result from light excitation of photosensitizer, which has localized in the target tissue. The process of photosensitizer photobleaching was...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Peripheral and spinal mechanisms of neuropathic behaviors following peripheral nerve injury.
Allodynia -- Animal models. ; Pain -- Physiological aspects. ; Nerves Peripheral -- Pathophysiology. ; Spinal cord -- Pathophysiology. ; Nerves.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Analysis of inpatient surveillance data for automated classification of deterioration.
Problem Statement Patient safety in the modern hospital is supported by multiple human and technological systems, and this type of high-risk/high-complexity domain requires multiple layers of protection against harm. This fault-tolerant approach is...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Regulation of epithelial chloride channels: implications for cell volume regulation and cystic fibrosis.
Chloride channels. ; Epithelial cells. ; Cellular control mechanisms. ; Cystic fibrosis.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Arginine vasopressin and pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxi.
Pulmonary hypertension. ; Vasopressin. ; Anoxemia. ; Oxygen -- Physiological effect.
Dartmouth Dissertations
Three factors influencing physical health in serious mental illness:smoking, health education, and employment
The confluence of patient, provider, and system level factors contributes to excess mortality due to preventable medical conditions among people with serious mental illness (SMI) compared to the general population. Study one explored how...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Mechanisms for the regulation of fibrinolysis and cytokine expression by nickel.
Pulmonary fibrosis -- Pathophysiology. ; Fibrinolysis --Genetic aspects. ; Cytokines. ; Immune response -- Regulation. ; Nickel -- Toxicology. ; Lungs -- Dust diseases.
Human epidemiological and animal studies have associated inhalation of nickel dusts with increased incidence of pulmonary fibrosis. The current studies examined the hypothesis that nickel promotes pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting fibrinolysis and...
Dartmouth Dissertations
Influence of the infracerebellar nucleus on respiratory activity.
Respiration -- Regulation. ; Cerebellar nuclei.
Dartmouth Dissertations
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Correspondence of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry
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Encyclopedia Arctica
Hanover New Hampshire Maps
Manuscripts Related to Samson Occom and Eleazar Wheelock's Early Indian Students
New Hampshire Sanborn Map Collection
Press Translations, Japan, 1945-1946
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text: Nokia N8 vs Apple iPhone 4 – Comparison Video Leave a reply Share on Facebook.Share on Twitter.Share on Google+Pin It! Nokia N8 vs Apple iPhone 4 Here is a video that would compare between Nokia N8 and Apple iPhone 4 on the basis of following key points. > Menu > GPS > Mail > Browser > App shop> Youtube & > Facebook Related Posts:Midrange Nokia Asha Smartphone leaked picture that resemblesLow light camera comparison test between Nokia Lumia 925 andCrystal Apple Theme for Nokia N8 & other Belle…Nokia's C.E.O Calls iPhone an Embarrassing Device…Low Light Video Recording Comparison: Nokia Lumia 928 vs.…Nokia Lumia 920 vs. Nokia Lumia 925 comparison video and…Catwalk – Lighter & Thinner Successor of Nokia…New Generation Nokia Asha Smartphones with Improved Swipe UIVideo Comparison: Nokia Lumia 925 vs. Samsung Galaxy S 4QtYouDow 1.0 Best Quality YouTube Video Download for Nokia…Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)

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A new report ranks Denmark as the happiest country in the world.
The World Happiness Report for 2016 ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels, using data collected from a Gallup poll to measure economical, psychological, health and public policy factors, among others.
The report, released just days ahead of UN World Happiness Day on Sunday, ranks the top 10 happiest countries as follows:
1. Denmark
2. Switzerland
3. Iceland
4. Norway
5. Finland
6. Canada
7. Netherlands
8. New Zealand
9. Australia
10. Sweden
Denmark previously topped the list in 2012 and 2013.
The report ranks Burundi as the least happy nation. Data collected found that inequality among people was strongly associated with unhappiness.
Read more and see the full list of rankings here.
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The following article constitutes an effort to make explicit an experience in neonatology within the framework of the exercise of occupational therapy, a discipline belonging to the health sciences. An occupational therapist in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit with an ecological practice approach participates in an interdisciplinary health group. The therapist enhances the person-environment-occupation-performance interaction, encourages the baby's self-regulation and family participation in co-participation in routine activities. The article aims to reflect on the trajectory of the role of the occupational therapist in the interaction between the baby, the occupation, the caregivers, and the neonatal intensive care unit environment. A systematic exploratory review of the performance of occupational therapists in neonatal intensive care units was carried out. The results transcended thematic variables, theories, methods, approaches, characteristics of the baby, occupations, and contexts of the management of premature babies. Finally, it is concluded that in order to facilitate the baby's self-regulation and teamwork aimed at the child's recovery it is necessary to be able to access education related to concepts concerning the occupation of the baby, the interaction with his/her environment and his/her caregivers, the procedures, the guide for the stimulation as the modification of the physical, temporal and social environment.
The World Health Organization 1 Guidelines stipulates that the assistance given to premature babies who are at risk due to their health conditions need of follow-up sessions guided by the application of theories, approaches, techniques, and methods. One of the most remarkable is the Sinactiva theory 2, which considers that all human beings have a rich interior life that must be supported in order to develop and prosper otherwise it will be frustrated due to the lack of care, opportunities and the environment surrounding them. The Neonatal Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) 3-5 is derived from this theory, as well as the development centered care 6, the family centered care 7, and it is based on the follow-up and control of premature babies and their families, and the process of acquiring abilities for life. The approaches focused on neurodevelopment 8 and sensory integration 9 strengthen and dynamize the effects of interventions in the area of health.
