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Central Odontogenic Fibroma: Collection of Cases in the World Literature.
Case Report with use of Adjuvant Treatment for the Reduction of Recurrence with Liquid Nitrogen and Bone Regeneration
Guided with Lyophilized Bone and Platelet-Rich Plasma
García-Cano E1*, González-Magaña F2, Malagón-Hidalgo HO3, Caicedo-Perez JH1, Carrillo-Ponce CS4, Montiel-Jarquín AJ5
1 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Resident. Medical Center ISSEMYM, Toluca, México.
2 Maxillofacial Attending physician. Medical Center ISSEMYM, Toluca, México.
3 Head department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillofacial Surgery. Medical Center ISSEMYM, Toluca, México.
4 Pathologist Attending physician. Medical Center ISSEMYM, Toluca, México.
5 Head department of education, High Specialty Medical Unit, IMSS, Puebla, México.
*Corresponding Author
García-Cano Eugenio,
Avenida Baja Velocidad 284, Metepec, Estado de México, México. P.C. 52170, USA.
Tel: +52 222 2602358
E-mail: email@example.com
Received:May 09, 2016; Accepted: June 06, 2016; Published: June 07, 2016
Citation: García-Cano E, et al., (2016) Central Odontogenic Fibroma: Collection of Cases in the World Literature. Case Report with use of Adjuvant Treatment for the Reduction of Recurrence with Liquid Nitrogen and Bone Regeneration Guided with Lyophilized Bone and Platelet-Rich Plasma. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. S3:002, 11-15.DOI : dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-SI03002
Copyright: García-Cano E© 2016. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Objective: The central odontogenic fibroma is an extremely rare neoplasm found in 0.1% of all odontogenic tumors. Mosqueda-Taylor et al, described 92 cases in the literature until 2011.
Study desining: 15 years old female, with increased volume in the right mandibular body region. The histopathological result a central odontogenic fibroma. The patient underwent enucleation and curettage, we applied liquid nitrogen on the surgical bed and cadaveric cancellous bone with platelel-rich plasma in the deffect secondary to the procedure. Using the search engines EBSCO and SCOPUS, all reports with histopathological confirmation of central odontogenic fibroma were included.
Results: No recurrence in our case was reported after twelve months follow-up. We found 121 reported cases in the english literature including ours.
Conclusion: It is an extremely rare tumor. The use of liquid nitrogen, lyophilized bone and platelet-rich plasma as adjuvants methods to lower the reported recurrence and accelerate the bone healing process are feasible.
2.Case Report
The central odontogenic fibroma (COF) is an extremely rare benign neoplasm of intraosseous or central presentation found in only 0.1% of all odontogenic tumors [1,2]. It is considered histologically among the odontogenic tumors of mesenchymal tissue, with or without formation of odontogenic epithelium [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines it as a benign proliferation of ectomesenchyme fibroblastic tissue characterized by a variable number of apparently inactive odontogenic epithelium [3]. There are two distinct histological types; 1. Simple COF, which presents as a poorly cellular and myxoid fibroblastic neoplasia without odontogenic epithelial component. 2. WHO or complex COF, with abundant odontogenic epithelium cell with foci of calcification [4].
Radiologically, the COF tends to be a well-defined lesion, radio lucid, uni or multilocular. In rare cases it can present as a mixed radio lucid lesion and present radiopaque characteristics with poorly defined borders [5-7].
Clinically, it presents as an asymptomatic slow-growing tumor, which in many cases remain undetected until the appearance of edema. It presents more frequently in females in a range of 2.8:1. They appear in both the maxilla and mandible (55% and 45% respectively). (2.4) In the maxilla it tends to include the anterior area, while in the jaw it presents most often in the molar and premolar region [2].
Mosqueda-Taylor et al, described 92 cases in the literature until 2011 [9] from that starting point, we decided to make a collection of the cases reported in the English-language literature, to know the current number of reported cases. We present the management of this rare entity, with a conservative surgical management, focused on early bone regeneration and use of adyuvant to minimize local recurrence.
Case Report
Female of 15 years old, who perceived increased volume in the right mandibular body region, four months after its appearance she was sent to our department. The lesion increases progressively to a clear distortion of the right mandibular body, being asymptomatic (Figure 1). In the physical examination, we observed increased intra oral volume at level of the first and second inferior right molars, without tenderness (Figure 2). In the orthopantomography a lesion, with regular borders, unilocular, radio lucid, with proximity to the lower right third unerupted molar, is observed; it also shifts medially adjacent teeth to the lesion (Figure 3). The facial computerized axial tomography scan, demonstrates a well-defined lesion, with regular borders, confined to the right mandibular body, causing bicortical expansion, being close to the right lower third molar unerupted (Figure 4).
Fitgure 3. Orthopantomography, lesion located at the level of the right mandibular region, regular borders, unilocular, radiolucide, with proximity to the third right lower molar unerupted.
Figure 4. CT scan; A well-defined lesion, with regular borders, confined to the right mandibular body, causing bicortical expansion, close to the right lower third molar unerupted.
The patient was scheduled for enucleation and curettage of the lesion. The procedure was performed through a vestibular incision of 5cm over the right mandibular body, periosteum and oral corticotomy was done, allowing full exposure of the lesion and unenrupted molar (Figure 5). A complete enucleation of the lesion was achieved and we performed curettage and complete extraction of the third unerupted molar (Figura 6). Liquid nitrogen on the surgical bed was applied, ensuring not to injure the alveolar nerve which was protected by gel foam (Figure 7). Afterwards cadaveric cancellous bone was placed followed by application of platelet-rich plasma to fill the defect (Figure 8), proceding to seal the oral mucosa with absorbable suture.
Figure 5. Anterior mandibular corticotomy, allowed full exposure of the lesion and unenrupted molar.
Figure 6. A complete enucleation and curettage of the lesion was achieved along with extraction of the third unerupted molar.
Figure 7. Liquid nitrogen on the surgical bed was applied, ensuring not to injure the alveolar nerve.
Figure 8. Cadaveric cancellous bone was placed followed by application of platelet-rich plasma to fill the defect .
In the microscopic review with conventional hematoxylin-eosin was identified a mesenchymal lesion with a growth pattern in solid mantles comprised of acellular eosinophilic material with focal and isolated odontogenic epithelium with cores which retain their polarity, without nucleoli, mitosis, cytologic atypia or calcifications. These characteristics corresponding to a simple type injury according to the WHO classification. (Figura 9).
