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Windom, MN
Sponsored Topics
Windom is a city in Cottonwood County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 4,646 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Cottonwood County.
Although it is a small, rural farming community, Windom is host to several parks including a newly installed disc golf course at Mayflower Park. The Des Moines River flows through Windom and serves as a gentle, rapid-free canoeing spot.
The city was named for William Windom, who served as a United States Senator from Minnesota from 1881–1883, and was United States Secretary of the Treasury under presidents James Garfield, Chester Arthur and Benjamin Harrison.

subset: commoncrawl


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18th Century Portraits
Portraits of Marie-Thérèse De Bar-le-Duc & François-Étienne de Grande-Bretagne.
Riso prints on a nice heavy paper.
Dimensions: 30x40cm (11,8x15,7inch).
Paper: Bio Top 300gr
Super discount if you buy them as a couple! ;)
Limited to 50 prints.
Numbered and signed by Kristof Luyckx.
The print will be shipped from Belgium.
Fits in standard frames (e.g. "Strömby" by Ikea). Frame not included.


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The GEDCOM space allows you to import your GEDCOM file but not only that!
You also have access to all your GEDCOM imports of history and any errors we encountered during import.
You can access this space from your tree. To do this, click the "..." button (1) at the top right and then on "My Space GEDCOM" (2)


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Listen, speak, read and write. Learn English the Natural way.
Language learning has an order. Listening, speaking, reading , then writing. It will be hard to learn to read if you have never learned to listen.
One Response so far.
Language learning, at least in the early stage, is similar to learning music or a sport rather than an academic subject. This is a hard concept for many teachers, parents and students to believe, which is why there is such a high failure rate among beginning second language learners. Have you ever seen a baby study to learn how to talk?


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I love cookies. But to be totally honest, I've always been more of a cake kinda gal. And not until I started baking again, did I realize just how much fun cookies are to bake. They're small, easy to store, and you can trick your friends into thinking you're really good at this stuff, when you just put in a little of this and some of that into a bowl.
I made these when I was too tired of spending money on Prinzenrolles.
Euro-man not included with every rolle
Unfortunately, these were so good, my friends and I (okay, mostly me) ate them in a matter of days. Oh the power of vegan cookie dough . . .
What? Now you want the recipe?
Uh . . . I forgot to write it down.
. . . . .
Don't kill me. I surrender.


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Joining the Flower Smellers community means that I have a wider audience and have to widen my personal whinge space to include my (and partner Paul's) main reason for being - travelling and mapping ancient pilgrimage routes - and the daily activities that go along with that. We understand that maybe the subject does not grab everyone straight away, but if you can last a few more paras, perhaps you'll get a sense of what brought us to this bizarre, and on occasion incredibly satisfying, place we find ourselves in now.
Paul and I are drop-outs - must be - because once upon a time we were in and now we're out doing our own thing, as opposed to someone else's. A healthy change, but a change only made possible by years of earning our crusts and, to be honest, enjoying the process - 90% of the time.
Five years ago we opted for early retirement. Freedom! Except that we didn't know what to do with it, so we took time out and rode two horses on a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in Spain, hoping that something would occur to us on the way.
Result? Well, not exactly. Paul learnt to ride, I learnt to live without a watch and we made some great friends along the way, but by the end of the journey we still did not know what to do next.
So we went on another pilgrimage, this time 2000 horseback kilometres to Rome and for some reason - probably the suffering - suddenly everything became clear. You see, for us it's all in the journey - taking time out from the familiar to test relationships and boundaries, meet people like-minded and not, discuss, think, re-think, evaluate, re-evaluate … and in our case, perhaps enable more people to do the same in the hope that they can gain as much as we have from the experience and maybe even promote, in a very small way, the kind of relationships that can lead to global understanding - peace across borders and religions, protection of the environment above commerce.
And here we are, three years later, heads down and writing our first pilgrim's guide to Rome - hopefully the first of many that will inspire and enable everyone to benefit from the pilgrimage experience, irrespective of age, fitness or belief. Alongside this, we are also devoting a great deal of our time to Pilgrimage Publications, a not-for-profit organisation with 4 clear aims:
1. To enable walkers, cyclists and riders to follow pilgrim routes all over the world.
2. To ensure Pilgrimage Publication guides are as current as possible and to use pilgrim feedback as a major source of information.
3. To use recycled materials for the production of guides, travel books or any other materials.
4. To promote eco-friendly travel.
We are looking forward to exchanging news and views with anyone who is interested and maybe even inspiring some of you to follow in our footsteps. For more about who we are and what we do take a look at our other websites and blogs.


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Availability: In stock
We ship your purchase right after receiving your payment.
Call us now for more info about our products.
Return purchased items and get all your money back.
Decorative Art Nouveau postcard. Lithographed, embossed postcard with portrait of a girl in golden frame, clover and forget-me-not.
Unusual, encoded text.
Corner knocks, otherwise fine condition.
Used in Wien in 1902.
Use spaces to separate tags. Use single quotes (') for phrases.
Tel: +43 1 922 33 35


