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My dream was to become a nurse, but the universe had a different plan in mind. As I have gotten older, I have questioned my purpose. I didn't see it until recently.
When my infant daughter Gabrielle was diagnosed with subcortical band heteropia, and when I witnessed her seizing time after time feeling helpless and I asked myself, "Why her? Why me?" Although I loved Gabrielle with all my heart, a part of me experienced mixed emotions about her condition. I lived in a "dark place" filled with bitterness, anger and negativity. I just felt so overwhelmed. Why were our lives so much more difficult than those of other families? Why was my life consumed with neurology visits, physical, occupational and speech therapy appointments while other kids were playing outside and going to birthday parties? Why did our hope diminish after every new medication failed to help?
I couldn't see it then, but now I see with clarity: these experiences were preparing me for my life's purpose.
Wisdom has taught me that in order to understand others, I needed to walk through the fire, too. Without my experiences I would not be able to relate, connect and be compassionate with the families I work with. I share a similar path with them. I have found that when I meet someone who is struggling, it is easier for both of us to open up because we know the other "gets it." My experiences have shaped my life's work. I can encourage others with hope and strength, whether it's a parent with a child with special needs or a preschool teacher who has children in his classroom who have behavioral needs. I get paid to do a job I love.
I frequently have conversations with my son Jared, who will be going to college next fall. He often asks why I am not working in a field where I use my college degree. In the past, I couldn't have answered his question. But now I tell him that the universe had another path for me. It wasn't the one I would have chosen but when I got out of the way, I found that my life's path is much more beautiful than I could ever have imagined.


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2. Why is gram staining an important technique in microbiology?
Monday, 2/29/2016
1. What kind of information does gram staining provide?
2. Why is gram staining an important technique in microbiology?
Thursday, 2/25/2016
1. Why was it important to inoculate milk with bacteria from a single colony rather than from multiple bacterial colonies?
2. Some bacteria will only grow when they have access to specific types of nutrients. If some bacteria in the yogurt would only grow in milk, and would not grow on agar, how would this have affected your investigation?
Friday, 2/26/2016
1. Can yogurt-making bacteria be prevented from making yogurt? What evidence do you have to support your answer.
2. If you only added yogurt to the milk and found that it made yogurt (you didn't have all the other tubes), what would that show and what would that fail to show?
1. What do you expect to see in the 6 tubes of milk after incubation? Growth, no growth? Yogurtness?
2. Why add an antibiotic (ampicillin) in one of the tubes?
Tuesday, 2/23/2016
1. Which of Koch's postulates are tested by adding bacteria from yogurt t to milk?
2. How can the spread of bacterial diseases be prevented?
Monday, 2/22/2016
1. What characteristics do you think allow bacteria to cause diseases?
2. What could we conclude if we see more than one type of bacteria growing on an agar plate streaked with yogurt?
Friday, 2/19/2016
1. What is the purpose of this lab? What are we modeling?
2. How would you determine if a specific microbe was responsible for a disease?
Tuesday, 2/16/2016
1. How much sucrose is needed to make 50 ml of 1% (w/v) sucrose solution?
2. How will you follow aseptic techniques when...
Monday, 2/16/2016
1. What is in LBS agar?
2. What organisms/substances will we be lookin at?
Thursday, 2/11/2016
1. Look up the bacteria found in yogurt. Tell me at least 3 names and their shapes.
Mrs. Husselstein
Biotechnology I Warm-Up questions. Please write your answers in the Warm-Up document provided weekly on Google Classroom.
December 2018

subset: commoncrawl


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Ni-MH high-capacity Battery in the retail market, the highest visibility, its 1500mAH 5th (AA) and 650 mah of the 7th (AAA) battery for a considerable period of time is the commercial retail market can buy the largest battery, and excellent performance, the recovery life is far greater than the nominal value. In particular, number 7th battery, capacity can reach 650mAH.
Counterfeit rechargeable batteries are also many, mainly counterfeit two-section hanging plate and four plastic seal lite, we in the electronic market is easy to see these fake figure, the price from 6 yuan/board to 10 yuan/board have. Typically, retail users encounter a nickel-hydrogen battery of less than 10 yuan per section. Some black-hearted businessmen will sell fake goods to the real price of sale, plus fake packaging some version of the simulation is quite high, users are difficult to identify, so it is best to exclusive shop (point) to buy.


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2121 Vineyard
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Marketplace > Home > Search > Result List > Details
KWAJALIEN OPERATIONS (VIDEO). American victories at Tarawa led to the invasion of the Kwajalien islands by the 4th Marine Division and the 7th Infantry Div. in February 1944. Kwajalien Atoll was the Japanese command center of the Marshals and the focus of its air power in the islands. Supported by battleships firing as close as 1,500 yards from the beach, the 7th Infantry fought its way across Kwajalien while the Marines 40 miles north attacked Rol and Namur. This film covers the USMC and Army combat actions at Rol, Namur and Kwajalien islands.
62 min. (contains rare WWII footage professionally transferred from 55+ year old film archives. Film quality varies from marginal to acceptable).
Click cover to enlarge
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ver 121011


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Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y.; Mechanical Technology Inc., Latham, N. Y.
An asymptotic solution is obtained for squeeze film flow between impinging spheres. The lubricant is assumed to be a four-constant, nonlinear, viscoelastic liquid. The pressure peak in the lubricant is very sensitive to the values of viscoelastic constants. The results agree qualitatively with those observed experimentally.
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About Us
Wilton Re provides clients with comprehensive advice and tailored solutions to address their most complex financial and operational needs.
We are a team of industry specialists with significant acquisition, structuring, capital markets, insurance operations and reinsurance experience. We bring together these diverse skills to develop tailored solutions to help our clients achieve financial, product, acquisition, and growth strategies. On average, our executive management team has over 24 years of relevant industry experience.
Wilton Re's diverse skill-set spans:
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text: Horse Rider Barrel Racing Event Dirt Stock Photo (Edit Now) 612510422 - Shutterstock View Preview Save Try Share Edit Sign In We're Sorry! Sign in to our Contributor site. Forgot your password? Sign In Don't have an account? Sign Up Create your Free Account Please send me product announcements, helpful advice, and special promotions. Download By creating an account, I agree to Shutterstock's Website Terms, Privacy Policy, and Licensing Terms. Already have an account? Sign In By CustomPhotographyDesigns Royalty-free stock photo ID: 612510422 A horse and rider at a barrel racing event with dirt flying. - Image barrel race rodeo horse rider western arena fast cowgirl country saddle animal american blur boots brown close competition conditioning cowboy danger dirt equestrian equine fitness fur health horizontal horseback large animal moving muscles one horse outdoor powerful ride run skidding southwestern speed sport strength strong tradition up west Show more Show less Categories: Animals/Wildlife, Sports/Recreation Similar images See all Same model See all Same artist See all


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Hydrothermal liquefaction—most promising path to sustainable bio-oil production — phys.orgon February 6, 2013 at 7:30 pm
Hydrothermal liquefaction—most promising path to sustainable bio-oil production
February 6, 2013
A new generation of the HTL process can convert all kinds of biomasses to crude bio-oil, which is sufficiently similar to fossil crude oil that a simple thermal upgrade and existing refinery technology can be employed to subsequently obtain all the liquid fuels we know today. What is more, the HTL process only consumes approximately 10-15 percent of the energy in the feedstock biomass, yielding an energy efficiency of 85-90 percent.
To emphasize, the HTL process accepts all biomasses from modern society – sewage sludge, manure, wood, compost and plant material along with waste from households, meat factories, dairy production and similar industries.
It is by far the most feedstock flexible of any liquid fuel producing process, including pyrolysis, bio-ethanol, gasification with Fischer-Tropsch or catalytic upgrading of different vegetable or agro-industrial residual oils, and does not carry higher costs than these.
Hydrothermal liquefaction is basically pressure cooking, but instead of cooking the biomass in batches, one pot-full at a time, this new generation of HTL is based on flow production, where the biomass is injected into a 400 °C pre-heated reactor, "cooked" under high pressure for ~15 minutes and then quickly cooled down to 70°C.
Read more: Hydrothermal liquefaction—most promising path to sustainable bio-oil production.


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A Moment before Midnight Mass
One of the mixed blessings of "the Season" is Christmas specials. Mostly old-school stuff, repeated endlessly.
It's mind-numbing for the lame ones. But for the good ones, it's amazing!
One of the very best? "A Charlie Brown Christmas."
From the first time I saw it, I loved it. I still do. And it's one of the reasons Midnight Mass means so much to me. Here's why.
When Linus tells Charlie Brown "that's what Christmas is all about," he's quoting the Gospel for Midnight Mass.


