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Michael L. Gross
Campus Box 1134
Research Interests
Our main research goal is the development of biophysical methods that use mass spectrometry to understand proteins, their interfaces, solvent accessibility, affinities of binding, and their folding and unfolding. With support from the NIH, we work with proteins of biomedical importance, often with collaborators at WU and beyond, and with support from DOE, we work on proteins important in photosynthesis, often with Robert Blankenship of our department.
One approach for footprinting is to map proteins with reactions of OH radicals. We termed our version "fast photochemical oxidation of proteins" or FPOP whereby we "paint" certain surface-accessible amino-acid residues by reacting the protein in a flow tube (see figure below) with radicals generated from H2O2 by a pulsed KrF laser (248 nm). With appropriate scavengers, the reaction time is remarkably short (~ 1 μsec). Certain amino acids react with the radicals to become oxidized (depicted as turning from "green" to "yellow"—see figure below). FPOP is useful for determining protein-protein interfaces, affinities for tiny amounts of proteins in biophysics, drug discovery, and epitope mapping. It is being adopted by biotechnology companies for quality control of protein therapeutics and for determining sites of interaction between a protein therapeutic and its target protein.
A unique application of FPOP is to follow fast protein folding or unfolding. An example is the refolding of the protein barstar. The unfolded form of the protein in a flowing solution is rapidly heated by a laser pulse. At various times on the microsecond level following its start to fold, a second laser generates OH radicals whose reactions track the folding. As shown in the figure below are five residues (H17, I5, L20, L24, and F74) whose labeling becomes less as they are involved in formation of a hydrophobic core that can be viewed as the nucleus for its folding. Few other experimental approaches can bring this level of detail to this important question in biophysics.
Footprinting can use many other reactions, and we are developing and applying these reactions. For example, we use labeling with NEM (N-ethylmaleimide) to follow changes in the local environment of Cys, GEE (glycyl ethyl ester) to monitor changes of Asp and Glu, and carbenes to complement OH radical labeling especially of amino acids that are relatively "silent" to reactions with •OH.
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) is another focus where we develop new methods and use them in problem solving. Examples are pulsed HDX for following aggregation of Aβ, the plaque-forming protein in Alzheimer's disease, and pH-dependent HDX for monitoring protein conformational changes as pH decreases. We also use an HDX titration to determine protein-ligand affinities, a method we term PLIMSTEX (Protein Ligand Interaction by Mass Spectrometry, Titration and H/D Exchange). The figure below shows the titration of fatty-acid-binding protein (structure on upper left) with the fatty-acid ligand, potassium oleate, to give a complex (on lower right) that now contains the fatty-acid anion. The y-axis data come from MS, and the solid line is computed from our model that gives the equilibrium constant for the protein-ligand interaction. We are interested in applying this idea to determining affinities for specific regions of proteins, which is difficult by other affinity measurements.
We also utilize native electrospray where near-native forms of a protein or a protein complex are introduced into a mass spectrometer. We discovered that activating the entire complex (note the large m/z on the x axis) by electron-capture dissociation (ECD) causes flexible regions of the constituent proteins to fragment. Example below is of FMO protein—collaboration with Blankenship—that fragments in those regions that are deemed flexible by x-ray crystallography (i.e., have large b factors). The right side of the spectrum shows data for the complex undergoing charge neutralization whereas the right side shows the fragments. We complement these measurements with ion mobility, to look more closely at the details of collisionally induced unfolding, and cross linking, to determine the topology of the complex.
Publications: Michael L. Gross, 2009-2018
- Microsecond Time-Scale Hydroxyl Radical Profiling of Solvent-Accessible Protein Residues, David M. Hambly and Michael L. Gross, chapter in Compehensive Analytical Chemistry, 52, 151-177 (2009).
- Combined Charged Residue-Field Emission Model of Macromolecular Electrospray Ionization, C.J. Hogan Jr, J.A. Carroll, H.W. Rohrs, P. Biswas, and Michael L. Gross, Anal. Chem., 81, 369-377, (2009).
- The Balance of Benefical and Deleterious health Effects of Quinones: A Case Study of the Chemical Properties of Genistein and Estrone Quinones, Qiang Zhang, Tingting Tu, Andre d'Avignon, and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 1067-1076, (2009).
- 2-Nitrophenyl Aryl Sulfides Undergo both Intramolecular and Electrospray-induced Intermolecular Oxidation of Sulfur: An Experimental and Theoretical Case Study, Joseph T. Moolayil, M. George, Daryl Giblin, Michael L. Gross, Int J. Mass Spectrom., 283, 222-228, (2009).
- Isolation and Identification of Two Novel SDS-Resistant Secreted Chitinases from Aeromonas schubertii, Chao-Lin, Chia-Rui Shen, Fong-Fu Hsu, Jeen-Kuan Chen, Pei-Tzu Wu, Shang-Hsin Guo, Wen-Chien Lee, Feng-Wei Yu, Zachary B. Mackey, John Turk, and Michael L. Gross, Biotechnol. Prog., 25, 1, 124-131, (2009).
- Method Revealing Bacterial Cell-Wall Architecture by Time-Dependent Isotope Labeling and Quantitative Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Gary J. Patti, Jiawei Chen, and Michael L. Gross, Anal. Chem., 81, 2437-2455, (2009).
- Gas-Phase Nazarov Cyclization of Protonated 2-Methoxy and 2-Hydroxychalcone: An Example of Intramolecular Proton-Transport Catalysis, Mathai George, Valarkottu S. Sebastian, Putluri Nagi Reddy, Ragampeta Srinivas, Daryl Giblin, and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom, 20, 805-818, (2009).
- Membrane Orientation of the FMO Antenna Protein from Chlorobaculum tepidum as Determined by Mass Spectrometry-based Footprinting, Jianzhong Wen, Hao Zhang, Michael L. Gross, and Robert E. Blankenship, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 6134-6139, (2009).
- Radical Cation/Radical Reactions: A Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Study of Allyl Radical Reacting with Aromatic Radical Cations, Amber L. Russell, Henry W. Rohrs, David Read, Daryl .E. Giblin, Peter P. Gaspar, Michael L. Gross, Int J. Mass Spectrom., 287, 8-15, (2009).
- An Endogenous Peptide Positively Selects and Augments the Activation and Survival of Peripheral CD4+ T cells, Wan-Lin Lo, Nathan J. Felix, James J. Walters, Henry Rohrs, Michael L. Gross, Paul M. Allen, Nature Immunology, 10, 1155-1161, (2009).
- The Gramicidin Dimer Shows Both EX1 and EX2 Mechanisms of H/D Exchange, Raghu K. Chitta, Don L. Rempel, and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom, 20, 1813-1820, (2009).
- Photocrosslinking of Human Telomeric G-quadruplex Loops by anti Cyclobutane Thymine Dimer Formation, Dian G.T. Su, Huafeng Fang, Michael L. Gross, John-Stephen A.Taylor, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 12861-12866, (2009).
