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RIP Outtakes: Ellius Grace
Back in November we released a zine called RIP, a more informal affair which was concepted and produced in under a month. My idea behind the zine was that it would be a way for us to air out projects we were still working through and would also allow us to experiment with the format of a printed publication. The project I contributed was a year old at the time, titled Coney.
In the Summer of 2015 I headed off to New York for the very first time. It was three weeks of meeting friends and photography work. I landed in the middle of July, where the heat and smells of New York City are at their highest and most offensive. I have vivid memories of sweat, subways and my very first street hot dogs. During a day off in my second week, I decided to take the recommendation of many of my friends and head out to Coney Island. I had been told many times that this place was like no other: an old-style theme park and boardwalk that attracts its own breed of strange and lovely characters. The hour long journey out on the Q Train ended with the immediate relief of the sea breeze. Cool air blew in over Nathan's Famous Hotdogs and the public showers alike. I was taken aback by how simultaneously charming and tacky the place was. Men in board shorts walked around with snakes around their necks for tourists to take photos with and groups of laughing teenagers ran into the sea, carefree.
I decided that I should change my approach while photographing this place. Usually I like to talk to people, take portraits close-up, and get a feeling for a place that way, filling in details and environments as I go. Coney Island, however, felt like it didn't want to be bothered. It was doing its own thing and I should just be a witness to the everyday chaos and calm. The energy in the place was so palpable so I thought the best way to capture it was to remove myself. I decided to shoot with my smallest film camera: a Contax T2 that comes with me everywhere. I wanted to be unobtrusive and capture moments that were not affected by me. I went back to Coney Island about 6 or 7 times during that trip, each time simply walking up and down the boardwalk in the hot sun, occasionally passing through the theme park.
I shot mainly from the hip or at chest level, guessing my composition and letting the camera expose and focus automatically. As a result I have many outtakes that are simply wrong: either pointed too far to one side of my subject or missing it completely in other times. As I was composing in my head, I ultimately had to surrender control of the final image and guide it as best I could.
Shooting on film added another level of difficulty to the photography process, but allowed me to let go of each image after it was gone. I was able to move on to the next photograph rather than pouring over a screen to see what I may or may not have just captured. Editing the scans later became like a lottery. There's usually a certain amount of anticipation when you scan film photos but this was on another level. Shots I thought were a sure thing were completely off or just not what I thought they were, and others I never gave a second thought became some of my favourites. It was a really interesting way to work and I plan on returning to Coney Island every time I'm in New York to continue shooting images that try to capture the energy and atmosphere of the place.
I have many outtakes of people sitting down, taken as I passed by. Some more successful than others. At the end of the day though they didn't tell enough of the story that I wanted so I had to axe them all to maximise on the little space we were working with in the zine.
These images were real surprises to me. Hail Mary shots that I took and prayed they would work the way I wanted them to. Inevitably they're both very different to what I was imagining at the time but sometimes it's the things you never see that are the best. Again though due to the tight real estate in the zine they had to go too to save room for the more integral images.
There was a whole section of the project that I shot at night and in the evening. My thinking is that if I ever finish shooting this project and put together some sort of publication, I might create a narrative that moves from daytime to nighttime. Again though, there was not enough space in the zine to do that so I stuck to day images.
And then there are the times that I plain missed my shot completely. For this image, I was walking on the jetty back towards the boardwalk and spotted a macho guy in front of me on the phone. He had a tattoo that said "Mom" in a love heart and I quickened my pace to catch him. It was such a lovely contradiction of character. A simple photographic joke that hopefully revealed this man's kind heart. I got the scans back and looked for my amazing image, and this is what I got. I guess if he had caught me taking a photo of him my situation would have been a bit worse. Who knows.
Below, I've included a number of other outtakes that I won't explain. Each one had its own reason to be left out but each also has its merits too. Learning to let go of certain shots to serve the whole story is a tough but important lesson that I've learnt in the last number of years.
Editing this project was an interesting experience. Usually I am so aware of what I have shot and how I might use it. Returning to such an erratic body of work, more than a year after shooting, made for an interesting process. I think it is valuable to be able to distance yourself from your work, especially from the emotion felt while shooting it. These emotions and memories aren't necessarily the same in the viewer so re-assessing your work with an objective eye is key. For RIP the decisions were easier because there wasn't any pressure to present a finished work, but a work in progress. I'm looking forward to seeing where this story takes me. It's like nothing else that I shoot and that is precisely why it is important to pursue further.
You can pick up a copy of RIP at our store. It's limited edition and over half of the copies have already sold out.
Ellius is co-founder of Junior and loves long walks on the beach. He is currently living and working in London as an editorial and fashion photographer. His Instagram is rad and his website is lit.


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Well, what fun! I start a new job, ignore WordPress for two weeks, and then BAM! I get nominated for an award. How neat is that?
Much appreciation goes out to DLFwriting for the nomination. He is much better than I am at posting on a regular basis, and his posts contain a lot of interesting nuggets for wannabe writers such as myself.
Versatile Blogger Rules (tweaked slightly due to lack of time):
- Display the Award Certificate on your website
- Announce your win with a post and link to whoever presented your award
- Present
155 awards to deserving bloggers
- Drop them a comment to tip them off after you've linked them in the post
- Post
73 interesting things about yourself.
This is my first award nomination, and I'm really excited to be able to mention others who have been inspirational (across all fronts) during my time as a blogger. I wish I had the time to nominate more people, but, sadly, I just don't. Therefore, here are 5 deserving people whose blogs you should definitely look into:
Go on, check 'em out!
And, as for the things about me:
- I am a tea addict. I drink 3-4 cups of the stuff a day. It's wonderful!
- I secretly listen to hip hop music when I'm alone in the car. It's my guilty pleasure, but it keeps me from getting road rage. 🙂
- I love cooking and trying new recipes – especially with my husband. My favorite experiment this month has been cod poached in white wine with carrots and onions over garlic mashed potatoes. Yum.
Well, that's all I have for you for now. I'm hoping that I'll be able to post once a week as my life evens out. Thanks for hanging in there!

subset: commoncrawl


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Popina Kitchen, the Circular Quay joint venture between Israeli diner Shuk and Italian providore group Salt Meats Cheese, is no more. The site will be converted into the next Salt Meats Cheese venue by August, with Shuk leaving the partnership.
It will be the project of Tasmanian chef Massimo Mele, who is joining the restaurant group as co-owner and executive chef. "I've worked with the boys before on some of my own pop-ups," says Mele of Salt Meats Cheese owners Stefano de Blasi and Edoardo Perlo. "It's so exciting to be working on our first venue together."
Over the next month before the full transformation in August, diners can expect to find new dishes such as gnocchi acqua pazza (a broth of boiled octopus with potatoes and celery), debuting alongside classic pizzas such as pork and fennel sausage with charred broccolini and fontina cheese.
Former Alpha head chef James Roberts will be running the kitchen, which will act as a kind of blueprint for the future direction of the group. "Once the food and culture are correct here we can start work on the other venues," Mele says. "All the venues are quite different and this is about collaborating to create one offering across the group.
"When I first walked into Salt Meats Cheese they had so much wonderful produce. When people walk in to this new site I want them to see the chefs preparing the food, the beautiful smoked meats. We're really going to showcase those wonderful products," he says.


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Photography is a really modern, cool kind of art. Even a kid who isn't into painting or drawing might get excited if you put a camera in his hands.
We'll go through the history of photography and the camera, as well as look at some famous photographs. Then we'll do a simple activity to teach kids how to take a great picture. Finally, kids who are interested might want to go on and do the 30 Day Photography Challenge. We have a free printable with all the instructions you need.