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This privacy policy applies to and covers the website operated and owned by Marketology Solutions, and is freely accessible from the website at all times. Marketology Solutions is committed to safeguarding your privacy online. It is very important to us that you should be able to use and enjoy the website without you having to compromise your privacy in any way. Please read the following policy to understand how your personal information will be treated. This policy may change from time to time so please check back regularly.
Please keep in mind that whenever you voluntarily disclose personal information online - for example on message boards, through e-mail, or in chat areas - that information can be collected and used by others. In short, if you post personal information online that is accessible to the public, you may receive unsolicited messages from other parties in return. Ultimately, you are solely responsible for maintaining the secrecy of your passwords, where applicable. Please be careful and responsible when you're online. If you have any requests concerning your personal information or any queries with regard to these practices, please contact us.
A "cookie" is a piece of information, like a tag, which some websites create on your PC. In order to provide you with the best possible online experience, we may create "cookies" in the future to understand your preferences when you visit our website. The cookies allocate each user of the site with a random number. This procedure does not entail the collection of any personal information and you cannot be personally identified.
Cookies may be used in the following ways: to limit the frequency with which you will see particular advertisements or site announcements on the site; without actually identifying you; to track where you have come from if you were referred to our website; or to provide you with self-help information. Our cookies will not be used to analyse your visits to other sites or track any searches you may undertake whilst on the Marketology Solutions website. Agents of Marketology Solutions, and our parent company - Schalun Organisation, who assist in the serving, and targeting of advertisements, promotions and other marketing messages may also use cookies to collect anonymous data.
Generally we don't allow money refunding since all our services are customized according to clients' requirements. In case the agreed services/products mismatching the clients' approved order, and in this case only whereby If there are any delivered services/products not 100% matching the approved quotation/work order we allow 100% refund to your payments. In order to be able to refund your paid amounts, you have to notify us during 3 days of delivery, mentioning the mismatched items and attaching the approved Work Order/Quotation.
The information you provide on the Marketology Solutions website will be held only by Marketology Organisation and duly authorised agents.
If you have any requests concerning your personal information or any queries with regard to these practices, please contact us
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Brad Paisley and LL Cool J penned what's arguably the most god-awful song in the history of ever. "Accidental Racist" hit the airwaves earlier this month, unfortunately, decrying the sad plight of the poor misunderstood Southern white man in a drawling mash-up of twangy banjos and elementary rhymes.
In the racially, culturally and historically tone deaf ditty, Paisley asks for an African-American barista to forgive his choice of questionable accoutrements:
"To the man that
waited on me at the Starbucks down on Main, I hope you understand.
When I put on that T-shirt, the only thing I meant to say is, 'I'm a Skynyrd fan.
The red flag on my chest somehow is like the elephant in the corner of the south.
And I just walked him right into the room.
Just a proud rebel son with an ol' can of worms.
Lookin' like I got a lot of learn … "
Oh, boo-freaking-hoo. Yeah, Paisley, you do got a lot o' learnin' to do–about fashion, for starters, and maybe the violent history of U.S. slavery and white male entitlement.
Later, LL Cool J presumptuously grants forgiveness on behalf of an entire race for Paisley's confederate flag-emblazoned top (which in my mind's eye is also sleeveless and tattered). In return, the rapper asks for understanding of his own stereotypical attire:
"If you won't judge my do' rag, I won't judge your red flag."
That's diplomatic of you, Cool J. And earlier:
"If you don't judge my gold chains, I'll forget the iron chains."
Record scratch. Stop. Well, now that's a tad generous, don't you think? If Mr. Wish-I-Was-in-Dixie graciously refrains from judging your choice of fine jewelry, you'll erase all memory of centuries of human enslavement? Seems fair … uh, psych!
Despite the (much-merited) controversy, Paisley and his misguided "accidentally racist" duet partner, Ladies Love Cool James, say record sales remained pretty strong. Interesting choice, Uh-merica. Can't wait to hear the follow-up hit single about Paisley's other awkward racist T-shirt incident, when he walks into a Peet's Coffee with a swastika on his chest. Poor soul.
But hey, Roman Polanski, consider it market research into the nation's horrible taste in music. Maybe that's your cue to release your own contender for the dubious distinction of Worst Music Video Ever: "Accidental Rapist."


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Current Employment Opportunities
Updated 7/2/19
We are Hiring!
Sono is seeking to hire some fantastic people to work with our ever growing team in order to meet increased demand for our coaching services in:
For the right candidates, this job will be the opportunity of a lifetime. You will work closely with the Sono Team, learn something new each day, and perform work that impacts the lives of our many clients and the wider community.
These roles will be casual, and candidates should be willing to work 4 days per week as a minimum.
Benefits of This Role
This is a hands-on role. You will need to hustle and work hard. If you're up for that, there are a lot of benefits.
- You will perform work that matters. Sono was founded on the philosophy that anyone can learn to play music. We are an all inclusive facility for people to develop their musicianship regardless of age, ability or ambition. Your work will influence the lives of many people. Not only will you have a direct influence on our clients (that will last for their entire life!), but you will also influence the people our clients interact with, and the people those people interact with. You will have a duty to promote positive, evidence based information about developing musicianship in the hope of bettering peoples' chances of sticking with an instrument throughout life.
- You will learn constantly. This is a job that will force you to grow. You'll learn something new and be challenged pretty much every day. It is our goal for you to be better at the end of each year than you were at the beginning of it.
- You will become a better musician. Our team members help each other, interact, play together, and learn from each other. You will have at your disposal our fantastic coaches across a range of instruments!
- You will be well paid. Your compensation will be competitive. It is important to me that you are compensated fairly (based on the value you bring to the business, your experience and skills) and that this job moves you in the direction that you want your life and career to be going. We don't engage in unlawful "sham contracting" like most music schools. You will be employed, and paid your superannuation entitlements.
- You can co-create your job. As we develop a working relationship and you become comfortable with our style and expectations, we want you to think about how your skills and interests align with the mission of our company. Part of your job will be to design a role that makes you excited to come to work each day and fully leverages your strengths.
- You can advance your career. For the right person, this can become a leadership role in the future. Future promotions are not promised in any way, but top performers will be in prime position to advance.
Requirements For This Position
We're very open to hiring candidates with different backgrounds, experiences, and skills. However, there are a few non-negotiable traits that any successful candidate will possess.
- Your default setting is to be proactive not reactive. You ask questions rather than letting topics go undiscussed. You take ownership of problems and develop solutions without being asked. To do this job well, you need to be eager to take action and have a history of getting things done.
- You have fantastic interpersonal and communication skills. This job will require you to be a highly astute communicator. You must be able to listen. You must be able to speak clearly and persuasively. You are able to make people feel comfortable with giving you the honest truth and encourage open communication.
- You are punctual. It goes without saying, however many people struggle to get to work on time!
- You are very comfortable with technology. Nearly everything we use or create requires some type of software program. You don't need to be a programmer, but you do need to have fluency with technology and feel comfortable with using technology.
- You bring energy into the room rather than take energy out of it. Great teams cannot thrive when people act selfishly, lack ambition, or otherwise row in the opposite direction as the rest of the boat. We're looking for someone who is fully "on board" with our mission, brings great energy and enthusiasm each day, and has a genuine desire to help others and be part of a team.
- You constantly seek to improve yourself. You will have an open mind and always be looking for ways to do things better. You will accept and act upon feedback. You are committed to continually improving your musicianship. You practice what you preach.
- You are a professional person. Professional people do not make decisions that compromise their professional relationships. They do not double book themselves, prioritise social events over work, or otherwise cause unnecessary inconvenience to their clients. As a professional person you can successfully manage other engagements with this one.
- You are committed to a career as a music coach. We only seek people who know this is what they want to do in life. This isn't just a job.
- Ideally, the successful applicants will have attained a high level award in Practice of Music for their instrument through a recognised organisation such as AMEB, Trinity College, ABRSM etc. Tertiary degrees are not required, but they won't hurt! You just need to be able to demonstrate a high level of knowledge and skill with your instrument.


