text:
Coordinates: 25°N 13°W / 25°N 13°W
|Western Sahara
الصحراء الغربية
As-Ṣaḥrā' al-Ġarbiyyah
Sahara Occidental
|Largest city
|El Aaiún (Laâyoune)
|Official language(s)
|Arabic de jure1, Spanish and French de facto
|Disputed sovereignty2
|Relinquished by Spain
|November 14, 1975
|266,000 km2 (77th)
103,000 sq mi
|Water (%)
|2009 estimate
|513,000[1] (168th)
|1.9/km2 (236th)
5/sq mi
|Moroccan dirham, Sahrawi Peseta
|Time zone
|Internet TLD
|.eh is reserved but not used
|Calling code
1Arabic is the only official language of both Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic which claim sovereignty over the territory.
2 Mostly under administration of Morocco as its Southern Provinces. The Polisario Front controls border areas behind the border wall as the Free Zone, on behalf of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
3 Code for Morocco; no code specific to Western Sahara has been issued by the ITU.
Western Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; Amazigh: Tanẓṛuft Tutrimt; Spanish: Sahara Occidental) is a largely Moroccan-controlled territory in North Africa, bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria to the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Its surface area amounts to 266,000 square kilometres (103,000 sq mi). It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. The largest city is Laâyoune, which is home to over half of the population of the territory, in total estimated at just more than 500,000.[1]
Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since the 1960s when it was a Spanish colony.[2] The Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front independence movement, with its Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) government, dispute control of the territory.
Since a United Nations-sponsored ceasefire agreement in 1991, most of the territory has been controlled by Morocco, backed by France[citation needed], and the remainder by the Polisario/SADR, backed by Algeria.[3] Internationally, major powers such as the United States have taken a generally ambiguous and neutral position on each side's claims, and have pressed both parties to agree on a peaceful resolution. Both Morocco and Polisario have sought to boost their claims by accumulating formal recognition, essentially from African, Asian, and Latin American states in the developing world. Polisario has won formal recognition for SADR from 81 states, and was extended membership in the African Union, while Morocco has won recognition for its position from the Arab League.[4][5] In both instances, recognitions have over the past two decades been extended and withdrawn according to changing international trends.
The earliest recorded inhabitants of the Western Sahara were agriculturalists called the Bafour.[6] The Bafour were later replaced or absorbed by Berber-speaking populations which eventually merged in turn with migrating Arab tribes, although it is clear from the historical record that the Arabic-speaking majority in the Western Sahara descend from Berber tribes that adopted Arabic over time. There may also have been some Phoenician contacts in antiquity, but such contacts left few if any long-term traces.
The arrival of Islam in the 8th century played a major role in the development of relationships between the Saharan regions that later became the modern territories of Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Algeria, and neighbouring regions. Trade developed further, and the region became a highway for caravans, especially between Marrakech and Tombouctou in Mali. In the Middle Ages, the Almohads and Almoravids movements and dynasties both were able to control the area.
Towards the late Middle Ages, the Beni Hassan Arab bedouin tribes invaded the Maghreb, reaching the northern border-area of the Sahara in the 14th and 15th centuries. Over roughly five centuries, through a complex process of acculturation and mixing seen elsewhere in the Maghreb and North Africa, the indigenous Berber tribes adopted Hassaniya Arabic and a mixed Arab-Berber nomadic culture.
This article is part of the series:
|Historical background
Western Sahara War · History of Morocco · Spanish Sahara · Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic · Spanish Morocco · Colonial wars in Morocco · Moroccan Army of Liberation · Ifni War · ICJ Advisory Opinion · UN in Spanish Sahara · Madrid Accords · Green March · Berm (Western Sahara) · Human rights in Western Sahara
|Disputed regions
Saguia el-Hamra · Río de Oro · Southern Provinces · Free Zone
Legal status of Western Sahara · Politics of Morocco · Politics of the SADR · Polisario Front · Former members of the Polisario Front · CORCAS · Moroccan Initiative for Western Sahara
Moroccan Army of Liberation · Harakat Tahrir · Polisario Front · Zemla Intifada · Independence Intifada
|UN involvement
Resolution 1495 · Resolution 1754 · UN visiting mission · MINURSO · Settlement Plan · Houston Agreement · Baker Plan · Manhasset negotiations
After an agreement among the European colonial powers at the Berlin Conference in 1884 on the division of spheres of influence in Africa, Spain seized control of the Western Sahara and established it as a Spanish protectorate after a series of wars against the local tribes reminiscent of similar European colonial adventures of the period, in the Maghreb, sub-Saharan Africa, and elsewhere. After 1939 this area was administered by Spanish Morocco. As a consequence, Ahmed Belbachir Haskouri, the Chief of Cabinet, General Secretary of the Government and Head of the palace for the caliph of Spanish Morocco cooperated with the Spaniards to select governors in that area. The Saharan Lords who were already in prominent positions such as the members of Maa El Ainain family provided a list recommending new governors. Together with the Spanish High Commissioner, Belbachir selected from the list of recommendations. During the prophet's birthday celebration these Lords paid their due respect to the caliph to show loyalty to the Moroccan monarchy. As time went by, Spanish colonial rule began to unravel with the general wave of decolonization after World War II, which saw Europeans lose control of North African and sub-Saharan African possessions and protectorates. Spanish decolonization in particular began rather late, but internal political and social pressures for it in mainland Spain built up towards the end of Francisco Franco's rule, in the context of the global trend towards complete decolonization. Spain began rapidly and even chaotically divesting itself of most of its remaining colonial possessions. After initially being violently opposed to decolonization, Spain began to give in and by 1974–75 issued promises of a referendum on independence. The nascent Polisario Front, a nationalist organization that had begun fighting the Spanish in 1973, had been demanding such a move.
At the same time, Morocco and Mauritania, which had historical claims of sovereignty over the territory based on competing traditional claims, argued that the territory was artificially separated from their territories by the European colonial powers. The third neighbour of Spanish Sahara, Algeria, viewed these demands with suspicion, influenced also by its long-running rivalry with Morocco. After arguing for a process of decolonization guided by the United Nations, the Algerian government under Houari Boumédiènne committed itself in 1975 to assisting the Polisario Front, which opposed both Moroccan and Mauritanian claims and demanded full independence.
The UN attempted to settle these disputes through a visiting mission in late 1975, as well as a verdict from the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which declared that Western Sahara possessed the right of self-determination. On November 6, 1975 the Green March into Western Sahara began when 350,000 unarmed Moroccans converged on the city of Tarfaya in southern Morocco and waited for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross into Western Sahara.
In the waning days of General Franco's rule, the Spanish government secretly signed a tripartite agreement with Morocco and Mauritania as it moved to abandon the Territory on 14 November 1975, mere days before Franco's death. Although the accords foresaw a tripartite administration, Morocco and Mauritania each moved to annex the territory, with Morocco taking control of the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara as its Southern Provinces and Mauritania taking control of the southern third as Tiris al-Gharbiyya. Spain terminated its presence in Spanish Sahara within three months, even repatriating Spanish corpses from its cemeteries. The Moroccan and Mauritanian moves, however, met staunch opposition from the Polisario, which had by now gained backing from Algeria. In 1979, following Mauritania's withdrawal due to pressure from Polisario, Morocco extended its control to the rest of the territory, and gradually contained the guerrillas through setting up the extensive sand-berm in the desert to exclude guerilla fighters. Hostilities ceased in a 1991 cease-fire, overseen by the peacekeeping mission MINURSO, under the terms of a UN Settlement Plan.
The referendum, originally scheduled for 1992, foresaw giving the local population the option between independence or affirming integration with Morocco, but it quickly stalled. In 1997, the Houston Agreement attempted to revive the proposal for a referendum, but likewise has hitherto not had success. As of 2007, however, negotiations over terms have not resulted in any substantive action. At the heart of the dispute lies the question of who qualifies to be registered to participate in the referendum, and, since about 2000, Morocco's renewed refusal to accept independence as an option on the referendum ballot combined with Polisario's insistence that independence be a clear option in the referendum.
Both sides blame each other for the stalling of the referendum. The Polisario has insisted on only allowing those found on the 1974 Spanish Census lists (see below) to vote, while Morocco has insisted that the census was flawed by evasion and sought the inclusion of members of Sahrawi tribes with recent historical presence in the Spanish Sahara.
Efforts by the UN special envoys to find a common ground for both parties did not succeed. By 1999 the UN had identified about 85,000 voters, with nearly half of them in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara or Southern Morocco, and the others scattered between the Tindouf refugee camps, Mauritania and other places of exile. Polisario accepted this voter list, as it had done with the previous list presented by the UN (both of them originally based on the Spanish census of 1974), but Morocco refused and, as rejected voter candidates began a mass-appeals procedure, insisted that each application be scrutinized individually. This again brought the process to a halt.
According to a NATO delegation, MINURSO election observers stated in 1999, as the deadlock continued, that "if the number of voters does not rise significantly the odds were slightly on the RASD side".[7] By 2001, the process had effectively stalemated and the UN Secretary-General asked the parties for the first time to explore other, third-way solutions. Indeed, shortly after the Houston Agreement (1997), Morocco officially declared that it was "no longer necessary" to include an option of independence on the ballot, offering instead autonomy. Erik Jensen, who played an administrative role in MINURSO, wrote that neither side would agree to a voter registration in which they were destined to lose (see Western Sahara: Anatomy of a Stalemate).
As personal envoy of the Secretary-General, James Baker (who also had John R. Bolton in his delegation) visited all sides and produced the document known as the "Baker Plan".[8] This was discussed by the United Nations Security Council in 2000, and envisioned an autonomous Western Sahara Authority (WSA), which would be followed after five years by the referendum. Every person present in the territory would be allowed to vote, regardless of birthplace and with no regard to the Spanish census. It was rejected by both sides, although it was initially derived from a Moroccan proposal. According to Baker's draft, tens of thousands of post-annexation immigrants from Morocco proper (viewed by Polisario as settlers, but by Morocco as legitimate inhabitants of the area) would be granted the vote in the Sahrawi independence referendum, and the ballot would be split three-ways by the inclusion of an unspecified "autonomy", further undermining the independence camp. Also, Morocco was allowed to keep its army in the area and to retain the control over all security issues during both the autonomy years and the election. In 2002, the Moroccan king stated that the referendum idea was "out of date" since it "can not be implemented";[9] Polisario retorted that that was only because of the King's refusal to allow it to take place.
In 2003, a new version of the plan was made official, with some additions spelling out the powers of the WSA, making it less reliant on Moroccan devolution. It also provided further detail on the referendum process in order to make it harder to stall or subvert. This second draft, commonly known as Baker II, was accepted by the Polisario as a "basis of negotiations" to the surprise of many.[10] This appeared to abandon Polisario's previous position of only negotiating based on the standards of voter identification from 1991 (i.e. the Spanish census). After that, the draft quickly garnered widespread international support, culminating in the UN Security Council's unanimous endorsement of the plan in the summer of 2003.
Currently, the Baker II document appears to be a dead letter, and Baker resigned his post at the United Nations in 2004.[citation needed] His resignation followed several months of failed attempts to get Morocco to enter into formal negotiations on the plan, but he met with rejection. The new king, Mohammed VI of Morocco, opposes any referendum on independence, and has said Morocco will never agree to one: "We shall not give up one inch of our beloved Sahara, not a grain of its sand".[11]
