text:
So far we have explore, EMM and ECM aspects of NAS. EMM and ECM apply to per UE. So UE has single entity for EMM and ECM. This is not the case for ESM. At least theoretically... I mean to say, practically the earlier implementation may restrict one bearer per UE and connectivity with single PDN. However theoretically a UE can have multiple bearers per PDN and also connectivity with multiple PDNs. ESM is per EPS bearer. Each bearer has its own ESM FSM.
PDN is some network external to operator's LTE infrastructure. LTE infrastructure includes eUTRAN and EPC. Ultimately LTE or any other wireless network provides layer 2 connectivity for a mobile UE. So that end-user can transfer its layer-3 user packets (most likely IP packets) to some external network (most likely Internet). UE has layer 3 user data IP packets, that go (and come also from) beyond LTE infrastructure to PDN. The 'name of PDN' is 'APN value'. Internet, corporate intranet, MMS, IMS etc are popular example of such PDN. P-GW is at boundary between EPC and PDN.
UE needs an EPS bearer starting from UE to exit gateway (P-GW) of LTE network. Generally UE has one default bearer per PDN. Default bearer does not have neither QoS treatment nor TFT filters for user data. It just provides a basic connectivity between UE and P-GW for a single PDN. Some mobile application like VoIP call needs QoS treatment for user data. Dedicated bearers are meant for that. Here UE can demand QoS and TFT, but not new UE IP address. UE has single IP address per PDN. If UE and PDN both support both IPv4 and IPv6 dual stack, then only UE can have two default bearers and two IP addresses (IPv4 address and IPv6 address) per PDN.
If UE and network both capable to provide connectivity to multiple PDNs, then UE can have multiple default bearers and multiple IP addresses. It is like your desktop PC has multiple Ethernet cards, so you can connect your PC to multiple networks and configure it with multiple IP address. UE has single invisible OFDMA based LTE air interface towards network. However still it can emulate like two different Ethernet cards. At user plane UE can have multiple Layer 3 IP layers, with common Layer 2 LTE network. Each layer 3 connected to different PDNs. So UE have multiple bearers from UE to across LTE infrastructure till P-GW. Within single layer 3, UE can have default bearer for best effort treatment and possible dedicated bearer(s) for QoS treatment.
All EPS bearers (i.e. default and dedicated) have EPS Bearer ID (EBI). Network assigns its value. Earlier in 2.5G GPRS 3G UMTS network we had NSAPI, for EBI. So at UE few EBI values are used for default bearer(s) and rest are for dedicated bearer(s). UE can have one default bearer and zero or more dedicated bearer(s) per PDN. With EBI value, one can not discriminate whether it's for default bearer or dedicated bearer. LBI plays important role to link them and bundle them together. All dedicated bearer related messages contain LBI IE. Its value is EBI of default bearer for that PDN.
UE may have static IP address configures with OTA for per APN/PDN. Most of the case, P-GW acts as DHCP server and assign dynamic IP address to UE at the time of default bearer creation. Yes in some P-GW implementations, it consult radius server to allocate IP address for UE. Dynamic IP address allocation happens during default bearer allocation. This IP address remain same and valid for all other subsequent new dedicated bearer(s) for that PDN.
The following tree makes this concept clearer.
- LTE layer 2 connectivity with eUTRAN+EPC
- Layer 3 IP (IPv4 or IPv6)connectivity to PDN1, UE IP = IP1
- Default bearer. No QoS, EBI = EBI1
- Dedicated bearer 1 with QoS1, EBI = EBI2, LBI = EBI1
- Dedicated bearer 2 with QoS2, EBI = EBI3, LBI = EBI1
- Layer 3 IP (IPv4 or IPv6)connectivity to PDN2, UE IP = IP2
- Only single default bearer. No QoS, EBI = EBI4
- Layer 3 IP (IPv4)connectivity to PDN3, UE IP = IP3
- Default bearer. No QoS, EBI = EBI5
- Dedicated bearer 1 with QoS3, EBI = EBI6, LBI = EBI5
- Layer 3 IP (IPv6)connectivity to PDN3, UE IP = IP4
- Default bearer. No QoS EBI = EBI7
- Dedicated bearer 1 with QoS4, EBI = EBI8, LBI = EBI7
- Layer 3 IP (IPv4 or IPv6)connectivity to PDN1, UE IP = IP1
Here PDN1, PDN2 and PDN3 all are different, having different APN values. IP1, IP2, IP3 and IP4 may or may not be different. QoS1, QoS2, QoS3 and QoS4 may or may not different. EBI1 to EBI8 all are different values, not necessary they are in sequence.
Practically the minimum implementation without QoS lookes like:
- LTE layer 2 connectivity with eUTRAN+EPC
- Layer 3 IP (IPv4)connectivity to only single PDN 1, UE IP = IP1
- Only single Default bearer. No QoS, EBI = EBI1
- Layer 3 IP (IPv4)connectivity to only single PDN 1, UE IP = IP1
It looks like this article about NAS ESM is becoming lengthy. So let's have break after some details about PCO IE.
PCO IE is used to carry UE address. It also carries Primary and Secondary DNS addresses for that particular PDN. So the application can query and resolve any domain name to IP address by contacting the DNS server, within that PDN. All these three IP addresses can be IPv4 address or IPv6 address or both. It depends. If UE already knows their values, it mentions them in PCO, to confirm. Else, UE mention value as 0.0.0.0 (for IPv4 case) to request network for new assignment. PCO IE contains, PPP. PPP contains IPCP for all these IP addresses. PPP can also contain PAP and/or CHAP protocol(s) for user authentication. PCO and TFT are IEs, that are initiated at UE, transparently carried by intermediate nodes (eNB, MME and S-GW) and reached 'as they are' at P-GW.
Recap: This article covers, some important concepts about bearer and few important IEs like EBI, LBI, APN, PCO. I will continue ESM in next article and we will explore various ESM procedures.
19 comments:
- samirpatry said...
Nice article,Do u have any article which distinguish QoS,EPS Brarer ID and TFT parameter.
- March 3, 2010 at 6:09 AM
- Anonymous said...
quite confusing..
- May 2, 2011 at 7:00 PM
- Ezra said...
Not to sound lame, but to clear my doubt..
Why does the PDN need a DNS when the UE can find the right PDN using the APN resolution?
- May 19, 2011 at 5:27 AM
- Manish Panchmatia said...
Hi Ezra,
Private DNS server used by S-GW / MME / SGSN for APN resolution and get IP address for P-GW / GGSN. It may also used to resolve P-CSCF for IMS network.
However within PDN, we have primary and secondary DNS servers. If the Internet is PDN, then they are public DNS servers. UE contacts those DNS servers within that particular PDN to resolve DNS query to reach the end-to-end destination content server. If PDN is the Internet then these DNS server resolve query for www.google.com
- May 23, 2011 at 1:34 PM
- Pravi said...
Hi Manish,
The article is really good. I got to know some of the basic things which i always used to wonder or wander about :) Thanks for that!!!
I anyway, have one small confusion.
why is that 'APN' and 'PDN' are interchangeably used? What is the exact relation between the two?
please explain me simple words.
Thanks in advance.
- May 27, 2011 at 12:47 PM
- Manish Panchmatia said...
Hi Pravi
It is very simple. PDN's name is APN.
PDN is network, represent with cloud in diagram. Packet Data NETWORK.
APN is its name. Access Point Name. It resolves to IP address with DNS query to private DNS server. This IP address belongs to gateway (GGSN or P-GW) which core network (CN) and PDN.
- May 27, 2011 at 2:11 PM
- Sandeep said...
Hi Manish, I am still confused about difference in ESM State and ECM connected state
(a) As my understanding ECM Connected - is state where UE already got IP address, and there is a signalling connection from UE to MME (but nothing exist at SGW/PDN-GW)
(b) and in case of ESM active state - there is a resource allocated for UE from eNB to PDN-GW and UE actively transfers the data over selected bearer; in case of ESM inactive state - there is a resource allocated from MME/SGW to PDN-GW (but no resource at RRC level)
Please let me know whether my understanding is correct?
- August 2, 2011 at 4:27 PM
- Anonymous said...
How to understand "IP1, IP2, IP3 and IP4 may or may not be different. "
- January 5, 2012 at 8:38 AM
- Manish Panchmatia said...
It is simple.
They all are some IP address.
Basically, I mean to say generally a UE will get different self IP from different PDNs. However it is not mandatory. In rare case it may get identical IP address.
For analogy, suppose, you have a PC with 2 Ethernet card. You connect your PC to 2 different networks. When run ifconfig (ipconfig for Windows) command, both Ethernet Interfaces will show different IP addresses. However, by choice, you can configure same IP address for both your Ethernet card connected to different network.
Different PDN is like different networks, that UE is attached to with like virtual Ethernet cards known as PDP context or bearer or session in wireless network
I hope, this make it clear.
- January 5, 2012 at 11:53 AM
- Anonymous said...
Hi Manish,
Could you please tell me the date rate associated with the SRBs in LTE..??
- February 24, 2012 at 7:33 AM
- Anonymous said...
data rate actually...
- February 24, 2012 at 11:54 AM
- Manish Panchmatia said...
Hi all
Please have a look to this complete white paper about "LTE NAS Procedure" http://layers7.blogspot.in/2012/09/lte-nas.html
-Manish V. Panchmatia
- September 18, 2012 at 12:30 AM
- Unknown said...
following are the some basic doubts..
it looks bearer and pdp contexts are much similar. what are the main differences ?
How the QoS is triggered ? can both ue and network initiate the QoS bearers ( ue initiated and network initiated dedicated bearers )
same comparison in lte vs WCDMA ?
connection between application(http, ftp , rtp ) to bearers mapping
Is WCDMA & LTE both will retain their IP address in idle mode that is till they detach?
what is the maximum default & dedicated bearers can be triggered in LTE ? i see the bearer id goes till 31. but for data 5 to 15 11 data bearers ? so can a ue have 11 bearers ( default + dedicated )?
what is always ip connected in LTE ?
how about wcdma combined attach ? how it works ?
- July 28, 2013 at 9:08 AM
- Anonymous said...
Does EBI value of default bearer of 3 PDN can has the same value?
- November 10, 2013 at 1:16 PM
- Manish Panchmatia said...
- November 10, 2013 at 5:33 PM
- Manish Panchmatia said...
As per my knowledge. No. EBI is like index for all bearers for a subscriber/UE. Default + Dedicated. So all default bearers for different PDN/APN will have different values.
- November 10, 2013 at 5:41 PM
- Manish Panchmatia said...
Yes PDP context and default bearer both are similar.
As per my knowledge the major diff are:
1. There is no default PDP context. PDP context is established when user start data session (read start surfing). In case of LTE, when UE attach to the network, a default bearer is established without QoS. Thus, LTE UE is always IP connected.
2. bearer has IEs as per GTPv2. So they are in TLIV format. Few additional IEs.
3. As you know, for data plane, bearer is from NodeB to S-GW to P-GW. For control plane it is from MME to S-GW to P-GW
4. QoS mapping are different.
Generally RTP is over dedicated bearer, as it has stringent latency requirement. However it is implementation specific. For Gold/platinum plan customer http, ftp everything can be on dedicated bearers. I guess, ftp is generally background task so no need of QoS treatment. So it can be on default bearer.
WCDMA combined attached is to save some radio resources. if UE and network both are capable then UE will perform combined attached. 3G-SGSN will intimate to 3G-MSC over Gs interface for CS-attach.
- November 10, 2013 at 5:51 PM
- Unknown said...
Story of four different IP address is well brought out
Keep it up
- January 8, 2014 at 4:11 AM
- Unknown said...
When a UE includes a DNS address in the PCO other than 0.0.0.0, will the network accept it and send the same back to the UE.
- May 15, 2015 at 7:05 PM