Due to the variety of concepts and approaches in which the practice of health professionals of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is based, in order to determine what the work of the occupational therapist (OT) should be, an exploratory revision was perform which facilitated the knowledge of recent ideas on what has been done, how it has been done, allowing us formulating hypothesis and identifying those aspects that were studied with much detail to identify key concepts, theories, and sources of evidence, such as the type of questions, what strengths and challenges we face in our work and the inclusion of concepts from teams that intervene in the NICU 10.
Materials and Methods
The contents of the bibliographical references found was analyzed, starting with validated and reproducible inferences that could be applied to the performance of the OT in the context of the NICU. The topic was divided into units in order to categorize and interpret the data as it was. Such data as conceptual references, processes, history, tools and strategies was analyzed and in so doing, we could highline and describe some particularities in order to reformulate and generate a complex corpus of knowledge with a harmonic sense for the professional community that works in this clinical area of the profession.
The following were the biomedical data bases used: Cochrane Library, LILACS, IBECS, EMBASE, ACCESS MEDICINE, MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), SciELO (Scientific Electronic library Online), Redalyc, PUBMED, Scopus, Dial net, HHS Public Access, Sciencedirect. Original articles were included whose content complied with the objective: to determine the realities and knowledge on the practice of the occupational therapist (OT) in the NICU and the interaction between the baby, the occupation, the caregivers and the environment of the NICU where realities and knowledge on the practice of occupational therapy in the NICU will be formulated.
The key words: MeSH, infant, premature, diseases, premature birth, extremely premature, and DeCS defined the verification in the describers of the health sciences: neonatology, occupational therapy in neonatology, the role of the occupational therapist in the NICU, the development centered care and the occupational therapy, the family centered care and the OT. Also included were magazines focused on the performance of the occupational therapist, such as: The American Association of Occupational Therapy, and those from the associations of Australia, Galicia, Chile, Argentina, Great Britain, Canada, and Japan which publish the majority of articles about the profession. We also included magazines on pediatrics and neonatology that provided basic knowledge on the interaction with occupational therapy.
Health professionals that assist premature infants at the neonatal intensive care unit
Conceptual references
Developing the bases for the professional knowledge (researching to know what to do in the practice as therapists) is an exhaustive scrutiny of what it is known and how that knowledge about sample for study was acquired, the manner in which we could validate that knowledge through evidence. It is the building of a careful process, well elaborated, in which the parameters on what it is done that have been more or less agreed upon are complied with. It is applying instruments with standardized guidelines and clinical interventions on children, their parents and the professionals who intervene to measure their efficiency and identify what situations need correction 11.
In order to know the sample for the study, it was found that there is a group of babies who due to an illness or a situation present disadvantages impeding their complete participation in their context, according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 12. They are premature 1 and born too soon 13. Currently the newborns of risky pregnancies survive more frequently as a result of advances in obstetric, neonatal and technological care (14. These newborns at risk demonstrate immaturity in different corporal structures and in their functions, in the areas of occupational performance, the development of abilities, in the occupational activity in interaction with the environment-context affecting their personal and social participation and it could become a barrier for performing activities that are purposeful and meaningful for daily life 15,16.
Performing careful processes
Due to the infant's fragility, the vulnerability of their families, the complexity of the medical and social factors that affect them, the health professionals dedicated to the care of newborns at risk guided by world organizations, neonatology associations 13 assist those babies with an interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary focus 17,18 in which each professional guided by their profession own proper standards provide an assistance with expertise in a specialized, timely, individualized and flexible manner, based on knowledge, advanced capacities and abilities minimizing risks or developmental disorders.
Knowing their interventions and therapies, but most of all, knowing the subjects and the group receiving that intervention, it is more evident the contributions made by the interdisciplinary approach. If therapists maintain only a reduced vision of their own disciplinary approach, they assume that these newborns have a physical or health condition resulting from natural causes and won't conceive the intervention for this population as bio-psychologic-cultural beings. This means that it won't transcend the interpretation of the occupational realities through the critical analysis offering different theoretic possibilities of interpretation for the occupational phenomena 9.
The occupational therapy professionals have a unique set of abilities to contribute to the flexibility and integrity in the management of the premature infant 19,20. Based on the educational standards that improve the international professional profile proposed by the World Federation of Occupational Therapy 21 (WFOT) and the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) 22, and the conceptual practical orientation on the functions of the occupational therapist in neonatology where the development of intervention of OT in the NICU is explained 19,20, besides the different occupations involved in the NICU, in addition to the guidelines proposed for the intervention 23) these educational standards promote the education and understanding (24, and finally, the requirements of knowledge and the abilities for the practice 25.
To be precise about the practices, the proposal made by Kinney 26 is revised. Such proposal starts with the concept of the co-participation managed in the interdisciplinary proposal and in the formulation of the Sinactiva 27 theory which increases the knowledge on the most vulnerable newborns and their families and makes sure that the opportunities they have would allow them accomplish their potential in order to lead a satisfactory life.