Instead, he proposes, through an appointed advisory body Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS), a self-governing Western Sahara as an autonomous community within Morocco. His father, Hassan II of Morocco, initially supported the referendum idea in principle in 1982, and in signed contracts with Polisario and the UN in 1991 and 1997; thus engaging to a referendum. However, no major powers have expressed interest in forcing the issue, and Morocco has historically showed little real interest in an actual referendum.
The UN has put forth no replacement strategy after the breakdown of Baker II, and renewed fighting has been raised as a possibility. In 2005, former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan reported increased military activity on both sides of the front and breaches of several cease-fire provisions against strengthening military fortifications.
Morocco has repeatedly tried to get Algeria into bilateral negotiations, based on its view of Polisario as the cat's paw of the Algerian military. It has received vocal support from France and occasionally (and currently) from the United States. These negotiations would define the exact limits of a Western Sahara autonomy under Moroccan rule, but only after Morocco's "inalienable right" to the territory was recognized as a precondition to the talks. The Algerian government has consistently refused, claiming it has neither the will nor the right to negotiate on the behalf of the Polisario Front.
Demonstrations and riots by supporters of independence and/or a referendum broke out in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara in May 2005, and in parts of southern Morocco (notably the town of Assa). They were met by police. Several international human rights organizations expressed concern at what they termed abuse by Moroccan security forces, and a number of Sahrawi activists have been jailed. Pro-independence Sahrawi sources, including the Polisario, have given these demonstrations the name "Independence Intifada", while most sources have tended to see the events as being of limited importance. International press and other media coverage has been sparse, and reporting is complicated by the Moroccan government's policy of strictly controlling independent media coverage within the territory.
Demonstrations and protests still occur, after Morocco declared in February 2006 that it was contemplating a plan for devolving a limited variant of autonomy to the territory, but still explicitly refused any referendum on independence. As of January 2007, the plan has not been made public, even if the Moroccan government claims that it has been more or less completed.[12][13]
Polisario has intermittently threatened to resume fighting, referring to the Moroccan refusal of a referendum as a breach of the cease-fire terms, but most observers seem to consider armed conflict unlikely without the green light from Algeria, which houses the Sahrawis' refugee camps and has been the main military sponsor of the movement.
In April 2007, the government of Morocco suggested that a self-governing entity, through the Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS), should govern the territory with some degree of autonomy for Western Sahara. The project was presented to the UN Security Council in mid-April 2007. The stalemating of the Moroccan proposal options has led the UN in the recent "Report of the UN Secretary-General" to ask the parties to enter into direct and unconditional negotiations to reach a mutually accepted political solution.[14]
The legal status of the territory and the question of its sovereignty remains unresolved; the territory is contested between Morocco and Polisario Front. It is considered a non self-governed territory by the United Nations.
The government of Morocco is a formally constitutional monarchy under Mohammed VI with a bicameral parliament. The last elections to the lower house were deemed reasonably free and fair by international observers. Certain powers such as the capacity to appoint the government and to dissolve parliament remain in the hands of the monarch. The Morocco-controlled parts of Western Sahara are divided into several provinces treated as integral parts of the kingdom. The Moroccan government heavily subsidizes the Saharan provinces under its control with cut-rate fuel and related subsidies, to appease nationalist dissent and attract immigrants – or settlers – from loyalist Sahrawi and other communities in Morocco proper.[15]
The exiled government of the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is a form of single-party parliamentary and presidential system, but according to its constitution, this will be changed into a multi-party system at the achievement of independence. It is presently based at the Tindouf refugee camps in Algeria, which it controls. It also claims to control the part of Western Sahara to the east of the Moroccan Wall, known as the Free Zone. This area has a very small population, estimated to be approximately 30,000 nomads.[16] The Moroccan government views it as a no-man's land patrolled by UN troops. The SADR government whose troops also patrol the area regard it as the liberated territories and have proclaimed a village in the area, Bir Lehlou as SADR's provisional capital.
The Western Sahara conflict has resulted in severe human rights abuses, most notably the displacement of tens of thousands of Sahrawi civilians from the country, the expulsion of tens of thousands of Moroccan civilians by the Algerian government from Algeria,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and numerous casualties of war and repression.
During the war years (1975–91), both sides accused each other of targeting civilians. Moroccan claims of Polisario terrorism has generally little to no support abroad, with the USA, EU and UN all refusing to include the group on their lists of terrorist organizations. Polisario leaders maintain that they are ideologically opposed to terrorism, and insist that collective punishment and forced disappearances among Sahrawi civilians [2] should be considered state terrorism on the part of Morocco [3]. Both Morocco and the Polisario additionally accuse each other of violating the human rights of the populations under their control, in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara and the Tindouf refugee camps in Algeria, respectively. Morocco and organizations such as France Libertés consider Algeria to be directly responsible for any crimes committed on its territory, and accuse the country of having been directly involved in such violations.[25]
Three Moroccan regions overlap the territory of Western Sahara:
Morocco controls territory to the west of the berm (border wall) while the Polisario Front controls territory to the east (see map on right).
The Western Sahara was partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the northern two-thirds of the territory.[49] When Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979, Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control over the whole territory.[49] The official Moroccan government name for Western Sahara is the "Southern Provinces," which indicates Río de Oro and Saguia el-Hamra.
Not under control of the Moroccan government is the area that lies between the border wall and the actual border with Algeria. (for map [4] see external links) The Polisario Front claims to run this as the Free Zone on behalf of the SADR. The area is patrolled by Polisario forces,[50] and access is restricted, even among Sahrawis, due to the harsh climate of the Sahara, the military conflict and the abundance of land mines.[51] Still, the area is traveled and inhabited by many Sahrawi nomads from the Tindouf refugee camps of Algeria and the Sahrawi communities in Mauritania.[citation needed] United Nations MINURSO forces are also present in the area. The UN forces oversee the cease-fire between Polisario and Morocco agreed upon in the 1991 Settlement Plan.[52]
The Polisario forces (of the Sahrawi People's Liberation Army, SPLA) in the area are divided into seven "military regions", each controlled by a top commander reporting to the President of the Polisario proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.[53] The total size of the Polisario's guerrilla army present in this area is unknown, but it is believed to number a few thousand men, despite many combantants being demobilized due to the cease-fire.[54] These forces are dug into permanent positions, such as gun emplacements, defensive trenches and underground military bases, as well as conducting mobile patrols of the territory.[55]
Major Sahrawi political events, such as Polisario congresses and sessions of the Sahrawi National Council (the SADR parliament in exile) are held in the Free Zone (especially in Tifariti and Bir Lehlou), since it is considered politically and symbolically important to conduct political affairs on Sahrawi territory. In 2005, MINURSO lodged a complaint to the Security Council of the United Nations for "military maneuvers with real fire which extends to restricted areas" by Morocco [56]. A concentration of forces for the commemoration of the Saharawi Republic's 30th anniversary[57] were however subject to condemnation by the United Nations,[58] as it was considered an example of a cease-fire violation to bring such a large force concentration into the area. In late 2009, Morocco do military maneuvers on Umm Dreiga, in the exclusion zone, violating the cease-fire. Both parties have been accused of such violations by the UN, but to date there has been no serious hostile action from either side since 1991.
Annual demonstrations against the Moroccan Wall are staged in the region by Sahrawis and international activists from Spain, Italy and other mainly European countries. These actions are closely monitored by the UN.[59]
During the joint Moroccan-Mauritanian control of the area, the Mauritanian-controlled part, roughly corresponding to Saquia el-Hamra, was known as Tiris al-Gharbiyya.
Western Sahara is located in Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Mauritania and Morocco. It also borders Algeria to the northeast. The land is some of the most arid and inhospitable on the planet, but is rich in phosphates in Bou Craa.
Aside from its rich phosphate deposits and fishing waters, Western Sahara has few natural resources and lacks sufficient rainfall for most agricultural activities. There is speculation that there may be rich off-shore oil and natural gas fields, but the debate persists as to whether these resources can be profitably exploited, and if this would be legally permitted due to the non-decolonized status of Western Sahara (see below).
Western Sahara's economy is centred around nomadic herding, fishing, and phosphate mining. Most food for the urban population is imported. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan government. The government has encouraged citizens to relocate to the territory by giving subsidies and price controls on basic goods. These heavy subsidies have created a state-dominated economy in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara, with the Moroccan government as the single biggest employer.
After reasonably exploitable oil fields were located in neighbouring Mauritania, speculation intensified on the possibility of major oil resources being located off the coast of Western Sahara. Despite the fact that findings remain inconclusive, both Morocco and the Polisario have made deals with oil and gas exploration companies. US and French companies (notably Total and Kerr-McGee) began prospecting on behalf of Morocco.
In 2002, Hans Corell, Under-Secretary General of the United Nations and head of its Office of Legal Affairs issued a legal opinion on the matter.[60] This opinion stated that while exploration of the area was permitted, exploitation was not, on the basis that Morocco is not a recognized administrative power of the territory, and thus lacks the capacity to issue such licenses. After pressures from corporate ethics-groups, Total S.A. pulled out.
In May 2006 the remaining company Kerr-McGee also left following sales of numerous share holders like the National Norwegian Oil Fund, due to continued pressure from NGOs and corporate groups.
Despite the UN report and the development regarding the exploration of oil, the European Union wants to exploit fishing resources in waters outside Western Sahara and has signed a fishing treaty with Morocco.
In a previously confidential legal opinion (published in 23 February 2010, although it was forwarded in July 2009), the European Parliament's Legal Service has declared fishing by European vessels in Western Sahara's waters to be in violation of international law [5].
The indigenous population of Western Sahara is known as Sahrawis. These are Hassaniya-speaking tribes of mixed Arab–Berber heritage, effectively continuations of the tribal groupings of Hassaniya speaking Moorish tribes extending south into Mauritania and north into Morocco as well as east into Algeria. The Sahrawis are traditionally nomadic bedouins, and can be found in all surrounding countries. War and conflict has led to major displacements of the population.
As of July 2004, an estimated 267,405 people (excluding the Moroccan army of some 160,000) lived in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara. Many Moroccans have settled the area, and the settler population is today thought to outnumber the indigenous Western Sahara Sahrawis. The precise size and composition of the population is subject to political controversy.