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Five Ways to Incorporate Guests into Your Baby Shower
Posted on Tuesday, April 29, 2014, by Patricia Reyna
Traditionally, baby showers are all about the mother (considering that the actual guest of honor has yet to be born). But if you're the type who wants to make sure that your friends and family feel just as important as you do, here are five fun ways that you can incorporate them into your Houston baby shower.
Planing a baby shower in Houston? Let Per Se Events help take care of the details – contact us for a complementary event planning consultation!
Who's That Baby?Invite guests to bring one of their favorite baby pictures to the shower. As they arrive, number each guest's picture and attach them to some sort of creative display, such as poster board, corkboard, clothesline, etc. Have everyone weigh in on who they think is who.
Favorite Baby BooksHave guests bring their favorite childhood book for your little one's first library. Ask for them to write a special inscription and share why it's special to them as well as their fondest memory reading it.
Name That BabyWhether or not you have decided on a first or middle name, it's fun to let your guests weigh in. Have everyone write their favorite suggestions on pieces of paper and read them out loud before opening gifts.
2 CentsHave guests provide you with their two cents when it comes to children. Whether it's advice, well wishes, a quote, or a joke, these sentimental notecards are great keepsakes for both you and your baby.
Baby BingoInvolve your guests in the gift-opening portion of the shower by letting them play along. Give out bingo-style cards where guests can fill out the squares with the types of gifts they think the mom might be receiving. With each opened gift, players can check off their corresponding squares. Whoever predicts the most gifts correctly, receives one of their own.
Planing a baby shower in Houston? Let Per Se Events help take care of the details – contact us for a complementary event planning consultation!


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Blackjack Lighting Tria Triple LED pendant lamp features two suspension cables allow for precise adjustment and prevent twisting and turning. A trio of LED pendants hang from a single canopy for bright, dimmable LED illumination over linear spaces.
Tria Triple LED pendant delivers superior illumination in a compact stainless steel form.
Each edge-lit panel is constructed with three layers: a custom optical lens in the middle, a highly reflective rear surface and an ultra thin extraction lens in front.
Two easily adjustable thin black cords suspend the fixture from 10" to 72" from ceiling.
All prices are in USD


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Whoever thinks fallen leaves are dead has never watched them dance on a fall, windy day. Ah September, you are the doorway to the season that awakens my soul. Truly.
I read the perfect quote: "If a year was tucked inside a clock, then Autumn would be the magic hour." Music to my ears, for such a time is this.
Sweater weather is here and fall bucket lists have begun. From long evening walks and golden leaves to hot chocolate, pumpkin patches, fuzzy socks and cider. Somehow, fall brings out the best in us. For it is then, the perfect time of year, when the sun takes a step back and leaves soothe themselves to sleep. When Autumn awakens and the air seems crisp again.
Isn't it beautiful?
You know, when a simple season can make you feel so prolific in spirit. I believe that everything should be poetic, from the way you sip your coffee to the texture of the mug you're drinking it from. The smell in the air, as the sun begins to rise and the rays in the sky as it makes its full peak; life is more enjoyable with emphasis.
When you learn to appreciate the smallest of bits, experiences become more appealing. You learn very quickly what matters and what doesn't. That is what it means to feel the seasons changing.
For some, a season is just a season. For others, it's somewhat of a metamorphosis into a new you. It's a time of new beginnings.
Say what you will about this glorious season but I'd venture to say that just about everyone looks forward to this time of year.
Oh fall, it's nice to see you again. You've been missed.


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May 17, 2001
I need to know how HPV is transfered from woman to woman? I have beed told that it is contaigous, however no one can tell me how. Also is it possible to get HPV in the mouth? and if so what would it look like the break out on the genetial area?
Response from Dr. Feinberg
HPV, the virus that causes genital warts, is transmitted by close contact, regardless of the sex of the transmitter and 'transmittee'. It can occur in the mouth and looks like white scar tissue there. In the genital area, warts look like fleshy bumps or gowths.
Can KS kill you?
Thrush after infection?
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Experts appearing on this page are independent and are solely responsible for editing and fact-checking their material. Neither TheBody.com nor any advertiser is the publisher or speaker of posted visitors' questions or the experts' material.
Review our complete terms of use and copyright notice.


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Although the Pontos S Diver is a professional diving instrument, with a maximum water resistance of 600 metres, making it suitable for exploring deep seas, it is so much more than a diver's watch.
The Pontos S Diver exhibits a powerful appearance with its slightly retro aesthetics. It is equally at home on dry land proving ideal for wearers who pursue an active lifestyle.
With a robust case and simple to read dial, it is perfectly designed for dynamic individuals who wish to explore all life has to offer.
Wherever you choose to get your thrills, the Pontos S Diver is the perfect timepiece for any occasion.
Fill up this form to join the Maurice Lacroix Club easily and freely.


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In Sunny Carmel Valley – bring a hat!
October 5th, 2014
3:00pm – 5:00pm
Talbots Winery
25 Pilot Road
Carmel Valley
Free wine tasting!
Each person please bring a deli sandwich of choice , we will cut them up to share
Betty will bring plates, napkins, and 2 salads, pickles, chip bag, small waters
Cost is a mere $5 for Betty's supplies!
We will be set up on patio at Talbots
Spouses, children and guests welcome!


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I bet you'll hear, "This is the best chocolate cake I've ever had!" You'll hear comments like this and much more when you serve this ultra dark, rich chocolate cake with its luscious…
Added by Ed Engoron on February 21, 2014 at 5:04pm — No Comments
There are now over 1500 recipes for dessert pizza on the internet. Some are made with real pizza dough and many are made with a cookie or…
Added by Ed Engoron on February 6, 2014 at 7:33pm — No Comments
White chocolate and cherries seem to belong together for Valentine's Day, or is that just me? I love the combination of the red and…
Added by Ed Engoron on February 5, 2014 at 7:45pm — No Comments
Japanese cuisine has developed over the past 2,000 years with strong influences from China and Korea. But it is only in the last 300-400 years that all the influences have come together to form what nowadays can be described as Japanese food culture.
The introduction of rice…Continue
Added by Ed Engoron on February 4, 2014 at 7:48pm — No Comments
A grasshopper is made with crème de menthe. My White Chocolate Grasshopper is made with crème de menthe and white chocolate ganache. Crème de menthe is a mint-flavored liqueur. Its flavor is typically made with Corsican mint. It is available colorless and, most typically green.…
Added by Ed Engoron on February 3, 2014 at 7:43pm — No Comments


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Monday night on CNN's "OutFront with Erin Burnett," Burnett asked CNN senior White House correspondent Jim Acosta why the Obama administration's new Ebola czar, Ron Klain, has been conspicuously silent on recent disease-related issues like quarantines.
"Where is Ron Klain in all this?" Burnett asked Acosta.
"He's been in sort of a television or press quarantine, you might say. We have not seen Ron Klain since he became the Obama administration Ebola response coordinator about a week and a half ago. He started on the job last Wednesday and so the White House is saying, 'Well, give him some time.' You might see more from him soon."
"But what officials are telling us, Erin, is that he's gonna be taking on more of a behind-the-scenes role, coordinating the response among these different agencies, but this raises a question," Acosta said.
"Today was the perfect example to see the Ebola response coordinator because you have all these various agencies of the federal government sort of weighing in on what happened in New Jersey and at the same time, you have states basically now having the ability to do whatever they want when it comes to quarantines…"
"So this was clearly a case where Ron could have been instrumental, but they're keeping him behind the curtains here at the White House to coordinate the response behind the scenes."
Follow Daniel Nussbaum on Twitter @NussBB


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all uses of imagery and iconography are non-commercial and there is definitely no desire to imply endorsement by any company or individual owning the copyright to any trademarks or similar used in these pages. clever lawyers have already spent years and consumed a vast amount of resources in attempts to clarify the implications and costs of trademarked images. my statement of ethics would explain to you that i have no source of income and hence, i assume, no conflicts of interest or ulterior motive.
i have no desire to offend or upset any person or other legal entity – if i have already crossed these boundaries then please inform me and i shall make the necessary adjustments.
the pictures and icons are eye-candy. there is certainly a cultural debate to be had about this use of icons (in a narrow sense) as a communication tool. it runs parallel to the debates about the genius of Steve Jobs and the first uses of a GUI in popular computing. i do not intend to confuse by adding to a miasma of pseudo quasi-legal mumbo-jumbo.