- Miniaturizing Sample Spots for Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/ionization Mass Spectrometry, Tingting Tu and Michael L. Gross, Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 28, 833-841, (2009).
- Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Protein Footprints Faster than Protein Unfolding, Brian C. Gau, Joshua S. Sharp, Don L. Rempel, and Michael L. Gross, Anal. Chem., 81, 6563-6571, (2009).
- Cold Chemical Oxidation of Proteins, David M. Hambly and Michael L. Gross, Anal. Chem., 81, 7235-7242, (2009).
- Organization of Lower Rim O-Alkylated p-Phosphonic Acid Calix[4]arenes, Thomas E. Clark, Mohamed Makha, Alexandre N. Sobolev, Dian Su, Henry Rohrs, Michael L. Gross, and Colin L. Raston, Crystal Growth & Design, 9, 3575-3580, (2009). PMC2723774
- A Single Peptide–MHC Complex Positively Selects a Diverse and Specific CD8 T Cell Repertoire, Baomei Wang, Tina M. Primeau, Nancy Myers, Henry W. Rohrs, Michael L. Gross, Lonnie Lybarger, Ted H. Hansen, Janet M. Connolly, Science, 326, 871-874, (2009). PMC2828816
- Online, High-Pressure Digestion System for Protein Characterization by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Mass Spectrometry, Lisa M. Jones, Hao Zhang, Ilan Vidavsky, and Michael L. Gross, Anal. Chem., 82, 1171-1174, (2010). PMC2826105
- A Tuning Method for Electrically Compensated Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer Traps, Adam M. Brustkern, Don L. Rempel, and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom, 21, 451-454 (2010). PMC3001160
- A New Photoproduct of 5-Methylcytosine and Adenine Characterized by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry, Dian G. T. Su, John-Stephen A. Taylor, and Michael L. Gross, Chem. Res. Toxicol, 23, 474-479 (2010). PMC2838963
- Protein-Peptide Affinity Determination Using an H/D Exchange Dilution Strategy: Application to Antigen-Antibody Interactions, Tingting Tu, T., M. Drǎguşanu, B.-A. Petre, Don L. Rempel, Michael Przybylski, and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom, 21, 1660-1667 (2010). PMC2932787
- Sulfate Radical Anion as a New Reagent for Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins, Brian C. Gau, B.C., Hao Chen, Y. Zhang, and Michael L. Gross, Anal. Chem. 82, 7821-7827 (2010). PMC2939269
- Radio Frequency-Only-Mode Event and Trap Compensation in Penning Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry, A. M. Brustkern, D. L. Rempel, and Michael L. Gross, in Practical Aspects of Trapped Ion Mass Spectrometry, Vol. IV, Theory and Instrumentation, R.E. March and J. F. J. Todd, CRC Press, 433-468 (2010).
- Native Electrospray and Electron-Capture Dissociation in FTICR Mass Spectrometry Provide Top-Down Sequencing of a Protein Component in an Intact Protein Assembly, Hao Zhang, Weidong Cui, Jianzhong Wen, Robert E. Blankenship, Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 21, 1066-68 (2010). PMC2991543
- Improved Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Protein Glycosylation Reveals Unusual Glycosylation of Maize-Derived Bovine Trypsin, Hao Zhang, Richard Y-C. Huang, Pegah R. Jalili, Janet W. Irungu, Gordon R. Nicol, Kevin B. Ray, Henry W. Rohrs, Michael L. Gross, Anal. Chem. 82, 10095-10101 (2010). PMC3005374
- T-jump and Fast Photochemical Oxidation Probe Sub Millisecond Protein Folding, Jiawei Chen, Don L. Rempel, Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 15502–15504 (2010). PMC2975609
- Layered Calcium Structures of p-Phosphonic Acid-methyl-calix[6]arene, Thomas E. Clark, Adam Martin, Mohamed Makha, Alexandre N. Sobolev, Dian Su, Henry W. Rohrs, Michael L. Gross, and Colin L. Raston, Cryst. Growth Design, 10, 3211-3217 (2010). PMC2906806
- Ion behavior in an Electrically Compensated Ion Cyclotron Resonance Trap, Adam M. Brustkern, Don L. Rempel, and Michael L. Gross, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 300, 143-148 (2011). PMC3076697
- Hydrophobic Peptides Affect Binding of Calmodulin and Ca2+ as Explored by H/D Amide Exchange and Mass Spectrometry, Justin B. Sperry, Richard Y-C. Huang, Mei M. Zhu, Don L. Rempel, and Michael L. Gross, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 302, 85–92 (2011). PMC3134286
- Structural Model and Spectroscopic Characteristics of the FMO Antenna Protein from the Aerobic Chlorophototroph, Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum. Jianzhong Wen, Yusuke Tsukatani, Weidong Cui, Hao Zhang, Michael L. Gross, Donald A. Bryant, Robert E. Blankenship, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1807, 157–164 (2011). PMC3947814
- Mass Spectrometry and Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins (FPOP) for Comparing Structures of Protein/Ligand Complexes: The Calmodulin-peptide Model System, Hao Zhang, Brian C. Gau, Lisa M. Jones, Ilan Vidavsky, Michael L. Gross, Anal. Chem., 83, 311–318 (2011). PMC3078576
- Interactions of APE1 with a redox inhibitor: Evidence for an Alternate Conformation of the Enzyme, Dian Su, Sarah Delaplane, Meihua Luo, Don L. Rempel, Bich Vu, Mark R. Kelley, Michael L. Gross, and Millie M. Georgiadis, Biochem. 50, 82-92 (2011). PMC3070192
- Functional Analysis of Novel Analogs of E3330 that Block the Redox Signaling Activity of the Multifunctional AP Endonuclease/redox Signaling Enzyme APE1/Ref-1, Mark R. Kelley, Meihua Luo, April Reed, Dian Su, Sarah Delaplane, Richard Borch, Rodney L Nyland II, Michael L Gross, Millie Georgiadis, Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 14, 1387-1401 (2011). PMC3061197
- Native Electrospray Mass Spectrometry Reveals the Nature and Stoichiometry of Pigments in the FMO Photosynthetic Antenna Protein, Jianzhong Wen, Hao Zhang, Michael L. Gross, and Robert E. Blankenship, Biochem., 50, 3502-3511 (2011). PMC4000732
- Mapping the Protein-Protein Interface Between a Toxin and its Cognate Antitoxin from the Bacterial Pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, Justin B. Sperry, Craig L. Smith, CL, Michael G. Caparon, Tom Ellenberger, Michael L. Gross, ML, Biochem., 50, 4038-4045 (2011). PMC3096607