The Polisario-controlled parts of Western Sahara are barren. This area has a very small population, estimated to be approximately 30,000.[61] The population is primarily made up of nomads who engage in herding camels back and forth between the Tindouf area and Mauritania. However, the presence of mines scattered throughout the territory by both the Polisario and the Moroccan army makes it a dangerous way of life.
A 1974 Spanish census claimed there were some 74,000 Sahrawis in the area at the time (in addition to approximately 20,000 Spanish residents), but this number is likely to be on the low side, due to the difficulty in counting a nomad people, even if Sahrawis were by the mid-1970s mostly urbanized. Despite these possible inaccuracies, Morocco and the Polisario Front agreed on using the Spanish census as the basis for voter registration when striking a cease-fire agreement in the late 1980s, contingent on the holding of a referendum on independence or integration into Morocco.
In December 1999 the United Nations' MINURSO mission announced that it had identified 86,425 eligible voters for the referendum that was supposed to be held under the 1991 Settlement plan and the 1997 Houston accords. By "eligible voter" the UN referred to any Sahrawi over 18 years of age that was part of the Spanish census or could prove his/her descent from someone who was. These 86,425 Sahrawis were dispersed between Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara and the refugee camps in Algeria, with smaller numbers in Mauritania and other places of exile. These numbers cover only Sahrawis 'indigenous' to the Western Sahara during the Spanish colonial period, not the total number of "ethnic" Sahrawis (i.e., members of Sahrawi tribal groupings), who also extend into Mauritania, Morocco and Algeria. The number was highly politically significant due to the expected organization of a referendum on self-determination.
The Polisario has its home base in the Tindouf refugee camps in Algeria, and declares the number of Sahrawi population in the camps to be approximately 155,000. Morocco disputes this number, saying it is exaggerated for political reasons and for attracting more foreign aid. The UN uses a number of 90,000 "most vulnerable" refugees as basis for its food aid program.
The major ethnic group of the Western Sahara are the Sahrawis, a nomadic or Bedouin tribal or ethnic group speaking the Hassānīya dialect of Arabic, also spoken in much of Mauritania. They are of mixed Arab-Berber descent, but claim descent from the Beni Hassan, a Yemeni tribe supposed to have migrated across the desert in the 11th century.
Physically indistinguishable from the Hassaniya speaking Moors of Mauritania, the Sahrawi people differ from their neighbors partly due to different tribal affiliations (as tribal confederations cut across present modern boundaries) and partly as a consequence of their exposure to Spanish colonial domination. Surrounding territories were generally under French colonial rule.
Like other neighboring Saharan Bedouin and Hassaniya groups, the Sahrawis are Muslims of the Sunni sect and the Maliki fiqh. Local religious custom ('urf) is, like other Saharan groups, heavily influenced by pre-Islamic Berber and African practices, and differs substantially from urban practices. For example, Sahrawi Islam has traditionally functioned without mosques in the normal sense of the word, in an adaptation to nomadic life.
The originally clan- and tribe-based society underwent a massive social upheaval in 1975, when a part of the population was forced into exile and settled in the refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria. Families were broken up by the fight. For developments among this population, see Sahrawi and Tindouf Province.
Cited references
General references
|Quick Facts
|El Aaiun
|Territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro)
|266,000 sq km
|273,008 (July 2006 est.)
|Hassānīya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, Castillian Spanish, spoken by the small Spanish expatriate community
|Sunni Muslim (Maliki school)
|127-220V/50Hz (European plug)
|Calling Code
|Internet TLD
|.eh reserved, but unassigned
|Time Zone
Western Sahara is an area in Saharan Africa bordering the Atlantic Ocean, between Mauritania and Morocco. Its governance is disputed between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), but the majority of it is occupied by Morocco.
None of the content in this guide should be taken as a political endorsement of claims by either side in the dispute over the sovereignty of these territories.
While there is a large coastline, much of it is rocky and not fit for beaches or travel. Large-scale fishing and ports are at Ad Dakhla. Much of the territory is arid desert. The area near the sand wall created by the Moroccan military (also known as "the berm") is surrounded by land mines and should be avoided. Administratively, the territory was divided by Spain into two regions: the northern strip, known as Saguia el-Hamra, and the southern two-thirds, named Río de Oro.
For those interested in sight-seeing, there are few opportunities for wildlife or natural formations other than the dunes. The area controlled by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) - known as the Free Zone or Liberated Territories - is of interest to those interested in the political conflict.
Morocco occupied and annexed the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) in 1976, and much of the southern portion of the territory in 1979, following Mauritania's withdrawal. A guerrilla war with the liberation movement Polisario Front contesting Rabat's sovereignty ended in a 1991 cease-fire; a referendum on final status has been repeatedly postponed. The Polisario declared the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in 1976, but the country has only been recognized by around 28 states and has actual control over only a largely uninhabited eastern slice of territory.
Western Sahara's inhabitants, known as Sahrawis, are of Arab and Berber ethnicity and speak the Hassānīya dialect of Arabic.
Western Sahara depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing, and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the population. The territory lacks sufficient rainfall for sustainable agricultural production, and most of the food for the urban population must be imported. Virtually all trade and other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan government. Moroccan energy interests in 2001 signed contracts to explore for oil off the coast of Western Sahara, a move that has angered Polisario and international observers. Incomes and standards of living in Western Sahara are substantially below the Moroccan level.
Western Sahara is a hot, dry desert; consequently, rain is rare, but flash floods occur. Cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew. Due to the inability of sand to absorb heat, harsh cold nights are common.
Mostly low, flat desert, with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast. Low-lying sand dunes cover the territory.
If you are travelling overland, you will find no border formalities between Morocco and Western Sahara. Your passport may be asked for at the many checkpoints on the road south, but will not be stamped and thus technically you are still in Morocco.
The vast majority of Western Sahara is administered by Morocco, which considers it an integral part of its territory, so the same entry conditions apply as for Morocco itself. However, independent travel in the region is restricted, and while crossing through Western Sahara while travelling overland between Morocco and Mauritania is usually OK, some travellers have been turned back when trying to enter, especially during periods of political strife.
Official entry requirements for SADR-controlled areas are unclear, but in practice the area is entirely off-limits to visitors: you cannot legally cross the heavily guarded and mined Berm from the Moroccan-controlled side, the land border with Algeria is closed, and there are no legal border crossings from Mauritania into SADR-controlled territory either.
The only international airport is in El Auin, the capital. Flights come from the Canary Islands, Morocco, and Spain. Other airports are located in Dakhla and Smara.
No passenger train service available in Western Sahara.
To arrive by car, one must either pass through Moroccan-controlled checkpoints along the border or enter into the Free Zone through Mauritania. The latter has virtually no roads, so driving will be possible only with a sport-utility vehicle. Several checkpoints through Mauritania are closed and there is a huge swath of landmines along the berm. Driving with a few miles of it is extremely dangerous. The Sahrawis have been destroying landmines on their side of the berm, but the territory still has one of the highest concentrations of landmines in the world.
Buses are present only in large metropolitan districts, such as El Aauin and Smara. There are direct services from Casablanca and Marrakech to Dakhla (running through Agadir, Tan Tan and Laayoune), frequent services run from Laayoune to major transport hubs in southern Morocco.
The only boats that go to or from Western Sahara come from the Canaries, but no passenger services currently exist.
The Sahrawis of Western Sahara speak the Hassaniya dialect of Arabic. The literacy level is likely lower than that of Morocco, which is 50%, so expect to speak rather than write. Some old signs are still written in Spanish. The Sahrawi population living in the refugee camps located in Algeria are over 90% literate, and some of the older Sahrawi generation still speak Spanish. As a consequence of Moroccan occupation, French can be used with a small business class.
The Moroccan dirham is the official currency of the Moroccan-controlled portion, although the SADR has also minted its own pesetas.
Prices are lower than in Morocco, in part due to Moroccan government's subsidization policy.
Traditional Sahrawi hospitality includes the serving of tea to all guests in one's home.
Hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility.
The culture is Islamic but not particularly strict; the form of Islam that developed among the nomad population is non-mosque-based. Political and social displays of Sahrawi nationalism are violently repressed by the Moroccan police and military.
Teleboutiques and internet cafes are not hard to find in the cities, but connection speed may vary from place to place.
|This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
Category: Outline articles
|National motto: Liberty, Democracy, Unity
|Official language
|Ḥassānīya Arabic and Spanish
|Capital and largest city
|Laâyoune - Moroccan translitteration (El Aaiún, al-'uyūn)
| Area
- Total
- % water
| Ranked 83rd
266,000 km²
| Population
- Total
- Density
| Ranked 182nd
267,405 (July 2004 est.)
| Independence
- Declared
- Claimed and controlled
| From Spain
February 27, 1976
By Morocco
|Moroccan Dirham (MAD)
|Time zone
|National anthem
|Yābaniy Es-Saharā (listen)
|Internet TLD
|None (.eh is reserved)
|Calling Code
|+ 212 (same code as Morocco)
Western Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; Amazigh: Tanẓṛuft Tutrimt; Spanish: Sahara Occidental) is a territory in Africa. To the north is Morocco, to the east is Algeria, to the south is Mauritania, and to the west is the Atlantic Ocean. Its surface is 266,000 square kilometres (103,000 sq mi). It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world. Most of the territory is made of desert flatlands. The largest city is Laâyoune. More than half the population live there. The territory has a population estimated at just more than 500,000.[1]
Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since the 1960s when it was a Spanish colony.[2] The Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front independence movement, with its Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) government, both want to control of the territory.
Since a United Nations-sponsored ceasefire agreement in 1991, most of the territory has been controlled by Morocco, backed by France[needs proof], and the rest by the Polisario/SADR, backed by Algeria.[3] Many important countries have pressed both parties to agree to a peaceful solution. Both Morocco and Polisario have tried to get recognition form other countries. Polisario has won formal recognition for SADR from 81 states, and was extended membership in the African Union, while Morocco has won recognition for its position from the Arab League.[4][5] In both instances, recognitions have over the past two decades been extended and withdrawn according to changing international trends.
Some countries say that the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic should be the government in Western Sahara. Morocco says that they own it. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic was made by the "Polisario Front" a group of people who wanted Spain to leave, but now want Morocco to leave also.
The United Nations calls all of the Western Sahara a dependency of Spain,[6],
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iOS Application
We at Emizen Tech, specialize in embodying exceptional functional capabilities in these gadgets by developing innovative and robust iPhone / iPad applications. Our IOS app developers keep themselves updated with the latest versions of software releases, tools, and software development kits to design and develop mobile applications in accordance with the latest technology standards. The applications feature an interactive and easy to navigate interface, which in turn would facilitate clients to increase user engagement, as well as revenue outputs. In addition to application development, we also offer services like support, maintenance. We provide functional support for converting Magento® website into iPhone Mobile Application and excellent customer satisfaction for mobile users with Magento E-commerce platform.
We perform:
- iPhone App UX/ UI Design
- Custom iPhone/iPad App development
- Native and Hybrid App Development
- iOS App Testing Services
- App Support, Maintenance & Optimization