Twelve months after the surgical procedure the extra oral mandibular right bulking shows no progression (Figure 10). The post operative control was carried out with clinical and radiographic examination. In the intra oral examination the surgical scar showed no evidence of recurrence of injury at this level. In the control orthopantomography no recurrence is observed, with obvious bone regeneration (Figure 11).
Figure 9. 10x hematoxylin-eosin staining, odontogenic tissue is observed in the central part with pesudo glandular formation, immersed in abundant acellular eosinophilic hyaline tissue
Figure 10. Twelve months after the surgical procedure the extra oral mandibular right bulking shows no progression.
The central odontogenic fibroma is one of the rarest and least understood odontogenic neoplasms, according to the literature corresponds to only 0.1% of all odontogenic tumors [1,2]. In the literature few cases have been reported. The last review in 2011 by Mosqueda-Taylor et al [9], described 92 cases worldwide. Using the search engines EBSCO and SCOPUS, all the case reports with histopathological confirmation of central odontogenic fibroma were identified and included. We found 121 reported cases in the english-speaking language in the world literature including ours [2,8,9,10-28].
Being an extremely rare entity it does not have clinical treatment guidelines, so it is essential to take into account the experience reported in the literature, as well as their success.
In the series of 92 cases reported by Taylor et al, aproximately 55% involved the mandible, the range age reported by Taylor et al is from 4 to 80 years and most cases are diagnosed during the second to fourth decades of life. The reported incidence of an unerupted tooth is 27% [9].
The revision made by Ramet et al., [3], show a predilection for female sex in a 69%, while the incidence in our revision shows a predilection for male sex in a 62% (18 of 29 patients).
The first authors who reported curettage as first-line treatment were Dunlap and Barker, who presented two cases of maxillary odontogenic fibroma treated by this method with a follow-up of 9 and 10 years without evidence of recurrence [29].
There is no a revision for the time of follow-up after treatment for this tumor. Therefore, we decided to made a revision on this topic. Out of the 29 patients, 23 were treated by enucleation and curettage (2 were treated the same way, but did not have a follow-up information) with a mean follow up of 20.73 months without any evidence of recurrence; 2 were treated by segmentary resection with a mean follow-up of 18 months, without evidence of recurrence; and 2 were treated by resection in bloc, without evidence of recurrence. The primary treatment is enucleation and curettage which has proved to be an effective treatment with no evidence of recurrence in a medium term [1-22,24-28].
In our attempt to reduce the low risk of recurrence, the use of liquid nitrogen (NL) has been described for treatment of some bone tumors. The NL causes the formation of intracellular ice crystals, resulting in a membrane disruption and consequently induce cell necrosis. It has been proven effective as an adjuvant action in curettage for a variety of benign and malignant bone tumors of low grade, which is why we decided to use it in this procedure [30].
The effect caused by the tumor enucleation and curettage, entails a normal course of bone regeneration, there is no experience reported on the use of lyophilized bone in these type of tumors; however, there is a report by Bahadir et al, in which mentions its use to rebuild the cavity caused by the complete enucleation of odontogenic giant cystic lesions in 17 patients. Bone regeneration with lyophilized bone showed strong acumulative effect with a faster bone healing process [31]. This effect was shown in the orthopantomography control three months after surgery, in which an accelerated bone healing process was demonstrated.
Platelet rich plasma is a concentration of platelets in blood plasma, its active form contains derived growth factor containing platelets (PDGF), Factor-β (TGF-β) Vascular Endothelial Growth factor (VEGF), the growth factor epidermal (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and a number of macrophages and monocytes mediators of a variety of cytokines capable of mediating inflammation. The use of this therapy has regenerative advantages in bone healing accelerating the process [32], for this reason we decided the application of platelet rich plasma in the cavity secondary to complete enucleation of the lesion, together with with lyophilized bone.
All these adjuvant treatments theoretically promotes a lower risk of recurrence and faster bone healing.
The Central Odontogenic Fibroma is an extremely rare tumor; only 121 cases are reported worldwide in the English literature. Surgical treatment of first instance should be conservative with complete enucleation and curettage of the surgical bed. The use of liquid nitrogen can be an effective adyuvant to prevent recurrence of the lesion. In our experience lyophilized bone in conjunction with platelet-rich plasma is feasible to accelerate the process of bone healing.
- Muñóz-Torres C, Reyes- Olave P, Álvarez-Novoa C, Venegas-Rojas B (2010) Fibroma odontogénico central, tipo WHO: Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura. REV ESP CIR ORAL MAXILOFAC 32(4): 159-164.
- Salgado H, Mesquita P (2014) Central odontogenic fibroma of the maxilla – A case report. REV PORT ESTOMATOL MED DENT CIR MAXILOFAC 55(1): 49-54.
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- Pushpanshu K, Kaushik R, Punyani SR, Jasuja V, Raj V, Seshadri A (2013) Concurrent central odontogenic fibroma (WHO Type) and traumatic bone cyst: report of a rare case. Quant Imaging Med Surg 3(6): 341-346.
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- Thankappan P, Chundru NSV, Amudala R, Yanadi P, Rahamthullah SAKU, Botu M (2014) Central Odontogenic Fibroma of Simple Type. Case reports in dentistry.
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- Mosqueda-Taylor A, Martínez-Mata G, Carlos-Bregni R, Agustin-Vargas P, Toral-Rizo V, Cano-Valdéz AM, et al. (2011) Central odontogenic fibroma: new findings and report of a multicentric collaborative study. Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 112(3): 349-358.
- Hrichi R, Gargallo-Albiol J, Berini-Ayés L, Gay-Escoda C (2012) Central odontogenic fibroma:retrospective study of 8 clinical cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 17(1): e50-55.
- Anbiaee N, Ebrahimnejad H, Sanaei A (2015) Central odontogenic fibroma (simple type) in a four-year-old boy: atypical cone-beam computed tomographic appearance with periosteal reaction. Imaging Sci Dent 45(2): 109-115.
- Singh HP, Indra BN, Giri KY, Dandriyal R, Mall SL (2014) Central Odontogenic Fibroma of the Mandible. J Dent Sci Oral Rehab 5(3): 165-167.
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- Takeoka T, Inui M, Okumura K, Nakamura S, Shimizu K, Tagawa T (2013) A central odontogenic fibroma mimicking a dentigerous cyst associated with an impacted mandibular third molar – Immunohisological study and review of literature. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology 25(2): 193-196.