According to commentaries made by Maltese 2, Dunn et al. 28, the theory of Synactiva teaches an individualized approach, it describes the newborn as a being having the capacity to organize and control his/her conduct. It points out that "the child learns about him/herself in his/her environment and finds the way to satisfy his/her needs". The premature infant who is developing in an unusual environment and who has had less time for the neuro-development in a controlled environment is vulnerable to the sensory stimuli of continuous exposure because they are not neurologically ready to receive an overdose of sensory stimuli. Table 1 exposes the elements of the newborn conduct in the NICU.
|Newborn conduct in the NICU
|Measures muscular tone, movement, activity, and posture
|Measures skin color, cardiac frequency, and respiratory pattern
|States of consciousness
|Categorizes the level of the central nervous system as far as awareness, sleep, awakening, cry, demonstrating the strength and modulation of his/her states and patterns of transition between each of them.
|Attention interaction
|Capacity to interact with the environment.
|Measures efforts to get balance using other subsystems.
Source: Vergara et al29).
On the other hand, Als 27, pioneer of the assistance during development, expresses that the intrauterine sensorial experience is dangerous for premature infants for the neurological structure of the immature brain. Based on the concepts presented in the Synactiva theory, it was created the approach for the assistance in the NICU on part of the RN and its individualized development called "development care". For this reason, the evaluation program NIDCAP (4 is focused in improving the comprehension of the caregiver in self-regulated capacities for the infant is based in observing the baby's conduct as communication in itself. This program is centered in the skills and strengths of the individual infants. It is focused in the integration and modulation of the sensory system and supports all the infant's care givers: parents and professionals. This program takes into account the autonomous motor system, the states of awareness, attention and interaction, and the self-regulation as it is described in Table 1. (The definition of each one of them).
Starting from the synthesis and the growing of the Synactiva theory, concepts that have been recognized as approaches in the NICU are consolidated. Such concepts are: NIDCAP, development centered care, family centered care, neurodevelopment and sensory integration. Each one of these contains compatible elements, they have the same bases, methods and tools and they are interrelated. The analogy between the Sinactiva theory and the intervention of OT are described in Table 2.
|Infant's activities
|Activities with sensory visual components: audio, oral, tactile, proprioceptive, vestibular. Daily activities of feeding, sleep, and rest
|Infant's factors
|Tone, strength, resistance, posture control, oral control
|State of awareness, modulation, transition of states
|Visual, auditive, and developmental skills
|Contextual factors
|Physical context: level of activity, connection, modulation
|Social context - Cultural (caregiver). sensibility, compromise, willingness, number
|Temporal context: rhythm, routine, medical needs
Source: Als27
The NIDCAP 3-5 derived from the Sinactiva theory, starts with observation of the infant's response to the care procedures. Based on this, individualized recommendations and strategies are contributed for his/her care. These recommendations support the physiological stability of the infant as well as his/her self-regulation and the organization of his/her behavior Compatible with the NIDCAP, the OT centers its performance in the interaction of the autonomous, motor systems, the organizational state, the attention interaction and the regulatory subsystems among themselves and with the environment context according with the ecology and the human performance 28,29.
The following are the approaches being taken into consideration: the developmental care 30,31, similar with the performance of the OT, it favors the process of neurodevelopment and its main characteristic is the individualization of the RN care starting from observation of their conducts, the propagation of a standardized instruction method, the availability of an environment that supports the participation of the newborn and his/her family in the expected activities which favors the reduction of environmental stress factors as well as improving the micro-environment (light, sound, movement, position, tact, calmness, and physical support) to maintain an optimal tone and a quiet and refreshing sleep in a relaxed, comfortable or vigilant environment 32-37.
Another approach is that of family centered care 38-43. It is also compatible and similar, since with this approach the actions in the macro-environment are shared. The intervention rotates around the parents so they can recognize their children behaviors and get integrated in their care ruled by the principles of closeness to the family and participation of the newborn care and on the other hand, around the professionals in the participation in interdisciplinary work and in the change of attitudes, in the processes and in each profession own dominium 44.
The next approach is that of neurodevelopment 8,30,32. It legitimates the fact that a stable and adequate infant posture favors the correct perception and a variety of stimulus for the future planification and motor coordination. The OT shares this approach with other rehabilitation professionals in order to reach self-regulation and organization in the transition of movement, the posture alignment that provide the entry to sensory stimuli and help the infant mature at the motor, perceptive, and sensorial levels 45.
As part of the therapeutic tool, the occupational therapist uses the sensory integration approach 9,46-48. He/she assumes that the capacity of the infant to process the sensory impulse and integrate it with another sensory information serves him/her to use that capacity for adaptive purposes to improve his/her skills of performance, if and only if the environment would offer him/her the type or the adequate quantity of sensory experiences (49.
As it is evident in the complex environment of the NICU, the intrinsic importance of the specialized medical assistance is highlighted as well as the hyper-technical and the interaction of inter and multidisciplinary teams. The team's participation is based on the concepts of individualized assistance centered in the family and they take responsibility for coordinating the practice evaluation to comply with the parameters of developmentally oriented assistance, insisting in having the appropriate environment for the infant and his/her family 17,18.
The OT as part of the interdisciplinary team establishes identity in the discipline (it does not have to be exclusive or excluding) and it differs from others in that the popular imaginary tends to be materialized with occupational therapy. It bases its interventions on concepts and practices defined by the WFOT 50 and the AOTA 51 that establish that "the profession is centered in empowering and facilitate the participation of persons or groups in taking roles, habits, and routines at home, at school, at the workplace, and at the community through the occupation. It centers the therapeutic use of activities of the daily life (occupations) with individuals or groups in order to empower or facilitate the participation". This is coherent with the principles of the international classification of functioning and handicap (ICF) 52) mentioned by the WHO, but also in situations closer to neonatology, based on the model of the person, occupation, and environment (POE) 53,54 in which attention to the nature of occupational performance is given starting from the dynamic and interactive relation of the person (infant, family) with the components and the areas of yielding (co-occupation, adaptation, communication skills) and the environment as a critical factor in the human performance (physical, social, cultural, and temporary) that influences the behavior and the occupation 55.