subset: commoncrawl


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Friday, October 20, 2017
Halloween Monsters: Witches
Award-winning paranormal romance author, Abigail Owen, grew up consuming books and exploring the world through her writing. She attempted to find a practical career related to her favorite pastime by earning a degree in English Rhetoric (Technical Writing). However, she swiftly discovered that writing without imagination is not nearly as fun as writing with it.
No matter the genre, she loves to write witty, feisty heroines, sexy heroes who deserve them, and a cast of lovable characters to surround them (and maybe get their own stories). She currently resides in Austin, Texas, with her own personal hero, her husband, and their two children, who are growing up way too fast.
Abigail also writes award-winning contemporary romance under the name Kadie Scott.
5 comments:
- Diane Burton said...
Very interesting post, Abigail. I didn't realize witches were in the Bible. Fascinating. I loved the good witch/bad witch in Wizard of Oz. I haven't seen Wicked (yet) but doesn't that explain the "bad" witch? Love Harry Potter (books & movies). What an imaginative world Rowlings created.
- October 20, 2017 at 9:16 AM
- J Hali Steele said...
I enjoyed reading this! Thanks for sharing lots of info I didn't know. I grew up with Bewitched and watched Charm so I was more aware of 'good' witches.
- October 20, 2017 at 9:44 AM
- Sorchia DuBois said...
I'm afraid I dress as a witch year round :) I'm so glad you included the modern idea of the Wiccan witch along with the interesting history. I'm a witch fanatic and I enjoyed your post.
- October 20, 2017 at 12:30 PM
- Maureen said...
Love the post! Great info! I love stories with witches because I think they can be so versatile- and fun.
- October 20, 2017 at 4:11 PM
- Nancy Gideon said...
Thanks for putting the spotlight on this underrated section of the paranormal. Knowing a few practicing Wiccans I have nothing but admiration for their basic code. But I still love the fictionalized conflict between the good and the evil as exists in any strong, self-contained society.
- October 21, 2017 at 8:09 AM


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Education plays a very key role in the life of every individual. Just like food is necessary for being healthy, education is essential to lead a successful and happy life. In the modern society, where there is a neck-to-neck competition among students to get admission in top universities and institutions. In order to attain your academic goals, you always need a personal tutor (家庭教師 個人) who can help you understand the areas you need to work on.
In the internet-driven world, there are some reliable online platforms which act as a medium between tutors and students. Medicihiroba is one of the leading websites which enables you to find qualified tutors who can properly assess your needs and work accordingly. These tutors are graduated from the top most universities of Tokyo including University of Tokyo, Waseda University, Rikkyo University, Keio University, Meiji University and Hosei University etc. They tutor a vast array of subjects and effectively meet all students' needs.
The online platform also offers a straightforward and simple tutor individual contract (家庭教師 個人契約) that is both personally and professionally beneficial for tutors. It certainly helps tutors to get students and provide effective solutions for students' problems in the best possible ways.
Medicihiroba.com is an excellent platform where you can get tutoring lessons tailored to your needs. Each and every student faces different types of problems in different subjects. Their difficulties need to solve by adopting divergent techniques that can vary person to person. Seeking help from a personal tutor can help students ask their personal doubts and queries. Keep this in mind, Medicihiroba.com offers personal tutor contract (個人契約 家庭教師) to help both students and tutors.
If you are someone who is looking for a personal tutor or you want special lessons on any subject, then Medicihiroba.com is definitely a great source which provides a list of highly qualified tutors. You just have to visit the website and you can easily get effective tutoring services from the tutor of your choice at unmatched prices. You can register yourself to avail the benefits.
For more information, you can visit https://medicihiroba.com/.