text:
Minor porch fire
Claremont and Catawba firefighters examine a structure after a small porch fire was extinguished after lunch Wednesday on Boggs Road. The fire damaged the porch flooring but did not significantly damage the home. the cause of the fire is still under investigation.
To read more of this story, pick up the Thursday edition of Catawba County's community newspaper, The Observer News Enterprise, at newsstands throughout the county.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Head outside and have some fun. Our outdoor living selection is so big, we had to move outside, the perfect place to relax and unwind, so make sure you browse our patio bar furniture, barstools, bars, hammocks and picnic tables. Warm up with our chimeneas, fire pits, lanterns, torches and heaters. They'll bring a cozy, welcome character to your porch, poolside or patio area. And when the sun's out, it helps to have a shady retreat available.
Our accessories include canopies, gazebos, patio umbrellas and other sun-free spots. Leave the oven off and cook outside instead. Our grills, smokers and BBQ accessories will keep your guests coming for more. If you've got a green thumb, our lawn & garden selections will keep you busy. We have garden furniture, tools, greenhouses, planters, sundials, storage sheds or a storage box for hoses, gloves and rugs, fountains, mail boxes or an address sign for your front yard.
Our patio and outdoor furniture categories are second to none offering sets, chairs, loungers, benches, tables, Adirondacks, bistro table sets, rockers, pool furniture, porch swings and more. Premium comfort is yours with plush, upholstered cushions. And our beach chairs are perfect poolside or for trips to the shore.
Away from home, you'll find camping equipment, hiking gear and handmade rustic furnishings. Our tents and outdoor sleepers keep you dry, safe and snug at your campsite (or for those fun backyard sleepovers). And weatherproof protection from the sun, wind and rain with covers or portable carports that make a sensible alternative to traditional brick-and-mortar garages. Mother Nature always keeps us guessing, but weather instruments can at least supply a hint of what's she's up to.


text:
We did not find results for: One HS Products XD9 Pistol, Serial No. US977904.
Try the suggestions below or type a new query above.
- Check your spelling.
- Try more general words.
- Try different words that mean the same thing.
- Try asking a question on Yahoo Answers


text:
Saving energy
beyond LED
Our challenge was to get
an efficient
LED lighting in the six-meters high ceilings, right color reproduction and to achieve the LEED green building certification."
- Jose Luis Muñoz Lopez - Project manager at Bershka (Inditex)
The main challenge was lighting the wide open spaces with six-meter high ceilings with 100% LED. On top of that the requirements set by the USGBC for the LEED Platinum accreditation: reduced consumption supported by the control systems of lighting, a color rendering index greater than 80, correct adjustment of quantity and quality in lighting and luminaire above 24,000 hours of life.
Philips designed a custom solution that adapt to the system of Bershka, in which outbreaks are inserted in a lighting rails placed in the ceiling, so that they are fully integrated into the store and also met all the necessary requirements to obtain the highest score in the section on lighting certification LEED. In addition, lighting control systems were installed by presence in the areas of warehouse and supply of natural light in the windows, reducing total power consumption by about 40%.
To finish off its flagship store, Bershka didn't want to leave without mentioning the facade of the building, classified within the Valencian neoclassicism from the end of the 19th century. "The details in the illumination are to make them have the difference between a flagship store and the other that it is not. In this case, the facade is lit with a system of dynamic lighting that plays with different shades of white.
We offer many possibilities beyond our standard catalogue, whether you want to change the color of the luminaire, way of mounting or light source, everything is possible.


text:
Photoshop (Valentine) Madness
Yes, Valentine! I know it's early, but it's not too early to think about your February promotions -- and Valentine's is a great theme to jolt your clients out of their winter doldrums. Here, we've found ten great finds for the Valentines season. * Valentine Hearts shapes * 3D Valentine's Day Typography * Age Progression tutorial * colorful background for Valentine's Day * Basic editing tutorial in Adobe Photoshop * Valentine's day post card * colorizing hair * smoothing skin... and more! Enjoy. February 1, 2018


text:
I'm getting into the Chrismas spirit. I started by posting my Christmas recipe round up on Saturday and populating my Japan friendly Christmas recipe board on pinterest. I attempted to decorate the house on Sunday night but it was a big of a failure. In Japan, instead of doing spring cleaning you do osoji just before the New Years (usually December 30th or 31st) but we decided to do a large part of it this weekend and by the time I had put hot wine on the stove (this only takes a couple of minutes) and taken a bath I had no energy. I was planning on drinking hot wine, watching the first Lord of the Rings movie and trimming the tree. I ended up putting up the tree and lights and then watching the (ridiculously long but marvelous) movie until 3am in a half vegetative state. Twas good but I ended up decorating the house in the morning. The Hobbit is coming out on the 14th in Japan so I just reread the book and am watching the Lord of the Rings Trilogy in preparation. The Hobbit only took a couple of days and was a much easier read than I remember. Then again, I probably read it last in junior high.
Anyhow, let's talk hot wine. I make two kinds, one with citrus rind and one one with orange juice. The orange juice is easy to drink and is great for people who are not that into wine. I don't add any hard liquor to mine as I don't actually like the taste of alcohol all that much. Before I made hot wine the first time I did a bit of research and found out that cheap wine is best because it is sweet. This is great news because you can make it more often. I often use the 400 yen bottles of wine but sometimes splurge and use the 500 yen bottles.
I use cinnamon sticks ( シナモンスティック shinamon suthikku), cardamon pods (カルダモンホール karudamon hooru) and whole cloves (クローブホール kurobu hooru) in my hot wine. You can use powdered spices if you can't find them whole but I like the whole spices. You can find all three of these spices in grocery stores that have good spice sections. They are usually less expensive in import shops that stock ingredients for Indian food. I usually bring cinnamon sticks back with me when I go back to Canada for a visit because I find them rather expensive here. One small pack of cloves and cardamon will last years but I could use a big bag of cinnamon sticks every winter.
Hot Wine I
1 bottle (750mL) cheap red wine
1 cup water
1/2-1 cup orange juice
1/4-1/2 cup sugar
2 cinnamon sticks (one is okay if you are rationing them)
1 cardamon pod
5 cloves
Bring the wine and water to a boil and add the spices. Simmer until the room smells delightfully spicy. Add the orange juice and sugar to taste. Each wine will require a different amount of sugar so I add it slowly until it reaches the perfect sweetness. The same goes for the orange juice. Serve hot.
Hot Wine II
1 bottle (750mL) cheap red wine
1 cup water
1/4-1/2 cup sugar
2 cinnamon sticks (one is okay if you are rationing them)
1 cardamon pod
5 cloves
half the zest of a citrus fruit of your choice
Peel the zest off of the citrus fruit – my favorites are orange, lemon or yuzu. Make sure you only get the colored part on the outside and none of the white part underneath as it is bitter. Bring the wine and water to a boil and add the spices and rind. Simmer until the room smells delightfully spicy. Add the sugar to taste. Each wine will require a different amount of sugar so I add it slowly until it reaches the perfect sweetness. Serve hot.
What's your favorite way to make hot wine?


text:
Grains continued their rebound today finishing 18 ¾ higher for September corn, 23 ¼ higher for September wheat, and 5 ½ higher for September soybeans.
There are rumors of China buying more corn on this break as import margins have gotten strong. Basically their cash price didn't drop like ours did on last week's setback. Technically we are also rallying back up towards filling the recent gap at 6.20 ½ (Dec corn). There have been stories of some ethanol plants switching to wheat instead of corn in Indiana and Ohio. On top of this French wheat futures have been rallying after yields are coming in 20-30% lower. This supports the idea that wheat will be supported by any rallies in corn as margins between the two are close. I have included a chart of September wheat against new crop corn and NEXT year's wheat. You can see that the price has fallen dramatically since the beginning of the year and as a substitute it is getting to a point where it makes sense for more feed use at these levels. Producers who have on farm storage for soft red winter wheat will want to store the wheat and sell into the deferred contracts to try to collect the carry (depending on basis levels, please call your broker to discuss).
The weekly crop progress report shows conditions improving for soybeans and corn. Corn is now at 69% good-to-excellent compared to 68% last week and 71% last year. Soybeans are at 66% which is right where they were at this time last year.
For those of you that haven't had a chance to use AMMO please get in touch with your broker. The AMMO program will allow you to see where your farm operation stands mark-to market taking into consideration cash sales, HTA's, futures and options, and crop insurance. The profitability matrix will help you discover where your farm's profitability is based on various yield and harvest price scenarios. The "what if" calculator will then allow you to build a strategy that eliminates risk and maximizes your farm's profitability. Please call your broker for more information about how you can put AMMO to work for you.
Best Regards,
For a free trial of EHedger services including the morning automated phone call, daily afternoon market commentary, and/or a free consultation, please contact EHedger at 866-433-4371. You can also visit us at www.EHedger.com
Trading commodity futures and options involves substantial risk of loss and may not be suitable for all investors. You should carefully consider whether trading is suitable for you in light of your circumstances, knowledge, and financial resources. The market information contained in this message has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but is not guaranteed as to its accuracy or completeness. Market information may not be consistent with current or future market positions of EHedger LLC, its affiliates, officers, directors, employees, or agents.