The historical roots found the development of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the being, doing and feeling of the occupational therapy
The professional performance of the OT in the NICU has leaded a trail through time and space. This allows having an understanding of the conceptual and practical configuration, consolidating the performance of the OT in neonatology, recognizing the infant's development, his/her occupation in the context in which he/she is developing, the interaction with the family, identifying the contributions made by interdisciplinary groups in the research, and registering the influence in the social and labor contexts.
Taking into account the historical trail, Gorga 56 taught the developments in the occupational therapy practice for hospitalized children in a NICU. She mentions the representatives of each event or epoch. In her writings, it is summarized the beginning of how the approaches are applied in the treatment for medically stable infants with developmental handicaps and their families in the intensive care unit environment.
During the 1980s, it came to be known specifically the beginning of the application of the Sinactiva theory. It was when practices were beginning to be modified according to the guidelines of development to examine the effects of manipulation on children and the therapy could be integrated to the plan of nursing care. It was specified if the benefits overcame the risks, if the changes could be measured and if they contributed to the results. Vergara et al. 19,20, recommended that the therapy were centered on nursing infants and oriented to the parents to whom it was taught the specific skills such as feeding, and an easy transition from the NICU to the home environment was facilitated.
At the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, the paring of therapists and parents was established as a movement of collaborative interchange or society. It was specified that as long as the concepts of collaboration, communication, and empowerment were applied, they could guide the way for the near future. Also Schfsky 57, Cui et al. 58, and Ross et al. 59, define the guidelines that a neonatal therapist requires as part of the personnel of the NICU at an assistance III or IV levels that includes assistance to infants at any gestational age at birth with medical and complex surgical needs. They define the roles of the OT in the NICU and the use of different therapeutic interventions performed on nursing infants at high risk at the NICU. They express that due to the vulnerability of the premature infants, the therapist based in the NICU need advanced skills to optimize the infant's results at the same time that they understand and are adapted to the medical interventions that occur simultaneously with the therapeutic ones.
Tools for the intervention of the occupational therapist facilitate the interpretation of their usage
Up until now it has been presented the revision about the approaches, methods, and theories that the occupational therapist uses in the NICU as tools for intervention. Starting from this intervention it is understood that the movement, organization of the muscular tone, the activity and posture help the infant's self-regulation. The effort the infant makes to get balance in the organization activities as well as the attention-interaction manifests his/her capacity to interact with the environment. The neuro-regulatory capacity of each child guides the interventions geared towards optimizing the results of the neurological development 20,28.
The OT in neonatology, a participant of the interdisciplinary group 17,18, is guided, as it was already announced, by the standards determined by the WHO 1, AOTA 60, and those proposed by Adrados 61 and Vergara et al62. He/she employs specific approaches treating the infant as a singular being that acts with physical, cognitive, affective, and individual factors manifested in a range of abilities that consciously interact with the temporal, social, cultural, and physical environment in which the infant develops. Such factors are described in Table 3.
|DCC (development centered care)
|Immediate surroundings
|Moment, sequence, and adaptation during care
|Support for self-regulation during rest
|Support for self-regulation during care
|Appropriate sensory experiences according to development
|FCC (family centered care)
|Unit environment
|Participation in care
|Provides sensory-motor experiences
|Promotes the development of normal movements
|Development of postural patterns
Source: Vergara et al20
According to what is represented, the OT recognizes the infant as an occupational being who performs activities, is an active co-participant of action patterns that emerges from the interaction of the child with the environment. Kathleen 63) considers these occupations as "the tasks and activities that are valued whether in the family culture or in the NICU, and in which it is expected the child to participate". "The occupations are activity patterns that emerge from the interaction of the child with the environment". This way, it could be established that the occupational performance is the occupation of the infant in tasks and activities that are expected whether by the family or by the NICU personnel and in which there is an idea that becomes synchronic between the co-occupational experiences of the infant and those of the caregivers. This thought induces the occupational therapist to couple the newborn nature with adaptations and modifications in the infant, the caregiver in the environment or the objects inside the NICU 64-66.
Then, the OT uses a transactional relation between the newborn, his/her activities, his/her valued occupations and his/her context and manages therapeutically the daily life activities because he or she observes the state of organization with which interacts as Hunter et al. 23, explains. The OT empowers or facilitates the participation of the caregivers in the creation of habits and routines and the sensory interactions as well as the modulations of sensations, of the space and objects as tools 67,68.
It is for the above mentioned that the role of the OT in the neonatology services is geared towards the intervention and research on the acquisition and preservation of abilities of those newborns that have or are at risk of developing a disease, a lesson, a deficiency, a handicap, a limitation of activity or restriction from participation, involving the relatives 68-70.
Retaking the systematic revision of the articles aiming towards the actualization of contents and concepts, it was found that the OT interventions in neonatology are not rules nor prescriptions, they are individualized specific actions for each child at every moment. Part of the observation of the infant response to the changes or suggestions is having the responsibility, firs and foremost, of preserving the neuro-behavioral and physiological stability actively involving the family to the health care team. This is done with the objective to influence the present and future quality of life of the child and of his/her family as they face situations they most confront 71-74.
