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The Watch and the Watchmaker: Philosophy and Intelligent Design
It's an old question: could there be a watch without a watchmaker? In other words, could there be a universe without a god who made it? These days, the proponents of what is known as Intelligent Design argue that there must have been a designer and that the theory of natural selection cannot tell us how we and other animals got to be here. This week we meet a philosopher who argues that though the Intelligent Design camp is wrong, the philosophical Darwinians are not always right.
Alan Saunders: Hi, I'm Alan Saunders, this is The Philosopher's Zone, and we begin with some musings from the very early 19th century.
'In crossing a heath, suppose I pitched my foot against a stone, and were asked how the stone came to be there. I might possibly answer that for anything I knew to the contrary, it had lain there forever. But suppose I had found a watch upon the ground. There must have existed at some time an artificer or artificers who formed it for the purpose which we find it actually to answer, and designed its use.'
The words of the English philosopher and clergyman, William Paley, who in short, thought that nature was a watch and that a watch has to have had a watchmaker. This is still an issue, and Paley's greatest fans today are the proponents of what is known as Intelligent design. But does Intelligent design have philosophical legs, or is it just a way of smuggling in Creationism?
That's the concern of my guest this week. He's Elliot Sober, Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and author of Evidence and Evolution: The Logic behind the Science.
Elliot Sober: The fundamental idea driving both Creationists, the philosophical ideas, the argument from design, which has a long history, Paley wrote at the beginning of the 19th century and gave the famous argument about the watch on the heath that you just described, but it goes back centuries before that. Aquinas espoused a version of it in the Middle Ages, and the difference is that when Paley and his predecessors wrote in 1809, they didn't know anything about Darwin's theory. Darwin came on board with The Origin of Species in 1859. What they were able to think about in the time of Paley was chance versus intelligent design, and the intellectual landscape changed fundamentally after Darwin, because the theory of evolution by natural selection is not the same as the old idea of chance. There's a non-chance element in the theory of natural selection that's very important. The theory that Darwin invented and which is still all the standard picture that evolutionary biologists have now, is that mutations arise by chance, but then there's a non-random, non-chance process called natural selection in which characteristics that help organisms survive and reproduce are going to be spread in a population, and less fit traits will disappear. That's not a matter of chance, that's driven by our greater survival and reproduction of some traits, lesser in others.
Alan Saunders: In writing about intelligent design, you distinguish between the full theistic version of intelligent design and what you call 'mini-ID', mini intelligent design. So what is mini-ID?
Elliot Sober: OK, mini-ID , like maxi-ID, rejects evolutionary theory as an adequate explanation of what we see in the living world, and so in that respect it's not any different from creationism. The mini part is you don't use the G-word, you don't say God made organisms and their adaptation, you say an intelligent designer whose identity my theory is officially neutral about, you back off from God to an intelligent designer, that's the modesty of mini-ID, and secondly you drop a lot of other standard creationist claims for example the idea that the earth and life on it is less than 10,000 years old. You also drop a standard creationist denial that all living things share common ancestors. This is a very important idea in evolutionary biology from Darwin down to the present, that everything alive now on earth traces back to common ancestors. We and chimps, we and all animals, we and all plants, we are all stemmed from someone or a small number of what Darwin called original progenitors. And creationists hated that idea, and mini-ID is officially neutral on that one, too.
Alan Saunders: An argument against ID is that it is not falsifiable. That is to say that you cannot specify a finding that would prove it to be wrong. How do you respond to that argument against ID?
Elliot Sober: Well there's something that I agree with in that criticism, and something I disagree with. So what I agree with is that intelligent design advocates do not really have a substantive theory, and in that sense their theory can't be tested because they don't have a theory. What they have is a sentence that they can add to anything they please. The sentence is, 'An Intelligent designer made that', and you can add that to anything you observe after the fact. What they don't have is a theory that makes predictions about what you should find or what you should not find in the natural world. That's what I mean by saying they don't have a theory, they just have a slogan. So it's not testable because there's nothing that's really making a prediction there. It's unlike evolutionary biology which makes many testable predictions. So that's a fundamental difference. So I agree that if that's the thought when people bring up falsifiability, I certainly agree that that's an important criticism.
There's a more detailed idea that comes along with the phrase, 'falsifiability'. Falsifiability was made popular in philosophy by Karl Popper who claimed that falsifiability is the demarcation criterion, the principle that separates scientific statements from unscientific statements. And Popper to his credit, did not simply use the word 'falsifiable' in a kind of informal vague way, he was very precise about what that meant. And many philosophers of science, myself included, think that when you look at the details of what Popper meant by 'falsifiability,' it turns out that it's not a good account of what testability really means, it's not a principle that really succeeds in separating science from non-science. So falsifiability as a technical idea from Popper, I don't agree with, the looser idea that scientific theories should be testable, which was Popper's starting point, I agree with that.
Alan Saunders: What's wrong with Popper's idea of falsifiability?
Elliot Sober: Here's one thing that's wrong with it. No probability statement will be falsifiable in the technical sense that Popper defined. So let me explain what I mean. Now consider the statement that a certain coin has a probability of .5 of landing heads when you toss it - it's a fair coin. That's a statement. Now you might think that that's a testable statement, we can just toss the coin a bunch of times and see how frequently heads occurs in that run of 100 tosses, let's say. But when you look more carefully at this experiment that you're contemplating, you'll see that every possible outcome of the experiment is logically consistent with the hypothesis that the coin is fair. It's logically possible for a fair coin to land 100 heads in a row. It's also logically possible for a fair coin to land 100 tails in a row, and 50-50 is possible, 49-51 is possible, all possible observations in this experiment are consistent with the statement that the coin is fair.
Therefore, Popper is obliged to conclude that the statement about probability, that the probability of heads when you toss the coin is one half, is unfalsifiable, and according to him, that means it has to be unscientific. But science is filled with probability statements, including the theory of evolution, which is a probabilistic theory. So you can see where the Popperian idea of falsifiability goes wrong. It counts probability statements as unscientific, where it's perfectly obvious that they are scientific, they are testable, and at some loose sense that philosophers struggle to characterise clearly, but they're not falsifiable in strict sense that Popper defined, which means that the statement is logically inconsistent with some possible observation.
Alan Saunders: In fact Popper himself was very, very interested in evolution, but he had serious problems with Darwin, didn't he?
Elliot Sober: This is an interesting episode in Popper's career, which I'd like to know more about. But I'll tell you what I know about it. He published a paper in the 1970s saying that evolutionary theory was not a scientific theory, but was a scientific research program and I think he said a metaphysical research program.
Alan Saunders: Yes, he did.
Elliot Sober: And what he meant by that is that the theory of evolution is not really a scientific theory, but it's suggestive, and helps scientists to think of other theories, other more specific hypotheses that are themselves falsifiable and therefore by his lights, scientific. A year later he published a retraction of this paper, and said, 'Oh, no, no, I got it wrong, I was misunderstood. Evolutionary theory is a genuine scientific theory.' He didn't go into a lot of details about why he changed his mind, and I think it would be fascinating for a historian of recent philosophy to find out why did Popper say what he said initially, and why within the space of a year, did he back away from that? Popper didn't change his mind very often in public, that's one of the few cases. It would be fascinating to learn why.
Alan Saunders: Yes, as a huge admirer of Popper I have to say one of his problems was he didn't change his mind often enough.
What for you are the knockdown arguments against the minimalist version of intelligent design?
Elliot Sober: Well if 'arguments against' meaning, Can I prove that it's false? Well no, I think that it's so flimsy and modest that the main flaw is not that it's demonstrably false, but that it's not a scientific theory. If people want to believe that for religious reasons, I have no problem with that, but the idea that this is an alternative to evolutionary biology I think is preposterous. So that to me is the fundamental fact about intelligent design, quote 'theory'. It's not a theory, it's not a substantive scientific theory at all.
Alan Saunders: So why are the reasons for being for concerned about intelligent design, are they as it were, purely political? Are they because school boards are trying to smuggle creationism on to the curriculum by calling it intelligent design? Is that all there is to be concerned about? There's actually no serious intellectual issue to be addressed here?
Elliot Sober: I think that's basically right. It's a political problem. It's a problem that has a philosophical dimension, it calls for thinking about what science is, what testability is, Popper pro and con, these are all philosophical questions. There's a philosophical dimension which I find interesting as a philosopher, but people who aren't philosophers of science probably won't, and for them it's really a political question.
Alan Saunders: On ABC Radio National you're listening to The Philosopher's Zone, and I'm talking to Elliot Sober from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, about evolution and intelligent design. Elliot, we've been talking about intelligent design, we've been talking about whether intelligent design is a way of smuggling in creationism. Creationism of course needs a creator. Is a belief in the theory of evolution by natural selection, is that consistent with a belief in God?
Elliot Sober: I think it is. And here I have to part ways with a group of individuals that are now being called the neo-atheists who argue that the theory of evolution is just inconsistent , logically inconsistent with the proposition that God exists.
Alan Saunders: So we're talking here about people like Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Christopher Hitchins and so on?
Elliot Sober: Exactly. I think there's room to believe in God and to think that evolutionary theory is a good scientific theory, the best we have now. One way to do this which is kind of obvious, but it needs to be remembered is the idea that God starts the universe, he creates the universe, he creates the laws that will govern the universe, and then he mostly stands aside and lets natural processes play themselves out. This was the view that Darwin himself defends in The Origin of Species. Many people think that Darwin was an atheist, and I'm happy to come back to what Darwin's personal religious views were, but the so to speak, official position described in The Origin of Species is that he's investigating these laws of nature that govern biology the way Newton was investigating the laws of nature governing physical objects and matter in motion. And in both cases it's emphasised that these laws must come from somewhere, and that's where God comes in.
There's a second way to reconcile belief in God with the theory of evolution, which is not as visible and perhaps not as obvious, but I think it's logically consistent, and let me emphasise, I'm not saying that it's true or that I believe it, but I'm mentioning it because I think it's an option that people who believe in God should consider. It's the idea that there's more going on in the universe than evolutionary biology or science in general describes. And some of the things that go beyond what science is describing are acts of divine intervention. I don't personally believe that this is true, but I think someone who does believe that God at certain times in human history has intervened in human affairs, should realise that that's not inconsistent with scientific theories in physics or in biology. We have to be careful to distinguish a theory as being true, from its being complete. I think the theory of evolution is true, is that all there is? I don't think the theory says that.
Alan Saunders: I suppose something one might want to say to somebody who accepts the natural selection and also believes in God, might be, Well what's your God been doing lately? He established the ground rules and then he went off, and hasn't been very active, and also everything that you believe about the natural world indicates a more or less self-sufficient natural world. You don't need God, why do you bring God into it?
