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A "plunder," pogrom or massacre took place in Safed, Palestine in the summer of 1834. It is unclear how many people were killed, but the entire Jewish community of Safed, numbering between 2,000 and 4,000, was forced into hiding while Arab mobs ransacked and looted their homes. There are two separate accounts of the causes of this riot, not necessarily totally contradictory. According to one, the riots took place on the background of a rebellion against the rule of Mehmet Ali of Egypt. According to another, a holy man named Damoor appeared and "prophecied" that on June 15 there would be a great plunder of the Jews. On the 15 of June, to be sure, the mob rose up and plundered the Jews for 33 days, until order was restored on July 17. A contemporary traveler wrote:
The Safed Jewish community was practically destroyed by an earthquake in 1837 and only a tiny remnant remained after an addition Druze attack in 1838.
The extant accounts describe mostly plunder. It is not known how many people were killed, but there were evidently a considerable number of deaths, as well as futile attempts at self-defense.
According to an account that appeared in Haaretz Newspaper of May 22, 1934, The Great Plunder of Safed by Eliezer Rivlin:
The rebellion in Safed was declared on 8 of Sivan (June 15, 1834). From all the nearby towns and villages Arabs and Bedouins came to the city drunk from revolt and began delivering havoc on the Jews. With large and small shields, lances and rifles, the first thing they did was to attack the Jews. They stripped the clothing from men and women, tore pillows and featherbeds, and spread the feathers around, tore Bible books, raped a man and a woman, destroyed houses and synagogues, and murdered many people from Israel.
"Gentiles came to the domain of the Lord, in the little holiness of our temples and synagogues, and defiled the chamber of our holiness and threw all our cherished books of the Torah to the ground. They tortured righteous women upon them, and all holiness of our homes, phylacteries (tefilin) and doorpost (mezuzah) looted and plundered and thrown. And they took from the Bible books to make straps for their horses and shoes for their feet… they destroyed our homes, beating the Jews blows of death and loss. And many of them became blind and invalids, and from among them, several souls died strange deaths."
Many of the Jews fled immediately to the near and the faraway fields and mountains, outside the city, many among them naked and barefoot. Others ran to the synagogues to die a holy death there. "In the house of learning (beit midrash) of the Pharisees many gathered with their Rabbi, Rabbi Israel, author of Pe'at Shulhan –- and among them many were already wounded and injured – and they where blowing in the shofar." And many found cover in neighbors' yards, with Arab acquaintances and in basements.
"the Rabbi Ha'magid from the holy congregation of Satanov, and the rabbi from Piotrkow," had the strength to hold against the bandits and to be remembered in the list of the author of "Korot Ha'Etim" ('The history of the times' or the 'Chronicles'): " The rabbi Mo'har Ya'acov Hirsh from Mohilov, and with him a Sephardi scholar, who prepared self-defense, closed the opening to their yard and piled a large number of stones on the roofs of their homes to throw at all those coming closer to their yard. This made their assailants angry and they opened fire at them. The Sephardi scholar died instantly and rabbi Ya'acov Hirsh was severely wounded. Later the attackers entered the yard looted and plundered".
According to Rosoff and Speilberg:
No numbers are given, and it is not clear that this attack is not being conflated by Rossoff with the later attack of Druze in 1838, a different incident that is also mentioned in the same source.
Ami Isseroff
April 6, 2009
Synonyms and alternate spellings:
Further Information: Palestine Massacre, the Forgotten Pogrom
Hebrew/Arabic pronunciation and transliteration conventions:
'H - ('het) a guttural sound made deep in the throat. To Western ears it may sound like the "ch" in loch. In Arabic there are several letters that have similar sounds. Examples: 'hanukah, 'hamas, 'haredi. Formerly, this sound was often represented by ch, especially in German transliterations of Hebrew. Thus, 'hanukah is often rendered as Chanuka for example.
ch - (chaf) a sound like "ch" in loch or the Russian Kh as in Khruschev or German Ach, made by putting the tongue against the roof of the mouth. In Hebrew, a chaf can never occur at the beginning of a word. At the beginning of a word, it has a dot in it and is pronounced "Kaf."
u - usually between oo as in spoon and u as in put.
a- sounded like a in arm
ah- used to represent an a sound made by the letter hey at the end of a word. It is the same sound as a. Haganah and Hagana are alternative acceptable transliterations.
'a-notation used for Hebrew and Arabic ayin, a guttural ah sound.
o - close to the French o as in homme.
th - (taf without a dot) - Th was formerly used to transliterate the Hebrew taf sound for taf without a dot. However in modern Hebrew there is no detectable difference in standard pronunciation of taf with or without a dot, and therefore Histadruth and Histadrut, Rehovoth and Rehovot are all acceptable.
q- (quf) - In transliteration of Hebrew and Arabic, it is best to consistently use the letter q for the quf, to avoid confusion with similar sounding words that might be spelled with a kaf, which should be transliterated as K. Thus, Hatiqva is preferable to Hatikva for example.
Definitions of Zionism General History of Zionism and the Creation of Israel History of Israel and Zionism Historical Source Documents of Israel and Zionism
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This site is a part of the Zionism and Israel on the Web Project
This work and individual entries are copyright © 2005-2008 by Ami Isseroff and Zionism and Israel Information Center and may not reproduced in any form without permission unless explicitly noted otherwise. Individual entries may be cited with credit to The Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Zionism and Israel
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text:
Call Now for a Quick Free Estimate 510-635-0111 • Request InformationContact Us
Looking for top quality, affordable metal building services done quickly?
Call or email Metal Building Company for a quote today.510-635-0111
We really appreciate MBC's approach – they listened and provided solutions specific to our siding project. The team lead was extremely thorough and detail oriented and the end results excellent.
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We have a long history and very solid relationship with MBC. We essentially don't consider anyone else for our projects as they consistently deliver excellent work. They set the standard for what we expect from many of our other suppliers.
Mike Janis
SF Wholesale Produce Market

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|InterJournal Complex Systems, 84
Status: Accepted
|Manuscript Number: [84]
Submission Date: 963011
|Quantum theory of computation and relativistic physics
Subject(s): CX.09
Category: Brief Article
The paper describes some approaches to relativistic quantum theory of computation. The main purpose of the work is to consider essentially new properties ofquantum computers due to relativistic phenomena rather than some small corrections to nonrelativistic formulae.
|Retrieve Manuscript
|Submit referee report/comment


text:
|In stock (2)
Everyone loves their basic pieces...the item that's always there for you when you just need to get dressed NOW. This tee can help out. With its great v-neckline and short sleeves, it can be layered under a jacket or sweater or worn alone. Long enough to prevent the dreaded tummy exposure, and made in a cotton/spandex 95/5 blend for easy care and some stretch.


text:
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text:
I made this card for my friend Karen using the Saturated Canary image called Best Friend Selfie.
Karen loves all things Disney so this is just the perfect image, and I found some cute Mickey papers to use on the card as well.
I even made a matching envelope.
The image was colored with my Spectrum Noir markers. I finished the card off with the Disney papers and some ribbon and rhinestones.


text:
PORTLAND — City officials notified Occupy Maine on Thursday that its encampment in Lincoln Park must be removed by noon Monday unless the protest group, as it has promised, files a federal lawsuit against the city before then.
John Branson, a lawyer representing the group, told the city Tuesday that a lawsuit to continue the encampment will be filed by noon Monday, according to city officials.
Thursday's letter to Branson aimed to satisfy the city's promise to give Occupy Maine at least 48 hours' notice before removing any tents, personal belongings or people from the public park.
The city also issued a notice to vacate the park, which says that all structures and belongings must be removed by noon Monday.
"We're following a process," said Mike Sauschuck, acting police chief. "In order for them to take this issue to court, they need to be formally noticed to vacate the park."
Branson didn't respond to several calls for comment Thursday, so it remained uncertain what the group will request in its lawsuit.
Even if Occupy Maine does not file its suit by Monday's deadline, the city has no plan in place to carry out the removal of people, tents or belongings from the park, Sauschuck said.
"We're in a holding pattern at this point," he said.
Members of Occupy Maine have been camping in the park since early October, as part of an international movement against corporate greed and socioeconomic injustice.
The City Council recently denied the group's petition to remain in the park, after several violent incidents related to the encampment.
On Tuesday, a woman who got in a scuffle in the park was charged with domestic assault and a bystander was charged with criminal threatening, Sauschuck said.
City ordinance prohibits people from being in the park from 10 p.m. to 6:30 a.m.
Mayor Michael Brennan said the city is working with Occupy Maine so the group can go to court and learn whether the encampment qualifies as protected free speech under the First Amendment.
"We are putting them on notice," Brennan said. "We recognize they want to go to court. They need certain notice from us in order to do that. We want to allow them to have the opportunity to have their day in court."
Staff Writer Ann Kim contributed to this story.
Staff Writer Kelley Bouchard can be contacted at 791-6328 or at:
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A lesson from mistrial: Forensics can be more art than science


text:
Michigan in the Civil War
Browse by Name: Schmalzriedt, Friedrich
Schmalzriedt family
The papers of this Washtenaw County, Mich., family include eighteen letters (1861-1863) written by Friedrich Schmalzriedt (also spelled Schmalzrid) to friends in which he describes Camp Brodhead, camps when on the march, and life in a parole camp after he had been taken prisoner at Brentsville, Va., Feb. 14, 1863. He makes critical comments on abolitionists, Republicans, Negroes, officers, and army life in general. He also describes the conditions of the rebels in Virginia. Schmalzriedt enlisted in Company C, 1st Michigan Cavalry. After being paroled from prison, he returned to his regiment in May 1863, and died a month later of disease. Written in German, these letters have been translated.