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Types of translation pdf jobber
I need you to develop some software for me. I would like this software to be developed for Linux using Python.. Customization to erpnext.
I need someone to alter some images. We got different color samples which can be combined by customers to to two- or 3-tone combinations. We supply png images of all separate colors and a detailed instruction what needs to be done. The altered pics need to be supplied as png's
...is American Home Owners who are thinking of getting a garage door opener and are in the early stages of researching and learning about them. This project will be completed in 2 steps with separate milestone payments for completing each one: • Step 1: Provide an Article Outline which outlines all the sections of the article – 30% payment. • Step 2: Provide
Requirements: - Language: English - List of RAID types to be covered in the article are listed on the following page: [logg inn for å se URL] (also see the attached file) - Target audience technical level - beginner-intermediate - Target audience language level - native English speakers - for each RAID type provide 2-3 paragraphs covering:
...completion) needs to be in vector format. I need to see some samples of your work and a mock up of some kind of rainbow design first. I am not trying to get free designs, just need to make sure it's "the one". I need you to come up with several types of trans bandanas and several designs of a rainbow paw bandana. Final designs need to b...
...template written for our wordpress website that returns matches in custom post types, posts and woocommerce products and organises those search results in separate sections on the search result page. We need the single search box to be able to search both across all post types and products for keywords AND categories for the search term. At the moment
I have a vba macro for Excel. The new compatibility of office and windows 10 send a error. I need someone repair it.
...windows server The websites are created in Wordpress, Joomla, Magento [logg inn for å se URL] versions. When all is complete and working we will point the websites to the new server. Some of the websites are already at 1and1...but in a different package. Will need to be moved to window server package as well...as we are going to be keeping only the Windows Server
Hi I am in need of a copy types for a small job as I am unable to do this small job myself due to having concussion and impaired cognative skills for this task. I am not a company or business but am in need of someone with typing skill for a detailed document. Many thanks for your support on this matter Kerry
Custom post types allow featured image to allow for videos instead of jpeg png. I am using the listify theme. There is a lot of plugins for this but they do not work like I would like.
I want to create a custom post type in Wordpress with its respective custom taxonomies. There should then be a rewrite in URL structure to work this way: [logg inn for å se URL] This should be scalable for as many sub categories I need
We have a custom theme installed from ThemeForest on our Wordpress site. We need t...theme installed from ThemeForest on our Wordpress site. We need the following: 1) We need the primary/active theme cloned to the child theme. 2) It has various custom post types but we need some changed and some removed. Quick and simple, need done immediately.
SCOPE OF WORK FOR PROJECT CODE NAME: KENTAUR The following text is a basic scope of work for a system focused on "electronic health records" for patients and doctors. The system is needed considering it to be web based. Preferrably in javascript (node.js) for the backend. Will be hosted in cloud based services (similar to AWS, GCP, Digital Ocean, etc)
We look for a web designer for various types of projects related to the development of websites, apps, e-commerce and applications. You should have a good sense of design and customer adaptation, analysis and correction of errors as well as code optimization. *Removed by Admin*Minimum requirements: Experience in HTML5, CSS, JS, PHP, CMS, Wordpress,
- 2000 word essay on 7 types of waste in lean production theory. - Cite at least 2-3 academic articles. - Include your own example scenarios from construction projects for each type of waste.
This is the request I just made to this developer: I need a fully integrated website that allows a user to sign in through a splash page with LinkedIn, then describe 3 types of services. Cxo Pro Bono, CxO Career Coaching, and Cxo Resume Prep. I'd like to have my career coaches be able to create a login, setup a profile, and upload their face/profile
We have tow administration buildings. We need to design 4 types of modern desks with accessories and meeting rooms on Auto Cad for the tow buildings. We need 3D drawings with shop drawing for manufacturing for each type and for the meeting room. We need the offices furniture to be layd on the Cad file. There are three sizes for desks:. 1. 220cm for
I am working on an object detection example using a pretrained tensorfow ssd model. it is working fine but i want to detect the overlap of boudingboxes of different type. the output should be like that: cup overlaps pen
You can find more references of the gears online. Type 1 : Spur Gear Type 2: Bevel Gear THE MODELS MUST BE NO MORE THAN 100 POLYS
...word, excel, images in JPEG, PNG etc formats, PDF documents collected via web form in PHP codeigniter. We are able to combine images to pdf but not able to combine word, pdf formats along and create single pdf. Need expert freelancer who can write code to combine these multiple formats and create a single PDF as required by us. Please quote only if you
I want to download Bitmovin Player videos which are embedded as XHR types of multiple-segmented files with iFrame.
Requirements: - Language: English - List of RAID types to be covered in the article are listed on the following page: [logg inn for å se URL] - Target audience technical level - beginner-intermediate - 2-3 paragraphs for each RAID type covering: * description * basic operations * capacity and performance characteristics - Content
...icons from free files provided in illustrator buy outlining and providing a pdf of icons to approve. When drawing ensure all lines and sizes remain consistent. Once approved you will save files as 6 types as per the brief and current samples provided of current library. 5 of these files exist in Ai (inside a capabilities document) all other files are
Implement Multiple User Types with Django
post my tee spring shirt on forums to generate good traffic payment will be released when proof is given. also the shirt must be included and sent to a news network of my choosing
I need you to write some articles.
...will make a popup to tell the user to start the program first. If the process is active the task will start. 5. The program you will make then proceeds to get each section of the CSV file and put it into the respective places in the active program. Example: The name field from the CSV file will be input into the name field in the software the user
Build a windows app to get fields from csv file and auto insert into multiple different windows programs 1. Integrate with a software activati...each program. I will provide you with each program during the dev phase. Potential long employment relationship as I will need more software added and updates. Some examples of each program are uploaded
Any type of cooking dishesh .indian etc etc....
Have a EPS file that just needs one word added and exported as EPS, JPG and PNG. Text needs to be the same font as the current font I will provide the EPS file and ask that it is done ASAP. Two versions required, one with white background and black background, again I will provide these. This should only take someone 10 mins with the correct software and skills. I will provide files once we hav...
I would need you to research two battery types for me and write a report of 3 pages each. The two battery types are: - Redox-Flow-Battery - Lead–acid battery Both reports should show following structure: 1) explain the technology of the battery 2) show the problems and limitations of this battery type 3) show how the price and capacity evolved over
Hi I have an magento 1 webshop and we are selling carparts, but we need to add som new suppilers, and import new product So I am looking ...carparts, but we need to add som new suppilers, and import new product So I am looking for one there now ewery thing about that Info you have to work whit Magento 1 Tecdoc K-types Overnight opdates by FTP ASP.NET
I need two scripts which pulls the list of content types. I need a report with URL of lists and also content types. one script for on perm powershell one script for cloud office 365 cSom
I need help customizing field groups for a special project. This requires advanced knowledge of WordPress development and the use of custom post types.
I am looking for experienced writer who will need to do deep research about type of kitchen knives and write about them. I willing to pay 20$ for 2000 words This is ongoing work and I need a lot of content Requirements Please Read : [logg inn for å se URL]
...India, France, Vietnam, and a handful of other countries that have encryption restrictions). I will also attach screenshots showing the types of problems. Please tell me your experience doing this type of work and why you will be a good choice. Please tell me about your strategies for dealing with these types of issues. I'm hoping to get this app...
I need an Android app. I would like it designed and built. That application will be like Freelancer [logg inn for å se URL] will be taken three types of work. [logg inn for å se URL] App Making [logg inn for å se URL] App Making [logg inn for å se URL] App Publishing [logg inn for å se URL] Editing *payment getway is must.* ***That Application may be c...
The purpose of this application is to create a responsive application that will intelligently link with other application to run in the Enterprise application. It will support DBF, Fixed length and CSV files and provide a data definition output file for user and other applications to ingest. The application will have the ability for the user to perform
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...specific use. 1. I need the below sizes (in pixels) for digital usage, and I need them in .PNG and .JPEG file types for the circle logo. Regarding the straight logo, please just submit 5 various sizes in both .PNG and .JPEG file types. 150 X 150 250 X 250 350 X 350 450 X 450 550 X 550 2. I need large files for print at 300dpi and CMYK
Hello, I need a little help with my two speeches both are different types.
Hubspot marketing. Email design, campaign design, CRM. Set up hubspot to match my website. Regular assistance and work is available.
We want to show our user various room types in a modular way who wants to book room in our hotel.
Hello, I have a problem on a Sharepoint 2010 installation, whenever I try to edit columns or content types I get the error ""The 'List' start tag on line XXX position XXX does not match the end tag of 'Fields'." Can't access them in SP designer as well. Works well on a new site collection. Indicate the text "SP221118" in your proposa...
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main aim of my project/survey was how the amateur boxer take precautions against unintentional doping while using health supplements. What type of sampling was used in this questionnare? [logg inn for å se URL] Why was this method chosen? Advantages and disadvantages of the sampling method How did you eliminate bias
Have three low resolution logos in jpg format. Need all three to be made high resolution. Provide finished files as eps, png, jpg and AI files - White background Provide finished files with transparent background as eps, png, jpg and Ai.
...cub found dead in kanha A 14-month-old tiger cub was found dead near chhoti bhiria region in kanha tiger reserve of mandala distraction on Thursday with all body parts intact. Samples are being examined to ascertain the exact cause of death कंध में बाघ का बच्चा मृत गुरुवार को मंडला व्याकुलता के कान्हा बाघ रिजर्व में छत्ती भिरिया क्षेत्र के पास एक
...cub found dead in kanha A 14-month-old tiger cub was found dead near chhoti bhiria region in kanha tiger reserve of mandala distraction on Thursday with all body parts intact. Samples are being examined to ascertain the exact cause of death कंध में बाघ का बच्चा मृत गुरुवार को मंडला व्याकुलता के कान्हा बाघ रिजर्व में छत्ती भिरिया क्षेत्र के पास एक
I need you to write some articles.


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Elmedin Kadric
Born 1990 in Novi Pazar, Serbia
Living in Helsingborg, Sweden
Contact the poet
making small talk . . .
the gravel path
to the graveyard
Modern Haiku Volume 45.2, Summer 2014
the weight
of bobby pins
autumn rain
Modern Haiku Volume 45.3, Fall 2014
driving home –
nobody to hold
the ashes
Prune Juice Issue Fourteen, November 2014
how it's plucked out of the daisy love
Frogpond 38.1, Winter issue 2015
dandelion clock
the time it takes
to fall in love
A Hundred Gourds 4:2, March 2015
her origami bird
I learn
by unfolding
The Heron's Nest Volume XVII, Number 1, March 2015
undressing me
with their eyes
Prune juice Issue Fifteen, March 2015
after nature another headstone
Under the Basho, 2015
to bee
or not to bee
wild aster
bottle rockets, Issue 33, 2015
graveyard shift
the leftover radish
tumbles in the lunch box
Editor's Choice, Heron's Nest Volume XVII, Number 3, September 2015