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This is the final interpretation in this set of 4 studies of a bonsai tree at the Japanese gardens at the Huntington Library in Southern California.
Bonsai Tree #1
Bonsai Tree #2
Bonsai Tree #3
Bonsai Tree #4 (This page)
See all 4 interpretations of this photo of a bonsai tree on one page
January 10, 2008
Bonsai Tree #4
Posted by John Corney
Labels: bonsai, huntington library gardens, japanese garden
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Stop searching google to find out whether YOU KNOW WHO is gay or not…. K. Michelle is calling them out! LOL Watch this lil speech she gave at SOB's in New York during August Alsina's performance:
R&Beef: August Alsina Drops Off Explicit Words And New Video At 106 & Park [VIDEO]
EXCLUSIVE: August Alsina Addresses Trey Songz Beef [WATCH]
August Alsina Gives Us His 'Testimony' [TRACKLIST]
[ione_media_gallery id="9508040″ overlay="true"]


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Searching for my Auntie Menchie
|dining at Hukad, Ayala Terraces Cebu
Sometimes I think of tracing my roots. I wonder where are my relatives are because I only knew few of them.
Today, (September 2) at last! We meet each other in the Queen City of South! Her first words?.... "You really look like your Mama Sally!" Wow! That's a complement for me.
While dining at Hukad, Ayala Center Cebu, she showed me pictures of our relatives. Based on what I saw in the pictures, I can sense that they, I mean, WE have a happy and jolly clan! How I wish we could meet soon! I am looking forward for that to happen.
From waiting for me at the airport, dining, prepping and pampering, up to dropping me off to place where I will be staying... This is one of my wonderful experiences for me.
Maayo nga nagka-ila ta. Daghang Salamat Tita Menchie!
|Red nail polish with the Red lady
|Let's paint my nails RED (Jolly Barbers, Ayala Center,Cebu)


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Also called "Painter's tape", Carpenter belt,""Masking tape","Masking tape"or"Tape bodywork", is a multipurpose item essential while you paint your House.
Caring for stain
Used to cover areas that we don't want stains with paint, or to hold paper or plastics that will serve to cover furniture when it comes to painting. It is important to be very careful with spotting.
How to place it, when to remove it?
The surface where it will be attached must be free of dust and grease, otherwise not be set. Not must keep attached a tape for a long time because it will be very difficult to remove, having to help us with solvents and spatulas to make it. The maximum period is 2 or 3 days.
Keeping clean Interior
If you sand too, possibly using electric Sanders surely dust you end up messing those places that even are clogged or closed. If you don't want that they fill with dust, dressers, closets or cabinets with doors (including other rooms) can place on all doors and drawers a paper tape covering the slot or light between frame and door.
Useful for cuts of painting
Using paper tape to make cotes of different colors of paint, try to press strongly beating properly the side painting the tape. Otherwise the material can seep below and the line between colors will not be perfect.


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Stryker Surfaces
Maestro and Stryker worked together to produce a series of motivational and educational motion graphic videos to assist sales reps in effectively communicating the value in their technologically advan…
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Stryker wanted the video to clearly communicate the value of the solution both to healthcare professionals and the patients they care about; together we determined motion graphics would best communicate the message as well as Stryker's personality and brand.
The video is part of a new product offering for Stryker Performance Solutions so clarity and understanding are both key components to a successful launch video.
Kept video production to a tight timeline from kickoff to delivery to accommodate a pressing event.


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Classroom Activities
Put learning into action by creating visual displays, mentoring younger students and presenting in class.
All activities are designed to be presented in the classroom by students; ideas include:
- high school students presenting to peers or middle school students
- middle and high school students presenting to elementary school students
Above the Line/Below The Line
Help students understand the concept of above the line versus below the line behaviors and make a commitment to promoting above the line behaviors at their school.
continue reading about Above the Line/Below the Line
Project Connect
Demonstrate the interaction between individuality and connectivity by creating a chain of interconnected individual links. Project Connect joins students, schools, and communities to make a powerful statement about uniting against bullying.
continue reading about Project Connect
Words Matter
Explore descriptive versus judgmental language, in order to help students respond effectively to targets of bullying seeking help.
continue reading about Words Matter
Choose Orange
Encourage student participation in the "Choose Orange" campaign which builds positive, supportive behavior.
continue reading about Choose Orange
"I Will . . ."
Reinforce that all students have a role in preventing bullying through each student personalizing an "I Will . . ." message.
continue reading about I Will
We Will Pledge
Invite students to sign the "We Will" pledge. The pledge can be downloaded and printed on 8 ½ x 11 sheet of paper, or you can create a large banner with the pledge written or printed, and encourage students to sign their names.
continue reading about We Will Pledge
The 180 Race
Practice redirecting negative situations with this interactive, collaborative and engaging exercise.
continue reading about We Will Pledge
Your opinion is important!
After reviewing The We Will Generation, we would appreciate if would take a moment to share your thoughts in a brief, confidential survey.


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I have fished the following river locations for smallmouth bass.
Broad River in
's South Carolina is not as heavily populated as the rivers that I mentioned above it is still a great river for smallmouth bass! It also happens to be the river in which I caught my personal record smallmouth of 5-1/2 lbs! I had to battle this bad-boy for three minutes before I finally got it out of the water. So there are defiantly smallmouth bass in this river. Broad River
Don't just take my word for it. Check out this great online article about fishing for smallmouth bass on the Broad.
Don't just take my word for it. Check out this great online article about fishing for smallmouth bass on the Broad.
Location #1: Broad River Dam (
This is an awesome location. Very scenic for being so close to downtown Columbia. The river is easily accessed by car with a public parking lot and public restrooms.
The rapids here can be very powerful so be careful. These powerful rapids also yield powerful smallmouth bass! There is great diversity in this river location. I have caught smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, stripped bass, bream, channel catfish, and long nose gar all at this location. The fun thing about spinner lures is that they have the potential to attract other species of fish aside from just bass.
There is also a sign at this location that says "Warning: Alligators Sighted Here," but I have yet to see any for myself. At this location you almost have no choice but to wade out into the water on onto the rocky islands. There are a few spots on the bank but they are not very productive and get over fished. The bottom of this river is both rocky and sandy depending on were exactly you are standing, old sneakers are defiantly recommended.
Please note that this river location offers both great fishing days and aggravating fishing days. Some days I enjoy back-to-back fishing action. Other days I end up highly disappointed. I'm not sure why the inconsistency. I will say that your best bet for catching bass is the summer months early in the morning.


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It is no secret that I love shopping at Trader Joe's.
If I can leave the kids and go on my own the trip is even better :)
I recently tried these Marcona Almonds with Rosemary.
They are ridiculous.
I highly recommend them if you are anywhere near a T.J.'s!


text: You have a critical decision to make. How much data do you need before you are able to make a decision? If all you did was a search on Google, you could get millions of articles, etc. Problem is you can't read them all and you would have to verify the information in each article.…Read More


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I was just going to put one picture of Jacob but he makes so many funny faces I couldn't pick just one.
my other two hot dates and Ryan really was hot this night. He was getting sick so at the movies I realized he had a fever. But of course we still went and saw the movie so if you sat near us and got sick sorry.
It was a really cute movie. As we were driving home Jacob was planing out there future pretend Tangled and he said I'm gonna be Flynn Ryder, and Hailey's gonna be Rapunzel, and he gave Ben a couple of options and Ben very boldly said I want to be Woody. and of course Jacob got Mad and Said you can't be woody he's not in tangled. Well Ben's 2 and he doesn't care about these kind of details. Woody is his favorite character and that's who he wants to be so they fight back and forth until there both in tears and Jacobs Screaming Mom tell him he can't be woody. and I start laughing because this is all so silly well that just gets me in trouble with both of them. But it was a really good evening even with the little fight.