Elliot Sober: I personally do not. I'm not a theist, and I think you've raised good philosophical questions about the tenability of theism and as a philosopher I'm very interested in these questions, I'm happy to discuss them, but let me emphasise we're now doing philosophy. This is not what the theory of evolution or biological theory has anything to say about. So the theory of evolution does not tell you how you ought to reason about the existence of God, it's just not on that subject.
Alan Saunders: So what position is the rational one to adopt towards the world? There is a position which is known as naturalism, and naturalism basically amounts to the observations of science, the observations of the natural world, are fully explanatory of everything we want to explain.
Elliot Sober: The word 'naturalism' as you know, has had many different meanings in philosophy, so I have to say a little bit about some distinctions here. One thing that naturalism sometimes is taken to mean is the idea that everything that exists, exists in nature. There are no supernatural beings, and let's define nature as the totality of events and processes and things that exist inside of space and time, they have spatial- temporal locations. So you and I are natural objects, Australia is a natural object. So naturalism is - there's nothing else, that's it, just the things that exist with spatial temporal location.
So if you think that God is a supernatural being, something that exists outside of nature, you're not a naturalist. But here's a more puzzling problem, at least puzzling to me. And it comes from the philosophy of mathematics. One very important view about the nature of mathematics is that mathematics describes things like numbers which do not have spatial temporal location. Where is the number 13? It doesn't exist in a place and it doesn't have a temporal location either. But this philosophy of mathematics called Platonism holds that numbers exist, they just don't have spatial temporal locations.
So that's an anti-naturalistic philosophy of mathematics. I am not saying right now that this is the best or the only or the true philosophy of mathematics, but it's a serious contender, and it's something that naturalists have trouble with, because it's hard to give a naturalistic account of what mathematics is about, what mathematical knowledge consists in. So I regard that as a serious philosophical question. It has nothing whatever to do with the existence of God, but it's another dimension about naturalism, and it's not obvious that a naturalistic account of mathematics is going to be better than a Platonistic account of mathematics.
Alan Saunders: Although presumably I could if I wanted to, defend naturalism, I could say 'Well we can give a sort of reductionist account of mathematics. We can say that it's basically about the way in which we, natural beings, with spatio-temporal location, the way we manipulate ideas, the way we manipulate symbols, that's the story.'
Elliot Sober: That's one kind of naturalistic reply to mathematical Platonism. For me, what's unsatisfying about that naturalistic reply is it seems to me that mathematical propositions would be true even if we didn't exist, even if there were no thinking things in the universe. Even then, two plus three would still equal five. No-one would have been able to think of it, but these mathematical propositions seem to have a kind of mind independent objectivity to them that to me stands in the way of that kind of naturalistic reduction you describe.
Alan Saunders: What about God? Can you be a naturalist and a believer in God? Can you simply say, 'Well God is one of the forces in nature, he operates in a way that we cannot explain in the way that we can explain force or gravity or something like that, but nonetheless, in principle, we could'.
Elliot Sober: Yes, good. So the way I was describing naturalism a few minutes ago was it's a doctrine about what exists. And if you're prepared to say that God exists inside of space and time, you are a naturalist. So Spinoza thought that God and the universe were identical. He was a naturalist. The Ancient Greeks thought that the Gods lived on Mount Olympus, they were naturalists too. So there is nothing that stands in the way. W hat keeps theists from being naturalists is that they think that God is a supernatural being. If he dropped out, you could be a naturalist.
There's another dimension to naturalism. It's very different from this question about what exists, and it's the idea that the only things that are true or that can be known are the things that can be known through the methods of natural science. And that's a doctrine about knowledge, not a question about what exists or not. Say for example a naturalist in this kind of methodological sense might think that mathematics is fine, because the methods used in mathematics are the methods of natural science, so there's no puzzle about naturalism about mathematics in this sense, though of course there is in the first sense I was just describing where naturalism is a doctrine about what exists.
But there's a problem with this kind.. if I could just mention this is another dimension. And it's ethics. If you think that propositions about right and wrong, what's permissible and what's not permissible are true, you have to ask yourself Are these propositions discoverable by the methods of natural science? And if you think the answer is No, then you're going to reject this kind of naturalism. If you think there are facts about right and wrong, but science can't find out about them, it's some other kind of knowledge that we have, it's not scientific knowledge but ethical knowledge; a different thing. Then you're not a naturalist, of this second kind, because you're saying there's more to knowledge than scientific knowledge.
Alan Saunders: Well there's of course quite a lot of activity these days by people trying to discover the evolutionary basis for our ethical beliefs, but putting them to one side for a moment, I suppose if I wanted to defend a naturalistic position, I could say Yes, there are moral beliefs that we have, and moral impulses that we have, they arise from human sympathies, they arise from our sympathy with our fellow human beings, our sense of being a member of a community, we can actually give a naturalistic explanation for that. If I say that, is there a bigger story that I'm not telling?
Elliot Sober: Well I completely agree that there is a naturalistic account of how our moral feelings and convictions arise. This is part of the history of human culture and biology, so this is something that science will continue to investigate. We've already made progress on it, more progress will come. That's a naturalistic subject through and through, and naturalists will say that I completely agree. But here's a different question: Science can explain why we have the beliefs we do about right and wrong perhaps. Are any of those beliefs actually true and can science tell us which of them are true?
My personal view is that science can help explain why we form the beliefs we do about right and wrong, but I don't think any scientific theory that I know about, or any discipline in science that I know about, is in the business of figuring out what's right and what's wrong. That's not a subject for science now, and as I understand it that's just not on the agenda for scientific research. So I'm drawing a very sharp distinction, someone might not like it for that reason, maybe it's too sharp, between explaining why we believe something and whether what we believe is in fact true. And now we're doing philosophy. I don't see that as a kind of problem that the sciences are addressing.
Alan Saunders: Well just to close, you clearly are addressing very significant and pressing philosophical issues, but as far as you're concerned, would it be true to say that intelligent design is just a sideshow, when we're talking about these things?
Elliot Sober: Absolutely.
Alan Saunders: Elliot Sober, thank you very much indeed for joining us.
Elliot Sober: My pleasure.
Alan Saunders: Elliot Sober is giving a lecture as part of the Sydney Ideas Series at the University of Sydney. He'll be speaking on the 22nd April on Darwin and Intelligent design.
The Philosopher's Zone is produced by Kyla Slaven with technical production by Charlie McKune. I'm Alan Saunders, and I'll be puzzling my way through the world again next week.
- Elliot Sober
- Hans Reichenbach Professor and William F. Vilas Research Professor
Department of Philosophy
University of Wisconsin - Madison
United States
- Title
- Evidence and Evolution - The logic behind the science
- Author
- Elliot Sober
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (2008)
- Title
- Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings (5th edition)
- Author
- Eliot Sober
- Publisher
- Pearson Prentice Hall (2008)
Further Information
- Naturalism
- Stanfrod Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Creationism
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Presenter
- Alan Saunders
- Producer
- Kyla Slaven
- Sound Engineer
- Charlie McCune
Comments (23)
Kamal Singhe :
03 Apr 2010 11:22:16pm
I write as a non-religious person who only has a purely philosophical (not scientific) interst on the God question: I am not a Christian, creationist or a person who believe in ID.
It was refreshing to hear Dr Sobel's 'balanced' views on the subject, after having been bombarded recently by the extremist views of Richard Dawkins.
Vedic philosophers concluded delightlfully, over 5000 years ago, following speculation and debate for roughly the same length of time,that'There may be God; or indeed there may not be'.
The Hindu view finally was that the concept is an 'unknowable', at least through the human perceptive capabilities limited to time and space.
Dawkins' problem is that he is trying to 'see' and 'touch' God the same way he'd do with his pet budgie! As a result, he is writing and speaking like one of the 'blind men who tried to figure out what an elephant resembles'!
His 'certainty' on the non-existence of God is founded on his apparent ignorance of the basics of philosophical introspection; his extremist views are full of difinitional errors and erros in logic (such as his use of Bertrand Russel's 'parody' of the tea pot in orbit as a comparison).
Dawkins and other 'scientists' are trying to take Darwin's hypothesis much further than he himself was ever prepared to do.Dawkins'position is curious in view of the weakening blows the 'theory' has received lately from the expanding science of molecular biology!
There may not be a watchmaker, and Payley may have been wrong. But cynics like this amateur philosopher finds the 'reluctant' Darwin and extremist Dawkins much less convincing!
It is unlikely that we may be able to resolve the issue in the near future either.
Thank you for presenting Dr Sobel.
Rufus t Firefly :
10 May 2010 6:08:52am
"Vedic philosophers concluded delightlfully, over 5000 years ago, following speculation and debate for roughly the same length of time,that'There may be God; or indeed there may not be'.
The Hindu view finally was that the concept is an 'unknowable', at least through the human perceptive capabilities limited to time and space."
The problem with this 'delightful' remark is that it is empty meaningless rubbish (like so much of the various eastern philosophies I was naive enough to fall for in my youth). These claims would apply as much to pixies, alien abductions and daleks as they would to such an all purpose empty concept as 'god'.
In regard to the 'basics of philosophical introspection' - time to wake up and smell the roses! Try reading some Hume on identity or Dan Dennett on consciousness - it may be confronting but you might actually learn something.
Greg Brown :
03 Apr 2010 11:34:15pm
Thank you all for quality programming.According to David Attenborough (DVD Darwin & the Tree of Life)it all started ages ago in the primordial swamp when inorganic chemicals clumped together & (hey presto,abracadabra) we got a single cell life form capable of respiration,metabolism & photosynthesis.In other words we got life from non-life.Believe that & you'd believe in Santa Claus.When the Darwinists can effectively explain how single celled life forms began then they can exclude "God" or a Divine Agency from Evolution by Natural Selection.
Rufus t Firefly :
10 May 2010 6:18:20am
Of course life came from non-life - where else could it come from??
That's a lot more plausible than positing a meaningless concept like 'divine agency' (and where did that come from Greg?) to make you feel comfortable with the unknown. As Cameron pointed out in an earlier post, wherever there's no evidence for anything (eg god) you can suggest anything (tooth fairies, Zeus, anything at all), but without evidence none of it is plausible or rational to believe.
'Deep' intuitions and introspection won't help as they are among the most unreliable truth finding techniques of all - just ask a psychiatrist
Cameron :
04 Apr 2010 12:33:34pm
It strikes me as a bit disingenuous to insert a deity into the mix just because it may be possible. Why not just insert fairies, Zeus or intelligent mucus? Is this really philosophically valid? It's telling that no-one promoting these points of views believes the intelligence to be some form of cosmic snot. Why not? I think their bias shows.
sean :
02 Jun 2017 7:36:11pm
You could do that or you could call the universe boo boo. It doesn't change the fact that we can describe so much of the world and the known universe amounting neither to a argument for or against a god theory.
05 Apr 2010 2:44:25pm
Intelligent design pops up in surprising places.
Philip Adams associates with the best athiests, but also with James Lovelock, whose GAIA theory is ID in drag.
It has retarded global warming mitigation for decades with the assurance that the planet (as an intelligent being) will correct for our warming actions.
Of course it wont and we are slowing down our actions to the point of 'too little too late' for many reasons, one of which is Lovelock's ID fantasy.
Christine Price :
20 Apr 2010 2:11:14pm
The planet WILL correct for our warming actions, but we and many other organisms may not survive its corrections. Other organisms will evolve to survive the changed conditions.
Ben X :
07 Apr 2010 1:10:21pm