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Mr. Imran Ahmed is the CEO & Managing Director of Duncan Brothers (Bangladesh) Limited and Chairman of Board of Directors of United Finance Limited. He has vast experience in tea and financial services sectors. He represents Lawrie Group Plc in the Board of United Finance Limited. He had been associated with Bangladesh Tea Association. Mr. Ahmed graduated from the University of Dhaka.
Mrs. Susan A. Walker is a Group Finance Director of Camellia Plc., UK, the holding company of Lawrie Group. She joined Camellia Group with more than 24 years' work experience, majority of which (21years) was with KPMG. In Bangladesh, she represents Lawrie Group Plc on the Board of United Finance Limited and is also a Board member of The Lungla (Sylhet) Tea Co. Ltd., The Allynugger Tea Co. Ltd., Amo Tea Co. Ltd., The Chandpore Tea Co. Ltd., The Mazdehee Tea Co. Ltd., Surmah Valley Tea Co. Ltd. She is a Fellow of the Associate of Chartered Certified Accountants (FCCA).
Mr. A. Rouf is a Chartered Accountant and carries with him over 50 years of professional experience in Accounting, Finance and Management. In his early professional life, he worked in a Public Sector Corporation. He then joined the private sector in the American Petroleum Company, ESSO Eastern Inc. and worked in senior position including Director in one of its Associates. In 1975, he joined in Duncan Brothers group of companies and has been working as Director in several of the sterling tea companies under its management operating in Bangladesh. He was also the founding Managing Director of United Finance Limited. He had been associated with various Chambers of Commerce and Associations such as MCCI, FBCCI and Tea Association of Bangladesh. He has been trustee of various charitable and educational institutions such as Camellia Duncan Foundation which runs hospital, school and other charities.
Mr. A.F.M.M. Samad Choudhury is a Mechanical Engineer, graduated in 1976 with advanced training on transport in Germany. In his early professional life, he has worked in private sector and then in Bangladesh Railway. Mr. Samad is involved in procurement and operation in Duncan Group. He joined Duncan Brothers group of companies in 1991. Mr. Choudhury is a Fellow of Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh and is an Executive Committee Member of Bangladesh Tea Association
Mr. Lutful Hakim Khan is Chairman of National Brokers Limited. He has nearly 50 years' experience in tea broking. He joined National Brokers in 1965, became its Managing Director in 2006 and has been Chairman since 2010. He represents United Insurance Company Limited on the Board of Directors of United Finance Limited and is a member of Audit Committee. He has been associated with various social activities. He is also actively involved in Bhatyari Golf and Country Club. Mr. Khan is a graduate from the University of Dhaka
Ms. Shama Rukh Alam is a Chartered Accountant and fellow member of Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh. In 2006, she joined Duncan Brothers group of companies and has been working as a Group Finance Director. In her early professional life she worked in Canada. In Bangladesh she has worked in a pharmaceutical company and multinational tobacco company in senior position before joining Duncan. She represents Surmah Vellay Tea Company Limited on the Board of Directors of United Finance Limited. She had been associated with voluntary organisation working to promote awareness against drug abuse.
Mr. C. K. Hyder graduated from St. Xavier's College, Calcutta and obtained M.Com and LL.B degrees from Calcutta University after which he attended the London School of Economics. Thereafter he attended post-graduate courses at Harvard University and the International Institute for Labour Studies, Geneva. Mr. Hyder previously served as the Secretary General of the Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce & Industry, Dhaka and Bangladesh Employers' Federation. He was a Board member of listed companies, financial institutions as well as Funds set up by multilateral agencies and bank. Mr. Hyder represents Surmah Valley Tea Company Limited on the Board of Directors of United Finance Limited.
Mr. A.F. Nesaruddin is a Senior Partner of Hoda Vasi Chowdhury & Co, Chartered Accountants. He is a fellow member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh as well as a Council Member of the Institute. Mr. Nesaruddin is also a fellow member of the Institute of Chartered Secretaries of Bangladesh as well. He completed his Masters in Finance with Honours from the University of Dhaka. Mr. Nesaruddin has more than 35 years of experience in statutory audits including audits of listed companies, taxation, corporate due diligence and business advisory services as well as group audits for multinational corporations. In addition to currently being an independent director of a listed company and a Member of Board of Khulna WASA, Mr. Nesaruddin has served as member and director in various government organisations, bank and other capital market intermediary entities. Mr. Nesaruddin represents Surmah Valley Tea Company Limited on the Board of Directors of United Finance Limited.
Independent Director
Mr. Md. Abdul Wahed is a pharmacist by profession and has graduated from the University of Dhaka and then obtained his Bachelors in Pharma from Queen's University of Belfast in United Kingdom in 1960. He joined Glaxo Laboratories in England. He joined Fisons Group, Dhaka in 1968 and retired in 1996 after serving 18 years as Managing Director. He is an independent director of United Finance Limited and Chairman of the Audit Committee.
Independent Director
Mr. Daud Khan Panni graduated from the University of Dhaka in 1968. He has over 30 years' experience in the field of management. He was entrusted with many special assignments and acquired considerable expertise in the operation of aviation organisations. Among his diversified interests, he has been actively involved in sports since his youth. He represented, the then East Pakistan in first class cricket and shooting. The Board co-opted him as an independent director of United Finance Limited.
Ex-Officio Director
Mr. Syed Ehsan Quadir is the Managing Director of United Finance Limited and therefore an ex-officio Director of the Company. He was appointed as a Managing Director in January 1, 2006. Prior to joining the Company, he was Deputy Managing Director at IDLC (renamed IDLC Finance Limited) and held various positions over 18 years there. He is an MBA from Institute of Business Administration (IBA), University of Dhaka.
Managing Director
Deputy Managing Director
General Manager and
Chief Operations Officer
General Manager and
Chief Business Officer
General Manager and
Chief Financial Officer
Company Secretary


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Turquoise Energy Bracelet
This 4mm Reconstituted Turquoise elastic bracelet will fit most. Wear several together for added inspiration, protection or simply to add a pop of color, texture and style to any outfit. Sold Individually.
Code: 98338
Shipping Weight: 0.03 pounds
Quantity in Basket: None
Red items are required
Price: $6.00