text:
Possible Duplicate:
Why space expansion affects matter?
Imagine two tiny spacecrafts that are moving with the Hubble flow and so are moving away from each other. Let's assume that they've been that way since the very early universe, never firing their engines, just drifting along their Hubble flow geodesics in a homogenous isotropic universe.
They then momentarily fire their engines so that they "cancel" the Hubble flow and have a fixed proper separation. Will they now start drifting apart again (presumably due to expansion)? Or will they stay at fixed proper separation, and maybe very slowly move towards each other due to their mutual gravitational attraction?
I guess this is another way of asking whether expansion is kinematic and hence can be forgotten (so that "Brooklyn isn't expanding" because gravitational collapse and structure formation have erased memory of the expansion). Or maybe someone will help me refine this question and make me realize I just haven't thought things through completely?


text:
This weekend was exhausting. Make that EXHAUSTING! Mike got in on time Friday evening, his bags even arrived this time. Nice! It was my first visit since McCarran changed from metered parking to pay parking. Now the line for passenger pick ups is ridiculous, everyone just drives around and around to avoid the fees. They need to make a cell-phone lot like they have at Midway Airport.
Anyway, we headed over to PT's for drinks and a bite. We shared a bucket of boneless wings. They were far better than I imagined. I still prefer Buffalo Wild Wings, but these were the next best thing. We had a great time catching up while pounding a few back. They have the coldest beers around - they go down way too easy. We made it home just before 2am. Morning and hard work would come too soon.
Saturday and Sunday were spent in Pahrump. Saturday I planned to clean the new house. But plumbing issues made it impossible to clean. By mid-day Blaine had one toilet and sink in working order. I did other odds and ends at the new place and then I was off to the old house to pack. Only a few boxes had been packed since I was last there a week ago. I got the kitchen completely done. Only leaving behind a coffee maker, a few cups and silverware. They can't live without coffee.
Sunday was moving day. We had six able bodies, my mom and 17-foot Uhaul. Mom decided they couldn't fully move into the new place because of the plumbing and electrical issues. So beds, fridge and other misc. items would be left behind. Packing wasn't nearly as complete as I was led to believe so much of the first trip was pack and load. My mom and I ran around prepping and packing and Frank and Don (hired help) loaded the truck. Mike was sent to the new place because my mom was concerned about the dogs. Blaine was out feeding animals. The 6th body disappeared until late afternoon. I did not want Frank to lift my mom's heaviest pieces, an armoire and old flat big screen tv. After having back surgery I felt it was too risky. But he loaded and unloaded both pieces against my wishes. Thankfully, he managed ok.
On Saturday my mom hired a man to clear an area for the horses to roam free. After the ground was disturbed the dirt turned to sand it was soft as the dunes. I mentioned to my mom that the Uhaul had to hug the trees when driving up to the front door, otherwise it would get stuck. Well, despite my words of caution, Blaine drove the truck into the live-wire area and got stuck. We didn't have tow rope long enough so Frank had to run into town to buy a couple from Walmart. In the meantime, I built deck box for storage and lent a hand in setting up to animal pens. When he returned, I helped prep the vehicles with the tow rope. Thank goodness we had the Suburban after a few tugs the Uhaul was free. Had we not brought it, I'm not sure what would have happened.
We unloaded the truck and then it was back to the old house for the next load. It took two full loads to gather much of the house and garage. One load for animals pens. And my mom will need to rent the truck again to move the remainder of the house items and the peacock pens. It was more stuff than I ever imagined. We worked our asses off for 11 hours. My feet hurt so bad at the end of the day, my veins were swollen and puffy, my legs have never looked more gross. I don't think I've ever felt dirtier. When I first stepped into the shower it hurt to get clean. The same way it feels when you stick your hand in an ice chest when it's blazing outside.
The worst of the move is complete. There is still much work to be done. But once my mom gets settled I think she'll be very happy at her new digs. Her animals will be, too. I love the place already. It has shade. And it's much closer to Vegas. Shaving off 20 minutes from the drive home late-Sunday night was much appreciated. I was home and showered by the time it usually took to drive door-to-door.


text:
By virtue of the physical structure of our educational institutions and the habits they have kept in place for so long, we have become a profession of loners. This is truly a shame since so many teachers are creating magic in their classrooms, yet other teachers struggle with the very same lessons and populations.Through the use of our matrix, we demonstrate how the individual teacher can share their best efforts and successes with others, as well as entire schools sharing best practices across the grades and subjects they teach. By encouraging each other to share, we will prevent others from reinventing the wheel or suffer through ineffective methods already tried by others. This guided strategy is both powerful and useful as we learn to share successes and celebrate the great learning going on in our classrooms. We are great at helping you to share your best practices.
Differentiated Instruction Benefits All Students
- Sometimes the only thing students in a classroom have in common is their age! Students come into our classrooms and schools with different backgrounds and cultures. Their cognitive abilities, assets and experiences are just as wide ranging.
- When one lesson resonates with one student but not with another, we owe it to students to offer the learning in many different approaches to help them receive it in their strengths and abilities.
- Fair does not always mean equal – sometimes we need to go an extra step for a student. In order to be fair to all students we must differentiate their learning and our instruction.
Teachers will know...
...practical methods to build interest with students
...how to motivate the unmotivated
...how to use Storytelling for Project-Based Learning
...how to grab and keep student interest
...how to incorporate fun and divergent ways of learning
...how to develop critical thinking in the student's approach to learning
...how this can be modified for all kids and communities
...how to become real to their students
...how to use human graphing to get immediate feedback from students
...how to quickly assess how effective their lesson is going


text:
Last month, Commerce Secretary John Bryson, 68, resigned from his Cabinet post after suffering a seizure while driving, resulting in two car crashes. To get a better understanding of this condition, we turned to Dr. John Ebersole, a national authority on seizure disorders and director of the University of Chicago Adult Epilepsy Center. Here's what the neurologist had to say:
Q. John Bryson's two crashes in the Los Angeles area were frightening. Can anyone just black out?
A. Yes, anyone under the right circumstances can faint or have a single seizure with loss of consciousness, but the Bryson story of repeated car crashes is very strange. There are clearly some missing pieces to this story, such as whether he had a history of previous seizures and, if not, upon what evidence are his doctors making this diagnosis. Without further medical details, I'd have to say that it is very unlikely that a single seizure could account for the entire scenario.
Q. That's a relief. So who is a candidate for seizures?
A. Generally, there are two times in our lives when the onset of seizures is most likely: When we are a child and after age 60. Seizures that begin late in life are usually related to existing vascular disease. Strokes or hemorrhages in the brain are a leading cause for the development of epilepsy in the elderly. Seizures can sometimes be the initial presentation of a small stroke that had gone undetected.
Q. In the aftermath, Bryson's neurologist said he had a complex partial seizure. Can you explain what that is and how it works?
A. Complex partial seizures are a type of focal seizures that occur in one part of the brain and affect behavior and one's ability to respond appropriately to your environment. Some people get a feeling or warning immediately before a seizure, which is called an aura. But typically, only when the seizure activity spreads to both sides of the brain does a person have a full-blown convulsion. So, in Bryson's case he could have had a partial seizure when he hit the first car ... and then a second and bigger one with loss of consciousness when he hit the second car.
Q. Do certain people have a predisposition for seizures?
A. In the case of older patients, the major risk factors would be existing vascular disease, high blood pressure, heart disease or a strong family history for cerebrovascular disease and stroke. In general, the healthier you are, the less likely you are to have an increased risk for the onset of seizures in later life.
Q. You mention genetics. Do you think that environmental factors play a part in these diseases?
A. Many types of childhood-onset epilepsy can be genetic. This is less so for adults and the elderly, except as I said previously for having a genetically based, increased predisposition for vascular disease and thus stroke
Q. How are seizures different from epilepsy? Are there different degrees?
A. Anyone can have a seizure under the right circumstances. Many individuals only have one seizure in their life. Accordingly, after a single seizure we do not say that the person has epilepsy. Epilepsy is a condition of chronic recurrent seizures. It is not a matter of degree or intensity; it is a matter of recurrence, having repeated seizures over time.
Latest Health
Q. What progress have we made in treatment or medication or both? Is quality of life better today for these folks?
A. Today we have many more drugs to treat epilepsy than we did in the past. Most have fewer side effects than our older drugs. Fortunately, seizures in the majority of patients can be controlled with medications, and they can lead a normal life. Unfortunately, about a third of patients continue to have some seizures despite taking anti-convulsant drugs. For these patients, we now have other therapeutic options, such as epilepsy surgery to remove the epileptic brain tissue and various forms of electrical stimulation of the brain or its nerves to either help prevent or to abort seizures.
Q. Are there things people can do to keep their brain healthy?
A. If you have high blood pressure, have high cholesterol and are mostly eating fatty foods, doing all the crossword puzzles in the world isn't going to help.


text:
Find Us
Swimming Times
Other Times
Mixed Gym Times
Group Fitness Timetable
Swimming Lesson Blocks
Copyright 2020 - © Wasp Leisure 2018 (part of the Mulraney Group) in partnership with Clackmannanshire Council. All information is correct at the time of publishing. E&OE The Leisure Bowl, Parkway, Alloa, Clackmannanshire. FK10 2AF. Tel: 01259 723527
Swimming Pool Times


text:
Faculty and Staff
Your academic advisor can help you develop a set of courses that will reflect your unique interests and experiences.
In addition, once the College accepts your application (doc or pdf) to study for the Certificate in Intercultural Study, the College will appoint a mentor to review your proposed curriculum and consult with you about it. You can always return to this mentor with questions about appropriate courses.
Faculty in many College departments teach courses that can apply toward the Certificate in Intercultural Study.