Although attempting to be balanced and fair to differing viewpoints (and probably genuinely feeling this way), I thought Mr Sober - who clearly stated several times there is no room for I.D. in rigorous debate, and who does not believe himself in any god because it is unbackupable - while entertaining the baseless (though technically possible) idea that a god or a 'designer' exists or instigated life and evolution in the universe, to be, in my opinion, although having a heart in the right place, perhaps a touch patronising. If someone wants to believe in the supernatural there's not much anyone can do about it, but I don't see how giving that opinion the same weight as opinions based solely on facts or rigorous reasoning can mean anything other than either: a) we must also give ANY opinion on ANYTHING (moral, criminal, aesthetic, anything) equal weight and respect as any other, or b) these different opinions aren't, deep down, given equal weight; but we'll let the plebs believe this untruth if that's what makes them feel warm (and gives them a nice faith/science-consolation comfort) because that makes us feel good and caring too. Dr Sober was a good guest so I mean no harsh criticism of him, however I do respect Dawkins when he says what he thinks, based on facts, and does not dance lightly attempting to be 'nice' to those who believe in baseless ideas (which people mistake for crudeness) simply because in this day and age, tolerance of different viewpoints has almost become the ultimate secular 'religion', even if you think they're factually baseless and can be dangerous. Hey, just my 2 cents. PS- anyone who likes this stuff, go to radio national's "all in the mind" website for the last 2 weeks' podcasts/transcripts discussing science and religion.
DuckPhup :
07 Apr 2010 11:39:00pm
I find it remarkable that pretty-near every 'philosopher of science' doesn't have a clear understanding of the nature of a scientific theory... is oblivious to the subtle context-based qualitative nuances of meaning of words like 'believe'... is unaware that 'Intelligent Design' is a POLITICAL STRATEGY that was devised specifically for the purpose of bamboozling and misleading scientifically-ignorant legislators, educators, school boards, and the Christ-cult's own gullible and scientifically-ignorant constituency. It was invented with the intent of undermining science education and sabotaging science, itself. Look up the 'Wedge Strategy'. Who don't you know about this? Also, look up "Creationism's Trojan Horse."
wombatburro :
08 Apr 2010 12:54:13pm
Mr Darwin on his round the world trip on the HMS Beagle noted in his journal on visiting the Australian colonies that it was inevitable that the primitive blacks would eventually be exterminated by the civilised whites and it was just the pitiless hand of the struggle for survival.Back home on his Estate he is said to have railed against God for the death of his beloved daughter.No pitiless hand for the impartial Mr Darwin when it came to his daughter.God did it.Fast forward to 1938.Substitute the word untermensche for primitive & ubermensche for the word civilised.Mr Darwin would cast his impartial eye over the prospects of Jews in the Reich & conclude that it was inevitable that the primitve Jews would be exterminated by the civilised Nordic Race.Tears for his beloved child,the pitiless hand of the struggle for survival for Black & Jewish children.We get the picture Mr Darwin.
Samuel :
18 Apr 2010 11:22:15am
Hey Wombathburro thanks for your most interesting observation on the Darwin perspective. It reminds me of how very vigilant we have to be with the way we come to our conclusions and motivations. The Darwinian outlook that you give is so reflective of the way many people think these days as well. Any one can justify the doing of evil to others in order to get what they want. As a society, we kill our mother Earth and justify it in the name of economic prosperity and artificial comfort.
Lorraine Ford :
09 Apr 2010 9:56:09am
Eliot Sober raises a critically important point: the existence of numbers and mathematics (relationships between things like numbers). Numbers and mathematics are not just something that living things have invented, as Alan Saunders' counter-proposition seems to imply. Numbers and mathematics represent something about the deeper nature of reality.
Professor Seth Lloyd, a pioneer and leader in the field of quantum computation, says that: "...at bottom...everything is essentially composed of information...every THING carries with it bits of information...not to carry information you'd have not to exist...". Even when you zoom into the deepest layers of reality at the subatomic particle level, not only "the physical" exists, but information (representable by bits or numbers) that is held by each physical particle exists; and interconnections (that can be represented mathematically) exist, not between physical particles, but between the information held by physical particles. Scientists and others who say that only the physical exists conveniently ignore the critically significant informational aspect of reality that is representable by numbers and mathematical "laws of nature".
Scientific and other models of reality that represent only the physical aspects of reality are necessarily incomplete and misleading. It is rational to include the aspects of reality that are representable by numbers and "laws of nature" in models of reality. This is not to say that something describable as a "Platonic realm" exists, but to say that an abstract aspect of reality exists, and that numbers and mathematics say something about the nature of this aspect of reality.
This issue can be pursued much further. For example, there is no need to throw in the towel, and say that this "attached" information is an aspect of reality that is remote, obscure and incomprehensible. I think it is more reasonable to hypothesize that this "attached" information represents primitive multifaceted EXPERIENCE of aspects of current physical reality (e.g. mass, spin, charge) by primitive particles. Further, all experience implies that the experiencer (in this case the particle) is the centre of a frame of reference. Further, quantum laws of nature say that there is more than one abstract possible physical outcome for a particle for each next moment in time, and this "model of reality" suggests that a primitive particle might experience these abstract possibilities that are representable via quantum laws of nature.
(Seth Lloyd quote from video "Does Information Create the Cosmos? (Seth Lloyd) (Part 1 of 2)"
http://www.closertotruth.com/video-profile/Does-Information-Create-the-Cosmos-Seth-Lloyd-Part-1-of-2-/1356 )
Jan :
18 Apr 2010 11:11:31am
Yes but you are still using concepts that have been ivented by a finite human mind that is governed by its sense organs. You are creating patterns that in reality aren't there. Hence trying to see phenomena by this method of investigation will always give a different understanding depending on the kind of mind that is looking. We need a completely new mode of investigating these things. Insight meditation is a good start.
pilotyoda :
25 Apr 2010 11:14:28am
"Insight meditation" could never have predicted sub-atomic particle spin and orientation. It never predicted the existence of neutrons, protons and electrons during the time of alchemy, and so forth.
Each was discovered by extensive analysis of what we already knew and looking for the reason for specific anomalies. This was also the method for the discovery of Pluto. Our scope for investigation always depends upon analysis of previous discoveries and often transcends many fields of endeavor.
Anyway, even in primitive nature there are examples of what Wombathburro describes. It is only humans that feel the need to place higher meaning on some observations. In any case, although Darwin (and his research) benefited from his marriage into an extremely wealthy dynasty, he was still a product of his times and experienced the same human vulnerabilities. Many early marvels of science and engineering were motivated by various belief systems. At various points in human history nothing else sponsored such research and effort.
Rufus t Firefly :
10 May 2010 6:23:35am
As someone who has practised meditation for over 20 years I can tell you that the science behind the effects of meditation are quite clear and straighfroward and there are no truths or mystical insights to be gained from the process. The mumbo jumbo that still clings to meditation (prana anyone!? LOL) needs to be discarded...
DaveT :
12 Apr 2010 4:44:22pm
Thanks for another great show Alan. Professor Sober's arguments would seem to be helpful in addressing the recent discoveries in molecular biology. Most mutations are found to be deleterious. However the 'clever' proteins and enzymes do seem to 'select' the beneficial mutations when they happen.
Maybe we need a term like 'informed evolution' (given that the proteins and enzymes seem to be pretty informed about the whole thing, when they make their 'selections') :-)
See http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/81/23/12979
Marcus :
18 Apr 2010 9:19:19am
I have just caught up with this program and would like to say that I believe that there may be a design in nature, and that it leads deterministically to intelligent beings such as humans (on earth and elsewhere).
However, I do not think that there is an intelligent designer God. Rather, it is a design for intelligence to emerge, fundamentally built into the laws of nature.
More work is required from science (and myself) to establish the reliability of this beief. If true, it may provide the answers sought by religious believers who, in reality (I think) are looking for reasons for the complexity of human existence.
Of course, this form of "intelligent design" or "determinism in nature favouring intelligence" is arguably a misuse of the word "design" if a design must have a desiger. But I think not, if we accept that "laws" in nature constitute a "design" (pattern), and we also accept that "design" can be used to refer to an "aim" or "intention" (determinism).
This may be the true definition of "inteligent design", and should be the real quest of science, assisting and broadening the need of religious believers for "an answer to existence".
Geof Nanto :
19 Apr 2010 10:25:56am
I agree with this line of thought but would expand it further.
It seems to me childish religious notions of a creator God as the only alternative are stunting imaginative thought and blinding us to the obvious fact that intelligent design is alive and well, in fact flourishing, on this planet.
I don't think anyone would doubt that as humans one of are major goals is, to state the obvious, intelligent design. We apply our intelligence to all aspects of our lives.
As humans all our attributes must be attributes shared with our greater Universe. (Unless we position human intelligence somehow outside the rest of the Universe - a proposition contradicted by evolutionary theory.)
From this it follows that intelligent design must be an attribute of our Universe and logical reasoning would suggest it has evolved elsewhere in far more advanced forms than our own achievements.
This evolution of intelligence may well be too vast and subtle for us to understand at present. It could in fact permeate the Universe with it's consciousness.
Christopher (Hong Kong) :
20 Apr 2010 1:50:08pm
I love the watchmaker argument so much. A friend mentioned that to me once and I replied—
This watch… is it like your watch? A Diesel brand, white polyvinyl band… digital? Who invented that watch? The ancient Mayans were the first to tell time with sun dials, then there is Stonehenge which is thought to be a time recording device… and then you get old mechanical watches, not very efficient at keeping time, large and clunky, over time each watchmaker making slight adjustments to the technology then the application of electronics to eventually get your Diesel watch on your wrist. If I was from a tribe that never knew of time pieces then I would think that your watch is a product of some miraculous divine magic. But we all know it evolved over thousands of years.
So if we apply that analogy onto biology then the watchmaker is simply your parents, not the creator of all watches but a participant in the long evolutionary process of watch making.
Christine Price :
20 Apr 2010 2:01:42pm
The idea that a Creator began the universe and created the laws that govern its functioning without intervening further to foster its progress seems unlikely to me. Human beings are for ever "tweeking" their creations to improve things and educate each other. The Creator has intervened many times in human history (and will continue to do so) by sending the "Great Teachers" or Prophets, who claimed to come from Him, who have educated humans about realities of the universe, the nature of God and human beings, and what we need to have ever-advancing civilizations - moral and ethical teachings and organisational principles. Why would these Teachers claim to come from God? Are they just mad? Or are they speaking the truth, as the great civilizations they have inspired seem to illusrate. The fact that their teachings become obsolete or corrupted just means it's time for another intervention from the Creator. Perhaps, too, there are other types of intervention of which we are less aware. The nature of the essence of such a Creator must be ultimately unknowable to any of His creations, but we can know some of His attributes.
Science and religion are complementary aspects of reality - one is no good without the other, but we need the most recent input from each of these and for religion, that's the Baha'i Faith, begun in 1844.
HarleyMC :
23 Jun 2010 4:47:18pm
The 'Intelligent Design' mantra really is an unsatisfying concept.
At some time in the past an unknown entity magicked stuff so that organisms could ponder what brought them and their environment into existance. Furthermore the nature of this magic entity can not be ellucidated by looking at the design. (A situation very different from discovering a watch.)
Whether or not this magic entity still exists (not ellucidated by ID theory) the next question thrown up by ID is 'who or what created the Intelligent Designer?'.
ID makes no strong predictive hypotheses. If adults would like to discuss it in philosophy classes that's fine but leave it out of the science laboratories untill it can come up with strong testable hypotheses.
sean :
02 Jun 2017 7:43:56pm
Agree, the problem typically arises when scientist claim to disprove god.
There is no evidence for or against. Agnostics are correct.
The issue then is the you show me your proof Ill show you mine