- Carboxyl-Group Footprinting Maps the Dimerization Interface and Phosphorylation-induced Conformational Changes of a Membrane-associated Tyrosine Kinase, Hao Zhang, Wei Shen, Don Rempel, John Monsey, Ilan Vidavsky, Michael L. Gross, and Ron Bose, Molecular Cellular Proteomics, 2011 10(6), 1-16 M110.005678, (2011). PMC3108836
- Structural Determinant of Chemical Reactivity and Potential Health Effects of Quinones from Natural Products, Tingting Tu, Daryl Giblin, and Michael L. Gross, Chem. Research Toxicology, 24, 1527-1539 (2011). PMC3177985
- HD Exchange and PLIMSTEX Determine the Affinities and Order of Binding of Ca2+ with Troponin C, Richard Y-C. Huang, Don L. Rempel, and Michael L. Gross, Biochem., 50, 5426–5435 (2011). PMC3115450
- Native Electrospray and Electron-capture Dissociation FTICR Mass Spectrometry for Top-down Studies of Protein Assemblies, Hao Zhang, Weidong Cui, Jianzhong Wen, Robert E. Blankenship, Michael L. Gross, Anal. Chem., 83, 5598-5606 (2011). PMC3136621
- Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins for Epitope Mapping, Lisa M. Jones, Justin B. Sperry, James A. Carroll, Michael L. Gross, Anal. Chem., 83, 7657-7661 (2011). PMC3193551
- Top-down Mass Spectrometry: Recent Developments, Applications, and Perspectives, Weidong Cui, Henry W. Rohrs and Michael L. Gross, Analyst, 136, 3854–3864 (2011). PMC3505190
- Deprotonated N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)amino Acids Undergo Cyclization in Solution and the Gas Phase, M. George, V. Ramesh, R. Srinivas, Daryl Giblin, Michael L. Gross, Intl. J. Mass Spectrom. 306, 232– 240 (2011). PMC3181136
- Mass spectrometry-based Protein Footprinting Characterizes the Structures of Oligomeric Apolipoprotein E2, E3, and E4, Brian Gau, Kanchan Garai, Carl Frieden, and Michael L. Gross, Biochemistry, 50, 8117-8126 (2011). PMC3177987
- Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Electron-Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry Determine the Interface and Dynamics of Apolipoprotein E Oligomerization, Richard Y-C. Huang, Kanchan Garai, Carl Frieden, and Michael L. Gross, Biochemistry, 50, 9273–9282 (2011). PMC3202646
- Psb27, a Transiently Associated protein, Binds to the Chlorophyll Binding Protein CP43 in Photosystem II Assembly Intermediates, Haijun Liu, Richard Y.-C. Huang, Jiawei Chen, Michael L. Gross, and Himadri B. Pakrasi, Proceedings National Academy Sciences (USA), 108, 18536-18541 (2011). PMC3215006
- S-Glutathionylation of Cysteine 99 in the APE1 Protein Impairs Abasic Endonuclease Activity, Yun-Jeong Kim, Daemyung Kim, Jennifer L Illuzzi, Sarah Delaplane; Dian Su; Michel Bernier, Michael L Gross; Millie M Georgiadis; David M. Wilson, III, Journal of Molecular Biology, 414, 313-326 (2011). PMC3373313
- Autoproteolytic Fragments are Intermediates in the Oligomerization/Aggregation of the Parkinson's Disease Protein Alpha-Synuclein as Revealed by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry, C. Vlad, K. Lindner, C. Karreman, S. Schildknecht, M. Leist, N. Tomczyk, J. Rontree, J. Langridge, K. Danzer, T. Ciossek, Alina Petre, Michael L. Gross, B. Hengerer, Michael Przybylski, ChemBioChem, 12, 2740-27444 (2011). PMC3461308
- Chemical Footprinting for Determining Protein Properties and Interactions, by Sandra A. Kerfoot and Michael L. Gross, in Protein and Peptide Mass Spectrometry in Drug Discovery ed. by M.L. Gross, G. Chen, and B. Pramanik, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ, Chapter 13, 175-211(2012)
- Hydrogen–Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry Reveals the Interaction of Fenna–Matthews–Olson Protein and Chlorosome CsmA Protein, Richard Y-C. Huang, Jianzhong Wen, Robert E. Blankenship, and Michael L. Gross, Biochemistry, 51, 187-193 (2012). PMC3254703
- Characterization of the Redox Activity and Disulfide Bond Formation in Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease, Meihua Luo, Jun Zhang, Hongzhen He, Dian Su, Qiujia Chen, Michael L. Gross, Mark R. Kelley, and Millie M. Georgiadis, Biochemistry, 51, 695-705 (2012). PMC3293223
- Mass spectrometry-based Carboxyl Footprinting of Proteins: Method evaluation, Hao Zhang, Jianzhong Wen, Richard Y-C. Huang, Robert E. Blankenship, Michael L. Gross, Intl. J. Mass Spectrom. 312, 78-86 (2012). PMC3293472
- Isolation of the Magic-Size CdSe Nanoclusters [(CdSe)13(n-octylamine)13] and [(CdSe)13(oleylamine)13], Yuanyuan Wang, Yi-Hsin Liu, Ying Zhang, Fudong Wang, Paul J. Kowalski, Henry W. Rohrs, Richard A. Loomis, Michael L. Gross, William E. Buhro, Angewandte Chemie Int'l Ed., 51, 6154-6157 (2012). PMC3540746
- New Protein Footprinting: Fast Photochemical Iodination Combined with Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mass Spectrometry, Jiawei Chen, Weidong Cui, Daryl Giblin and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 23, 1306-1318 (2012). PMC3630512
- Native Mass Spectrometry Characterizes Intact Nanodisc Lipoprotein Complexes, Michael T. Marty, Hao Zhang, Weidong Cui, Robert E. Blankenship, Michael L. Gross, Stephen G. Sligar, Anal. Chem., 84, 8957-8960 (2012). PMC3536499
- Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins (FPOP) and Mass Spectrometry Follow Sub-Millisecond Protein Folding at the Amino-Acid Level, Jiawei Chen, Don L. Rempel, Brian C. Gau, Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 18724–18731 (2012). PMC3498593
- Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Reflects Binding of Human Centrin 2 to Ca2+ and Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C Peptide: An Example of EX1 Kinetics, Justin B. Sperry, Zachary C. Ryan, Rajiv Kumar, Michael L. Gross, Int'l. J. Mass Spectrom., 330–332, 302–309 (2012). PMC3578700
- Native mass spectrometry of photosynthetic pigment–protein complexes, Hao Zhang, Weidong Cui, Michael L. Gross, Robert E. Blankenship, FEBS Letters, 587 1012–1020 (2013). PMC3856239
- H/D Exchange Centroid Monitoring is Insufficient to Show Differences in the Behavior of Protein States, Jun Zhang, Pradeep Ramachandran, Rajiv Kumar, Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 24, 450-453 (2013). PMC3594389