text:
Please enter your Mobile Number and Education Level to proceed.
9th Services
Basic Plan
Advance Plan
Face to Face Plan
Mentorship Plan
Skill Based Test™
Pricing For 9th
10th Services
Ideal Career Test™
Stream Selector Test™
Pricing For 10th
11th Services
Engineering Selector™
Humanities Selector™
Commerce Selector™
Pricing For 11th
12th Services
Ideal Career™
Commerce Selector™
Pricing For 12th
B.Com Services
Ideal Career
Pricing For B.com
Humanities Career™
Professional Skill
Pricing For BA
B.Sc Services
Ideal Career Test
Professional Skill Index
Pricing For B.Sc
B.Tech Services
Pricing For B.Tech
MBA Services
Professional Skill Index
Pricing For MBA
MASTERS Services
Pricing For Masters
Professional Skill Index
Pricing For Working
Study In India
Study Abroad
Career Options
Experts Q&A
For 9th Class Students
For 10th Class Students
For 11th Class Students
For 12th Class Students
For Bcom Students
For BA Students
For B.sc Students
For B.Tech Students
Ideal Career Test™
Skill Based Career Test
Stream Selector™ Test
Engineering Branch Selector™
Humanities Career Selector™
Commerce Career Selector™
Professional Skill Index™
Educator Professional Skill™
Law Entrance Exam
Design Entrance Exam
Medical Entrance Exam
Engineering Entrance Exam
Tourism Entrance Exam
Management Entrance Exam
Mass Comm Entrance Exam
9th Class Mentorship
10th Class Mentorship
11th Class Mentorship
12th Class Mentorship
Mentorship For B.Com
Mentorship For B.Sc
Mentorship For B.Tech
Mentorship For B.a
Study In Usa
Study Europe
Study In Australia
Study In Singapore
Study In Dubai
Study In Hong Kong
Study In Canada
Study In Ireland
Education Loan
Ask & Answer
Ask on Phone
Ask on Chat
Experts Q&A
Ideal Career Test™
Skill Based Career Test
Stream Selector™ Test
Engineering Branch Selector™
Humanities Career Selector™
Commerce Career Selector™
Professional Skill Index™
Educator Professional Skill™
For Career Counsellors
Register For Counsellors
For Counsellors Job
Counsellors Certification
Counsellors Interview
Inspirational Stories
Counsellors Profile
Counsellors Dashboard
Counselling Services For 9th
Counselling Services For 10th
Counselling Services For 11th
Counselling Services For 12th
Counsellors In Delhi
Counsellors In Mumbai
Counsellors In Bangalore
Counsellors In Chennai
There is no career counsellors available for this category in shiliguri . Explore all Career Counsellors
Career Advisor at Arena Multimedia, Aptech Computer Education & Aptech Aviation and Hospitality training institute- India
I have over 3 years of experience as a Career advisor. Currently, i work as a Career Counselor in Arena multimedia as well as Aptech Computer Education. I am a talent acquisition specialist, who aspires to build the career of the students as well as guide them to choose the right path for their career. Being human, I may have lots of flaws and so I always keep myself ready to learn and to improvise.
Humanistic StudiesCareer counselorInformation Technology / SoftwareManagement & MarketingAviation ManagementView more »


text:
My name is Santia Deck and I am an athlete from Atlanta (United States). I am trying to raise USD 10,000, so that I can continue pursuing my passion, rugby and football.I am training hard and doing whatever I can to keep getting better.
I need all the help I can get on my journey to the Olympics . I would appreciate your support in the form of a small contribution to this fundraiser or a simple share on Social Media (Facebook, Twitter etc..). I will do my best to keep you updated on my training progress and my ups and downs on the road to making the USA rugby Olympic team.


text:
SC HELP was launched in January 2011 to help responsible South Carolina homeowners who are struggling to make their mortgage payments stay in their homes during hard financial times. SC HELP is sponsored by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the South Carolina State Housing Finance and Development Authority.
There is no cost to you for applying for SC HELP. If anyone asks you to pay for mortgage help, it may be a scam.
If you are having trouble paying your mortgage due to:
SC HELP may be able to help you to catch up on missed payments and/or make mortgage payments on your behalf while you get back on your feet.
Monthly Payment Assistance: SC HELP assists eligible households by making their monthly mortgage payments, giving you time to get back on your feet. If you qualify, SC HELP will make the monthly mortgage payment directly to your bank.
Direct Loan Assistance: If you are behind on your mortgage payments, SC HELP may provide funds to get you caught up on your mortgage payments. For some, this will solve the problem. For others, Monthly Payment Assistance may also be available.
Transition Assistance: If the home cannot be saved by any of our other programs and goes to a short-sale or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, SC HELP can provide a $5,000 grant to help you with expenses for moving into a rental situation.
Modification/Recast Assistance: This program provides funding in the form of a one-time payment to help homeowners qualify for an acceptable modification or recast (re-amortization) of their first mortgage, returning the homeowner to self-sustainability. Amounts past due on the first mortgage will be reinstated with this funding.
You may qualify for more than one type of assistance. There is a maximum assistance limit of $36,000 per household.
Anyone can experience financial hardship, therefore, there is no limit on household income; however, original loan amount may not be more than $729,750.
You do not have to be behind on your mortgage payments to apply.
If you think you may qualify for SC HELP, we urge you to START NOW to see if you might qualify.
© 2013 SC Housing Corp. All Rights Reserved.
Any reference to SC HELP is intended to reference the South Carolina Homeownership and Employment Lending Program and no other programs or entities that may use the same or similar abbreviation.
Funded by the US Department of the Treasury in cooperation with the South Carolina State Housing Finance and Development Authority


text:
Accident On A German TV Show While Trying To Jump Over Moving Car! [12-04-2010]
"Broadcast from 12.04.2010 overshadowed by an accident. The following is the mission interrupted by the medical care without restrictions to ensure. We hope that the candidates the best."
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


text:
The infamous Nuke in Titanium plastic! The Nuke is Discraft's premier distance driver, combining crazy glide with high speed for a long controllable flight. Players have spoken and the Nuke is Discraft's crowning achievement in distance.
Titanium is a marvel of plastic aesthetics, with a blend of opaque pearlescent gloss that is just stunning. Coupled with a remarkably stiff feel in the hand, and a tad more durability than Z plastic, Titanium is a force on the plastic scene! Titanium features a unique logo application - rather than a stamp, the logo is raised from the plastic, allowing extra gripping texture!
Please Note: Due to Titanium's unique material, some discs will "color shift", meaning that the angle at which they're held changes the perceived color of the plastic. Since these "colorshifts" range in color, we have simply listed them as "Multi-Color".


text:
Metacritic, whose cumulative scores provide a thumbs-up/thumbs-down barometer that can move games publishers' stock prices, has expanded. The review aggregator has begun listing iPhone and iPad apps.
"Our addition of a robust iPhone/iPad/iPod Touch games section ... reflects the critical community's growing acceptance of the iOS platform as a legitimate, full-fledged gaming system whose games can compete with those designed for the more established, dedicated gaming systems," the site said in an announcement.
Currently, the top six include Bug Heroes, released in January; Land-a-Panda, which dropped March 10; Save Toshi, from December, followed by Dead Space and NBA Jam as two big-brand ports from major publishers.
Site News: Metacritic on iPhone, iPhone on Metacritic [Metacritic]


text:
Big Ride
Sizes: 24"
Weight: medium thin
Volume: soft to loud
Stick Sound: silky
Intensity: fairly lively
Sustain: long
Bell Character: fairly integrated, smooth
Sound Character: Full, silky, powerful, deep. Fairly wide range, fairly complex mix. Responsive, soft feel with powerful attributes. Somewhat papery stick sound with a glassy undertone over fairly dark and cloudy wash. Very versatile ride cymbal with good crash-ability for classic rock music applications. Developed in co-operation with the legendary "Van Halen" drummer Alex Van Halen.
|Artists playing this Cymbal !
Sound Room:
Click the icons below to hear them.
Download MP3 Sound Files 2002
Click the icons below to hear them.
Click to add a size of this model to the soundroom: 24"
Download MP3 Sound Files 2002
Home > Products > Cymbals > 2002 > Rides > Power Ride | Ride | Big Ride | Heavy Ride | Giga Bell Ride | Swish Ride |


text:
Kristiansen: "Cool to have my goal awarded the best"
It was not exactly a deciding goal Veronica Kristiansen scored in this situation.
In fact, this goal made it 22:10 for her team, Györi Audi ETO KC in the second leg of the quarter-final against Odense HC in the Women´s Champions League last season, but that does not make it any less impressive.
After winning the first leg in Denmark narrowly 29:28, Györ left no doubt at home in the Audi Arena, where they won 33:21.
While the goal may not have had a decisive impact on the result, it certainly made an impact on fans on the EHF Champions League Facebook page.
So many of them found the Norwegian international's goal so spectacular, that it became the goal of the season.
& the top goal of the Women's EHF Champions League season is from... @KristiansenV 😍— EHF Champions League (@ehfcl) June 30, 2019
Congrats girl!
🇭🇺 #GyőriAudiETOKC pic.twitter.com/9p1pjlMcJG
"I remember that goal very well.
"I remember how the crowd went crazy, and I got a thrilling feeling in my entire body from it.
"I do not know exactly what got that goal the rewards as the best, but it may have had something to do with the way it was carried out.
It was no usual shot from the distance, but a two-footed jump, where the ball went into the top of the net off the inside of the post," Veronica Kristiansen tells ehfcl.com today while spending her summer holiday with her family and friends.
"In fact, it is the first time in many, many years I have been able to see all my friends and everyone in my family.
"Being with friends and family gives me new energy to start the new season with high motivation.
"So does having me goal awarded the best of the season, of course.
"I only hope I can score many more goals of that kind," says the versatile backcourt player who is celebrating her 29th birthday today, 10 July.
An unforgettable season
Last season was her first in Györ, whom she joined from Danish FC Midtjylland Handball, now Herning-Ikast Handball last summer.
Her first year with the Hungarian powerhouse can only be characterised as a success.
Besides winning the Champions League for the third time in a row, Györ also won the Hungarian championship and the Hungarian cup.
"As a team and as a club, we reached all the goals we had ahead of the season and I am extremely proud to be a part of it.
"My first season in the best club in the world is ranking highly on my list of experiences I will never forget.
"It is not a given thing to join a new club and win everything you take part in – the up, the Champions League and the national championship, and I am very proud to have achieved all of this," says Kristiansen.
Looking forward to the new season
Being defenders of three titles, Györ have their work cut out for them in the coming season, but Veronica Kristiansen loves that challenge.
"I am looking forward to starting a new season with the girls, the club and the fans – a season, in which we are going to stand together and fight for all the top positions again," says Kristiansen, who is also a crucial figure in the Norwegian national team who can look forward to playing the World Championship in Japan this December.
Unlike Györ, Norway have room for improvement after finishing fifth at the EHF EURO 2018 in France last year.
In the Scandinavian country, they are used to better achievements from their female national team, and the players are well aware of this.
"We have a saying in the national team which goes: 'We always come back, we are always hunting.'
"I am really looking forward to the new season with a World Championship in Japan, where I hope and believe that we can and will do better than we did at the EURO in France," concludes Kristiansen.Author: Peter Bruun / cor