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Primary Research-Scenarios
As a team, we wanted to to conduct primary research to gain further insights in mobile phone theft, and gather the opinions of the general public.
We asked the public if they have ever lost or had their phone stolen, and here are some of the responses.
I lost my phone on the bus. The phone was rubbish so I didn't really mind. asked why he had a rubbish phone, he replied 'I couldn't afford a better one, it is too expensive'.
I was sitting down in the park in the daytime and my phone dropped out my pocket. As I went to pick it up, a stranger came and grabbed it and ran… I cancelled the sim card, but it was a crappy phone and had no personal info on it so it didn't bother me too much.
My phone got stolen on holiday. I left it on the table where I was sitting and a man came up to me, started talking and grabbed it off the table. I was in utter shock.
I was heading out with some mates for a night out. My battery was dead so my mum gave me hers. At the time, it was quite a good phone, one of the early smartphones. I was really drunk and I ended up giving my phone to him

subset: commoncrawl


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On Any Sunday: The Next Chapter Blu-ray Review
"On Any Sunday: The Next Chapter" is a thoroughly involving documentary.
In this follow-up to 1971's acclaimed documentary "On Any Sunday," filmmaker Dana Brown puts the spotlight on modern motorcycle racing. Throughout the film, he covers daredevils (namely Robbie Maddison), flat track racers, MotoGP, Bonneville salt flats races, ice racing in Alberta, speedway dirt racing, a crazy Austria race, Motocross, Nitro Circus, the windy Pikes Peak race, and electric motorcycles. Brown also delves into the dangers of racing and the uses of motorbikes in countries like Africa and Vietnam. As with any documentary, there are a wide range of interviews here with a designer, family members of stars, celeb racers, and current and veteran racers such as Mert Lawwill, Marc Marquez, Kenny Roberts, Carlin Dunne, a deaf racer named Ashley Fiolek, James Stewart, Jr., Travis Pastrana, and Doug Henry.
Having not seen the original "On Any Sunday," I can't compare and contrast the two so I apologize in advance if you came to this review looking for that information. With all of that said, I feel like "On Any Sunday: The Next Chapter" accomplished what it set out to do.
As someone who has zero interest in motorcycles races, director Dana Brown has managed to create a documentary that is informative, entertaining, and, above all, accessible to everyone. Granted, this documentary may be aimed at the motorcycle racing community, but it's not just for them. Brown makes it an all inclusive film as he shows the audience the different kind of modern motorcycle races across the world while also making everything visually exciting to fans and non-fans alike. You'd have to be hard pressed not to be wowed by seeing the Nitro Circus stunts or seeing Robbie Maddison make a huge jump on a ski slope.
Presentation: 1.78:1 1080p. How does it look? 'The Next Chapter' is a visual feast. There is tons of gorgeous 4K footage of everything from jumps to slow-mo racing footage.
Audio Track: Dolby TrueHD 7.1. How does it sound? There's a lot going on here sound wise with the narration, a groovy soundtrack, interviews, and, of course, many, many motorbike engines.
* "The Brown Legacy"- Director Dana Brown and his filmmaker father Bruce Brown talk about their work, motorcycles, and both "On Any Sunday" films.
* "KTM/Kurt Caselli Bike Build"- A tribute to the late Kurt Caselli.
* "Riders For Health"- A piece on the Riders For Health charity organization.
* "Robbie Maddison's Drop In"- A cool little extra showing Robbie racing around before doing a BIG jump in Utah.
* A teaser and a trailer for "On Any Sunday, The Next Chapter,"
* DVD copy and a digital copy.
Overall Thoughts: It's possible some motorcycle racing enthusiasts may expect more from this film, but in terms of covering the modern state of motorcycle racing, it is a success.
No comments yet.