- Gopinathan PA, Kokila G, Jyothi M, Nair MS, Jacob TV, Praveen KS (2014) Importance of Histopathology in Diagnosis of Central Odontogenic Fibroma – A Case Report. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 5(6): 923-928.
- Shirashi T, Uehara M, Fujita S, Ikeda T, Asahina I (2015) A case of central odontogenic fibroma in a pediatric patient: Mandibular reconstruction with parietal bone. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine and Pathology 27(3): 361-365.
- Hara M, Matsuzaki H, Katase N, Yanagi Y, Unetsubo T, Asaumi J, et al. (2012) Central odontogenic fibroma of the jawbone: 2 case reports describing its imaging features and an analysis of its DCE-MRI findings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 113(6): e51-58.
- Batson JP, Strickland F (2014) Central Odontogenic Fibroma: Case Report and Review. US Army Med Dep J 57-60.
- Soolari A, Khan A (2014) Central Odontogenic Fibroma of the Gingiva: A Case Report. Open Dent J 8: 280-288.
- Veeravarmal V, Nirmal-Madhavan R, Mohamed-Nassar M, Amsaveni R (2013) Central odontogenic fibroma of the maxilla. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 17(2): 319.
- Venugopal S, Radhakrishna S, Raj A, Sawhney A (2014) Central odontogenic fibroma. J Indian Soc Periodontol 18(2): 240-243.
- Schussel JL, Gallottini MHC, Braz-Silva PH (2014) Odontogenic fibroma WHO-type simulating periodontal disease: Report of a case. J Indian Soc Periodontol18(1): 85-87.
- Kimura T, Ohba S, Yoshimura H, Katase N, Imamura Y, Ueno T, et al. (2013) Epithelium-poor type Central Odontogenic Fibroma: An immunohistological Study and Review of the Literature. Journal of Hard Tissue Biology 22(2): 273-278.
- Niklander S, Martínez R, Deichler J, Esguep A (2011) Bilateral mandibular odontogenic fibroma (WHO type): Report of a case with 5-year radiographic follow-up. JOURNAL OF DENTAL SCIENCES 6(2): 123-127.
- Salehinejad J, Ghazi N, Heravi FB, Ghazi E (2015) Concurrent central odontogenic fibroma (WHO type) and odontoma: Report of a rare and unusual entity. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine and Pathology 27(6): 888-892. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2015.04.002
- Molina RN, Ruiz LP, Taylor AM, Ramírez HGH, Lonato JAP, Gónzalez- Gónzalez R (2011) Central odontogenic fibroma combined with central giant cell lesión of the mandible. Immunohistochemical profile. J Clin Exp Dent 3(4): 348-351.
- Ahmadi SK, Rahpeyma A (2012) Central Odontogenic Fibroma of the Mandible. J Dent Mater Tech 1(2): 70-73.
- Iordanidis S, Poulopoulos A, Epivatianos A, Zouloumis L (2013) Central odontogenic fibroma: report of case qith immunohistochemical study. Indian J Dent Res 24(6): 753-755.
- Dunlap C, Barker B (1984) Central odontogenic fibroma of the WHO type. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 57(4): 390-394.
- Bickels J, Meller I, Shmookler BM, Malawer MM (1999) The role and biology of Cryosurgery in the treatment of Bone Tumors: A review. Acta Orthop Scand 70(3): 308-315.
- Bahadir G, Gokce M (2007) Allogenic Grafts in Oral Surgery: Clinical Findings and Follow-up. Hacettepe Dishekimligi Fakultesi Dergisi 31(2): 31-37.
- Rodriguez IA, Growney-Kalaf EA, Bowlin GL, Sell SA (2014) Platelet-Rich Plasma in Bone Regeneration: Engineering the Delivery for Improved Clinical Efficacy. BioMed Research International.


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Long Weekend: October 28-29, 2015
|At Mark Antalya on Republic Day with Lily and Alex.
Another weekend, another adventure. School week was short this week due to Republic Day. October 29th is Turkey's Independence Day, and in observance, school ended early on Wednesday, and was closed on Thursday and Friday. Election Day was also conveniently scheduled for Sunday, October 31st. Alex and I rejoiced for the long weekend because we needed to hunker down and study for our first Turkish exam scheduled for Monday, November 2nd; however we ended up spending majority of the weekend entertaining our friend Lily from Konya, who came down to visit us for the weekend.
|In front of Hadrian's Gate.
On Thursday, we took Lily to Kaleici. Every time we go to Old City, we see another part of it, which is actually quite exciting for me personally because I love being a tour guide. Those who knew me at Bowdoin know how much I love tour guiding. I had been dying to see Hadrian's Gate, and on this trip, we finally found it! Hadrian's Gate is a triumphal arch, which was built in the name of the Roman emperor Hadrian, who visited the city in the year 130.
|Aşure delight (Noah's Pudding).


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This is more of a great idea (or two) than it is a new recipe.
Like cupcakes, but reversed.
In a cake cup, you add in something you love. For me, it was my healthified fro-yo fix, which you can make simply by taking your favorite yogurt and freezing it for about an hour. Garnish with some sweet fresh berries and voila! A dessert that does a body good.
To make, simply follow any one of my single-serving cupcake recipes. But instead of filling the muffin tin slot as you normally would, gently press the dough up the sides of the slot. Bake for about 5-6 minutes (less time is needed because the dough is spread more thinly). Let cool and add in your favorite filling.
I'll copy and paste the sweet-pink strawberry dough recipe I used below, but get creative!
I also did something similar with my super-moist chocolate blueberry cupcake recipe, but I made the cups smaller by dividing into two, scraped out the sides, and filled with a one-part peanut butter and one-part cream cheese frosting filling.
Yes, I was proud of this secondary cake cup, too. It tasted just like a Reese's Peanut Butter Cup, only cakier!
And in case you're wondering, no you can not taste the blueberry, but you will be amazed at how moist the fruit puree makes the cake.
Strawberry Dough Ingredients
3 T flour ( I used spelt)
a pinch of baking powder, salt, cinnamon, and vanilla
1 heaping T milk
1 T stevia
.5 t vegan butter
1/5 egg (mixed, or flax egg)
.5 t maple syrup or agave
1 t strawberry preserves
1 medium to large strawberry (ripe, pureed or well smashed)
-Preheat the oven to 425 degrees. Lightly grease a cookie sheet and set aside.