text:
Are you having any hair loss problems and just can't think of a possible solution? Well, worry not for there is a wide range of drugs for baldness that are available on the market. These drugs can be obtained from pharmacies and other outlets that are approved to sell hair medication. How then do you get to know the best place to get these drugs? This article is going to look at some ways of getting these drugs for hair treatment.
The first step will be to visit a doctor who will diagnose your hair loss problem. Your doctor will then determine a possible solution for your condition. Your doctor will then prescribe for you some drugs. Once you have a prescription it would not be wise to go right away to just any pharmacy and buy the drugs prescribed. What you need to do first is to carry out a market survey. Doctors normally prescribe for you medication according to active ingredients. You will find that different pharmacies may have different products with different names but with the same active ingredient that was prescribed for you by your doctor. You will find that some products are a little bit expensive and you will just be paying the extra dollar for that name and not the function of the drug.
Once you have collected all the possible names of the drugs for baldness that were prescribed for you by your doctor, you can thus make a decision according to how much you have to spare, as well as comparing it to the quality of the product. Certain pharmacies will provide you with discounts for purchasing certain drugs from them. These are the pharmacies you need to look out for. These drugs are usually used for a long period of time and that means you definitely need to get them from dealers that will offer you some form of discount.
You can also get your drugs for baldness from the internet. Some pharmacies and drug stores offer discounts for customers who buy drugs online. This is so for when you make a purchase of goods online you save time as compared to visiting the store physically where time is taken trying to give you change while on the other hand online sales involve electronic money.
Buying your drugs from pharmacies that are online has certain advantages which you cannot get from those without sites. This is true for with online pharmacies you will be provided with some online technical support. Online technical support is there to attend to all frequently asked questions that are associated to the drugs they sell. Some sites even have professional who are doctors that will help advise customers on what to do when they face complications as a result of the drugs they purchased. If you buy hair drugs online you will also be kept in touch with modern advances in hair technology, as the online industry is ever up to date when it comes to new information.


text:
Saturday opening
The Book Library and IT Centre will open on Saturdays this Autumn Term (Saturday 8 October 2011 to Saturday 10 December 2011 inclusive) from 10:00 to 17:00. We are offering a reference service only, which means you will not be able to borrow books, and a limited photocopying facility (this can only be provided on an 'as is' basis: if the machine breaks down then the service will not be available for the remainder of that day).
It is also worth remembering that we have a small number of books in the reference section at Z32, about good study techniques, and academic writing, which include:
Barnet, S., A short guide to writing about art. 7th ed., New York ; London : Longman, 2002. (Z32 BAR)
Chambers, E. and A. Northedge, The arts good study guide. 2nd ed., Milton Keynes : Open University, 2008. (Z32 CHA)


text:
I'm wanting to deploy a geometric network to Sql Azure, where clients can trace through it.
The Spatial Data Services Deployment Utility allows me to deploy each featureclass from a geometric network into its own Azure Spatial Data Service. However, I don't see a way to perform traces. Since Sql Server Spatial Tools still can't be deployed to Azure I would not even be able to roll my own tracing.
Is there a way to host a Geometric network in Sql Azure with tracing functionality exposed?


text:
Portal Enrollment for New Bidder
Date Time:-
Toggle navigation
User Manual
Vendor Enlistment
Help Manual for Machine Setup
Help Manual for NxtCrypto Setup
Bid Preparation
Viewing of Opened Tenders
Clearing the Browser History
Bid submission Video
System Requirements
System Requirement Manual
Guideline For e-token
Download DC Setup
Download NxtCrypto Service Setup
Download Java Setup
List of Compatible eToken
Machine Setup Manual
Guidelines to enable service on DAE.
Digital Certificate Form
Important Points For Applying DSC
Online Application Procedure for DSC
PPT for DSC Enrollment
Subscription Form
Test Certificate
Contact Us
COVID-19 Update: Service Response May Be Delayed.
Click Here
For Details
Temporarily Help Desk support will be available on
9356468309, 9356674238 & 9356492848
In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, our Company has been constrained to implement necessary precautionary measures like work from home, reduced number of shifts, smaller batch sizes etc. keeping in mind the health of our employees and also in compliance with the government advisories. This might affect our response time with regard to any issue that may arise in the days to come with regard to the project. We request you to bear with us in this difficult time.
NIT Tender Details
Tender No. :
Tender Date :
Last Date and time of downloading tender documents
16/09/2020 14:30:00
Last Date and time of submission of tenders online
16/09/2020 14:30:00
Date and time of opening
16/09/2020 15:00:00
Tender Fees in Rs. :
Earnest Money Deposit :
Rs. 202233
Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) must be in the form of Demand Draft drawn in favour of "P&AO, NRB, Mumbai" payable at Mumbai and a copy thereof must be uploaded along with quotation. Demand Draft shall be sent to "Assistant Purchase Officer (Tender Section), NRBPSU, Room No. 1, Ground Floor, Near HBNI, BARC, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094 in a sealed envelope superscribing boldly Tender Number and Due date, so as to reach before the due date and time. Offers opened without receipt of EMD before due date and time will be rejected. EMD will be forfeited if the bidder withdraws or amends, impairs or derogates from tender in any respect within the period of validity of the tender.
Exemption from Payment of EMD : 1. Micro and Small Enterprises having valid registration with MSME or NSIC or Udyog Aadhaar in respect of procurement of goods and services, produced and provided by MSE and start-ups recognized by Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (DIPP). In order to avail exemption by eligible vendors following document shall be uploaded where EMD details are asked for while submitting bid : 1. Vendors registered with DPS, NSIC, registered Micro & Small Enterprises: Copy of valid registration certificate and start up recognisation certificate issued by DIPP. 2. Overseas vendors : Declaration that quotation is submitted in currency other than INR.
De-enrollment from e-tender portal:
Bidders who are withdrawing the bids within the validity period of their offer and suppliers who fails to execute the contracts as per the terms and conditions of the contract are liable for de-enrollment from the e-tender portal for a specific period as decided by the purchaser.
Qualifying Requirement :
As per NIT
Sr. no
Item Category
Item Description
DESIGN, FABRICATION, INSPECTION, TESTING, SUPPLY & GAURANTEE/ WARRANTEE OF PRE FILTERS AS PER TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ANNEXURE-I SIZE OF PRE FILTERS 610 MM x610 MM x292 MM EXCLUDING GASKET
DESIGN, FABRICATION, INSPECTION, TESTING, SUPPLY & GAURANTEE/ WARRANTEE OF PRE FILTERS AS PER TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ANNEXURE-I SIZE OF PRE FILTERS 610 MM x610 MM x 150 MM EXCLUDING GASKET
DESIGN, FABRICATION, INSPECTION, TESTING, SUPPLY & GAURANTEE/ WARRANTEE OF PRE FILTERS AS PER TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ANNEXURE-I SIZE OF PRE FILTERS 610 MM x610 MM x 50 MM EXCLUDING GASKET Notes:
1) In the event of an order, Performance Bank Guarantee of 10 % order value shall be submitted for satisfactory performance of the item for the warranty period.
2) 8 Digit HSN code of all the above quoted items shall be clearly indicated in HSN column of price template.
Place of delivery / Project location :
S3F Store,BARC TARAPUR, POST-GHIVALI, DIST-PALGHAR, PIN - 401502, MAHARASHTRA.
Price shall be given only in the Price Bid Format. Separate offer/scanned offer, if any attached/uploaded by the bidder in any other form will not be considered.
Privacy Policy
Contact Us
Best view in
NexProcure Extended Version 1.3.0
Copyright © 2019 e-tenders.in


text: Each autumn, polar bears and grizzly bears are drawn to Kaktovik, Alaska, to dine on the rotting carcasses of bowhead whales. Discards from the town's yearly hunt, the remains give biologists a unique opportunity to observe ongoing encounters between apex predators. Polar bears have long been portrayed as solitary and aggressive, but at the bone piles they reach a kind of truce. Researchers have observed as many as 20 of them sharing the carcass at once. When grizzlies arrive, the scene changes. Arctic grizzlies are small, but they don't hesitate to chase away polar bears twice their size, according to a report in the Journal of Mammalogy. Researchers observed 137 interactions between polar and grizzly bears at the bone pile (like the one pictured above, where a grizzly surveys the carcass as a polar bear feeds). In 124 of those meetings, the polar bears fled, sometimes never to return. Because Kaktovik's polar bears seem especially susceptible to the Arctic's shrinking sea ice, researchers are concerned they may start relying more heavily on nutrient-poor food from land. If the area's grizzlies consistently drive polar bears away from bone piles and other feasts, younger bears and nursing females could suffer. The team hopes future research will clarify the impacts of grizzly bear aggression on the polar bear population.