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So, I got to my village a few days ago! And I started a new project in my free time. That is, when I'm not at the clinic, fetching water, trying to get my brasier to light, or cooking a meal.
The third goal of Peace Corps is to try and translate life here back to America. And while I love writing blog posts (and will continue to for whoever actually reads them), here is a new type of blog:
A cartoon! Or graphic novel sort of thing. I'm gonna try and post a new episode each week, and we'll see how well I can keep to that.
So now, presenting: 100 Weeks of Mwani! Enjoy!
Also, apologies for the small pictures/bad quality. I am posting this from my phone in my hut.
Thanks for reading!


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There are several different types of trade show booths. With a variety of shapes, sizes, and functionality, finding the right trade show booth isn't always easy. Here's a look at six different types of trade show booths to choose from.
Panel Exhibit
A panel system is a portable choice using panels, which turn into a solid looking wall. Many of these types of exhibits are designed to work as a table-top exhibition. However, panel systems may be larger enough to be used as the back wall of your trade show booth.
Tension Fabric
A tension fabric exhibit will use aluminum poles and extrusions to stretch large fabric images across the display. These displays often work well as the back wall of your booth, but they can be created in many custom shapes for many different purposes. Most of the tension fabric exhibitions will break down for easy shipping and storage.
Pop-Up Exhibits
Pop-ups are very popular and provide a portable option with very little setup time. These types of exhibits also come in at a lower price than some of the other options. Pop-ups can be sued as graphic murals or to display a specific message.
Truss Designs
Truss systems usually fit best with larger booths. These systems provide structure to the exhibition and allow for a variety of designs. The shape can be customized to just about anything fitting within the allotted space. Truss displays also utilize hanging displays and many other elements to provide the right look.
Often truss exhibits are used for stages, creating custom flooring, utilizing shelving and many other design features. A truss display with large graphics provides one of the best ways to stand out at a trade show.
Hybrid Booths
A hybrid trade show booth is a modern looking exhibition with a metal structure, die-cut panels, counters, graphics and more. These displays are easy to customize and provide plenty of value. Most hybrid displays will combine more than one type of trade show design.
Banner Stands
Banner Stands are not exactly a booth design, but an element used in many trade show booths. They are very popular and come in many shapes and sizes. Often, the banner stand is designed to draw attention. They are retractable and provide an easy option for shipping and storing.
There are several other types of trade show booths to choose from as well. Sometimes, the best design combines more than one style. Before you design your next trade show exhibit, consult with an expert to ensure you get the most out of every show.


text:
Update on the submission to Corporate Buyers at BUCKLE, Inc. The submission climbed very high up the corporate ladder. All the way to new product development team. 🙂 They were rejected at this time. ( Back in very early November) It was a GREAT rejection letter. A REALY GREAT rejection letter. Acknowledging many positive things- with encouragement to continue designing in the format. Also with the note that they will keep my contact information for future consideration and follow the line. So there you know- not now- for Buckle. 😉
Acceptance- into the ARCANUM. What is that????? More on that to follow.
Till then,
Peg an elf of Christmas now.


text: There have been more than 14,000 instances of Ebola in West Africa because the outbreak initial began earlier this year. What started with a few individuals in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone has quickly spiraled out of control and switched into one of the primary public health difficulties the world has observed in the last 10 years. On Wednesday, the humanitarian business ONE.org released what may be the quietest celebrity-supported open public service commercial ever developed.This article was reprinted from kaiserhealthnews.org with permission from the Henry J. Kaiser Family members Foundation. Kaiser Health News, an editorially independent news service, is a scheduled program of the Kaiser Family members Foundation, a nonpartisan healthcare policy research business unaffiliated with Kaiser Permanente.F. Ballot The city that may shortly outlaw toys in McDonald's Happy Meals could have a measure banning circumcision on following November's ballot, reports CBS SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA.


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Ryder is a ten-year-old boy and a protagonist of the TV series, PAW Patrol. He is the 1st member of the PAW Patrol and is the team's leader.
Biography Edit
Ryder is a young, precocious, 10-year-old boy who is the leader of the PAW Patrol. During an emergency, he calls and leads the pups on missions to help the citizens of Adventure Bay.
Personality Edit
Ryder is very intelligent. He trained each of the pups to their own specific job (e.g. Marshall as a firefighter dog, Chase as a police dog etc.), and he invented all of the gadgets used by the PAW Patrol team. He even taught each pup how to use their own gadgets. During an emergency, Ryder knows the solutions to each problem and he also knows which pups are needed in each mission.
During missions, Ryder is seen in all episodes as being very calm and collected. He is also very mature, patient, and friendly, which earns him the trust and loyalty of all the pups, and this makes him a good leader of the PAW Patrol. Although Ryder is mature, he is still a child, and in some occasions, can be playful and childish at times.
Appearance Edit
Ryder has fair skin, gelled up dark brown hair, and brown eyes. He wears a red, white, yellow, and blue vest, which contains the PAW Patrol logo, that covers a white long-sleeved shirt. He also wears blue jeans and has blue and white shoes. He is not as tall as the adult characters.
During missions, Ryder wears a high-tech jacket which has the same colors like his vest. During an underwater mission, Ryder wears a scuba diving suit that also has the same colors as his vest.
In "Pups and the Ghost Pirate," Ryder wears a knight costume for Halloween. Although different from what Ryder usually wears, the knight costume still contains his life vest, which inflates when Ryder was traveling over the water on his ATV.
Other attires Edit
- With helmet
- Scuba-diving outfit
- Knight (Halloween only)
- Pajamas
- Adventure Bay All-Stars basketball uniform
- Tobbogan and gloves
- Snowboarding gear
- Flying suit
- Prince
- Mission PAW
- Sea Patrol jacket and shirt
- Pirate
Trivia Edit
- Ryder is 10 years old.
- Ryder hates Brussels sprouts, even to the point of having nightmares about them, as revealed in "Pups Save a Toof".
- Ryder can play the harmonica, as seen in "Pups Save a Hoedown".
- Ryder's parents have never been seen, heard or mentioned.
- However, according to an October 2016 PAW Patrol News Twitter response, Ryder's parents are indeed "around", but they intend to keep the show focused on him and the pups.
- It is also unknown if he has any siblings.
- Ryder is the fourth member of the PAW Patrol that has needed help from the pups, behind Marshall ("Pups Fight Fire"), Rocky ("Pups Save the Easter Egg Hunt"), and Rubble ("Pups Save a Super Pup").
- He is the third character to receive a new voice actor replacement; the first being Marshall and the second being Chase.
- His voice sounded higher in Season 2, even though his voice actor was the same until "Pups Save a Stowaway".
- Ryder performed a rescue mission for the first time in the Season 3 episode "Air Pups".
- Ryder is a very patient person when dealing with many situations, mainly when dealing with Mayor Humdinger.
- In the episode "Pup Pup Boogie" Ryder is proven too big to fit in the pups' vehicles (specifically Rubble's rig). However, in later episodes he rides in Zuma's submarine, even piloting it.
- This means that Ryder may have upgraded the vehicles in order for himself and others to fit in the pups' vehicles.
- According to the PAW Patrol Read and Glow book, Ryder adopted each of the pups to form the PAW Patrol.
- However, Everest and Tracker are owned by Jake and Carlos, respectively.