text:
Rumbling and tumbling around in my tummy,
Soon I will go for a walk on the road
Where I will have the most stinky unload
Jumping in puddles is such a delight
And nothing's better than having a fight,
Those German Shepherds deserve what they get
I'll wipe the ground with the both of them yet!
Old socks are scrumptious, their texture so chewy
When I have old socks, I'm one happy Loupie,
Give me some leftovers, then I'll be set
I'll be one happy Malamute, that you can bet!
When the deer fly tries to bite me
When he makes me mad,
I simply remember my favourite things
and then I don't feel so bad!


text:
The parton may hold a request of a library item which is borrowed by others through the following ways,
- Hold a request at the Circulation Counter.
- Hold a request online by self-services at http://library.must.edu.mo
- The Library will inform the parton by his/her campus e-mail when the item is available. The item will be reserved at the Circulation Counter for three days from, and including, the first e-mail notice being sent out.
- A first-come-first-served policy will be adopted in this service if more than one patrons request the same item.


text:
Marketing & Communications Manager (Part time) | Property Services
- Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
- Part-time
Company Description
Colliers International is a global real estate services firm operating in over 60 countries. We advise people on buying, selling, leasing, managing and valuing real estate all over the world. What sets Colliers apart is not what we do, but how we do it. We think differently and are enterprising. Colliers is the place where creative and entrepreneurial people with high integrity choose to make a difference.
Job Description
This role is integral to enhancing the productivity for the ACT business and the delivery of service excellence to clients and customers.
Key to the success of this position is a focus on winning new business, project marketing, improving the operating platform, introducing new ideas and creating a nationally connected culture. Through the implementation of key marketing initiatives, this role ensures alignment with the company's brand strategy and business plan goals.
Some of the Key Responsibilities of this role are:
- Develop and execute an annual marketing plan
- Develop marketing initiatives to prospect or nurture client and customer personas
- Assist team with pitches and the business winning process (preparation of major client presentations, proposals, marketing campaigns and project manage high-value pitches)
- Build the senior leaders' profiles, aligned to their unique, specialised personal brand
- Develop and implement a thorough internal communications and engagement plan
- Drive brand dominance and property marketing excellence for the office through increased PR, speaking engagements, digital advertising, online listings, search, signage, press advertising, copy writing quality, and rapid adoptions of new mediums
Core Competencies and Role Requirements include:
- Degree or Diploma qualification with a Marketing/Communications/Business speciality
- Minimum of 4-6 years' experience within similar field
- Experience within the Real Estate Industry is desirable
- Experience working with Adobe Creative Suite, particularly InDesign and Photoshop
- Highly proficient in Microsoft Office (PowerPoint, Word, Excel and Outlook)
- High attention to detail and excellent problem solving skills
- Excellent written and oral communication skills at all levels
- Ability to manage and work as part of a team and manage complex projects simultaneously, while also effectively managing stakeholder expectations
Additional Information
Colliers International is a leader in global real estate services and a great local success story. Ours is a culture of service excellence and collaboration that provides our people with the ideal platform to engage their clients, develop their skills and accelerate their careers. For you this means a world of opportunity and the power to succeed.
Please apply with your CV and portfolio or call Laura Hahn – Senior Recruitment Executive on 9017 6948 for more information. Please be advised that applications will only be accepted directly rather than via recruitment agencies.