- Mass spectrometry-based footprinting reveals structural dynamics of loop e of the chlorophyll-binding protein CP43 during photosystem II assembly in the cyanobacterium synechocystis 6803, Haijun Liu, Jaiwei Chen, Richard Y-C Huang, Daniel Weisz, Michael L. Gross, and Himadri B. Pakrasi, J. Biol. Chem., 288, 14212-14220 (2013). PMC3594389
- Complementary MS Methods Assist Conformational Characterization of Antibodies with Altered S-S Bonding Networks, Lisa M. Jones, Hao Zhang, Weidong Cui, Sandeep Kumar, Justin B. Sperry, James A. Carroll, and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 24, 835-845 (2013). PMC3651811
- Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins for Comparing Solvent-Accessibility Changes Accompanying Protein Folding: Data Processing and Application to Barstar, Brian C. Gau Jiawei Chen, and Michael L. Gross, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1834, 1230-1238 (2013). PMC3663899
- Inhibition of Apurinic/apyrimidinic Endonuclease I's Redox Activity Revisited, J. Zhang, M. Luo, D. Marasco, D. Logsdon, K.A. Lafavers, Q. Chen, A. Reed, M.R. Kelley, Michael L. Gross, and M. M. Georgiadis, Biochemistry, 52, 2955-2966 (2013). PMC3706204
- Native electrospray ionization and electron-capture dissociation for comparison of protein structure in solution and the gas phase, Hao Zhang, Weidong Cui, and Michael L. Gross, Int'l J. Mass Spectrom., 354–355, 288–291 (2013). PMC3867139
- Pulsed hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry probes conformational changes in amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide aggregation, Ying Zhang, Don L. Rempel, Jun Zhang, Anuj K. Sharma, Liviu M. Mirica, and Michael L. Gross, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 110, 14604-9 (2013). PMC3767558
- Phycobilisomes Supply Excitations to Both Photosystems in a Megacomplex in Cyanobacteria, Haijun Liu, Hao Zhang, Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki, Mindy Prado, Guannan He, Michael L. Gross, Robert E. Blankenship, Science, 342, 1104-1107 (2013). PMC3947847
- Cupric yersiniabactin is a Virulence-Associated Superoxide Dismutase Mimic, K.S. Chaturvedi, C. Hung, D.E. Giblin, A.M. Austin, M.C. Dinauer, Michael L. Gross, and J.P. Henderson, ACS Chemical Biology, 9, 551-61, 2013. PMC3934373
- Molecular Mechanism of Photoactivation and Structural Location of the Cyanobacterial Orange Carotenoid Protein, Hao Zhang, Haijun Liu, D.M. Niedzwiedzki, M. Prado, J. Jiang, Michael L. Gross, Robert E. Blankenship, Biochemistry, 53, 13-19 (2014). PMC3963514
- Interpretation and Deconvolution of Nanodisc Native Mass Spectra, M.T. Marty, H. Zhang, W. Cui, Michael L. Gross, and S.G. Sligar, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 25, 265-277 (2014). PMC3918181
- Mass spectrometry for the biophysical characterization of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, Hao Zhang, Weidong Cui, and Michael L. Gross, FEBS Letters, 588, 308-317 (2014). PMC3917544
- The role of methoxy group in the Nazarov Cyclization of 1,5-bis-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-1,4-pentadien-3-one in the Gas Phase and Condensed Phase, J. Cyriac, J. Paulose, George, Mathai, M. Ramesh, R. Srinivas, Daryl Giblin, and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 25, 398-409 (2014). PMC3930160
- MS-based cross-linking analysis reveals the location of the PsbQ protein in cyanobacterial photosystem II, H. Liu, H. Zhang, D.A. Weisz, I. Vidavsky, Michael L Gross, and H.B. Pakrasi, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 111, 4638-4643 (2014). PMC3970497
- Mass spectrometry combinations for structural characterization of sulfated-steroid metabolites, Yuetian Yan, Don L. Rempel, Timothy E. Holy, and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 25, 869-879 (2014).
- High-energy collision-induced dissociation by MALDI TOF/TOF causes charge-remote fragmentation of steroid sulfates, Yuetian Yan, M. Ubukata, Robert B. Cody, Timothy E. Holy, and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 25, 1404-1411 (2014). PMC4108546
- Analysis of SecA dimerization in solution, A.J. Wowor, Y. Yan, S.M. Auclair, D. Yu, J. Zhang, E.R. May, Michael L. Gross, D.A. Kendall, and J.L. Cole, Biochemistry, 53, 3248-3260 (2014). PMC4030788
- Multiple Functional Roles of the Accessory I-Domain of Bacteriophage P22 Coat Protein Revealed by NMR Structure and CryoEM Modeling, Alessandro A. Rizzo, Margaret M. Suhanovsky, Matthew L. Baker, LaTasha C.R. Fraser, Lisa M. Jones, Don L. Rempel, Michael L. Gross, Wah Chiu, Andrei T. Alexandrescu, Carolyn M. Teschke, Structure, 22, 830–841 (2014). PMC4068711
- Probing the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein-refolding event from pre- to postfusion by oxidative footprinting, Taylor A. Poor, Lisa M. Jones, Amika Sood, George P. Leser, Manolo D. Plasencia, Don L. Rempel, Theodore S. Jardetzky, Robert J. Woods, Michael L. Gross, Robert A. Lamb, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 111, E2596-605 (2014) PMC4078851
- Structural analysis of diheme cytochrome c by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and homology modeling, Ying Zhang, E.L.-W. Majumder, H. Yue, Robert E. Blankenship, and Michael L. Gross, Biochemistry, 53, 5619-5630 (2014). PMC4159202
- Hydrogen-deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry reveal the pH-dependent conformational changes of Diphtheria toxin T domain, Jing Li, M.V. Rodnin, A.S. Ladokhin, and Michael L. Gross, Biochemistry, 53, 6849-6856 (2014). PMC4222528
- Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) maps the epitope of EGFR binding to Adnectin, Yuetian Yan, Guodong Chen, H. Wei, Richard Y.-C. Huang, J. Mo, Don L. Rempel, A.A. Tymiak, and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 25, 2084-2092 (2014). PMC4222528
- "De-novo" amino acid sequence elucidation of protein G′e by combined "Top-Down" and "Bottom-Up" mass spectrometry, Y. Yefremova, M. Al-Majdoub, K.F.M. Opuni, C. Koy, W. Cui, Y. Yan, Michael L. Gross, and Michael O. Glocker, J. Am. Mass Spectrom., 26, 482-492 (2015)
- An Improved Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins (FPOP) Platform for Protein Therapeutics, Ying Zhang, D. L. Rempel, Hao Zhang, and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Mass Spectrom., 26, 526-529 (2015)