History of Photography
Early photography was bulky, cumbersome, difficult, and expensive. People who invested in it and became good at it made money doing it. They opened photo studios in many towns and did portraits. Most photography was done indoors because of the difficulty of hauling around the equipment. A few photographers became famous for their work. One of the earliest was Mathew Brady, also known as the father of photojournalism.
Check out some Mathew Brady photos of the Civil War. Look through them and discuss what you see.
History of the Camera
Now learn more about the history of the camera. George Eastman founded the Eastman Kodak Company and brought photography to the masses with his invention of roll film. His life is fascinating and there are many children's books on him.
Look at some art books of photography or even some of your favorite family photos. What do you like about them? What do you notice about the backgrounds, the lighting, the composition (where people and objects are positioned), and how close-up or far away objects are?
Ansel Adams, Famous Photographer
Ansel Adams is another famous American photographer. His photographs of nature and grand views are unsurpassed even today. His photos were instrumental in the formation of the National Parks. When people saw the amazing natural beauty out west, they wanted it preserved for future generations. Look at some Ansel Adams photography in art books from your library.
Photography Exploration
Let your kids take some photos of their own. Discuss these principles before they begin:
- Light is very important. The best light for photos is natural day light, overcast skies or a sunny day in the shade look best. The light right next to a window indoors can be very good as well.
- Try to avoid harsh shadows over people's faces and don't make them squint into the sun.
- Get close up to your subject if you are photographing a person or animal.
- Take lots and lots of pictures to get the one perfect shot. (Thank goodness for digital!)
- Be careful of what is in the background of your photo. A cute red wagon with a background of concrete and a trash can is not attractive. Also make sure that the background doesn't interfere with the subject of the photo – for example, a tree that appears to be growing out of someone's head is distracting.
- After you get one or a few great shots, print them out and frame them or make a collage. Photography is art.
30 Day Photography Challenge For Kids
For kids who are interested in learning some basic photography skills, they can take this 30 Day Photography Challenge. There are assignments for each of the 30 days with specific things to photograph. Click here or on the picture to get the free printable.
Additional Layers:
- The Impressionist movement of painting was a response to photography. Photos were far more realistic than anything an artist could produce, so instead of realism in art they worked on moods and light and capturing essences that a photo could not. Look at Impressionist paintings and learn more about them.
- Experiment with photographic paper. What happens to it in the light? Try leaving pieces out for different amounts of time, from a few seconds to many minutes and in different light levels. Learn more about the chemicals that respond to light.
- After looking at Brady's photos, you can jump into books on the civil wear to learn more.
- After looking at Ansel Adams' photos, a study of the National Parks would be very interesting. Check out the National Park website for kids. Kids can sign up to be junior web rangers and complete many activities and earn badges all while learning more about the national parks.
- Make a timeline of the history of photography.
- National Geographic Photographers have some taken some of the world's most beautiful and fascinating photos, check out some of them here.
- Trick photography can be fascinating to kids, try the Klutz Tricky Pix book (affiliate link).


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Lava A3 comes with Android v6.0 (Marshmallow) OS,5.5 inches Optic AMOLD display covered with corning gorilla Glass and 720 x 1280 pixels resolution, It has Gold and Grey color, Dual SIM Slot supports 2G, 3G and 4G LTE network.
The smartphone has 13MP rear camera having geo-tagging, touch focus, face detection, HDR and panorama features and 8MP front camera for selfie experience.
Lava A3 has Octa-core, 2.5 GHz processor, Mediatek chipset and Mali-T860 GPU.
It has 3GB RAM and 32GB internal Storage, microSD, up to 128 GB card slot. It brings Bluetooth v4.0 + microUSB 2.0 and 3.5 mm Audio jack.
Here is Li-Po 3020mAh battery but no fast charging and wireless charger support.
The smartphone has Fingerprint, accelerometer, gyro, proximity and compass sensors.
Best Price of LAVA A3 in Algeria is DZD 20,060 (US$170),
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Details of my various arrangements for percussion, including solo pieces, duos, quartets and ensembles.
Clair De Lune - for solo vibraphone
To buy, click here.
A performance of 'Clair de Lune' by a customer in the USA on Youtube
Anitra's Dance - for marimba quartet with optional triangle
Grieg's orchestral piece Anitra's Dance, from Peer Gynt Suite No. 1, arranged for percussion ensemble (marimba quartet and triangle) by Nick Baron. (This arrangement can be heard in recordings.) Two of the marimba parts can be substituted for xylophone and vibraphone and this is marked on the score. Suitable for intermediate percussion ensemble (aged 15+), and also mixed ability (marimba 4 and triangle are fairly simple). Players 2 and 3 must use 4-mallet technique.
To buy, click here.
J. S. Bach; Siciliana - for marimba duo
J. S. Bach's 'Siciliana', originally for solo violin, arranged for two marimbas. This graceful piece is a medium-standard arrangement that would suit a marimba duo performance at senior school or college level. 4.1/3 octave marimbas required, and both parts need 4-mallet technique (although part 2 is simpler than part 1).
To buy, click here.
The Flower Duet - for marimba duo
This operatic aria from 'Lakme' is one of the most instantly recognisable and well-loved pieces of classical music ever written. Its lilting elegance lends itself to the warm, soothing tone of the marimba in this duo arrangement. Both marimba players require 4-mallet technique and 4.1/3 octave marimbas.
To buy, click here.
Unpublished arrangements include the Marimba Weddings repertoire for marimba duo; Mozart Rondo a la Turca, Clarke Prince Of Denmark March, Mendelssohn Wedding March and more. Contact me for more information. In addition, I have arranged Led Zeppelin's Stairway To Heaven for boomwhacker quartet. This has been performed by the RWCMD Percussion Ensemble and recorded (recordings), but as this is under copyright by its creators it cannot be published or sold by me, so it appears here just for fun.
Greater Gwent Senior Percussion Ensemble performing 'Stairway to Heaven' on boomwhackers
In addition to arrangements, my work also includes research...
The Secret History of the Triangle
My ten thousand word undergraduate dissertation on the history of the triangle. I found a rich history stretching back to Ancient Egypt, involving mythology, ritual, gods, war, Romans, Turks, Mozart, Beethoven, controversy, jangling rings, and unappreciated variety of performance practice. None of my findings had previously been organised into one concise work on the first solely metal instrument of the orchestra. If you are a percussion student interested in studying the triangle in depth, please contact me to obtain the document and accompanying audio illustrations (email@example.com).


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Stretchkins Light Up Cat Plush Toy (Pink)
Stretchkins Light Up Cat Plush Toy (Pink)
As of 2019-02-16 07:21:34 GMT (more info)
Not Available - stock arriving soon
Product Information (more info)
Manufacturer Description
Introducing the all new light up feature Stretchkins, new for 2015, the Pink Cats' feet and hands easily attach onto the feet and hands of children allowing the Stretchkins to be stretched to life size and move with you, when the light up Stretchkins feet hit the floor they magically light up with a multicoloured light show. Perfect as a play buddy, a travel companion and a gift.
Product Features
Simple and Easy to use, attach to feet and hands, when the feet hit the floor they flash with multicoloured lights Soft & Cuddly Stretches to child lifesize Attaches easily to feet and hands Suitable for ages 3+


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Channel intrusion of gas diffusion media and the effect on fuel cell performance
Yeh-Hung Lai *, Pinkhas A. Rapaport, Chunxin Ji, Vinod Kumar
Fuel Cell Activities, General Motors Corporation, Honeoye Falls, NY 14472, United States
The effect of gas diffusion medium (GDM) intrusion on the performance of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells is investigated. The mechanical behaviors of various GDM are characterized in compressive, flexural, and shear tests. The results are used in a numerical model to calculate the channel intrusion of GDM. The intrusion calculation from the numerical model agrees well with the measurements from an intrusion measurement setup and a pressure drop measurement device for various GDM. A simplified reactant flow redistribution model of parallel channels developed in this study suggests that a 5% variation in GDM intrusion can result in a 20% reduction of reactant flow in the most intruded channel. The GDM intrusion and intrusion variation are found to induce significant performance discrepancy among cells of a 30-cell automotive fuel cell stack consisting of two different production lots of commercial GDM. The study suggests that in the future mass production of fuel cell stacks,GDM manufacturers need to greatly tighten their product variations in mechanical property and thickness to ensure reliable PEM fuel cell operations.