text:
It feels like a mistake that this album is released at the start of October: it's so perfectly summery, designed to be listened to in a sunny park or heard from a festival stage. Cute keyboard hooks, twinkles of guitar and vocals that purr sweetly, The Hand of God is a million miles away from the current keeping-it-real craze, and is all the better for it. Tracks like the gorgeous Wake Up! Be Tired! and We Hit The Town Drinking are shot through with a gentle sparkle, and with the vocals being the only natural element among the electronic beats and synthesised instruments, it feels as if you are listening to something from another galaxy. The tempo rarely rises above an amble, but the effect is relaxing rather than boring, making for a near perfect dreamlike album. Blissful listening.
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text:
To me, one of the scariest things on the planet is when you put together two very simple words.
And the kind of scary I'm talking about is not that of a horror film or that extremely overweight lady wearing a Tube Top.
I'm talking about that of a psychological nature. And when there is a psychological aspect that means there are no limits to your thoughts.
The two words I am referring to are 'What If'.
Sometimes they can be good, but that's rare. When it is a good thought, we'll dismiss it rather quickly with the assumption that it would never happen. 'What If I won the lottery' is usually succeeded by 'yeah, like that would ever happen'.
But when 'What If' is a matter of life and death, it's much harder to dismiss. And it's that feeling that (in your mind) turns a simple, temporary problem in to a dramatic situation.
My family and I took a short trip to The Happiest Place on Earth on Saturday evening. We're annual passholders so going for a couple of hours is not out of the norm for us.
About five months ago, we were ecstatic that our little girl had finally been tall enough to ride the roller coaster at California Adventure called California Screamin'.
So naturally, this is the first ride of the day the baby wanted to ride. It was around 6:30 in the evening and the wait time was listed as 45 minutes.
But In actuality it took about 20-25 minutes to get on.This is relevant because if it had taken 45 minutes to get on, this story would not exist.
At the end of the line, the cast member asked us how many were in our group. Our five year old loves to answer this question. She enthusiastically hollers THREE!
We were instructed to go to lane 7 and 8 on the left side. I went to lane 7 and the baby wanted to ride with mommy so they took lane 8, so I would be in the front of our car.
We quickly load in to the car, strap in, and we are off; excited to go on our journey.
Let's stop right here for a second. It's amazing how oblivious we are to dangers until it gets dangerous. Every time we step behind the wheel of a car, on an airplane, on a theme park attraction, etc we are basically putting our life in danger. Of course we don't think about it like that, as we shouldn't. If we did, we would have a tough time getting through life. But how often we unwittingly escape danger is a truly amazing thought.
Back to the story; We slowly pull out of the station where we stop at a straightaway. We're outdoors, it's dusk and there's a carnival like atmosphere on what they call the Boardwalk in the back of the park. It's beautiful. We're smiling. We're eagerly anticipating launch.
The voice-over says, "Get ready Screamers. Prepare to launch in…..5…..4….3….2….1!"
A millisecond after he says one, we take off. We launch from 0 – 55 in 4 seconds, right up a climb that throws us over the other side.
We're zigzagging, turning, climbing, dropping, and even going in a loop much to our excitement. I hear them behind me, screaming and laughing. I have a smile on my face, I'm laughing, I'm having a blast. Not a care in the world. Enjoying the ride.
We get to the last part of the ride. After going through what my old friend Dan Barnes used to call "The Whoopdie Doo's" (meaning the small hills that you go up and down on a roller coaster; he was referring to Colossus at Magic Mountain but there's a part like that on this ride too), we prepare for the last part, which is a long, fast, sharp left turn that lasts for at least five seconds.
Right before we turn, the train slides over a portion of the track that is designed to slow us down just enough so we don't head in to that turn with too much speed.
The only problem is instead of it slowing us down, this time it stopped us. Completely!
Then you hear a recording in the speaker saying they are experiencing technical difficulties.
This is where the 'What If's' start taking over. It takes over because we are completely helpless. At the mercy of what you hope to be excellent engineering and the higher being you believe in.
First thought: As we were going through the Whoopdie Doo's, I took a quick notice of a train in motion on the track above us. 'What If' that train can't stop? 'What If' our stop wasn't on purpose and they can't stop that train fast enough so it rams us at full speed? I also thought about this story that I had read.
I start to look around. But thanks to the over-the-shoulder Harness, I can't see anything behind me. Even if I could see, what exactly could I do if we were faced with something horrible?
I remain calm. I don't say anything. I can hear my ladies talking behind me so I know they are fine.
An apologetic voice comes over the PA system and tells us that the ride has broken down and a Cast Member (what Disney calls their employees) will be there to assist us shortly.
In the meantime, all we can do is sit and wait. This is what I see.
But what I'm thinking; that's a little tougher.
At this point I've safely concluded that the other train that was running is not going to ram us. I take comfort in that portion. But there are more thoughts.
'What If' we fall? Is this designed to hold us up if we're sitting in one spot? Normally we're rolling through this section. Will the weight of the train hold us here? For how long? The track is made of steel right?
At the time, it seems silly. More dramatic than probably necessary. But think of how vulnerable you are while sitting still well above ground level strapped in a harness that won't budge.
The front part that I'm sitting in has less leg room than the row behind me. Around this time I'm kicking myself for not sitting in row 8. I'm taller than my ladies and need more leg room. As a result of poor row selection, my legs are falling asleep. I guess I should have known that on that day, at that exact time we were on it that the ride would break down and leave us stranded.
For about the fourth time in a few minute period, the apologetic voice would apologize again and assure us that someone is coming to help us.
Our little girl is starting to get anxious and nervous. I reach in to my backpack and pass her the tablet that she uses to watch videos to help her keep her mind off of what's going on. Of course the harness makes it difficult to pass anything to my wife. It looked like our arms have shrunk.
What felt like three hours had passed….but it was only about 10 minutes. Two cast members arrive at the top of the steps next to us, as row 7 and 8 are the middle rows of the train.
The first feeling was relief. To be able to see anyone outside of the train was pure relief. 'Get us out of this thing' was my first thought. But they then informed us that they couldn't get us out until the mechanics arrived.
Ok now it starts again. 'What If' something happens before they get here? Why are they not already here? How long does it take them to get here? They're on the premises right?
By now my foot is almost numb. I scoot it about 3 inches to see if the blood will circulate again. It does. But it only buys me minutes. I hope they will arrive soon.
The cast members walk by to get a count for each group to give us front of the line passes to another attraction. They inform us that the passes are good for anything in either park accept the World of Color Show and Star Tours. Well, we're risking our lives here. We're in grave danger. And though that's laughably argumentative, it is a valid argument. Disneyland is telling us that we apologize for your life being put in danger, but we're not going to let you get in the front of the line of our most popular attraction.
Um, thanks.
A few minutes later the mechanics came up the stairs which prompted everyone who could see them to cheer.
We noticed they had on Bungee Chords, and that kinda inadvertently validated my 'what ifs'. My wife made a valid observation. They are on Bungee's so if this thing goes down they're ok….but what about us?
But we don't know what the Bungee Chords were for so it was all speculation out of the moment. Ideally the chords would have to be attached to something still standing and they didn't appear to be attached to anything and were worn on their backs. It was clearly a precautionary measure, but we're not thinking regular right now. In our eyes, the world is coming to an end and we're in the middle of a battle zone without any equipment.
I overheard the mechanics speaking (probably because when you're in this situation, you are looking directly in their mouths no matter who they are talking to) and one of them said they had to start from the front of the train. I began to be grateful that we weren't in the last car.
We watched them manually, on the count of three, hit two buttons simultaneously to release the harness over all the shoulders of the riders. We watched people get out the train with a relieved look on their face. The cast members who were still up there (the non-mechanic, front of the line pass passer-outers who won't let us cut in line for Star Tours) were forming a straight line of all passengers who had already exited the train. Apparently there would be one, and only one, trip downstairs.
The mechanics get to our car and politely gave us specific instructions:
"Ok everyone put your arms down and keep your head back. We're going to open the harness but please do not exit until we tell you to. We're going to exit the front row first so (looking at our baby) you're going to stay in the seat until we say so, ok?"
It's funny because at this point, you find yourself following instructions to a dramatic tee. I dropped my arms till I was damn near sitting on them. The harness didn't go down that far but just in case, I didn't want the presence of my elevated arm to be the cause for the ride to tip over or something. My head was no where near being in the way of the harness being raised, but I had my head pressed all the way back against the seat like I'm an Astronaut on a Rocket.
They raised the harness and directed me to the stairs where the start of the line has moved down a few steps to make room for the rest of us coming out. I couldn't even help get my ladies out. But I was just a few feet away.
Here's my baby getting out of the train as her mom (in the bottom left) and I can only look on. And yet after all this they still won't even let us ride Star Tours.
By this time, my family and I are safely off the ride. But we're still standing at right next to it. No closer to the safety of the ground than we were minutes before. The only difference is now we're free to move. Unfortunately we're also free to think.
'What if' an Earthquake strikes right at this moment? Not likely? Well how likely is it that we would be stranded on this ride. Yet here we are. Remember, had the wait time actually been 45 minutes, we would have been in line when the ride broke down. Apparently we won an unlucky lottery once already that day, who's to say how unlucky it is.
As I watched them unload everyone in the train so we can leave, I couldn't help but notice the vibrant, carnival background that was very nice when the ride started. Now it's psychologically even more mesmerizing. After you survive the 'What if's you discover how much you took for granted. 'What if' that incredible view we saw on take off was the last time we'd ever see it?
Finally everyone was safely unloaded from the train. One cast member (ya know, the one who won't let us cut in line for Star Tours) gave the signal to the other Cast Member, who was the line leader, that it was ok to descend.
Final problem: Our brave little girl, who had been wonderfully calm throughout this whole ordeal, was quietly scared to walk down the stairs. The reason why was because unfortunately the floor of the stairs were see-through. As she held her mother's hand on the way down, I was behind them coaching her to not look down. Well, we know what happens when you tell someone up high to not look down. Especially a five year old.
Our brave little girl continues to descend the stairs at the lightning speed of snot. There are people behind us who anxiously want to get downstairs but they patiently wait, seeing her take one careful step at a time. I remember overhearing them joke that what we had just went through was the scariest ride in the park.
I knew it! It wasn't just me that got to thinking while you're up there.
Meanwhile our little princess makes it to the bottom and we're very proud of her for how she handled everything.
As we got to the bottom floor and was heading toward the gate to exit the land of the coaster back in to the park, I had to turn around and get one last memory of a situation that could have gone awfully wrong.
This was our thrill ride for about 15 mins.
I give credit to the cast members (minus the whole Star Tours thing, of course) and the mechanics for their professionalism.
Actually I think at one point I secretly thanked the Engineers who built the track, their supervisors for making sure they did it right, The City of Anaheim for their maintenance codes and, of course, God for watching over us.
Maybe things like this happen to remind us that life is fragile while we still have our lives to understand that lesson.
Or maybe I'm over-thinking it. It's easy to dismiss this as paranoia, especially since we escaped without incident.
But…..'what if' it had gone another way?
Related articles
- Disney California Adventure Park: Thrills, Spills and Chills in the Golden State (anaheimhotel.wordpress.com)
- I Hate Roller Coasters (morganlbusse.com)
- What's the Worst Thing That Can Happen at Disney World? Here's What to Do… (thedisneymoms.com)
- Tour any Disney theme park attraction in 15 minutes or less (all day, any day) (pitstopsforkids.com)


text:
TS ICET Notification 2017 Schedule Released by Kakatiya University on 14th Feb, 2017. Check Telangana MBA & MCA entrance test (ICET) exam dates, notification date, application last date and other time table from below. TS ICET Convenor Om Prakash released complete ICET exam schedule. He also announced that Official notification will be available from 21st March, 2017.
TS ICET Notification 2017 Schedule
TS ICET Notification 2017: TSICET-2017 (Telangana State Integrated Common Entrance Test -TSICET) is for admission into M.B.A. and M.C.A. courses.
This test is of all the Universities in Telangana State and their affiliated colleges for the academic year 2017- 2018.
The Current notification is from Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana which is going to conduct ICET examination for the academic year 2017- 2018.
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The latest list of giving by Guilsfield Church is at Donations in 2017.
For giving by Guilsfield Church in 2106 see Church Giving 2016
Please see Poster of donations in 2015 for the donations to charity made by Guilsfield Church in 2015.
Please see Church Giving 2014 for the donations to charity made by Guilsfield Church in 2014.
Please see Donations in 2013 for the giving by Guilsfield Church in 2013.
Guilsfield Church gave away in 2012:
– Embrace the Middle East. (Works with children in Israel and Palestine) £500
– Spotlight on Guilsfield £100
– British Legion Poppy Appeal £600
– Crisis at Christmas. (Help for the homeless in our cities) £200
– WaterAid Clean water for rural Africa £200
– Hope House Hospice £250
– Severn Hospice £250
– UNICEF Syrian Appeal £500
Our total giving for 2012: £2600
This is 5% of our total receipts for this year, and more than we have ever given away before. Please help us to do even better next year.