- Protein arginine deiminase 2 binds calcium in an ordered fashion: Implications for inhibitor design, D.J. Slade, P. Fang, C.J. Dreyton, Y. Zhang, D. Rempel, D.B. Bax, S.A. Coonrod, H.D. Lewis, M.L. Gross, and P.R. Thompson, ACS Chemical Biology, 10, 1043-1053 (2015). PMC4569063
- Dosimetry Determines the Initial OH Radical Concentration in Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins (FPOP), B. Niu B, H. Zhang H, D. Giblin, D.L. Rempel, M.L. Gross ML. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 26, 843-846 (2015). PMC5613943
- Electron-capture dissociation and ion mobility mass spectrometry for characterization of the hemoglobin protein assembly, W. Cui, H. Zhang, R.E. Blankenship, and Michael L. Gross, Protein Science, 24, 1325-1332 (2015). PMC4534183
- Hydrogen–Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry Reveals Unique Conformational and Chemical Transformations Occurring upon [4Fe-4S] Cluster Binding in the Type 2 L-Serine Dehydratase from Legionella pneumophila, Yuetian Yan, Gregory A. Grant, and Michael L. Gross, Biochemistry, 54, 5322–5328 (2015)
- A Molecular Code for Identity in the Vomeronasal System, Xiaoyan Fu, Yuetian Yan, Pei S. Xu, Ilan Geerlof-Vidavsky, Wongi Chong, Michael L. Gross, and Timothy E. Holy, Cell, 163, 1-11 (2015). PMC4642884
- Continuous and Pulsed Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange and Mass Spectrometry Characterize CsgE Oligomerization, Hanliu Wang, Qin Shu, Don L. Rempel, Carl Frieden, and Michael L. Gross, Biochemistry, 54, 6475–6481 (2015). PMC4761447
- Top-Down Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Membrane-Bound Light-Harvesting Complex 2 from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Yue Lu, Hao Zhang, Weidong Cui, Rafael Saer, Haijun Liu, Michael L. Gross, and Robert E. Blankenship, Biochemistry, 54, 7261-7271 (2015)
- A Dynamic Model of pH-Induced Protein G'e Higher Order Structure Changes derived from Mass Spectrometric Analyses, Y. Yefremova, M. Al-Majdoub, K.F.M. Opuni, C. Koy, Yuetian Yan, Michael L. Gross, Michael O. Glocker, Anal. Chem. 88, 890-897 (2016). PMC5201196
- Dramatic Domain Rearrangements of the Cyanobacterial Orange Carotenoid Protein upon Photoactivation, Haijun Liu, Hao Zhang, Gregory S. Orf, Yue Lu, Jing Jiang, Jeremy D. King, Nathan R. Wolf, Michael L. Gross, and Robert E. Blankenship, Biochemistry, 55, 1003-1009 (2016). PMC5201194
- Isotope-Encoded Carboxyl Group Footprinting for Mass Spectrometry-Based Protein Conformational Studies, Hao Zhang, Haijun Liu, Robert E. Blankenship, Michael L. Gross, J. Amer. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 27, 178-181 (2016). PMC4688080
- Protein Footprinting by Carbenes on a Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins (FPOP) Platform, Bojie Zhang, Don L. Rempel, Michael L. Gross, J. Amer. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 27, 552-555 (2016). PMC4758905
- Native mass spectrometry and ion mobility characterize the orange carotenoid protein functional domains, Hao Zhang, Haijun Liu, Yue Lu, Nathan R.Wolf, Michael L. Gross, Robert E. Blankenship, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1857, 734–739 (2016). PMC5201195
- Native MS and ECD Characterization of a Fab–Antigen Complex May Facilitate Crystallization for X-ray Diffraction, Ying Zhang, Weidong Cui, Aaron T. Wecksler, Hao Zhang, Patricia Molina, Galahad Deperalta, Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 27, 1139-1142 (2016). PMC489911
- Broadly neutralizing epitopes in the Plasmodium vivax vaccine candidate Duffy Binding Protein, Edwin Chen, Nichole D Salinas, Yining Huang, Francis B Ntumngia, Manolo D. Plascencia, Michael L. Gross, John H Adams, Niraj H Tolia, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 113, 6277-6282 (2016). PMC4896725
- ApoE: In Vitro Studies of a Small Molecule Effector, T. Mondal, Hanliu Wang, G.T. Dekoster, B. Baban, Michael L. Gross, Carl Frieden, Biochemistry, 55, 2613-2621 (2016). PMC4976638
- The Use of Advanced Mass Spectrometry to Dissect the Life-Cycle of Photosystem II, Daniel A. Weisz, Michael L. Gross, and Hamadri B. Pakrasi, Frontiers in Plant Sciences, 7, 1-25 (2016) (invited review). Also published as a book chapter in "Assembly of the Photosystem II Membrane-Protein Complex of Oxygenic Photosynthesis, Julian J. Eaton-Rye and Roman Sobotka (eds), (2017), Lausanne: Frontiers Media. doi: 10.3389/978-2-88945-233-0. PMC4862242
- Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins Maps the Topology of Intrinsic Membrane Proteins: Light-Harvesting Complex 2 in a Nanodisc, Yue Lu, Hao Zhang, D. M. Niedzwiedzki, J. Jiang, Robert E. Blankenship, and Michael L. Gross, Anal. Chem., 88, 8827-8834 (2016). PMC5201186
- Dimerization Controls Marburg Virus VP24-dependent Modulation of Host Antioxidative Stress Responses, B. Johnson, Jagat Adhikari, M.R. Edwards, Hao Zhang, T. Schwarz, D.W. Leung, C.F. Basler, Michael L. Gross, and Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Journal of Molecular Biology, 428, 3483-3494 (2016). PMC5010500
- Conformational-Sensitive Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins and Mass Spectrometry Characterize Amyloid Beta 1–42 Aggregation, Ke Sherry Li, Don L. Rempel, and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 138, 12090–12098 (2016). PMC5221481
- Modelling proteins' hidden conformations to predict antibiotic resistance, Kathryn M. Hart, Chris M. W. Ho, Supratik Dutta, Michael L. Gross, and Gregory R. Bowman, Nature Communications, 7, Article number: 12965 (2016). PMC5477488
- The pH-Dependent Trigger in Diphtheria Toxin T Domain Comes with a Safety Latch, M. V. Rodnin, Jing Li, Michael L. Gross, and Alexey S. Ladokhin, Biophysical Journal, 111, 1946-1953 (2016). PMC5103022
- Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Ligand Binding and Protein Aggregation, Ying Zhang, Don L. Rempel, and Michael L. Gross, in "Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry of Proteins, Fundamentals, Methods, and Applications, David D. Weis, editor, Wiley, 2016, pp 185-208.