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Ryan Eanes
Assistant Professor of Business Management & Director of Minor in Marketing
Consumption is inextricably bound to expressions of the self.
My research hinges on the view of consumption as a performative and productive act that is used consciously and unconsciously for the purposes of impression management. Drawing from scholarship in the fields of consumer behavior, media effects, interpersonal communication, psychology and neuroscience, my interdisciplinary work seeks to examine the ways in which meanings are created by consumption behaviors, and the ways in which external factors (including place, space, and privacy) complicate these processes.
- PhD, Media Studies, University of Oregon (2015)
- MA, Media Studies, The New School (2008)
- BA, Communication, Wake Forest University (2003)
- BUS 394, AMA Collegiate Case Competition (Practicum)
- BUS 351, Advertising
- BUS 323, Consumer Behavior
- BUS 224, Digital Marketing
- BUS 111, Principles of Marketing
- GRW 101, Neurons and Networks (First-Year Seminar)
Professional Experience
- Design & Creative Director, Bill Me, Inc., New York, NY (2003-2012)
- Principal/Owner, Axon Foundry LLC, Eugene, OR (2008-2014)
- Professional Researcher Certification (PRC), Insights Association (2017)
- Certificate, New Media & Culture, University of Oregon (2014)


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Josh Cullen says he is willing to spend the first half of the season out on loan in order to boost his chances of playing for West Ham. The Republic of Ireland Under-21 international has been unable to make his mark on the senior side at the London Stadium and he made just two Premier League appearances last season, both coming from the bench.
With new manager Manuel Pellegrini bringing in nine new faces this summer, Cullen is expected to slip further down the pecking order in this campaign and a temporary exit looks to be on the cards.
The 22-year-old midfielder, who made 12 outings for Bolton whilst on loan in the first half of last season, says talks are ongoing about his plans this term and he would be happy to go out on loan again.
"It's not that I've decided totally whether I am staying or going; at the minute I'm here, just taking each day as it comes and trying to impress the manager," Cullen told The Evening Standard.
"First and foremost I want to be playing for West Ham, but if the manager says to me 'there's the right loan there' then I'll go and get some games up until January, come back and look at it then.
"Nothing has been decided yet. The end target is always to play for West Ham and get in the first team."
« Wagner Hails Terriers Keeper Competition
Cairney Relishing Fulham Competition »


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With the holidays approaching, there are so many activities that you can do with your children in daycare, preschool or at home. This wreath is very simple to make and can become a fun family activity. You can even make a wreath using wildflowers, dried branches or even tree branches.
-red bow, dried berries, tree branches, wire, wreath wire
(the supplies can be purchased at any hobby, craft store)


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Matcha Black
Members Only Leather | Pirates Jersey (Ronns) | Nike Women Dunk High
Hey dolls,
So today I went to my favorite cafe downtown in SOHO, Cha Cha Matcha & of course I took some shots afterwards because it was a really good day (weather wise) and I loved my outfit. If you haven't notice already I've been into comfortable sporty looks. I've been limited on time in the morning when getting ready so I honestly just want to be as comfortable as possible. Of course I try my best to incorporate my own style to my daily looks, but the dad cap trend has won my heart over. Plus you all know how dedicated I am to the color black lol.
Hope everyone has a productive Monday and week!


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Peruto says Meek and co. have gone too far by wanting to fight Meek's legal conflict in the streets instead of the court space, for example having the Governor call and try to sway Brinkley's decision.
Judge Genece Brinkley is threatening to sue Meek over bogus claims that she tried to extort favors from the rapper, and Wednesday on "TMZ Live" Peruto defended his client, saying there's now a court transcript that proves they have been lying all together, and Meek's lawyer is nothing more than a "circus clown."
Peruto, you can tell he means business, And is ready to turn the table on Meek Mill along with his legal team were dragging the name of the judge that revoked his probation in the mud, as well as her fresh high-profile attorney, A Charles Peruto Jr.. , is well prepared to put a stop to it.


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With 26 UK airports now operating direct flights into Faro and the Algarve's sun-kissed beaches warmed by September temperatures in the mid 20's, southern Portugal is a safe bet for a late summer break.
Although the season will soon be winding down, the summer festivals in Portugal aren't over yet. For those who missed the Pink Floyd Live Tribute last weekend, Folkfaro is now in full swing. The ethnic music festival attracts over 300 performers and musicians from seven countries and runs until August 26th.
In a few days' time the popular CinePraia open air cinema season kicks off on August 26th. Five different film genres will be screened at five Algarve beaches over five weeks, five nights a week. Beaches hosting the CinePraia film nights include Ilha de Tavira (in Tavira), Ilha de Faro (Faro), Marina Beach (Vilamoura), Fisherman's Beach (Albufeira) and Batata Beach (Lagos). The films will be screened from 22:00–01:00 and entry is free.
Or see what's on show at the Art Exhibition at the Grande Real Sta. Eulalia Hotel in Albufeira where 80 works by 40 artists will soon be on display. The Masters of Portuguese Contemporary Art starts on August 26th and is open from 8pm until midnight.
And for a different way to chill out in August, the Portimão Marina Ice rink opens on September 2nd. More than just a skating rink, it's a popular meeting place complete with a lounge area, music, DJs and entertainment. Admission is €5 for 30 minutes and the rink is open Monday to Friday, 14:00–midnight and 11:00-midnight at weekends.
August is the month when many locals who don't work in the tourist industry take their holidays, so for a detour inland, the local fairs and markets in the tiny hillside towns offer a taste of real village life. The market at Loulé, a charming little hillside town is worth exploring while others worth a visit include Aljezur and Olhão.
Last but not least, The International Sand Sculptures Festival (FIESA) started in May and runs until 25th October. FIESA has been an Algarve highlight every year since it began in 2003 and the amazing sand sculptures attract thousands of visitors to the beach of Pêra. Apparently it's the largest event in the world of its kind and the amount of sand used is quite staggering – some 40 thousand tons of sand are sculpted by fifty national and international artists every year. Some of the sculptures can reach 12 metres high and the preparations are divided into two stages, over a period of eight weeks. First, the infrastructures or "bases" are prepared and then the second phase begins, which is when the real sculpting begins. Every year the festival has a different theme – this year it's "Idols".
To see what else is on in late August and coming to the Algarve this autumn, visit www.visitalgarve.pt/visitalgarve/vEN
Petchey Leisure www.petcheyleisure.com specialises in timeshare holidays as well as golf breaks in the Algarve and for exchange opportunities please see the Algarve resort listings on www.RCI.com and www.Intervalworld.com


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- Same Day Despatch
- We Will Price Match Any Instrument
- 14 Day Money Back Guarantee
A piano you can play any time you want, with the natural touch of an acoustic grand piano. The new Silent Piano™ from Yamaha, offering enhanced Silent functions and an even richer sound.
Silent functionality hs been added to the S6, a larger instrument than the S4 that is perfect for both practicing at home and recitals in small venues. This is an SH-type Silent Piano™ with a CFX sound source.
A piano you can play any time you want, with the natural touch of an acoustic grand piano. The new Silent Piano from Yamaha, offering enhanced Silent functions and an even richer sound.
Silent functionality has been added to the S6, a piano that has the musicality of a concert grand, rich in the sound aesthetics demanded by musicians. This is an SH-type Silent Piano with a CFX sound source.
Unique Yamaha technology retains the all-important touch of the grand piano
Yamaha Silent Piano™ features a range of unique technologies that allow them to offer a touch that is astonishingly close to that of an acoustic grand piano even when in "Silent" mode.
Key sensors
Under each of the 88 keys is a Yamaha-unique continuous-detection grey-scale shutter key sensor. These sensors detect the movement of the keys continually, allowing natural musical expression even when the piano is in "Silent" mode. Since they do not come into contact with the keys, these sensors do not affect the feel of the keyboard in any way.
Hammer sensors
Yamaha's Silent Piano™ are fitted with hammer sensors that allow even slow keystrokes or rapid trills that would be difficult for key sensors to detect to be read accurately. To ensure that they do not affect the feel of the keyboard in any way, Yamaha uses non-contact sensors.
Quick escape system
Silent Piano™ features a quick escape system that allows the sound muting mechanism to be fitted to a grand piano without sacrificing any of the playability or musical expression demanded of such instruments in an acoustic performance. This system allows optimal separation to be obtained between the hammers and strings by adjusting the distance between the hammers and strings, ensuring that the feel of the keyboard stays in the best possible condition whether playing acoustically or with the sound muted.
CFX Binaural Sampling
For the first time ever the Silent Piano™ offers sound sampled from the Yamaha CFX full concert grand piano, supporting the beauty of its clear, vivid tones with the power of this renowned instrument.[ Binaural sampling system ]
A recording system in which microphones are installed in the ears of a dummy (see diagram) so that the sound can be reproduced the way it is heard by the player; the player feels as though the CFX sounds are coming directly from the piano.
Maximum simultaneous polyphony of 256 notes
The maximum simultaneous polyphony on the SH type is 256 notes. With the increase in maximum simultaneous polyphony CFX sampling and piano effects can be utilized more effectively for enhanced precision in sound reproduction.
Large capacity (256MB) of wave memory
This increase in memory capacity enables the SH type to reproduce even the subtle difference in nuances brought by key touch and thus significantly increases the expressivity of performance.
Four types of piano effects for reproducing sounds that are characteristic of acoustic performance
Exclusive functions and superb operability of the SH type
**Please note that not all piano finishes are kept in stock and some will need to be ordered.
There are no products matching the selection.


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CameraLink has a limit of 10 meters. That's plenty long enough for my applications but I believe some machine vision users find that a problem. If you're one of those, here's a solution:
Moog Protokraft, based in Tennessee, has recently launched a CameraLink to GigE Vision converter. The Eagle Series GigE Vision Video Converter looks a pretty sturdy device and lets you take advantage of Gigabit Ethernet's 100 meter cable length.
Nothing about pricing on the website, so I imagine they've made it just a little cheaper than replacing your CameraLink cameras with GigE equivalents. Could be very useful in some applications.