text:
Fly to Dalian with KLM
Together with our global network, we as KLM Royal Dutch Airlines offer flights to Dalian, serving Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport (DLC). We recognise that your time is valuable, which is why we are committed to getting you where you need to go on time. We have been recognised for our punctuality in the past, and we intend to keep it this way, so book your next flight to Dalian with us today!
Top Dalian attractions
- Victory Square: a beautiful central plaza in Dalian, famous for its 3-storey underground shopping area.
- Dalian Mounted Policewoman Base: the training base for Dalian's famous mounted policewoman unit, the first of its kind in the world.
- Dalian Xijiao National Forest Park: a 70 km² national forest open to visitors year-round, featuring hot springs, breathtaking natural vegetation, the Zhaoyang and Yufo Temples, and a host of tourist activities.
- Xinghai Park: the largest city square in the world, boasting beautiful sculptures, frequent events and festivals, and even an amusement park!
- Dalian Forest Zoo: a 7,2 km² zoo well-known for its high-quality selection of species and wild habitats.
What's the best way to get around Dalian?
Public buses run between the hours of 06:00 and midnight, operating on various routes. However, the best way for tourists to explore Dalian is on the specially designed tourist buses, with 801, 801 (B) and K901 being the best routes to take. These tourist buses circle around all the main tourist attractions you will want to see on your visit. The typical wait time for buses is about 5 minutes, but you will need to have change to pay your fare. There are also many tram lines and train links that make travelling around Dalian very simple.
What's the weather in Dalian?
The best time to visit Dalian is between May and September when the weather warms up to about 27°C (81°F). The warm weather comes with a downside, however - Dalian's wet season runs from May until October, with July being the wettest month, so you should expect some rain on your trip! If you'd rather stay dry, head to Dalian in the winter months. There's a smaller chance of rain, but it will be cold - pack your jumpers and jackets.
Weather in Dalian
Powered by: OpenWeatherMap.org
28 °CFriday14/08/2020
26 °CSaturday15/08/2020
25 °CSunday16/08/2020
27 °CMonday17/08/2020
28 °CTuesday18/08/2020
29 °CWednesday19/08/2020
26 °CThursday20/08/2020
*All amounts are in USD. Taxes and surcharges are included. No booking fee is applicable, but a payment surcharge may apply. Prices shown may vary depending on fare availability. You will see the final amount when selecting your payment method.


text:
Now this is pretty cool. This 'making of' video shows how Toyota have created a painted website that streams in real time. The site will be live until 26th November and you can interact with the site and see real time results. If you 'Like' or 'Tweet' you can see the site light up. Check it out here and explore the different sections, including YouTube videos and a Facebook game 'Social Network Racer'. This is a great way to get your audience to engage with your brand through an innovative idea and a good mix of content for them to consume.
It's exciting to see these real time digital convergence ideas. Have you seen anything similar?


text:
Among the many problems California faces the next fiscal year, none is more important than the needs of local governments and the lack of funding. Much of the lack of local financial stability stems from the passage of Proposition 13 in 1978.
Given today's fiscal realities, perhaps it's time to revisit Prop 13.
A little history. Proposition 13 reduced local property taxes by 57 percent. Tax rates would be established at 1 percent of the value of a property as of 1978, unless the property sells, at which time the tax becomes one percent of the new price.
The Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association proudly points out that this proposition has saved property owners $528 billion from 1978 to today--a sizable chunk of money to be sure.
Meanwhile, absent the money they needed for police, fire, libraries and schools, local governments turned to Sacramento for relief. For many years, the legislature was able to steer some funds collected at the state level to local governments to make up for their property tax losses. That has come to a halt with the current budget crisis, which begs the question: how do we find the funds to meet local needs?
What makes this question even more critical is that as part of his fiscal overhaul, Democratic Governor Jerry Brown wants to offload state management of nonviolent prisoners, public hospitals and other vital public services to local governments.
The plan would reduce the size of the state fiscal footprint, while increasing the financial responsibilities of local governments. All of which takes us back to the dreaded property tax.
Of course, homeowners move more frequently than established businesses. When's the last time that Disneyland or Hewlett-Packard moved? As a result, businesses pay much less today than in the past: In Santa Clara County, viewed as a bellwether for statewide collections, 34 percent of all property taxes come from businesses today instead of the 50 percent of the tab they paid in 1975. Today, local property taxes in California amount to about $50 billion annually--all collected on the 1 percent formula.
But what if we changed the non-residential tab to 1.5 percent from 1 percent? Call it a split rate property tax. The new rate would bring in an extra $8.5 billion from the commercial side. Homes would remain at 1 percent. What does that mean for local governments? In the case of Los Angeles County, which collects about one-fourth of the state's property taxes, it would add about $2.125 billion. For Santa Clara County, which has about 5 percent of the state's population, it would mean about $425 million.
All this adds up to dollars that local governments badly need.
Nobody likes to pay taxes. But nonresidential property owners particularly have been in the same locations for decades in many cases, which has reduced their tax bite disproportionately. All that means they are paying taxes on property values determined decades ago. A slightly higher tax rate will go a long way toward righting that wrong, while providing badly needed funds for local governments, including schools. It's not a perfect solution by any means, but it may be one to consider at a time when local governments are desperate for new revenues.
Time to Revisit Proposition 13
Among the many problems California faces the next fiscal year, none is more important than the needs of local governments and the lack of funding. Much of the lack of local financial stability stems from the passage of Proposition 13 in 1978.


text:
The brother-and-sister filmmaking team talk about their drama set against the complicated divorce system in Israel.
Israeli brother and sister film-making duo Ronit and Shlomi Elkabetz have written, directed and produced Gett: The Trial Of Viviane Amsalem — the third film in their trilogy following To Take A Wife (2004) and Seven Days (2008) — which had its premiere at this year's Cannes Film Festival in Directors' Fortnight.
"To Take A Wife explored a woman's internal dialogue, in Seven Days she is in the middle of her family and society, and in the new film we put this woman in front of the state and the law," says Shlomi of the trilogy, which was conceived by the brother and sister in New York in 2004. "It's a unique point for us, finishing this film and also closing the circle with our heroine, Viviane, who we've dealt with for the last 10 years," adds Shlomi, who also directed 2011's Testimonies.
Gett centres around the divorce system in Israel, which only allows a woman to divorce if her husband agrees to it. "Every day I was in shock working on this. It's difficult to understand, in the democratic way we live in Israel, that this is still the law," says Ronit, who also stars as the lead in all three films.
"I hope it will evoke a serious conversation and of course we will be acting on it when the film is out in Israel. It will put it into people's awareness," adds Shlomi.
Funded partly by the Israeli Film Fund, the project was produced through Shlomi's Israel-based DBG Films, which he set up in 2010. "For me, producing is an adventure; it was really interesting to understand that part of the film and I enjoyed it," he says.
The brother and sister are no strangers to Jerusalem Film Festival, as Seven Days won the best feature award in 2008. Now the pair are working on a new project that is at the script stage. "It was always our dream to work together. We cast together, we rehearse together; 99% of our choices we see eye to eye," says Shlomi.


text:
Dowsing Tools
Dowsing Tools > More Info – Dowsing Rods
Showing all 9 results
Aurameter Dowsing Rod
When you need to get the job done right, you need a good reliable rod. You won't miss with this version of the original Verne Cameron Aurameter. Durable construction with adjustable brass head, flexible, sturdy steel wire construction fitted to a plastic grip.
Auraspring Bobber Dowsing Rod
The popular multi-directional Auraspring, a member of the Bobber family is a long lightweight rod suitable for most dowsing assignments indoors or outdoors. 39 cm / 43 gm - (15.35" - 1.52 oz) Click on picture for more information.
Bobber (Simple) Dowsing Rod
This Simple or Basic Bobber is simply designed with a wood handle and ball head on a flexible lead. 31 cm / 23 gm - (12.2" / 0.81 oz) Click on picture for more information
Bobber Pro Dowsing Rod with Interchangeable Washer And Ball
Best Sellers Product! The Bobber Pro is one of the easiest and most sensitive Bobbers on the market suitable for any person no matter the skill level.
C Rod – Brass Dowsing Rod
This miniature C Rod or "Diagnostic" fits into the palm of your hand. A useful dowsing / divining rod for measuring the boundaries of energy fields and in-close work. 13 gm / 11 cm - (0.46 oz / 4.33") Click on Picture for more information.
Cosmos Vertical Dowsing Rod (Curry & Hartmann Geopathic Stress Lines)
The Cosmos or the Swiss Vertical Rod constructed with a brass body and a wood handle is designed to determine the Hartmann and Curry line grids. Earth Radiation and Geopathic Stress Lines 31 cm / 72 gm - (12.2" / 2.54 oz) Click on Picture for more information.
Divining Rod – V or Y Rod Classic
The Classic V or Y rod is the modern updated version of the alder or willow branch traditionally used to find water. Comes with a removable brass tip that can be used as a witness chamber. 44 cm / 63 gm - (17.32" / 2.22 oz) Click on picture for more information.
L-Rod Spanish Resonator Dowsing Rod
L-Rods make a worthy addition to any Dowser's collection. The Spanish Resonator L-rod is 36 cm (14.17") long and is nicely balanced with an angle wire ratio of 3:1 providing good movement and smooth control. Comes with removable Witness Chamber tips. You get a pair of L-rods. Click on picture for more information.
L-Rod Telescopic Dowsing Rod
The expandable / retractable Telescopic L-rod is portable, durable and is the perfect companion when space is limited. Expandable and retractable this L-Rod can be adjusted up to 26". You Get a set of two rods.
Dowsing Rods
Adermark sells premium dowsing and divining rods constructed from quality materials and tested in the field to ensure that you receive accurate information when performing any dowsing task. Whether it's searching for water, testing EMF and Geopathic fields, looking for precious metals or seeking directions, a well balanced and constructed rod is essential to getting reliable results that you can trust with confidence.
Adermark is the number one online dowsing shop providing premium quality dowsing and divining rods to satisfied customers worldwide.
Here you will find L-rods, the classic V or Y rod, the Cameron Aurameter, Bobbers and other specialty rods such as the Diagnostic and Cosmos Vertical rod.