- Hybrid Methods Reveal Multiple Flexibly Linked DNA Polymerases Within the Bacteriophage T7 Replisome, Jamie R. Wallen, Hao Zhang, Caroline Weis, Weidong Cui, Brittni M. Foster, Chris M. W. Ho, Michal Hammel, John A. Tainer, Michael L. Gross, and Tom Ellenberger, Structure, 25, 157–166, (2017). PMC5267931
- Native Mass Spectrometry Characterizes the Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex from the Purple Bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Hao Zhang, Lucas B. Harrington, Yue Lu, Mindy Prado, Rafael Saer, Don Rempel, Robert E. Blankenship, and Michael L. Gross, J. Amer. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 28, 87-95 (2017). PMC5613939
- Native Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Oligomerization States of Fluorescence Recovery Protein and Orange Carotenoid Protein: Two Proteins Involved in the Cyanobacterial Photoprotection Cycle, Yue Lu, Haijun Liu, Rafael G. Saer, Hao Zhang, Christine M. Meyer, Veronica L. Li, Liuqing Shi, Jeremy D. King, Michael L. Gross, and Robert E. Blankenship, Biochemistry, 56, 160-166 (2017). PMC5369232
- Incorporation of a Reporter Peptide in FPOP Compensates for Adventitious Scavengers and Permits Time-dependent Measurements, Ben Niu, Brian C. Mackness, Don. L. Rempel, Hao Zhang, Weidong Cui, C. Robert Matthews, Jill A. Zitzewitz, and Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 28, 389-392 (2017). PMC5233597
- Warfarin traps human vitamin K epoxide reductase in an intermediate state during electron transfer, Guomin Shen, Weidong Cui, Hao Zhang, Fengbo Zhou, Wei Huang, Qian Liu, Yihu Yang, Shuang Li, Gregory R Bowman, J Evan Sadler, Michael L Gross, and Weikai Li, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 24, 69-76 (2017). PMC5533293
- Mapping the Energetic Epitope of an Antibody/Interleukin-23 Interaction with Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange, Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins Mass Spectrometry, and Alanine Shave Mutagenesis, Jing Li, Hui Wei, Stanley R. Krystek, Jr., Derek Bond, Ty M. Brender, Daniel Cohen, Jena Feiner, Nels Hamacher, Johanna Harshman, Richard Y.–C. Huang, Susan H. Julien, Zheng Lin, Kristina Moore, Luciano Mueller, Claire Noriega, Preeti Sejwal, Paul Sheppard, Brenda Stevens, Guodong Chen, Adrienne A. Tymiak, Michael L. Gross, Lumelle A. Schneeweis, Anal. Chem., 89, 2250–2258 (2017). PMC5347259
- Evolutionary fine-tuning of conformational ensembles in FimH during host-pathogen interactions, Vasilios Kalas, Jerome S. Pinkner, Thomas J. Hannan, Michael E. Hibbing, Karen W. Dodson, Alex S. Holehouse, Hao Zhang, Niraj H. Tolia, Michael L. Gross, Rohit V. Pappu, James Janetka, Scott J. Hultgren, Science Advances, 3, e1601944 (2017). PMC5302871
- Kinetic Isotope Effects and Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Reveal Large Conformational Changes During the Catalysis of the Clostridium acetobutylicum Spore Photoproduct Lyase, L Yang, Jagat Adhikari, Michael L. Gross, and Lei Li, Photochemistry and Photobiology, 93, 331–342 (2017). PMC5315627
- Mass spectrometry-based cross-linking study shows that the Psb28 protein binds to cytochrome b559 in Photosystem II, Daniel A. Weisz, Haijun Liu, Hao Zhang, Sundarapandian Thangapandian, Emad Tajkhorshid, Michael L. Gross, and Himadri B. Pakrasi, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 114, 2224-2229 (2017). PMC5338524
- The proteolysis adaptor, NblA, binds to the N-terminus of β-phycocyanin: Implications for the mechanism of phycobilisome degradation, Amelia Y. Nguyen, William P. Bricker, Hao Zhang, Daniel A. Weisz, Michael L. Gross, Himadri B. Pakrasi, Photosynthesis Research, 132, 95-106 (2017). PMC5576716
- Mapping the Binding Interface of VEGF and a Monoclonal Antibody Fab-1 Fragment with Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins (FPOP) and Mass Spectrometry, Ying Zhang, Aaron T. Wecksler, Patricia Molina, Galahad Deperalta, Michael L. Gross, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 28, 850-858 (2017). PMC5624547
- Protonated N-alkyl-2-nitroanilines undergo intramolecular oxidationof the alkyl chain upon collisional activation, Justin Paulose, June Cyriac, George Mathai, Daryl Giblin, Michael L. Gross, Int'l J. Mass Spectrom, 413, 75-80 (2017)
- Understanding curli amyloid-protein aggregation by hydrogen–deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry, Hanliu Wang, Qin Shu, Don L. Rempel, Carl Frieden, Michael L. Gross, Int'l J. Mass Spectrom, 420, 16-23 (2017). PMC5614702
- Deamidation Slows Curli Amyloid-Protein Aggregation, Hanliu Wang, Qin Shu, Carl Frieden, Michael L. Gross, Biochemistry, 56, 2865-2872 (2017). PMC5644351
- A Molecular Mechanism for Nonphotochemical Quenching in Cyanobacteria, Yue Lu, Haijun Liu, Rafael Saer, Veronica L. Li, Hao Zhang, Liuqing Shi, Carrie Goodson, Michael L. Gross, and Robert E. Blankenship, Biochemistry, 56, 2812-2823 (2017). PMC5623595
- HDX MS reveals calcium binding properties and allosteric regulation of downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator (DREAM), Jun Zhang, Jing Li, Theodore Craig, Rajiv Kumar and Michael L. Gross, Biochemistry, 56, 3523–3530 (2017). PMC5551683
- Orthogonal Mass Spectrometry-Based Footprinting for Epitope Mapping and Structural Characterization: The IL‑6 Receptor upon Binding of Protein Therapeutics, Ke Sherry Li, Guodong Chen, Jingjie Mo, Richard Y.-C. Huang, Ekaterina G. Deyanova, Brett R. Beno, Steve R. O'Neil, Adrienne A. Tymiak, and Michael L. Gross, Anal. Chem., 89, 7742–7749 (2017). PMC5549780
- Peptide-Level Interactions between Proteins and Small-Molecule Drug Candidates by Two Hydrogen−Deuterium Exchange MS-Based Methods: The Example of Apolipoprotein E3, Hanliu Wang, Don L. Rempel, Daryl Giblin, Carl Frieden, and Michael L. Gross, Anal. Chem. 89, 10687–10695 (2017). PMC5655995
- Native Mass Spectrometry, Ion mobility, and Collision-Induced Categorize Malaria Antigen/Antibody Binding, Yining Huang, Nichole D. Salinas, Edwin Chen, Niraj H. Tolia, and Michael L. Gross, J. Amer. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 28, 2515-2518 (2017). PMC5647250
- Laser-initiated Radical Trifluoromethylation of Peptides and Proteins and Its Application to Mass Spectrometry-Based Protein Footprinting, Ming Cheng, Bojie Zhang, Weidong Cui, and Michael L. Gross, Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 56, 14007-14010 (2017). PMC5663992
- Reactive oxygen species leave a damage trail that reveals water channels in Photosystem II. D. A. Weisz, M. L. Gross, and H. B. Pakrasi, Sci. Adv., 3, eaao3013 (2017). PMC5693562
- Mass spectral studies of the biologically active stereoisomer family of e,e,e-(methanofullerene(60-63)-carboxylic acids, Michael Grayson, Joshua Hardt, Michael Gross, Subhasish K. Chakraborty, Laura Dugan, Current Anal. Chem., 14, 1-10 (2018)
- Membrane Protein Structure in Live Cells: Methodology for Studying Drug Interaction by Mass Spectrometry-Based Footprinting, Guomin Shen, Shuang Li, Weidong Cui, Shixuan Liu, Yihu Yang, Michael Gross, and Weikai Li, Biochemistry, 57, 286–294 (2018). PMC5862532
- Mouse and human monoclonal antibodies protect against infection by multiple genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus, E. Fernandez, N. Kose, M.A. Edeling, J. Adhikari, G. Sapparapu, S.M. Lazarte, C.A. Nelson, J. Govero, Michael L. Gross, Daved H. Fremont, J.E. Crowe, Jr, Michael S. Diamond MS. mBio 9, e00008-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00008-18 (2018). PMC5829823
- Human IFIT3 modulates IFIT1 1 RNA binding specificity and protein stability, Britney Johnson, L.A. VanBlargan, Wei Xu, J.P. White, Chao Shan, Pei-Yong Shi, Rong Zhang, Jagat Adhikari, Michael L. Gross, Daisy W. Leung, Michael S. Diamond, and Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Immunity, 48, 487-499 (2018).