Methodological strategies and techniques used by the ot in his/her occupational performance
Here an approximation is made to the fact that strategies and technics of recollection and production of data are working around the nature of the premature infants. From the observations made to describe data from the talks or interviews done to determine an occupational profile, it is aimed at the meaning the professionals give to health, the standardized guidelines to measure the occupational performance of the newborn and his/her family, and the techniques used in their interventions and research 75,76.
Since many newborns are examine by professionals knowledgeable about infant development, those who are involved in the diagnosis and interventions should recognize that besides the medications, there are other approaches proposed by other disciplines such as OT. They propose games and ludic activities as ways of stimulating the senses and promoting social skills, movement control, and cognitive development. To that end, it is important to document the intervention and impact this have on the infant and his/her family 71-76 routine daily life.
In order to develop his/her practice in the NICU, the OT needs to know about the conditions, medical procedures, and vulnerabilities of the newborn. In addition, he/she will recognize an understanding of the individualized developmental skills, the competencies of the neonatal 19,20 neuro-behavioral organization theories, the family life, the principles of socio-emotional development, and the team work, among others. This is the only way in which the OT could comprehend how these factors interact to influence the newborn performance. According to what is mentioned, the thinking, doing, and being of the OT in neonatology ranges from the secondary prevention through the detection to the diagnosis. Among these components of action there is knowing the believes, the cultural practices, health needs, occupational opportunities, political systems, ideologies and images behind the medical or clinical interventions 76.
During the evaluation / intervention, the OT keeps in mind the neuro-behavioral organization, the sensorial development and process 77. On the other hand, he/she considers the refer motor function at a posture level respecting the flexor pattern of arms and legs moving together to the center of the body, giving the characteristic fetal position in a symmetrical manner or corporal mechanics. The OT uses nests and rolls for comfort, contention, extreme stability, favoring the flexor posture and avoiding cranial deformities. Similarly, he/she takes into account the daily activities (feeding, clothing, changing dippers, transferring, transition states, sleeping) as well as the socio-emotional development 78-80.
As far as the family is concerned, its systems continue, thinking on the learning styles for adults, expectancy, cultural growth expectancy, parent-children interactions as well as the role of the father during the hospitalization, the family centered informed care and what it is more important, the transition of the infant from the hospital to his/her home (81.
A key aspect is the environment 82-84.
In the sensorial environment five types are considered:
Tactile; synchronization, intensity, texture, management for procedures, and interaction with parents. The tactile proprioceptive gives a facilitating impulse for self-organization.
Proprioceptive-vestibular: synchronization, intensity, texture, management for procedures, and interaction with parents. (hammocks, balance of the infant in his/her mother's lap)
Specific olfactive, taste experiences in the NICU (time, quality, and intensity)
Auditive: intensity, duration, time, animated Vs. inanimate
Visual: Temporization, environment and intensity of focal light, content and visual field.
Social environment in which parents and infants, extended family members and babies, personnel and babies; parents and personnel; occupational therapist, parents, personnel and infants are identified.
The physical environment is formed by the teams and medical procedures; the frequency, time, duration, quality and intensity of sensory information of doctors, team and procedures; the sensory information of the teams, procedures and personnel activities that are harmful for the neuro-behavioral organization.
The cultural environment refers to the philosophy of specific care in the NICU, including its particular orientation towards the acute and chronic care of the infants; the roles, functions, attitudes, and the position of the team members in the structural organization of the individual NICU; the influence of stressful factors of the NICU, the communication and structure patterns, both formal and informal among the personnel members and between the family and the personnel; rules of conduct explicit and non-explicit; the effect of the physical and social environment in the personnel performance and moral and the humanization of the NICU (incubator with personal elements and family souvenirs).
So being, one integral part of the process of occupational therapy is the therapeutic use of oneself and this makes possible to develop and manage his/her therapeutic relation through the use of the narrative and the clinical reasoning (empathy and a collaborative approach). Through the use of interpersonal communication techniques, the power of the relation is displaced so that the families would have a greater control in the decision making and problem solving. These are essential aspects for an efficient intervention 83,84.
Summarizing, in order to identify the treatment interventions used inside the NICU by the OT, an example of Sardá was taken. He presented some forms of making interventions with newborns at high risk that could be a guide for the approach. Table 4 announces the techniques for the discussion of environmental and unimodal sensory stimulation 85.
|Reactions to assistance/interaction
|Facing signs of stress, suspend intervention. One sensory stimulation at a time. Soft lights
|Keeping intervention when facing signs of stress. Interaction under inadequate conditions. More than 1 sensory stimuli at a time.
|Keep the infant covered or dressed. Visual stimuli at 30-40 cm from sight. Eliminate unnecessary stimuli. Facilitate hand-mouth or pacifier activity. Posture in flexion. Give support and stability. Intervention RN in awareness.
Source: Sardá 85).
The previously exposed represents the general vision of the requirements for the OT approach in neonatology.
Regarding the development of premature infants, it is considered that if the individual needs are not stimulated in a long run, the damages will be evident. Such damages could be: the capacity for praxis, imitation, sequencing, and construction; the motor skills, the cognitive capacities, such as perception; processing abilities (capacity of organizing actions in an opportune and safe manner) and the capacities of emotional regulation that could affect the ability to efficiently respond to the demands of occupation with a range of emotions.
Consequently, beyond the reference model centered in the conventional problem of handicap, the OT make a valuable contribution to the newborn care because they center in the power of commitment with the occupation and to the support of the parents in the infant's care in order to accomplish positive results for the family and the caregivers.
It is a change of attitude from "we are the experts and we know what is best for the patient" to "we will do it with you" Zarubi et al86.