© 2008 Global Technology Inc. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: PEM fuel cell; Gas diffusion media; Channel intrusion; Flow distribution
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 585 624 6329; fax: +1 585 624 6680.
E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (Y.-H. Lai).
1. Introduction
A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack is comprised of a series arrangement of repeating cell units, each of which consists of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) where the electrochemical reaction takes place; two layers of gas diffusion media (GDM) for the distribution of fuel and oxidant gases over the catalytic surfaces; and a bipolar plate which directs fuel and oxidant gases from the inlet manifolds through a network of flow channels. During the fuel cell stack assembly, these repeating cells are stacked together with intermediate seal gaskets and then compressed to provide adequate gas sealing, as well as to reduce contact resistances at the material interfaces. The GDM plays an important role in PEM fuel cells by (1) acting as a buffer layer between the softer MEA and stiffer bipolar plates; (2) acting as diffuser for reactant gases traveling to electrodes; (3) transporting product water to the gas flow channels; (4) conducting electrons; (5) transferring heat generated at MEA to the coolant within the bipolar plates. GDM is normally composed of porous non-woven carbon fiber paper or carbon fiber cloth. The effect ofGDMcompression on the fuel cell performance has been investigated by many researchers mostly on electrical, thermal, and mass transport resistances within the bulk material and across the contact interfaces [19]. To minimize contact resistance, high contact pressure between the lands of reactant gas flow field and gas diffusion media is usually desired. However, these studies generally found that optimal compression pressure would need to be determined by balancing its conflicting effect on GDMs porosity, diffusivity, permeability, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity.
It is worth noting that most papers on the fuel cell compression and its effect on the PEM fuel cell performance considered only a relatively small domain for the purpose of understanding material behavior. These included a half-channel-and-half-land domain in computational modeling; ex situ clamping setups for samples of several cm2 in size; and/or small-scale single cells of 5 to 50cm2. When considering the compression in full-scale (stacks with 100 or more cells) PEM fuel cell applications, the flowdistribution factor starts playing a significant if not dominating role [10]. Flow distribution in channels of manifold devices is a topic inherited from plate heat exchangers comprising discrete minichannels, for example, with inlet and outlet manifolds opening on one side (U-configuration) or on opposite sides (Zconfiguration) [11,12]. In recent years several papers on flow distribution in fuel cells and fuel cell stacks were published. Barrears et al. [13] reported on flow velocity distribution measured in a single 50 cm2 cell. Grega et al. [14] studied velocity distribution in a scaled up model of a 21-cell stack. Maharudrayya et al. [15,16] modeled flow distribution for a variety of single cell flow field configurations. Koh et al. [17] proposed a systematic algorithm for computation of pressure and flow distribution in internal gas manifolds of a 100-cell stack. Because the number of cells is relatively large, the flow in manifolds has to be treated as turbulent whereas in most previous publications both channel and manifold (header) flows are considered laminar. In all these papers, deviation from uniform channel-to-channel or cell-tocell flow distribution is attributed mainly to the geometry. The results may serve as a design guide. For example, Park and Li [18] considered the effect of flow and temperature distribution on the performance of a 51-cell stack, and one of the conclusions is that the hydraulic diameters of the inlet and outlet manifolds should be at least 20 times larger than the channel diameter.
A more comprehensive approach to flow distribution was implemented by Chang et al. [19]. A conventional finite element approach to flowbranching and merging back along the inlet and outlet headerswas coupled with reactant consumption andwater production along the channels, which defined the actual cell performance. The model was validated against experimental data for a 190-cell Ballard Mk 7 stack, and the fitted friction factors were averaged over the length of the channel and header. The most distinctive part of this paper is the case study of so called deviation from manufacturing tolerances, which was achieved by introducing friction coefficient variation for a single cell, or by imposing some distribution of friction coefficients on all 100 cells of the model stack. By introducing this simulated perturbation, the authors proved that a relatively small deviation may cause significant changes of flow in a single cell or the entire cell to cell flow distribution in the stack.
Due to the compression difference in the GDM over channels and lands, the unsupported portion of the GDM can intrude into reactant gas channels upon assembling fuel cell stacks. The direct consequence of GDM intrusion is that it can increase the pressure drop of the reactant gases in the intruded channels. Nitta et al. [7] reported the measurement of GDM intrusion at various degrees of compression and channel widths using a dial indicator in an intrusion measurement setup. They reported that the intrusion increased as the degree of compression increased. However, the sensitivity to channel width was much less significant, which could be caused by very thick and softGDMused for testing. In a subsequent paper by Hottinen et al. [8] the effect of inhomogeneous land versus channel compressionwas taken into account in a fuel cell model, which showed significant impact on the fuel cell performance. In this study, because the model domain was limited to single channel/channel, the difference in performance was mostly attributed to the under-the-land conditions (contact resistance and permeability), while the possibility of channel-to-channel reactant flowmaldistribution due toGDM intrusion was not considered at all. More recently, Basu et al. [20] investigated the two-phase reactant flow maldistribution resulted from GDM intrusion caused by uneven compression distribution over the active area of a single cell. The authors also gave a more comprehensive explanation for the implications of reactant flow maldistribution. It was concluded that poor reactant distribution not only can cause performance and stability problems, but also create conditions for catalyst corrosion, and therefore affect durability.
Until recently, relatively little attention has been paid to studying GDMs mechanical behavior and its effect on fuel cell performance. Mathias et al. [1] reported the mechanical characterization of GDM. The compressive behaviorwas characterized by placing a GDM between two flat plates and the deflection was measured as a function of compressive force. It was found that after the first loading, the GDM generally showed different unloading and reloading curves, suggesting weakening of the material from the first loading. To characterize the bending behavior of GDM, Mathias et al. proposed the use of flexural tests such as ASTM D790. With the load/deflection response from the flexural test, flexural modulus and flexural strength could be determined. Lai et al. [21] investigated the compressive pressure between GDM and MEA over the lands and channels in a single-channel cell and in fuel cell stack. They found that fuel cells could lose significant compression pressure due to the hysteresis in GDMs compressive behavior. Because of the relatively small ratio between the channel width and the GDM thickness, typically ranging from 2 to 10, the shear behavior of GDM can also affect the compressive pressure distribution. From finite element modeling and testing using PressureXTM (Sensor Product Inc.) film, they suggested that a higher transverse shear modulus was preferred in the GDM to increase the contact pressure over the channels and to reduce the potential MEA buckling.
In this paper, an effort to develop a GDM intrusion model based on the finite element method (FEM); experiments to measure the GDM intrusion and flow field pressure drop to validate the intrusion model; and a simplified reactant flow redistribution model to estimate the effect of channel intrusion on the reactant flow redistribution will be reported. How PEM fuel cell performance can be affected by GDM channel intrusion and intrusion variation as a direct consequence of GDMs property and thickness variations will also be discussed.