- Mass Spectrometry-Based Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins (FPOP) for Higher Order Structure Characterization, Ke Sherry Li, Liuqing Shi, and Michael L. Gross, Accounts of Chemical Research, 51, 736-744 (2018). PMC5936467
- Primary and higher order structure of the reaction center from the purple phototrophic bacterium Blastochloris viridis: A test for native mass spectrometry, Yue Lu, Carrie Goodson, Robert E. Blankenship, Michael L. Gross, J. Proteome Research, 17, 4, 1615-1623 (2018). PMC5911391
- Pulsed HDX Illuminates the Aggregation Kinetics of Alpha-Synuclein, the Causative Agent for Parkinson's Disease, Eva Illes-Toth, Don Rempel, and Michael L. Gross, ACS Chem Neuroscience, 9, 1469-1476 (2018). PMC6013392
- Allosteric Coupling of CARMIL and V-1 Binding to Capping Protein Revealed by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange, Britney Johnson, Patrick McConnell, Alex G. Kozlov, Marlene Mekel, Timothy M. Lohman, Michael L. Gross, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, and John A. Cooper, Cell-Reports, 23, 2795-2804 (2018).
- Electron Cryo-microscopy Structure of Ebola Virus Nucleoprotein Reveals a Mechanism for Nucleocapsid-like Assembly. Z. Su, C. Wu, L. Shi, P. Luthra, G.D. Pintilie, B. Johnson, J.R. Porter, P. Ge, M. Chen, G. Liu, T.E. Frederick, J.M. Binning, G.R. Bowman, Z.H. Zhou, C.F. Basler, Michael L. Gross, D. W. Leung, W. Chiu, and G.K. Amarasinghe, Cell, 172, 966-978 (2018). PMC5973842
- Stabilization of warfarin‐binding pocket of VKORC1 and VKORL1 by a peripheral region determines their different sensitivity to warfarin inhibition, G. Shen, S. Li, W. Cui, S. Liu, Q. Liu, Y. Yang, Michael Gross, Weikai Li, J. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 16, 1164-1175 (2018).
- Implementing Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins (FPOP) as a Footprinting Approach to Solve Diverse Problems in Structural Biology, Bojie Zhang, Ming Cheng, Don Rempel, and Michael L. Gross, Methods, 144, 94-103 (2018)
- MRI is a DNA Damage Response Adaptor during Classical Non-Homologous End Joining, Putzer J. Hung, Britney Johnson, Bo-Ruei Chen, Andrea K. Byrum, Andrea L. Bredemeyer, William T. Yewdell, Tanya E. Johnson, Brian J. Lee, Shruthi Deivasigamani, Issa Hindi, Parmeshwar Amatya, Michael L. Gross, Tanya T. Paull, David J. Pisapia1, Jayanta Chaudhuri, John J. H. Petrini, Nima Mosammaparast, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Shan Zha, Jessica K. Tyler and Barry P. Sleckman, Molecular Cell, 71, 332-342 (2018)
- The entropic force generated by intrinsically disordered segments can tune protein function. Nicholas D. Keul1, Krishnadev Oruganty, Elizabeth T. Schaper Bergman, Nathaniel R. Beattie, Weston E. McDonald, Renuka Kadirvelraj, Michael L. Gross, Robert S. Phillips, Stephen C. Harvey, and Zachary A. Wood, Nature, in press
2012, Wolfgang Paul Lectureship, Mass Spectrometry Societies of Germany and Poland
2011, Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan, Honorary Lifetime Membership
2008, Bruker Daltonics Lectureship, University of Konstanz, Germany
2008, Freiser Lectureship, Purdue University
2006, J.J. Thomson Medal for Service to Int'l MS, Foundation for International Mass Spectrometry
2005, Excellence in Mentoring Award, Washington University Graduate Student Senate
2005, New Jersey Distinguished Lectureship, NJ Section ACS Mass Spectrometry Discussion Group
2004, Outstanding Mentor Award, Washington University Graduate Student Senate
2002, Midwest Award for Achievements in Chemistry, American Chemical Society
2002, Excellence in Mentoring Award, Washington University Graduate Student Senate
2001, Watkins Visiting Professor, Witchita State University
2001, Outstanding Mentor Award, Washington University Graduate Student Senate
2000, Frontiers in Chemistry Lectureship, Wayne State University
2000, Plenary Lecture, Vienna Mass Spectrometry Colloquium
2000, Plenary Lecture, EnviroAnalysis 2000
1999, Field and Franklin Award, American Chemical Society
1998, Plenary Lecture, Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists' Int'l Meeting
1998, Plenary Lecture, HPLC International Symposium
1997, Plenary Lecture, Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale
1997, Plenary Lecture, Igler MS Tage, Innsbruck
1996, Guest Faculty, NATO School on Biol. Mass Spectrometry
1995, Pioneers in Chemistry Series, Texas A&M University
1995, Plenary Lecture, Western Biotechnology Conference, San Diego
1995, Plenary Lecture, FDA Mass Spectrom. Symposium, Washington DC
1994, Plenary Lecture, Australia/New Zealand MS Conference, Melbourne
1993, Guest Professor, NATO Adv. Study Inst. Biol. MS, Ischia, Italy
1993, Plenary Lecture, Colloquium Spectroscopium Internationale
1993, Plenary Lecture, Taiwan Int'l Chemistry Conference
1993, Plenary Lecture, Indian Society for Mass Spectrometry
1993, Lifetime Member, Indian Society for Mass Spectrometry
1993, Kraft Lectureship, Indiana University
1992, Plenary Lecture, European Tandem Mass Spectrom. Conf.
1992, Recognized as 50 Most Cited Chemists, Institute for Scientific Information, 1984-1991
1991, Plenary Lecture, Australian Symposium on Analytical Chem.
1991, Plenary Lecture, Elsevier Anal. Advances for the 90s Symposium
1990, Van't Hoff Visiting Professor, Int'l Graduate School, University of Amsterdam
1990, Guest Pfrofessor, NATO Adv. Study Inst. in Biol. Mass Spectrometry
1988, Albright & Wilson Visiting Professor, University of Warwick
1988, Plenary Lecture, American Society for Mass Spectrometry
1987, Pioneer Award, Commonwealth of Mass "In Search for the Health Consequences of Dioxin in Our Environment."