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Wednesday, May 16, 2012
The Nut Case
15 comments:
Errr...you ARE sure you ARE not talking about me? ;)ReplyDelete
oh wait, this is definitely not me...we are not friends on FB :)
I share your thoughts! Although I just ignore most FB updates..ReplyDeleteReplies
Wat abt dem who write 1/2 eaten sentences just lyk I rote :DReplyDelete
Your absolutely write.ReplyDelete
my latest pet peeve is people who say "I hope" instead of "I guess" or "I think". Eg: I hope you are busy with work. That's ok, let's catch up when you are free.ReplyDelete
My favourite one is 'Did you did that ?' :DReplyDelete
I am tired of people's dinner venue updates flooding my FB page to be able to bother about issues like these :(ReplyDelete
Loved the picture :)
I can't decide whether it is the post, the e-card or the comments here that's the most hilarious part of this page ;)ReplyDelete
Well frankly speaking I used to goof up with respect to words, lose & loose (I so used to hate myself for that) but now I use it correctly...;P.ReplyDelete
I so agree - I hate the mixing of your and you're, second only to the SMS lingo and mixing numbers in words.ReplyDelete


text:
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text: The delightful mountain lion in the video below was kept over 20 years in imprisonment as part of a Peruvian circus. Peru has banned wild creatures in circus. On the other hand, they didn't stop illicit creature abuse, the same number of circuses defied the law and kept using wild animal in their benefit. That is until Animal Defenders International (ADI) ventured in, followed them down and took the creatures. That is the means by which, following years of privation, the mountain lion was at long last set free. The expression as he steps into his new life says it all. Watch:


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Stall pitches available at Indian Summer Mela, Sunday 10 July, Christchurch Park
Expected audience: 10,000 people
The Ipswich & Suffolk Indian Association holds its eleventh Indian Summer Mela, a rich and colourful celebration of South Asian culture.
Highlights are set to include stunning and vibrant performances of Indian dance, songs, music and poetry, as well as Yoga and Bollywood workshops, a vibrant market and an Indian food village.
Spend the day exploring and enjoying this exciting expression of Asian culture at this family-friendly festival.
Download the booking form here


text:
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text:
The skill test will be taken in the same aircraft class of type that the student has been trained in.
The skill test must be taken within 6 months of completing the PPL (A) course.
The skill test comprises of 5 sections and will be carried out by a CAA approved examiner, not your regular instructor.
The Single engine (piston) class rating is valid for 24 months
To carry passengers the licence holder must make at least 3 takeoff and landings in the previous 90 days
To obtain a new certificate of revalidation the licence holder must satisfy the following requirements.
1.In the 12 months prior to expiry, the licence holder must have logged 12 hours in single engine piston aircraft (SEP) of which 6 hours must be Pilot in Command (PIC).
The licence holder must also have made 12 takeoff and landings and completed a flight of no less than 1 hour with an instructor which must be signed off in their log book.
2. I f the requirements cannot be met then a proficiency check must be taken with an examiner within the 3 months prior to expiry.


text:
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Avoid boiling &Cooking the leaves to help retain the nutrients best.


text:
Donnie McClurkin is about to go on an amazing journey! The Gospel music giant is preparing to release his new album "The Journey (Live)" which features a combination of his classics and new music including the song "I Need You!"
McClurkin is also preparing to hit the road with with the "Evening With Donnie McClurkin" tour that is scheduled to be in Dallas the Inspiring Body of Christ Church on August 20th.
Donnie McClurkin's "The Journey (Live)" will be available August 19th.


text:
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As adverb
in what way or manner; by what means?:How did the accident happen?
to what extent, degree, etc
?:How damaged is the car?
in what state or condition?:How are you?
for what reason; why?:How can you talk such nonsense?
to what effect; with what meaning?:How is one to interpret his action?
what?:How do you mean? If they don't have vanilla, how about chocolate?
(used as an intensifier):How seldom I go there!
by what title or name?:How does one address the president?
at what price:How are the new cars going, cheaper than last year's models?
by what amount or in what measure or quantity?:How do you sell these tomatoes?
in what form or shape?:How does the demon appear in the first act of the opera? How does the medication come?
As conjunction
the manner or way in which:He couldn't figure out how to solve the problem
about the manner, condition, or way in which:I don't care how you leave your desk when you go
Be careful how you act
in whatever manner or way; however:You can travel how you please
that:He told us how he was honest and could be trusted
As noun
a question concerning the way or manner in which something is done, achieved, etc
:a child's unending whys and hows
a way or manner of doing something:to consider all the hows and wherefores
a word formerly used in communications to represent the letter H
As Idioms
and how!, Informal
certainly! you bet!:Am I happy? And how!
Here's how, Informal
(used as a toast)
how come?, Informal
how is it that? why?:How come you never visit us anymore?
how so?, how does it happen to be so? why?:You haven't any desire to go? How so?
As preposition
(used for expressing motion or direction toward a point, person, place, or thing approached and reached, as opposed to from):They came to the house
(used for expressing direction or motion or direction toward something) in the direction of; toward:from north to south
(used for expressing limit of movement or extension):He grew to six feet
(used for expressing contact or contiguity) on; against; beside; upon:a right uppercut to the jaw; Apply varnish to the surface
(used for expressing a point of limit in time) before; until:to this day; It is ten minutes to six
We work from nine to five
(used for expressing aim, purpose, or intention):going to the rescue
(used for expressing destination or appointed end):sentenced to jail
(used for expressing agency, result, or consequence):to my dismay; The flowers opened to the sun
(used for expressing a resulting state or condition):He tore it to pieces
(used for expressing the object of inclination or desire):They drank to her health
(used for expressing the object of a right or claim):claimants to an estate
(used for expressing limit in degree, condition, or amount):wet to the skin; goods amounting to $; Tomorrow's high will be to °
(used for expressing addition or accompaniment) with:He added insult to injury
They danced to the music
Where is the top to this box?
(used for expressing attachment or adherence):She held to her opinion
(used for expressing comparison or opposition):inferior to last year's crop; The score is eight to seven
(used for expressing agreement or accordance) according to; by:a position to one's liking; to the best of my knowledge
(used for expressing reference, reaction, or relation):What will he say to this?
(used for expressing a relative position):parallel to the roof
(used for expressing a proportion of number or quantity) in; making up: to the dozen; miles to the gallon
(used for indicating the indirect object of a verb, for connecting a verb with its complement, or for indicating or limiting the application of an adjective, noun, or pronoun):Give it to me
I refer to your work
(used as the ordinary sign or accompaniment of the infinitive, as in expressing motion, direction, or purpose, in ordinary uses with a substantive object
raised to the power indicated:Three to the fourth is ( = )
As adverb
toward a point, person, place, or thing, implied or understood
toward a contact point or closed position:Pull the door to
toward a matter, action, or work:We turned to with a will
into a state of consciousness; out of unconsciousness:after he came to
As Idioms
to and fro
fro (def )
As verb (used with object), decorated, decorating
to furnish or adorn with something ornamental or becoming; embellish:to decorate walls with murals
to plan and execute the design, furnishings, and ornamentation of the interior of (a house, office, apartment, etc
), especially by selecting colors, fabrics, and style of furniture, by making minor structural changes, etc
:Their house is decorated in French Provincial style
to confer distinction upon by a badge, a medal of honor, etc
:to decorate a soldier for valor
As pronoun
(a form of the possessive case of you used as an attributive adjective):Your jacket is in that closet
I like your idea
Compare yours
one's (used to indicate that one belonging to oneself or to any person):The consulate is your best source of information
As you go down the hill, the library is on your left
(used informally to indicate all members of a group, occupation, etc
, or things of a particular type):Take your factory worker, for instance
Your power brakes don't need that much servicing
As noun
a beverage consisting of a decoction or infusion of the roasted ground or crushed seeds (coffee beans) of the two-seeded fruit (coffee berry) of certain coffee trees
the seeds or fruit themselves
any tropical tree or shrub of the genus Coffea, of the madder family, especially C
arabica and C
canephora, cultivated commercially
Compare Arabian coffee, robusta coffee
a cup of coffee:We ordered four coffees and three doughnuts
a social gathering at which coffee and other refreshments are served
medium to dark brown
As adjective
As noun
an article of furniture consisting of a flat, slablike top supported on one or more legs or other supports:a kitchen table; an operating table; a pool table
such a piece of furniture specifically used for serving food to those seated at it
the food placed on a table to be eaten:She sets a good table
a group of persons at a table, as for a meal, game, or business transaction
a gaming table
a flat or plane surface; a level area
a tableland or plateau
a concise list or guide:The table of contents in the front of the book includes chapter names and page numbers
an arrangement of words, numbers, or signs, or combinations of them, as in parallel columns, to exhibit a set of facts or relations in a definite, compact, and comprehensive form; a synopsis or scheme
(initial capital letter) Astronomy
the constellation Mensa
a flat and relatively thin piece of wood, stone, metal, or other hard substance, especially one artificially shaped for a particular purpose
a course or band, especially of masonry, having a distinctive form or position
a distinctively treated surface on a wall
a smooth, flat board or slab on which inscriptions may be put
the tablets on which certain collections of laws were anciently inscribed: the tables of the Decalogue
the laws themselves
the inner or outer hard layer or any of the flat bones of the skull
a sounding board
the upper horizontal surface of a faceted gem
a gem with such a surface
As verb (used with object), tabled, tabling
to place (a card, money, etc
) on a table
to enter in or form into a table or list
Parliamentary Procedure
Chiefly U
to lay aside (a proposal, resolution, etc
) for future discussion, usually with a view to postponing or shelving the matter indefinitely
to present (a proposal, resolution, etc
) for discussion
As adjective
of, relating to, or for use on a table:a table lamp
suitable for serving at a table or for eating or drinking:table grapes
As Idioms
on the table, Parliamentary Procedure
submitted for consideration
turn the tables, to cause a reversal of an existing situation, especially with regard to gaining the upper hand over a competitor, rival, antagonist, etc
:Fortune turned the tables and we won
We turned the tables on them and undersold them by percent
under the table, drunk
as a bribe; secretly: She gave money under the table to get the apartment
wait (on) table, to work as a waiter or waitress:He worked his way through college by waiting table
Also, wait tables
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We use DPD for UK deliveries, your order will be delivered between 9am and 5pm and will require a signature on receipt.
If you are not present at the time of delivery, DPD will leave a calling card informing you to collect your parcel from your local DPD depot.
We offer free shipping on all UK orders. Next day special delivery available at £6.95 for consignment.
£9.95 for first item, £1.95 on each additional item.
£13.95 for first item, £1.95 on each additonal item.
All orders will require a signature on delivery, please ensure that some one is at the delivery address to do this. If you are away from the delivery address our courier will put a card through your door allowing you to re-book a delivery with the courier or allow you to pick up the order from the depot or sorting office.
Any customs or import duties are levied once the package reaches its destination country. Additional charges for customs clearance must be borne by the recipient. We have no control over these charges and cannot predict what they may be. Customs policies vary widely from country to country; you may want to contact your local customs office for further information.
All payments to S&M (Hosiery) Co. Ltd are handled securely by PayPal. PayPal accept payment by Visa, Visa Delta, Visa Electron, Mastercard, Maestro and solo (and any other card agreed by them from time to time). Payment will be debited from your card or account before the dispatch of the goods you have purchased. Upon processing a transaction, PayPal will issue you with an electronic transaction receipt which will be sent to the email address you provide.
S&M (Hosiery) Co. Ltd does not hold your credit or debit card details as all card data is processed securely by PayPal.
Should you wish to pay by another method (i.e. Bank Transfer), then please contact email@example.com.