2. GDM channel intrusion model
In this study, a 2D finite element model was used to determine the intrusion of GDM into the gas channel. The model was built using the commercial finite element software, ABAQUS®. Fig. 1 illustrates the deformed shape of the model, which consists of a single channel flow field and a single GDM layer constrained at the lower surface. The GDM intrusion is defined as the vertical distance from the apex of GDM surface facing the reactant gas channel to the plane of lands. The land and channel profile is modeled as rigid surface. Contact condition is considered between the rigid surface and the GDM upper surface. Two element types, a gasket and a plane strain element, are superposed together and used to model the GDM. Three mechanical tests, a compressive test, a flexural test, and a shear test, were conducted to determine the material properties to be used in the model. It should be noted that there is yet no standardization of methods to measure the GDMs mechanical properties. Although a more comprehensive analytical and experimental effort would be needed to completely characterize the GDM mechanical properties, it is found that the tests used in this study can satisfy our needs to calculation the GDM intrusion.
Following Mathias et al. [1], the GDM compressive behavior was characterized by placing a GDM between two flat circular steel blocks. The load and deflection relationship was measured to obtain the compressive stressstrain curve in the thickness direction. The in-plane elastic behavior was characterized by a flexural test described in ASTM D790 from which the modulus of elasticity was determined. To measure the shear property of GDM, a punch-and-die type of shear test was developed. In the test fixture schematically shown in Fig. 2(A), a GDM sample was clamped between two sets of rectangular clamping blocks separated by a fixed distance. A rectangular shear piston was pushed down on the unsupported GDM to generate a loaddefection (P vs. b) curve. An effective transverse shear modulus was then determined by using the initial linear portion of the loaddeflection curve as seen in Fig. 2(B). It should be noted that the flexural and shear tests used in this study may provide only an approximation to the Youngs modulus and shear modulus of the GDM. However, as will be seen in the later discussion, the good agreement between the intrusion measurement and the model calculation for several different GDM types suggests that these tests can generate useful material information for model calculations.
Fig. 1. The schematic of GDM intrusion of a GDM compressed by a single channel flow field.
Fig. 2. Shear test setup and stressstrain schematic for the transverse shear modulus of GDM.
In the finite element model, the compressive stress/strain curve from the compressive test was used to model the behavior of the gasket elements. The solid elements were assigned orthotropic elastic properties with a very small through-plane modulus. Moduli of elasticity from the flexural test were used as Youngs modulus in the in-plane directions. Apparent shear moduli from the shear test were used as the shear moduli. Since GDM has a very high open porosity (commonly at 80%), a very small Poissons ratio was used.
To understand the GDM intrusion behavior, a carbon paperbasedGDMdenoted as GDM X was used as the model GDM. The thickness of the GDM is about 0.260 mm. The effective transverse shear modulus from the shear test is about 14.2MPa in the first in-plane direction (denoted as Dir. 1) and 9.2MPa in the second in-plane direction (denoted as Dir. 2). The moduli of elasticity determined from the flexural test are 900MPa and 300MPa in Dir. 1 and Dir. 2, respectively. The measured compressive strains in the thickness directions are tabulated in Table 1.
Fig. 3 illustrates the intrusion versus compressive pressure over the land for a sheet of GDM X compressed by a flow field of 1 mm-wide channel and 2 mm-wide land against a rigid plane. Note that the GDM intrusion in this configuration is equivalent to the one in a single fuel cell with a symmetrical plane at the mid-plane of the MEA. In Fig. 3, the line denotedGDMXDir 1 represents the case where the first in-plane direction corresponds to the channel width direction. At a compressive pressure of 2.8MPa over the land, the intrusion is 0.073mm in Dir. 1 and 0.079mm in Dir. 2. For the whole compression range, it is seen that the intrusion for the case with lower stiffness in both shear and bending (Dir. 2) is higher than the case with higher stiffness (Dir. 1), which illustrates that stiffer GDM can have less intrusion.
Fig. 3. GDM intrusion vs. the compressive pressure over the lands of a model GDM X for the case of 1 mm-wide channel.
Table 1
Compressive stress and strain data of GDM X
3. GDM channel intrusion experiment and model validation
To validate the intrusion model calculation, an intrusion measurement setup, as schematically shownin Fig. 4,was developed. In this intrusion fixture, a slot coupon was machined to mimic the geometry of single channel flow field. A floating bar was placed in contact with the GDM in the slot. Two extensometers were mounted at the two ends of the floating bar to monitor the movement of the floating bar when compression load was applied from the top of the fixture. Two tests were performed. The first test was carried out by placing a rigid shim on top of the GDM as shown in Fig. 4(A). The extensometers were zeroed at 35 kPa when the load was applied from the top of the fixture. As the compression loadwas increased, the displacement of floating bar was recorded as X, which represents the thickness change of the GDM over the lands. A second test as shown in Fig. 4(B) was performed in a similar way by monitoring the GDM thickness change in the slot under compression. In the second test, the rigid shim was not used, and the movement of the floating bar was recorded as Y, which was also zeroed at 35 kPa.
Fig. 5 illustrates schematically a typical set of data collected using the intrusion test fixture. The difference between X and Y under the compression load of interest gives the absolute GDM intrusion into the slot.Arelative intrusion can also be determined by (X-Y)/X.
To validate the model calculation, a sheet of GDM X was compressed at 2.8MPa over the land and the intrusion was measured. Fig. 6 illustrates the relative intrusion comparison between the model calculation and experimental results. Good agreement is seen for both in-plane directions.
Fig. 7 illustrates similar comparisons for five types of GDM from four different manufacturers. Good agreement is also seen for all cases in spite of a various degree of compressibility, bending stiffness, and shear moduli, which is reflected by a relatively wide spread of the relative intrusion ranging from about 75% to more than 95%. The good agreement between the experiment and model calculation further suggests that the GDMs intrusion behavior can be reasonably captured using the mechanical tests and the intrusion model described in this paper.
Fig. 4. Schematic of the GDM intrusion test setup.
Fig. 5. Schematic of loaddisplacement curves obtained from intrusion test.
Fig. 6. Comparison in relative intrusion between the model calculation and experimental measurement in GDM X samples of two different orientations.
Fig. 7. Relative intrusion comparison between experimental and model calculation for a wide range of GDM types and manufacturers.
Fig. 8. Schematic of a header fed parallel-channel configuration. 5. Results and discussions Since channel intrusion reduces the hydraulic diameter of reactant gas
4. Reactant flow redistribution model
In order to estimate the effect of GDM intrusion into flow field channels on flow distribution, an n parallel-channel configuration is considered as shown in Fig. 8, which consists a set of n parallel channels of the same length with a nominal hydraulic diameter D and a nominal flow rate per channel Q. Using a simplified model based on HagenPoiseuille equation for incompressible laminar flow in cylindrical conduits [23]:
where p is the pressure of reactant gas; x is the distance from the inlet; µ is the viscosity of the reactant gas; Uavg is the average velocity, all the channels would have the same pressure drop p from inlets to outlets, given by
To investigate the flow redistribution, the case where a channel has more GDM intrusion than the nominal channels is considered. Due to this additional intrusion the hydraulic diameter of the more intruded channel is decreased by D compared to the rest of the channels. In this case the flow through this channel will decrease by an amount of Q. Because the system is maintaining a constant flow rate, the amount Q will be redistributed among the remaining (n-1) channels. Provided that the pressure drops in the nominal and the more restricted channels are still equal and the change in channel hydraulic diameter of the more intruded channel is relatively small, the following equation can be derived:
Dividing Eq. (3) by Q/D4, and substituting d =Q/Q, and e =D/D, Eq. (3) can be rewritten in a dimensionless form of
Eq. (5) is presented in Fig. 9 for the cases of 2, 5, 15, and 100 channels. As one would expect, in the case of 100 channels, the excessive flow coming from the single restricted channel is much more easily distributed between the remaining 99 channels than the case of 2 channels. Therefore, the flow rate in the more restricted channel changes with the magnitude of the restriction much more significantly for the case with more channels.
