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Broadbottom Community Association
History Project
1940 - 1980
War & Post War
Sam Higginbottom Born on the 26 December 1917, he was killed in action 10 September 1943. He enlisted in the army on 15 February 1941 and was posted to the 10th battalion Royal Welch Fusiliers, then a Territorial Battalion. Sam married Miss Gladys Hancock on 20 September 1941 at Gorsey Bank Methodist Church. Gladys gave birth to a son, also Samuel on 8 July 1942. Sam was killed in the Italian port of Tarnto when HMS Abdiel was hit by a mine.
Harry Norman 1917-1942 He was evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940; then was captured during the German offensive on Tobruk while acting as driver for a medical officer. He was killed while being transported in an Italian ship on the way from Tripoli.
Arthur Wilcox Born in Sheffield, he lived in the village for 5 years, working for the railway. He died 23 July 1943.
Warhurstfold Bridge (Gladys Yarwood)
Arthur Peacher
Bernard Lyth
Gladys Yarwood
After the war houses were gradually modernised, with fireplaces replacing the old ranges, and in the 1950s, with the introduction of mains sewage indoor bathrooms were added. Tom Shufflebotham and Tom Parry remember tins baths and outside toilets until the 1960s. Modernising was not always easy: Gladys Yarwood recalls how difficult it was getting modern wallpaper to stick over years of whitewash. She made herself an ambitiously large rag rug in preparation for setting up home. As her mother warned, it proved to be so heavy that it was hard to get over a washing line to be beaten clean without breaking the line.
The streets were still largely stone setts, though New Street was dirt. It was paved in the 1960s. Gladys remembers the street as a playground where children could run about and dig. 'These were the streets and these were our nurseries.' The photograph (right) of Graham Yarwood on New Street was taken the night before the street was tarmaced. Washing was hung across the streets, but had to be moved to let delivery vans through. If you didn't move your washing, it ran the risk of being dirtied. Children in the 1950s could still play football on the main road without risk of much traffic. Memories of childhood in the village at this time are very warm, with a sense of freedom and closeness, with room to play, good facilities in the shops and plenty for children to do, playing out or taking part in sports.
Many people remember the village as rather run down and dreary until the 1970s when there were grants for renovation.
May 1957 'The Weaving of the Green' ( Clare Hussell
Because of the mill closures, there were plenty of houses for rent in the village. Over the next 25 years, the population of the village gradually shifted in composition though it remained at around 1,000 between 1950 and 1970. It had fallen by nearly a half since 1911.
Most of the cottages in the core of the village were bought by a Kate Russell from Oldham in the 1930s, who rented them and then gradually sold them off. The empty Broad Mills burned down in 1947. A wood yard was then based in one part of the site.
During the war some families came to the village to escape the bombing. Some returned to Manchester after the war ended, but others settled. Evacuees from Openshaw were sent to the village during the war. Ida George remembers watching their arrival on the train as she sat on a wall below the station, with their gas masks and labels round their necks. They were assembled outside the Conservative club at the bottom of the Gibble Gabble to be allocated.
Gladys Yarwood's widowed mother brought her four children here from Bolton during the war to escape the bombing because she knew there were houses for rent. The family settled in New Street and when Gladys married Tom Yarwood, they rented and then bought another house on New Street and over time set about modernising it.
Some of the people who lived or moved here had long family connections with the village, like Joyce Winterbottom, whose grandfather had lived here and whose father was born at 'New York' on Long Lane. Bob Parry's mother moved from 16 Spring St to number 14 when she married. Arthur Peacher married into a local family in 1947; his wife's grandfather had built the row of houses at West End. In the late 1950s, Bernard Lyth and his wife Elsie bought a house on Old Street; they had been visiting Elsie's relations in the village on the train from Manchester. 'We fell in love with the place.' Bernard and Elsie bought their house on Old Street in 1958 for £150. It needed completely renovating and this was done over years with the help of family
Working lives
After the war, although the mills had largely closed in Broadbottom, there was still work in mills in Charlesworth and Ashton. People were travelling further afield to wokk though there were still plenty of businesses and shops in the village. Arthur Peacher went into hatting in Denton. Gladys Yarwood worked at the Kinder Lee mill at Chisworth; her husband Tom worked for a while in mills and then settled as village postman. Bernard Lyth worked at Crossleys in Ashburys. John Winterbottom started work as an apprentice decorator at Buckley's, a village business, for 15/- a week in the 1950s, raised to £1 after a year. He was expected to push the cart with the ladders and paint uphill and down and sent up ladders to paint the gutters on top of the tall Co-op building. Tom Shufflebotham became an electrician in the 1960s and he and Bob Parry remember how many of their contemporaries learned a trade and set up in business themselves. Mr and Mrs Bone came to the village to take up farming after the war, working hard, moving through cows to pigs then chickens as profits fluctuated.
Thomas Andrew Barker
The Railway
Until the 1960s the railway through Broadbottom ran steam trains and went onto Sheffield and Marylebone in London. It was a busy, noisy presence in the village. There were goods trains passing through at night with fish and mail. There was still coal coming in down the 'shunts' underneath the railway arches. Joyce Winterbottom recalls that the Royal train went through occasionally and the schoolchildren were assembled to wave flags as it passed. The station was often packed with people travelling in and out of Manchester for work and leisure.
Railway viaduct with steam train (Gould family)
Broadbottom Station 1950s (Gould family)
Some streets, Brick Street and Bottom Street, were demolished in the 1970s and Old Street might also have been swept away but was reprieved after a vigorous local campaign. Houses and shops were cleared opposite Temperance Street and created a small green.
Hill End House was empty. Village children like Joyce Winterbottom remember getting into the house to play, and going into the great ballroom with mirrors around the walls. Hill End House was demolished in 1970 to build modern houses. Only a lodge is left and parts of the garden walls.
Gradually the population of the village changed, with more new families moving into the village over the 1970s. The Community Association was formed and a carnival started in the late 1970s. The picture on the right shows a carnival float passing Lymefields Mill.
The village is always changing and evolving. Over the years the numbers of shops have reduced so that now there is only the post office and village store; there are only two pubs when once there were over a dozen pubs and beer houses. Chapels have closed. Most people work outside the village. We still have our school and facilities for children have become more structured with our pre-school and toddlers' groups. New houses are still being built, though in small numbers. There is less informal communal life than there was once, when most people had fewer choices and less money. We have to continue to build and develop communities within the village.
Hill End House derelict in the 1960s. (Joyce Powell)
Old and new carnival float passing Lymefield Mill 1980s (Gould family)
Graham Yarwood outside New Street - (Gladys Yarwood) - Brick Street can be seen in the background
Lower Market Street 1960s (Gladys Yarwood )
back to history index back to 1930 next page Dynasty


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If you enjoy long days in the saddle and coming home after the street lights come on, then the Scott Addict is for you. Comfortable, efficient, and dynamic, this bike eats miles for breakfast. The Addict 30 sports a lightweight carbon frame, geometry that's less focused on racing and more on enduring, and a high-performing yet value conscious Shimano Tiagra drivetrain. Syncros components complete the Addict's build with a carbon seatpost, aluminum stem and handlebar, and Race 24V aluminum rims wrapped in Schwalbe Durano 700x28c tires for lightweight durability and stable handling.
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subset: commoncrawl


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As of today I've been tracking on My Fitness Pal for 350 days! The countdown to a year of tracking Keto now begins. How has it already been that long? 350 days without intentional cheats, 350 days of changing my normal, 350 days of improving the heck out of my cooking skills, 350 days of … Continue reading The Countdown Begins
Month: December 2015
Friday Update – 12/18/15
I'm alive, promise! I'll get back to my normal schedule after the holidays. I've gotten into such a normal routine with Keto that's it's just part of my everyday now. It's such a normal part of my life that I didn't even notice that I've reached like 110% of my original weight loss goals! I'm … Continue reading Friday Update – 12/18/15
Keto Delivered Review – October 2015 Box
It's already time for another Keto Delivered review! I did an unboxing earlier this month over on my YouTube channel if you didn't get to see it. This is a great Keto friendly subscription box that provides items from artisans, farmer's markets and small batch foods. It's aimed at supporting small businesses while providing high quality goods. … Continue reading Keto Delivered Review – October 2015 Box
December 2015 Keto Krate Unboxing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8GkcNkYhC40 The Unboxing video for my December Keto Krate is posted! Sorry for the kids yelling in the background and the wiggly camera y'all! Miracle Noodle: Angel Hair 1:06 kcal - 0 protein - 0g fat - 0g carb - 0.5g fiber - 0g (NET = 0.5g) Brooklyn Biltong, LLC 1:55 kcal - 70 protein … Continue reading December 2015 Keto Krate Unboxing
Keto Krate Review – November 2015
It's time to rate the Krate! According to their site: Keto Krate is a monthly delivery of Keto friendly snacks. Each box includes 7-9 tasty snacks as well as unique recipes and useful advice. Dieting isn't always the easiest. Make sticking to your diet and achieving your goals a little easier with the fun … Continue reading Keto Krate Review – November 2015
Friday Update – 12/04/15
Sorry I missed my update last week! Between holidays, changes at work & some various family things it completely slipped my mind. But I'm getting back on track and I should also have both my Keto Subscription service reviews for last month's boxes up this weekend! Speaking of my Keto Subscription services I found out … Continue reading Friday Update – 12/04/15