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Monday, 6 October 2014
• Urban Decay Naked Basics 2 // review •
6 comments :
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Charlotte // www.charlottesamantha.co.uk
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Lauren| thatgirlcalledlauren.blogspot.co.uk
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xprincessjas | ♥
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Rachill // https://sweetsomethingsnz.wordpress.com/
Have to get this palette asap! It's on my wishlist. I'll try that website out and see if I can get it on discount over there :) Thank you!ReplyDelete


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Atlas Rules Resources Adventures Stories FAQ Search Links
The Monzagian Banatby Christian Constantin
Location: Continent of Brun, in the Converted Lands at the north of the Dark Wood, and south of the Zdrednayan forest(Map)
Area: About 59 500 sq. mi. Population: 96, 000 humans (50% Monzagians, 40% Antasynians, 10% Huleans,) plus some elves. Language: Monzag, Shqradër, and Hulean. Coinage: Antasynian and Hulean coins.
Government Type: Hulean protectorate. Monzag is strictly administered by the Hulean military administration, parts of the territory are considered as under the martial law.
Industries: fur, timber, animal breeding.
Important Figures: Döskender Sengor (C23, of Orcus), Hulean governor of Monzag; Balàzs Khuen (M7), exiled king of the Monzags, Etrit Verkunj (M17), head of the Antasynian Reunification Front; Piri Gazdag (C21, of Freyja), head of the Lawful Brotherhood in Monzag
Description: It is hard to see Monzag as an homogenous and unitary state, in fact, it can be seen as the superposition of two cultures, one urban and Antasynian; the second rural, semi-nomadic, made of the Monzags. The first culture is concentrated in the Kereçul River valley and in the westernmost campaigns of Monzag, and the second is seen mostly at the fringes of the Zdredanyan forest and in the valleys of the smaller Crisöl and Tio rivers.
Geographically, Monzag can also be divided in two: in the north, the forest hills that progressively leave way to the great Sdredanyan Forest, and, in the south, the large valleys blooming with crops and densely populated. In the north, the hills are the hideouts of the last semi-nomadic Monzag tribes and the small valleys protect the settled Monzags. Along the River Kereçul, bigger settlements are home to a mixed population of Antasynians and Monzags, the firsts forming a larger proportion of the population as one goes to the west.
Most of the boundaries of Monzag were artificially drawn by the Hulean administration in a pledge to ease the administration of the land. However, besides the eastern frontier with Hule, which roughly represents the historical western border of Karsun, the other frontiers are more blurred than useful. First, the western border with Antasyn is constantly disputed by the local Antasynian population, which is looking for the reintegration of all of their folk inside one territory. Secondly, the southern border with the Dark Wood doesn't represent any historical reality but only the Master's wish to create a buffer zone around his Greatrealm temple complex. And, thirdly, nobody in Monzag, at least among the semi-nomadic population, has accepted that Monzag could be separated from the folk of the Zdredanyan forest, who are the close cousins of the Monzags. In fact, the northern frontier as seen on the Hulean maps is more representative of the extent of the Hulean control than of the land the Monzags see as theirs.
On average, Monzag is a wet but cold country. It shares the same weather pattern as the Zdredanyan Forest: in winter, cold and humid winds charged with snow come from Brun's hinterland. Spring and fall are rainy and see mild to cold temperatures; fog during these seasons isn't uncommon. Summers are hot but the humidity level remains high even though the sun is more present over Monzag during summers strong thunder showers usually follow a long period of warm and humid temperatures. This weather pattern helps the development of a large spectre of insects (mosquitoes, flies of every kind, etc.), which are common in the forests as well as in the northern valleys.
The two groups of people in Monzag come from very different stocks. The Antasynians share with their brethren of the east the same Yazak origin and their types and looks may be as varied. The Monzags, on the other hand, are of Neathar/proto-Ethengar descent so they have the same pale complexion and hair and slightly slit eyes as their Sendaryan cousins. Both peoples do not dress the same way, nor do they eat the same food, thus even a stranger can easily differentiate a Monzag from an Antasynian.
For the Monzags the forests are like homes: they provide food, shelter and revenue (from the trade of furs). Few of the Monzags have accepted to settle down and to cultivate the land the way the Antasynians live. They prefer a semi-nomadic way of life in which they live of cattle rearing (reindeers, ponies, forest buffaloes) into the forests and fishing while they also keep small patch of lands open for crops. Even though the forests keep most of their appeal for the Monzags, things are changing. The younger generations seem to prefer the slow rhythm of the peasants' way of life to the hardship of the herders' life. Many Monzags now live in the cities, be they of Antasynian origin as Debredladany or Szekçarlit or of pure Monzag foundation as Pusztök. As people prefer to stay away from the foresters' life, the links with the Sendaryan tribes are severed one after the other. The most pessimistic of the Monzag herders say that in one or two generations only the elders and a few clans will even remember that the people of the north are the Monzags' cousins.
One could say that two cultures are clashing in Monzag: the old urban and feudal culture of Antasyn and the more flexible and anarchic way of the forest herders. This would be to oversimplify the situation. Indeed, many Monzags have decided to settle down and to quit their small ponies, but they haven't merge in the Antasynian culture as well. In fact the urban population is slowly building a new culture made of parts of the foresters' heritage and parts of the Antasynians'. The Monzags have adopted most of the Antasynians agricultural techniques and have developed a urban culture that looks like the one they had nearly destroyed when they came in the region. They have not, however, adopted the rural customs of the Antasynians (such as the division of the land in Bratjrak or the Code of Lek); instead, the rural populations have kept most of the ways of the nomadic populations of the Zdredanyan Forest.
For the Antasynian, the real alien is the people of Monzag, and Hule is just a minor problem. Also, throughout history the relations between the Huleans and the Antasynians were far better than the relations between the Huleans and the tribes of the Zdredanyan Forest who were most of time raiding against the Northern Hulean holdings. These two facts help explain why the Huleans granted a lot more rights to their Antasynians subjects in Monzag than to the Monzags themselves. Indeed, for the Antasynians, the administration is nearly as lax here in Monzag than in neighbouring Antasyn. Timars are granted to loyal Antasynians, their children are sent to Jandak through the devshirme and a large autonomy has been given to the municipal councils of the major cities.
The situation in the northern lands, peopled mostly by Monzags, is at the opposite: the Huleans administer the lands as their own possessions, they have ousted the traditional Monzag landlords and nearly enslaved the local population. Herders are being forced to settle so that the Holy Men may have a accrued control over them and the contacts with the northern tribes are forcefully discouraged, a policy that doesn't keep the Monzags from crossing the border more or less freely. At the religious level, the Holy Men haven't followed a mass conversion policy toward the Monzag people because it probably would trigger a confrontation with the followers of the Way of the Law (the majority of the settled Monzags), but it is closely monitoring any relation between the Monzag clerics and the outer world.
During the monarchic period of Monzag, the only time the Monzags were headed by a modern-looking state, the Monzag king's decisions, Ibrany, were helped by a council of nobles - clan chiefs who had distinguished themselves in the fights against the Antasynians and the Huleans- which met regularly in Debredladany. Of course, when the Huleans invaded the territory of Monzag, this council has been disbanded and most of the nobles were either decapitated or forced to exile. Most of these nobles' descents now form the main body of the resistance in Monzag. The Huleans are in a permanent state of war against them and most of the province's production is allocated to the low-scale war. Currently, the rebels hold most of the Kadrulay Hills and keep some strongholds in the Tio River Valley. The rebels have crowned Balàzs Khuen, a young mage who, according to the oracles, is supposed to lead a victorious war against Hule as the King of the Monzags. His kingdom is, in fact composed by little more than the Oroul Hills and his capital is a fortified camp situated deeper in the Zdredanyan Forest than any Hulean soldier ever dared to go. Twice in the last 30 years the rebels have besieged Fort Zamgulak, though they haven't been able to shake Hule's grip over the region, neither do they have been able to stir up a significant rebellion among the Hulean-controlled Monzags. Recently, the arrival of a group of Dvinzinian missionaries has promoted religious zeal among the Monzag patriots. Intolerance toward other faiths than the Way of the Law is growing among the members of King Balàzs' court and calls for a crusade erupt more and more frequently.
History: Compared to its southern neighbours of Antasyn and Bulzan, the history of Monzag as an autonomous state have been brief, but plagued by wars and marked by the grandiose reign of King Ibrany The Wise. Monzag's history begins in 576 AC when a dozen of the eastern Sendaryan Tribes unite under the rule of the Monzags. For a long time the Monzags, who were living at the southern edge of the Zdredanyan forest, were looking south to the riches of the lands of Antasyn and Hule. But they knew that, if they were to benefit from these riches they needed to ally themselves with the other tribes and gather many warriors. The impetus for the confederation of the forest tribes came from the outside: in 571 AC, the united tribes of the northern nomads invaded the Midlands. The invasion sounded like an opportunity for the Monzags and they rapidly built an alliance with their cousins of the northern steppes. Strong of their new alliance, the Monzag used it to destroy the tribes opposed to them or to submit them to their rules. The union of the Monzag tribes was also made easier by the action of the Loyal Brotherhood, which used the religion to bring the tribesmen together around the hatred of Hule's Temple of Chaos.
When, in 578 AC, the nomads of the Midlands launched their assault against Hule, the Monzag were at the head of a confederation of tribes counting more than forty thousand warriors in its ranks. Contrarily to most of the northern nomads who penetrated deep in the Hulean Basin, the Monzags chose to advance toward the heart of Antasyn. There, they plundered the Antasynian cities and wreck havoc in most of the valleys. For about 35 years, Antasyn's army waged a all-out war against the Monzags only to be beaten 613 AC when they won the siege of Gjitra and plundered the capital of the Antasynian kingdom, thus destroying the heart of the monarchy's power. The death of Antasyn's king during the siege destroyed the Antasynians' will to defend their homeland as they drifted in an internal succession struggle.
From 613 to 629 AC, the new rulers of the eastern part of the Antasynian lands established a relative peace. During this period, the Monzags ruled their new possessions with an iron fist. Most of the indigenous Antasynian population was kept as slaves and the Monzags were merciless when meeting resistance or protest. The confederation of tribes that made the conquest of Antasyn possible did not survive long though: in 618 AC, the new possessions were split into a dozen small states and soon old conflicts developed along the ages-old rivalries of the tribes.
Taking advantage of the internal divisions of the Monzags, Migen Xhul, the new king of Antasyn tried to free the lost territories from the Monzags' yoke. In 629 AC, he launches a major offensive against the Monzags' principalities. At first, this offensive was met with great successes, and Prijderel is retaken in less than six months. Soon the Monzags saw that, if they were not able to overcome their disputes, they would loose much of their new possessions. A council of the tribes is hastily organized in 630 AC and Ibrany Svarcz, chief of the Varganz, is elected at the head of the new united Monzag tribes. This decision will bring rapid successes to the Monzags who will be able to turn the tide of the war at the siege of Debredladany: the Antasynians will never be able to take back their ancient capital. This siege will be prolonged for more than a year, but, aware that Hule is slowly building the roots of a new empire under the rule of the Master, both the Monzags and the Antasynians found that a peace treaty would be better than a war that would make them easier preys for their big neighbour.
Impressed by Ibrany's exceptional leader skills, the Monzags chiefs accepted to submit to his authority, thus bringing in the Monzags an era of peace and prosperity for the following 30 years. A Hulean plot brought an end to what could have been one of the most enlightened reign of the modern Converted Lands: in 662 AC, the daughter of the Antasynian king is murdered while in Debredladany for diplomatic reasons. The Master's agents manage to disguise her murder so that the Antasynians see the action of the Monzags behind this assassination. Out of rage, the king of Antasyn declares war to the Monzags. Both country will rapidly find themselves locked in a war of position with none of them gaining the upper hand. This stalemate will continue for more than eighty years of more or less intense conflict. It became clear, however, that the Antasynians were unable to win and, in fact, that they were loosing ground. Seeing his armies loosing on most of the fronts, King Migen II of Antasyn asked the Master for help, help that will be more than happily granted by the Master who was waiting for any pretext to intervene in the region's affairs.
In 746 AC, for the first time the Monzag will face the despised Huleans when they will enter Monzag's territory in an answer to the request of Antasyn. The war that will take place during the ensuing 130 years will leave Monzag bloodless and exhausted. At first the Monzags did manage to keep the Huleans at bay, but it became clear that they were no match for the Master's hordes. It took 15 years for the Huleans to take control of the major cities of Monzag, but they soon discovered that to take the cities was only the easy part. For years the conflict continued while the Monzags were doing a pretty effective guerrilla against the invader. Only in 873 did the last Monzag warlord surrender. So that was the way the Huleans saw it because many noble had run into the forest and were regrouping in the Zdredanyan forests. For a while the new rebellion was too weak and divided to inflict great pains to the Empire, but about a century later a new generation of leaders was able to build up a new united front. This new generation is also actively seeking alliances abroad and building up a new network of resistance throughout the Monzag society.
In 873 AC, nearly a century and a half after their intervention in Monzag, the country became a province of the Hulean Empire ruled by the Holy Men sent to Debredladany. Since then, the Huleans' only interest has been to secure their hold on the territory. The Master became the sole landowner and his administration manages about 20 percent of the land for its own benefit, apportioning the rest among Antasynian and Hulean soldiers and civil servants. These new landlords are interested mainly in squeezing as much wealth from the land as quickly as possible and most of them do not live on their lands and resort to locals for the administrative chores. Wars, slave taking, and the emigration of nobles who lost their land depopulated much of the countryside.
In the last thirty years, the exiled nobles and rebels have been more assertive and Monzag once again has become a major thorn in the Master's foot. Their raids against Hulean positions have claimed many lives among the Master's troops and have more than once disrupt the communications between Hule and the Converted Lands along the Northern Military road. However, even if they have gained in strength and organisation, the rebels do not represent a significant threat to Hule's control over Monzag yet. Nevertheless, the Hulean troops haven't been able to crush the rebels and many punitive expeditions never came out of the Forests.
Religion: The Monzags, at least in the campaigns, are very devout peoples. Since they only have been recently converted, they strictly follow the Way of the Law. Their faith is, however, somewhat different from the Way of the Law in radical societies like Dvinzina. Many old shamanist believes are still present in today's cult in Monzag. Also, the deities of this pantheon who are normally associated with the forests or nature tend to be more worshipped in Monzag than the other one of the Way of the Law. Furthermore, Ordana is seen by the local clergy as a legitimate member of the Pantheon, something that would be seen as an heresy by fellow members of the Lawful Brotherhood outside Monzag.
Even though, the Monzags follow the strict discipline of the Way of the Law, their cult is somehow less organized than in other countries where it is the major religion. There isn't an all-powerful clergy like in Dvinzina or Sardjikjian. Most of the priests move from one community to another preaching the Teachings of the Righteous to them. There isn't a strict line of command between the church's head and the local clerics. Of course the link between the religious orders and the state is nonexistent since the Hulean code of law is applied in this colony as well as in the others, but, even before the Hulean conquest, there was a clear separation between the political/judiciary and the religious power. Of course, during these times, clerics were invited to give their advice in case of a trial but their opinion wasn't the last word as it may be in other countries.
This cultural dilution of the religious power in the Monzag's society might be changing. Indeed, in the free lands and in Balàzs' court missionaries coming from Dvinzina are gaining more audience and power. They tend to teach a more radical brand of the Way of the Law than the traditional Monzag clergy did. They also have tried to expulse the clerics of Ordana and the druids from the courts, though they face growing opposition from the natives. With them the worship of Odin or Thor have had more appeal in the Monzag population than ever. They also keep a tighter control over their cleric and their followers. Because of this evolution toward a more radical Way of the Law, it is quite possible that the rebels will have difficulties to impose themselves as the legitimate rulers of their own people if their rebellion is ever to succeed.
Notable Sites: The capital, Debredladany, used to be Gjitra, the Jewel of Antasyn, but centuries of war and numerous sieges have destroyed most of its beauty. The ancient royal palace of the Antasynians kings served the same purpose under Ibrany's rule. However, it was partially destroyed when the Master's armies took the city and, since then, the remaining wings have been used as barracks and stables by the Huleans. Now, the most impressive building of Debrdladany is the Fortress, a castle entirely built with black sandstone which towers above Debredladany slums. It is the house of the Hulean military administration of Monzag, but it also harbours the Antasynian city council, which is under constant threat from the local Monzags.
Szekçarlit is in an even worse shape than Debredladany. It is a city without much of a history but became Hule's major stronghold in Monzag. Most of its population came in by forced exile when the Huleans were cleaning the campaigns of any signs of the rebellion. From 815 to 860 AC, hundreds of Monzags were displaced from their homes and villages of the northern valleys to what only was a castle at the end of the paved road. At first, the city wasn't more than a big camp, but now, the Monzags have been able to adapt and the city benefits from its strategic location.
Besides being a major centre for the trade in furs, Pusztòk is little more than a big village. It used to be the capital of one of the principalities during the first years of the Monzags' reign, but now it is a city located far from most of the economic or political activity of Monzag. Also, Pusztòk is the last rest for the Hulean armies going north and many humanoid detachments have ravaged it over the years of Hulean control. Nevertheless, this city is the hub of the new network of patriots that the rebels are trying to build.
The Kadrulay hills are high hills covered with evergreens. They are the main entry points for the rebels and the Sendaryan tribes when they raid the region. It is also the home of the self-named count, Belà Telek, a powerful Monzag noble who didn't give up the fight against Hule. He his renown mostly for his habit to impale all the Hulean prisoners he takes. For a while, most people thought that he had died, but he recently made a comeback on the Monzag scene. The Huleans tend to leave him and his army alone. He has had contact with the rebels, but the latter stopped to use his territory to mount expeditions into the Hulean possessions since many became vampires after a short stay in the count's lands.
Even deeper in the forest, is the capital of the rebellion: Fort Balazs. It is there that the young king holds his court. It is also the headquarter of the resistance. Actually, more than 5,000 peoples live around the castle and in the neighbouring valleys. The relations between the rebels and the natives are a little frisky: previous attempts to convert them to the Way of the Law as taught by the Dvinzinians have resulted in disputes. However, the common hatred of the Master stops both sides to be aggressive one against the other.