Note that this simplified flow redistribution model is just to provide an estimate for a header fed set of parallel channels, which is aimed at demonstrating the strong correlation between GDM intrusion and flow distribution. Similar to Chen et al. [22], where the flow distribution in the PEM fuel cell stack was estimated without accounting for any electrochemistry or heat transfer, we consider isothermal dry reactant distribution. In this case, if assuming uniform compression over the active area and perfect reactant gas distribution in the manifolds, the approach can be easily applied to fuel cell stacks in which GDM intrusion from channel to channel within each cell is uniform but not from cell to cell, i.e. some of the cells will have higher than nominal hydraulic resistance. For example, this can happen in fuel cell stacks where a small batch of thicker or softer GDM is mixed with a larger batch of thinner or stiffer GDM, where intrusion is similar within the same batch ofGDMbut significantly different between the two batches. According to the 100-channel case in Fig. 9, a stack comprising hundreds of cells that are operated at relatively high reactant utilization conditions (i.e. at a low stoichiometry), a 515% additional decrease in hydraulic diameter can cause a 2050% decrease in flow in the cells with the most severe GDM intrusion. Therefore, if the stack is operated at relatively high reactant utilization conditions (i.e. at low stoichiometry), then the cells with the highest GDM intrusion will experience reactant starvation, which can lead to failure.
Fig. 8. Schematic of a header fed parallel-channel configuration.
Fig. 9. Reactant flow in the cell with additional blockage compared to the nominal cells.
It should be once again noted that the flow redistribution model described in this paper represents a greatly simplified model. Many aspects of this model can be further refined to better reflect the reality of a rather complicated problem. Ultimately, a two-phase flow 3D CFD model accounting for electrochemical reaction should be a better choice if required. However, the simplified model presented in this paper is believed to serve the purpose for an initial understanding of how GDMintrusion variation may contribute to the problems in fuel cell performance. It is also believed to provide useful information for the direction of further improvement in materials and flow field designs. As will be seen in the later discussion on the performance of a 30-cell fuel cell stack, the model is useful enough to explain observed cell-to-cell performance variations.
5. Results and discussions
Fig. 10. Comparison of pressure drop measurement and model calculation for GDM samples representing various mechanical property variations.
Since channel intrusion reduces the hydraulic diameter of reactant gas channels, a direct effect of channel intrusion is the increase of the reactant gas pressure drop from the inlet to outlet of a flow field. Thus, pressure drop measurement can also provide an estimate of channel intrusion and intrusion variation, and vice-versa. To measure the pressure drop, a series of flow fields with various land and channel designs were fabricated and tested. The data to be discussed in Fig. 10 were from a flow field that was composed of 6 straight channels of 300mm long, 0.4mm wide, and 0.26mm deep with a land width of 2 mm. In each measurement, a single piece of GDM was clamped between this flow field and a flat plate with an average of 1.46MPa compression. Air flow rate of 1 slpm was introduced at the inlet and pressure drop was then measured. To investigate the effect of GDM intrusion variation on pressure drops, a number of samples from several lots of another commercial gas diffusion media, dubbed GDM Y, from several production lots were used. These samples exhibit a range of mechanical property variation in compressibility (compressive strain measured at 1.2MPa of compressive pressure, slightly lower than 1.46MPa used in the pressure drop test), shear modulus, and modulus of elasticity. Fig. 10 illustrates the pressure drop versus compressive strains of various GDM samples measured at 1.2MPa of compressive pressure. The compressive strain from different lots of GDM at 1.2MPa has a range of 0.2120.268. It is seen that the measured pressure drop increases from 44 kPa to 54 kPa as the compressive strain increases.
Although it is possible to directly calculate the pressure drop analytically, e.g., from a CFD program, it has not been attempted since the current interest is in the relative change in pressure drop for GDM with different intrusion. Instead, the hydraulic diameters of the intruded channels are estimated from the wellknownhydraulic diameter equation of a rectangular flowchannel [23]
where w is the channel width; d is the channel depth; I is the GDM intrusion. Noting from Eq. (2) that the pressure drop at a fixed flow rate is inversely proportional to the fourth power of hydraulic diameter, one can use the experimentally measured pressure drop for the GDM of compressive strain of 0.218 at 1.2MPa as a baseline and then calculate the pressure drops for other GDM samples using Eq. (7):
It is seen in Fig. 10 that the calculated pressure drop agrees very well with the measured pressure drop, which further suggests the usefulness of the channel intrusion model and simplified flowmodel. The wide variation in pressure drop observed for various lots of GDM Y also demonstrates that pressure drop is indeed very sensitive to the GDM channel intrusion variation, which is the consequence of GDM property and thickness variations.
Fig. 11 illustrates the sensitivity of the reactant gas flow, expressed in fraction of the nominal flow, in the channels with the additional GDM intrusion compared to the nominal channels. A flow field of 1 mm-wide channel and 2 mm-wide land is used for this study. Four cases are considered with increasing deviations in compressive strain, thickness, shear modulus, and modulus of elasticity from Case 1 to 4, which are tabulated in the insert of Fig. 11. In addition, four different channel depths of 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.75 mm, and 1mm are considered. In this example, the intrusion is calculated using the intrusion model by applying a 2.76MPa of compressive pressure over lands with GDM X. The intrusion is then used to estimate the reduction in hydraulic diameter from Eq. (6).With the normalized hydraulic diameter change e determined, the normalized flow rate in the restricted channel is calculated using Eq. (5). In the nominal case, denoted Case 1, the GDM X is oriented so that Dir. 1 is in the width direction of lands and channels, which results in a GDM intrusion of 0.073 mm. As expected in Fig. 11 the flow in the nominal channels is 100% for all channel depths. In Case 2, a compressive strain deviation of +0.06 at 2.76MPa is introduced to the channel of interest. At a channel depth of 1 mm, the deviation of reactant gas flow for the cell using this GDM is about 5.6%. As the channel depth decreases, the flow deviation increases. At a channel depth of 0.25 mm, the flow deviation is about 27%. In Case 3, a thickness deviation of +0.015mm is further added to Case 2 for the channel of interest, which shows a gas flow deviation of 7.6% at 1 mm-deep and 35.2% at 0.25 mm-deep channels. In Case 4, a shear modulus deviation of -5.4MPa and modulus of elasticity deviation of -600MPa are added to Case 3. Case 4 is analogous to a situation such that a few cells in a 100-cell stack use Dir. 2 of GDM X in the channel width direction while the rest of the cells use Dir. 1. In this case, one can find a flow deviation of 10.5% at 1 mm-deep and 46.3% at 0.25 mm-deep channels. Note that the deviation in compressive strain, thickness, and shear modulus illustrated in Fig. 11 are not unusual. In fact, they all have been observed in the commercial GDM X from different production lots in our study.
Fig. 11. Reactant gas flow in fraction of nominal flow in the more intruded channel for four GDM with increasing deviation in compressive strain, thickness, shear modulus, and modulus of elasticity at various channel depths.
Figs. 10 and 11 provide an intriguing glimpse into how GDM properties are tightly related to flow distribution and flow field geometry. This implies that GDM manufacturers have to improve the variation to a much tighter specification. For fuel cell producers in general, there is a continual drive to operate fuel cells at as low stoichiometry as possible in order to increase the efficiency of fuel cell systems. Therefore, the threshold of performance instability is decreasing. A simple example is that if a fuel cell stack operates at 1.1 stoich and the flow rate in one of the cells drops below 90% of the nominal flow, the performance in that cell would become unstable. Thus, to use the GDM X with the given variation found in Case 4, the flow field would have to be designed with a channel depth larger than 1mm or the fuel cell would have to be operated at a stoich much higher than 1.1. Neither option is desirable when the fuel cell industry pursues an increasingly higher volumetric power density and reactant gas utilization. Therefore, it is important that GDM manufacturers can produce GDM of superior mechanical propertieshigher compressive, shear, and bending stiffness while significantly tightening thickness and property variations.