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mixed-use development
Canadian Property Management
Mixed uses to ease into suburban office parks
The new policy would give developers a basis to challenge any local government's veto of non-employment land uses in suburban office parks.
Canadian Apartment Magazine
Winnipeg's True North Square reaches milestone
Winnipeg's True North Square development has reached another construction milestone with the topping-off of the 25-storey, mixed-use tower at 225 Carlton.
REMI Network
New office building to anchor urban centre in Vaughan
A mixed-use headquarters for the Labourers' International Union of North America Local 183 will break ground in The City of Vaughan this fall.
REMI Network
Broccolini buys $100 million site in downtown Montreal
Broccolini has purchased a 135,000 square foot site in downtown Montreal for $100 million. It is said to be the last largest space available.
Canadian Property Management
Kitchener redevelopment brings rare opportunity
The redevelopment of an iconic Kitchener building will preserve heritage elements and transform the space to meet the needs of a modern office user.
REMI Network
Crombie acquires mixed use site in Toronto
Crombie Real Estate Investment Trust (Crombie) has purchased a 4.5-acre mixed use site for $42 million.
Canadian Property Management
Montreal building first vertical smart community
A new $200-million hotel-office-condo-multifamily development officially broke ground in downtown Montreal last week.
REMI Network
Mixed-use plans for Golden Mile Shopping Centre
Plans for the Golden Mile Shopping Centre in Toronto will transform the site into a transit-oriented mixed use community.
REMI Network
New plans for mixed-use project Le Phare de Québec
Groupe Dallaire has unveiled new plans for Le Phare de Québec, a mixed-use development that will be built around a dynamic public square.
REMI Network
RioCan and Boardwalk team up on mixed-use tower
RioCan is partnering with Boardwalk to develop a mixed-use tower at RioCan's Brentwood Village Shopping Centre in Calgary.
Canadian Property Management
Canadian retail market trends spur opportunity
Food service expectations and millennial eating habits and increasing consumer savvy are just a few factors impacting all facets of the retail market.
Canadian Property Management
Industry sees promise in low-impact communities
Industry proponents of sustainability are looking beyond buildings and thinking on a larger scale with low-impact communities.
REMI Network
Mixed-use project breaks ground in Calgary
RioCan and developer Embassy BOSA are breaking ground on a mixed-use project in the East Village area of downtown Calgary today.
$1-bil transit-oriented project slated for Brossard
The City of Brossard and Devimco Immobilier have signed an agreement to develop a billion-dollar mixed-use transit-oriented development (TOD) that includes a tramway station in Sector
REMI Network
Ivanhoe Cambridge boosts investment in China
Ivanhoe Cambridge announced it will play a key role in the growth of Chongbang, a Shanghai-based retail-anchored mixed-use developer, owner and operator.
Building Strategies & Sustainability
What motivates the greening of suburban assets
While sustainable real estate means thinking outside downtown cores, experts stress the necessary models required to support these suburban assets.
Canadian Property Management
Mixed-use positions better neighbourhoods
With the rise of mixed-use developments comes the opportunity to create sustainable structures that enhance surrounding neighbourhoods.


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61 players / 79 plays
Report this game if it's content is inappropriate. Misuse of this feature may cause your account to be suspended.
It is or testing only, it has basic shooting game elements but not yet finished. I do not know what should I describe more, it is what it is. By the way, what is BB code? Is it yammy?
Copy + paste this code onto your website so your visitors can play this game!
Hosted by the Scirra Arcade
First download the iFrame plugin. Once installed, copy the following code onto your website:
Don't forget, we have a Scirra Arcade JSON API for embeddable games published on this arcade!
Link to this game with these dynamically updating game cards!
by a98135
First published on 1st November, 2017
79 total plays
67 guest plays
12 Scirra member plays
61 unique players
52 unique guests
9 Scirra members
Game stats last updated 0.00182000166666667 minutes ago
50 minutes 32 seconds total play time
1 minute average play length
2 highest number of simultaneous players
Wednesday, November 01, 2017
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Interesting...The senario is platform, and used an eight-way behavior ...
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son of William Boland Bull
and Harriet Halford
Feb 24 1871
Apr 2 1933
Section D Lot 31
Contributed on 1/14/11 by k.townsend
Email This Contributor
Record #: 10887
On this site you can upload gravestone photos, locate ancestors and perform genealogy research. If you have a relative buried in Massachusetts, we encourage you to upload a digital image using our Submit a Photo page. Contributing to this genealogy archive helps family historians and genealogy researchers locate their relatives and complete their family tree.
Submitted: 1/14/11 • Approved: 3/8/11 • Last Updated: 10/28/12 • R10887-G0


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Acclaimed artist Emilie Taylor's brand new exhibition, 'Edgelands', has opened at Gallery Oldham.
In this new body of work, the potter explores the lives of the young women who exist on the edge of society, and on the edge of womanhood.
They live between the urban and the rural, between childhood and adulthood, which she describes as the 'Edgelands'.
Emilie, who has previously worked in frontline mental health and drug services for ten years, will give a talk in the gallery at 2pm on 28 June.
The young women depicted in this exhibition are ordinary young women doing ordinary things – things Emilie and her friends did in their youth.
In the tale of Persephone and Demeter goddesses become mortal, but the classical forms of Emilie's ceramics seem to elevate the lives of mortals to the same level of interest as goddesses.
Maggie Kufeldt, Executive Director of Health and Wellbeing, said: "Emilie has recently been tipped by the Contemporary Art Society as an artist to watch and we are thrilled that she has agreed to develop an exhibition with us at this stage of her career.
"There are some stunning pieces in the exhibition, which are all for sale."
The theme of fertility also runs through the exhibition in the story of Demeter the goddess of harvest and fertility and her daughter Persephone, in the fields of corn on the ceramics, traditionally used to decorate harvest jugs, and not least because during the two-year preparations for this exhibition Emilie became a mother herself.
'Edgelands' is open at Gallery Oldham from 10am to 5pm, on Monday to Saturday, until 9 September. Find out more online: www.galleryoldham.org.uk
It has been commissioned by Gallery Oldham with support from Arts Council England and will tour to the Potteries Museum in Stoke-on-Trent, The Craft Study Centre in Farnham and The Williamson Art Gallery in Birkenhead throughout 2017-2018. All work is for sale.


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Hentai Picture: Busty Mary Jane Watson look perfect in black color
Porn variant of SpiderMan is for you to enjoy fuck scenes updates from the sex lifestyles of celebrated personages! Angela losing her clothing and doing it her soaking twat with a red dildo… Another young nympho from SpiderMan boasts this gorgeous cleavage to show us and she cannot even think of skipping any male around!
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Today has been a very lazy day and I felt like actually doing something other than lying horizontal in my bed on tumblr. So I popped into the shops to get some ingredients and decided to bake some cookies. I was inspired by Tanya Burr's original recipe of this, but I added a cheeky extra ingredient. These are literally the best cookies in the world. Enjoy!
You will need:
200g butter
300g caster sugar
1 large egg
275g self-raising flour
75g cocoa powder
1tbsp milk
1 bar of dark chocolate
1 bar of milk chocolate
1/2 bar of white chocolate
A large hand full of white marshmallows
- Preheat your over to 200c.
- Using an electric mixer, mix together your butter and sugar until creamy.
- Crack in your egg.
- Add all of your dry ingredients. If too dry, add your tbsp of milk.
- Chop up all the chocolate.
- Cut the marshmallows into quarters.
- Add your chocolate and marshmallows into the mixture.
- Once everything is mixed in, line 2 baking trays with foil.
- Grab hand full of the mixture and place them on the trays with about an inch between them. Try to place the cookies so the marshmallows are on the top, otherwise the marshmallows will melt and burn.
- Pop the cookies in the oven for 11 minutes. When taken out, they will not looked cooked, but don't put them back in because they will burn and become really hard and bitter.
- Leave them on a wire rack to cool for 30 minutes.
*If the cookies are a bit to rich for your liking, just remove one of the types of chocolates*
Hope you enjoyed your delicious triple chocolate marshmallow cookies, I know I did. I especially like them when they are still warm and the chocolate and marshmallows are still a bit melty.
Find the original recipe here.
Sarah x


text: I usually like Jennifer Armentrout's work but this book irritated me. The premise was good and I liked the beginning but once the MC guy was introduced I started to dislike the book. Ember, her mother, and her sister are basically kidnapped and forced them to move into a new town and live there. Ember was the only person that seemed to realize that kidnapping is illegal. Her sister was a little brat. Ember took care of her since her mother died and her younger sister was a little brat before they were kidnapped and after. Hayden was the love interest and he was raised by the guy that kidnapped Ember. A bunch of kids lived with this guy to help learn their powers. None of them seemed to care that they helped in a kidnapping. Hayden is treating her like she is a house guest and cannot seem to understand why she is not being sweet and pleasant and thankful for getting her out of the bad situation she was in before. Was her life great? no but kidnapping her to make it better is not ok. You find out further in the book that Hayden has been stalking her for the past two years. I was really disappointed in this book.