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Tuesday we began our endorsement for races in the city of Snohomish where voters, along with electing a "strong" mayor for the first time since the 1960s, are electing five of the city council's seven seats.
Change is certain for Snohomish, and the editorial board's endorsements for Snohomish are made with the hope that a mix of experience and fresh perspective among the mayor and council will ease what is sometimes a contentious environment for city politics and allow the city and its residents to move forward on a new system of government as well as long-standing issues.
Tuesday the board endorsed long-term city council member Karen Guzak for mayor and recommending the election of Jason Sanders, appointed to Position 3 in January, and Tom Merrill, who has not served in elected office before, to Position 4. Paired with today's endorsements for Positions 5, 6 and 7, Snohomish should be well equipped to navigate a new system of representation that serves the city's residents.
Position 5: The seat is currently held by Derrick Burke, but Burke's unsuccessful run for mayor precluded him from running for re-election to the council. The open position drew the candidacies of Bob Dvorak and Linda Redmon, both closely matched in their community involvement and knowledge of city issues.
Dvorak, a city resident for nearly 20 years, currently is director of Everett's senior center. Previously he was director of Snohomish's senior center for more than five years, and among his achievements there, he erased a $30,000 deficit over a six-month period. Dvorak works with a number of community groups, including the food bank, Boys & Girls Club, the Chamber of Commerce and serves as the president of the Kla Ha Ya Days festival. He also served on the Hal Moe Pool committee.
Redmon, who runs her husband's clinical psychology practice and has a background as a health educator, is also active in the community, serving on the PTA at her children's schools, the food bank, the Boys & Girls Club, Project Homeless Connect and with the city's Hal Moe Pool committee. It was her involvement, paired with that of her son to seek improvements to the city's skate park at Hal Moe, that she said prompted her to consider a run for the council. Redmond has also served on the advisory committee for Snohomish County Tomorrow.
Both candidates showed themselves to have done their background work on city issues, particularly those related to city infrastructure. Redmon went on ride-alongs with city public works staff to learn about city utility issues. Dvorak has concerns that the city should begin making plans on how to replace utility infrastructure in the event of a breakdown or emergency.
Both also demonstrated a desire to work closely with the public, improving accessibility to those on the council and city officials. Redmon hopes to set up regular outreach for council members in the community, she said, and wants to find ways to involve the community's younger families and adults in city issues.
Either would represent the city well, but the editorial board believes Redmon, the mother of school-age children, would bring with her the perspective of younger families in Snohomish to her work with the council.
Position 6: Current council member Dean Randall declined to seek re-election. Running for the open seat are Larry Countryman, a former city council member, and Eric Reyes, who moved to the city in October 2016, which fulfilled the residency requirement to run for the council this year.
Reyes is an account executive with Sinclair Broadcasting, and has worked in media advertising for several years. Reyes, 30, has an accounting degree from Everett Community College, where he served on the student senate. He also has volunteered with the Everett Gospel Mission and works with Snohomish Rising, a political and social action group.
As a newcomer to Snohomish, Reyes said he is eager to serve Snohomish and wants especially to represent its millennial community. While the voice of a younger adult would be beneficial to the council, Reyes needs more time and experience in his community to serve it effectively in that role.
Countryman, an artist and owner of a bed-and-breakfast inn, has previously served a total of 12 years on the council, and was involved in landmark efforts to establish historic districts in the city and push for the U.S. 2 bypass around Snohomish.
Countryman was supportive of the switch to a strong-mayor government, and as such would be an important voice as the council develops policy for the new administration. His past work on the council also should help inform its decisions. For those reasons, the editorial board endorses Countryman.
Position 7: Yet another decision by a sitting council member, current mayor Tom Hamilton, not to seek re-election attracted two candidates to the seat: Steve Dana and Lisa Caldwell.
Caldwell, a 31-year city resident, is the sales and marketing director for a Monroe senior living facility. She has not served in public office before but is active with the Monroe Chamber of Commerce and Monroe Rotary and will serve as its president in 2018-19.
Caldwell did not respond to interview requests with the editorial board.
Dana, like Countryman, can point to previous service on the council, a total of eight years from 1990-97, four of those years as mayor and four years as the city's representative on the executive board of Snohomish County Tomorrow. Dana previously owned a local drive-in until 2010 and now works as a real estate agent.
While it's been 20 years since he was on the council, Dana has continued his work with the city, including past service on its board of adjustment and current service on the planning commission. He also has served on the food bank's board of directors, the senior center board, Snohomish's affordable housing board, the Chamber of Commerce and Snohomish community service groups.
That service has provided him with an extensive background in a range of city issues, including public works and utilities, public safety, budgeting, land use and planning. Dana's past service and thoughtful responses during his interview make him the best choice for the position.
Register to vote
New voters can register in person at the Snohomish County Elections Office until Oct. 30. For moreinformation on registering or changing an address, call 425-388-3444 or go totinyurl.com/SnoCoVoteReg.
The county's voter guide will be mailed today. Ballots will follow Thursday.


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Over the past year, Bing's been steadily growing the "Snapshots" it shows on the right-hand side of its pages. Now, Bing says those are taking another leap to better understand relationships between people, places and things, using an expansion of what it calls its "Satori" technology.
Bing writes on its blog today saying:
Today, we are inviting people....More>>>


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Most individual investors don't have an unlimited amount of time and energy to research the latest and greatest growth stocks. Instead, they stick to what they know. People who shop at Wal-Mart gravitate to its stock. Techies prefer the likes of Apple and 3D Systems, and motorheads often favor General Motors and Ford.
What do companies like these have in common? They're huge, widely known, and seemingly ubiquitous. To use the vernacular of Wall Street, they serve as textbook examples of mega-cap stocks.
What are mega-cap stocks?
There is no set definition for mega-cap stocks. Some define the group as companies with market capitalizations exceeding either $50 billion or $100 billion. Others say the designation refers to companies with market caps in excess of $200 billion. And still others claim they are merely the 100 largest companies on the S&P 500.
But regardless of how you define them, these are the biggest and, in many cases, best companies in the investing universe. As Investopedia notes, they are usually "household names with strong brand recognition and global operations."
Foremost among these is Apple, the innovative company behind the iPhone, the iPad, and iTunes. In the summer of 2011, the Cupertino-based company surpassed ExxonMobil to become the largest company in the world by market cap. And while the two have since traded places more than once, they are the prototypical examples of mega-cap stocks, with valuations well in excess of $400 billion each.
How many mega-cap stocks are there?
The size of the mega-cap universe depends on how you define the term. If the threshold is $50 billion, then roughly 90 American companies make the cut. Raising it to $100 billion reduces the number to between 30 and 40. And if you take it all the way up to $200 billion, then you're left with about a dozen.
It's important to note, moreover, that because a company's market cap changes with its stock price, companies can fall in and out of mega-cap status. Bank of America is a prime example. Prior to the financial crisis, the North Carolina-based bank was valued in excess of $200 billion. But by 2009, it had dropped to less than $25 billion as panicked investors rushed to sell shares in fear of nationalization or failure. Fast-forward another five years, and the bank's market cap has recovered to more than $150 billion.
Furthermore, while mega-cap stocks have traditionally been based in the United States, Europe, and Japan, this geopolitical divide no longer holds true. China in particular is now home to a handful of companies with market caps in excess of $100 billion. Leading the way is PetroChina, the country's biggest oil-producer. Following closely behind are three massive and growing financial institutions: Industrial & Commercial Bank of China, China Construction Bank, and Agricultural Bank of China.
What drives mega-cap stocks?
There is nothing secret or particularly unique about the forces that drive mega-cap stocks relative to, say, their large- or mid-cap counterparts. On a general level, all companies are affected by the health of the underlying economy. Because the U.S. is the largest in this respect, it often exerts the biggest impact. Due to their global presences, however, mega-cap stocks are also vulnerable to the economic ebbs of flows of other countries and regions.
More specifically, two economic forces in particular can either weigh on or boost the performance of mega-cap stocks and the companies underlying them. The first is unemployment. In short, if people aren't employed, they have less money to spend, and therefore the economy will contract. The second, related factor is consumer and investor confidence.
Beyond these there are sector-specific factors. For instance, while Exxon and Bank of America both benefit from low unemployment, the former's profit is more directly tied to oil prices, while the latter's profit depends significantly on the relationship between short-term and long-term interest rates. And along the same lines, people won't buy Apple's wares unless its products are somehow superior to the competition's.
What's the advantage of mega-cap stocks?
From an investment perspective, there are multiple advantages associated with buying and owning mega-cap stocks.
First, the underlying companies are tried and true. They're relatively safe compared to small start-up companies with unproven products or services. Put another way, mega-cap companies have economic moats that help to insulate them from competition. Consumers buy Tide laundry detergent because they trust it. The same is true of Gillette razors. It's for this reason that Procter & Gamble is often considered to be a textbook mega-cap stock.
Additionally, mega-cap stocks have a tendency to distribute more of their income to shareholders via dividends. This makes the category particularly attractive to retirees and other types of income-seeking investors. You can see this by looking at the 10 biggest companies in America. Taken together, they have a median dividend payout ratio of 37%, meaning that they distribute more than a third of their earnings every year to shareholders.
The bottom line on mega-cap stocks
Ultimately, an investor's choice of stocks is based on individual preference. That being said, mega-cap stocks are well-suited to serve as the backbone of anyone's long-term stock portfolio thanks to their relative stability and flair for both generating and distributing earnings.
Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


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Work experience
Our Work Ready Programme supports work experience, apprenticeships and graduate opportunities. Our aim is to help you gain an insight in to the possible career opportunities within the Local Authority. You will be able to shadow a member of staff from one week – four weeks (unpaid) work experience.
People undertake work experience with us for a number of reasons, including:
- Having a taste of working within an area before committing to a college course
- Undertaking the Duke of Edinburgh awards as part of your studies and looking to make up your volunteering hours
- Getting back into employment after a period of absence
- Gaining good experience to refer to as part of their application process for University/College.
By undertaking experience working in a busy Council environment you will gain valuable experience and skills while develop your confidence within a working environment and help to become Work Ready.
Applications are now closed and will re-open in November.
Jobs & Careers
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In this example, a hamburger menu will be created for mobile viewport only. However, it can be used for every viewport in Landingi, with ease.
Open the editor and go to mobile view. You need to create two elements, and set their visibility to mobile only:
- Menu icon
- Menu itself
The menu icon is required to toggle the menu in and out. It can be every icon you want or some other element as well. The key to making it work is to add an appropriate class for the widget. Our script uses "burger" class name.
Next, you need to create a menu. It is enough simply to use the text widget, and again, a class is required. Here we use "navimob" class.
Now it is time to add a CSS rule for the menu. Feel free to modify the rule as you please. As a default, I use a white background and padding of 25px.
.navimob {
background: #fff;
padding: 25px;
The last step is adding JavaScript code in the landing page dashboard:
$( ".navimob" ).hide();
$( ".burger" ).click(function() {
$( ".navimob" ).toggle(500);
From now the menu should be hidden by default and click on a hamburger icon should unfold and hide it.
Unfolding from above
If you prefer your element to unfold vertically from the top to the bottom and then fold back to the top, you can use another jQuery function - .slideToggle(), instead of .toggle().
Your code can look like so then:
$( ".navimob" ).hide();
$( ".burger" ).click(function() {
$( ".navimob" ).slideToggle(500);
Please notice that you can change the time length of unfolding and folding in both .toggle() and .slideToggle() functions. You need to set time in milliseconds to do so. Just input adequate numerical value into the bracket, like in my example code.