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Out of Stock
The main image shows the finished product - without steam plants. Note that the walnut finish shown on the benches in the following images is for display purposes only. The bench materials supplied have a natural wood finish that can be coated at customer discretion. The kit includes the propeller, propeller shaft and related couplings.
Also please note that boat kit components, mainly those related to mounting the engine (P/N's 1257,1244,1256 & 1243) are specific to Minature Steam (MSM) engines.
The kit enables the assembly of the boat kit before having to purchase the steam plant. Two steam plant options are provided in the assembly kit components. A 3" Vertical boiler steam plant is installed in the image following. More detailed pictures of this plant and the alternative 3" Horizontal boiler steam plant can be seen in the opening pages of the Draft Assembly Instructions link following.
A draft of the assembly instructions can be read at Draft Assembly Instructions. This provides much more information about the kit than can be set out here. A copy of the finalised version will accompany the order.
The base hull is the P/N 1231 - 885mm Clinker Design GRP Boat Hull. This can be bought separately for fit-out by the adventurous!
The optional steam plants, purchased separately, are P/N 4049 3" Vertical Boiler and P/N 4050 3" Horizontal Boiler steam plants, details of which can be studied elsewhere in this website.


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DHL Express is revamping, costing engine to catch up with e-commerce
E-commerce has changed operational, cost, and profit equations for air carriers in recent years. Consider a few ways delivering air freight has changed as a result of the explosion in online purchasing.
Many e-commerce purchases are directed to residences and the typical delivery involves just one shipment. Traditional business-to-business deliveries made by DHL Express typically involve anywhere from six to 50 shipments, which provides cost advantages to the carrier thanks to economies of scale.
The rate of failed deliveries to residential addresses is high and that costs carriers' lots of time and money. People are typically not home during the day while businesses are usually open all day.
Insight on Insight
The proliferation of data and the capabilities developed to process that data and gain business intelligence from them is one reason DHL Express embarked on developing a global costing engine called Insight—built on the Teradata analytics platform—back in 2009. In an effort to improve the system and to account for the realities of e-commerce, DHL Express is currently updating Insight, a process which will culminate in early 2019.
Insight gathers cost and revenue information about every shipment DHL Express delivers, allowing profitability to be calculated. The system consolidates this data in one place—which is important for deriving actionable information from big data sets—and provides a single version of the truth to everyone in the company that makes use of this type of data.
"Business-to-consumer deliveries involves a different cost algorithm as compared to B2B deliveries," Graeme Aitken, vice president for business controlling at DHL Express, told an audience at a Teradata conference in Anaheim, California, in October. "B2C involves higher costs and lower revenues yet customers expect fast and free delivery."
DHL Express has implemented a number of new practices in an effort to better serve e-commerce customers. As a first step, it engineered a data project last year to make sure that it knew if the delivery address was residential or business. (See sidebar.)
Another project the company initiated is called in-demand delivery. "In the case of home deliveries," Aitken explained, "we send a text or an email and give the customer options." The first, of course, is to deliver to the residence if the customer is there. The consignee can also sign for the delivery online and have the package left, ask it to be held, or direct it to a neighbor's house.
DHL Express has made a significant investment in lock boxes that may be located in post offices or supermarkets, where customers can enter a code to retrieve the goods held inside. That's a trend that's caught on in Europe, less so in the United States. "But the culture is changing," said Aitken.
Drive to - Delivery to Autos
In Germany, DHL Express is pioneering consumer deliveries to automobiles. In that case, the company ascertains the location of the vehicle and the DHL driver receives a one-time code that allows him to pop the trunk and place the delivery inside.
"We don't charge for these services," noted Aitken. "It benefits us and the customer. We become more efficient and we are able to cut down on delivery failures." DHL Express' original Insight effort started in 2009 in an effort to consolidated its fragmented costing systems. Back then each of the 150 countries in the world the company served had a different system, and that included paper systems, Excel spreadsheets, and other software programs. "Insight was our first global comprehensive costing system," said Aitken. "We were able to switch off an entire suite of legacy apps and achieved downstream savings."
But the point of the Insight project was less to get rid of legacy systems and more to get at the data that supports pricing and cost management. "More than sunsetting legacy apps," said Aitken, "we knew that the data was where the value would be coming from."
Since Insight was inaugurated seven years ago, the number of shipments being handled by DHL Express doubled, straining the processing power of the original system. The company could have decided to add more fire power but decided to go in a different direction.
"We didn't want to keep throwing processing power on a ten-year old app," said Aitken. "Instead we took the lessons learned and decided to strip down, redesign, and rebuild the system."
The new system is being designed to use 70% less data, 50% fewer activities, and 50% less effort. "That's going to make the new system faster and better," said Aitken.
Data will be cut down by moving all relevant data into a single global data warehouse, something that would have been impossible seven years ago. The cutback in activities comes from learning the lessons of the older system.
"In 2009 we developed a comprehensive list of activities we thought would be useful," said Airken. "Since then we realize that some have not been used at all and some activities can be merged."
The ease of effort comes from completely replacing what proved to be a very clunky third-part user interface in the old system. "If the user experience is bad you tend to lose interest and that impacts data quality," said Aitken.
Data in the new system will be available on a monthly basis in half the time it took in the old. The new system will also get rid of data—such as for special delivery situations—that do not recur. The new system will also deploy modular algorithms, so that changes made in one area will not have to recalculated for each aspect of the system.
The new system will also be scalable. "That way," said Aitken, "when our shipments double again, there will no problem with system capacity."
Ultimately, DHL Express wants to move from reporting about the past to predicting the future. "We want more insight into the impact on the company in light of changes in schedules, pricing, and costs," said Aitken. "If we are considering a network change, we want to make sure we are making the right investments. If are planning to open a new facility, we want to make sure the business is there to support it.
"Data on shipment costs and profit will enable us to do all sorts of analytics on the company and that data will help us grow the company," Aitken concluded. "The company that makes the best use of data will be the most successful."