If we understand the interdisciplinary concept as a dialogue and interchange of techniques, concepts and researching methods among different disciplines, the OT, without losing his/her identity, does not have a problem in grasping the heuristic tools from other disciplinary fields for the research work. The intervention of the OT in the NICU is a collaborative practice in which it is demonstrated at the same time respect and support to the functions of other people and the disciplines in the lives of the newborns.
Knowing the nature of the social, cultural structure, believes, cultural practices, health needs of relatives and health professionals provides occupational opportunities relevant to the interactions of the OT that are behind the medical or clinical interventions.
Sharing our experiences, successes and errors, difficulties and wrongs, generating and validating instruments, standardized guidelines and clinical interventions, measuring its efficacy and identifying situations to be corrected presents us as "active researchers" that teach not only what has been done, but also what is been doing and what can change. Counseling and orientations based on real research experiences could contribute to the "how" to face to the process of research starting from the documented observation, the interventions, its impact in propagating and publicly communicating. This way, we are building history and practices of the OT in neonatology is a symbol for formulating the practical and transforming character of the occupational praxis.


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Furious 7- -
Deckard Shaw seeks revenge against Dominic Toretto and his family for his comatose brother.
A grieving mother transforms herself into a vigilante following the murders of her husband and daughter, eluding the authorities to deliver her own personal brand of justice. Read More
Lake Tahoe, 1969. Seven strangers, each one with a secret to bury, meet at El Royale, a decadent motel with a dark past. In the course of a fateful night, everyone will have one last shot at redemption. Read More
Deckard Shaw seeks revenge against Dominic Toretto and his family for his comatose brother.
Domenic Toretto is a Los Angeles street racer suspected of masterminding a series of big-rig hijackings. When undercover cop Brian O'Conner infiltrates Toretto's iconoclastic crew, he falls for Toretto's sister and must choose a side: the gang or the LAPD.
When some very creepy things start happening around school, the kids at Herrington High make a chilling discovery that confirms their worst suspicions: their teachers really are from another planet! As mind-controlling parasites rapidly begin spreading from the faculty to the students' bodies, it's ultimately up to the few who are left – an unlikely collection of loners, leaders, nerds and jocks – to save the world from alien domination.
When a crime brings them back to L.A., fugitive ex-con Dom Toretto reignites his feud with agent Brian O'Conner. But as they are forced to confront a shared enemy, Dom and Brian must give in to an uncertain new trust if they hope to outmaneuver him. And the two men will find the best way to get revenge: push the limits of what's possible behind the wheel.
Former cop Brian O'Conner partners with ex-con Dom Toretto on the opposite side of the law. Since Brian and Mia Toretto broke Dom out of custody, they've blown across many borders to elude authorities. Now backed into a corner in Rio de Janeiro, they must pull one last job in order to gain their freedom.
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A group of Menlo-Atherton High School students will spend their Saturdays tutoring K-8 students in Latin to promote literacy and English language skills with the launch of a new program this weekend.
The Menlo-Atherton High School classics program is working with the Paideia Institute, a nonprofit that promotes the study of the classical humanities, to start a branch of The Aequora Program in Menlo Park.
The program is free, and the first session is scheduled for Saturday, June 15, at the Belle Haven Library.
"This program aims to help students to improve their literacy and this is a great opportunity for our students to give back to their community, helping people to succeed in school," said M-A Latin teacher Maria Luisa de Seta, who is the program's site coordinator.
"Last, but not least, as Aequora is shaped by a belief that everyone should have access to Latin and by a vision of Classics as an inclusive, diverse, and socially engaged field, we think that this is a way to try to build community in our diverse and not always equal community," she said.
The curriculum will focus on Roman culture and mythology, as well as basic Latin vocabulary and grammar through games and engaging activities, according to M-A organizers.
Students can use their new Latin knowledge to make connections across both English and Spanish, organizers said. Participants will be able to build English and language arts skills, including strategies in vocabulary, reading comprehension and spelling, they added.
Volunteer tutors (the majority of whom are current M-A students) and experienced Silicon Valley Latin teachers will run the classes, said Sophia Alvarez, head of M-A's Junior Classical League club, in an email.
New York-based Paideia Institute developed The Aequora Program, but this is the first Silicon Valley branch of the program, said de Seta. There are other Aequora programs throughout the U.S.
No sign-up is necessary to attend the free sessions, Alvarez said. The program will continue to run throughout the school year.
The lessons will take place on Saturdays from 3 to 4 p.m. at Belle Haven Library, 413 Ivy Drive in Menlo Park. Organizers advise checking the library schedule for change in time and room location. The first meeting will take place in the library's conference room, Alvarez said.
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Category Archives: Europe 19th Century
On this day: the death of a Russian imperialist
In 1865
Count Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov, a Russian imperial statesman infamous for his policies of forced Russification across the empire, died on the 12h of September, 1866.
Born in Moscow in 1796, Muravyov worked hard in what is now Poland, Lithuania, and Belarus to suppress nationalism by targeting religion and language. Catholic churches were torn down, and schools teaching in Polish and Lithuanian languages were closed. Russian teachers were brought in from elsewhere to take over the education system.
A Catholic church in Vilnius being torn down in 1877.
Additionally, the Roman alphabet was banned, and replaced with Cyrillic.
Similar policies were put in place by Russian officials in other regions – particularly Ukraine – and continued to be used by the Soviets.
Muravyov was recorded as saying: 'What the Russian rifle did not succeed in doing, will be finished off by Russian schools.'