text:
Toilet Repairs Cambarville – having problems with your toilet suite? leaking or not working properly? Our plumbers certified in fixing all toilet issues!!! 24 hours and 7 days emergency toilet repairs plumbers are available.
As that of food, shelter and clothes; using toilet is one of the most basic necessities of life. While it might not be the very first thing to come into consideration when thinking of most important needs of life. What is even worse than even having no toilet at all is a leaking, overflowing or running toilet. Because not only that results in wastage of water but it may also be a total headache because of the filth and germs. Well you or your children cannot run to a public toilet every time you need to use it, can you?
This is where our team of professionals is your needed resource to provide you with the best advice, service and care. Whether you are setting a new home or repairing your old toilet, we are here to assist you every step of the way and ensure that you get a carefree solution. Our team is available to assist you on calls to guide you on how to handle your repair problems yourself and also provide services when you think you cannot handle it anymore.
As simple as a toilet may look, it can have a number of problems that can create a nuance at any time. The water pipes can leak, the tank can leak or not refill, the flush can be noisy and rusty and not work, the toilet seat may need a change, the flushing system might not work properly, the sewer can get blocked and cause overflow, so on and so forth. So what to do when faced with any or all of these problems? Pick your phone and dial 1300 932 251 for one stop solution to all your toilet repair problems because Toilet repair Cambarville is there to provide you with the best quality services 24/7. With a wide range of products including water tanks, taps, pipes, toilet seats and the best professionals who know their job perfectly, we give you the best of everything.
With our years of experience and number of satisfied clients, we specialize in handling all sorts of new and old toilet repairs for residential and commercial use. Our client's peace of mind and their comfort comes first. No matter how big or small, every fixture, every repair is as important as a major commercial project and we put our complete consideration into providing you an instant, long term and quality solution without extracting large amounts from you in the name of service fee.
You can order food delivery when your kitchen does not work, you can always wear another pair of jeans if the other isn't washed, but a not operating toilet at home can be the most frustrating thing because you can neither order for delivery, nor go to your neighbors every five minutes and let not even talk about the foul smell. So if you want yourself free of all these worries Toilet Repairs Cambarville is all you need the next time your flush isn't working, or you do not feel like stepping into the toilet when the hell breaks loose.
Thumbs Up Plumbing is number one choice for toilet repair in Cambarville, we have hard working and dedicated worker to do the job. We focus on providing quality services to our clients, so that they won't have to face the issue in future. We ensure that the services delivered by us should be up to mark and our clients stay satisfied from our services. For bookings call on our numbers, we will be happy to serve you.


text:
No one really has a tag on the numbers.
AARP says more than 40 percent of all caregivers today are men. Dr. John Whyte, writing for the Huffington Post online, puts the number at "nearly 35 percent."
Marjorie Russ, 86, who lives in Cypress, doesn't care about the numbers as long as her sons show up to give her a hand.
Her youngest son, Patrick Russ, 58, arranges music for symphonies in movies and concerts and lives in Palos Verdes. He picks up the slack for his mom on Saturdays, among other visits.
"She is more and more forgetful," he said. "I do check writing and so on. She got on some mailing lists. Now we have a joint account.
"I do shopping, take her to the doctors, get prescriptions. My brothers do the same. We cover two or three visits a week, and we even take the caregiver for coffee."
The brothers are all happily married, he said, adding, "We would be delighted to have her live with us. But she doesn't want to, and we try to honor her wishes."
The brothers have increased their caregiving duties over the past five years as Marjorie's dementia has advanced. Two caregivers are employed to give her round-the-clock attention.
"We all wanted to help out, and we saw this coming so we basically got together and found our best course of action," Patrick Russ said. "Our plan changes every six months as her condition worsens. We let the professionals guide us."
The professionals, in this case, are headed by Leann Reynolds, president of Homewatch CareGivers in Garden Grove.
More and more men – sons, husbands, fathers – are becoming caregivers because of vital changes in family structure, Reynolds said. And it is making a difference in who provides hands-on care.
Women, in assuming the caregiving role, tend to wait longer to get professional help and often get "burned out," she said. Men usually seek help sooner.
"They do approach it differently. They are more task-oriented to do services like transportation, shopping, home repairs, finances. They have less to do with the more personal tasks like bathing and grooming."
To help men involved in this relatively new activity, she has helped launch a male caregiver community forum on the Homewatch website, homewatchcare
"It's designed as a resource," Reynolds said. "We provide information and assistance rather than resolve social situations."
Reynolds also acknowledges that many in her firm's care have a form of dementia, which is why Homewatch also offers "Pathways to Memories," a dementia program.
"We look at the individual and try to incorporate their social history and cognitive ability to get them involved in daily life," she said. "It is usually better for these folks to be in their own home than in a professional care home."
Jim Brindley of Whittier agrees.
He has back, ankle and foot problems and is recovering from multiple surgeries. He needs caregiving himself but also tried to help his wife, who died recently.
"She had dementia," he said. "And it got to the point where she needed someone 24/7 and, with my back condition, I couldn't always help her."
He can't make meals or beds, he said. And he felt stymied until he found a way to share those tasks with professional caregivers three hours every morning and evening.
"Of course I was going to care for her," he says. "We were married 57 years, and she took care of me all those years.
"You do it because you love that person."
Brindley is one of many men realizing that today, age often brings on role reversal.
"Some men feel that their masculinity is threatened by taking on a role that requires intimacy and emotional support," says Whyte in the Huffington Post. "They become worried about how their peers would perceive them if, say, they had to leave work early to care for an elderly parent. … Some men feel unprepared for the responsibility of caring for another human being, and this unpreparedness deters them from embracing the caregiver role."
People joke that caring for the elderly is too much of a commitment for some men to make, he said.
But as boomers age, more men will be called upon to provide elder care, Whyte predicts. He points to online resources, support groups and other places that can guide men in caring for the elderly.
"They say it takes a real man to do a woman's job – but labeling it a woman's job is part of the problem in the first place. … I say it takes a real man to be a caregiver," Whyte said.
Contact the writer: email@example.com


text:
Veterans for Peace has just released the following statement:
With the 10-year anniversary of the invasion of Iraq behind us, the task lies before us of preventing the next one.
The Iraq war, like all wars, was launched on the basis of false answers to false questions. We are now being told to ask whether Iran or Syria has weapons, as though possession of weapons were grounds for bombing a nation, and as if we've learned nothing.
The Iraq war, like all wars, was launched by people who wanted war. War is never the last resort. We are now being told that war with Iran must come, and the best we can do is delay it. But this next war is being chosen, and it is not too late to make a different choice.
The sanctions we are imposing on Iran are killing and hurting the people of Iran, but only strengthening the resolve of their government. The funding and training of terrorist groups like the MEK makes war more likely. The U.S. Senate's efforts to effectively give the Israeli government the power to declare war for the United States (with Senate Resolution 65) makes war more likely. The gift of billions of dollars in weapons to Israel made by the U.S. government every year makes war more likely. The ongoing outrageous funding of U.S. war preparations at a rate far exceeding the Cold War or the Vietnam War makes war more likely. The false rhetoric about the history of Palestine delivered by President Obama only antagonizes those suffering from U.S. actions. The failure of Congress to repeal the 2002 Authorization for the Use of Military Force in Iraq and its 2001 predecessor makes war more likely. All of these policies can be changed.
U.S. support for brutal human rights abuses in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, increased CIA operations in Iraq, and threats made against Iran in violation of the U.N. Charter, all make U.S. statements about concern for the lives of Syrians ring false. The degradation of human rights in Iraq and Afghanistan under U.S. occupation make claims that concern for women or homosexuals motivate missile strikes uncredible. The ongoing U.S. military presence and increased drone strikes in Western Asia work against prospects for peace. And, fundamentally, the decision of the Obama Administration and the U.S. Congress to pursue various possibilities for war, but none for peace, makes war far more likely. Peace is not just restraint from the last step into deeper war. Peace takes work. Peace takes investment. Peace requires planning. Right now all the plans are being made in the other direction.
The Iraq war, like all wars, was far more damaging than we have been told. U.S. deaths, over 4,000, have been a national disaster. Veterans with traumatic brain injuries, post traumatic stress disorder, and major depression number in the hundreds of thousands. But U.S. deaths are 0.3% of the deaths. By the most scientifically respected studies available, we know that Operation Iraqi Liberation (its original name) killed 1.4 million Iraqis, above the extremely high death rate of 2003, which followed the worst sanctions in modern history and the longest bombing campaign. That's 5.4% of the Iraqi population killed, a higher percentage and a higher number than the United States lost in its Civil War, or than Japan, France, the U.K. or the U.S. lost in World War II.*
Over 4 million additional Iraqis have been wounded, and over 4 million made refugees. Iraqi infrastructure remains in ruins, its environment poisoned, cancer and birth defects skyrocketing, health and education and nutritional resources in tatters. Sectarian divisions, created by the war, are only growing. Terrorism, created by the war, is only rising. Iraq is unstable, unprosperous, undemocratic, and absolutely unable to serve as a model to justify another war of preemption or liberation.*
Former speech writers, pundits, museums, and text book writers are beautifying the war. Former President George W. Bush is about to be honored at the opening of his library (which protesters are calling the Lie Bury). It's our job to make sure that awareness of lies about war is not buried. It's all of our responsibility to speak to our friends and neighbors about past wars until future wars become unthinkable.
Veterans For Peace is a national organization, founded in 1985 with approximately 5,000 members in 150 chapters located in every U.S. state and several countries. It is a 501(c)3 non-profit educational organization recognized as a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) by the United Nations, and is the only national veterans' organization calling for the abolishment of war.
*Statistics drawn from this report: http://warisacrime.org/iraq
Mike Reid firstname.lastname@example.com 314-766-4657
David Swanson email@example.com 202-329-7847


text:
From white papers to one sheets, technical documentation to how-to guides; you'll find it all here.
Imperial College London - With systems in the cloud IT can focus more on strategy
Are your systems secure? Are you being held back by update cycles? Imperial College London uses Ellucian Application Hosting Services to save space for research data, boost security, and keep system upgrades current and running smoothly. Hear why using cloud hosting services is just common sense.
North Park University - On track and organised
Our Approach - How Ellucian Stands Above
Find out how Ellucian stands above the rest of the technology vendors with an approach based on more than 50 years in higher education
University of San Diego - Help students make smart plan for next four years
Ellucian Degree Works™ makes it easy for students to go from a catalog course, to a schedule, and to registration in one system. Hear how this comprehensive academic advising, transfer articulation, and degree audit solution helps the University of San Diego provide the best possible services to its users.
Latest Resources
The American University in Cairo: Supporting Egypt Vision 2030 Through Digital Transformation
The American University in Cairo shares insights on how its move to Ellucian cloud solutions helps sustain economic development.
The American University in Cairo: Enhancing the student experience with cloud technology
The American University in Cairo shares their insights how their move to Banner Cloud is adding value to student experience and how their university strategic plan is the key driver to support their digital transformation.
Royal Holloway: Our Journey to the cloud and key learns
Royal Holloway shares their insights on some of the essential things your institution needs to know when considering a move to the cloud, identifying financial benefits and the importance of choosing the right partner.
Sharing best practices to improve equity and efficiency
Foothill-De Anza Community College District ensures equity in higher education by providing consistent services and resources through shared technology to its diverse student body. This collaborative approach also allows it to leverage best practices from districts throughout the state.
Meeting workforce needs through shared technology
Connecticut State Colleges and Universities improves efficiency and speeds time to graduation by implementing shared technology to change the service delivery paradigm.
Driving statewide consistency for students and staff
To improve equity in higher education throughout the state, Colorado Community College System relies on shared technology to provide a consistent experience for all its students.
Royal Holloway prepares for digital transformation in higher education
Higher education is on the cusp of a digital transformation. Here is Royal Holloway's story and how they're preparing their institution for the "digital tidal wave."
Advice for moving to the cloud
Joe Tolisano, CIO, Connecticut Colleges and Universities, shares how the role of IT evolved after a cloud migration. Learn how the institution benefited from the move.