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WASHINGTON — Consumer spending fell for a record sixth straight month in December as recession-battered households, worried about surging layoffs, boosted their savings rates to the highest level since May.
Economists expect consumer spending, which accounts for the largest portion of total economic activity, to remain weak this year, prolonging an already painful recession.
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text:
China 5 August 1995 CIETAC Arbitration proceeding (Hot-rolled steel billets case) [translation available]
[Cite as: http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/950805c1.html]
CASE HISTORY: Unavailable
SELLER'S COUNTRY: United States (respondent)
BUYERS' COUNTRY: People's Republic of China and United States (claimants)
GOODS INVOLVED: Hot-rolled steel billets
APPLICATION OF CISG: Yes [Article 1(1)(a)]
Key CISG provisions at issue:
Classification of issues using UNCITRAL classification code numbers:
74A ; 74B [General rules for measuring damages: loss suffered as consequence of breach;
Outer limits of damages: foreseeability of loss]
74A ; 74B [General rules for measuring damages: loss suffered as consequence of breach; Outer limits of damages: foreseeability of loss]
(a) UNCITRAL abstract: Unavailable
(b) Other abstracts
Original language (Chinese): Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jing Ji Mao Yi Zhong Cai Wei Yuan Hui Cai Jue Shu Hui Bian [Compilation of CIETAC Arbitration Awards] (May 2004) 1995 vol., pp. 2021-2026
Translation (English): Text presented below
UnavailableGo to Case Table of Contents
|Case text (English translation)
Hot rolled steel billets case (5 August 1995)
Translation [*] by WEI Shu [**]
Translation edited by Meihua Xu [***]
The China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (formerly known as the Foreign Trade Arbitration Committee of China International Trade Promotion Commission, renamed as the Foreign Economic Trade Arbitration Committee of China International Trade Promotion Commission, and renamed as the present name; hereafter "the Arbitration Commission") has accepted an arbitration contract dispute based on:
|The arbitration clause (Article 16) of both Contract No. 2EIOR22023HK (hereafter: "Contract No. 023") concluded on 1 December 1992 by "Claimant A", Hunan Province ___ Import & Export Company (hereafter: [Buyer A]) with the Respondent USA B Company (hereafter: [Seller]), and in Contract No. C&M-93001 (hereafter: "Contract No. 001") which were entered into on 15 February 1993 by "Claimant B" USA A Company (hereafter: [Buyer B]) with the [Seller]; and
|The written Arbitration Application jointly filed by [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] on 7 October 1993 with the Arbitration Commission.
[Buyer A] and [Buyer B] jointly applied for arbitration of the disputes under Contracts No. 023 and No. 001 and jointly authorized lawyers Wang *** and Liu *** of Beijing *** Law Firm, as their arbitration representatives. The Secretariat of CIETAC sent the Notice of Arbitration and the arbitration application to the [Seller]. The [Seller] did not put forward objections to the joint hearing.
When the [Seller] received the Notice of Arbitration sent by the Secretariat of Arbitration Commission, he submitted a written objection to the jurisdiction of CIETAC based on the facts that under the seller's signature column in Contracts No. 023 and No. 001 it was noted that:
The [Seller] alleged that the foresaid contents proved that both Contracts No. 023 and No. 001 had a precondition that [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] amend the Letter of Credit as requested. As they did not amend the Letter of Credit as requested, Contracts No. 023 and No. 001 did not come into effect. Therefore, the Arbitration Commission had no jurisdiction on this case because of non-existence of the contracts.
After receiving the objection to jurisdiction, the Arbitration Commission rendered on 14 April 1994 a Decision on Jurisdiction of (94) Maozhongzi No. *** which was delivered to [Buyer A], [Buyer B] and [Seller] on the same day. It held in the Decision on Jurisdiction that, according to international arbitration principles, the Arbitration Clause contained in a contract shall be treated as a clause independent and separated from all other clauses of the contract. The validity of the Arbitration Clause shall therefore not be affected by the validity or non-existence of the contract. Whenever the parties signed on their contracts, they should be subject to the Arbitration Clause contained in them. Therefore, the Arbitration Clauses in this case were effective, and the Arbitration Commission has jurisdiction.
After receiving the Decision on Jurisdiction of the Arbitration Commission, [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] appointed Mr. A as the arbitrator, and the [Seller] designated Mr. F. The Chairman of the CIETAC designated Mr. P as the presiding arbitrator according to the Arbitration Rules. Mr. P, Mr. A and Mr. F jointly formed an Arbitration Tribunal to hear the case. Then, because Mr. F died on 18 June 1995, on 11 July 1995 the [Seller] appointed Mr. A to replace Mr. F.
The Arbitration Tribunal reviewed the written Arbitration Application, the Statement of Defense and other evidence materials submitted respectively by [Buyer A], [Buyer B] and [Seller], and held an oral hearing on 9 September 1994 in Beijing. The representatives of the parties all appeared before the Tribunal and responded to the questions of the Tribunal. After the court hearing, all of the parties submitted further supplementary materials.
After the [Seller] re-appointed the arbitrator, the Arbitration Tribunal delivered written notice on 12 July 1995 to [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] via the Secretariat of the Arbitration Commission, which read that:
The Arbitration Tribunal held its deliberation and rendered an award based on the review of all the evidence and materials presented by the parties and the facts found in the court hearing.
The facts, and the Tribunal's opinions and award are as follows.
[Buyer A] entered into Contract No. 023 with the [Seller] on 1 December 1992 to buy 10,000 tons of 200mm × 200mm × 6M hot rolled steel billets:
|Unit price: FOB ST. HANKO FINLAND, US $182 per ton;
|Total price: US $1,820,000;
|Delivery date: March 1993;
|Payment terms: Irrevocable Letter of Credit issued by [Buyer A] via Bank of China in Changsha, during the period after receiving the notice of shipment date and loading quantity, and 20 days before the shipment date, with the [Seller] as the beneficiary.
Contract No. 023 was signed by the representatives authorized by [Buyer A] and the [Seller] respectively. Below the signature column of the [Seller], it was noted:
"Subject to Buyer's Letter of Credit being amended as requested. Letter of Credit conditions prevail over present Contract conditions."
After conclusion of the Contract, [Buyer A] issued:
|Letter of Credit No. 9710018/93 with the [Seller] as the beneficiary on 16 February 1993;
|Total amount: US $1,820,000;
|Payment terms: FOB KOTKA;
|Shipment period: No later than 31 March 1993.
In this Letter of Credit, there were some amendment to negotiating instruments and other items which were originally stipulated by Contract No. 023. [Buyer A] arranged to rent a vessel and notified the [Seller] of the vessel's name.
Besides the aforesaid Contract No. 023, on 15 February 1993 the [Seller] entered into Contract No. 001 with USA A Company (i.e., Claimant [Buyer B]). Contact No. 001 provided that the [Seller] sold 10,000 tons steel billets to [Buyer B]:
|Unit price: FOB HANKO US $182 per ton;
|Total price: US $1,820,000;
|Shipment period: Before 31 March 1993;
|Payment terms: [Buyer B] shall issue an irrevocable and transferable Letter of Credit with the [Seller] as the beneficiary 20 days before the shipment period.
It was noted below the [Seller]'s signature column that:
"Subject to Buyer's Letter of Credit being amended as requested. Letter of Credit conditions prevail over present Contract conditions."
After the conclusion of the Contract, in order to perform Contract No. 001, on 17 March 1993 [Buyer B] transferred to the [Seller] Letter of Credit No. 23H006/93 with itself as the beneficiary, stating that the credit amount is US $1,820,000, the shipment period is no later than 15 April 1993, and the price term is FOB KOTKA. On 17 March 1993, the [Seller] asked to change the shipment port as HANKO, and the shipment period, etc. [Buyer B] agreed.
On 25 March 1993, the [Seller] sent a letter to [Buyer A] and [Buyer B], asking to have the two Letters of Credit amended again Through consultations, at last, the [Seller] sent a letter to both the [Buyer A] and [Buyer B], noting that he had agreed the condition that "shipment period is before 31 April 1993", and confirmed that:
"We agreed on all of the amendments of Letters of Credit No. 9710018/93 and No. 23H0006/93 mentioned in the fax on 25 March 1993 by our party."
The [Seller] further stated that:
"The telegrams on amendments of the Letters of Credit shall arrive at New York Branch of Bank of China no later than 29 March 1993, and get the formal confirmation of that bank in the meanwhile. If New York Branch does not receive the foresaid amendment telegrams before 29 March 1993, we would consider the two contracts as void."
On 29 March 1993, the New York Branch of Bank of China received amendment telegrams from [Buyer A] and [Buyer B], but did not inform the [Seller] until 30 March. On 30 March (New York time), the [Seller] telephoned [Buyer A] and the [Buyer B], stating that he had not received the notice amending the Letters of Credit, therefore he terminated [avoided] the two contracts and returned the Letters of Credit back.
[Buyers' position]
[Buyer A] and [Buyer B] claimed that they had sent the amendment telegrams, on which all parties had agreed on time, to the New York Branch of the Bank of China, so the [Seller] was not entitled to avoid the contracts and his unilateral avoidance of contract was a breach of the contracts. Therefore, the [Seller] must compensate the losses suffered by [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] due to his breach. [Buyer A] and [Buyer B], as joint claimants, then applied for arbitration, claiming that the [Seller] should:
The [Seller] should pay [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] in total US $1,072,822.97 and RMB 420,000 yuan to compensate the losses.
[Seller's position]
The [Seller] rebutted these claims of [Buyer A] and [Buyer B], arguing that because all the conditions of the contracts were not satisfied, the two contracts did not come into effect, and thus could not bind the contracting parties. [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] just performed ineffective contracts according to their own understanding, so they themselves should bear the risk, and they were not entitled to claim damages. The [Seller] insisted that the Arbitral Tribunal should reject [Buyer A] and [Buyer B]'s arbitration claim.
The [Seller] argued that it was clearly noted in both Contracts No. 023 and No. 001 that the effective conditions of both contracts were to amend the Letters of Credit as requested. The contracting parties had not gotten an agreement about the amendments of the Letters of Credit. To say the least, even though they had agreed as [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] alleged, [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] had not, as the [Seller] requested in the fax of 26 March 1993, informed the New York Branch of Bank of China before 29 March 1993 to revise the Letters of Credit, and not let the [Seller] receive the formal affirmation letter of that bank within his business time on the same day. However, the [Seller] noted exactly in the fax of 26 March 1993 that, the two contracts would be avoided if he did not receive the affirmation of the bank before the stipulated period.