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Missouri State Fair > Commission
The Missouri State Fair Commission was established by the Missouri Legislature effective September 1, 1995 through Missouri Revised Statutes (Chapter 262, Section 26.217).
The purpose of the Commission is to oversee the operation of the Missouri State Fair. It is responsible for the selection and supervision of the Fair director, and it has authority to lease or purchase land and accept or reject contracts.
Membership Requirements
Two (2) members must be active farmers; two (2) must be current or past presidents of county or regional fair boards; one (1) must be the director of the Department of Agriculture; one (1) must be employed in agribusiness; and three (3) must be at-large members.
Commission Details
- Number of Members: Nine (9)
- Members Appointed by Governor: Nine (9)
- Length of Term: Four (4) years
- Senate Advice & Consent Required: Yes
Political Affiliation
Not more than four (4) members, excluding the Director of Agriculture, may be members of the same political party.
Geographic Affiliation
Geographic Affiliation is required. Not more than two (2) members may reside in the same congressional district, and members must reside in Missouri for at least five (5) years preceding appointment.
Chris Chinn
Director of Missouri Agriculture
City: Jefferson City
Slot: Director of Missouri Agriculture
Term: Jan. 2017 –
Sherry Jones
City: Dawn
Slot: At-Large Member #2
Term: Jan. 3, 2012 – Dec. 29, 2014
Party: Republican
Dr. Jack Magruder
City: Kirksville
Slot: Active Farmer #1
Term: April 14, 2016 – Dec. 29, 2016
Party: Democrat
Don McQuitty
City: Sunrise Beach
Slot: Active Farmer #2
Term: April 14, 2016 – Dec. 29, 2019
Party: Democrat
Lowell Mohler
City: Jefferson City
Slot: Agribusiness Employee
Term: April 14, 2016 – Dec. 29, 2017
Party: Republican
Kevin Roberts, Chairman
City: Hillsboro
Slot: County Fair Board Member or
Past President #2
Term: April 14, 2016 – Dec. 29, 2018
Party: Democrat
Ted E. Sheppard, Vice Chairman
City: Cabool
Slot: County Fair Board Member or Past President #1
Term: Jul. 29, 2010 – Dec. 29, 2012
Party: Republican
Nikki Whitehead
City: Marshfield
Slot: At-Large Member #1
Term: January 2, 2018 – Dec. 29, 2021
Party: Republican