text:
This Month's Blog Hop Theme is
2 random winners will be chosen from comments left on DT blogs. Each will receive a $10 gift certificate to Clear Dollar Stamps to use on Clear or Digital Stamps ONLY.
Winners will be announced on the Clear Dollar Stamps blog as well as here Wednesday July 20th.
If you came from CHRISTI'S BLOG you are in the right place.
If not please start at the beginning on the CLEAR DOLLAR STAMPS BLOG.
I used the Digital image LITTLE STRAWBERRY COLOR. I worked in Microsoft publisher to set up my text box and layer my strawberries using the png strawberry image. Png allows you to overlap images. Which is what I needed here since the berries are visible through the basket.
The basket is a preview of the new SVG/PDF PICNIC BASKET TEMPLATE that will be released Friday, July 22nd. I used a side from the basket template for my card. My card is a 5x5 square.
Stamps/Images: Little Strawberry COLOR Digital Image (Clear Dollar Stamps)
Cardstock/Papers:Cottonball White, Worn Parchment
Inks/Markers:Printer, Palette Ink Pads Ripe Olive, Hot Cocoa, Wild Ginger, Whisper White (SU)
Accents/Tools:Picnic Basket SVG/PDF (Clear Dollar Stamps), Cherry Go Round Crystal Stickers, Scotch foam tape, Large Round Corner Punch
Techniques:Faux Wood Technique, Digital, SVG
Now hop on over to TRUDY'S BLOG.


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Agua es Vida - Water is life in Bolivia
Caritas Finland supports a water and sanitation project Water is Life II in the Bolivian Andes in cooperation with Caritas Corocoro and Caritas Switzerland in the years 2017-2019.
In 2017, a water system was constructed in the village of Vituyo to provide clean water. Training in hygiene has been organized in schools and the local families are supported and encouraged to build toilets. Below are pictures from the project area.
Caritas Finland's account is Danske Bank FI73 8000 1270 1545 04.
To support the Water Project in Bolivia, please use the reference number 2312
(development cooperation).
Thank you for helping us to help others!


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It is possible that the main title of the report Rett Syndrome is not the name you expected. Please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and disorder subdivision(s) covered by this report.
Rett Syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that appears to occur almost exclusively in females but can occur rarely in males. Infants and children with the disorder typically develop normally until about 7 to 18 months of age, when they may begin to lose previously acquired skills (developmental regression), such as purposeful hand movements and the ability to communicate. Additional abnormalities typically include slowing of head growth (acquired microcephaly); development of distinctive, uncontrolled (stereotypic) hand movements, such as hand clapping, rubbing, or "wringing"; and impaired control of voluntary movements required for coordination of walking (gait apraxia). Affected children also typically develop autistic-like behaviors, breathing irregularities, feeding and swallowing difficulties, growth retardation, and episodes of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain (seizures).
Rett Syndrome results from a mutation (change) on the X chromosome that is transmitted as an X-linked trait. However, most cases are thought to represent new mutations that appear to occur spontaneously (sporadically) for unknown reasons. In some affected females, the disorder may result from mutations of a gene known as MECP2 that is located on the long arm (q) of chromosome X (Xq28). The MECP2 gene is thought to play an essential role in brain development.
WE MOVE (Worldwide Education and Awareness for Movement Disorders)
5731 Mosholu Avenue
Bronx, NY 10471
Tel: (347)843-6132
Fax: (718)601-5112
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.wemove.org
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
Tel: (914)997-4488
Fax: (914)997-4763
Tel: (888)663-4637
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.marchofdimes.com
The Arc
1660 L Street, NW, Suite 301
Washington, DC 20036
Tel: (202)534-3700
Fax: (202)534-3731
Tel: (800)433-5255
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.thearc.org
International Rett Syndrome Foundation
4600 Devitt Drive
Clinton, MD 45246
Tel: (301)856-3334
Fax: (513)874-2523
Tel: (800)818-7388
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.rettsyndrome.org
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
P.O. Box 5801
Bethesda, MD 20824
Tel: (301)496-5751
Fax: (301)402-2186
Tel: (800)352-9424
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/
MUMS National Parent-to-Parent Network
150 Custer Court
Green Bay, WI 54301-1243
Tel: (920)336-5333
Fax: (920)339-0995
Tel: (877)336-5333
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: http://www.netnet.net/mums/
New Horizons Un-Limited, Inc.
811 East Wisconsin Ave
P.O. Box 510034
Milwaukee, WI 53203
Tel: (414)299-0124
Fax: (414)347-1977
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.new-horizons.org
Genetic and Rare Diseases (GARD) Information Center
PO Box 8126
Gaithersburg, MD 20898-8126
Tel: (301)251-4925
Fax: (301)251-4911
Tel: (888)205-2311
Email: http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD/EmailForm.aspx
Internet: http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD
Madisons Foundation
PO Box 241956
Los Angeles, CA 90024
Tel: (310)264-0826
Fax: (310)264-4766
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: http://www.madisonsfoundation.org
Child Neurology Foundation
2000 West 98th Street
Bloomington, MN 55431
Tel: (952)641-6100
Fax: (952)881-6276
Tel: (877)263-5430
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: http://www.childneurologyfoundation.org
Medical Home Portal
Dept. of Pediatrics
University of Utah
P.O. Box 581289
Salt Lake City, UT 84158
Tel: (801)587-9978
Fax: (801)581-3899
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.medicalhomeportal.org
This is an abstract of a report from the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. ® (NORD). A copy of the complete report can be obtained for a small fee by visiting the NORD website. The complete report contains additional information including symptoms, causes, affected population, related disorders, standard and investigational treatments (if available), and references from medical literature. For a full-text version of this topic, see http://www.rarediseases.org/search/rdblist.html
The information provided in this report is not intended for diagnostic purposes. It is provided for informational purposes only. NORD recommends that affected individuals seek the advice or counsel of their own personal physicians.
It is possible that the title of this topic is not the name you selected. Please check the Synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and Disorder Subdivision(s) covered by this report
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through the date at the end of the topic. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
For additional information and assistance about rare disorders, please contact the National Organization for Rare Disorders at P.O. Box 1968, Danbury, CT 06813-1968; phone (203) 744-0100; web site www.rarediseases.org or email email@example.com
Last Updated: 8/17/2007
Copyright 1986, 1987, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2007 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information.