To investigate the GDM intrusion effect on automotive fuel cells, a 30-cell fuel cell stack which contained equal number of GDM Y from two different production lots was tested. For convenience, the two lots are denoted as Lots A and B and the corresponding cells are called Lot A and Lot B cells. In the single fuel cell testing with 50 cm2 active area of graphite flow field and a channel depth of about 1 mm, both lots of GDM produced nominally the same polarization curves under the same fuel cell operating condition, suggesting that they had the same thermal, electrical, and mass transport properties. The only noticeable difference between the two production lots were in the mechanical properties and thickness. Under the stack compression, the intrusion of Lot A GDM is determined to be 0.069±0.006 mm. The intrusion of Lot B is 0.078±0.009 mm. It should be noted that the intrusion and its variation are calculated based on 18 samples for each lot. The intrusion value suggests that the Lot A GDM is generally stiffer than Lot B. Furthermore, the intrusion variation in Lot A is tighter than Lot B, suggesting that the mechanical properties in Lot A GDM are more consistent from sample to sample. The pressure drop measurements as discussed for Fig. 10 also support intrusion calculation since the 44 kPa pressure drop in Lot A GDM is much lower than that of 51 kPa in Lot B, also suggesting that Lot A GDM has less intrusion than Lot B. In the subsequent fuel cell testing, the 30-cell stack was tested under various cathode stoichiometry at a current density of 1.2Acm-2 to investigate the cell voltage sensitivity to cathode stoichiometry.
Fig. 12 illustrates the cell voltage of Lot A and B cells normalized with respect to the averaged cell voltage at a cathode stoichiometry of 1.8. It is seen that for all cathode stoichiometry, Lot A cells have higher mean cell voltages than those of Lot B cells, which correlates well with the lower calculated intrusion and pressure drop measurement. As the cathode stoichiometry is decreased, the separation of mean cell voltages between Lots A and B increases. Although the cell voltage variation in both lots of cells increases as the cathode stoichiometry is decreased, the variation increase in Lot B cells is much more pronounced than in Lot A. Finally, as the cathode stoichiometry dropped below 1.3, the Lot B cells became so unstable that the stack ceased to operate. To determine the performance anomaly in a fuel cell stack is often a difficult task as the number of the root cause is often more than one. In this study, it is believed that the GDM intrusion has played an important role leading to the observed stoichiometry sensitivity because the stack performance data have correlated well with the GDM intrusion data in many aspects which can be summarized as follows: (1) The higher mean cell voltage in Lot A cells than Lot B could be caused by the lower intrusion and hence, the higher flow rate in Lot A cells. (2) Since Lot B cells have worse intrusion and intrusion variation, the flow maldistribution in Lot B cells would make them increasingly sensitive to the decreased cathode flow, which leads to increasing spread in cell voltage as the cathode stoich is decreased. (3) Finally, in the few most intruded Lot B cells, the reduced overall cathode flow rate could bring the flow rate in these cells to such a low level that it impedes the ability to remove water, which could lead to the rapid decrease in cell voltage and the eventual failure of the whole stack.
Fig. 12. Cell voltage variation at various cathode stoichiometry for two different production lots of GDM Y.
6. Conclusions
The GDM intrusion in PEM fuel cells were investigated both analytically and experimentally. The mechanical behaviors of various GDM were characterized in compressive, flexural, and shear tests and used in a finite element-based numerical model to calculate the channel intrusion of GDM. To measure the intrusion ex situ and to validate the model calculation, a test fixture with a 1mm slot was devised to measure and to simulate the intrusion of GDM in a flow field with 1 mm-wide channel. Intrusion of six types of GDM from four manufacturers were measured and compared with the model calculation. Excellent agreement was found among these samples in spite of a wide range of GDM type and mechanical property, suggesting the material tests adapted in this study could be useful tools for GDM manufacturers in product development and quality control. To investigate the effect of GDM intrusion on the fuel cell performance, a simplified flow redistribution model was developed, which showed that a 20% flow reduction could be induced if reactant gas channels were to have an additional 5% intrusion beyond that of the nominal ones.
Combining the flowredistribution model and theGDMintrusion model, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the impact of GDM material properties and flow field geometry on the reactant flow distribution. The study showed that for flow fields with a smaller channel depth, the reactant gas flow could be very sensitive to the variation in GDM thickness, compressibility, shear modulus, and modulus of elasticity. Within the measured variation in a commercially available GDM, it was found that the reduction of reactant gas flow could range from 10.5% for the flow field with 1 mm-deep channels to 46% for the one with 0.25 mm-deep channels.
When a set of GDM from two different production lots was used in the performance testing of a 30-cell fuel cell stack, it was found that the cells with the GDM lot of higher intrusion not only had lower cell voltage but also higher cell-to-cell voltage variation. Itwas concluded that theGDMintrusion and intrusion variation had contributed to the anomalous behavior of this fuel cell stack. The results from this study showed that the product variation in GDM would need to be more tightly controlled in order to produce robust, efficient, and compact automotive fuel cells.
The authors would like to express appreciation to Dr. Julie Wang, for generating initial set of experimental data leading to this study; to Mr. Adam Cook, Mr. Paul Nicotera, and Mr. Greg Tudryn, for assistance with test fixture development and intrusion measurement; and to Mr. Dave Dobulis for fuel cell stack testing.
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Email marketing is something that all businesses need to make the most of today. If you want to attract new customers and forge loyal relationships, an effective email marketing campaign is a must. Read on to discover everything you need to know about this form of directing marketing.
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Sometimes I give myself an "assignment"
as a challenge or a push in my painting journey.
Herewith, for several reasons, I set out
to see how many different ways I could paint
I've painted 100s of pears, a few dozen apples and several sunflowers in an effort to learn by repetitive rendering. Most were serious depictions, some more bizarre than others but all as an intention to study the subject and find new ways of presenting it. So when I had reason to paint lots and lots of olives I decided to leave "serious" behind and go for "different."
Each would be on 4" x 4" cradled hardboard panels I got from Cheap Joe's. Each would be a green olive with a red pimento in it. Therein the rules ceased.
Let the fun begin:
gold gesso set the stage for a dramatic olive,
I think the "pimento" looks like a red hole instead of a pepper piece?
oh well...onward
can you guess where this olive is residing?
trust me, without live "models" these little buggers were hard to depict
this collage piece was fun but oh so tiny for my challenged tearing-
fingers, the further back you are the more olive-y it looks
this was my feeble attempt at a wire sculpture olive...
I enjoy "mixed media" but
you have to use your imagination to know what it is
Now this was truly experimental, the olive is painted
with a coat of oxidizing copper paint which dries and then
is reapplied, while wet it is then sprayed with green patina aging solution
which causes it to rust into this green on copper patina.
Both of these products are made by Modern Masters.
this is started with a bunch of random designs done in acrylic,
then with a background color a design is selected and the "negative" parts painted
out to reveal the olive
couldn't leave out fabric, could I? a little boro, a little embroidery,
a touch of quilting and olive it works together
and now a clay olive....polymer clay, which is sculpted and baked in
the oven, this is my fav pimento: red cloth stuffed and glued into the
pitted hole
admitting that I was running out of ideas on where
to place these olives I decided they could resemble
balloons at a party...
One last 4 x 4 remains...no ideas surfaced. I think I will stick a fork in
olive this and call it done!
So what did I learn? (1) that I really do not enjoy painting this small...I need space, I need more real estate, I am a 9 x 12 and beyond (preferably beyond) kinda gal; (2) I do like the exercise of thinking of multiple ways to render something, perhaps I should make more effort to do this as sketching prep before a LARGER format of something; and finally, (3) I like drama, the contrast of bright colors and the play between dark darks and light lights.