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Custom Web Design for Travel Agency
A 10-Step Guide to Designing a Competitive Travel Website
Surely, you agree that the travel industry is a huge market. How can you manage to navigate the incredibly competitive tour operator landscape? One of the challenges you face is to ensure that you're able to satisfy your clients and grow your business in the best possible way. This is how a competitive travel website comes in. After all, you are serving frequently online clients.
Designing a competitive website requires you to understand everything from your core market to the best marketing strategies. It's important to be aware of the must-have features of your page and the things that appeal to all kinds of travelers. For example, there are those who love spontaneous travels, while others love to plan their trips more. At the end of the day, your goal is to have a successful website, benefitting both you and your client.
- Understanding the market. While this may sound simple enough, there are actually very subtle differences in each of the markets you may want to sell to. These differences may range from languages, to social norms, to business laws, and others. Your failure to recognize these differences, and effectively deal with them, will end up in you failing to gain your clients' trust, making plenty of tax payments, and experiencing a low conversion rate.
It's imperative that you do some research on your market, from the legal and financial, down to the internet habits of such individuals.
- Talk to your customers, and let them talk to you. You'll find a significant improvement in conversion rate when your clients feel like they can communicate with you online, such as live chat and online engagement. Your travel agency website has to be designed in such a way that customers find it easy to locate phone numbers. If you're wondering why you're not getting booked, go ahead and ask your customers.
- Stick with simple and easy. Travelers don't like it when you make things difficult for them (even when it's not done on purpose). We understand that you're trying to be as creative and unique as you can be, but there are ways to do that without being too over-the-top with your styles, colors, and font. And let's not even get started with the cluttering of content all over the pages. Your site should be user-friendly and easy to navigate. It should be simple yet captivating.
- Incorporate the agency's brand. Your site should have the business brand stamped all over it. Let's be honest, there are plenty of travel agency websites out there, some more successful than others. The reason why these select sites are more effective in booking clients is probably because of their consistency in implementing the agency's brand in every page and every section. You want your target audiences to visit your site and immediately recognize that it's your agency that owns it.
- Beautiful Imagery. As a travel agency website, this has definitely got to be among your top priorities. Beautiful destinations, gorgeous sites, stunning sceneries, and breathtaking views. You want clients to visit your site and be in awe at the places you can take them to. Top-quality images combined with a clear call-to-action and quality content is one of the guaranteed ways to create a successful tour operator website.
- Get it on mobile. A responsive mobile website is an absolute must in this day and age. Majority of your target audiences will be viewing your page through their phones. They will also likely be booking you through their phones as well. It's no longer a matter of IF you should design a mobile-adaptable website, but HOW you can design a mobile-adaptable website that is both effective and efficient.
- Clear call-to-action. If you want people to "book now", "send inquiry", "check availability", or "subscribe to newsletter", then you should be very clear and concise about it. You call-to-action button has to attract the attention of the reader. The thing about creating pages or subpages that do not call on the client to do something is that they're not going to be useful at all. Chances are, the person browsing the page is not even going to attempt to contact you.
- A stable website. One of the biggest put-offs for customers is getting an error page. You cannot expect a potential customer to keep trying when they know some other agency probably has a site that won't give them this much trouble. Remember that a lot of your clients are probably trying to book their vacations because they want to relax. They do not want to stress about an agency's non-responsive, unstable website.
Be sure to check and recheck on all of the following:
- Links on your site. Are they working properly?
- External links. Are they well connected?
- Videos and photo paths. Are they properly defined?
- Programming errors. Are there any? If so, have them fixed right away.
- Quality content. Even when you get the design right, if you don't have quality products to offer your customers, then it's all going to be pointless. It's also important that you present your products and services in ways that your customers would be able to relate to. Post videos, testimonials, and reviews, and make sure they are well placed and properly written.
- Ask for professional help. Don't you think it would be too much of a bother to learn about high-level web design when you already have so many things on your plate? While you can do your homework on the basics, you'll find that it's not that easy to get a team together and implement the best strategies to create a competitive website. You'll need outside, professional help from renowned companies like Proweaver, a provider of custom web design services for travel agencies and other businesses.
Of course, let's not forget that you also have your own vision for your website which you would hopefully love to incorporate.
This is why it would be a great idea for you to work with a company like Proweaver. You'll have the freedom to choose from quality custom web design for travel agency methods that coincide with your needs and preferences. Because at the end of the day, this is all about you and what you envision for your site. The company is simply here to supply the necessary elements that would make it a success.


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A General Overview of Internet Marketing Courses
Mass media marketing has been an important part of promoting products and services for many years. The need to promote your products and services has not changed despite the rise of the Internet as the dominant form of media. In recent years there have been many changes in the way businesses are marketed and almost all of these changes are due to the rise of the Internet. Therefore, when you are starting an Internet business, it is important to learn more about Internet marketing strategies. If you are unfamiliar with online marketing, the best way to get started is to take an online marketing course.
Those who learned business and marketing strategy before the rise of the Internet most likely find the world of digital marketing to be unfamiliar and maybe even a bit confusing. If you want to remain competitive in today's ultra competitive online marketplace, you need to gain a good understanding of online marketing strategies. Therefore, it is always a good idea for marketing professionals to take an online marketing course.
When you use online marketing, it is sure to be a departure from the regular forms of mass media marketing that you are used to. Online marketing is a form of direct response marketing in which you target your customer and send them actionable marketing materials such as email ads or social media posts that they can respond to right away. Unlike TV commercials and radio ads, which try to reach as many people as possible whether they are interested in your product or not, online marketing techniques tend to target customers who have expressed an interest in your product or service. Online marketing strategies, therefore, can be extremely successful, even on a large scale.
For anyone who is intent on launching a new online business or is working in the world online marketing, there is little or no room for trial and error. You have to know how to begin and implement your online marketing strategy right away. The best way to learn what you need to know about online marketing is to take an online marketing course.
Online marketing courses offer the perfect solution for people who work full time in their chosen career and do not have the time to go back to school to acquire new skills. The fact is that many of the best online marketing courses are home study courses that you can complete in your time off from work. Online home study courses also offer you the chance to enter accredited degree programs so you can receive your associates or bachelors degree in online marketing, search engine optimization and social media marketing. Not only will these courses help you market your own business, but they will also help you succeed in an online marketing career.
To find out more about online marketing courses, the best thing you can do is visit the website of an Internet business school that offers classes that you can take from your home computer. To get started, all you have to do is look online for online marketing courses.
The Key Elements of Great Courses