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• The period between AD 750 and AD 1200 is referred to as an early medieval period of Indian History.
• It was earlier treated by historians as a 'dark phase' because during this time the whole country was divided into numerous regional states which were busy fighting with each other.
• But recent studies have indicated that, though politically divided, India witnessed a growth of new and rich cultural activities in the fields of art, literature and language.
• In fact, some best specimens of temple architecture and Indian literature belong to this period.
• Thus, far from being 'dark' it may be treated as a bright and vibrant phase of Indian history.
• There were Gurjara Pratiharas in north India, Palas in eastern India and Rashtrakutas in South India. These powers were constantly fighting with each other with an aim to set up their control on Gangetic region in northern India.
• This armed conflict among these three powers is known as 'Tripartite struggle'.
• Later on, the breakup of these powers resulted in the rise of many smaller kingdoms all over the country.
The Pratiharas (8th to 10th Century)
• The Pratihars were also called Gurjar-Pratihars because they originated from Gurjarat or Southwest Rajasthan.
• It is believed that originally they were a branch of the Gurjaras, which was one of the nomadic central Asian tribes that poured into India along with the Hunas following the disintegration of the Gupta Empire.
• As rulers, the Pratiharas came into prominence in the middle of the eight century when their King Nagabhatta I, defended western India form the Arab incursions from Sindh into Rajasthan. He was able to leave to his successors a powerful principality comprising of Malwa and parts of Rajputana and Gujarat.
• After the Nagabhatta I reign, the Pratiharas suffered a series of defeats mostly at the hands of the Rashtrakutas.
• The Pratihara power regained its lost glory only after the succession of Mihirbhoja, popularly known as Bhoja.
• Bhoja had a long reign of 46 years and his eventful career drew the attention of the Arab traveller, Sulaiman. He re-established the supremacy of his family in Bundelkhand and subjugated Jodhpur.
• The Daulatpura copper plate of Bhoja shows that the Pratihara king had succeeded in reasserting his authority over central and eastern Rajputana.
• Mihirbhoja was succeeded by his son Mahendrapala I whose most notable achievement was the conquest of Magadha and northern Bengal.
• Mahehdrapala I was a liberal patron of literature. The most brilliant writer in his court was Rajasekhara who has to his credit a number of literary works- Karpuramanjari, Bala Ramayana, Bala and Bharta, Kavyamimamsa.
• Mahendrapala's death was followed by a scramble for the possession of the throne.
• Bhoja II seized the throne, but half brother, Mahipala soon usurped the throne.
• The Rashtrakutas again challenged the strength of the Pratihara empire and its ruler, Indra III, completely devastated the city of Kanauj.
• However, the withdrawal of Indra III to the Deccan enabled Mahipala to recover from the fatal blow.
• Mahendrapala II, son and successor of Mahipala, was able to keep his empire intact, but it received a shattering blow during the reign of Devapala, when the Chandalas become virtually independent.
• The process of decline of the Pratihara Empire which had begun with Devapal accelerated during the reign of Vijayapala.
• The Arab traveler Al-Masudi, who visited India in the year 915-16, also refers to the power and resources of the King of Kanauj whose kingdom extended up to Sind in the west and touched the Rashtrakuta kingdom in the south.
The Palas (8th to 11th Century)
• Sulaiman, an Arab merchant who visited India in the 9th century has termed the Pala empire as Rhumi.
• The Pala Empire was founded by Gopal in 750.
• He was elected as the king by the notable men of the area to end the anarchy prevailing there after the death of Sasanka of Bengal.
• Gopala was an ardent Buddhist and is supposed to have built the monastery at Odantapuri (Sharif district of Bihar).
• Gopala was succeeded by his son Bharmapla who raised the Pala kingdom to greatness.
• The kingdom expanded under him and it comprised the whole of Bengal and Bihar.
• The kindom of Kanauj was a dependency, ruled by Dharmapal's own nominee.
• Beyond Kanuja, there were a large number of vassal states in the Punjab, Rajputana, Malwa and Berar whose rulers acknowledged Dharmapala as their overlord.
• After a reign of 32 years Dharmapal died, leaving his extensive dominions unimpaired to his son Devapala.
• Devapala ascended the throne in 810 and ruled for 40 years. He extended his control over Pragjyotishpur (Assam), parts of Orissa and parts of Modern Nepal.
• Devapal was a great patron of Buddhism and his fame spread to many Buddhist countries outside India. As a Buddhist, he founded the famous Mahavihara of Vikramaúîla near Bhagalpur. He also credited with the construction of a vihara at Somapura (Paharpur). He also patronised one of the great Buddhist authors Haribhadra.
• Balaputradeva, a king of the Buddhist Sailendras, ruling Java, sent an ambassador to Devapala, asking for a grant of five villages in order to endow a monastery at Nalanda.
• Devapala granted the request and appointed Viradeva, as head of Nalanda Monastery.
• Devapala's court was adorned with the Buddhist poet Vijrakatta, the author of Lokesvarasataka.
• The rule of Devapala's successors was marked by a steady process of disintegration.
• A series of invasions led by the Chandellas and the Kalachuris dismembered the Pala Empire.
The Senas (11th to 12th century)
• The Sena dynasty ruled Bengal after the Palas and its founder was Samantasena described as a 'Brahmakshatriya'.
• The title Brahmakshatriya shows that Samantasena was a brahmin, but his successors called themselves simply Kshatriyas.
• Samantasena's son Hemantasena took advantage of the unstable political situation of Bengal and carved out an independent principality.
• Vijayasena, son of Hemantasena, brought the family into the limelight by conquering nearly the whole of Bengal.
• Vijayasena assumed several imperial titles like Paramesvara, Paramabhattaraka, and Maharajadhiraja.
• Vijayasena had two capitals, which was one, at Vijaypuri of Bangladesh.
• The famous poet Sriharasha composed the Vijayaprasasti in memory of Vijayasena.
• Vijayasena was succeeded by his son, Ballalasena, who was a great scholar.
• Ballalasena wrote four works of which two are extant, the Banasagara and the Adbhutasagara. The first is an extensive work on omens and portents, and the second on astronomy.
• Lakshmanasena, who succeeded Ballalasena in 1179, reign was remarkable for patronizing literature.
• Lakshmanasena was a devout Vaishnava and, Jayadeva, the famous Vaishnava poet of Bengal and author of the Gita Govinda lived at his court.
• Lakshmanasena's reign saw the decline of the Sena power because of internal rebellions.
• The invasion of Bakhtiya Khalji gave it a crushing blow. A detailed account of the invasion of Bakhtiya Khalji has been given in Tabakat-i-Nasiri.
The Rajaputa's Origin
• The anarchy and confusion which followed Harsha's death is the transitional period of Indian history.
• This period was marked by the rise of the Rajput clans who began to play a significant part in the history of northern and western India from the 8th century AD onwards.
• The term Rajput denotes a tribe or clan, the members of which claimed themselves as Kshatriyas belonging to the 'solar' or lunar' dynasties.
• According to some scholars the origin of the Rajputs is connected with that of the Gurjaras.
• In the early years of the 6th century AD, a tribe known as the Khazars poured into India along with the Hunas.
• These Khazars were known as Gurjaras. According to the bardic tales, the Pratiharas (Pariharas), the Chalukyas (Solankis), the Paramaras (Pawars) and the Chahamanas (Chauhans) are 'fire-born' (Agnikula), originating from a sacrificial fire-pit at Mount Abu in southern Rajputana.
• The Hunas, Gurjaras and the other allied tribes who entered India during the 5th and 6th centuries merged themselves with the Indians, just as their predecessors, the Greeks, the Kushanas and the Sakas had done.
• In the southern group, the principal clans are the Chandels, Kalachuris or Haihayas and Gaharwars. They apparently descended from the so called aboriginal tribes like the Gonds, and the Bhars.
• The evidence of a close connection between the Chandels and the Gonds is particularly strong. The Chandel Rajputs were originally Hinduised Bhars or Gonds or both, who became Kshatriyas on attaining political power.
• The Gaharwars similarly are associated with the Bhars; the Bundelas and the northern Rathors are offshoots of the Gaharwars.
• As a general rule, the Rajputs formed by the social promotion of aborigines were inimical to the Rajputs descended from foreigners.
• After the break-up of the Pratihara empire, the Chandellas rose and established their rule over Bundelkhand.
• Like most medieval dynasties, the Chandellas claim their descent from Chandratreya, a descendant of the 'Moon dynasty'.
• The earliest capital of the Chandella kings was Khajuraho, the splendour of which reached its zenith in the 10th century.
• Yasovarman, also known as Lakshavarman was the greatest of Chandella rulers.
• The decline of the Pratihara power made Yasovarman free to defy the former and to launch the Chandellas to aggressive militarism.
• The Khajuraho inscription describes with obvious exaggeration the extensive conquests made by Yasovarman.
• Though an element of doubt attaches to the achievements of Yasovarman, there is no doubt that he made extensive conquests in north India and made the Chandellas a formidable power.
• Yasovarman built a magnificent temple at Khajuraho, identified with the Chaturbhuja temple, in which he installed the image of Vishnu.
• There were several branches of the Chahamana dynasty annd the main branch ruled in Sakambhari, modern Sambhar, in Jaipur and the others ruling in different places, were collateral.
• Some of these were unquestionably the feudatories of the Pratiharas.
• Vasudadeva founded the main line in the middle of the 6th century AD with Ahichchhatra as the seat of his power.