On this day: the death of Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX, head of the Catholic Church, died in the Apostolic Palace in Rome on the 7th of February, 1878.
Born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti in 1792, the Italian port town of Senigallia, Pius IX became the longest-running elected Pope in the history of the Catholic Church, with a papacy that lasted for over thirty-one years, from the 16th of June, 1846 until his death.
The Pope was beatified on the 3rd of September, 2000.
On this day: the birth of a photography pioneer
Daguerre in 1844
Photography pioneer Louis Daguerre was born in Cormeilles-en-Parisis, Val-d'Oise, France on the 18th of November, 1797. He became known as a father of photography after inventing the daguerreotype photography process.
Daguerre's 1837 photograph recreating a still life is the earliest daguerreotype with a reliable date.
Above is Daguerre's circa 1838 image of Paris. It is the first known candid photograph of a person. A man having his boots polished stood still long enough to be captured.
Also a painter and the inventor of the diorama theatre, Daguerre died in Paris in July of 1851, at the age of sixty-three.
On this day: a Russian attack on Warsaw
This 1837 painting by Mikhail Lermontov depicts Russian Guard Hussars attacking Warsaw, Poland on the 7th of September, 1831. The original date given was the 26th of August, as the Russian Empire followed the old calendar.
The Battle of Warsaw was part of the Polish–Russian War of 1830–31 (otherwise known as the November Uprising). Tens of thousands were killed in the battle that resulted in the defeat of Polish uprising and victory for the Russians.
On this day: the Khodynka Tragedy
The Khodynka Tragedy was a deadly stampede that happened during coronation celebrations for Russia's last emperor, Nicholas II, in 1896.
Falling on the 18th of May on the old calendar (which equates to the 30th of May on the new calendar), 1389 people were trampled or suffocated to death when panic broke out in a crowd of many thousands.
People crowd around one of the victims.
Evidence of the tragedy was cleared away before many at the event in Moscow became aware of it, and Nicholas and his wife Alexandra continued with their schedule, including attending a ball with French diplomats that evening. It was decided it was more important to have good relations with the French than to appease the people of the Russian Empire.
The minor imperial response to the disaster did no favours for the family's public image.
Yuletide in Ukraine
Yuletide Fortune Tellers in Ukraine in an 1888 painting by Mykola Pymonenko. Ukrainians still celebrate the Christmas season by the old calendar, as do many neighbouring regions.


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"The Fight" I have three questions for you today. Do gays deserve to have laws in place that protect them from discrimination? Do they also deserve to have the same rights as anyone else? Do " Gays" deserve to be treated as second hand citizens? Well Our country has a long history of discriminating against people for any reason they can invent, whether it be the color of your skin, The way you chose to worship, or for sexual orientation. Just to name a few. And with
States Marine Corps (USMC), whether officer, noncommissioned officer, or Marine, to read First to Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps? After all, the book is now 25 years old. It was written in the post-Vietnam USMC and at the height of the Cold War. Since 1984, the year the book was first published, the characteristics of war, the enemy, and the USMC have changed a number of times; so how is First to Fight relevant? To understand these questions, a reader should understand both the author
To Fight or Not to Fight I have a choice to make. To fight for my holy land or, just let my holy land belong to the Muslims. Nope, I can't let that happen. Yes, I choose to fight for my land. But, there are a few reasons why not just because it's my land. In the First Crusade, Pope Urban the Second spoke a sermon to start it. He was trying to help the Christians of the East. They had promised them that if they go fight or help out that all their sins will be forgiven and they would gain land and
you agree? Most hockey fights do not involve the paramedics and the players who fight get sent to the penalty box. Fighting in hockey is fairly controlled in order to keep the players and fans safe. If you do not agree, Don Cherry Has Arguments about hockey all the time and, sometimes, the players do not want to fight because they fight only to keep their jobs. In the next 3 paragraphs there will be a clear understanding of why fighting in hockey should be allowed. First off, there is a low percentage
you want real love Harley Quinn's love is the one you'd want. The complication in Harley Quinn's love for Joker, is for the fact that she is just like him. A ride or die type of female that would do anything to get the one she loves. The way she fights for him just to get his attention focused on her, is unique and very rare. Joker sometimes attempts to kill Harley Quinn cause of the confusion he cannot deal with. The complication of fairytale love is that when someone lays eyes on their soul mate
asks the employer to pay them even though they are not really working at either of the places. 2.) The narrator seems unfazed when his boss confronts him with the fight club rules. How is it he can be so calm? How has his relation to his job changed? How has he changed? The narrator is so calm when his boss confronts him with the fight club rules because he feels that his boss should be bothering him with every little thing that he finds not only that but he knows about all the part of the car that
to all branches of the military. the army did not have air support at the time, not even when the war ended. The USMC had spent alot of hours in researching and engineering the art of amphibious assault, as a result, the corps was chosen for that fight. All the propositions for reconstruction of the military seemed to emasculate the Corps, survival of the branch was to be in the size of a regiment with lightly armed troops. Marines stood up on themseles and exposed the plan of their eradication.