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of Death
proliferation of modern chemical and biological weapons may
radically alter the terms of warfare.
the end of World War II, the debate over proliferation of weapons
of mass destruction has been dominated by discussions of nuclear
weapons. The last several years, however, have seen growing
concern about chemical and biological weapons. In the years ahead,
chemical and biological weapons may, in fact, overshadow nuclear
weapons as the primary proliferation issue. Chemical weapons are
poisons that incapacitate, injure, or kill through their toxic
effect on the human body. They are generally classified as
blister, blood, choking, incapacitating, or nerve agents,
depending on which part of the body they are designed to affect.
Some chemical agents can be lethal when vaporized and inhaled in
amounts as small as a few milligrams.
weapons are living organisms or the byproducts of living organisms
used as instruments for waging conflict. In essence, biological
warfare is the deliberate spread of disease. Biological weapons
generally are categorized as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, and
toxins. As lethal as chemical weapons can be, biological weapons
can be many times deadlier pound-for-pound. Laboratory tests on
animals, for example, indicated that, if effectively disseminated
and inhaled,10 grams of anthrax spores could produce as many
casualties as a ton of chemical nerve agent.1
and biological weapons are easy and cheap to produce in comparison
with nuclear weapons. Illicit chemical and biological weapons
programs are difficult to detect since the technology, which is
also used for legitimate commercial, medical, agricultural, and
other purposes, is readily available. Chemical and biological
weapons could also have great strategic impact; for example, an
effectively disseminated biological weapon can produce levels of
casualties comparable to those of a small nuclear weapon.2
and biological weapons could become the weapons of mass
destruction of choice in the decades ahead, particularly for
actors looking for major, but relatively cheap, leverage in
pursuit of ambitious goals. Chemical and biological weapons could
be very attractive to countries with regional designs against
neighbors with limited military capabilities. But they could also
be valuable to such states in a confrontation with a major power
like the United States. These weapons would allow even small
nations to avoid contesting U. S. conventional military power
directly by using an asymmetric strategy that seeks to exploit U.
S. vulnerabilities. The emergence of terrorist groups or fanatical
individuals with motivations and world views far different from
those of traditional political terrorists increases the risk that
non-state actors— that is, those operating on their own without
government support— might consider these weapons as a
contingency. Indeed, some people contend that bio terrorism is
"the single most dangerous threat to our national security in
the foreseeable future."3
Arts of War
use of chemicals as a weapon of war dates far back in time.
Historians noted the use of toxic
fumes in conflicts in India as far back as 2000 BC. In 1591,
Germans burned combinations of shredded hooves and horns with a
fetid gum resin to produce noxious clouds to disrupt enemy forces.
Even modern chemical weapons have been around a long time. The
British chemist Sir Humphrey Davy prepared the respiratory
irritant phosgene in 1811, and the chemical today known as mustard
was synthesized in 1854. The most lethal chemical agents, the
nerve gases, were initially developed from German research into
organophosphorous pesticides in the 1930s.4
weapons also have a long history. An early example of biological
warfare can be dated to 1346 at Kaffa— now Fedossia, Ukraine—
where plague-ridden corpses of Tar-tar soldiers were catapulted
over the walls of the besieged city. In another historical
incident, British commander Sir Jeffrey Amherst provided
smallpox-infested blankets to native Americans around Fort Pitt
during the French and Indian Wars.5 Development of modern
biological weapons dates to the early decades of the 20th century.
Some people contend biological agents were used during World War
I. And every major combatant— including the United States,
Canada, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, Germany, and Japan—
had a biological weapons program during World War II. Japan,
however, was the only nation that actually used biological weapons
such as anthrax, plague, and cholera during that conflict.6
World War II, many countries sponsored chemical or biological
weapons programs, or both. The United States developed and
produced chemical weapons, eventually amassing a stockpile of
about 30,000 tons of chemical agent, the second largest program in
the world after that of the Soviet Union. The United States also
continued research and development on both offensive and defensive
aspects of biological warfare until President Nixon unilaterally
terminated the U. S. offensive program in 1969. Following this
decision, the United States and other countries negotiated the
Biological Weapons Convention, which prohibits the development,
production, and stockpiling of biological weapons. The treaty was
concluded in 1972 and ratified by the United States in 1975.
Chemical arms control initiatives would not arrive until many
years later. After almost two decades of negotiations, the
Chemical Weapons Convention was concluded in 1992, and entered
into force in 1997.
War Chill
the Cold War, attention to chemical and biological weapons was
mostly, but not completely,
overshadowed by concerns over nuclear weapons. The major chemical
weapons programs of the Soviet Union and the United States were
driven by the NATO-Warsaw Pact standoff in central Europe. At the
time, the United States and its allies perceived a need to pursue
a chemical weapons program to deter the use of chemical weapons by
other states through threatened retaliation in kind. When an
opponent can deliver huge quantities of the right types of
chemical agents with precision delivery systems, and continue to
do so for long periods of time and sustain lethal concentrations,
it is impossible to control the battlefield. The United States
believed that the Warsaw Pact, and particularly Soviet forces, had
the right mix of military capabilities along with the mobility and
skill to exploit chemical weapons tactically.
the Eastern bloc could fight a one-sided chemical war, knowing
when and where contamination
would occur, its soldiers would have been freed of the burden of
wearing cumbersome protective gear that seriously inhibits
soldiers' performance. Thus, in the absence of a Western chemical
weapons pro-gram, the Warsaw Pact was poised to control the
battlefield and ultimately win a war with NATO. NATO's chemical
weapons stock-pile and its inherent threat of retaliation in kind
was thought to deprive the Pact of this advantage. Although
chemical weapons were never used in post-war Europe, a few known
and suspected cases occurred in other parts of the world following
World War II. Egypt is generally believed to have used chemical
weapons in the civil war in Yemen in the 1960s, and there is
evidence Libya did so in Chad in the 1980s. Allegations of Soviet
chemical weapons use in Afghanistan remain controversial. We are
absolutely certain of one major post-war use of chemical weapons:
both Iraq and Iran, but especially Iraq, deployed chemical weapons
in their war in the 1980s.
the Cold War, biological weapons, unlike chemical weapons, were
not necessarily considered good battlefield weapons. Rather, their
role was seen more in strategic terms, as possible weapons against
cities or economic infrastructure. The Soviet Union also
apparently took a similar view.7 For the United States,
however, with its growing nuclear capabilities, biological weapons
were considered redundant.
was one reason President Nixon decided to end the U. S. offensive
biological weapons program in 1969. Some have argued President
Nixon thought biological weapons were useless, but that is not the
case. Rather, as British expert Gradon Carter has argued, the
effectiveness of biological weapons was firmly established.
Political, not strategic, considerations drove the decision to
abandon the offensive biological weapons program. 8
to improve relations with the Soviet Union, President Nixon
determined that "biological agents were marginal, if not
irrelevant, to a United States equipped with other conventional
and nuclear assets and not confronting an imminent military
threat."9 As a result, he used the decision to abandon
the offensive program as leverage in his push for an arms control
agreement with Moscow.
significant research and development efforts by some countries
during the Cold War, there are no documented cases of biological
weapons use by states in conflict. But there have been
unsubstantiated— some would say discredited— allegations that
the United States used biological weapons during the Korean War.
Cuba also accused the United States of attacking it with
biological weapons in the mid-1990s, a questionable allegation for
which Havana has not offered convincing evidence. Use of chemical
and biological agents by non-state actors is also historically
rare, and has been limited to attempts at mass poisonings and
assassinations. With the significant exception of the Japanese
cult Aum Shinrikyo, no non-state actor has conducted a major
attack with a chemical or biological weapon that produced large
numbers of fatalities. However, law enforcement officials in the
United States and in other countries have occasionally captured
groups or individuals in possession of such agents.
chemical and biological weapons have been so rarely used in the
past— either by states or non-state actors— why is there such
concern about these weapons today? Recent events highlight the
evolving dimensions of the challenge these weapons present. For
many countries, the Gulf War transformed what was essentially a
theoretical issue into a concrete security problem. For the first
time, the countries of the coalition against Iraq, including the
United States, confronted an adversary
known to have a chemical weapons arsenal and suspected of
developing biological weapons. In addition, Iraq had demonstrated
a willingnessto use such weapons. Following the Gulf War, the
United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) made alarming
discoveries about the scope and sophistication of the Iraqi
chemical and bio-logical weapons program. Iraqi re-searchers were
working on a wide range of chemical and biological agents. The
program had progressed to the point that anthrax and botulinum
toxin had been loaded intogravity bombs, artillery shells,
rockets, and ballistic missiles. The CIA revealed that Iraq could
resume production of biological weapons "virtually overnight
at facilities that currently produce legitimate items, such as
it would take longer for Iraq to reconstitute its chemical weapons
programthan its biological weapons program, Saddam Hussein has not
relinquished his pursuit of chemical weapons despite UNSCOM and
international sanctions. Russian President Boris Yeltsin
acknowledged in 1992 that the U. S. S. R. ran an illicit and
secret offensive biological weapons program for two decades after
Moscow signed the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention. The Soviet
program represented the most ambitious biological weapons program
the world has ever seen, involving dozens of facilities, scores of
thousands of people, and billions of rubles. Russian defectors
have reported on the program's advanced work in genetic
engineering to make agents more resistant to antibiotics, research
on nontraditional agents such as Ebola, and large-scale production
of small-pox. Media reports on the defectors' revelations fuel
lingering U. S. and British concerns that biological weapons
programs in Russia have not been completely shut down. In March
1995, the cult Aum Shinrikyo attacked the Tokyo subway with sarin
gas, killing 12 people and injuring more than 500, and the fear of
terrorists using chemical or biological weapons became stark
reality. Though the cult used the chemical sarin, which is deadly
on contact but cannot be spread from person to person, the Aum
could, in fact, have chosen biological weapons.
the sarin attack, the Aum reportedly made at least nine
unsuccessful attempts to dispense anthrax and botulinum toxin in
the streets of Tokyo and elsewhere in Japan, including along the
perimeter of a U. S. military facility. The cult was consciously
committed to recruiting members with scientific and technical
backgrounds to help develop chemical and biological weapons, and
it had established extensive laboratory facilities for that
purpose. It also used international networks to acquire the
necessary material and equipment. Arrests in the United States of
people in possession of pathogenic or poisonous agents such as
anthrax, ricin, and plague— and a spate of anthrax hoaxes in
California; Indiana; Washington, D. C.; and elsewhere— have
since exacerbated fears of chemical and biological
few cases illustrate that chemical and biological weapons
proliferation is a threat both in terms of international conflict
and terrorist activity. U. S. government spokesmen generally
charge that as
many as two dozen nations are pursuing chemical weapons programs
of concern, while as many as a dozen are working on biological
weapons. Because of the secretive nature of these projects, it is
hard to know exactly which countries are actually developing
chemical and biological weapons. A 1993 overview of studies
undertaken by several nongovernmental organizations focused on 10
countries suspected of pursuing chemical and five suspected of
pursuing biological weapons programs. The past six years have seen
few changes in the countries suspected of pursuing chemical and