• Taking advantage of the weakness of the Patiharas consequent to their struggle with the Rashtrakutas, the next important ruler Vakpatiraja defied the authority of the Pratiharas.
• During the reign of Vakpatiraja the Chahamana family acquired a distinctly higher status as is revealed by his assumption of the title Maharaja. He built at Pushkara a temple for Siva.
• Vakpati had three sons—Simharaja, Vatsaraja and Lakshmana.
• Simharaja was the first prince of the family who assumed the title Maharajadhiraja. This indicates that he made himself independent of the imperial Pratiharas.
• Simharaja's son and successor Vigraharaja II was the real founder of the future greatness of the family. He overran Gujarat, forced the Chalukya Mularaja to take refuge at Kanthakot in Kutch. He extended his conquests as far south as the Narmada.
• Prithviraja I is reputed to have killed a body of 700 Chalukyas who had come to Pushkara to rob the Brahmins.
Prithviraja III
• One of the early exploits of Prithviraja III was to suppress the revolt of his cousin, Nagarjuna.
• He invaded the Chandella kingdom and defeated its King Paramardi.
• Thereafter, he invaded the Chalukya kingdom of Gujarat and forced Chalukya, Bhima II to conclude a treaty.
• Prithviraja III also entered into hostility with Jayachandra, Gahadvala ruler of Kanauj. It is said that Jayachandra organised a svayamvara ceremony for the marriage of his beautiful daughter Samyukta. Prithviraja was not invited. Prithviraja succeeded in carrying off the Gahadvala princess by force.
• It was not till the capture of the strong fort of Tabarhindah, identified with Sirhind, by Muhammad Ghori that Prithviraja became conscious of the gravity of the situation.
• Prithviraja met the enemy at the fateful field of Tarain in 1190-91.
• The first battle of Tarain was disastrous for the Sultan Muhammad Ghori.
• Despite this victory, Prithviraja III did not take adequate steps to guard the north-western frontier of his empire and allowed himself to dissipate his energy in fighting the Gahadvala king Jayachandra.
• Meanwhile, Muhammad Ghori came to Tarain in 1192 practically unopposed by passing through Multan and Lahore. One lakh soldiers were killed in the battle, including Govindaraja, chief of Delhi. Prithviraja himself was taken prisoner and executed thereafter.
• Many a distinguished scholar and poet from different parts of the country gathered round the court of king Prithviraja III who himself became the theme of two great poems, viz. Prithvirajavijaya and Prithviraj Rasa, written by his court poets Jayanaka and Chanda (Chandbardai) respectively.
• The emergence of the Gahadvalas in Kanauj in the latter part of the 11th century is so sudden that it is difficult to determine their origin.
• The well-known theory of their connection with the dynasties of the Sun and the Moon cannot be accepted as true, although traditions trace them back to an obscure descendant of Yayati.
Early Rulers
• The Gahadvala dynasty was founded by Yasovigraha.
• Yasovigraha's son Mahichandra, also called Mahindra and Mahitala, was a ruler of some consequence who ruled in some part of Uttar Pradesh.
• Mahichandra's son, Chandradeva, took hold of the opportunity afforded by the departure of Mahmud from northern India and inflicted a crushing defeat upon the Rashtrakuta ruler, Gopala, on the banks of the Yamuna.
• Chandradeva conquered all the territory from Allahabad to Banaras and made Banaras the second capital of the Gahadvalas.
• Chandradeva imposed a tax called turushkadanda possibly to defray the expenses of war against Muslim invasions or to make annual payments to the latter.
• Chandradeva was succeeded by his son Madanachandra, also known as Madanapala.
• Vijayachandra's son and successor, he came to the throne in 1170.
• His career and achievements, known from his copper-plates and the panegyrics of the Prithviraja Raso, are illumined by the Muslim chronicles and other independent sources.
• Jayachandra was the last great monarch of Kanauj whose power and resources must have impressed the Muslim historians.
• Jayachandra's peaceful reign was seriously menaced by Muhammad Ghori, who, after conquering Delhi and Ajmer from the Chahamanas, advanced with a large force against Kanauj in 1193.
• Jayachandra met him on the plain between Chandwar and Etawah, and fell fighting.
• Jayachandra's name is associated with the history of Sanskrit literature for the liberal patronage extended by him to Sriharsha, who wrote the well-known Naisadhaeharita, Khandana-khanda-khadya, the latter being the most famous and important of those Vedanta treatises which emphasise the negative or skeptical side of the system.
• The defeat and death of Jayachandra did not lead to the annexation of the kingdom of Kanauj by the Muslims.
• Harishchandra, son of Jayachandra, was allowed to rule as a vassal to Muhammad Ghori.
• Harishchandra's successor, was deprived of his ancestral kingdom by Iltutmish which ended the glory of imperial Kanauj after six centuries of political domination in northern India.
• This period (from 750 to 1200) in Indian history has been termed as a period of 'Indian Fedualism' by a few historians who believed that a number of changes took place in Indian society.
• One significant change was the growing power of a class of people who were variously called Samantas, Ranaks, Rauttas, etc. Their origins were very different.
• Some were government officers who were defeated rajas who continued to enjoy the revenue of limited areas.
• Others were local hereditary chiefs or tribal leaders who had carved out a sphere of authority with the help of armed supporters.
• In course of time, these revenue-bearing lands began to be considered hereditary and monopoly of a few families.
• The hereditary chiefs began to assume many of the functions of the government. They not only assessed and collected land revenue but also assumed more and more administrative power such as the right lands to their followers without the prior permission of the rulers. This led to an increase in the number of people who drew sustenance form the land without working on it.
The salient features of Indian feudalism were as follows:
1. Emergence of hierarchical landed intermediaries: Vassala and officers of state and other secular assignees had military obligations and were called Samanta. Sub-in-feudation (verying in different regions) by these donees to get their land cultivated led to the growth of different strata of intermediaries. It was a hierarchy of landed aristocrats, tenants, share croppers and cultivators. This hierarchy was also reflected in the powers, administrative structure, where a sort of lord vassal relationship emerged. In other words, Indian feudalism consisted of the unequal distribution of land and its produce.
2. Prevalence of forced labour: The right of extracting forced labour (Vishti) is believed to have been exercised by the Brahmanas and other grantees of land. Forced labour was originally a prerogative of the king or the state. It was transferred to the grantees, petty officials, village authorities and other. As a result, a kind of serfdom emerged, in which agricultural labourers were reduced to the position of semi-serfs.
3. Curtailment of land rights of peasents: Due to the growing claims over them by rulers and intermediaries, peasants also suffered an curtailment of their land rights. Many were reduced to the position of tenants facing ever-growing threat of eviction. A number of peasants were only share- croppers (ardhikas). The strain on the peasantry was also caused by the burden of taxation, coercion and increase in their indebtness.
4. Extra economic coercion: Surplus was extracted through various methods. Extra economic coercion was a conspicuous method, new mechanisms of economic subordination also evolved.
5. Relatively closed village economy: It was relatively a closed village economy. The transfer of human resources along with land to the beneficiaries shows that in such villages the peasants, craftsmen and artisans were attached to the village and, hence, were mutually dependent. Their attachment to land and to service grants ensured control over them by the beneficiaries.
• Recently, the validity of the feudal formation in the context of medieval India has been questioned.
• It has been suggested that the medieval society was characterized by self dependent of free-peasant production.
• The peasants had control over the means and the processes of production.
• It is added that there was relative stability in social and economic structure and there was not much change in the level of techniques of the surplus than over a redistribution of means of production.
• The appropriation of agrarian surplus to the state formed the chief instrument of exploitation.
• The high fertility of land and the low subsistence level of the peasants facilitated the state appropriation of the surplus in condition of relative stability.
• This line of approach does not take note of superior right and inferior rights of one party or another over land.
• In fact, in early medieval times, in the same piece of land the peasant held inferior right and the landlords held superior right.
• The land grants clearly made the position of the landlords strong over the land as compared to that of peasants.
• The critique of feudal polity does not take note of massive evidence in support of the subjection and immobility of peasantry, which is an indispensable element in the feudal system.
• Some of these factors are stated below:
1. It weakened the position of the ruler, and made him more dependent on the feudal chiefs, many of whom maintained their own military forces which could be used to defy the ruler.
2. The internal weaknesses of the Indian states became crucial in their contest with the Turks later on.
3. The small states discouraged trade, and encouraged an economy in which villages or groups of villages tended to become largely self-sufficient.
4. The domination of the feudal chiefs also weakened village self-government.
5. The feudal order had a few advantages as well. In an age of disorder and violence, the stronger feudal chiefs protected the lives and property of the peasants and other without which daily life could not have functioned. Some of the feudal chief also took an interest in the extension and improvement of cultivation.