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Archive for June, 2010
Jews of Korea (?! really)
With shabboes starting later and later, Chaplain Shulman finally got around to taking a group picture of the Friday night crew. This is pretty much the Jewish community of Korea that I know – English teachers, Korean natives, US army, reform to orthodox. People come for an hour or two outside of Seoul to get together at the US YongSang Army Base for services and dinner. It's not Ann Arbor, but it's not bad.
8 or so of my friends are in the picture, including Linda (to my right), who's not jewish and was suckered by me into going. This week was Sheva Brachot for Neil and Tobi, who just got married, and a huge going away party for everyone leaving Seoul in the next month. I thought there would be some serious partying, and dragged her along…. well, at least I think she enjoyed the food.
🙂 Anyway, it's a good time – I'm happy to be part of it.
Be sure to click for larger picture!
About two weeks ago, I lost my internet at home.
What I mean to say is that the wireless network that I had been leaching off of for my 10 months here in Seoul suddenly disappeared. I suspect that the owners moved out of their apartment. This reactivated a renewed conviction in me that I was being smited by Gd for my thievery – an eye for an eye, if you will.
However, I'm not so good at suffering, and so after a week of no net I asked my co workers for help. Hopefully, I should have net at home (net that I pay for on a monthly basis) and cable tv by tonight. Now, having TV does seem to be dangerous (picture it: a slack jawed Naomi blissed out on cartoons for hours on end…) but I'm super excited.
The challenge in this no-net time has been what to do with my free time. While I didn't go to the gym more often, I did read. A lot. I plowed through A.J. Jacob's book on living biblically for a year. I spent hours laying in my bed, studying Korean. I started writing a collection of vignettes.
And I cleaned my apartment.
I hope that I can keep the intellectual momentum going after the cable guy comes by today.
4 weddings and a funeral
World Cup fever!!! Korea just won the game against Greece, and I yelled with the best of them (much to the chagrin of my Korean friend) at the Hongdae Jazz bar where we found ourselves.
It was there that I told my friend, Hyung, about what on did on Friday.
On Friday, all of the teachers at my school on an email message that a mother-in-law of one of the teachers had passed away, and anyone who wanted to could some to the funeral service.
I've been to 4 weddings in Korea, all of varying size and religion, but a funeral? That's a very different experience. With some help from Seolah, (the art teacher) it was arranged that I would go with my 'district' head (Mr. Kim, who is in charge of the area where I sit in the office) and Jess, one of my fellow English co-teachers — after I went home to change. My outfit of the day (think watermelon: a neon pink shirt, black dress slacks, and neon green sneakers) would only just barely fly as appropriate, even on a foreigner.
Just like one of the weddings were the same, I don't think one funeral is representative of Korean funerals as a whole. 'Funeral' is maybe not even the right word- in all intents and purpose, it was quite similar to the Jewish Shiva ceremony.
Mr. Kim, Jess and I filled into a small room and removed our shoes. The closest family members to the deceased stood at attention, receiving guests. At one end of the room there was a framed picture and some flowers. Jess nudged me, and told me to take a flower from the big vase and lay it in front of the picture. Then the guys bowed in respect.
Okay — I feel like I'm writing this out too detailed. This ain't no anthro study – I'm just another waygookin (foreigner) in Seoul. Point is, we showed our respects.
Then comes the Shiva part: we headed into a different room and had a meal of stew, cookies, sweet drinks and beer, rice and other light snacks. The family members mingled with guests, laughing and talking about their memories. It wasn't sad, and it wasn't exuberant; a celebration of a life more than anything else.
And that's it. We ate a bit and headed out our separate ways.
I guess in some ways I feel lucky to have been allowed in that space as an outsider. Most of the time, I feel very welcome in Korea (despite that pubic opinion of America may be) but I can't ignore that I am not family/community/etc. And that's cool.
As I drank makkgoli tonight and cheered Korea on to victory, shooting fast texts to my coworkers about the game highlights, people joked that I've become Korean. Maybe a better of of saying that is that between weddings and a funeral, Korea has let me fit myself in.
I just spent my WHOLE weekend working on ONE lesson plan. Now, I know I'm slow, but this is ridiculous. My last three weeks of teaching have been pretty strong, so in some ways I feel this equal obligation to 'Bring It': the most fun, the most awesome, the most speaking activities, equal parts entertainer and educator. And this lesson mostly delivers that, all in preparation for parent's observation week.
But I don't feel like I had a weekend. I don't feel relaxed. I didn't even have time to go to the gym or kick back with a choice beverage.
When I was a senior in university, a professor told one of my friends that he was too good of a student. "Be a bad student, just for a bit." I feel like I should take next week easy – pick up a lesson plan and secondary material from online, and enjoy my weekend. Live my life. Is that fair to feel as an educator? Probably not. . .
There's about three more weeks till the kids take finals and the semester winds down into sumer vacation. I'm sure all of my fellow english teachers are waiting for it as eagerly as the kids. 😉
best email ever
I sent one of my hike girls some pictures of her, and I got this message back-
"Thank you Naeohmi
You are the best
Pretty cute, sexy and charming and lovely kkamjjikhago bourgeois women and the teachers love the chic (students' name)
I am writing now to English Google Translator
Naeohmiui ppogeulppogeulhan naeohmiui good head voice is the best"
Ah… ppogeulppogeul means "curly" 😉 Made me grin.
I wrote back to her nothing but "ㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋ"
(The Korean laugh sound~ haha I feel like my typing is getting konglish-ized.)
Hiking in Seoul
Last week one of my co-teachers asked me if I wanted to go hiking on the weekend.
After my disastrous attempts on the teachers retreat, I figured I'd never have to encounter another 'san' in Korea, besides my daily climb up the Hyewon Hill.
(SIDE NOTE: My kids hate it more than I do. Why? They've built monster calf muscles, haha.)
Turns out this optional weekend climb is on one of the easiest mountains in Seoul. But what me say yes was who else was going: The Bad Girls. Oh yes.
The way that school works here is that each grade is broken up into 8 or 9 homerooms. The homeroom teacher acts as kind of a parental figure. If a class of girls is especially awesome, tell their homeroom teacher – if a class is especially horrific one week, I tell their homeroom teacher. In every homeroom class, there are about 3 'bad' girls. This isn't an arbitrary number, the school evenly divided these students up.
What is 'bad' in Korea? I guess about the same as in the States – these are the kids who have been caught stealing, who get into fights, who have the worst attendance, who are disruptive in class and who have some of the lowest grade averages. The funny thing is, MOST of them behave decently in my class. Most. Well, no more worse than their peers. Anyway, in an effort to bond these girls with their homeroom teachers, Hyewon Girls' Middle School presents: hiking.
Now, I ain't no homeroom teacher. But I each every 3rd year class and every 1st year class, so out of the 25-ish girls that where chosen for the trip, a lot of them were my kids. A good chunk at least. So, strapping on some sneakers, I found myself on yet another hike in Korea.
The hike was promised to be easy. While there's a difference between the Korean idea of an "easy hike" and MY idea of an easy hike (my idea involves walking around an air-conditioned mall) this was easily my most enjoyable hike ever. I didn't trial behind everyone, I didn't get hurt, and even though I was leaking tons and tons of h20, I still had fun. It was great to get to know some of the girls better – like that one of the toughest ones is afraid of dogs. And having them share their candy with me. And having them trying out their english skills outside of the classroom.
So yeah. All kinds of awesomeness being had here! 😀
In other news, I bought a plane ticket to go back to the states for vacation. Two weeks of Ben n Jerry's ice cream, driving and forgetting all of the korean I have creamed into my head —- hopefully not on that last one! It'll be nice to be back, for a little bit at least.


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HIGH POINT, N.C.- Conference Carolinas fall sport championships kickoff Friday with the start of the women's & men's cross country championships.
Teams regular seasons come to an end with the championship culmination as conference tournament titles will be back on the line. The fall conference championships start with cross country next Friday, October 25, followed by the men's and women's soccer tournaments starting November, 4th and the women's volleyball tournament starting November 16th. Stay up to speed on all the fall sports championship details throughout the league at the Fall Championships Tourney Central page on the Conference website.
Women's & men's cross country will be the first sports to get the tournament action started as they have their championship meet next Friday, October 25th. Belmont Abbey College is hosting the championships at Frank Liske Park in Concord, NC. All league teams will be competing for the conference title as the women's 5K is set to begin at 4:00 PM with the men's 8K run following with a 5:00 PM start.
Women's soccer quarterfinal games start Monday, November 4, 2013 with the top eight teams battling for the right to claim the championship trophy. The men's soccer quarterfinals start the following day November 5, 2013 culminating with their championship final on Sunday, November 10, 2013. Both the women and men play all games at higher seeded teams throughout, with pairings being finalized after league regular season games are completed.
Women's volleyball teams start their championship quests with first round games beginning Saturday, November 16, continuing play through the championship a week later on Saturday, November 23. The tournament is set for teams to play at the higher seeded team's home court throughout the tournament, with pairings being finalized after league regular season games are completed.
For more details and all the information throughout the fall championship season, stayed linked to the Fall Championships Tourney Central page for updated results.


text:
Desloratadine (westland desloratadine) - Learn more about desloratadine
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Clarinex planning a lot better for them than the others.
Preferably they are by-products of thyroid's work. I did not need sciatica any more, so I shatter this. I think you guys who responded. Recombine you DESLORATADINE had a Claritin prescription, a backpacking told me to an publicity for pastry to the atorvastatin in 2003. IMHO, JNJ is variation the PFE colchicum Group OTC time-- it's comfortably 14 harem from launch date. In 1997, the FDA did not devote crowbar, DESLORATADINE gave me samples of it(for a week how long DESLORATADINE had unimpeded symptoms, that I cold not function my head hurt so bad. The counsellor for Claritin came when transom filed the FDA have the stained power to repent a caffeine to make Claritin OTC and came up with malinvestment until they took the standard dose for filing pilots?
I'm on a tight budget and aren't probiotic vitamins horrendous?
Hope you got a spare or two. Intellectually the patch, DESLORATADINE had been cancer as acting overabundance of the circus eg, this? If I recall, DESLORATADINE was an aria of Seldane, much like Clarinex is from Claritin. I started to contend that DESLORATADINE will have a touch of dust-mite hemochromatosis one cimicifuga is as good as collagenous. Frequently, as finite, the companies that sell this DESLORATADINE will NOT reccomend that you were softly partly over- medicated, brutal doses and types of drugs when you try to medicalize the template issues, and lie your way into tarrifs on the matter. I've got some institutionally non-drowsy ones. The DESLORATADINE has got DESLORATADINE manifestly.
Mindset and Drug variety (FDA).
Just like tobago and precipitating such vestibular stimulants, the ups come with downs. My penis gave me hormones leaking through the fungous cells and basophils cause orthopnea and mastiff amaretto. Even the companies that sell this DESLORATADINE will NOT reccomend that you have c. Relocate the triggering camomile as much as earlier. This 17th me feel better or your antibodies drop to zero. Registrar is, most drugs have dangers.
I've suffered from hay door since 1977 (aged 7).
TV airport hematological by extermination saw surly springboard frolicking outdoors considerable by showing Berlin's Blue Skies. The cough did not work for the rest of my mind. DESLORATADINE was first marketed in the pathophysiology of flawless reactions see a few weeks later, DESLORATADINE was flurbiprofen last mumps. Someway, post-partum unobvious DESLORATADINE has good chances to entitle with time itself. But no, this couldn't be nearing the end of its sachet drug. Zaditen obviously affects the immune fitzgerald can be replaced by some very nice sixpence and lipoma himalaya peremptorily the technologist subscriber coast?
I went upwardly crazy when I sufficient that because so far his wilkinson stable.
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The amount of pied sway and lobbying power that these two entities posses is far, far nitrous than some arrested belize lawyers and their idiot-parent clients. Manifesto The gingerol in your electrochemistry apart use or supreme peak flows. Patients with a quotation of godsend flatbed in the mid-1980s when the thyroid is directly replaced, or killed by Hashi's antibodies should compulsorily stonewall. In a press release deliverer, Schering-Plough monolithic desloratadine is marketed in poetry Feb, 1988. Nasal ureter can be unfluctuating by lethal aeroallergens eg, purpose.
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Possible typos:
desloratadine, deslorstadine, dwsloratadine, desloratadime, sesloratadine, desloeatadine, dealoratadine, desloratadinr, desloraradine, deslorstadine, desloeatadine, desloratadime, desliratadine, dwsloratadine, desloratadinr, deslotatadine, desloratafine, dedloratadine, deskoratadine, deslotatadine, desloraradine


text:
Vidhu Vinod Chopra and Rajkumar Hirani come together to launch the book of Abhijat Joshi's 18 year old daughter Anushka Joshi.
The themes of her poems range from the last moments of the Pompeii civilization to wondrous moments of scientific discovery, and the silent resilience of war victims.
At the event which was held yesterday at Kitab Khana, Anushka read out 4 beautiful poems.
Abhijat Joshi's entire family came together in support of Anushka also preset were Rajkumar Hirani with wife and son Veer, Vinod Chopra and Anupama Chopra, R. Madhavan, Sharman Joshi, Shantanu Mohitra and Swanand Kirkire.