text:
WASHINGTON, Aug. 7 (UPI) -- Mitt Romney's campaign plans a four-day bus tour through four swing states -- Virginia, North Carolina, Florida and Ohio.
The campaign announced the tour Monday, dubbing it "The Romney Plan for a Stronger Middle Class" tour. It begins Saturday in Virginia.
Romney, the presumptive Republican presidential candidate, will be accompanied in at least three of the states by people who have been suggested as potential vice presidential choices, starting with Gov. Bob McDonnell in Virginia, ABC News reported. U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio of Florida will join the tour Monday in Florida and Sen. Rob Portman in Ohio, with only North Carolina a blank so far.
ABC suggested the lineup could be anything from a chance for Romney to get to know possible vice presidential candidates better to consolation prizes for those who have not got the nod.


text:
TIME, DATE, PLACE: 1 p.m. to 4 p.m., Saturday, Jan. 25, Central Library, 115 South Avenue, Rundel Memorial Building, Harold Hacker Hall, First Floor
WHAT: A Human Library connects community members, or "readers," with volunteer storytellers, or "books," they would not otherwise have the chance to meet. Readers can "check out" books for 30 minutes to engage in one-on-one or small group discussions about the individual's life experiences and unique interests. Human Libraries promote tolerance, celebrate differences, and encourage understanding of people who come from varied cultural or lifestyle backgrounds.
This Human Library is co-organized by the University of Rochester River Campus Libraries and the Rochester Public Library. Highlights from the upcoming event include: a woman who grew up in South Africa under apartheid; a former teacher who underwent a gender transition; and a Vietnam War veteran who said "no" when too much was asked of his sense of morality.
The first Human Library was held in Denmark in 2000 as part of an anti-violence movement. Since then, hundreds of Human Libraries have been organized throughout the world. In 2013, the University of Rochester became the first academic institution in New York State to host a Human Library. The upcoming Human Library is the third organized by the River Campus Libraries.
ADMISSION: The Human Library is free and open to the public.
SPONSOR: University of Rochester River Campus Libraries and the Rochester Public Library.
FOR MORE INFORMATION: Call Mari Tsuchiya at 275-5506 or visit http://www.library.rochester.edu/node/34506.


text:
The Out of the Darkness Campus Walks are the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention's (AFSP) signature student fundraising series, designed to engage youth and young adults in the fight to prevent suicide, the second leading cause of death among people ages 15-24.
Every year suicide claims more lives than war, murder, and natural disasters combined, and yet suicide prevention doesn't get anywhere near the funding given to other leading causes of death. It's up to Walkers like us to make a difference. Together we can change the conversation about mental health and put a stop to this tragic loss of life.


text:
Increase golfing fun by design
Golf is adding to its already-considerable popularity. From Tiger to Sergio to the Ryder Cup, golf stories are filling the sports pages and sometimes even the front page. Some estimates suggest that every year, 2 to 3 million new players try the game.
Unfortunately, it seems like a similar number leave the game each year. The industry can do more to help newcomers stick with the game. Golf-course architects are in a unique position to help make golf more fun for novices by creating designs that are less punitive to beginners but still deliver the challenges that serious players demand.
Improving playability Perhaps the greatest cliche, in golf-course design is that a course must be challenging for the low handicapper, yet manageable for the duffer. This propaganda is probably in the brochures of 90 percent of today's designers, and the sentiment is hardly new. Promotional material for a Donald Ross design that opened almost 70 years ago refers to a "golf course that will command the admiration of professional and amateur alike...furnishing the maximum excitement and the minimum of pain to golfers of every handicap." Rest assured that as long as designers exist, they will continue to express this platitude.
Despite the hackneyed nature of the sentiment, it is nonetheless true. The goal is to balance the design so that the average or even the poor player can enjoy the hole, and the scratch golfer or professional still face a challenge.
* Tees. The most obvious way to accomplish this goal has been to create an array of teeing areas that can vary the length of a hole to match the skill level of the player. Robert Trent Jones Sr. initially developed long "runway" tees for this reason. Today, courses typically use a series of individual teeing areas rather than one long "runway." The effect is the same, however. On a course measuring 7,000 yards from the rear tees, the forward tees may measure only 5,000 yards. When a project's budget permits, I prefer to have three intermediate sets of tees. That allows us to fine-tune the course distance to a length appropriate for almost every golfer.
In addition to yardage variations, multiple tees provide tremendous positioning flexibility. The most obvious situation you can address with this flexibility is the forced carry over water. In certain situations, you can place rear tees behind a hazard, confident that better players will have no trouble with the carry. For the forward sets, simply place them on the opposite side of the hazard to avoid the trouble altogether.
You also can use tee position more subtly. For example, imagine a dogleg-right par 4 with a bunker guarding the inside of the dogleg. The better player eyes this bunker as a challenge, determining whether it can be carried or how close to play to it. For less-skilled players, the bunker may be a more imposing obstacle. To reduce the difficulty and ease the intimidation of this situation, you can "fan" the successive tees slightly to the left to provide a more direct line to the green that is less encumbered by the bunker.
* Hazard placement. Beginners tend to have difficulty getting the ball airborne. When they do, they tend to slice. From simple observations like this, we can derive design solutions that help create a more user-friendly course. Hazard placement is one way to do this.
Place lateral hazards so that an alternate path around the trouble is available for the beginner. Because of the tendency of beginners to slice to the right, it's best to place the majority of the trouble on the left. This philosophy is completely consistent with challenging good players, who are much more likely to miss to the left than to the right. Despite the simplicity of these concepts, an inexplicable number of courses ignores them.
- Water hazards. Curtail or eliminate forced carries over water. For beginners, as well as veteran high handicappers, the game is difficult enough without a series of heroic shots over vast expanses of lake.
The absence of forced carries does not necessarily result in a course that is boring for low handicappers. The challenge for good players usually is not sending their ball across water, but rather in delivering it accurately to the target. Therefore, flanking the green with the water hazard, rather that placing it directly in front of the green, opens a path for beginners, while maintaining the challenge for the scratch golfer.
The amount of water you introduce into the design must relate to the market the golf course is targeting. The quantity and position of water features for a resort course that wants to gain a reputation as "the Monster" would be completely different than for a daily-fee course that wants its players to enjoy themselves and look forward to returning the next week.
As I mentioned earlier, in almost all cases, we strive to place most of the water on the left so that it is less punitive to the typical slicer. Positioning two-thirds or more to the left is advisable.
- Bunkers. The bunkering of a course should feel balanced, yet accommodate the tendency of most players to slice. Therefore, be careful not to place too many bunkers on the right side of a hole. We usually use a guideline of 60 percent on the left and 40 percent on the right.
To minimize the damage a bunker in that position can do to an average player's score, we sometimes position them so that they are "directional" in nature. As this suggests, their purpose is to provide the player with clues as to the direction they should play. For example, on a dogleg left, we might position a directional bunker on the outside of the dogleg on the right side of the fairway. The bunker might be well beyond the reach of most players' tee shots, but still serve two purposes. First, it helps define or "turn" the dogleg. Second, it may be in play for a long hitter, providing some challenge to good golfers.
Make greens flexible The design of the green complex also is important in the flexibility and playability of a course. We often orient the axis of the green surface so that it is diagonal to the intended line of approach. This configuration allows us to provide varying degrees of difficulty depending upon the position of the flag. The front portion of the green can be left open and accessible to a run-up shot, while the rear portion of the green may be guarded by sand, grass hollows, mounds or water.
Be sure to give proper attention to the elements surrounding the greensite and how they affect play. Usually, our goal is to create a design that collects and contains balls close to the putting surface through the use of bunkering and contouring. Because the scratch player is frequently on the green in regulation, we believe our job is to help funnel the higher-handicap player's ball toward the putting surface so that he can remain competitive with a chip and a putt.
The golf course as art Despite our best efforts to reduce the pain beginners may experience as they learn the game, a certain amount of frustration on the links is inevitable. During some rounds, the only consolation will be enjoying the company of your foursome and the beauty of the environment.
As designers, we can greatly influence the player's surroundings. We should strive to be artists, as well as engineers. The golf course is our canvas. Our palette includes the topography and vegetation, and how we choose to modify them. We can paint exquisite landscapes with verdant fairways and starkly white bunkers. Trees can frame and direct vistas. The shimmering beauty of lakes and streams can distract a discouraged golfer even as they consume his golf balls.
Designers should be more cognizant of their potential to enhance nature's beauty. They should review a preliminary course routing not only to determine its effects on play, but how it fits the existing terrain; how the shadows at dawn and dusk interplay with the contours and tree canopies; and how it takes advantage of vistas that may be available. Designers should seriously consider modifications that will benefit the aesthetics of the course, even if they require some tradeoff with respect to the course's length or strategy. Far more players will appreciate the additional beauty than will mourn the loss of a subtle point of strategy or a few yards on the scorecard.
One way to achieve dramatic effect on the course is by using native plant material. In Scotland, the local fescue grasses, as well as shrubs such as heather and gorse, grow in the roughs in an almost untended fashion. Their rugged appearance provides stark visual contrast with the closely mown fairways and greens. Here in the United States we have our own native plant materials, ranging from grasses to cactus, that can perform a similar role. The key to successfully introducing these elements into the design is to do so where they provide a feast for the eyes without unduly punishing the golfer.
By balancing the various elements I have described, you can offer new golfers more enjoyable experiences and perhaps encourage them to become enthusiasts for life. You also can create a course that fills its niche in the local golf market while catering to a range of golfing ability.
John K. Millhouse is a principal with Sandy Lyle Golf Design (Santa Rosa, Calif.).
Want to use this article? Click here for options!
© 2020 Penton Media Inc.