text:
Activity is Expensive
Warren Buffet once said: "The stock market is a no-called-strike game. You don't have to swing at everything--you can wait for your pitch."
You don't have to move at every opportunity. The more you trade, the more you underperform. This has been proven time and time again. Trading extensively can become a very pricey activity. Each trade comes with a lot of added fees. Even if you use a trading platform with very low trading fees, you still pay tax on each trade. In the case of hefty trading, you spend so much money on the accompanied fees that your portfolio starts underperforming. Eventually, your fees will outweigh your gains, causing your portfolio to underperform.
The Media Effect
I blame extensive portfolio activity on the media. Not a single day passes without us seeing a stock related story on the news, reading a story online, in the papers or hearing it on the radio. It has become such an integral part of society that we simply cannot avoid it.
The media industry feeds on shock value. The more dramatic a story sounds, the better. Most media instruments are operating from revenue generated by advertising income. The term 'clickbait' is described as web content that is aimed at generating online advertising revenue, especially at the expense of quality or accuracy. It relies on sensationalistic headlines to attract click-throughs that in turn generates shares over social platforms, attracting more viewers to the website.
By posting over-dramatic stories, the media steers people like sheep, forcing them to believe every word they say. The media isn't always right, nor in some cases a trustworthy source. The media has many hidden agendas and the stories which they focus on may have ulterior motives. We won't know for sure unless we do research of our own to prove the fact true or false.
If the media publishes a story about the market going into a correction or heading for a crash, you should remind yourself that they are simply overreacting on natural market fluctuation. The market fluctuates in the short-term - that is what it does. This should not pertain to us because we are looking for long-term gains. It might look drastic in the short-term, but we have a long-term vision. As long as our stocks show an uptrend over the long haul and our research suggest that nothing will be changing in the near future, we are satisfied.
There is no need to react every time the media tells you to. Stick to your hard facts and remind yourself that you are a value investor.
Have a Set Strategy and Stick to It
The media can say whatever it wants, if you stick to your value investing strategy and principles you will always achieve your goals. Choosing an investment strategy is one of the first steps every investor should do when starting investing. Your strategy should have set principles that you should follow by heart. The intrinsic principles of successful value investors is what made them successful in the first place. I can guarantee you that they didn't base their trading decisions on media suggestions.
Thorough research is the only way you will find trustworthy information. Read financial reports, do your calculations and apply your principles.
When you do contemplate selling some of your shares, always ask yourself:
Why am I selling?
You should always have a concrete and objective reason for selling. Selling because a stock hit your target exit point or because your calculations show that the future of the company is looking dire due to a drastic change in fundamentals are good reasons for selling.
Am I scared?
You should never sell just because of fear. You should think like a computer and only base your decisions on cold hard facts.
Have I done my homework?
No investor can make an informative decision without doing their homework first. If you aren't basing decisions on facts you are solely relying on emotion, which will cost you dearly in the future.
Is my decision based on hard facts?
You should only sell if your research suggests that doing so will be for the benefit of your portfolio. Otherwise you keep on holding.
Am I acting on principle or impulse?
Keep your principles intact and never make any impulsive decisions.
The Checklist
Before you act, go through the following checklist. If you can honestly tick off all of the options, you are ready to make a move.
- I am acting on principle, not on impulse
- I understand that fundamentally sound companies can withstand the harshest recessions
- I know that notoriety, share price and size of a business aren't necessarily signs of strength
- I have questioned what I have seen in the media
- I am not scared
- I have done extensive research
- My decision is based only on hard facts
- I have utilised multiple indicators of economic status in context before making my decision to act.
- I understand that acting too quickly or too often will cause my portfolio to underperform.
- I must act decisively and efficiently, but only when the right time presents itself.
- My main goal is to select wonderful stocks at fair prices and hold on to them for a long time.
In our latest eBook, part two of the "Asset Allocation and Effective Portfolio Management" series, we give you all the information needed to manage your investment portfolio to its utmost efficiency. Using our Long-term Profit (LTP) equation we demonstrate that principle over panic, facts over fear and allocation over activity will win you the best returns every time. Let us help you to choose the perfect portfolio management strategy for your every investing need.
The feature image is altered. Photo credit: Darrol via photopin cc


text:
We provide moving services, from packing and unpacking to actually transporting your belongings to the new location.
We can also provide cleaning services. From us you can rent storage space, boxes and other equipment you need to move.
And we also have skills to install your basic home appliances and electrical devices. We also move companies to a new location.
We have close connections with professionals who can repair and renovate your old and/or new home.
For more information contact us by e-mail, address is muuttoapu (at) muuttoapu.com.


text:
Sony India has finally announced the pricing for the PS4. It will cost Rs 39,999 and will be releasing on January 6th. They have also announced the pricing for the DualShock 4 and the PS Camera, and both will cost Rs 4,990.
The pricing looks to be a bit on the higher side but country head, Atindriya Bose, mentioned that they have to factor in the taxes and a price drop should not be expected in the near future.
Tell us what you think in the comments section below.


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All Films.All Above Board.NOW INCLUDES TV SHOWS & TV LISTINGS
Family drama about a sheepdog puppy called Mist, who is one of three pups born at Borough Farm. From the moment that she opens her eyes she knows that one day she wants to become a real sheepdog. But things are not as straightforward as she might have hoped: she finds her training with the boss confusing, and when she tries to impress him with her newfound skills she only gets into trouble. Then there's a field full of gruff and grumpy rams to deal with, and an auntie who doesn't seem to always have her best interests at heart. Can Mist really learn her craft, and one day prove herself worthy of a place in the team of sheepdogs at Borough Farm?


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6 potatoes, cut in chunks 2-3 tbs. olive oil lemon pepper seasoning grated Parmesan cheese
I peeled and cut up the potatoes in small chunks. I put the oil in a bag and tossed the potatoes in and shook them until they were all coated in oil. Then I spread the potatoes out in a sprayed dish, liberally sprinkled with lemon pepper and baked for 40 minutes. I added some grated parmesan to the potatoes and put them back in the oven for 10 minutes.
I baked ribs in the oven with barbecue sauce and served with the roasted potatoes and a simple lettuce salad with light ranch dressing.


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Abbreviations for the States
AL=Alabama AK=Alaska AZ=Arizona AR=Arkansas CA=California CO=Colorado CT=Connecticut DE=Delaware FL=Florida GA=Georgia HI=Hawaii ID=Idaho IL=Illinois IN=Indiana IA=Iowa KS=Kansas KY=Kentucky LA=Louisiana ME=Maine MD=Maryland MA=Massachusetts MI=Michigan MN=Minnesota MS=Mississippi MO=Missouri MT=Montana NE=Nebraska NV=Nevada NH=New Hampshire NJ=New Jersey NM=New Mexico NY=New York NC=North Carolina ND=North Dakota OH=Ohio OK=Oklahoma OR=Oregon PA=Pennsylvania RI=Rhode Island SC=South Carolina SD=South Dakota TN=Tennessee TX=Texas UT=Utah VT=Vermont VA=Virginia WA=Washington
WV=West Virginia WI=Wisconsin WY=Wyoming
1. The Everglades National Park is home to more than 300 different types of birds.
2. The Appalachian Mountains are only 2,000-6,000 feet tall.
3. Appalachia, a Mountain area, has rich minerals like coal in it.
4. Tobacco is one of the major cash crops in the Southeast.
5. Another cash crop is cotton.
6. Slaves sang a type of music called the Blues about their sorrows.
7. In the French Quarter people eat spicy food. This food was from the Cajuns.
8. Jamestown, Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in America.
1. Rhode Island is the smallest state in the U.S. It would take about 425 Rhode Islands to cover Alaska.
2. Mount Washington in New Hampshire is 6,288 feet tall.
3. One of the biggest Waterfalls is Niagara Falls on the New York - Canada border.
4. The Northeast has a huge fish and lobster industry. It is where most of the fish and lobster we eat comes from.
5. The biggest marble quarry in the world is in Vermont.
6. People make traditional stuff and bring it to the Kutztown festival in Pennsylvania.
7. Lots of people go to the Smithsonian Museums in D.C. to look at space artifacts,air artifacts :etc.
8. The Boston massacre happened in 1770 in Massachusetts.
1. Four of the Great Lakes touch the Midwest.
2. A lot of places in the Midwest has very fertile soil, so a lot of crops can grow there.
3. The State of Iowa is a farm state because of its fertile soil and flat prairies.
4. Lots of people go to baseball games to see teams play, so they pay for tickets, beer, and food.
5. A lot of people go to the Mall of America in Minnesota to go to stores and the attractions.
6. People go to baseball games because they want to see their team win. When their team wins they go wild.
7. Lots of people own farms where they grow crops and house animals.
8. Detroit, Michigan was a city known for its factories.
1. It is very hot and dry in the Southwest, especially in Monument Valley and the Grand Canyon.
2. The Southwest is the sunniest region in the U.S.
3. The Southwest has lots of caves and mountains So there is a rocky terrain.
4. Lots of of people own farms where they grow crops and house animals.
5. There are a lot of factories that produce different stuff, such as clothing and food.
6. The Pueblo of Acoma in New Mexico is the oldest continuously inhabited community in the U.S.
7. A lot of people go to rodeos to see shows.
8. The Hoover Dam built in 1936 stopped the floods in lots of towns.
1. The West has a lot of mountains. One of the biggest is Mt. McKinley at 20,320 ft above sea level.
2. Alaska has a lot of snow. So if you visit there dress warm.
3. The Columbia River is a long river that runs into the Pacific Ocean.
4. Idaho grows a lot of potatoes, which they harvest and sell.
5. Tacoma, Washington is a logging town where they turn logs into lumber to sell to make products out of wood.
6. Because of the snow and mountains lots of people snowboard and ski.
7. In Hawaii, people like to have festivals to celebrate different things.
8. Lolo Pass, Montana is a stop on the Lewis and Clark trail.