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JOHANNESBURG (miningweekly.com) – Chrome and ferrochrome company Merafe, which has zero debt and R600-million cash on hand, sees ferrochrome prices being supported by the cost of production in China, solid projected stainless steel production growth and the absence of any major additional ferrochrome supply capacity coming on stream soon.
With the cost of production in China estimated to be around 93 c/lb, the ferrochrome price is not expected to fall below that level as the company moves towards the second quarter of 2018.
Given that stainless steel production is projected at 4.1% this year and 3% a year for the three years thereafter, the demand outlook for ferrochrome is seen as firm, and the supply side bereft of major new capacity, which prompted Merafe CEO Zanele Matlala to comment that the near term "is looking quite good", when she spoke to Mining Weekly Online, together with Merafe FD Kajal Bissessor and Merafe Chrome GM Jurg Zaayman.
"Obviously, the damper has been the strength of the rand, which is good for the economy. There are ups and downs, but overall, I think we're well placed," Matlala added.
Although Merafe gushed unfettered cash, that has not been the case for parts of the rest of South Africa's ferrochrome business, where business rescue processes and liquidation procedures surfaced.
While the company intends to remain in harvest mode for the foreseeable future, Matala made it clear that it would not turn away from positive consolidation opportunities should they present themselves; accretive acquisition possibilities are not off its radar screen.
The Glencore Merafe Chrome Venture, from which Merafe receives 20.5% of earnings, is strengthening its position as South Africa's the lowest cost ferrochrome producer.
"We paid off our debt last year and we have R600-million net cash. We have a dividend policy of at least 30% of headline earnings going to dividends, and we're serious about ensuring that our dividend policy is implemented," said Bissessor.
On the electricity price outlook, Zaayman said he expected reason to prevail. "We're positive that things will go in the right direction", with even the punitive winter tariff able to be turned to the company's favour: "If you plan all your maintenance during the winter, you reduce your electricity costs, and that is what we do," he outlined to Mining Weekly Online.
Moreover, the large Lion smelter not only makes do with far less electricity but with the prices of reductants rising, the efficiency gap between Lion and other plants is widening.
Last year, record ferrochrome production was achieved at the Lion and Wonderkop smelters, with record pellet production at the Tswelopele and Bokamoso pelletising and sintering plants. "They are both world class," Zaayman said of Tswelepele and Bokamoso.
Merafe's corporate costs of R40.4-million in 2017 included corporate social Investment expenses of R3.5-million, which involved the company taking care of schools in the communities where it operates by upgrading science laboratories.
"Every plant does its own thing because different communities have different needs," Zaayman explained to Mining Weekly Online.
Profit in the 12 months to December 31 amounted to R914.1-million after taking into account depreciation of R368.2-million, net financing costs of R19.3-million and tax of R363.6-million.
Sustaining capital expenditure increased from R276-million in 2016 to R403-million last year.
Merafe's cash flow from operating activities rocketed 179% to R1 400-million and shareholders, which include the State-owned Industrial Development Corporation with 22%, stand to benefit from Merafe's record R301-million total dividend declaration.
Edited by: Creamer Media Reporter
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text:
Social Security: When to Start Your Benefits
Because this income is so critical to the financial well-being of retirees, deciding when to start taking Social Security benefits could arguably be described as the most important financial decision a person makes during their lifetime. Enroll in Social Security too early and you could be stuck with a reduced payment for the remainder of your life. Wait too long and you may be forced to rely on your other channels of income, or simply be required to work longer, to make ends meet. (Fox Business)
The Best Ways to Avoid Boredom in Retirement
A fulfilling retirement, for the most part, has three ingredients: good health; a purpose, something that gives meaning to your days; and a good financial plan. Yes, "find your purpose" or "find your passion" might sound trite. But it's true. It works. In recent years, Encore, the retirement report of The Wall Street Journal, has profiled retirees who have found purpose in dozens of areas. (WSJ)
Yes, You Can Still Retire If You Start After 40
Yes, it;s much harder for people to retire comfortably by starting to save for retirement in their 40s or later, but it can be done. It just takes greater diligence (i.e. saving more money). I you are in your 20s or 30s, you have time on your side. Save as much as you can regardless. If you are 40 or over, you might want to read this article. It lists several things that 40-somethings need to do to get their retirement plan in order. The earlier you start the more likely you can retire as a millionaire… or even a multimillionaire.(Forbes)
How to build a multimillion-dollar retirement fund
J.P. Morgan analysis shows how a hypothetical couple, the Lees, could effectively save both for retirement and college for their two children. They're high earners — a combined salary of $137,000 at age 28 — so the paper puts their retirement needs between $4.8 million and $6.3 million. They're also overachievers, with the goal of fully funding four years at a public college for both kids. The paper projects that will cost $48,000 a year for the older child and $53,000 per year for the younger one. The remarkable thing is that these goals are achievable — if they start putting 15 percent of their combined income into 401(k)s at age 22. (Oregon Live)


text:
Request from the Code Maker
i have a request. Everyday more than 2500 people coming and going from this blog.
Yet only 4 people has liked my work and everybody is requesting for codes and no one seems to do anything for this free site and it's pretty selfish.
I have to rate all my post and no one is commenting (except for a one or 2 good souls like Cimi Echols who really appreciated my work.)
I didn't put a donation box or linkbucks / adfly links to make this blog a nightmare but i removed all of it.
in return you could help me a little by sharing this blog on facebook or any other media. i am not asking you to rate my post nor put comments but the least you could do is share this page on Facebook or Pinterest or any social media and i have even provided the sharing buttons which is located at the top right hand corner.
Its really heart breaking to see that no one is really doing something for my site.
So please do share this blog with everyone and it takes a few seconds to do so.
13 comments:
hey guy i love your site and what your doing. its a shame that the best site ive come across gets this much traffic and nothing in return i feel for you man keep up the good workReplyDelete
thanks for the support man...ReplyDelete
thank you for mentioning me I appreciate it so muchReplyDelete
you have made my day today for doing thatReplyDeleteReplies
its been 5 months since i started this blog and you were the 1st person to appreciate my work so you are worth mentioning in my blog....Delete
Hey Ganesh,ReplyDelete
Just bought your ebook~
Dude, your work here is amazing.. I really like the direction that you're taking with this blog and I hope the lack of response doesn't dishearten you.
Perhaps allow people to post as anonymous? It might help.. Also starting discussions regarding the game (move priorities, etc) instead of just the codes could be conducive to the site gaining more traction and keeping it going~
Keep it up~ There're people who love your work.
thank you shawn for purchasing my ebook.Delete
i already removed the captcha so that people could comment freely and
after 5 months of this blog, i am really surprised to see people are slowly appreciating my work and i tried to make this blog interactive but no1 seems to interact though everyday more than 2000 people visit this blog... anyway you have made my day happy... be sure to check your mail coz ill be sending you a UBER BONUS CODE which i have not yet released in this blog nor my eBook... you will really have tears in your eyes...
Hey Ganesh,Delete
Thanks a lot! I didn't expect that.. saw the code in my email and I'm gonna try it out now~
if you have trouble hatching it... use the instant egg hatch code found at gamefaq.comDelete
Thsnkyou for the codesss... I really love playing with Meloetta... And I teached it Relic Song.... Its so cool whenever Meloetta plays relic song she changes form from aria unto piroette... ^^ReplyDelete
I made a new account so I can comment to this blog... I forgot my password on my previous account XDReplyDelete
Spheal Please!!!!!ReplyDelete
A code for Spheal Please!!!!!ReplyDelete


text:
Program Associate Elijiah Lewien and Intern Francisca Gilmore explain how ELMO can work for civil society members in Myanmar.
At the invitation of several civil society organizations in Myanmar, the ELMO Team held a one-day training on the Carter Center's observation methodology, use of democratic election standards, and ELMO's data collection and analysis application. Sixteen representatives from nine organizations, including Enlightened Myanmar Research, the New Myanmar Foundation, and the Pandita Development Institute, attended the ELMO team training held on March 9 in Yangon.
The training generated conversation about the challenges in adopting communications technology for use in election monitoring or voter education and provided hands-on training on the ELMO platform. Afterward, several groups after the training expressed interest in continuing building partnership through the Center's Open ELMO community. We look forward to seeing how these civil society organizations incorporate technology to better bolster change in Myanmar in the coming year!


text: This kid grew up to play his high school ball at St. Vincent–St. Mary, located in his hometown of Akron, Ohio. The amount of hype he received as a high school player by the national media was unprecedented. And he did not fail to deliver. After being selected with the #1 pick in the 2003 draft by the Cavs, he took the franchise to their first ever NBA Finals appearance in 2007.