-Combine all dry ingredients in a small bowl; push to one side. On the other side, mix all wet ingredients. Combine wet and dry thoroughly. It's okay if there are some chunks of fruit in the batter, but too many or too large of a chunk will bake into a gummy texture you won't like.
-To form cookies, roll into small balls. If you'd like, however, to make doughnuts, you can simply shape a doughnut round by using a specialized pan, or doing as I do, which is using the rim of a muffin tin slot to shape an O. You could also use a cookie cutter that's shaped like an O, but if you do this make sure the dough is thick enough–consider layering two or three Os.
-Bake for about 6-7 minutes.
Chocolate Blueberry Dough Ingredients
2.6 T whole-wheat flour
pinch of baking powder, baking soda, (scant) salt, and vanilla
1.5 t stevia
1 T and 1 t vanilla yogurt
1.5 t applesauce or coconut oil
1 T and 1 t almond milk
1 T and 1 t blueberries
-Preheat oven to 350 degrees and lightly grease a cookie sheet or prepare with a cupcake liner.
-Puree blueberries or mash with a fork. Then mix in vanilla, oil, and milk. Set aside.
-In a small bowl, combine all dry ingredients. Transfer these to the wet ingredients, mixing in slowly. Be sure not to overmix.
-Spoon batter into cupcake tin and bake for about 11-13 minutes.
These toppings could be really fun. You could go more muffin like, as I did, with fresh coconut cream and blueberries. Or you could add icing because, essentially, this muffin could pass as a cupcake, too!
Let the sweetness last as long as you can
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Different Kinds of Ance
The word acne usually means the same thing to every one. Acne on the other hand has a lot of forms. While all acne has almost the same type of effect in every body, all acne is not the same. Where are many types of acne and it is important to understand the difference between the various types. This is because there is different treatment for different kinds of acne. This means that instead of buying and trying all the acne treatment products, it is better that one should know the type of acne one is suffering from and treat it with the specific treatment.
Acne vulgaris is the most common form of acne troubles. Acne vulgaris is actually a mix of various types of acne or what is commonly known as pimples. It includes, popular, modules, cysts, black heads, white head and pustules. These are the comparatively nicer varieties of acne. The blocked pores cause white heads and the white thing that comes out when they are squeezed is the dead skin cells and oil. On the other hand blackheads are just the opposite, though they are also caused by blockage in the pores, they occur because the pores are partly blocked.
Severe acne.
Sufferers of severe acne or bad acne do not only have physical problems such as pain and tenderness, they also suffer psychological stress. Acne should not be taken lightly; it can cause long-term effects both physical and emotional. The most severe form of all kinds of acne is Acne conglobata. It is more common in males. This type of acne looks like large lesions. There are many such lesions on the face this acne infection continues to increase and may take years to clear up. These are present all aver the body such as chest, back, upper arms, thighs, buttocks and face. Acne conglobata is mostly effects males in the age group of eighteen to thirty.
The women are affected by a variety of acne, which is different from the variety affecting the men. This type of acne is called Pyoderma faciale. It affects females in the age group of twenty to forty i.e. after they have completed their teens. It has also affected women who had luckily survived any acne eruption during their teens. This kind of acne leaves large nodules, sores and pustules on the face. The best thing about Pyoderma faciale is that it clears up in about a year as opposed to acne conglobata, which takes years to clear. But the damage to the skin done within this year is long lasting.


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Check out an example of what a great supervised practice session looks like. Thanks to Vision54 for having me out to Talking Stick GC to check it out!
GOLF IN THE LIFE OF - education for golf instructors
Be a better golf instructor. Learn from some of the best in the industry so you can grow your business and become a better coach.
Check out an example of what a great supervised practice session looks like. Thanks to Vision54 for having me out to Talking Stick GC to check it out!
It's hard to narrow down the most important topics and concepts from 2015 but that is what we've attempted to do. We've compiled a list of 12 things that are DEFINITELY worth reviewing so you can be the best instructor and coach possible.
Over the past 6 months I've been getting more and more questions about why I do Golf in the Life of and how I make money, so I thought I'd try and bring a little explanation and clarity to you all.
Every week I try to bring the best content possible to you every week because I believe something.
Read More
PGA show 2015 is officially over. Thankfully we have some pictures and notes to remember what happened and what you should know if you weren't able to attend.
We kicked things off with the Open Forum.
Read More
I was able to catch up with the three hosts of the 3rd Annual Open Forum just the other day to ask them what we're going to hear at this year's Open Forum. (as well as how it all got started)
If you're a golf instructor, trainer, coach, etc… Make sure to check out what's going on at this event that's leading the industry with golf science information and application.
Read More


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- Date
- 19 Jan 2015
- Tags
- YOG , IOC News , Nanjing 2014
How to be an ambassador of sport and champion in life
Being the best athlete you can be is not only about your performance on the field of play, it is also about how you perform off the field of play.
As well as being a two-time world champion canoeist, long-time friend of the Youth Olympic Games Jess Fox embodies the Olympic values of excellence, friendship and respect and has pledged her commitment to giving back to the sport she loves by setting a good example for the next generation.
We caught up with the Australian YOG champion at the Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games, where she was passing on her experience to her young compatriot athletes as a Young Ambassador.
Check out our awesome new film on our brand new Compete, Learn & Share gateway: yogger.olympic.org
Here you can find a whole catalogue of resources and tools designed to help you become an ambassador of sport and a champion in life. And don't forget to share your experience with us via our Tell Us Your Story function!


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From an artistic point of view, wax sculpture is the product of the combination of traditional portrait art and modern super realism sculpture art. Wax figure originated in France and then passed to england. The British and French wax museum has a history of more than 200 years." It takes four to six months to make a wax figure. 200 years of chemical formula strictly confidential.
The 50 statues of the wax museum in Wuhan are all flown by london. Wax is synthesized from two types, one of which is Japanese wax.
The earliest form of wax was Madame Tussauds's hand. At first, she worked as a housekeeper in a wax plastic physicist, Curtis, during which Curtis taught her the process of wax molding. Madame Tussauds waxwork is the first for the French writer Voltaire, during the French Revolution, looking for her decapitated head in many of the bodies of the victims in the heap, making mask for them.
The highest content of science and technology in the wax museum is from the clay sculpture to the wax sculpture, which is coordinated by dozens of experts, and can be completed through more than ten closely connected processes. And the material of making wax figures is very exquisite, and its chemical formula is strictly confidential.