So what did I do with so many similar paintings? Olive them went with my love to new homes. I'll let you wonder about just who might want such a piece.
Olive Me thanks Olive You (for reading),


text:
Additional Funding Opportunities for the CCF Community
CONTACTSSee program guidelines for contact information.
There are many programs and funding opportunites for the CCF Community. Please see Dr. Jeannette Wing's (CISE Assistant Director) "Dear Colleague Letter" listing more CISE Funding opportunities.
Get CISE Funding Updates by email
- CISE Community Research Infrastructure
- CISE-MPS Interdisciplinary Faculty Program in Quantum Information Science
- Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE) Research Initiation Initiative
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text:
The complete source for celebrity lookalikes & impersonators for entertainment & special events.
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Brian impersonating Vice President Dick Cheney
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email: email@example.com
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I need a logo designer
Budget $10-30 USD
Hello this is Ali from Ukraine, I have a local vape shop, and our name is Lama's Vape so main object is Lama, Vape plus maybe a little bit steampunkish touches on our logo :) if we can find someone good in future for our other design jobs we would like to work together.
59 freelance font une offre moyenne de $23 pour ce travail
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text:
As part of Kick It Out's 'write to unite' campaign, Wilson and Thomas get their hands on the iconic cup...
Coventry City stars Conor Thomas and Callum Wilson managed to get their hands on the FA Cup ahead of the Sky Blues fourth round clash against Arsenal tonight.
As part of Kick It Out's 'write to unite' campaign, the two City youngsters went to President Kennedy School to help over 50 students from President Kennedy, Parkgate and Whitmore Park Primary to write entries to the competition, which encourages young children to show their creative side and write about how football can unite people regardless of their background.
As part of the event, there was an even more high-profile guest than the two players – the FA Cup itself!
The pupils were given a chance to see the trophy up close, and Thomas and Wilson were also given an opportunity to pose for pictures with the illustrious prize.
It is a competition which has been one of real excitement for City fans this season and, after the third round win against Barnsley, the Sky Blues have been rewarded with a trip to Premier League leaders Arsenal.
Thomas admits the tie has excited everyone at the club and hopes a bit of luck could see the Sky Blues pull off one of the greatest ever cup shocks.
"It's where you want to be in your career," Thomas said. "You want to play against players like this week in, week out and to test yourself against them.
"We all watch them on TV and we all know what they're capable of. To actually play against them up close and see where we are as a team against them will be a great experience.
"Everyone's really looking forward to it. Obviously we're massive underdogs and hopefully we can go there and put in a decent performance. Fingers crossed, we'll get a bit of luck and then you never know what could happen.
"I think you want to be playing against these players every week and because we're in League One, this is the only opportunity through the FA Cup and Capital One Cup to play against the top teams.
"When we got through to the next round I was sitting at home with my mum and my brother watching the draw, just as the fans do. When we got Arsenal we were all buzzing and we wanted it to be the next game. It just lifts the place because you're going to one of the best stadiums and you don't get to play there every week.
"It's a massive competition. Oggy's won it before and he's reminded us of that a few times! That's where we want to get to."
Kick It Out's 'Write to Unite' creative writing competition is open to young people aged 7-18. The competition has three age categories, 7-10, 11-14 and 15-18. The deadline for submitting entries is January 31, 2014 at 5pm.
Picture: Callum Wilson and Conor Thomas with the FA Cup. Taken by Matt Hyde.


text:
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Kellyco Idaho: Ghost Towns
Contains Five Maps of Idaho. The Very Readable Maps (measures 18x24" unfolded) were Selected for Quality, Age and Location Details
The Idaho Ghost Towns/Sites packages features a transparent overlay printed from a modern Idaho road system and placed over the three sections of the 1895 map of Idaho. The purpose is to show the changes in the state over a period of approximately 100 years. Place names may appear on the historical maps but may be absent on the current map. The reader should note that some of the early locations were moved from time to time while others changed their names or simply failed. The reader should be reminded that some of the early place names might have been a post office operated in a ranch house or an early stage station as well as town sites. Some locations were moved from time to time while others changed their names or simply failed.
Accompanying text with anecdotal stories from the history of each of the three sections of the state appears on the reverse sides of maps #3-5. For example, the town site of Florence, located in the northern section of the 1895 map, was settled in 1861 following the discovery of a placed deposit in the area. it was first identified as Millersburg after a nearby creek. It has been reported that Joaquin Miller, an early prospector, panned $100 worth of gold in one afternoon — an amazing amount of money for the late 1800's!
While perusing and studying the maps in this collection, readers should be reminded of the limitations of early surveyors who most likely used primitive equipment and limited cartographic knowledge. All maps in the Ghost Town series are reproduced from authentic documents on file from various archival collections such as the National Archives, Library of Congress & state libraries.
- Map 1 side 1 is Idaho in 1879, side 2 is Idaho in 1883
- Map 2 side 1 is Idaho in 1895, side 2 is Idaho in 1912
- Map 3 is Northern Idaho in 1895 with overlay, side 2 is text
- Map 4 is Southwest Idaho in 1895 with overlay, side 2 is text
- Map 5 is Southeast Idaho in 1895 with overlay, side 2 is text
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Effingham knock Chobham out of the cup
Effingham 1st XI v Chobham 1st XI
Fuller's Brewery Surrey County League Cup – 1st Round
Chobham batted first and their openers struggled on a slow, low wicket. However, with three wickets down, Monk came to the crease and crafted a well put together 88 until he was dismissed with the score on 153-4. The remaining batsmen only managed to score a further 18, slowly lifting the total to 171 all out.
The collapse was mainly down to Rob Gibbon's 4-25, including a hat-trick, and Dom Brown picked up 3 wickets for 22.
Effingham started a little hesitantly, as the pitch was still somewhat problematical. The first three batsmen – Cameron Walters, Jake White and Harrison Green – only amassed 26 between them before Matt Dixon came to the wicket and steadied the innings. Two further wickets fell which brought captain Adam Burlison in to join Dixon and the pair put on 52 runs for the 6th wicket. Dixon was eventually out for 52 and Burlison scored 42.
Two more quick wickets brought the final pairing of Mal Russell and Mike Fenwick together with 16 still needed for victory. A couple of boundaries calmed the nerves and they both saw Effingham over the line and into the next round, with a rewarding win by one wicket, with plenty of overs to spare.
Comments are closed


text: On Wed, 2006-02-22 at 02:15 -0800, Brian Burger wrote: > Here's a config-system diff for UDG, with a basic 'menu editing with > alacarte' added. > > Validated, works in Yelp/Breezy, spellchecked. You rock, commited & thanks! Matt -- mdke at ubuntu.com gnupg pub 1024D/0E6B06FF -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: signature.asc Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 189 bytes Desc: This is a digitally signed message part URL: <https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-doc/attachments/20060222/7170b30c/attachment.pgp>


text:
Fix walking shoes their strength
You would know repair out of service shoes? Exactly, about and is article.
Repair walking shoes - enough complex it. But only not stand panic. Solve this task us help hard work and care.
First sense search company by fix walking shoes. This can be done using every finder or profile forum. If price services for fix for you would acceptable - consider question exhausted. Otherwise - in this case have repair own hands.
So, if you decided their forces repair, then primarily necessary grab info how repair shoes. For this purpose sense use finder, eg, mail.ru.
I think you do not vain spent their efforts and this article least little could help you make fix walking shoes. The next time I will write how repair suitcase or old foundations.


text:
Simple Spot Cleaning Solutions
Simple Spot Cleaning Solutions
Spills and spots on carpet seem to be inevitable, especially in households with pets and kids. Spots are best treated immediately, so it can be helpful to keep some basic household items on hand to deal with carpet emergencies.