biological weapons proliferation programs, but the U. S.
government is most concerned about programs in China, Iran, Iraq,
Libya, North Korea, and Syria.11
a chemical or biological agent, however, is not the same as
developing a weapon. First,
many additional steps must be taken before weapons capability is
achieved, including designing, testing, and building munitions;
acquiring effective delivery systems for the munitions; and
conducting appropriate logistics, defense planning, and training
efforts. Some of these steps are difficult. The most difficult
phase of a biological weapons program, for example, is not
acquiring the agent but engineering a device that disseminates the
agent to accomplish the goals of the attack.
when the U. S. government asserts that a state is pursuing a
chemical and biological weapons program, intelligence information
is not always sufficient to determine the precise status of the
program. In the case of Iraq, for example, many analysts were
surprised by the scope of Saddam Hussein's biological weapons
program and the speed with which it had moved to weaponization. In
many cases, we just can't know enough to determine whether a
country is a committed proliferator or if it is only a dabbler
conducting research on various agents without necessarily having
made the decision to go to full-scale production or weaponization.
Third, while various programs may be similar, they are not
necessarily identical. For example, there are at least nine
different production processes for sulfur mustard.12
United States and the Soviet Union produced VX, a nerve gas,
through different processes, and
Iraq and the United States used different methods to develop
G-category agents.13 Moreover, the bio-technology
revolution could open a path for entirely new technologies that
were not available in earlier efforts such as the U.S. program in
the 1950s. As the Office of Technology Assessment pointed out,
each pathway involved tradeoffs among simplicity, speed, agent shelf life,
and visibility. The choice of pathway would therefore be affected
by the urgency of a country's military requirement, its desire to
keep the program secret, its level of concern over worker safety
and environ-mental protection, and the existence of embargoes on
precursor materials and production equipment. 14 Whatever
pathway is chosen, however, it is wrong to assume that the paths
of the future will be the same as the paths of the past.
the Hydra
can those responsible for dealing with these threats come to grips
with chemical and biological weapons proliferation? First, since
much of the material and equipment in a chemical and biological
weapons program is dual use, many agents and much of the equipment
used to make them also have legitimate commercial uses. For
example, the chemical thiodiglycol, a key precursor for
large-scale production of mustard gas, also happens to be a key
component of ballpoint-pen ink. More generally, many of the
chemical precursors that could be used in weapons production are
commercially used in quantities surpassing millions of tons per
year. With respect to biological weapons, much of the equipment
and many of the production processes for making weapons differ
very little from those used to brew beer, make yogurt, or develop
international community, which recognizes the problems inherent in
dual-use chemical and biological material and equipment, has
attempted to impose some regulation of critical precursors and
equipment. The 31-member Australia Group, an informal consortium
of nations that has agreed to coordinate chemical and biological
export controls, is currently under attack from radical nonaligned
countries. Iran frequently takes the lead in accusing the
Australia Group of discriminating against non-aligned countries
and violating the spirit of the Chemical Weapons Convention and
the Biological Weapons Convention. These conventions, in addition
to banning weapons, also commit parties to share technology and
information for peaceful purposes. The United States, on the other
hand, often takes the lead in arguing that the Australia Group is
indeed consistent with the conventions and also provides a
mechanism for implementing the commitment not to transfer
equipment or material that could facilitate development of another
country's chemical or biological weapons programs. Second,
chemical weapons proliferation has been described as an
"unfortunate side effect of a process that is otherwise
beneficial and anyway impossible to stop: the diffusion of
competence in chemistry and chemical technology from the rich to
the poor parts of the world."15 The same can be said
of biological weapons. Trade and investment figures underline the
extent of the diffusion phenomenon:
diffusion of capital and materials in the global market
increasingly creates a world of virtual chemical and biological
weapons programs in which the critical factor shaping the
proliferation landscape is not technical capability, but political
choice. Human expertise adds to the diffusion problem. Experts
from countries with a major chemical and biological weapons
program are being
recruited by other countries interested in pursuing such programs.
This is especially true for scientists
from the former Soviet Union. In addition, foreign nationals
trained in the United States and elsewhere in the West in
scientific disciplines such as organic chemistry and microbiology
may return home and exploit their knowledge to develop chemical
and biological weapons. Certainly, not all foreign students in the
hard sciences or engineering are proliferation risks. But
experience has demonstrated that foreign-trained nationals often
take lead roles in a proliferator's weapons development programs.
Iraq, for example, has used scientists educated in the United
Kingdom as key players in its chemical and biological weapons
programs. A third challenge is the prospect that new chemical and
biological weapons could be developed. Russia has reportedly
developed a novel chemical agent called Novichok— which means
newcomer— that is alleged to be 10 times more lethal than VX,
the deadliest known nerve gas.17 And the biotechnology
revolution could lead to new weapons that capitalize on genetic
engineering, including the prospect of weapons targeted against
specific ethnic groups.18
the legacy of the Cold War has shaped current thinking about the
threat posed by chemical
weapons. Thinking in such terms of limited Cold War scenarios
today is too narrow.19 In major wars, chemical and
biological weapons have a broader range of uses than has generally
been appreciated. Their use may be threatened, for example, to
dissuade national leaders from initiating military action or to
deter intervention by an outside state or coalition before actual
military conflict begins. Chemical and biological weapons may also
be employed to cripple an intervention in its early stages and
prevent the conflict from progressing to a decisive encounter.
Other uses include psychological intimidation or instilling panic
in civilian populations. Forces defeated on the battlefield may
also resort to chemical or biological weapons to turn their defeat
into a victory by making the territory lethal to humans, thus
severely limiting the victor's freedom of action.
New Line of Defense
U. S. dependence on force projection— a military strategy for
faraway places that counts on superior air power, naval forces,
and smart bombs followed by the rapid introduction of ground
troops— makes the United States particularly vulnerable to these
broader chemical and biological weapons attacks. On the basis of
war games and other analyses, one government study noted that
force projection-style military operations are vulnerable to
delays and disruptions, if not total failure, if even small
amounts of chemical and biological weapons are used to attack the
deployment sites.20
theater wars, however, are not the most likely conflict situations
in which U. S. forces will find themselves in the future. Rather,
lower-scale conflicts— such as peace enforcement operations,
humanitarian assistance missions, or noncombatant evacuations—
are more likely scenarios. Threatening to use chemical weapons to
force U. S. troops out of the territory in such situations is
one possible contingency. Another scenario is using chemical and
bio-logical weapons to target crowds of civilians preparing for
evacuation. Policymakers and defense planners have paid almost no
attention to confronting chemical and biological weapons use in
such scenarios. That situation must change. Post-Cold War security
dynamics may change how we calculate the costs and benefits of
developing, acquiring, and exploiting chemical and biological
weapons. The growing attraction of asymmetrical strategies used by
weaker countries against the strong, or even civilian targets, and
the emergence of new terrorist entities are but a small part of
this changing environment. The diffusion of chemical and
biological materials, equipment, and expertise is breaking down
technical barriers to chemical and biological weapons
proliferation. Since the end of the Cold War, the ways of engaging
in conflict have diversified, multiplying the potential uses of
chemical and biological weapons. The challenge, however, remains
much the same: to convince decision makers who may contemplate
acquiring chemical and biological weapons that the consequences of
taking that step are too great. Raising the costs of buying,
developing, or using chemical and biological weapons as high as
possible will require a panoply of policy tools. Curbing the
spread of these weapons will require more vigilant intelligence,
stricter arms control and export controls, stepped-up diplomacy,
and the threat of punishment for offending actors. The
international community must work together to find an effective
strategic approach to end proliferation.
Moodie is president of the Chemical and Biological Arms Control
Institute, a private, nonpartisan policy research organization in
Alexandria, Virginia.
Office of Technology Assessment, Proliferation of Weapons of Mass
Destruction: Assessing the Risks (Washington, DC: U. S. Government
Printing Office, 1993), p. 3.
Ibid., p. 53.
R. James Woolsey, former CIA director in the Clinton
administration, quoted in "Bioterror," The Boston
Phoenix (March 19-25,1999), p. 20.
Javed Ali, Leslie Rodrigues, and Michael Moodie, Jane's U. S.
Chemical-Biological Defense
Guidebook (Alexandria, VA: Jane's Information Group, 1998), pp.
For more information on the earlier history of biological weapons,
see Mark Wheelis, "Biological Warfare Before 1914: The
Prescientific Era," in Erhard Geissler and Johnvan Courtland
Moon, eds., Biological and Toxin Weapons Research, Development,
and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945: A Critical Comparative
Analysis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
The Japanese program is described in Peter Williams and David
Wallace, Unit 731: The Japanese Army's Secret of Secrets (London:
Hodder and Stoughton, 1989) and Sheldon H. Harris, Factories of
Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-45, and the American
Cover-Up (London and New York: Routledge, 1994). More details
about Japan's biological weapons program have begun to emerge
through research by the Simon Wiesenthal Center and the Global
Alliance for
Preserving the History of World War II in Asia. This evidence
suggests that in addition, the Japanese may have used biological
weapons in present-day Myanmar (Burma), China, Indonesia,
Russia, Singapore, and Thailand. The number of fatalities caused
by the program is disputed, but the higher levels put the number
in the hundreds of thousands. New York Times (March 4, 1999).
Ken Alibek, former deputy director of the Soviet Union's major
Biopreparat biological weapons program, in a presentation to the
Seminar Series on "Responding to the Biological Weapons
Challenge," sponsored by the Chemical and Biological Arms
Control Institute, May 19, 1998.
Quoted in a publication of the British Medical Association,
Biotechnology, Weapons, and Humanity (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic
Publishers, 1999), p. 23.
Brad Roberts, "New Challenges and New Policy Priorities for
the 1990s," in Biological Weapons: Weapons of the Future?
Brad Roberts, ed. (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and
International Studies, 1993), p. 69.
Defense Week (September 8, 1998).
See, for example, Department of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and
Response (Washing-ton: U. S. Government Printing Office ,1997).
For individual assessments of the chemical and biological weapons
programs in China, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, and Syria, see
the case studies on these respective countries published as part
of The Deterrence Series (Alexandria: Chemical and Biological Arms
Control Institute, 1998).
Office of Technology Assessment, Technologies Underlying Weapons
of Mass Destruction
(Washington, DC: U. S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1993), p. 21.
Ibid., p. 17.
Ibid., p. 18.
Julian Perry Robinson, "Chemical Weapons Proliferation: The
Problem in Perspective," in Trevor Findlay, ed., Chemical
Weapons and Missile Proliferation (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991),
p. 26.
Brad Roberts, Rethinking Export Controls on Dual-Use Materials and
Technologies: From Trade Restraints to Trade Enablers, THE ARENA,
no. 2, Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute (June 1995),
pp. 2-3.
Will Englund, "Ex-Soviet Scientist Says Gorbachev's Regime
Created New Nerve Gas in '91," Baltimore Sun (September 16,
See British Medical Association, Biotechnology, Weapons, and
Humanity, chapter 4, pp. 53-69.
This discussion is based in part on the work of Brad Roberts, who
has done extensive analyses of unexpected uses of weapons of mass
"Assessment of the Impact of Chemical and Biological Weapons
on Joint Operations in 2010," U. S. Department of Defense