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Weekly news round-up, the slightly late edition
So yeah, it's been a few weeks. First I had an eye infection, complete with an ulcerated cornea, which meant absolutely no screen time. Then I went away to GNEW…Read more
So yeah, it's been a few weeks. First I had an eye infection, complete with an ulcerated cornea, which meant absolutely no screen time. Then I went away to GNEW…Read more
Sorry that this is late, but I'm getting over an eye infection AND an eye ulcer (in the same eye), so last week my computer use was limited. I even…Read more
This week was a bit of this and that, but this seems to be a good headline for this post for the nonce. My week got thrown for a…Read more
Okay, so it's a day late, but hey, I spent Father's Day with the best of dads, mine. We went and saw Solo, which was super fun and I highly…Read more
You know, I think one of the things I miss most about Diane Rehm retiring is that now my Fridays do not consist of two hours of the Weekly News…Read more
Life has been weird lately, and I'm not sure why. Of course, I just got home from Balticon, and I'm sick (again – I swear Maryland is trying to kill…Read more
Is how much it recharges your creative juices. Not just because you see people you haven't seen in a very long time, or because you connect with fans of your…Read more
I've been on a poetry kick lately. It's very odd, since I never considered myself a poet, but there it is – the words are coming, and I'm not going…Read more
I'm in a mood right now. There is so much swirling in my head that all I want to do is take a vacation from everything and just write. Sadly,…Read more
I'm writing again. I'm also starting to venture slowly into poetry, which is weird, because I never thought of myself as a poet. But Amber introduced me to Rupi Kuhr,…Read more