1987, Hertel Lectureship, University of Tennessee
1987, Alan Maccoll Plenary Lectureship, British Royal Society for Mass Spectrometry
1987, Plenary Lecture, British Royal Society "Spectroscopy Across Spectrum"
1986, J.C. Karcher Lectureship, University of Oklahoma
1986, Plenary Lectureship, Versailles International Workshop on Ion-Molecule Rxs.
1984, Distinguished Lecture Series, Indiana University
1984, Plenary Lecture, Swiss/French Mass Spectrometry Conference
1984, Third Cycle Lectures, Eidegenössische Technische Hochschule Lausanne
1978, Foundation Medal for Distinguished Teaching, University of Nebraska
Chemistry 112, General Chemistry
Chemistry 152, General Chemistry Laboratory
Chemistry 550, Advanced Topics in Mass Spectrometry


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The Business of Being Affordable | Intuition Design Photography| Mankato Lifestyle and Documentary Photographer/
"Your work is amazing. But I was only looking at spending $50-$100."
I am going to be honest. Every time I hear this its like getting kicked in the gut. But it also kicks me into full drive to work even harder to achieve my dream of owning a successful small business.
Before I begin, this post is not to shame anyone or to tell clients you are wrong, but more to educate clients on what the pricing of experiencing a session with Intuition Design Photography entails. So let me begin with a blatant statement.
Running a small business is not affordable.
Simply, its just not. Between start-up costs, insurance, marketing, website and hosting fees, packaging, taxes etc, etc, and etc. most businesses don't operate in the green for a least five years after they have started. That's not including the time, equipment or schooling/tutorials/mentoring sessions photographers need to prefect our craft.
And after paying for all of the above, I still need to pay myself. Giving myself a living wage is a huge step in me, as a business owner, valuing the services and products I provide. You see, this may have started out as an interest or a hobby (as many entrepreneurs do), but the moment I decided to start charge session fee, I became a small business. In doing so I had to take of my artist's hat and put on my business hat to ensure the success of my business and the success of my career as a photographer.
So when I have potential clients tell me I am out of their budget it smarts a little. Not because everyone looking for amazing images has to book my services, but that such little value is place on a service that is highly sought after in the Mankato area. I don't just feel the sting for me, but for EVERY photographer out there trying to make a career out of their passion.
This doesn't mean I don't get budgets. I am no stranger to them at all. Since being released from my full time job two years ago and deciding to pursue photography full time, our family budget and hustle to keep on top of that budget has been crucial. But that doesn't mean I haven't invested.
There-in lies the problem of the opening quote to this post. Somewhere along the way dubbing small businesses and their products and services as "affordable," or in other words "inexpensive" has become the norm. But the word "affordable" itself implies little value is given the product or service being purchased, that's why you want it to be affordable. So in short the business of being "affordable", does not create or instill value for my business.
But I don't believe people residing in the Mankato locale, don't value photography. Actually, I believe quite the opposite. They value it a lot. So here are my tips for finding the right photographer for your needs:
1) Don't Let Price Be Your #1 Criteria: When you start searching for your perfect photographer, act like you are trying to find the perfect pair of shoes. No only does size matter, but comfort to does too. Photography, like shoes, is not one size fits all. Not only do the photographers located in the Mankato area have different styles and niche's, they all provide a different EXPERIENCE. I know I can't be the only one who has tried on a pair of shoes that where everything just "clicked." Size, how comfortable they were, how they complimented my style and etc. All these criteria matter before I saw the price tag. After I saw the price tag is when I decided if purchasing the shoes was a justifiable investment. Which brings me to my next tip.
2) Think of Selecting Your Photographer as an Investment: If every year you want a least one session for your family or newborn, or you have a high school junior or senior, or if you ever think of getting married know that you will be INVESTING photography services and products, not just spending money. But using the word "investment" vs. "affordable" you are stating that your hard-earned money is valuable and you are willing to spend that money on items you deem as valuable. Meaning your are willing to invest your money into your photographer's time and expertise in not only capturing memories, but helping you display those images as art around your home.
This tip can be taken as many ways (aka start a savings for your sessions and products, ask if your photographer offers payment plans, etc), but the bottom line is that I value your hard earned money. that's why I offer a unique photography experience with Intuition Design Photography where I capture authentic moments that shows that even the littlest of moments is worth capturing.

subset: commoncrawl


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The mother of Dallas Cowboys rookie safety J.J. Wilcox has passed away. Marshell Wilcox was suffering from lupus and died Tuesday.
Wilcox, one of the Cowboys' two third-round picks in the 2013 draft, left training camp Sunday to be with his family and has been excused all week.
"It's tough for anybody," coach Jason Garrett said. "A young person, an adult, obviously a very difficult time. We have complete respect for what's going on in his life right now and want to give him all the opportunity to make sure he takes care of that the way he wants to. All the support systems are available to him. I think it's just a very difficult thing in life."
Wilcox had an interception and a team-high six tackles -- all in one drive -- in last week's preseason game against Oakland but will not play Saturday for the Cowboys in Arizona.
Despite playing safety for only one season at Georgia Southern, Wilcox has brought a physical presence to the secondary and has been among the team's most impressive young players.
After the draft, Wilcox spoke about how much it meant to him that his mother got to see him selected by the Cowboys.
ESPNDallas.com's Todd Archer contributed to this report.


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Former World Cup 2002 and Euro 2008 referee Kyros Vassaras (Greece) has been recently removed from the UEFA Referees Committee. He missed the 2006 World Cup in Germany due to one of his assistants failing the fitness test. He tried again for South Africa 2010, but got disappointed in the fall of 2009, when he quit refereeing and became a member of the UEFA Referees Committee, where he was mainly responsible for refereeing at UEFA's youth tournaments and futsal competitions. According to the Greek media, Vassaras was removed following an official request submitted by the Hellenic Football Federation to UEFA. Kyros Vassaras was a member of the Greek Refereeing Committee from 2010 until November 2012. In August 2012 he sent a letter to the HFF Board criticizing the referee selection for the Greek Super League and Football League. That letter was used by a member of the Board to make allegations about corrupted referee promotions on these lists, which started an inquiry by the Greek justice. After his dismissal from the UEFA Referees Committee, Kyros Vassaras was hired by the Romanian Football Federation, as their new Chairman of the Referees Committee.
UEFA Referees Committee 2014-2015
Angel Villar Llona (ESP)
Deputy Chairman
Senes Erzik (TUR)
Chief Refereeing Officer
Pierluigi Collina (ITA)
Refereeing Officers
Marc Batta (FRA), Hugh Dallas (SCO)
Dagmar Damkova (CZE), David Elleray (ENG), Herbert Fandel (GER), Bo Karlsson (SWE), Nikolai Levnikov (RUS), Jozef Marko (SVK), Vlado Sajn (SVN), Jaap Uilenberg (NED), Kurt Zuppinger (SUI).