• Economically, the first phase, i.e, AD 750–AD 1000, is believed to be one of decline which is evident from the absence of coins for exchange and the decayed condition of towns in northern India.
• But in the second phase after AD 1000, revival of trade activities took place.
• Not only new gold coins came into circulation, there are also numerous references to trade goods and towns.
• There seem to be two main reasons for it.
– There was increase in agricultural activities on account of land grants in fresh areas. It led to surplus production of goods for exchange.
– The Arab traders had emerged on the coastal areas of India as important players in international sea trade.
• The Arabs had acquired a foothold in Sind in AD 712 and later, gradually, they set up their settlements all along the sea from Arabia to China.
• These settlements served as important channels for the sale and purchase of Indian goods, and thus helped in the growth of Indian external trade.
• In south India, the Chola kings maintained close commercial contact with Southeast Asia (Malaya, Indonesia etc) and China.
• For administrative purposes, the kingdom was divided into a central region, directly ruled by the king, and many fiefs ruled by the feudal lords.
• The central region was divided into bhuktis or rashtras, which were under viceroys, vishayas under vishayapatis, and finally the villages under gramapatis.
• The administration of the fiefs also followed the same pattern.
• The village self-government in north India weakened during this period due to the domination of the feudal chiefs, while at the same time it was at its best in south India under the Cholas.
Military Administration
• The army consisted of royal retainers or the personal army of the king and the contingents supplied by the feudal lords.
• The lack of cohesion in the army was, in fact, responsible for the lack of unity in the armies of the rulers of this period.
• The army consisted of an infantry, cavalry and war-elephants, but the cavalry was neither numerous nor there were majority of horses of fine breed.
• Military service practically came to be the monopoly of Rajputs.
• Consequently 90 per cent of the people had no opportunity of sharing in the defence of their land and they did not put up any strong opposition to the authority of any military usurper.
Revenue Administration
• Taxation during this period was heavier compared to the ancient times. This was so because expenditure over the royal household and the court continued to increase.
• The military budget also continued to be inflated because of ceaseless fighting.
Judicial Administration
• Provision for justice had been laid down as one of the principal duties of the state in India, but the rulers during this period did not pay adequate attention to it.
• In the bhuktis there was a dandanayaka who seems to have been in charge of justice, police and prisons simultaneously.
• There is no mention of any other officer who might have been principally in charge of justice. So it seems that most of the disputes were settled by arbitration through the caste and village panchayats.
Different Types of Feudal Chiefs
• Some feudal lords were government officers who were increasingly paid not in cash but by assigning to them revenue-bearing villages.
• Others were defeated kings and their supporters who continued to enjoy the revenues of limited areas.
• Some others were local hereditary chiefs or military adventurers who had carved out a sphere of influence with the help of armed supporters.
• Still others were tribal or clan leaders.
• The actual position of these people varied. Some of them were only village chiefs; some dominated a tract comprising a number of villages, while others dominated an entire region.
• Thus, there was a definite hierarchy among these chiefs and they constantly contested against each other and tried to enhance their position.
Caste System
• The caste system formed the basis of the society as in earlier periods, but now the Kshatriyas and the Brahmins were given more privileges, while more and more social and religious disabilities were placed on the Sudras and other lower castes than in the earlier period.
• Contemporary writers mention a large number of sub-castes such as potters, weavers, goldsmiths, musicians, barbers, and fishermen.
• Some of the castes were earlier guilds of workers which now began to be classified as castes (Jatis).
• It is significant to note that the Smriti writers of the period regard handicrafts as low occupations. Thus, most of the workers were also classified as untouchables.
Position of the Women
• The very high standard of learning, culture and all round progress reached by Indian women during the Vedic age is a well-known fact.
• The best proof of this is the fact that the Rigveda, the oldest known literature in the whole world, contains hymns by as many as twenty-seven women, called brahmavakinis or women seers.
• Saunaka in his Brihaddevata (5th century BC), a work on the Rigveda, has mentioned the name of these twenty-seven women seers.
• The position of women in India gradually deteriorated as the golden Vedic ideals of unity and equality began to fade off through the passage of time.
• During the period of the Smritis, women were bracketed with the Sudras, and were denied the right to study the Vedas, to utter Vedic mantras, and to perform Vedic rites.
• During early medieval period, there was distruption in women's old privilege of choosing a life of celibacy and asceticism.
• Since women and property are bracketed together in several reference in the epics, Smritis and Puranas, there is no doubt that woman herself was regarded as a sort of property.
• Women could be given away or loaned as any item of property.
• Manu and Yajnavalkya, for example, hold that a woman is never independent. This was like the attitude of a typical patriarchal society based on private property. Because of this attitude, the Brahmanical law did not allow any proprietary rights to women; the provision for stridhana is of a very limited character and does not extend beyond the wife's rights to jewels, ornaments and presents made to her.
• Manu declares that the wife, the son and the slave are unpropertied, whatever they earn is the property of those to whom they belongs to. This sort of social philosophy took strong roots in the Gupta and post-Gupta periods, although the institution of monogamous family and private property had been developed much earlier.
Education and Learning
• The attitude of the learned classes of north India became increasingly rigid during this period.
• They tended to repeat the past learning, instead of putting forward and welcoming new ideas.
• They also tended to isolate themselves from the main currents of scientific thought outside India. This is reflected in the writings of Al-Beruni, a noted scientist and scholar from Central Asia who lived in India at Mahmud Ghazni's court.
• Although a great admirer of Indian sciences and learning, Al-Beruni also noted the insular attitude of the learned people of the country, viz., the Brahmins.
• The attitude of trying to confine knowledge among a very narrow group, and of taking an arrogant attitude towards new ideas, from whichever source they might come, was largely responsible for making India backward.
Religious Developments
• Both Buddhism and Jainism continued to decline during the period.
• It was during this period that Buddhism almost disappeared from the land of its birth after the fall of the Palas.
• There was a marked revival and expansion of Hinduism. This took many forms, the most important being the growing popularity of Siva and Vishnu. A number of popular movements arose around the worship of these gods, while at the intellectual level, the tenets of Buddhism and Jainism were challenged.
• In due course, Siva and Vishnu became the chief gods, and the worship of the Sun, Brahma, etc. declined in popularity.
• In eastern India, a new form of worship arose. This was the worship of Sakti, or the worship of the female principle as the cause of creation.
• Thus, the Hindus began to worship Durga, Kali, etc. who were associated with Siva, and the Buddhists worshipped Taras as the consorts of the Buddhas.
Nature of Society
• This society can be called a 'feudal' society, because the dominant position was held by those who drew their sustenance from land without working on it.
• The growth of such a society in north India during this period had far reaching effects.
Rise of Self-sufficient Village Economies
• A very important development of the period was the rise of a self-sufficient village economy where production approximated local requirements, with little attempt at producing a surplus to be used specifically for trade or exchange.
• This existing system led to accepting the standard of minimum production, since the incentive to improve production was absent.
• As the pressure on the peasantry increased, production stayed at a subsistence level only.
Decline of Trade
• The subsistence, economy of the village naturally led to a decline in trade, since there was little surplus production which could be traded or exchanged.
• Trade was further hampered by the emergence of a wide range of local weights and measures, making long distance trade more difficult.
• Lack of trade led to a decrease in the use of coins, and this decrease in turn led to a further decline in trade.
• The unstable political conditions and the ceaseless internal fighting in India only helped this process of decline in trade.
• There was also an important external development which contributed to this decline. This was the decline of the Roman and Sassanid empires which caused a setback to the external demand for Indian goods in the West.
Decline of Towns and Cities
• The decline in trade in turn affected the growth of towns.
• Those that had attained a certain economic momentum continued, but the founding of new towns was less frequent than before.
• The Arab geographers, writing of this period, have commented on the paucity of towns in India as compared with China.
• But in the coastal areas and Bengal, towns were prospering because they continued to trade with West Asia and South-East Asia.