The Fight As a Chinese teenager, boxing is not a familiar word to us since the culture. It was always called the Western sport in our country. I was always wondering how a real fighter look like and how to become one. After reading The Fight wrote by Norman Mailer, I find out what I wanted to know when I was kid. The fight that Mailer is talking about in The Fight was happened in 1974, Zaire. Two African American boxers Muhammad Ali (1960 Olympic gold medal winner) and George Foreman (1968 Olympic
The Fight "Fight! Fight! Fight!"It all went so quick. I felt guilt and relief at the same time when I heard he was sent to the hospital. After school when I got home I went straight to my room avoiding talking to anyone and, mostly, hoping my parents haven't found out. After having a shower I was lying on my bed thinking about what I did at school. The doorbell broke the silence and I hurried to the window, shocked to see our guest. "Police, may i come in?" "What's going on", my mum said, opening
The Fight I was expecting a normal school day, but to my surprise, this day would change my life forever. About four years ago I walked in the front doors of my school and I overheard a conversation that to my surprise involved Matt Crain, my one and only true best friend (so I thought), whom I talked to about girls that I wanted to date or simply anything. We would talk about an upcoming football game on Friday nights. We would help each other out no matter how easy or hard the situation was, like


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Zero Movie First Weekend World Wide Total Box Office Collection:-
Zero Movie First Weekend World Wide Total Box Office Collection. Viewers once again Mrdhukkad.com team is here for providing you the latest updates belongs to one of the most popular movies of Bollywood industry of this year 2018. That movie name is Zero.
Zero movies are starring directed by Aanand L. Rai. Well, coming onto the cast of this movie Zero. This movie starring Shahrukh Khan, Katrina Kaif, Anushka Sharma and Tigmanshu Dhulia. Yes, this movie has one of the most successful cast. All of them have a very big fan following. We hope that you would also be excited and going to enjoy this movie for sure.
Zero Movie First Weekend World Wide Total Box Office Collection:-
Now, this movie is going to complete this week. We had shared all previous days business report of this movie with you. We hope that you all would surely go for watching this movie. Yes, if not then you have to go once for watching this movie. Yes, we hope that you would surely go to like this movie. As the story of this movie is good. You can enjoy your free time.
Well, coming onto the weekend business of this movie. Till now the business of this movie is good also this weekend it is performing well. There is one negative thing happened this movie. That is other release movies of this movie are dividing visitors with this movie, the cause of that business of this movie is getting low this weekend. Viewers stay tuned with us going and we will keep sharing trending updates of all the movies of Bollywood industry.
|Zero Movie First 1st Opening Day Box Office Collection
|20.14 cr
|Zero Movie Second 2nd Day 1st Saturday Box Office Collection
|18.22 cr
|Zero Movie Third 3rd Day 1st Sunday Box Office Collection
|21.86 cr
Above we had shared three days first weekend total Box Office Collection. So, stay tuned with us and enjoy all upcoming news belongs to Bollywood movies.


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text: Howick – Racing at the front of the field of the recent Sappi Howick MTB Classic was fast and furious amongst some of the sport's local racing snakes however the 'raw and unplugged mountain biking' challenge represented an even deeper meaning for one local rider racing some way off the leaders.22 year old Thami Kunene's successful completion of the 40km event sparked an huge smile to his face and unique sense of achievement as his journey to the Howick event's finish line started long before the starters' gun even fired."A friend of mine started cycling before I did but I got into the sport through and just loved it so I bought myself a bike to have some fun on," explained 22 year old Kunene from Lidgetton in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands."Then I suddenly realized that I could actually do a little bit more than just ride and, because I love extreme things, I wanted to try race!" he added.The 40km aQuellé Half Marathon at the Sappi Karkloof Classic MTB Festival was Kunene's first ever competitive cycling outing and, having trained on the local routes previously, the young enthusiast overcame the challenge comfortably and so turned to the Howick clash for a second test."The Howick race was much harder than Karkloof," said Kunene. "My bike is very old and I had some problems with it before the race so I couldn't train that much plus I hadn't ever seen the Howick trails before.""It was hectic racing but it was so much fun!"Despite his troubled build-up and the rugged terrain, Kunene shaved almost ten minutes off his Karkloof time at the Sappi Howick MTB Classic and is now eagerly looking for his next adventure."I love cycling and I would love to make a career out of it," said Kunene. "I would love to live my life in the saddle!"Kunene's passion and positive attitude are even more remarkable when his struggles, far greater than just a puncture or broken chain, are considered."Once Thami started cycling, with a few hand-me-downs and old equipment, he then wanted to race but didn't have the means to," explained Kunene's guardian angel, local photographer and cycling enthusiast Gavin Ryan."He'd asked a couple of other riders and a few of the local bike shops for some help with equipment but unfortunately no one really gave him too much support." "Knowing a few people in the industry I then tried to help him where I could by leaning on a few contacts I had in the industry and the next thing Sappi gave him some cycling bibs, Howick Cycles did some maintenance on his bike free of charge using the parts given to Thami by members of the Howick MTB Club as well as Big Wheel MTB bike shop and we even got him his entries into the Karkloof and Howick events thanks to the race organisers and sponsors of those!"We've upgraded his bike a bit. He used to have a seven speed bike which we've now changed to a seven speed with better shifters, wheels, tyres and even a new fork," he added.Kunene is also a budding entrepreneur who sells mosaic creations at the Howick craft market however this young talent is looking to expand his business horizons."It's tough for Thami to compete against the cheaper Chinese imports," explained Ryan. "So he is looking at the possibility of making trophies, plaques and medals for the mountain biking community.""KZN MTB Commission have already shown an interest in possibly using his pieces at their end-of-year awards function and hopefully we can go on to persuade a couple of the event organisers to support a local initiative by allowing Thami to make medals for their races rather than hand out the traditional metal medals that are currently used."The 2014 Sappi Howick MTB Classic, incorporating the 19km Greendale SPAR Intermediate race, took place on Sunday 1 June. More info can be found at www.howickmountainbiking.co.za