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Brexit: Potential impacts on our natural environment legal framework
Penny Simpson, Freeths, Nottingham
Many of you will no doubt be concerned about the impacts of the Brexit decision on our natural environment legal framework and the health of our natural environment. Those of you involved in property and infrastructure development may be concerned about uncertainties in environmental regulatory frameworks arising from the Brexit decision and may wonder whether there may ultimately be commercial benefits from a weakening of existing legislation.
I have been considering these issues and set out comments on a number of points below.
In summary my thoughts at this stage are that:
• Immediately after Brexit Day our natural environment legislation is likely to look the same as, or very similar to, the present, at least for the immediate future. Any future changes to our domestic natural environment legislation are likely to be some considerable way off.
• It is potentially open to the Government to seek a "soft" Brexit under which the withdrawal agreement (to be negotiated with the EU) could continue to require the UK's ongoing compliance with EU environmental legislation and even Court of Justice of the European Union ("CJEU") caselaw. However this does not at present appear to be the Government's intention. The Habitats and Birds Directives are therefore very unlikely to remain legally binding on the UK post-Brexit Day. This at first sight would appear to present a basis for potential weakening of domestic legislation in the long term. However a number of international conventions ratified by the UK are likely to have the effect of restricting any proposed weakening so that domestic legislation in the long term is unlikely to be very different to that seen at present. This is particularly the case for EU protected species, whereas for EU protected habitats the restrictions are a little looser;
• The key "unknown" (and therefore the main concern for many) is the future interpretation by our courts of our domestic legislation, given that (i) the current strictness of EU nature conservation law is in large part due to the judgments of the CJEU; and (ii) there is real uncertainty as to the standing and influence of those judgments in the UK following Brexit Day.
1. What is the Article 50 process?
Under the process envisaged in Article 50 of the Treaty of the European Union:
• The UK must first decide to withdraw from the Union – this is currently being considered by the House of Lords;
• The UK must then give notice to the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU;
• The EU will then negotiate and conclude a withdrawal agreement with the UK setting out the arrangements for the UK's withdrawal, taking account of the framework for the UK's future relationship with the EU; and
• "Brexit Day" will be the date that the withdrawal agreement comes into force or, failing that, 2 years after the date of giving notice.
In a recent seminar given by barrister Mr Alex Goodman of Landmark Chambers in London, Mr Goodman explained that Article 50 envisages the withdrawal agreement "taking account" of the framework of its future relationship with the Union, but not itself setting out that future framework. On that basis he suggested that the withdrawal agreement may well establish a set of transitional arrangements and that, following the withdrawal agreement, there might well then be a separate treaty establishing the future relationship with the EU.
2. How certain is the announced timetable for the Article 50 process?
In her speech at the Conservative Party Conference, the Prime Minister announced that notice under Article 50 will be given no later than the end of March 2017. This means that completion of the UK's withdrawal from the EU can expected no later than two years following that date.
Despite this, there are some uncertainties relating to the timetable.
It has been reported in Business Insider (http://uk.businessinsider.com/brexit-how-does-article-50-work-2016-7) that some legal experts have advised that, once invoked, the UK could not be forced to go through with the Article 50 process if it did not want to. In other words the UK could change its mind if, for example, there were a change in Government during that process. As the Business Insider article states, the political consequences of such a change of mind would be substantial, so it seems very unlikely that this would happen.
The Government has recently confirmed that the withdrawal agreement will likely require ratification by Parliament. Subject to the point made in the paragraph above, this will not however hold up the timetable once the Article 50 notice has been given. This is because Article 50 makes clear that, once notification has been given, withdrawal takes effect whether or not a withdrawal agreement has been negotiated.
3. What will happen to natural environment law after the Article 50 notice has been given and whilst we wait for the Article 50 process to run its course?
During this time it is business as usual. Existing EU nature conservation / environmental law continues to apply as before, as does domestic natural environment law. Ecologists, developers, local planning authorities and statutory nature conservation bodies should continue operating as before.
4. What is the position for any EU Directive which must be implemented by Member States whilst we await completion of the Article 50 process?
The prime example of this is the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive 2014/52/EU which must be implemented by 16 May 2017. This Directive makes a number of significant changes to existing EIA requirements.
The Scottish and Welsh Governments have already commenced public consultations on the changes to be made to domestic EIA legislation so as to implement this Directive. At the time of writing no similar consultation had commenced in England.
As long as the UK remains a Member State, it is required to implement Directives within the specified timeframes. Failure to implement this EIA Directive within the required timeframe could lead to infraction proceedings from the European Commission, although the likelihood of this happening is perhaps lower than it was before 23 June 2016.
Nevertheless, since the existing EIA Directive has in the past been held by the CJEU to have "direct effect", an objector to a planning application for example, could, in the absence of domestic implementing legislation expect to succeed in a judicial review claim to quash a planning consent granted in breach of the new Directive. If implementing legislation is not therefore adopted this will leave planning authorities in a potentially very difficult situation. Therefore it can be expected that England will follow the Welsh and Scottish examples and consult on this very soon.
5. What will happen to existing domestic natural environment legislation immediately following Brexit Day?
In short, we can expect that immediately after Brexit Day our domestic natural environment legislation will be the same as, or very similar to, the present, at least for the immediate future.
Theresa May has announced that there will be a "Great Repeal Bill". This will repeal the European Communities Act 1972 ("ECA 1972") (the key domestic legislation which authorised UK membership of the (then) EEC) and re-enact, into UK legislation, existing European legislation, up until the point of withdrawal.
This is important as, without a Great Repeal Act, repeal of the ECA 1972 would have serious implications for much domestic secondary legislation. This is because many European Directives relating to the environment have been implemented through secondary legislation under the ECA 1972 (ie Regulations or Orders, rather than Acts of Parliament). Examples are the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 which implement (in England and Wales) the Habitats Directive and some aspects of the Wild Birds Directive; and the Environmental Damage (Prevention and Remediation) (England) Regulations 2015 which implement in England the Environmental Liability Directive. Once the ECA 1972 is repealed, the secondary legislation adopted under it would immediately lapse unless some legislative mechanism were put in place to preserve this legislation. The Great Repeal Act will address this. The Great Repeal Act is also expected to preserve the effect of European Regulations, which are currently "directly applicable" (ie binding on the UK without the need for transposition) and which, in the absence of domestic provisions to give effect to the EU Regulations, would lose their force in the UK.
The Great Repeal Act will have to consider how to deal with certain aspects of existing natural environment legislation which currently refer to European institutions or the Directives.
As an example, regulation 62(2) of the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 is relevant where a competent authority is not able to conclude that a plan or project will not have an adverse effect on integrity of a European site under regulation 61. Under regulation 62(2) a competent authority may only agree to such a plan or project if there are no alternative solutions and the plan or project must be carried out for imperative reasons for overriding public interest. In the case of priority habitats or species the imperative reasons of overriding public interest may only "relate to human health, public safety or beneficial consequences of primary importance to the environment" or "any other reasons which the competent authority, having due regard to the opinion of the European Commission, consider to be imperative reasons of overriding public interest" (emphasis added). References to the nature Directives are also found in the interpretation provisions of these Regulations. It is clear that a decision will need to be made as to whether these Regulations will continue to refer to the European Commission / the Directives and if not, what amendments will be made. Andrea Leadsom, Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, has already recognised the challenge this will present, noting that a third of our current EU legislation cannot be "rolled forward with just some technical changes" (https://environment-analyst.com/50553/government-may-not-transpose-third-of-eu-environmental-law).
6. What will happen to our natural environment legislation in the longer term?
This is the "million dollar" question. The answer hinges on political choice and negotiations with the EU.
If the politicians so wished, they could opt for a "soft" Brexit ie negotiate a withdrawal agreement with the EU on the basis that, in relation to environmental issues, the UK will remain subject to both existing and future EU Directives and Regulations and even the jurisdiction of the CJEU. This is a matter of political choice and negotiation. The advantage of this would be to preserve stability in environmental law whilst the longer-term arrangements for our relationship with the EU are negotiated. Following the withdrawal agreement, a future agreement setting out the detail of our long term framework with the EU could also adopt this approach.
This, however, seems highly unlikely based on the Government's comments to date. Furthermore, even if such a "soft Brexit" were to transpire, there would still have to be careful selection of the EU environmental laws which would continue to apply to the UK and the question then is "would they include the Wild Birds and Habitats Directives?" It can obviously be argued that EU nature legislation should remain binding on the UK since a European-wide approach to protection of species and habitats is ecologically important / essential. However, the nature Directives are not without their critics and other environmental Directives / Regulations may be regarded as having a greater priority since they have a more direct impact on trade with the EU (eg chemicals regulation; transport of waste; labelling; emissions trading).
A clue to this can be found in the "Norway" model. A post-Brexit model based on the UK joining the European Free Trade Area and the European Economic Area (EEA) (which, in any event, at present seems not to be the approach favoured by the Government) might well require the UK to maintain ongoing compliance with most EU environmental laws, including the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive and EU environmental regulatory regimes relating to matters such as air, chemicals, waste and water. However, the existing EEA Agreement carves out any requirement to comply with the Habitats and Wild Birds Directives and linked nature conservation provisions within the Environmental Liability Directive and Water Framework Directive (it also carves out any requirement for compliance with the Bathing Waters Directive). So this would suggest that, even if a "soft Brexit" were to emerge, the nature Directives might well still cease to be binding.
However even if (as appears likely) the UK will not remain subject to the EU nature Directives after Brexit Day, this does not mean that our devolved governments will necessarily decide to alter or weaken their domestic legislation in the long term.
First, "if it ain't broke, why fix it"? Many commentators would argue that the existing nature conservation legislation system is not "broke" and that it strikes an effective balance between economic interests and conservation.
Secondly and perhaps more persuasively, the UK has ratified a number of international conventions with which compliance will be expected.
7. What do the international conventions require?
Whilst there may be detailed arguments about the exact legal position in relation to any individual convention ratified by the UK, the starting point is that any changes made to domestic natural environment legislation should be consistent with the UK's international law obligations. In her speech at the Conservative Party Conference, Theresa May appears to agree with this. She stated "When the Great Repeal Bill is given Royal Assent, Parliament will be free – subject to international agreements and treaties with other countries and the EU on matters such as trade – to amend, repeal and approve any law it chooses".
Whilst it is true to say that international conventions give rise to less rigorous enforcement of their provisions than is the case for EU law, and that our domestic courts do not at present allow international treaty provisions to be relied upon directly before our national courts, it would be a surprising outcome if the UK made changes to domestic legislation in direct breach of its international convention obligations.
A few of the relevant conventions are considered in brief below.
7.1 EU protected species
In terms of protected species, the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (the "Bern Convention") is key. It entered into force on 1 September 1982 and was ratified in the same year by the United Kingdom. The primary aim of the Habitats Directive was to give effect to the Bern Convention obligations across the EU and so, not surprisingly, there are strong parallels between the two.
The Bern Convention offers protection to listed wild flora in Appendix I; and to listed wild fauna species (both birds and other animals) in Appendices II (those requiring "special protection") and III (those requiring a lesser level of protection than Appendix II species).
Most of the Habitat Directive's Annex IV(a) list of "European Protected (animal) Species" (EPS) (which are relevant to the UK) are included in Appendix II of the Bern Convention. Exceptions are the common pipistrelle bat and dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius). Other bat species, Great Crested Newt, otter, sand lizard, wild cat, and certain listed Cetacea species are covered by Appendix II of the Bern Convention. The Bern Convention's legal regime for these Appendix II animal species, including its derogation (licensing) regime, is almost identical to that found in Articles 12 and 16 of the Habitats Directive. There is only one main difference: the prohibition against "damage or destruction of a breeding site or resting place" under the Bern Convention requires the prohibited act to be carried out "deliberately", whereas this requirement is absent under the "strict liability" (no fault) offence of the Habitats Directive.
All of the Habitat Directive's Annex IV(b) list of EPS plants (which are relevant to the UK) are included in Appendix I of the Bern Convention. Again, the Bern Convention's legal regime for these plant species, including its derogation (licensing) regime, is almost identical to their protection under Articles 13 and 16 of the Habitats Directive.
Based on these points, beyond the issue of common pipistrelle bats and dormice, there would be very little scope for a "Bern Convention-compliant" weakening of the protected species provisions of the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010.
The Bern Convention applies a certain level of protection to almost all wild bird species either through Appendix III or Appendix II (Appendix II contains the stricter protection). A detailed comparison between the Bern Convention and the Wild Birds Directive is needed but, on first analysis, there are strong parallels, although the Wild Birds Directive does appear to offer some additional protection for all wild birds.
7.2 EU protected habitats
The Bern Convention also contains provisions for protected habitats.
The Bern Convention requires (Article 4.1) each party to take appropriate and necessary legislative and administrative measures to ensure the conservation of the habitats of the wild flora and fauna species (especially those in Appendices I and II) and the conservation of endangered natural habitats. Further, each party must (Article 4.2), in their planning and development policies, have regard to the conservation requirements of the areas protected under Article 4.1 so as to avoid or minimise as far as possible any deterioration of such areas.
It can be seen from the reference in Article 4.2 to "the areas protected under Article 4.1" that the intention of the Bern Convention is that specific areas are to be protected under Article 4.1 as part of the "measures" to be taken, even though Article 4.1 does not expressly require classification / designation of protected areas. There is therefore a clear parallel with the site classification / designation requirements of the Wild Birds (SPAs) and Habitats Directives (SACs).
Further, whilst Article 4.2 does not mirror the prescriptive and precautionary regime for the assessment of impacts of plans or projects on SPAs and SACs under Article 6.3 Habitats Directive / Article 7 Wild Birds Directive, there is still a requirement that any deterioration of these areas must be avoided or minimised as far as possible. This obligation would also need to be read in light of the Article 4.1 obligation "to take appropriate and necessary legislative and administrative measures to ensure the conservation of the habitats of the wild flora and fauna species (especially those in Appendices I and II) and the conservation of endangered natural habitats".
Finally, under Article 9 Bern Convention, a party may make exceptions (derogations) from the provisions of Article 4 Bern Convention if certain tests are met. These tests are that: there is no other satisfactory solution; that the exception will not be detrimental to the survival of the population concerned; and that the exception must be for a certain public interest need, such as public health and safety or other overriding public interests.
These three tests are similar to the derogation tests found in Article 6.4 Habitats Directive. As Article 9, Article 6.4 requires that there is no alternative solution. Article 6.4 also requires that there must be imperative reasons of overriding public interest which may be of social or economic nature (i.e. so potentially going wider than Article 9 of Bern, which does not expressly include social or economic factors). Finally, Article 6.4 requires delivery of compensatory habitat measures to ensure the coherence of the Natura 2000 network,
whereas Article 9 requires "no detriment to the survival of the population concerned". It is difficult to see how one could ensure no detriment to the population unless one was prepared to provide compensatory habitat.
In addition, the UK also ratified the Ramsar Convention in 1976. Under this Convention the parties must designate suitable wetlands as Ramsar sites (Article 2.1) and promote the conservation of these wetlands (Article 3.1). Article 4.2 then states that "where a party in its urgent national interest, deletes or restricts the boundaries of a wetland included in the List, it should as far as possible compensate for any loss of wetland resources, and in particular it should create additional nature reserves for waterfowl and for the protection, either in the same area or elsewhere, of an adequate portion of the original habitat". To the extent, then, that SACs or SPAs are also Ramsar sites (which is not uncommon), Article 4.2 Ramsar Convention goes some way towards duplicating the "habitat compensation" requirements of Article 6.4 of the Habitats Directive.
In conclusion, the habitat protection regime envisaged by the Bern Convention (and to some extent the Ramsar Convention) is similar to, albeit less prescriptive, than that in the Birds and Habitats Directives. It could be argued that the Habitat Directive's express precautionary rules over the assessment of impacts of plans and projects on protected sites would be "gold plating" assuming that we leave the EU without the need for continued compliance with the nature Directives. The success of this argument however is far from certain given the wording of Article 4.1 Bern Convention. A complete scrapping of the site protection provisions of the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 is very unlikely to be "Bern Convention-compliant", particularly where the domestic SSSI protection regime in the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and national planning policy is unlikely to be adequate (eg they do not apply in full the derogation tests as per Article 9 of the Bern Convention).
8. How will the domestic Courts interpret our natural environment legislation after Brexit Day?
This is the issue of greatest concern to many.
The decisions of the CJEU on interpretation of the nature Directives, which are at present binding on our domestic courts, have been extremely important in achieving protection of our natural environment.
As already noted, it would be open to the Government to agree, in the withdrawal agreement or even in a long term agreement, that the UK will, in relation to environmental issues, remain bound by both existing and future EU environmental legislation and decisions of the CJEU.
However the Government's present intention appears to be to remove the UK from all influence of the CJEU after Brexit Day. Therefore, unless there is a change in the Government's view, which in turn leads to a "soft Brexit", the existing supremacy of (i) EU law over domestic law; and (ii) CJEU decisions over UK court decisions will be removed on Brexit Day.
This leaves us with somewhat of an "unknown" in relation to the domestic court's likely interpretation of our domestic natural environment law going forward.
After Brexit Day (and in the absence of a "soft Brexit"), a domestic court would not regard future CJEU judgments on the Habitats and Birds Directives as binding on the UK. As regards CJEU judgments already existing on Brexit Day, the domestic court may be willing to regard them as persuasive. This would be on the basis that domestic legislation, under the Great Repeal Act, will reflect European legislation as at Brexit Day. However even this is not clear.
Our domestic Supreme Court and Court of Appeal judgments will of course remain binding on lower courts. But one can see arguments that if a particular Supreme Court or Court of Appeal judgment had been influenced by CJEU decisions which are no longer strictly binding on the UK, then those domestic judgments may also not be regarded as binding in the future.
Until the time comes and these arguments are made, we will not know how judges will respond. This issue is perhaps the most significant, since the strictness of the EU nature conservation regime is in large part attributable to CJEU interpretation of the legislation, rather than the letter of the law.
Penny Simpson
+44(0)845 017 1133