Celebrity selection needs to be close to the psychology of local residents
For the selection of characters, wax museum has its own system. Usually before the wax museum settled in a city, it will do a preliminary market survey, according to entertainment celebrities, sports stars, political celebrities, scientific celebrities and business elite and other parts of the investigation to do interviews.
The wax museum took nearly a year in celebrity survey and selection.
The wax museum invites survey companies to screen celebrity candidates from various industries, and then surveys the celebrities' popularity, fashion, attention and preferences in the public through questionnaires, group discussions, and telephone interviews. And for a while, which celebrity suddenly became hot and moved out of other venues for a tour.
For example, Li Na was deeply loved by the people of Wuhan, the wax museum specially made a statue of Li Na, and the choice of action, will be repeated comparison, choose the most representative action.
The most difficult thing to do is to imitate celebrities
Wax sculpture is the 8 steps of body, sculpture, color, through the advanced process of the body model, hair and eye color, and even skin texture re engraved.
The statue will make division of "celebrity" head first with clay, then apply a plaster mold of the head, as long as the plaster is poured into the hot wax, plaster mold is removed after cooling, the wax prototype stereotypes head on, the same method can also make your hands and feet, the trunk also need the initial production of metal the support frame, the latter replaced by fiberglass.
After the completion of the skull, it will enter a more complex process, the eye, hair and skin coloring is extremely meticulous work. Eyes with a glassy plastic instead of this will appear bright, the radial lines within the pupil made of hand-painted with watercolors, even whites in the blood vessel is the young red thread to make.
Teeth are more advanced, just to make a pair of dentures for celebrities, and celebrity hair is looking for real hair, to show the realistic effect.
In spite of this, there are still some wax figures not like real people. The clearer the figure, the more realistic the wax figure, which is why the wax figure of the foreigner is more like that of the chinese. A wax statue requires an average of 20 artists to spend 5 months in the production process.
Hongkong Madame Tussaud's exhibition star
Foreign star: Charles Spencer Chaplin, Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Elizabeth Tel, Audrey Hepburn, Lindsay Lohan, Marilyn Monroe, Judy foster, Pearce Bresnan, Angelina Julie, Brad Pitt, Johnny Depp, Madonna Beyonce, Hill Anthony, Benny, Hopki, Luciano Pavarotti Naomi, Campbell, Robert, Pattinson, Bae Yong Jun, Whitney, Houston, Michael, Jackson
Sports superstars: Li Lishan, Liu Xiang, Yao Ming, tiger Woods, David Beckham, Ronaldinho, C Ronaldo, Lin Dan, Ali
Chinese superstar: Bruce Lee, Anita Mui, Leslie Cheung, Michelle Yeoh, Andy Lau, TWINS, Miriam Yeung, Jay Chou, Lin Chiling, Kelly Chan, Aaron Kwok, Connie Chan, Ethan Ruan, Li Bingbing, dawn, Huang Xiaoming, Jerry Yan, Janice M. Vidal, Donnie Yen, Joe Chen, Xia Zitong
Political figures: Sun Zhongshan, Mao Zedong, George, Walker Bush, Barack Obama, William Jefferson Clinton, Princess Diana, Elizabeth II, Zhou Enlai, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, Deng Xiaoping, Wen Jiabao, Donald Tsang, Li Guangyao, Winston Churchill, Mahatma Gandhi, Hitler, Mao Yoshida, Duke of Edinburgh, Nelson Rowley Mandela, Hera Hera Mikhail, Sergeyevich, Gorbachev, Hossain, Prince William, Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Henry viii,
Celebrities in science and culture: Madame Tussauds, Pablo Picasso, Wolfgang Amadeu Mozart, Rembrandt, Albert Einstein, Steve Jobs, William Shakespeare.
Previous: How To Pick Wax Figures
Next: Museum Scene Recover
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|Harvest and storage costs for bales of switchgrass in the southeastern United States
|Cundiff, J. S., Marsh, L. S.
|Source Title:
|Bioresource Technology
|Source Type:
|Original Publication:
|A simulation was done to compare harvest costs for large round bales (1.8 m diameter x 1.5 m wide) vs large square bales (1 m high x 1.2 m wide x 2.4 m long). Assumptions were made to give each system an idealized opportunity to harvest switchgrass yields of 4.5, 9 and 18 dry Mg/ha. Using the round bale, total harvest costs (mow-condition, rake, bale and move to an on-farm storage location) were $17.00, $15.90 and $19.15/dry Mg, respectively. For the square bale, they were $13.40, $12.25 and $11.95/dry Mg, respectively. Density of hay in the windrow affected the performance of the round baler; heavier windrows produced lower density bales, thus harvest cost increased as yield doubled from 9 to 18 dry Mg/ha. Comparing at 9 Mg/ha yield, harvest cost was 23% less for the square bale. The square bales must be stored in covered storage ($14.16/dry-Mg-delivered annual storage cost to achieve 3% storage/handling loss), while net-wrapped round bales can be stored outside on crushed rock ($3.20/dry-Mg-delivered annual storage cost to achieve 5% storage/handling loss). Total harvest plus storage costs, per-dry-Mg delivered basis, were $20 for the round bale and $27 for the square bale. Because of the requirement for covered storage, the square bale will have more difficulty competing economically with the round bale in the southeastern United States. However, as yield increases above 9 dry Mg/ha and storage losses for round bales stored outside increase above 5%, the difference in cost decreases.


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I am very excited.
I'm writing this on a plane as I head back to College Station, Texas, for Thanksgiving. I grew up there, my folks still live there. (My dad teaches at Texas A&M University). ... I am excited to be going back.
Ten Things You Should Know About My Hometown
Yes, it's actually called College Station. The reason is because a long, long time ago (in a galaxy nearby), the only thing in the city was, in fact, the college. So when the railroad would make its routes around Texas, it would stop at the "College" station. I'm fairly certain there isn't a less interesting story about how a city got its name.
For a long time, Texas A&M was literally the only thing in the city. This is no longer the case. We now have a Chili's.
There is a very good chance I will be at a bar known as the Dixie Chicken with some old high school friends. Rumor has it that more beer is consumed per square foot there than any other bar in Texas. We couldn't be more proud.
The Dixie Chicken also has a live snake on the premises.
There is no food there that can't be "chicken fried."
Lyle Lovett is from the area. I love Lyle Lovett.
You can fly there only from Houston or Dallas.
It's not a very big city, but at last count we had six country radio stations.
I will be at the Texas-A&M game Friday, otherwise known as the last game of the Franchione era. (Hopefully.)