The [Seller] pointed out that, in fact, the [Seller] did not receive the notification of amendments of Letter of Credit from the bank until 11:25 am on 30 March 1993; moreover, the terms of the revised Letters of Credit did not comply with the requests of the [Seller] in the fax of 25 March 1993. In other words, [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] had not amended the Letters of Credit as requested. The [Seller] listed several inconsistent items in the Letters of Credit:
|The fax of 26 March provides that the maturity date of No. 9710018/93 Letter of Credit
is 21 May 1993; however, Article 6 of the Letter of Credit sets it forth as 21 March
|The fax of 26 March requires that the Letter of Credit should note that "if the Bill of Lading has a note "eroded by atmosphere ..." the Bill of Lading is still acceptable." However the Letter of Credit contains no such words.
Therefore, the [Seller] alleged that [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] had not revised the Letters of Credit as requested in terms of time and content.
The [Seller] further alleged that, even if the contracts were effective, the claims of [Buyer A] and t[Buyer B] were not reasonable.
- The [Seller] maintained that as to the penalty loss under Contract No. 023, he did not know the domestic customer of [Buyer A] nor did he know their contract relationship; the penalty loss was therefore unforeseeable for the [Seller], so he should not compensate for it. With regard to the claim of loss of reputation, the [Seller] argued that it was due to [Buyer A]'s own actions, not with business with the [Seller]; furthermore, this claim was not based on laws, and had no evidence to support it, so it should be rejected by the Tribunal. As to the loss of high interest loan, it not only breached the [Buyers]' duty of mitigating loss but also could not be foreseen by the [Seller], thus the claim should be refused. Moreover, the [Seller] did not know Tianjin Hua'an Company, so the loss suffered by it could not be foreseen by the [Seller], thus this claim should also be refused. In addition, the [Seller] pointed out that there was not sufficient evidence to establish the aforesaid claims of [Buyer A]'s business loss, performance loss, arbitration fees, etc, so the aforesaid claims under Contract 023 should all be rejected.
- As to the claims of compensation of [Buyer B], the [Seller] contended that the claim for the issuance fees for the Letter of Credit has no legal basis, since the Letter of Credit was not issued by [Buyer B] but by the China International Engineering and Material Co. Ltd., and [Buyer B] presented no evidence to establish his losses; with regard to the penalty paid by [Buyer B] to his domestic customer, the [Seller] did not know this contract relationship, and thus could not have foreseen it, furthermore, there was no effective evidence to support it, so this claim should be rejected too; as for the claim of reputation loss, it was caused by [Buyer B]'s own behavior without legal basis, therefore it could not be legally granted; in addition, the claims for the communication payment and arbitration fees should be refused because of no effective evidence.
In addition to the aforesaid arguments, the [Seller] filed a counterclaim, contending that [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] should compensate him respectively for his loss of profit, US $50,000. The reasons were as follows:
- If the contracts in this case had been effective, the [Seller] would have bought 20,000 tons of steel billets from H. Rudolph Robinson for US $177 per ton. When the [Seller] resold to [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] 10,000 tons respectively at a price of US 182 dollars per ton, he would have earned profits of US 50,000 dollars respectively, in total US 100,000 dollars. It was due to [Buyer A] and [Buyer B]' s defaults that the deals could not be performed, thus [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] should each make up to the [Seller] for the profit loss of US 50,000 dollars.
I. Applicable law
In this case, the parties have their places of business in China and the United States respectively, which are both Contracting Parties to United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (hereafter: "CISG"), thus this case is subject to CISG and refers to international practice.
II. The legal effects of the contracts
[Buyer A] and [Buyer B] entered into Contract 2EIOR22023HK and Contract C&M-93001 with the [Seller], respectively. All parties signed the corresponding contract, therefore the contracts came into effect. However, below each seller's signature column there were attached words that:
"Subject to Buyer's Letter of Credit being amended as requested; Letter of Credit conditions prevail over present contract conditions."
This indicated that the two contracts were subject to a condition precedent, that is, as long as the buyers amended the Letters of Credit as requested, then the seller would perform his duty to deliver the goods.
After conclusion of the contracts, [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] issued Letters of Credit No. 9710018/93 and No. 23H0006/93, respectively. After reception of them, the [Seller] asked many times for the Buyers to amend those Letters of Credit, and [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] made some amendments accordingly as requested. As last, [Buyer A], [Buyer B] and the [Seller] got common consent.
The [Seller] confirmed the following by sending a fax to [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] on 26 March, 1993:
"I accept that the shipment period is 30 April, 1993.
"We have known that all of the revision opinions in the fax on 25 March 1993 have been accepted.
"We request that the foresaid fax of amending the Letters of Credit should arrive at the New York Branch of Bank of China no later than 29 March 1993, and get the official confirmation of that bank.
"If the New York Branch of Bank of China does not receive the aforesaid faxes on 29 March, then we have to regard these two contracts as void."
The aforesaid facts indicated that the [Seller] imposed a more limited duty of delivery than had been agreed by the parties, namely, that "the two amendment faxes arrive at the New York Branch of Bank of China on 29 March 1993." [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] both amended the Letters of Credit according to the agreed terms set forth by themselves and the [Seller]. The two amendment faxes arrived on 29 March 1993 at the New York Branch of Bank of China, the Bank Branch which was designated by the [Seller]. According to the amendment faxes from [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] received by the New York Branch of Bank of China, the amendment fax for Letter of Credit No. 9710018/93 began to be telexed at 08:16 on 29 March 1993, and lasted for 37 seconds. The amendment fax for Letter of Credit No. 23H0006/93 was telexed at 04:12 on 29 March 1993, and lasted for 253 seconds. The New York Branch of Bank of China had affirmed that it received the notification amending the Letters of Credit on 29 March 1993. Therefore, the Arbitral Tribunal held that [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] had amended the Letters of Credit as requested, and that the amendment notifications had arrived at the appointed site in time as per the [Seller]'s request, so the [Seller] should perform his duty of delivering the goods immediately in compliance with Contracts No. 023 and No. 001 concluded by him. Thus, the Arbitral Tribunal held that the [Seller] should compensate for the losses suffered by [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] due to [Seller]'s unilateral termination of the contracts.
III. The amount of damages
[Buyer A] and [Buyer B] had applied a number of claims for damages, totaling US $1,072,822.97 and 420,000 RMB. The Arbitral Tribunal reviewed these claims and gave the following opinions.
a. The damages claims of [Buyer A]
[Buyer A] Hunan Province ___ Import & Export Company had a contract relationship with its domestic client, and due to the breach of the [Seller], [Buyer A] was unable to deliver goods to its client, thus the [Seller] should pay US $300,000 for the deposit loss of renting a vessel due to [Seller]'s breach.
As to the claim of [Buyer A] that the [Seller] should pay for the penalty of US $337,846, implementation fees of US $98,760, and business loss of US $100,000, these claims were not supported by sufficient evidence and not well reasoned, therefore, the Arbitral Tribunal does not grant them.
As to the claim for the loss of high interest loan of RMB 420,000 yuan, the Arbitral Tribunal does not support it because it could not be foreseen at the time of conclusion of the contract.
Since the loss of the company's goodwill could not be proved, the Arbitral Tribunal refused this claim.
80% of the arbitration fees which were paid by [Buyer A] in advance should be borne by the [Seller], and the other 20% by [Buyer A].
b. The damages claims of [Buyer B]
[Buyer B] had a contract with his domestic client. It was due to the [Seller]'s breach that [Buyer B] could not deliver goods to its client, therefore, the [Seller] should compensate [Buyer B] for the economic loss, including the penalty of US $125,000, which was the exact amount that [Buyer B] paid to its domestic client, and the Letter of Credit issuance fees of US $10,216.97.
There was not sufficient evidence to support the [Buyer B]'s communication fees for implementing the contract, so this claim could not be approved and the Arbitral Tribunal rejected it.
As to the claim of the loss of US $100,000 of business goodwill of the [Buyer B], the Arbitral Tribunal held this claim could not be approved.
[Buyer B] had paid the arbitration fees in advance, 80% of it should be borne by the [Seller], and the other 20% by [Buyer B].
IV. The cross action by the [Seller]
After review the case, the Arbitral Tribunal held that the reason for the non-performance of the contracts was the [Seller]'s unilateral termination of the contracts, and thus the [Seller] was not entitled to claim damages caused by his own default. Therefore, the Arbitral Tribunal rejected all of [Seller]'s counterclaims.
The Arbitral Tribunal holds that:
|The [Seller] should pay US $300,000 to [Buyer A] to compensate his deposit loss of
renting the vessel caused by the [Seller]'s breach.
|The [Seller] should compensate US $135,216.97 for the penalty paid by [Buyer B] to
his domestic client, and the loss of Letter of Credit issuance fees.
|10% of the arbitration fees should be borne by [Buyer A], 10% by [Buyer B], and
80% by the [Seller].
|The other claims of [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] are rejected.
|All of the counterclaims of the [Seller] are rejected.
|The arbitration fees of the cross action and translation fees in the hearing are undertaken by the [Seller].
|As to the aforesaid money in items 1, 2, and 3, the [Seller] should pay to [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] not later than 20 September 1995, with interest at the annual rate of 10% added for delay in payment.
The award is final.
* All translations should be verified by cross-checking against the original text. For purposes of this translation, the Claimants of the People's Republic of China and United States are referred to as [Buyer A] and [Buyer B] and the Respondent of United States is referred to as [Seller]. Amounts in the currency of the United States [dollars] are indicated as [US $]; amounts in the currency of the People's Republic of China (renminbi) are indicated as [RMB].
** Wei Shu, LL.M. Peking University School of Law, Beijing, P.R. China, 2004; LL.B. Peking University School of Law, 2000.
*** Meihua Xu, LL.M. University of Pittsburgh School of Law on an Alcoa Scholarship. She received her Bachelor of Law degree, with the receipt of Scholarship granted by the Ministry of Education, Japan, from Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan. Her focus is on International Business Law and International Business related case study.Go to Case Table of Contents