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The last day of racing at the 2012 Phuket King's Cup Regatta came to a close with partyfun and exciting musical performances amid the natural beauty of Phuket. Singha Corporation, the Title Sponsor of the 2012 race, provided a superb closing party and prize-giving ceremony in front of hundreds of sailors, partygoers and media from around the world, held at the luxurious Kata Beach Resort and Spa. Proceedings were opened with a dazzling fireworks display over Kata Beach. Guests then enjoyed a poolside buffet featuring international and Asian cuisine, and free-flow beverages provided by Singha Corporation. Crowds enjoyed energy-packed dancing to live music and a live DJ show, providing a perfect way to wind down after what has been one of the best regattas to date.
Singha Corporation Co., Ltd. is a subsidiary of Boon Rawd Brewery Co., Ltd., the first and largest Brewery of Thailand. The company was incorporated to oversee the beverage business of Boon Rawd Brewery Co., Ltd. and is responsible for the operation and marketing of beer, soda water, drinking water, and various energy drinks and beverage producers. At present, Boon Rawd Brewery is the owner of "Singha", Singha Light", "Leo", "B-ing", "Purra", "Pun Dee", and "Masita" trademarks.
(In photo, 3rd from right, back row): Virun Phattaramanuskul, Event and Sponsorship Department, Boonrawd Trading Co.,Ltd., and first runner up of Premier class Pine-Pacific Team, skippered by Ithinai Yingsiri (front row, far right) at the closing party of the Phuket King's Cup Regatta 2012 sponsored by Singha Corporation. The event featured a prize giving ceremony at Kata Beach Resort and Spa.


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We are now a homeschool family! This is huge for us! I have always wanted to homeschool our children, my hubby, not so much! I am that mom who gets really sad when summer is over and they go back to school. I would rather keep them at home. Our older daughter has really struggled with being bullied and in her 4 years at school, she has not made a single friend. Each summer I watch her transform from a nervous, tightly wound bundle of nerves, to a calmer, sweeter little girl. After many conversations, we have decided to homeschool.
At first, our daughter was resistant. She didn't want to be different, she was still worried about what the other kids would say. Once she realized she wouldn't have to be around them anymore she has started to relax and really embrace the decision. It is like watching ice cream melt as she is losing the shell she had put in place to survive that environment.
Have you ever thought of homeschooling? This is a huge decision for us, but I strongly believe it is the best decision for our girls.


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Become an Industry Partner Today.
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I had no reason to hate Elvis Presley; I wasn't even yet four years old. But news of his death must have interrupted Sesame Street (the only show I was allowed to watch) because I remember a clip of him à là Aloha from Hawai'i and thinking, "Get that fat guy in that ugly white suit offa my T.V."
Five years later we went to Graceland. I didn't much care one way or the other, until we saw a picture of Jumpsuit Elvis. It jarred my memory and made me remember I didn't like him. We took the tour of his tacky mansion (I was enthralled by the idea of three televisions in one room!) and sat in the Pink Jeep from Blue Hawai'i.
Then we went into the Records Room.
I heard Elvis sing.
That was it – I was hooked. And ever since then, everyone has known how much I love Elvis. In junior high school, girls were drooling over Johnny Depp while I was drawing portraits of Elvis Presley. I bought his albums, or recorded original vinyl onto tape from family and friends. I read books and magazines about him. I watched his movies, even taping the songs onto my little boom box. I was obsessed.
So I'm sorry, Elvis, that my first mean thought was of you.
"Elvis Presley's death deprives our country of a part of itself. He was unique, irreplaceable. More than twenty years ago, he burst upon the scene with an impact that was unprecedented and will probably never be equaled. His music and his personality, fusing the styles of white country and black rhythm and blues, permanently changed the face of American popular culture. His following was immense. And he was a symbol to people the world over of the vitality, rebelliousness and good humor of this country."
President Jimmy Carter, 1977. His official statement following Elvis' death.


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Asia shares rally, yen eases on USA inflation relief
- by Xavier Trudeau
- in Financer
- — Mar 13, 2018
The dollar and Treasury yields held declines. Earlier, Japanese stocks fluctuated before closing higher, while Hong Kong and Chinese shares slipped. Stocks in Shanghai inched lower.
Futures on the S&P 500 Index gained 0.2 percent to the highest in nearly six weeks. The yen continued to climb as political clouds gathered around Japanese Finance Minister Taro Aso.
The US 10-year yield held at 2.87% after Monday's Treasury auction was broadly in line with expectations.
The pullback in wages tempered speculation the Federal Reserve would project four rate hikes - or dot plots - at its policy meeting next week, instead of the current three.
Politics also remain in focus after President Donald Trump issued an executive order blocking Broadcom Ltd. from acquiring Qualcomm Inc., scuttling a $117 billion hostile takeover that had been subject of scrutiny over the deal's threat to US national security.
US crude futures were up 0.2 per cent to $61.51 per barrel. Industrial metals prices slumped.
China data on industrial production, retail sales and fixed-asset investment all out on Wednesday are likely to point to slower growth, according to Bloomberg Economics forecasts.
Key indicators for the Fed dominate the economic agenda in the coming week.
The broader trend remained positive for Wall Street's main indexes, which had closed up almost 2 percent on Friday on the strength of the jobs report.
Prices and factory output are focal points in the euro area.
Friday's second inflation report for February may touch 1.2% from 1.1% the previous month. Also this week, Germany's Angela Merkel is inaugurated to a fourth term, EU27 government officials discuss the European Union's Brexit position, and UK Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond issues his spring statement.
The MSCI Asia Pacific Index increased 0.1 percent to the highest in two weeks.
The MSCI All-Country World index of stocks, which tracks shares in 47 countries was up less than 0.1 percent by 1149 GMT.
The dollar index, which measures the greenback against a basket of currencies, was up 0.1 percent.
The S&P 500 and the Dow slipped on Monday as the US tariffs signed into law last week weighed on industrials, while a rise in tech stocks boosted the Nasdaq to a new record high. The Dow Jones Industrial Average .DJI fell 157.13 points, or 0.62 percent, to 25,178.61, the S&P 500 .SPX lost 3.55 points, or 0.13 percent, to 2,783.02 and the Nasdaq Composite .IXIC added 27.52 points, or 0.36 percent, to 7,588.33.
The jobs news likewise lifted riskier currencies, including the Mexican peso and Canadian and Australian dollars, while weighing on the safe-haven yen. The euro was last up a fraction at $1.2310, sandwiched between support at $1.2270 and resistance at $1.2296. The pound was steady at $1.3901.
The yield on 10-year Treasuries increased one basis point to 2.88 percent.
The benchmark 10-year U.
West Texas Intermediate crude held onto losses after decreasing 1.1 percent, to trade at $61.20 a barrel. Italian and Spanish stocks rose 0.3 to 0.4 per cent, while Britain's FTSE was a laggard, down 0.1 per cent.
Follow Fin24 on Twitter, Facebook, Google+ and Pinterest.24.com encourages commentary submitted via MyNews24. Contributions of 200 words or more will be considered for publication.


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An original Darth Vader toy in its original box is worth $900. Damn it! I HAD one of those! The box lasted til Boxing Day. Most likely, Darth is now slowly rotting somewhere buried in my parents' garden. Why oh why did I open it!
My dad has the same regrets. He had the odd Dinky car or two. Now for him, Dinky cars mean childhood memories. But for us, Dinky cars mean reactions of surprise and joy on the Antiques Roadshow.
I'm looking around my kid's room and I can see exposed Spidermen, Iggle Piggles, Lightning McQueens and Thomases. It looks like a war-zone. The dead lying legs, arms and wheels in the air, pining for the comfort of their boxes. Their boxes are nowhere to be seen. I'm trying to work out the monetary loss but it's impossible. Maybe we should have heeded Nicholas Cage's advice.
All future collectables should be put in cold storage and presented as a posthumous gift to my children for when they retire. They would certainly take care of rising medical costs. You might say, "but these are toys to be played with, not to be stored in their boxes, untouched and unloved!". Oh, please! I've seen Toy Story. It's a great film. But it's not really about toys, is it? It's about us, cherishing those special days when our children are full of wonder, joy and imagination. And anyway, selling their unopened toys to a Japanese museum for a huge profit seems like a better fate for them than undigestible worm food.
Photo credit: nashveggie