Domestic beers at a bar generally are a dollar. Like I said, I am very excited.
Let's get to Love/Hate for Week 12. As always, players I love this week are guys I think exceed certain statistical benchmarks. Guys I hate I feel will fall short. It's that simple. Those benchmarks are 175 yards and two touchdowns for quarterbacks (or 15 fantasy points in ESPN standard scoring); 90 yards and/or 30 yards and a touchdown rushing and receiving (or nine fantasy points) for running backs and wide receivers, 60 yards or a touchdown for tight ends and eight points for kickers and defenses. I used to say no obvious names, but I don't think there is such a thing anymore. If I had told you to start Peyton Manning last week, you would have said that was obvious. It also would have been wrong.
Week 12 Players I Love
Brett Favre, QB, Packers: Traditionally plays very well at Detroit.
Greg Jennings and Donald Driver, WR, Packers: Well, if Brett's gonna play well ...
Donald Lee, TE, Packers: Has three touchdowns in his past two games.
Jon Kitna, QB, Lions: Not a low-scoring affair, this one.
Kellen Clemens, Jerricho Cotchery, Jets: The Cowboys are in the bottom 10 in the NFL in pass touchdowns and passing yards allowed. Or, to put it another way, it's the kind of secondary that made Jason Campbell and Santana Moss look All-World last week. I even like Brad Smith to get 60 yards or so in this game.
Tony Romo, Terrell Owens and Jason Witten, Cowboys: Remember how good the Jets were against the Steelers? Well, that doesn't continue.
Marion Barber and Julius Jones, RBs, Cowboys: The Jets allow almost 150 rushing yards per game. I expect both guys to get back on track in this one.
Peyton Manning, Joseph Addai and Reggie Wayne, Colts: Not that you were going to bench them anyway, but they get back to being the Colts against Atlanta.
Colts defense/special teams: The Falcons gave up 22 fantasy points to the Bucs' defense/special teams last week.
David Garrard, QB, Jaguars: Other than his silky smooth moves on the dance floor, there's nothing sexy about Garrard. But I really like him here. He has averaged 15 fantasy points the past three weeks. He's never gonna explode for a huge game, but he is very consistent and won't burn you. He has had double-digit fantasy points in six of seven games, and this is a great matchup.
Reggie Williams, WR, Jaguars: Bit of a reach here, but he has touchdowns in two of his past three games, and only four teams have given up more passing touchdowns than Buffalo.
Maurice Jones-Drew and Fred Taylor, RB, Jaguars: I have decided the writer's strike in Hollywood is the only reason my "Maurice Jones and Nancy Drew Mysteries" pitch has not been snapped up yet.
Selvin Young and Brandon Marshall, Broncos: Oddly, between Young and Marshall, we have only two first names -- Marshall has both of them. Javon Walker is coming back, which helps Marshall, I believe.
Bernard Berrian, WR, Bears: He'll get deep for one.
Matt Schaub, Andre Johnson, Owen Daniels, Ron Dayne, Texans: Insert players facing the Browns here.
Derek Anderson, Braylon Edwards, Kellen Winslow, Jamal Lewis, Browns: See Kitna, Jon.
Chester Taylor, RB, Vikings: His yardage won't be great, but he'll get in for a score. Or, the yardage will be great, but he won't score. Or I'll be dead wrong. You roll yer dice, you take yer chances.
Eli Manning, Plaxico Burress, Jeremy Shockey, Giants: With the running game banged up and this being a terrific matchup, I actually have Eli in my top 10 this week. I feel so, so dirty. If you were desperate, you also could put Amani Toomer in, and I'd be OK with it.
Drew Brees, QB, Saints: Actually plays better on the road than at home. That holds true for the TMR as well.
Reggie Bush and David Patten, Saints: You'll play Colston, of course, and he'll be good, but it's been too long since we've heard from Patten. Just a gut call here.
Vinny Testaverde, QB, Panthers: What can I say? I was taught to respect my elders.
Steve Smith, WR, Panthers: I said on my Podcast with Nate Ravitz today that I thought Smith comes back and has a better game than Colston in this one. Crazy? Maybe, but there you have it.
The UPS Whiteboard Guy: I must have gotten 100 e-mails from readers about this guy after I mentioned him in Monday's TRUM. Turns out he's actually the creative director of the agency that came up with the ad campaign (and the same agency that has created all the funny Geico ads). After auditioning a ton of actors, they couldn't find anyone they liked more than him on the little demo tape they made to pitch the ad. So they gave it to him. Great story. And I am now a fan, hence my reason for putting him in the Love section. Hey, guys with questionable hair who are slightly awkward on TV have to stick together, ya know.
Justin Fargas, RB, Raiders: Remember how I just told you they gave the UPS Whiteboard Guy the gig not because they wanted to, but because they couldn't find anyone else they liked more? Well, same thing with Fargas.
Kolby Smith, RB, Chiefs: Speaking of which ... aka ATCHL, or "all the Chiefs have left. Good matchup here, though. Real good.
All your Seahawks: Hasselbeck, the top three wide receivers, Maurice Morris and the Seattle defense. There's a reason the Rams have only two wins. It's because they are bad. Stinky bad. Ha! Who needs the Scouts Inc. guy when you have analysis like that?
Vince Young, QB, Titans: Great. I just finished the shower I had to take from recommending Eli, and now I have to get back in. Sigh.
T.J. Houshmandzadeh, Chad Johnson, Chris Henry, WRs, Bengals: And in case you are wondering, that's how I rank them as well.
Clinton Portis, RB, Redskins: I wish Jason Campbell had a really crazy haircut. Then I could print up T-shirts with pictures of him and Clinton with a caption that reads: "The Portis and the Hair!" Yep, that's how my mind works, folks.
Jeff Garcia and Joey Galloway, Buccaneers: This is going to really bother me.
All your Cardinals: Warner, James, Boldin and Fitz, plus the defense/special teams and Neil Lomax.
Willis McGahee, RB, Ravens: Touchdown in five straight games. Make it six.
Heath Evans, RB, Patriots: You're starting everyone else, but I think Evans could get a score here as well.
Ben Roethlisberger, Willie Parker, Hines Ward, Heath Miller, Steelers: You know what a good cure for losing to the Jets is? Playing Miami.
Nate Washington, WR, Steelers: Remember the last time he played on Monday night? And now he doesn't have to worry about Santonio Holmes.