The first rule of spot cleaning is to blot, rather than rub, the spot. Keeping some inexpensive white utility towels on hand is key, because colored rags or towels may transfer color onto carpet when spot cleaning. In addition to towels, you'll want to be sure you have four simple items in the house: a mild liquid detergent, white vinegar, club soda, and a spray bottle. You probably have these items on hand already, but here are some tips on how you can use the magic of these common products to quickly deal with spots and stains.
Remember to apply a small amount of the cleaning solution on a hidden area of the carpet to test for colorfastness. The recommended cleaning solution (described below) will not typically have an adverse reaction to most carpets, but you should test to be sure.
If your carpet has been treated with a protector, you may have time to act quickly and simply blot a liquid spill with towels, if it beads up and stays on the surface. If a stain remains behind after blotting, or if the spill has already penterated the carpet fibers, try these spotting solutions:
A simple solution that works on many fresh spills and spots is made from:
1 teaspoon white vinegar
1 teaspoon mild liquid detergent
1 quart warm water
(Mix the above ingredients in a spray bottle)
When you have a liquid spill such as soda, coffee, or an alcoholic beverage, first blot as much of the liquid up as quickly as possible with paper towels, or one of your clean white towels (recommended). Apply the cleaning solution by spraying some onto the spot, then blot with a clean dry white towel. An effective way of blotting that often works well is to place the towel over the treated area and then stand on the towel for a few seconds. If some of the stain transfers to the towel, blot again with a clean portion of the towel. Repeat the entire process as necessary, and then blot dry when the spot is gone. Remember: Do NOT rub!
For chocolate or mud, use the same cleaning solution. For chocolate, gently lift as much of the chocolate from the carpet using your fingers or a butter knife as soon as possible. Apply the cleaning solution, and follow the instructions listed above. When mud is tracked onto your carpet, you actually want to let the mud dry for easier removal with a brush or vacuum. Then, if a stain remains, follow the above cleaning procedure.
If a happy party guest spills red wine on your carpet, don't panic! And don't use colored party napkins to blot the stain – grab your white towels or paper towels instead. Blot as much of the wine up as possible, and then apply club soda to any remaining stain. The carbonation may help lift the stain from the carpet fibers. Blot and repeat if necessary.
Treating spills when they occur is the best way to minimize damage to your carpet and save on professional cleanings. However, if you run into problems with any stain, don't hesitate to call a professional for advice or evaluation of your problem area. Integrity Clean offers spot cleaning services for customers who just want help removing an accidental spill or dog accident.
If homeowners who are prone to frequent spills and spots, Integrity Clean suggest that you consider purchasing a spotting machine. You can purchase them in many department stores for around $100-$150.
If you have any questions about the tips listed above, or if you have any other questions about do-it-yourself spot cleaning, feel free to give Integrity Clean a call!
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text:
If you get saved Jesus told me he will do this to you, Jesus will torture you and lie to ruin you
home page
homepage 2
home page
home page
this is what Jesus told me about why he persecutes
10-8-2006-I usally wake up daily, and it feels like poisonous metal spikes in my front teeth, all of my upper teeth, I could feel this morning(what my front teeth feel like because of this is like sombody just punched my in the mouth, and loosened)-this is from fiery darts being shot in, or something else that feel different at times,(they feel lots of the times like they are inflated with infection, swollen gums) THis sometimes, feels like, a needle being stuck in, and poison being shot in, a needle being stuc!k in long ways, thru many, gums,teeth, etc, like prying going on to separate my gums, from my teeth, like, electric shafts, shot in between gums and teeth, like, chiseling going on at more than one tooth and gum at a time, and when I drove, it felt sometimes like chunks of my gums were being pulled out-I saw in a vision, satan with a long lighted needle in his hand, and I also many spirits, in another vision, like poking my gums, at the same time(is resist the devil till he flees from you meaning after he has deseased my gums away. God will pop this arrows or whatever out, and sometimes I feel gum desease swell up in seconds in my gums(image that)(on about 3-2007 and Im going by memory, the LOrd told me something like, he wanted mne to backslide, then tell me I didnt have to go so I could not bear it when I looked back at it)I remember about the time of the fiery darts, the LOrd gave me a vision, and in it, I saw this light shaft cut right thru maybe my tree, almost all the way-been weak everysince(newgum recession around two teeth on 1-30-2o o7)I had a vision and a man that looked like Jesus said, something like, its funny not knowing or not if you are going to be permitted to stand or not tomorrow-or somehting like that(LOrd can I ask you a question here before all-who can be saved?)(1-2007-I saw Jesus in a vision and he had all of his upper teeth missing, and I saw hollie and she sang something like, this, youll be collapsed)-I keep seeing a man that looks like Jesus in visions, and he says things like, continue slipping, keep slipping, now start quiting, now stop hanging around,(I keep hearing gunshots and often see a gun in a vision being pointed at me-this means that I will be shot, killed, casted out by teasing(if you dont beleive this teasing goes on and question who it is coming from, the LOrd showed me in visions many times a toothbrush, letting me know I needed to take better care of my teeth or get them cleaner or, and now that I do exactly that, gum desease swells up in seconds. God showed me a man in !visions many times and it hurt me, and I beleive it was me, and this mans butt was almost level or was level with his back-I did fast but was not exalted) and or-the gun shot I heard on the morning of 1-30-2007 hurt my heart so bad, and God knew it would and this is what he wants)(what God does everyday is rides me teasing and angering with what he says, to the point to where I want to quit, then, O no, come back, come back(dont beleive it-for probably about 15 hours now, I feel electrity, tapping, carressing going on and or in my penus, want to click off this page, its going on, almost non stop, and deep with in my heart, it angers me, can you beleive the heavenly creator does this-I should have stayed in sin, ----dont you have anything better to do than this stupid bullshit Jesus Christ? -this was replaced by about 8 months of being teased(what I mean by this is exactly what I said. God knows exactly what to say to make me goin a rage, and how to say it, and this went on !and still is. Being teased right(it often feels like my zipper going d own, and I feel electricity flowing on penus and somethings, like a hand)(can you beleive)(I see Jesus in visions, and he says things like, I got you, I caused you to backslide, I made you comit iniquity) now as I put this in-hollie singing, youll be collapsed) by ministering spirits, mainly, the one that looked like Jesus, or only the one that looked like Jesus, throwing me in a rage(this still goes on-I saw a man that looked like Jesus in a vision and he let me know that he was going to slur the words in the visions, he said somehting like, I know what Ill do, and he told me about messing up the words, and does, all the time-sometimes angering me above what i can bear-saw Jesus just now and he said something like, start qutting-this means the next cast out is already on its way). Since he knows exactly what to say, and when to say it to make me angry, thisis what I mean, and it did go on, piercing my heart.


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It's been quite awhile since I've posted, but with good reason. I've been working on another project that I'm extremely excited about. I'm not going to give you all of the details just yet, but know that there will be an update soon.
There have been quite a few ups and downs lately, but working on a this project has helped me trudge forward in times of difficulty. What I'm contributing to it is all mine and I look forward to sharing it.
The woman running it is even more organized and anal than I am, which I knew was possible, but wasn't sure if it required intensive therapy (it doesn't, she's just fabulous and beyond hardworking). Needless to say, we get along great.
Expect a link to the mystery project to be posted by the end of the week!


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Support Management, Interims Management
As part of our support management, we help our customers to lead their business management and adapt to a constantly changing environment. We prepare your business to face future challenges and ensure successful implementation. If required, we at Solutions Dot WG will be at your disposal to support you with your specific management needs for a limited amount of time in your business succession or restructuring processes. This includes passing on operational management to the future operator at the best time possible.