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|"Did you all get my text?"
October 5, 2015 Update: Winning Caption
It's nearly the fall. See what this blogger has to say about that.
I laughed at the Lorax, "You poor stupid guy! You never can tell what some people will buy." --Dr. Seuss
|"Did you all get my text?"
The cartoon isn't clear to me. At first I thought the person was shouting down (like you did), but then I decided the person was talking into a phone. I could be wrong. Anyway, my caption is: "I got caught in a speed trap."ReplyDelete
I agree that the speaker is talking into a mobile phone. For my caption to make sense, he must have gone from a group text to a conference call with all the people driving in his immediate vicinity. Perhaps a bit of a stretch?Delete
Oh I see now. Yeah, maybe a stretch. But mine is too probably. You've got to stretch your imagination a little to see them all in a trap.ReplyDelete
Well, it looks like there was no phone after all. Either that, or so many people didn't see it that the judges just ignored it too.
Re: this week: What is it with their fascination with bulls?


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by Keith Klein
Since raising children to become Financially Literate adults is ultimately our job as parents, I am publishing this series of posts on teaching financial lessons to children of different ages.
In a recent article on TheAtlantic.com, author Moises Naim wrote about three financial literacy education questions:
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There are few more seminal figures in the field of economics than Adam Smith. His book, An Inquiry into the Causes and Nature of the Wealth of Nations (hereafter referred to as 'The Wealth of Nations', so I don't get carpal tunnel from repeatedly typing that name) is considered one of the first (if not THE first) book on economics, and originated concepts as diverse as the advantage of the division of labor to the 'invisible hand of the market' (Smith's own term, by the way). The Wealth of Nations is a true economic classic, and well worth a read.
Unfortunately, it's also over 900 pages long, with a tendency to digress (there's a 67 page digression on the history of silver prices, for example), making it a rather hard book for modern readers to get through. That's where On The Wealth of Nations from P.J. O'Rourke comes in; you can get an understanding of the text without having to read through it yourself. (Consider it a funnier, more snarky version of Cliff Notes(R).) Does O'Rourke do justice to Smith and help you to understand The Wealth of Nations? We'll just have to find out.
Chapter one presents the start of the analysis of The Wealth of Nations. Smith's work emphasizes three individual prerogatives: the pursuit of self-interest, the division of labor, and the freedom of trade. Pursuing our self-interest and desires causes us to want more than we could produce by ourselves, which drives freedom of trade, which allows labor to be divided, which allows specialization and creation of more objects that are desired by others, gradually leading to the betterment of all society. Further points made by Smith include the fact that coercion from outside forces destroys the benefits of free trade, and that preserving the order of society is more important than the relief of misery.
The second chapter is aptly titled, 'Why is The Wealth of Nations So Damn Long?' The short answer is due to a combination of social pressure towards long books, the fact that economics was a new field and Smith had to explain every term he used, and that Smith frequently digressed (a 67 page digression on the history of silver prices is mentioned several times in the book). The third chapter provides an overview of Smith's first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, which is about how moral systems arise. In it, Smith postulates the existence of an 'Impartial Spectator', the brain's moral center, which seeks 'to protect the weak, to curb the violent, and to chastise the guilty.' This view of morality informs and shapes Smith's economic writing in The Wealth of Nations.
Chapter four gets into the evaluation of The Wealth of Nations proper, starting with the first book, which looks into how wealth is produced and distributed. It starts with an explanation of how humans are uniquely helpless, relying on the cooperation of many to sustain ourselves. It goes on to discuss how property rights derive from the ownership of our labor and the products thereof and how humans specialize to maximize our productivity. It also mentions the importance of specialization in increasing output and the (hopefully obvious) realization that price is what someone is willing to pay for something.
The fifth chapter covers the second book, a commentary on economics directed at the powerful in society. Smith maintained that money was imaginary (albeit, not in so many words), that banks should work to render capital active and productive, and that there was great importance to regulating banks. He also made many of the arguments for and against fiat currency (paper money not backed by gold or any other physical asset; it's also the current form of every major currency on the Earth), back when such a thing was nearly unthinkable. Chapter six finishes off the second book, providing some of Smith's lessons on economic planning, including the government being a service to the need to control public spending.
Book three (and chapter seven) serve to cover an abbreviated economic history of the Western world, from the fall of the Roman empire to the situation Smith faced in the eighteenth century. One of the more impressive stories is how feudalism was undermined. Free traders (called burghers) grew in power and influence by giving the nobles fixed yearly tributes in exchange for freedom (the tributes, being fixed, would decrease in real worth every year), played the king and nobles off each other to keep either group from getting too powerful, and finally, created opulent items that led the nobles to spend more on baubles than on keeping their legions supplied.
Chapter eight is about political economy (the subject of Smith's fourth book), which O'Rourke applies in particular to China and its current relationship with the United States. The main points made by both men are that global trade is a net plus for all involved parties, the balance of trade is always good (assuming no coercion, each side is getting something that they want), and that tariffs, however well intentioned, will end up hurting the working class most. Much of the remaining part of the fourth book (and chapter nine) are primarily attacks on the physiocrats, an economic theory (arguably, the first economic theory) that was popular in France during Smith's time. The major qualm Smith had with them was a love of the theory, the need for a broad, overarching theory that covered everything.
Chapter ten covers the last part of book four, Smith's thoughts on the events occurring in America at the time (let it be noted that The Wealth of Nations was published in 1776, an interesting year for Americans). Smith predicted the future of British-American relations as being very close due to a shared language and history, even following the revolution. His suggestions to Great Britain included either simply giving America independence, or forming a combined government with them (neither option was followed, as any student of American history could tell you). Let it be noted that Smith (himself a Scot) was not a great fan of America; he considered the colonists a group of skinflints who didn't contribute to the cost of their own protection.
Chapter eleven covers Smith's attempts at delving into public policy. He touches on number of government policies, from the qualifications to be in government (Smith favored those with 'superiority of birth') to tax policy (he favored property taxes and a progressive tax policy, as well as a surcharge on anyone serving in government) to national debt (he considered it a public outrage). Chapter twelve covers more of Smith's political views, which was to be the subject of his third, never published book. Other than a need for some government to protect property, it's difficult to discern how Smith would have suggested structuring a government, as his previous statements on the issue of government hadn't been overly clear, and at times were downright conflicting.
The last few chapters take a closer look at Smith himself. Chapter thirteen reveals him to be a rather upstanding, not particularly quarrelsome fellow. Never married, well-thought of by many of his contemporaries (an impressive group including statesmen, philosophers, and nobles), and beloved by his students when he was a teacher; he wouldn't be a likely subject for a tell-all biography. Chapter fourteen covers Smith's religious beliefs; if anything, that's an even more inscrutable subject. Smith seems to have been a good Christian (at a time when many of the intellectuals with whom he was acquainted were Deists), but other than that, he was quite disinterested in metaphysics and seemed skeptical of most belief systems, including skepticism. The book concludes with an appendix of Smith quotations applied to modern phenomena like caring and celebrities, with much of O'Rourke's usual wit and intelligence.
-Very Readable: Not to speak ill of the dead (particularly when the dead have been as important to revolutionizing economics as Adam Smith), but attempting to get through his works can be a major undertaking, at least to modern readers. O'Rourke has a tendency toward semi-obscure and highly literate references, but most of them will at least make sense to a modern reader. The overall book is fairly light and entertaining fare, at least for an economics text.
-Well Researched: O'Rourke does a very good job of understanding not only Smith's text, but also putting it into the context of the time Smith lived and wrote. While much of Smith's work applies as readily today as during the late eighteenth century, O'Rourke helps to illustrate how Smith's vision would apply to our more modern world.
-Funny; Very, Very Funny: As I've noted in my past review of O'Rourke's work, he's pretty darn funny, even when discussing dry economic data. Add in the fact that Smith has a decent sense of wit (if a dry, Scottish sort of wit) about him, and the book becomes much more humorous than the typical economics fare.
-Not Quite as Good as The Wealth of Nations: This isn't Smith's original 900 page tome, nor is it a Cliff's Notes (R) version either. Instead, it'll give you a general idea of Smith's meaning in a creative, funny wrapper. Consider it a primer, rather than a substitute.
-Gets Off Track at Times: While the bulk of the book is a thorough review of The Wealth of Nations and the important points thereof, O'Rourke does digress himself from time to time (although, not for 67 pages at a stretch). In particular, the chapters on Adam Smith's personal life don't add much to the discussion of his writing (especially with some of O'Rourke's added innuendo); a decent understanding of the work can be had by stopping at the twelfth chapter.
On The Wealth of Nations is, as mentioned, not a substitute for reading Smith's work itself, so if you have a test on The Wealth of Nations, you'll need to go through it on your own. On the other hand, if you're simply trying to get a better feel for Smith, his most famous work, and some of the thoughts he had that are still a major part of economics discussions today, this makes a decent primer. Just remember that O'Rourke isn't Smith, and that his opinions on the work don't represent Smith's opinions (however hilarious O'Rourke might be).