Week 11 Players I Hate
Kevin Jones, RB, Lions: It was fun while it lasted.
Thomas Jones, RB, Jets: Yes, he was on your bench last week when he went off. You're bitter. You have every right to be.
Every Falcon: Unless you play in one of those "suckball" leagues in which you get points for players being bad. In that case, start all of them.
Jay Cutler, QB, Broncos: I never like guys on the road on a short week. Er, better clarify: Except when they play Detroit or Atlanta on national holidays.
Rex Grossman, Muhsin Muhammad, Bears: Right when I typed these names and imagined someone starting them, I felt a little vomit in my throat. That can't be good.
Cedric Benson, RB, Bears: Yes, he has a good matchup, but then I'd have to take a third shower. Rather be wrong than recommend him. He's the Rams of running backs.
Any Giants running back: Stephania Bell said if you want any of them, it's Reuben Droughns this week. I'm sure she's right. Just as I am sure it's not gonna come to that for me.
Any Viking not named Chester Taylor: It's as true today as it was, um, a week ago.
Daunte Culpepper and Ronald Curry, Raiders: See Jones, Kevin.
Brodie Croyle, QB, Chiefs: Once, in college, I lost a bet and had to eat a whole Brodie Croyle.
Marc Bulger, Torry Holt, Isaac Bruce, Rams: If you have Jackson, you probably have to start him. But I'm not crazy about him here either. The Seahawks have given up only five passing touchdowns all year, best in the NFL. They're also sixth-best in scoring defense. And then there's that whole "crappy Rams" thing. It'll take guts to bench Holt, but I don't see a big game from him.
LenDale White, RB, Titans: The fumbles, the fat hanging off his gut and the touches from Chris Brown all make me nervous here. That said, if one prediction is gonna blow up in my face this week, this is possibly it. It's a great matchup for him.
Rudi Johnson and Kenny Watson, RBs, Bengals: Sheesh, I wouldn't play him on your roster.
Jason Campbell and Santana Moss, Redskins: You saw them go off last week and got all excited. Don't be. The Bucs are third in passing yards allowed, second in passing touchdowns allowed, and no team gives up fewer fantasy points to opposing quarterbacks than they do.
All your 49ers: The Rams of the NFC West. ... Wait a minute ...
Frank Gore, RB, 49ers: Yes, I know he counts under "All your 49ers," but I want to single him out especially because he is so horrible and deserving of ridicule and derision. I deride you, Frank Gore! I deride you!!
All your Eagles except Brian Westbrook: Insert players going against Patriots here.
All your Dolphins, including Jesse Chatman: They looked bad against Philly, and Pittsburgh is a lot better than Philly.
Matthew Berry -- The Talented Mr. Roto -- is ESPN's Senior Director of Fantasy, in charge of content. He was just as surprised as you to find out it's a real job. He is a four-time Fantasy Sports Writers Association award winner and the only writer in the industry with wins in multiple sports (NFL, MLB, NBA). Be sure to check him out every Sunday morning on "ESPNEWS Fantasy Insider" at 11 a.m. ET and then on Sunday Countdown on ESPN, usually around 12:05 p.m. ET.
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text:
From a correspondent.
One of the greatest and suddenest storms on record has just been experienced here, with results both strange and unique. The weather had been somewhat sultry, but not to any degree uncommon in the month of August. Saturday evening was as fine as was ever known, and the great body of holiday-makers laid out yesterday for visits to Mulgrave Woods, Robin Hood's Bay, Rig Mill, Runswick, Staithes, and the various trips in the neighborhood of Whitby. The steamers Emma and Scarborough made trips up and down the coast, and there was an unusual amount of 'tripping' both to and from Whitby. The day was unusually fine till the afternoon, when some of the gossips who frequent the East Cliff churchyard, and from the commanding eminence watch the wide sweep of sea visible to the north and east, called attention to a sudden show of 'mares tails' high in the sky to the northwest. The wind was then blowing from the south-west in the mild degree which in barometrical language is ranked 'No. 2, light breeze.'
The coastguard on duty at once made report, and one old fisherman, who for more than half a century has kept watch on weather signs from the East Cliff, foretold in an emphatic manner the coming of a sudden storm. The approach of sunset was so very beautiful, so grand in its masses of splendidly coloured clouds, that there was quite an assemblage on the walk along the cliff in the old churchyard to enjoy the beauty. Before the sun dipped below the black mass of Kettleness, standing boldly athwart the western sky, its downward way was marked by myriad clouds of every sunset colour, flame, purple, pink, green, violet, and all the tints of gold, with here and there masses not large, but of seemingly absolute blackness, in all sorts of shapes, as well outlined as colossal silhouettes. The experience was not lost on the painters, and doubtless some of the sketches of the 'Prelude to the Great Storm' will grace the R. A and R. I. walls in May next.
More than one captain made up his mind then and there that his 'cobble' or his 'mule', as they term the different classes of boats, would remain in the harbour till the storm had passed. The wind fell away entirely during the evening, and at midnight there was a dead calm, a sultry heat, and that prevailing intensity which, on the approach of thunder, affects persons of a sensitive nature.
There were but few lights in sight at sea, for even the coasting steamers, which usually hug the shore so closely, kept well to seaward, and but few fishing boats were in sight. The only sail noticeable was a foreign schooner with all sails set, which was seemingly going westwards. The foolhardiness or ignorance of her officers was a prolific theme for comment whilst she remained in sight, and efforts were made to signal her to reduce sail in the face of her danger. Before the night shut down she was seen with sails idly flapping as she gently rolled on the undulating swell of the sea.
"As idle as a painted ship upon a painted ocean."
Shortly before ten o'clock the stillness of the air grew quite oppressive, and the silence was so marked that the bleating of a sheep inland or the barking of a dog in the town was distinctly heard, and the band on the pier, with its lively French air, was like a dischord in the great harmony of nature's silence. A little after midnight came a strange sound from over the sea, and high overhead the air began to carry a strange, faint, hollow booming.
Then without warning the tempest broke. With a rapidity which, at the time, seemed incredible, and even afterwards is impossible to realize, the whole aspect of nature at once became convulsed. The waves rose in growing fury, each over-topping its fellow, till in a very few minutes the lately glassy sea was like a roaring and devouring monster. White-crested waves beat madly on the level sands and rushed up the shelving cliffs. Others broke over the piers, and with their spume swept the lanthorns of the lighthouses which rise from the end of either pier of Whitby Harbour.