text:
edited by Russ Forester
1990? – 2001, 2012-2013?
|There isn't much I can add to what's already been said about this late great zine…outside of the digital
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go beyond the back cover where 'The 8 Noble Truths Of The 8-Track Mind' was printed to get the idea:
'Progress is too often promise, promises to get you to buy, buy' and '"Naïve" is not a dirty word' are such
examples that Forester and his usual gang of the 'eternal loop' lived by.
Being both a semi-music junkie and a recovering pack rat, I used to pour through the pages and witnessed
such detailed passion the participants had for this piece of plastic and the search through the forgotten ruins
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dominated, the 70's. Yup, far beyond the limitations of nostalgia, there are stories to be told and history to be
discovered and this zine covered it well.
|The dedication behind this format was so large that Russ took a camera and a friend, one Dan Sutherland,
and tracked down many of these collectors, enthusiast and philosophers (yes, I said 'philosophers') for his
1996 movie 'So Wrong They're Right': a travelogue documentary through the 8-track nation. Seeing such
defying humanity and individuality in the face of the digital, and pretty much anything else in the land of
conformity, was encouraging and heartwarming. Whenever I get depressed, I popped this in the VCR (now
DVD, damn it) and I managed to be less moody.
I found out late that Russ had pulled the zine plug with #100 in 2001, but, luckily, I was just in time to order
the deluxe package that included a special video tape that contained follow-ups and outtakes from the
Wrong movie, updated 8 track scene and a small tribute to a prominate 'tracker'. Russ later told me that I
might have ordered the last copy. However, the trail this title had left could never be ignored as, within the
last 4 years, he was dragged back in the eternal loop with issues 101 and 102, thanks largely to the vinyl
resurgence…with tapes not falling behind.