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General Information
General Information
What are algae?
The term algae refers to plant-like organisms that are multi-celled or single-celled and photosynthetic (use sunlight to create food). Algae are vitally important to oceans, lakes, and rivers because they are the building blocks of the food chain and ecosystem. Algae are also vital to water bodies because they produce oxygen to sustain life.
Multi-celled algae can include seaweed, and single-celled algae include microscopic organisms called phytoplankton. Phytoplankton can be divided into two categories, cyanobacteria and microalgae.
What are cyanobacteria?
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic, single-celled aquatic organisms. Although they are not true algae, they are often referred to as blue-green algae.
What are microalgae?
Microalgae or microscopic algae are aquatic single-celled algae that are photosynthetic. Two major groups of microalgae are diatoms and dinoflagellates.
What is an algal bloom?
An algal bloom is a visible colony of cyanobacteria or microalgae. An algal bloom can be visible when cyanobacteria or microalgae grow quickly.
What does an algal bloom look like?
An algal bloom can look like foam, scum, or mats on the surface of water or it may not be visible on the water surface. An algal bloom may look like paint floating on the water and can change the water different colors, such as blue, green, brown, yellow, orange, or red. When organisms in a bloom die and decompose, they can release unpleasant odors (like the smell of rotting plants).
Where can an algal bloom occur?
An algal bloom can occur in marine (salt) water, brackish water (mixture of fresh and salt water like in estuaries), and freshwater, including waters that people may use for drinking and/or recreation. Algal blooms more often occur in water with increased levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which may come from fertilizer.
What is a Harmful Algal Bloom?
A harmful algal bloom (HAB) refers to the fast growth of any phytoplankton (cyanobacteria and microalgae) that can cause harm to animals, people, or the local ecology. HABs are a One Health issue because they affect human, animal, and environmental health.
A HAB can harm people, animals, or the local ecosystem. A HAB can cause harm by producing toxins that can poison humans, fish, seabirds, aquatic animals, livestock, wildlife, and household pets (such as dogs) that are near the water, consume the water, or swim in the water. A HAB can also cause harm through the buildup of toxins in both fresh and marine water fish and shellfish, which can cause illness when a person or animal eats the contaminated fish or shellfish.
A HAB can also cause harm by growing densely and blocking the sunlight from reaching the lower depths of the water. A HAB can also starve fish and plants of oxygen in the water when they decompose, resulting in fish kills and damage to the local ecology.
Not all algal blooms are harmful. Algal blooms known as "nuisance blooms" can discolor water, smell bad, and/or cause the water or fish to taste bad. Nuisance blooms are not dangerous as they do not produce toxins that can harm people or animals. However, they can discourage people from visiting beaches, drinking tap water, or eating fish from the water that is experiencing the bloom.
It is not possible to tell if a bloom is harmful just by looking at it.
What causes a Harmful Algal Bloom?
In freshwater, a HAB is most likely to form in warm, still waters with abundant nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. In marine waters and brackish waters, a HAB forms under certain environmental conditions, such as when:
- Existing nutrients accumulate near the surface of the ocean.
- There are increases in sea surface temperature.
- Sea currents change.
Climate change also might increase the frequency and occurrence of HABs or cause them to be more severe in both freshwater and marine waters. For example, warming temperatures in Lake Erie have contributed to extensive blooms that have lasted long into the early winter months. These blooms were caused by Microcystis aeruginosa, a toxin-producing cyanobacteria. In the past, blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa in Lake Erie were of smaller size and did not last until winter.
Where are Harmful Algal Blooms found?
HABs are found in bodies of fresh water, marine (salt) water, and brackish (mixture of fresh and salt water) waters around the world. In the United States, HABs occur in waters across the country.
In 2014, a national survey found that over 50% of responding states in the United States (38 states and the District of Columbia) reported that HABs are present every year in some of their lakes or other freshwater bodies.
Marine water
All coastal states in the United States have experienced HABs, including Hawaii and Alaska. HABs in marine waters have been associated with food poisoning and have occurred in coastal areas in the United States and throughout the world. Imported seafood has been implicated in a number of HAB-associated poisonings in inland areas.
Brackish water
HABs have been reported in brackish waters including estuaries and coastal waters in the United States.
How are people and animals commonly exposed to a Harmful Algal Bloom and Harmful Algal Bloom toxins?
People or animals (household pets, livestock, and wildlife) can be exposed to a HAB or HAB toxins in fresh, brackish, or marine water bodies through direct contact, ingestion, or inhalation.
- Direct contact with HAB toxins can occur when people or animals swim in water containing a HAB.
- Ingestion of HAB toxins can occur when people or animals swallow HAB-contaminated water or eat HAB-contaminated fish or shellfish.
- Inhalation of HAB toxins can occur when people or animals breathe in HAB toxins that have been aerosolized (turned into tiny airborne droplets or mist) from the water. These toxins may be present in the immediate area and, in some cases, may be blown by the wind to surrounding areas.
For more information on HABs exposure, visit Sources of Exposure and Risk Factors.
What are the symptoms of Harmful Algal Bloom-associated illnesses?
In humans, exposure to waters contaminated with HAB toxins can cause a variety of signs and symptoms of illness, depending on the amount of toxins, the type of toxin, and the length of time that the person was exposed to the contaminated water or bloom. Symptoms usually begin within hours of exposure and can last for a few days.
People whose skin comes into contact with contaminated water can experience skin and eye irritation, and those who breathe in toxins can experience respiratory irritation or illness. Swallowing the toxin can cause abdominal pain, vomiting, and neurologic effects.
In animals, HAB toxins can cause severe disease such as excessive salivation, weakness, staggered walking, difficulty breathing, convulsions, or even death. Death in animals can occur within hours to days of exposure.
For more information, visit Illness and Symptoms.
What should I do if I have been exposed to a Harmful Algal Bloom or Harmful Algal Bloom toxins?
Contact your local or state health department if you suspect there is a HAB or if you think you may be experiencing a HAB-associated illness. Some local and state health departments have web forms or hotlines for reporting suspected HAB-associated illnesses directly to the health department.
If you have any questions about symptoms that you are experiencing, call your local or state poison information center. The specialists might be able to provide information about HAB-associated illnesses.
Consult a healthcare provider for advice about how to relieve your symptoms. If you do consult a healthcare provider, please let them know that you might have been exposed to a HAB or may have been recently exposed to HAB toxins when consuming fish or shellfish. There are currently no available tests or special treatments for HAB-associated illnesses, but information about the suspected cause of your illness might help your healthcare provider to manage symptoms.
If you have a question about the health of your pets, consult your veterinarian.
How can I prevent illness from a Harmful Algal Bloom?
If you see an algal bloom, stay out of the water and keep your pets out of the water. It may be difficult to determine if an algal bloom is harmful by looking at it, so it is best to use caution and avoid contact. If you or your pets do go in water that has an algal bloom, wash yourself or your pets off immediately afterwards with tap water. When you visit a body of water, check for current local and/or state swimming or fishing advisories. If you have concerns about the appearance, smell, or taste of the water, stop using the water and contact your local park authority, environmental authority, or health department.
If you have been notified of a HAB in a local water body or in your public drinking water supply, follow local or state guidance to reduce your risk and report any illnesses that you believe resulted from exposure to a HAB or HAB toxins.
How do I know if my fresh or marine water fish or shellfish is free from Harmful Algal Bloom toxins?
HAB toxins in fresh and marine water fish or shellfish are tasteless, odorless, and are not removed by cooking. State management programs monitor and close shellfish beds and send out fish advisories in the event of a known HAB event.
Consumers should be aware of their fresh and marine water fish or shellfish sources by checking safety advisories from the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Agriculture or Fish Consumption Advisories web pages and understanding which fish or shellfish may be more likely to accumulate algal toxins.
Although some HABs may not be detected, seafood monitoring programs test marine fish and shellfish for toxins regularly, and commercially caught fish should be safe to eat. For more information on HAB-associated foodborne illness, visit the Eating Contaminated Seafood and Marine Toxin Poisoning page or CDC's Food Safety website.
Can a Harmful Algal Bloom contaminate tap water?
HABs in freshwater bodies are a growing concern due to the potential for them to contaminate water bodies used for tap water. In freshwater, HABs are most commonly formed from a type of phytoplankton called cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins (toxins produced by cyanobacteria). Harmful cyanotoxins do not cause changes in tap water taste or odor.
Cyanobacteria can also produce non-toxic compounds (mixtures of elements) that are not harmful but can change the taste or smell of water.
There are currently no federal regulations that determine the maximum number of cyanobacteria or the maximum concentration of cyanotoxins that are safe for public drinking water. The World Health Organization (WHO) has a recommended limit on the level of exposure to cyanotoxins that a person should experience in his or her lifetime [PDF – 22 pages]. Cyanotoxins have also been on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Contaminant Candidate List (CCL1) since 1998. The Contaminant Candidate List is a list of contaminants that are not included in EPA drinking water regulations, but that have been known to or might occur in drinking water systems.
In 2015, EPA issued new health advisories for algal toxins in drinking water. The EPA health advisory recommends limits for two types of cyanotoxins, microcystin and cylindrospermopsin. The advisory states that algal toxin levels in drinking water do not exceed 0.3 micrograms per liter for microcystin and 0.7 micrograms per liter for cylindrospermopsin for children younger than school age (<5 years of age). For all other ages, the EPA recommends that algal toxins levels do not exceed 1.6 micrograms per liter for microcystin and 3.0 micrograms per liter for cylindrospermopsin. If algal toxins are over these levels, the public should be notified that no one should drink or boil the water. For more information on exposure to HABs and HAB toxins through swallowing drinking water, visit Sources of Exposure and Risk Factors.
How many people become ill from Harmful Algal Blooms annually?
It is unknown how many people become ill from HABs annually in the United States because individual cases of illness have not been tracked nationally. In 2016, CDC launched the One Health Harmful Algal Bloom System (OHHABS), which local, state, and territorial health agencies may use to report individual human and animal cases of illnesses from HAB-associated exposures, as well as environmental data about HABs.
Waterborne and foodborne disease outbreaks (defined as similar illness occurring in two or more people after exposure to the same water or food item) related to HABs may be reported by health departments to CDC's National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS); however, reporting is limited to outbreaks, so individual cases are not recorded in this system.
What is the economic impact of Harmful Algal Blooms?
Economic effects of HABs may arise from public health costs associated with illness, commercial fishery closures and fish kills, declines in coastal and marine recreation and tourism, and the costs of monitoring and management.
While the economic cost in the United States is not well characterized, HABs potentially cost the economy millions of dollars each year. Examples of these costs include:
- The fishing industry loses as much as $34 million a year (adjusted from Year 2000 estimate) from HABs in the form of lost sales when seafood is contaminated with toxins 1.
- HAB-associated human and animal illness costing millions of dollars in direct healthcare costs. For example, respiratory illnesses associated with blooms of Karenia brevis from Sarasota County inon the Gulf Coast of Florida resulted in $0.5 to $4 million in hospital emergency department costs 2.
- The recreation and tourism industries losing millions of dollars each year. For example, a HAB event in a single lake in Ohio cost $37 to $47 million in lost tourism revenue over two years 2.
- The monitoring and management of HABs costs states millions of dollars each year.
What is currently being done to control Harmful Algal Blooms in the United States?
Local, state, tribal, and federal agencies and researchers across the United States are involved in various efforts to prevent HABs and HAB-associated illnesses, including:
- Monitoring for algal blooms and associated toxins in recreational water, drinking water, and fresh and marine water fish or shellfish
- Reducing nutrient loads in water
- Conducting health surveillance for HAB-associated illnesses in humans and animals and HAB events
- Collaborating among agencies to better coordinate activities within and across states and nationally
- Engaging with citizen scientists and other partners to monitor for HABs in marine and fresh water
In 1972, the U.S. and Canada signed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, as part of an effort to improve water quality. This agreement outlines work to control phosphorus levels that contribute to HAB development, among other issues. It also emphasizes the need to protect sources of drinking and recreational water in an effort to reduce human exposure to environmental pollutants.
Two U.S. federal legislative initiatives that support this work are the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) and the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Amendments Act of 2014 (HABHRCA). The GLRI was launched in 2010 to promote and speed up efforts to protect and restore the Great Lakes. The HABHRCA was originally enacted in 1998 and amended in 2014. This act helps direct resources, research, and policies regarding HABs and hypoxia (events of severe oxygen depletion) that damage the water body ecology for coastal and inland waters.
- Anderson DM, Hoagland P, Kaoru Y, White AW. Estimated annual economic impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States. [PDF – 96 pages] 2000;WHOI-2000-11.
- Florida Department of Health. Harmful Algal Blooms – Economic Impacts. [PDF – 1 page] 2008.
- Page last reviewed: October 16, 2018
- Page last updated: October 16, 2018
- Content source:


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Escape Special Characters in Merge Fields for Apex Callouts That Use Named Credentials
Your code can use merge fields to construct the bodies of Apex callouts to named credential–defined endpoints. Those merge fields now support the HTMLENCODE function so you can escape special characters, such as underscore (_) and ampersand (&), in the merge fields in callout bodies.
HTMLENCODE is an existing formula function. Other formula functions aren't supported, and you can't use HTMLENCODE on merge fields in HTTP headers.
The following example escapes special characters in credentials.
req.setBody('UserName:{!HTMLENCODE($Credential.Username)}') req.setBody('Password:{!HTMLENCODE($Credential.Password)}')


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Listen to how Chimamanda Adichie makes her speech powerful and engging by telling many anecdotes. Her standpoint being the danger of a single story leads to stereotyping and predjudice.
Listen to how Malala makes her speech powerful by using images and repetition.
Listen to how Martin Luther King, Jr. makes his speech powerful by using imagery (giving us pictures) and repetition.
Listen to how Steve Jobs uses anecdotes from his life to make a powerful point.
There's no single formula for a great talk, but there is a secret ingredient that all the best ones have in common. TED curator Chris Anderson shares this secret -- along with four ways to make it work


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The most expensive house in the world has hit the market… for a cool $1.1 billion. Called the Ville Les Cèdres, the mansion is located on the French Riviera (or Côte d'Azur)… on the Mediterranean coast of southeastern France.
It boasts 10 bedrooms, a ballroom, concierge, a chapel, 50-meter swimming pool dug into the rocks, a winter garden and stables for 30 horses, according to Forbes.
But, the most valuable aspect of the property is its botanical park, considered one of the most beautiful private gardens in Europe. It covers more than 35 acres with 20 greenhouses, is overseen by 15 full-time gardeners, and features some 15,000 rare tropical species — considered to be Europe's largest collection of tropical plants.
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An 80-year-old man who was killed in a fire Monday in unincorporated Lisle was smoking while wearing an oxygen tube, which "was highly flammable and was the cause of the fire," authorities said today.
The victim was identified as Ralph Lutfy, of the 5700 block of Abbey Drive, who was transported to Good Samaritan Hospital in Downers Grove, where he was pronounced dead around 3:20 p.m. An autopsy was scheduled for today.
A woman was treated and released at the scene, the sheriff's office said.
The fire at the Four Lakes Apartment Complex was confined to one apartment.
-- Gerry Smith


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Heritage Category: Listed Building
Grade: II*
List Entry Number: 1146090
Date first listed: 06-Jan-1966
Statutory Address: REMAINS OF OLD FONTHILL ABBEY
The above map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 1146090 .pdf
The PDF will be generated from our live systems and may take a few minutes to download depending on how busy our servers are. We apologise for this delay.
This copy shows the entry on 19-Feb-2019 at 13:12:11.
Statutory Address: REMAINS OF OLD FONTHILL ABBEY
The building or site itself may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.
District: Wiltshire (Unitary Authority)
Parish: Fonthill Gifford
National Grid Reference: ST 91822 30997
ST 93 SW (north side)
1/86 Remains of Old Fonthill Abbey 6.1.66
Remains of Gothic country house fantasy. 1796-c1818 by James Wyatt for William Beckford, altered in 1840s. Limestone ashlar, Welsh slate roof. All that remains of the vast cruciform building is a fragment of the north wing; the tower fell 1825 and the three other wings were demolished c1845 during building works for the Marquess of Westminster's Fonthill Abbey by Burn. Now consists of the Lancaster tower with short 2-storey wing attached to the north, 4-storey tower has angle buttresses, west side has two lancets to ground floor, 3-light Perpendicular-style window with hoodmould to first floor, oriel window with heraldic shields below and casements to second floor, third floor has blocked mullioned window with hoodmould, battlemented parapet to pitched roof. Two-storey range to left has three small lancets to ground floor and three large pointed lancets with hoodmoulds to first floor, battlemented parapet with corner pinnacles. Left return has angular 2-storey bay with Tudor-arched window and lancets with tracery, some blind, buttresses with offsets and battlemented parapet, rear of this range has lancets and Tudor-arched doorway. Right return of tower has 2-light Perpendicular window with wooden tracery inserted in wall blocked off following demolition of formerly attached range. To rear of tower is square stair turret with chamfered loopholes, rear of tower has two Tudor-arched windows with casements and blind lancet with hoodmould over. Attached to rear of 2-storey range is single-storey cloister range rebuilt in this position. after demolition of rest of Abbey; 5 bays of chamfered Tudor-arched openings with flat roof to right of range with 3-light and 2-light mullioned casements, planked door with hoodmoulds, and double- gabled roof with parapet and crocketed pinnacles, right part ends with octagonal turret with open cupola on shafts with octagonal pointed roof with finial. Interior partly inaccessible at time of survey (December 1985) but ground floor retains Tudor-arched openings and fireplace, possibly reset. The first floor of the tower and short range to north was occupied by the Vaulted Corridor, the Oratory and the Sanctuary with bedrooms in the two floors above, including the state bedroom; no original fittings survive. Service quarters on ground floor. Fonthill Abbey approached from the west via a wooded avenue, half a mile long and set in woodland, partly planted by Beckford, and enclosed by a wall in 1793. Important as only tangible remnant of an extraordinary house. (J. Lees-Milne, William Beckford, 1976; B. Alexander in Country Life 1st December 1966)
Listing NGR: ST9182230997
The contents of this record have been generated from a legacy data system.
Legacy System number: 320875
Legacy System: LBS
Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England, Part 46 Wiltshire,
This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.
End of official listing


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Fast Internet requests that complaints be first directed to the offending user or domain.
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Renato Borghetti
Pop, Traditional, World
If you hear the word 'accordion' and imagine Latin jazz, tropical nights, and the delicate, heated musical backdrop to a steamy tango, then Renato Borghetti has the food for your musical soul. Borghetti plays the button accordion that is central to the folk music of Brazil, combining the irresistible call to dance with the inimitable Portuguese musical emotion saudade (defined by a friend of mine as 'a complicated sadness').
This is the hook of Brazilian music, the mix of rhythm and emotional complication that took the jazz world by storm in the 50s with Brazilian musical heavyweights like Gilberto Gil, Antonio Carlos Jobim, Joao and Astrud Gilberto and Caetano Veloso. Brazil is most famous for the rhythms of samba, but tango, bossa nova, blues-inflected forro – all of these are the Brazilian musical playground, and Borghetti inhabits the playground with finesse and fire.
Similar artists:
Besh o droM , Marco Calliari , Locarno , Marc Ribot Y Los Cubanos Postizos