The wind roared like thunder, and blew with such force that it was with difficulty that even strong men kept their feet, or clung with grim clasp to the iron stanchions. It was found necessary to clear the entire pier from the mass of onlookers, or else the fatalities of the night would have increased manifold. To add to the difficulties and dangers of the time, masses of sea-fog came drifting inland. White, wet clouds, which swept by in ghostly fashion, so dank and damp and cold that it needed but little effort of imagination to think that the spirits of those lost at sea were touching their living brethren with the clammy hands of death, and many a one shuddered as the wreaths of sea-mist swept by.
At times the mist cleared, and the sea for some distance could be seen in the glare of the lightning, which came thick and fast, followed by such peals of thunder that the whole sky overhead seemed trembling under the shock of the footsteps of the storm.
Some of the scenes thus revealed were of immeasurable grandeur and of absorbing interest. The sea, running mountains high, threw skywards with each wave mighty masses of white foam, which the tempest seemed to snatch at and whirl away into space. Here and there a fishing boat, with a rag of sail, running madly for shelter before the blast, now and again the white wings of a storm-tossed seabird. On the summit of the East Cliff the new searchlight was ready for experiment, but had not yet been tried. The officers in charge of it got it into working order, and in the pauses of onrushing mist swept with it the surface of the sea. Once or twice its service was most effective, as when a fishing boat, with gunwale under water, rushed into the harbour, able, by the guidance of the sheltering light, to avoid the danger of dashing against the piers. As each boat achieved the safety of the port there was a shout of joy from the mass of people on the shore, a shout which for a moment seemed to cleave the gale and was then swept away in its rush.
Before long the searchlight discovered some distance away a schooner with all sails set, apparently the same vessel which had been noticed earlier in the evening. The wind had by this time backed to the east, and there was a shudder amongst the watchers on the cliff as they realized the terrible danger in which she now was.
Between her and the port lay the great flat reef on which so many good ships have from time to time suffered, and, with the wind blowing from its present quarter, it would be quite impossible that she should fetch the entrance of the harbour.
It was now nearly the hour of high tide, but the waves were so great that in their troughs the shallows of the shore were almost visible, and the schooner, with all sails set, was rushing with such speed that, in the words of one old salt, "she must fetch up somewhere, if it was only in hell". Then came another rush of sea-fog, greater than any hitherto, a mass of dank mist, which seemed to close on all things like a gray pall, and left available to men only the organ of hearing, for the roar of the tempest, and the crash of the thunder, and the booming of the mighty billows came through the damp oblivion even louder than before. The rays of the searchlight were kept fixed on the harbour mouth across the East Pier, where the shock was expected, and men waited breathless.
The wind suddenly shifted to the northeast, and the remnant of the sea fog melted in the blast. And then, mirabile dictu, between the piers, leaping from wave to wave as it rushed at headlong speed, swept the strange schooner before the blast, with all sail set, and gained the safety of the harbour. The searchlight followed her, and a shudder ran through all who saw her, for lashed to the helm was a corpse, with drooping head, which swung horribly to and fro at each motion of the ship. No other form could be seen on the deck at all.
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1 August, 2017
Asian stock markets moved higher, with a rally in banks underpinned by earnings reports and helping to offset pressure on exporters and automakers. The ASX outperformed after the RBA left rates on hold and warned the strong currency will impact growth and inflation.100 and U.S. stock futures are also moving higher. The FTSE already managed to rescue slight gains into the close yesterday, while Eurozone markets mostly ended in the red. With the EUR above 1.18 against the dollar and political pressure on German carmakers mounting, the DAX is likely to continue to struggle. Bund yields ended little changed yesterday, while Gilt yields climbed ahead of tomorrow's BoE announcement and positive sentiment on stock markets should keep core yields underpinned. Eurozone spreads narrowed as peripheral markets outperformed, so at least so far Draghi is managing to keep tapering nerves under control. Today's local calendar has final Eurozone manufacturing PMI readings for July which are not expected to bring any revisions and German Jul jobless numbers. Preliminary Eurozone Q2 GDP is seen steady at 0.6% q/q and the calendar also has the U.K. manufacturing PMI for July.
FX Action: USDJPY has eased to new trend lows after reports that newly minted White House communications director Scaramucci is out of a job after just 10-days. The pairing fell under 110.00, before recovering to 110.20. The EURUSD continues to edge higher to north of 1.1830. Initial market take is the U.S. administration is off the rails, though the W.H. staff move may ultimately be a positive, perhaps indicating that new Chief of Staff Kelly is in charge.
US Data Yesterday: U.S. Chicago PMI dropped 6.8 points to 58.9 in July, more than giving back the surprising 6.3 point jump to 65.7 in June. The latter was the highest since the 66.1 from May 2014. The 2017 low is 50.3 from January. The index was at 51.8 in October. The 3-month moving average edge up to 61.3 from 61.1. U.S. pending home sales index bounced 1.5% to 110.2 in June, better than expected, after tumbling 0.7% to from 108.6 in May (revised from 108.5). The high for the year was hit in February at 112.3 with the low at 106.4 from January (with the cycle high at 113.6 on April 2016 and a low of 76.4 from June 2010). The index is still well off the all-time peak of 127.0 from July 2005. Lack of inventory remains a problem. On an annual basis, the index is up 0.7% y/y, the same as in May. U.S. Dallas Fed manufacturing index rose 1.8 points to 16.8 in July after sliding 2.2 points to 15.0 in June. The latter was the weakest since the 12.5 in November. Note that the index was at 0.6 in October and had been basically in negative territory from January 2015 through September 2016. It hit a cycle high of 24.5 in February.
Main Macro Events Today
Eurozone Q2 GDP – The preliminary reading of Q2 GDP is expected to show a quarterly growth rate of 0.6% q/q, unchanged from the previous quarter. Consumption remains supportive for growth as the labour market continues to recover and low inflation is underpinning real disposable income. At the same time investment is starting to pick up as spare capacity shrinks and PMI readings, while starting to level off, suggests still high orders and a backlog of work. So a robust start to the third quarter that underpins the ECB's cautious move towards exit steps, although remaining risks and modest wage growth mean Draghi is still keeping his options open for now.
U.S. Manufacturing ISM – The July ISM is expected to tick up to 55.5 from 57.8 in June. Forecast risk: upward, given strong component data in early month sentiment. Market risk: downward, as weakening in data could impact rate hike timelines. The ISM has shown a recent high of 60.0 in February '11 and a low of 33.1 in December of 2008.
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