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These are the Top 10 Political Quotes of 2006:
The Top 10 Political Quotes in 2006 Edit
No. 1. The best moment was -- you know, I've had a lot of great moments. I don't know, it's hard to characterize the great moments. They've all been busy moments, by the way. I would say the best moment was when I caught a seven-and-a-half pound large mouth bass on my lake.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
No. 5.
No. 6.
No. 7.
No. 8.
No. 9.
No. 10.


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Wicked Wednesday's Earth Day challenge. I really didn't have anything that I thought was perfect for this challenge so I made the ATC using a stencil of a globe for the background. The image I used is from Just Some Lines. As a final touch I added some orange limbs and leaves. The image was colored with Copic markers. Drop over to Jenn's site and join the challenge. b
I am also entering this in Divas by Design challenge.
Thursday, April 19, 2012
Earth Day ATC
Posted by Vicki Romaine at 3:06 PM
Labels: ATC Wicked Wednesday, Earth Day, Just Some Lines
6 comments:
this is ever so sweetReplyDelete
This is wonderful, Vicki, LOVE it!!! Thanks so much for joining us at Wicked Wednesday! :)ReplyDelete
This is so cute Vicki & perfect for the Wicked Wednesday ATC Challenge - thanks for joining in!ReplyDelete
OMG, I only wish I had that stencil...it's perfect for the challenge at Wicked Wednesday's this week! You made this look so simple, yet I'm thinking it wasn't?!! LOL!ReplyDelete
Thanks for joining this week.
Coming by through Wicked Wednesday to take a peek at your ATC. It's so sweet! ♥ReplyDelete
Fabulous ATC....Thanks for joining us at Divas by Design this weekReplyDelete
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The crematorium is a zoo
Joshua Cohen
- The Wall by H.G. Adler, translated by Peter Filkins
Modern Library, 672 pp, £12.99, September 2015, ISBN 978 0 8129 8315 9
On 18 May 1961, towards the end of Session 45 of the Eichmann trial, Judge Halevi asked State Prosecutor Bar-Or if he'd finished submitting into evidence all the documents relevant to the Theresienstadt camp. Bar-Or said he had, though of course there was also 'the well-known book by Dr John Adler': 'This is the outstanding book about Theresienstadt, and it is called Theresienstadt.'
judge halevi: Was he there?
state prosecutor bar-or: He himself was in Theresienstadt. I simply hesitate to burden the court with material. This is an excellent, authentic book. It is based on impeccable sources. It is a thick volume, and it is at the disposal of the court. I simply hesitate to submit it. Much has been written about Theresienstadt. I try to submit material which refers to the Accused, without impairing the general picture. We are faced with the difficult problem that one has somehow to compromise and to select, otherwise there is no end to it.
In Eichmann in Jerusalem, Hannah Arendt seized on the mention of this book by H.G. Adler as a rare moment of nuance in the trial:
The reason for the omission was clear. [Adler's book] describes in detail how the feared 'transport lists' were put together by the Jewish Council of Theresienstadt after the SS had given some general directives, stipulating how many should be sent away, and of what age, sex, profession and country of origin. The prosecution's case would have been weakened if it had been forced to admit that the naming of individuals who were sent to their doom had been, with few exceptions, the job of the Jewish administration … The picture would indeed have been greatly damaged by the inclusion of Adler's book, since it would have contradicted testimony given by the chief witness on Theresienstadt, who claimed that Eichmann himself had made these individual selections. Even more important, the prosecution's general picture of a clear-cut division between persecutors and victims would have suffered greatly.
Arendt's point is that no prosecution would have wanted, and no defence would have dared, to address the forced collaboration of Jews in their own extermination. No instance of a Jew unloading the cattle-cars could be allowed to mitigate the guilt of the Accused. But Arendt failed to state the obvious: that being forced to participate in another's death while waiting for your own was victimisation at its most perverse. What the Jerusalem judiciary didn't trust the world to comprehend was something that was already being taught in Israeli schools, and for survivors was a basic fact.
Hans Günther Adler arrived in London in 1947, and wrote his nearly thousand-page book in feverish haste. He recorded the activities of the Judenrat alongside how many grams of food each inmate received each day, and how many hours they were allowed to sleep each night. Over the next three decades he became the survivor who wrote the most but was read the least, producing more than thirty books of history (The Administered Man, a study of the deportations of German Jewry), sociology (The Experience of Powerlessness, a study of camp organisation), poetry and fiction, all published on a shoestring in West Germany and not translated into English until now. The revival of interest in him began, in the English-speaking world, in 2001, when W.G. Sebald's Austerlitz was published. Austerlitz's protagonist is obsessed with Theresienstadt and regrets that 'now it is too late for me to seek out Adler, who had lived in London until his death in the summer of 1988.' In 2002, after Sebald's death, the translator Peter Filkins came across a copy of the German original of The Journey, the middle novel of a trilogy by Adler, in Schoenhof's Foreign Books in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Filkins found a very different Adler from the chronicler who had inspired Sebald. Adler's subject remains the same whether he's writing fiction or non-fiction – the events between his deportation in February 1942 and liberation in April 1945 – but whereas the style of his non-fiction is conventionally academic, the style of his fiction embodies the trauma: internal monologues turn out to have been spoken aloud; dialogue is exposed as two sides of a psychic break; events are given out of sequence; each passage's vocabulary is determined by its theme – biblical, technological, legalistic, medical – rather than by its characters.
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Vol. 38 No. 5 · 3 March 2016 » Joshua Cohen » The crematorium is a zoo
pages 31-32 | 3449 words


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Hide Forgot
From Bugzilla Helper:
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.0.1) Gecko/20020830
Description of problem:
If to use Estonian keyboard layout under console then only tty1 will use it and
all the other ttys run with unknown characterset.
Version-Release number of selected component (if applicable):
How reproducible:
Steps to Reproduce:
1.Run 'setup' and choose 'et' keymap;
2.Login to tty1 and type '|uvd' (first two of these characters are between 'P'
and [ENTER], second two are a line below after 'L'.);
3.Login to tty2, tty3, ... and do the same operation;
Actual Results: Letters appearing are not the same than expected.
Expected Results: These characters are seen at konsole (IS@haskaa):
loadkeys should now propagate to all VTs.


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Hi everyone!!
I hope the weather is as beautiful where you are as it is here!
The sun is shining and I don't even have to wear a coat! Yay!! J
My mom and I decided to make an old recipe for dinner that my grandma had been making for years. It's the ultimate comfort food and it takes me right back to my childhood.
Chow Mein Noodle Casserole
What you will need:
2 Lbs Lean Ground Beef
¼ Onion
1 Can Cream of Mushroom Soup
Chow Mein Noodles
Brown 2 pounds of lean ground beef with a quarter of an onion for taste. Butter a deep casserole dish and add chow mein noodles to fully cover the bottom. Layer cooked ground beef over the noodles. Add more noodles on top of the ground beef to cover the top. Place 1 can of cream of mushroom soup (you can also use cream of celery) over the ground beef (do not dilute). Sprinkle more noodles on top if desired. Cover the casserole dish with glass cover and bake at 350 for an hour. Enjoy!
This recipe is SO good. One of my favourite childhood meals!!


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Is this challenge getting any easier…NO!….But am I having fun…YES!
My people person this time is the lovely Elisabet Regina whose blog can be found here https://ercloudwalker.wordpress.com/ her cover photo invokes a feeling of peace and calmness it's all beautiful photography and lovely muted colours.
I love her tag line…Your mind is a garden, your thoughts are seeds. You can grow flowers or you can grow weeds.
I think that is true and a lovely analogy.
I am sure some of you will have come across her previous blog " An Elephant Called Buddha "….I did and I love her take on life and it is similar to mine and I am sure some of you others… so pop over to Elisabet's blog you will be taken by the peace which comes over you… as you read and also enjoy the many photos…
Her blog speaks of someone who has had nothing and has come through that with compassion and her dreams..because you have to have a dream and I am sure Elisabet that you have danced in the rain???
Thank you Elisabet for being my "E" next it is "F" ( any ideas gratefully recieved)…… but before that for my friend and fellow bogger my "Luffa" is still a growing and climbing ….. this little update is for you.. Steph https://scrichmondblog.wordpress.com/… Steph is a virtual gardener and loves hearing about my little " Luffa" plant 😉
Lastly I best mention you know who …he who thought up this wonderful challenge http://gapawa.wordpress.com/
I'll say it again.. this is definitely like an Oscar speech……I hope you like Elisabet Regina as much as I do 🙂 Please take a look at her blog and enjoy https://ercloudwalker.wordpress.com/


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It's an thrilling time in Wales for training. Within the wake of a number of high-profile reports by the OECD and main international consultants urging change in instructor schooling , Wales is implementing a wave of reforms designed to enhance supply of teacher education. There is a new curriculum; new teacher and leadership requirements for academics; and new accreditation standards for providers of preliminary instructor schooling. The president's price range proposal eliminates the expensive Public Service Mortgage Forgiveness Program, which gives special student loan forgiveness to graduates for performing certain public service jobs. There are dozens of free anatomy interactives and games for teenagers. Right here I describe ten of the very best web sites the place college students can discover the human body. They range from simplified video games for elementary kids to stylish interactives of all body programs for highschool and college students.
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The Conservatives talk of utilizing faculty time for psychological-health workshops, while on the similar time eager to reintroduce grammar schools and excessive-stakes choice tests to separate off essentially the most academically ready from the vast majority of children. May's grammar colleges would not mark a return to a classical liberal curriculum – they're designed for one objective only: to advertise social mobility. Proposed new grammar colleges could be less about educational rigour and more about getting working-class kids into good jobs.
We call for removal of structural impediments which progressives throw within the path of poor folks: Over-regulation of start-up enterprises, excessive licensing requirements, unnecessary restrictions on formation of schools and day-care centers serving neighborhood households, and restrictions on offering public companies in fields like transport and sanitation that close the chance door to all however a well-liked few. We will continue our struggle for college selection till all dad and mom can discover good, secure schools for his or her kids.
The Iowa State Approving Company (IA SAA) decided in Could 2016 that they did not have jurisdiction to proceed to approve Ashford's on-line applications for GI Bill advantages and notified the college of its intent to withdraw approval of these applications. Pfannkoch, T. (2010). Jane Addams. Cobblestone, 31(1). Retrieved September 7, 2011, from 360 Link. I've determined to respond to this clearly disingenuous and nameless query, (Rod Stewart's shoe aside) as what is perhaps referred to as a educating second. Oh, that's to high minded sounding. Let say it's a blah blah second during which I attempt to dissuade others from buying into each rumor that emanates from UF Legislation. Riling up students and alums to advance personal ends is fairly desperate.


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