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Old friends from Argentina reunited in New York. Five died together in a terrorist attack. The childhood friends from Argentina had been planning the trip to New York City for years. They graduated from the school together in 1987.
Source: The Whashington Post.
I join the grief of the families of my compatriots killed in the terrorist attack in Manhattan on 31st October.
My way to honor the five friends killed is letting all the people in the world know that Argentina is a country where family and friendship is valued. Argentina is a place where family and friendship are the things that really matter.
Dear readers, I wanted to share with you Surcos de Amor, a novel about typical argentinian values written by a psicologue (Maria Flavia Diaz Noblega) and a doctor (Gustavo Adolfo Diaz Noblega) who are daughter and father. This book is an absolute gem published in Buenos Aires on March 2017 by Editorial Parabola.
It's a book that I invite everyone to pick up and read.
posted by Proyecto San Telmo Spanish Classes Buenos Aires Argentina


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Birthdays: Kevin Hart, 38; Tia and Tamera Mowry, 39; 50 Cent, 42; Sylvester Stallone, 71.
ARIES (March 21-April 19): You can be honest without sharing how much money you make. Keep your financial matters, assets and possessions a secret until you feel comfortable sharing such details with others.
TAURUS (April 20-May 20): Handle your financial matters yourself. Don't feel the need to pay someone else or to donate to something you know little about.
GEMINI (May 21-June 20): Don't feel you have to go overboard if someone asks for help. Offer suggestions, but don't take on the work yourself. Look out for your own interests.
CANCER (June 21-July 22): Taking a closer look at what your peers are doing will spark an idea that may encourage you to keep up and to compete. Let your strong points carry you.
LEO (July 23-Aug. 22): Listen and learn. You'll absorb information that will help you get a better understanding of the possibilities that are available.
VIRGO (Aug. 23-Sept. 22): Disillusionment will surface regarding a partnership you thought you could trust. Dig deep and find out exactly where you stand before you let any situation turn into a fiasco.
LIBRA (Sept. 23-Oct. 22): A change of scenery will do you good. Sign up for a conference or course that will broaden your spectrum on something you want to pursue.
SCORPIO (Oct. 23-Nov. 21): Don't feel pressured to follow the crowd or to let anyone put demands on you. Think for yourself and you will come up with a plan that works.
SAGITTARIUS (Nov. 22-Dec. 21): You can make positive changes if you think matters through carefully. Bolster your plans with facts, experience and well-thought-out ideas.
CAPRICORN (Dec. 22-Jan. 19): Learn from what you observe. If someone shows signs of extravagance or bravado, it may be best to back away.
AQUARIUS (Jan. 20-Feb. 18): Put your best foot forward and do all you can to help improve your community and environment. Your help and support will change the way others view you.
PISCES (Feb. 19-March 20): You'll be torn between what you should do and what you want to do. Consider what is in your best interest.


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Adir Pro Cube 2-360 Cross Line Laser Level Basic Edition
Search for Products
Privacy Statement
Adir Pro Cube 2-360 Cross Line Laser Level Basic Edition
Manufacturer: Adir Pro
Model #: ADI790-38
In stock at Home Depot on 3-22-2018.
Item Description
The Adir Pro CUBE 2-360 laser is a cross line laser that has a pendulum level. This unit is self-leveling with a vertical accuracy range of within 4°. Depending on the work areas illumination, the working range of this laser is up to 230 ft. with a receiver and 66 ft. without a receiver. The 2 separate line beams are generated from 635-670 nm laser diodes. The line beams have an accuracy of ±1/8 in. at 30 ft. (±3 mm at 10 m).
Product Features
Two 360° beams (horizontal and vertical)
Up to 230 ft. working range with laser receiver
Self-leveling within ±4°
±1/8 in. at 30 ft. accuracy
2 operating modes (indoor and outdoor)
Two 1/4 in. thread for tripod mount
NOTICE: All of our product prices, availability, and specifications
are subject to verification by their respective retailers.
Copyright © 2018, Dominant Systems Corporation
Privacy Policy
Last Modified : 1:09 AM EST on 3-22-2018


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We live in a generation where Messi and Ronaldo have been the face of world football for more than a decade. Well, it's not surprising to know that same can be said about their respective clubs too and it has been so since the time of Maradona and Pele.
As a testament to this, I have a die-hard fan of Barcelona FC in my own house in the form of my younger brother and needless to say this has made my life tougher than it already seems.
It's a known fact that Arsenal can never be compared to clubs like Barca and Real Madrid, or even Man United as a matter of fact as these clubs have the wealth and financial backing unlike any other club in the world and it has been so for a long time, which is probably one of the reasons they have the largest fan base around the world.
On the other side, I am supporting a club that has been hell bent on giving their fans a hard time for over a decade now. The fact that Arsenal have almost taken a decade to sign a replacement for Van Persie, is an example of the madness and misfortune that our club has put us through.
My intention is not to make comparisons but sometimes it feels sad to see other clubs achieving success, while Arsenal remain content with a top four finish but last season was the final nail in the coffin as far as the Gunners logic of treating a top four finish as equivalent to a trophy is concerned.
I mean we were never going anywhere with a Champions League spot and it was almost a cruel joke on the fans like it wasn't bad enough to see our club lose to teams in England, now we had to lose terribly to teams from all over the world.
Although last season was pretty bad, the season before that(2015-16) will go down as one of the most disappointing for an Arsenal fan in recent times. It is true that we did finish second but it was also true that we had a great chance of ending our long wait for a major silverware and in the end, we squandered the chance like we always do and eventually Leicester were crowned the champions.
I always tell my brother when he feels all dejected after a lost match if you think being a Barca fan is tough, try being a Gooner and you will know what pain really is. To see a club with so much of history and culture, in such a state is truly heartbreaking.
All that said and done, come next weekend, I religiously wear the infamous fly Emirates Jersey and tune into the match with a prayer in my mind and nothing but love and hope for my club, a hope for a better tomorrow, a hope for glory, a hope for pride and a hope at redemption, because at the end of the day we love Arsenal not just for what it is at the moment but for what it was and what it can always be.
Do you want your Arsenal opinion to be heard? We are looking for Writers who can passionately represent their views. Get started by contacting us here: firstname.lastname@example.com Follow us on Twitter here: @arsenalfever360. Picture lover? Follow our Instagram account here: arsenal_fever and LIKE us on Facebook here: Arsenal Fever


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Loving Memory
Catherine Cleary (nee Hannaway)
93 years
Passed away peacefully at Finlandia on Tuesday October 9th, 2018 after a long battle with Alzheimer's disease.
Beloved wife of Floyd Cleary (predeceased 1980).
Loving mother of Fred (Marianne), Colleen and Maureen (Jim Mills).
Will be sadly missed by her grandchildren Karianne, Craig, Todd, Jeff, Malcolm and Sarah. As well her great grandchildren and one great-great grandson.
Dear sister to her three brothers (all predeceased) John, Tommy and Bobby.
Catherine enjoyed her time at camp with her family and also playing euchre with friends. She also enjoyed her long walks with her best friend
In keeping with Catherine's wishes there will be no visitation or service. Cremation will take place at the Park Lawn Crematorium.
In lieu of flowers donations to the 4 Champ Animal Rescue.
Irish Blessing for you Mom
May the road rise up to meet you.
May the wind be always at your back.
May the sun shine warm upon your face,
the rain fall soft upon your fields and
until we meet again, May God hold you in the Palm of His Hand.
(Arrangements Entrusted to the Lougheed Funeral Home)
Catherine Cleary


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I blog as part of The Aperiodical.
My column at The Aperiodical is Travels in a Mathematical World. See all my posts at The Aperiodical.
Visit my YouTube channel for videos on puzzles and maths history, as well as higher education maths curriculum talks.
Research talks
Student-led employability audit of undergraduate learning, teaching and assessment practice
Learning & Teaching Conference, Sheffield Hallam University (29/06/2017). With Jeff Waldock.
I spoke about a project where we hired student researchers to audit the BSc Mathematics curriculum from the point of view of employability.


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The Action Team Co-Chairs met together on February 9 to walk through each team's goal statement drafts and coordinate work for the month of February.
Currently, each of those draft statements is being refined, and the Action Teams are scheduled to meet throughout the coming weeks to develop their final drafts.
Beautification & Recreation Action Team meets MONDAY, February 20 at 5:30 pm at the Lonoke County Museum.
Infrastructure Action Team meets TUESDAY, February 21 at 12:00 noon at CAPDD.
Branding & Marketing Action Team meets THURSDAY, Feburary 23 at 3:30 pm at Lonoke Assembly of God multi-purpose room.
Housing & Real Estate Action Team meets THURSDAY, February 23 at 5:30 pm at Dill Real Estate offices.
Jobs & Education Action Team meets FRIDAY, February 24 at 11:30 am at Lonoke School District Central Offices.
The next Public Meeting will be held Thursday evening, March 9, when the final drafts of the goal statements will be presented and a period of public input will be opened for a final round of comment and revisions. The final goal statements will be completed by early April.
Any changes to the meeting dates, times, and locations, are updated on each Action Team's pages and the calendar linked HERE: