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Variability of morphometric parameters of human trabecular tissue from coxo-arthritis and osteoporotic samples
Variabilità dei parametri morfometrici del tessuto trabecolare umano di campioni con coxo-artrite e osteoporosi
Franco MarinozziI; Andrea MarinozziII; Fabiano BiniI; Francesca ZuppanteI; Raffaella PecciIII; Rossella BediniIII
IDipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
IIUniversità ''Campus Bio-Medico'', Rome, Italy
IIIDipartimento di Tecnologie e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
Morphometric and architectural bone parameters change in diseases such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. The mechanical strength of bone is primarily influenced by bone quantity and quality. Bone quality is defined by parameters such as trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, trabecular density and degree of anisotropy that describe the micro-architectural structure of bone. Recently, many studies have validated microtomography as a valuable investigative technique to assess bone morphometry, thanks to micro-CT non-destructive, non-invasive and reliability features, in comparison to traditional techniques such as histology. The aim of this study is the analysis by micro-computed tomography of six specimens, extracted from patients affected by osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, in order to observe the tridimensional structure and calculate several morphometric parameters.
Key words: microtomography, bone morphometry, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis.
I parametri morfometrici e architetturali dell'osso subiscono cambiamenti in presenza di patologie come l'osteoartrite e l'osteoporosi. Il comportamento meccanico dell'osso è influenzato sia dalla quantità (massa ossea) che dalla qualità dell'osso. La qualità dell'osso è definita da parametri che ne caratterizzano la struttura microarchitetturale, tra i principali lo spessore, la separazione e la densità trabecolare e il grado di anisotropia. Recentemente molti studiosi hanno validato la microtomografia come tecnica d'indagine della morfometria ossea e il suo notevole sviluppo è dato dal fatto che a differenza delle tecniche classiche come l'istologia, la microtomografia non provoca il danneggiamento del campione in esame. Nel corrente studio sono stati analizzati sei campioni ossei patologici tramite microtomografia computerizzata, prendendo in esame la struttura tridimensionale e i parametri istomorfometrici.
Parole chiave: microtomografia, morfometria ossea, osteoartrite, osteoporosi.
The morphological and mechanical characterization of trabecular bone has been a widespread research topic in the last years. Trabecular bone consists of a complicated three-dimensional network of plates and rods, arranged in a lattice-like network [1]. Aging, disease process, and therapeutic agents could influence the number of elements in this network, their dimensions and connectivity, thereby causing dramatic changes in bone strength [2]. Until recently, information about structural parameters of trabecular bone were only available by histomorphometry, a destructive procedure limited to two-dimensional analysis. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is an emerging technique for the non- destructive assessment and analysis of the three-dimensional trabecular bone structure. Therefore, it has been largely applied both to basic and pre-clinical bone research throughout the last several years. It relies upon the same physics principles as traditional computed tomography but has a better resolution, down to a few microns. The reconstructed image is created by irradiating the specimen with X-rays and studying the attenuation of the X-rays through the specimen, since the attenuation is directly proportional to the density of the specimen [3-5].
The mechanical strenght of bone is due to bone quantity and micro-architectural structure (quality of bone), therefore, in order to obtain a complete characterization of bone, both characteristics have to be analyzed. Microarchitecture can be assessed by several parameters: trabecular thickness (Tb. Th), trabecular number (Tb.N) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). Many studies underlined that these architectural parameters are related to the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) value [6-10].
The evolution of bone mass during life follows height growth. Three age-dependent phases can be distinguished: a bone mass increase until age 20, a consolidation phase, characterized by a continuous and slow increase up to age 35-40, and, finally, a progressive decrease for the rest of life. The loss of a certain amount of bone mass is physiological and unavoidable with age, and is called osteopenia. However, when this process becomes particularly intense and prolonged, enough to induce fractures or trauma, is called osteoporosis (OP).
Osteoporosis is a bone disorder characterized by an inadequate amount and faulty structure of bone, resulting in fractures from relatively minor trauma. It leads to a bone mineral density (BMD) reduction, a bone microarchitecture deterioration and an alteration of the amount and variety of proteins in bone [11, 12].
With aging, other diseases like osteoarthritis may occur. This is a metabolically active process that involves all joint tissues (cartilage, bone, synovium), mainly affecting knees, hips and small hand joints. It is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints. By aging, the water content of the cartilage increases with subsequent decrease in protein content.
In the end, cartilage begins to degenerate by flaking or forming tiny crevasses. In advanced cases, there is a total loss of cartilage cushion between the bones of the joints. Loss of the cartilage cushion causes friction between the bones, leading to pain and limitation of joint mobility can also stimulate new bone outgrowths (osteophytes) to form around the joints [13, 14].
Coxo-arthritis (CA) and osteoporosis are diseases of increasing incidence and prevalence with age [15, 16]. These pathologies and their consequent risk of fracture depend not only on the bone mass but also on the trabecular micro-architecture. The aim of this study is to evaluate some of these aspects on pathological human bone specimens using micro-CT analysis.
Because of their considerable incidence on the population, several studies have analyzed how these diseases affect bone histomorphometric parameters [17, 18].
Ding et al. [19], by comparing specimens of proximal tibiae from healthy donors and donors affected by osteoarthritis, demonstrated that osteoarthritic specimens show a higher BV/TV and Tb.Th and a lower bone surface to bone volume ratio (BS/BV) than control.
Fazzalari and Parkinson [20] obtained comparable results by analyzing femoral head specimens from osteoarthritic and healthy donors. Osteoarthritic specimens showed a significant decrease in Tb.N. together with an increase in Tb.Th and Tb.Sp.
Parfitt and Mathews [21] devised a new method for examining the structural changes that occur in trabecular bone by aging and in osteoporosis. Trabecular bone volume was calculated by measuring two indices, mean trabecular plate thickness (MTPT) and mean trabecular plate density (MTPD). This study confirms that osteoporotic specimens show a reduction in trabecular bone volume that is mainly due to a further reduction in plate density. Similar results were obtained by Chappard and Josselin [22] comparing twenty-four transiliac bone biopsies from patients with corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis (CSIOP) to control.
Specimen preparation
Six trabecular bone specimens were extracted from femoral heads of three patients subjected to hip arthroplasty, affected by CA and OP.
Table 1 shows information on collected specimens such as donor sex and a brief description of pathology cases.
After identification, bone specimens were stored at -10 °C for one month then, from the frontal-plane middle-site of the femoral head, a 10 mm-thick slice was obtained for each bone specimen and stored again at -10 °C for 10 hours.
Subsequently, to defat specimens, slices were subjected to three complete cycles of dehydration with aqueous solutions with an increasing percentage of ethanol, 70%, 90% and 99.9%, respectively. Between the dehydration cycles specimens were stored at -10 °C for 10 hours.
Bone specimen slices were then cut with a diamond saw (EXTEC Labcut 1010, Enfield CT) in order to obtain 6 x 6 x 6 mm blocks, that were further dehydrated and defatted by other three cycles with ethanol solutions at different concentrations, as previously described.
Micro-CT acquisition and elaboration
Trabecular bone specimens were acquired using a Skyscan 1072 micro-CT Scanner [23]. The acquisition parameters were set at 100 kV and 98 μA, with 1 mm of aluminum filter and with a voxel size of 11.24 μm for four specimens (CA1, OP1, CA2 and CA4) and 14.66 μm for the other two (OP2 and CA3).
400 projections were acquired over an angular range of 180° by means of steps of 0.45°.
Using the cone beam reconstruction, a software based on the Feldkamp algorithm [24], projection images in TIFF format and transversal sections of the specimen in BMP format can be obtained.
Analyzing these sets of images with another software, CtAnalyser [25], the 3D structure and morphometric parameters can be processed. For this purpose, a previous process of binarization is necessary. Binarization needs to choose a threshold value that is the grey level value under which pixel is considered bone and above which pixel is considered as non-bone region. This value was selected by means of an histogram analysis, according to a previous study [26] that analyzed different methods to choose the appropriate value of threshold.
For each specimen an internal region (ROI) was selected and morphometric parameters for the corresponding volume of interest (VOI) were calculated [27]. The parameters analyzed were defined as follows:
- bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV, %), an index of bone quantity, being the percentage of the VOI occupied by bone;
- trabecular thickness (Tb.Th, mm) the diameter of the largest sphere which is entirely bounded within the solid surfaces;
- trabecular separation (Tb.Sp, mm) the thickness of the spaces as defined by binarization within the VOI;
- trabecular number (Tb.N, 1/mm) the number of traversals across a trabecular or solid structure made per unit length on a random linear path through the VOI;
-trabecular thickness distribution and trabecular separation distribution obtained by the histogram of Tb.Th and Tb.Sp calculated as a two-pixel interval.
- degree of anisotropy (DA) is a measure of 3D symmetry or the presence or absence of preferential alignment of structures along a particular directional axis and can assume values in the range 0 ÷ 1, where 0 values correspond to a completely isotropic structure and 1 corresponds to a completely anisotropic structure.
Figure 1 shows a characteristic slice for each specimen. A slice represents the transversal sections of the specimen.
The grey level histograms of the specimens obtained by processing these sets of slices are reported in Figure 2A. As described above, in each specimen two representative peaks of bone and air can be observed. Figure 2B shows the common region in which the value of grey level is constant, where analytical threshold was chosen for each specimen. Morphometric parameters and 3D structures of the specimens are shown in Table 2 and Figure 3, respectively.
Differences among specimens can be firstly observed analyzing the reconstructed slices in Figure 1 and their 3D structure in Figure 3, where the trabecular architecture and grey scale representation show the pathology and the withdrawal site.
The processing software allows to calculate not only the average value of Tb.Th and Tb.Sp, as reported in Table 2, but also the distribution of these parameters in the specimen.
Figure 4 and Figure 5 show normalized charts of Tb.Th and Tb.Sp distribution, respectively. These charts present in x-axis the Tb.Th and Tb.Sp value and in y-axis the normalized percentage of trabeculae that has the corresponding thickness and the corresponding separation.
The distributions were fitted by 6th order polynomial interpolation. Correlation coefficients between the data and the fit values are also shown (Table 3). The analysis of these values is fundamental for bone characterization since they allow to obtain an accurate estimation of bone architecture.
Moreover, these parameters undergo considerable changes in bone diseases. In particular, diseases such as osteoporosis, cause a decrease of the Tb.N and Tb.Th, and conversely an increase of the Tb.Sp value [28].
Gray levels
Since it is known that a denser material has a higher attenuation coefficient of X-rays, a grey level of an image obtained by an X-ray irradiation of a specimen can be correlated with density of the material so the grey level of each voxel represents the mineral content of the trabecular bone [29]. According to this and observing the histograms reported in Figure 2A, it can be observed that a peaky distribution, which could be seen for the OP specimens OP1 and OP2 and CA specimens CA3 and CA4 indicates a high trabecular tissue density. Conversely, CA1 and CA2 specimens exhibit a broader distribution around the highest grey levels and thus a lower density of the trabecular tissue.
This can also be observed in Figure 1, where slices of specimens characterized by a peaky distribution of grey levels present a higher difference between trabecular structure and marrow canals.
Trabecular thickness and separation
Table 2 shows that CA1 specimen has the thinnest Tb.Th population with a relatively narrow peak of 0.15 mm, CA1 also shows a relatively broad distribution with a peak value of Tb.Sp of 0.62 mm (Figure 5). The Tb.N is 1.08 per millimeter, that is one of the lower value among all analyzed specimens. These morphometric parameters can explain the low value of BV/TV as compared to the other specimens.
A similar performance has been obtained as regards OP1.
OP1 specimen shows the highest value of Tb.Th and Tb.Sp, and a very broad distribution of Tb.Sp (Figure 5).
A broad distribution of Tb.Th and Tb.Sp is also observed in OP2, that shows the highest value of BV/TV and also of Tb.Th (Figure 1).
CA2 features a Tb.Sp rather broad distribution with two peaks.
Finally, CA3 and CA4 are characterized by similar values, and also peak distributions, of Tb.Th and Tb.Sp.
CA3 and CA4 show the highest value of Tb.N .and their high trabecular density can also be observed in Figure 1.
Evaluating all specimens, DA is in the range of 0.2-0.7, being CA2 the most isotropic specimen and OP1 the most anisotropic one, respectively.
This study shows that micro-CT is a promising technique for trabecular bone analysis. Bone morphometric parameters obtained by microtomographic processing allows to completely characterize human bone.
This analysis is also useful to compare human bone specimens with different pathologies in order to evaluate a qualitative and quantitative link between various pathologies by means of ultrastructural images and morphometric parameters.
By comparing morphometric values shown in Table 2 with the respective gender and pathologies shown in Table 1, it is clear that microtomographic analysis results are in agreement with clinical data and data obtained using traditional analysis techniques [30].
The anisotropy of trabecular bone differs according to skeletal sites, and, as underlined by anatomical studies, trabecular bone femoral head is one of the highest anisotropic sites. Trabecular bone is an anisotropic material but the highest anisotropy value found in osteoporosis specimens is in accordance with the findings of Newitt et al. [31] who reported that the increase of bone resorption in osteoporosis leads to an increase of anisotropy.
Interestingly, in this study, Tb.Sp has obtained the highest values in the two samples of osteoporotic bone, as one might expect.
The correlation between the data obtained and the fit value has been performed in Table 3. High values of both parameters (Tb.Th and Tb.Sp) are evidence of the adequacy of the data obtained, with the only exception of one osteoporotic specimen.
An analysis of this kind can be helpful in in vitro bone studies, through diagnostic techniques, and may contribute to drug development for treatment of pathologies considered in this study.
However, to validate the promising results of this study, a considerable number of specimens should be collected and analyzed for each pathology, to gain statistical significance.
Moreover, a reliable threshold technique should be developed and applied, in order to reduce the uncertainty by which the morphometric parameters are processed.
Conflict of interest statement
There are no potential conflicts of interest or any financial or personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately bias conduct and findings of this study.
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9. Hildebrand T, Laib A, Muller R, Dequeker J, Ruegsegger P. Direct three dimensional morphometric analysis of human cancellous bone: microstructural data from spine, femur, iliac crest, and calcaneus. J Bone Miner Res 1999;14:1167-74.
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21. Parfitt AM, Mathews CH, Villanueva AR, Kleerekoper M, Frame B, Rao DS. Relationships between surface, volume, and thickness of iliac trabecular bone in aging and in osteoporosis. Implications for the microanatomic and cellular mechanisms of bone loss. J Clin Invest 1983;72(4):1396-409.
22. Chappard C, Peyrin F, Bonnassie A, Lemineur G, Brunet-Imbault B, Lespessailles E, Benhamou CL. Subchondral bone micro-architectural alterations in osteoarthritis: a synchrotron micro-computed tomography study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006;14(3):215-23.
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26. Bedini R, Marinozzi F, Pecci R, Angeloni L, Zuppante F, Bini F, Marinozzi A. Analisi microtomografica del tessuto osseo trabecolare: influenza della soglia di binarizzazione sul calcolo dei parametri istomorfometrici. Roma: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2010. (Rapporti ISTISAN, 10/15).
27. Parfitt AM, Drezner MK, Glorieux FH, Kanis JA, Malluche H, Meunier PJ, Ott SM, Recker RR. Bone histomorphometry: standardization of nomenclature, symbols, and units. Report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee. J Bone Miner Res 1987;2(6):595-610.
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29. Hindelang M, Maclean AL. Bone density determination of moose skeletal remains from isle Royale National Park using digital image enhancement and quantitative computed tomography. Int J Osteoarchaeol 1997;7(3):193-201.
30. Chappard D. Bone microarchitecture. Bull Acad Natl Med 2010;194(8):1469-1.
31. Newitt DC, Majumdar S, Van Rietbergen B, Von Ingersleben G, Harris ST, Genant HK, Chesnut C, Garnero P, Mc Donald B. In vivo assessment of architecture and micro-finite element analysis derived indices of mechanical properties of trabecular bone in the radius. Osteoporosis Int 2002;131:6-17.
Address for correspondence:
Franco Marinozzi
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale, Sapienza Università di Roma
Via Eudossiana 18
00184 Rome, Italy
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Submitted on invitation.
Accepted on 19 December 2011.


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Movie and Lecture with 1980 Gold MedalistMonday, February 26th, 2007
Team USA hockey great Mark Wells will be visiting SUNY Canton to tell the true tale of what has been called one of the greatest sporting events of the twentieth century.
Wells and the U.S. Hockey Team triumphed over the favored Soviet Union team in Lake Placid. Wells will watch the movie "Miracle" and share his memories of the 1980 Winter Olympics with guests at 7 p.m. Friday, March 30 in the SUNY Canton Kingston Theater. This event is free and open to the public.
Wells was inducted into both the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame and the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame. He was named Sports Illustrated Sportsman of Year in 1980. He is also a member of the Bowling Green University Athletic Hall of Fame.


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"Confrontation of the Old and New Kage!!" (新旧影対決!!, Shinkyūkage Taiketsu!!, Viz: Kage Showdown!!) is chapter 546 of the original Naruto manga.
Two allied shinobi, Musai and Nonota, are attacked by the reincarnated Toroi. Naruto hits Toroi with a Rasengan, allowing Suna-nin to seal him. Naruto and B continue to the battlefield. Gaara and Ōnoki stop retreating with their forces and attack the reincarnated Kage. As the reincarnated Kage lament on the fact that they were being made to fight their own shinobi, Gaara sends a huge wave of sand towards the enemy, his father uses his Gold Dust to counteract it. Using the opportunity, Ōnoki attacks using a cone-shaped Dust Release: Detachment of the Primitive World Technique but is countered by Mū who sensed him and uses a cylindrical form of the same technique which results in a colossal crater on the battlefield. As Gaara comes into sight, his father, who had thought that Shukaku had been released, is shocked to see Gaara before him and asks him where the One-Tail was. Gaara responds to him telling him that he was no longer the jinchūriki he had created.


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If you didn't have a chance to catch Indie Game: The Movie on the big screen during the official movie tour, here is your chance to bring Edmond, Tommy, Phil and Jonathan into your living room or a screen near you. In a first, the movie is delivered through Steam using Adobe AIR.
Congratulations to co-directors Lisanne Pajot and James Swirsky on this magnificent film that serves as the voice of the passionate indie game developer. We hope to see you at the Oscars! 🙂
Digital Release Details
Indie Game: The Movie is available worldwide today, Tuesday June 12th, on iTunes, directly from the filmmakers on IndieGameTheMovie.com and Steam.
- Indie Game: The Movie is one of the first feature films to be delivered through Steam. It's been being distributed through an app built using AIR. Details about the Steam package are here.
- Additionally, it's also available DRM-free on IndieGameTheMovie.com, and currently in the following languages: English, French, Italian, Portuguese, Arabic & Traditional Chinese (with more languages being added soon).
Indie Game: The Movie looks at the underdogs of the video game industry, indie game developers, who sacrifice money, health and sanity to realize their lifelong dreams of sharing their creative visions with the world. Following the making of the games SUPER MEAT BOY, FEZ and BRAID, this Sundance award-winning film captures the tension and drama by focusing on these developers' vulnerability and obsessive quest to express themselves through a 21st-century art form.
Adobe is thrilled to be a part of this significant release, sponsoring the North American tour of the movie, as well as working with the team to distribute the movie as an AIR app. We hope that the ongoing success and critical acclaim of the movie (including winning an award at the prestigious Sundance Film Festival, and a 100% 'Fresh' rating by Rotten Tomatoes as the 'Number one best reviewed film of 2012') encourages indie game developers to continue pursuing their passions, and we're working hard to make sure Adobe technologies continue to help improve their ability to develop, deliver, and distribute their games! Let us know if you have a game that you've developed using Adobe technology, and see more examples of indie games here.


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Funny lady, author and producer Tina Fey just hosted the 70th annual Golden Globes 2013 along with her co-host Amy Poehler. Here is their opening speech of the dynamic duo of comedy, in case you missed it.
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Pronto estare en la playa disfrutando de la comida y la cerveza delicioso.
Mexico is so close I can taste the salt in the air. This time tomorrow I should be at the beach with a belly filled with delicious Mexican food. I can't wait to relax with a few cervezas, as well.
In the meantime, I'm tying up loose ends, here, at work. Once I get off, I'll dash for home and start packing. We plan to not check luggage, carry-ons have worked for us during travels to San Francisco, Seattle and Vancouver. I figure beach-ware should be fairly easy to pack. Especially, after a few successes to cold weather climates. Oddly enough, I'm packing more shoes this trip. I usually get by on the pair I wear, but this vacation will require three pair. Gosh, I've never sounded like such a girl. I could get away with two, but I really think I need three: water shoes, gym shoes and sandals.
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It's been three years since we last visited Mexico. I'm doing everything in my power to make this the best trip, yet. Even with injuries and sickness, we keep coming back so it's never that bad anyhow. I hear the area has built up a bit since our last trip, so I'm interested to see the changes for myself. I've been told to expect delays from road contruction around Playa Del Carmen. I suspect we'll be spending more free time in Akumal if that's the case. I hear they have a new fancy overpass. You no longer have to go to the right shoulder to make a left turn into town. Ahh! The joys of driving in Mexico... rights to go left, topes, random obstacles and more. Thankfully, I married a man who loves to drive and is a skilled driver, so I don't have to worry about a thing.
Because of the airline fiasco, I wasn't able to get a flight out to Cancun with our usual stop in Phoenix, this time we'll be going via Charlotte, NC. I've never been anywhere near there, can't say an airport is a fair representation, but there are worse places to be stuck on a layover. Good news is I did snag the Phoenix layover on the way home. It's for the best. I'm sure I'll be dying to get back. It happens everytime, I'm excited to go, but even more excited to return. Often I wonder why I even leave, but you can't miss what you have if you never leave it behind. And I do love to travel. I love to see how others live. I love experiencing new adventures, and revisiting old favorites.
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2nd Global Conference on Health & Lifestyle
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A Step-by-Step Guide to Choosing Help Desk Software
Documenting feature needs and requirements is the most important step
Documenting feature needs and requirements is the most important step in the process of purchasing any new software or cloud service, including help desk or customer service software. It is also the most difficult step, and one that requires input from multiple team members. Here's how to get started.
Ask For Input
It's important to solicit feedback on requirements from everyone who will be using the new system. Using this approach, all stakeholders will be part of the purchasing process and feel ownership for the new system, making them much more inclined to fully embrace the new cloud help desk software.
It is also important to consider your security requirements of your help desk software, if you want to select a cloud vendor. Do you need HIPAA compliance if you are a hospital or healthcare organization? You will need this certification if you are handing patient/private health information or PHI. Also, do you need a Business Associates Agreement (BAA) from the vendor? Many state laws require this.
Prioritize Your List of Help Desk Software Requirements
You may not be able to find a vendor to meet all your feature requirements at a price that your company can afford. A prioritized list of help desk software feature requirements will help you better understand tradeoffs and compromises your stakeholders are willing to make.
State Your Case
After completing your prioritized help desk software/cloud services feature list, share it with senior leaders, and make sure they understand the results of this exercise.
Create a Rating System
The requirements gathering process is very time-consuming. It is often very difficult to start with a blank piece of paper. For our own clients, Giva hired some industry consultants to build a Needs Assessment Tool to help our prospects with the requirements gathering process.
Additional Whitepapers
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"Your Voter Information" is a search tool that provides several pieces of key information unique to you. You can:
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Together with our global network, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines offers flights to Kigali, serving Kigali International Airport (KGL). Need some help with your booking? You can chat with our customer representatives on Facebook, Twitter or WhatsApp. We operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week because we know that problems can arise at any time - not just when it is convenient!
Top Kigali attractions
- Kimironko Market: the largest market in Kigali, boasting a huge range of local produce and any bits and bobs you might want.
- Inema Art Centre: a privately-run art collective composed of the exhibitions of the resident artists.
- Gorilla Trek Africa: a local tour company where you can head out for the day and visit the mountains around Kigali, observing gorillas in the wild.
- Camp Kigali Memorial: a memorial site made of 10 stone columns, which mark the place were 10 UN peacekeepers were shot on the first day of the Rwandan genocide.
- State House Museum: once the residence of the president, you can explore the strange building with its secret rooms.
The city offers popular international restaurants and nightclubs, while the annual Kigali Up music festival joyfully gathers blues, funk, and other musicians. Visit our travel guide for more trip tips!
What's the best way to get around Kigali?
The roads are not in the best conditions, so we recommend against renting a vehicle if you're a first-time traveller. Moto-taxis are the most popular and fastest way of transport, but you'll also find the matatu (minibus) option. Matatus services the major routes in the city and the fares are cheap regardless of distance. Taxis should be more comfortable overall but also quite expensive, especially compared to the previous systems.
What's the weather in Kigali?
It's mostly dry, and even though is close to the equator, its altitude gives it rather cold temperatures. May is the coolest month at 21°C (70°F), while August is the warmest at 23°C (74°F).
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text:
Thursday, June 30, 2011
The Oil
As I was busy with my morning routine and taking care of the needs of many little ones today, the Lord reminded me of something......
My oil.
And the price that has been paid for it.
As I mentioned in my last post about the waiting. (Oh the waiting!!) It's a good thing. It works patience in us. It grows our faith. It stretches us in ways we never thought we could be stretched.
Our waiting and our deeper trusting. It produces oil.....
Just as suffering does.
As we seek Him through our suffering. He turns our situations around and he turns our suffering into oil.
And oil sweet friends is what we need flowing in and through our life to best represent Him.
You can't demonstrate His heart without it.
Relationship with Him breathes. It flows. It loves. And is full of oil.
Oil flows from a life that has suffered. Survived. Overcome. Withstood.
And has something left to give.
In fact, has something left to pour into the hearts of others.
What we experience and overcome in life can work tremendous compassion in our hearts or it
can go the complete opposite route and cause bitterness and resentment to set up camp inside our hearts.
When we allow time with Him to work compassion in our hearts the oil flows.
It is what will cause you to notice the employee working behind the concession stand at Target while you are waiting to pay. It's what will cause you to walk over and make sure she is okay. To encourage her and to bless her.
You don't see uniforms or red shirts anymore at Target. You see hearts. You see people.
His people.
People who got up and came to work that day with a heart full of things that only God can repair.
It's what causes you to go from "people watching" to "people blessing."
It's what causes you to go from being a spectator to being an agent for change.
It's what creates an attitude inside your heart that leads you to finding creative ways to bless people.
Instead of indifference you walk with compassion.
Instead of thinking about it, you demonstrate it.
You don't see waiters and waitresses.
You no longer just see "the girl who answers the phones" behind the desk.
You no longer want to hear negative talk about "so and so and such and such."
You see hearts. You see opportunities to be His hands and feet. To be His mouthpiece.
Even in the midst of your own pain.
In the midst of your own suffering.
In the midst of your own trials and heartaches.
The immense joy of "people blessing" is the best cure for our own suffering.
I have found that the ones in life who are the greatest and most tremendous blessing to others are the ones who have suffered beyond comparison. They are the recipients of the largest quantities of precious oil and have made the choice to spend their life as a vessel for Him.
They are not limited in blessing others because of financial circumstances.
They bless anyway.
They are not waiting for things to "get better" in their own life before they will help others.
They bless in the midst of their waiting.
They are not too busy or too focused on their own life to pour into the lives of others.
They are creative. Inspirational. Intentional. Full of purpose.
They are life givers. Seed sowers and World changers.....
Surround yourself with people who pour......
I will leave you with my all time favorite quote by John Wesley.
"Do all the good you can,
By all the means you can,
In all the ways you can,
In all the places you can,
At all the times you can,
To all the people you can,
As long as ever you can."
Isn't that a beautiful way to live?
Talk about a lifestyle of worship......
I pray that this post fills your heart with encouragement today and plants way for opportunity and that most of all your life is dripping with His sweet smelling oil.......
6 comments:
- Unknown said...
Simply beautiful and inspiring. Such truth in your words. Love those quotes! xoxo
- June 30, 2011 at 1:05 PM
- Deborah said...
Thanks for those inspiring words. Words that need to be "said" and "heard" often. The last quote has always been a favorite of mine also. Thank you for sharing.
- June 30, 2011 at 2:42 PM
- Michelle said...
Another beautiful post...thank you for your heart share with others.
- June 30, 2011 at 3:42 PM
- Tiffini said...
He is graciously teaching me this too..that all of my life may be used to help others .. to pour out the oil in my heart into theirs..to not become bitter but to be a blessing...beautiful beautiful post..real and raw words from a heart who is there..xoxo this holiday weekend
- July 1, 2011 at 9:23 AM
- Tiffany said...
Oh, I love this so much! Especially the lifestyle of worship!~ I've always said my Papa's Whole Life was Worship. If he never mentioned Christ(but he did), you would KNOW he was a Christian just by being around him and seeing him live his life. He was LOVE and the hands & feet we all should strive to be.
- July 1, 2011 at 11:43 AM
- Kristen Thornburg said...
That is so beautiful! Thank you for posting this!
- July 6, 2011 at 10:07 AM


text:
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text:
Poop and autism.
It goes hand in hand. It's not the most glorious of topics, but I can't run an autism blog without the mandatory poop post. Type in "poop and autism" into Google and you'll find thousands of sites dedicated to this subject.
Through the years of diagnosis and then later becoming a practitioner that works with children on the spectrum, I have met dozens upon dozens of families either in person or in the virtual sense. And the one thing all of these families have in common is issues with the bathroom.
It blows some people's minds that a child with verbal skills or insanely good mechanical skills or artistic abilities could have such a hard time with toileting. Something that we all think is just an easy task. What people who don't understand autism don't get is that it's not just about intellectual ability, it's about all the pieces needed that go into being successful on the potty. Even children with high-functioning Aspergers can have difficulties with toileting and self-care skills.
Food allergies, constipation, diarrhea, gastrointestinal issues, different learning styles, sensory-processing issues, anxiety, and OCD all roll into one to make bathroom skills very tricky for kids on the spectrum to learn.
A huge percentage of children on the spectrum have allergies or intolerances that lead to gastrointestinal distress in the form of constipation, diarrhea, or both. Children on the spectrum are notorious for picky eating (really it's at a level that is way more than just "picky eating") and may not be getting the right nutrition and fibers to be regular. Children on the spectrum usually don't learn through their auditory sense and do much better visually. Sensory-processing issues can make it hard to sit on a toilet seat or listen to the toilet flush. There is also the interoceptive sense (in addition to the seven other senses) that is impacted by sensory processing. The interoceptive sense refers to the body-centered sensory systems that can control our bladder and bowel. Anxiety forms and OCD patterns form that are so incredibly hard to break without cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Our own boy has suffered from all of the above. He has severe anxiety around bowel movements and becomes so severely constipated that it warrants a clean-out every so often. We clear our schedules and plan on three days of being home all day. We roll up the area rugs and make sure an adult is with him every second of those days. We wait with anxiety and anticipation at the mess we know is ahead and also at the possibility that if we don't get him cleaned out his pediatrician will have him admitted to have it medically done. He then still has so much anxiety and is so impacted that it's not until at least day two of heavy doses of laxatives that he'll finally go.
He's not an isolated case of this. I hear this story over and over again from my clients and my friends. Children who will hold it a whole week while on vacation because the bathroom is unfamiliar to them. The parents who have to give enemas at least on a monthly basis. Children who still won't go even with laxatives at home and need to be hospitalized to be cleaned out. Children who smear their poop. Children who have such chronic diarrhea that their bottoms are red and sore.
We do special diets to help. We do visual schedules and social stories. Heck, I even got him a video model. We come at him from a place of love and understanding. We never add our own stress to his stress. We reward him. We do everything the specialists and therapists tell us to do. We can have a few months of success but then we always end up back to where we need to intervene medically with a home clean-out.
After a clean-out we always see an increase in language and social engagement. It makes my heart hurt to think that his upset belly gets in the way of these things. That he feels so badly that it interferes with his ability to learn and communicate.
Poop. It's not a glorious subject. It's not one I generally talk about a lot to people outside of my immediate family. But it's another piece to this puzzle. It's another piece that families are dealing with on a day-to-day basis with their children, teenagers, and adult children on the spectrum. And without clear medical interventions for children on the spectrum and assistance at home a lot of us just feel like we're floundering.
Not glorious at all.
For tips and tricks I really appreciate these following links, hope you can find some relief within their insights!
- The SPD Companion- SPD & Potty Training
- TACA- The Poop Page
- Toilet Training- A Parent's Guide– from Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network
- Toilet Training for Individuals with Autism
- Autism & Toilet Training
- Potty Training a Child on the Autism Spectrum
- The Crappy Life of Autism (okay not a tips or tutorial page- but one that will make you laugh & cry if this is also your life)


text:
It is thought that the Basset was bred for hunting by French monks in the Middle Ages. Certainly he was known to be hunting in packs in 16th century and receives some mention by Shakespeare in his plays. Low to ground, with long fine ears, which were used to enclose the scent, he has enough substance to get him through thick undergrowth and he is furnished with pliable, elastic skin for protection. However these two functional features must not be exaggerated and the breed should retain athletic fitness and good ground clearance to keep him fit for his original purpose.
* If you are asthmatic or have an allergy, you should consult your medical advisor before considering obtaining a dog. More information can also be found on
the Kennel Club website.
Breeds originally used for hunting either by scent or by sight. The scent hounds include the Beagle and Bloodhound and the sight hounds such breeds as the Whippet and Greyhound. Many of them enjoy a significant amount of exercise and can be described as dignified, aloof but trustworthy companions.
Copyright © The Kennel Club Limited 2020. The unauthorised reproduction of text and images is strictly prohibited.


text: DH, the kids and I did a big walk on Sunday . . . Jeepers creapers, what an eye opener. . . DH & I both realised just how horribly unfit we've become!!! But it did motivate us to make time for more long walks & hikes over the weekends . . . Enjoy the pics. . . I scrapped them with Michelle McCoy's Polka Panda kit . . . So pop over to check it out


text:
|View Poll Results: Steins;Gate - Episode 19 Rating
|Perfect 10
|9 out of 10 : Excellent
|8 out of 10 : Very Good
|7 out of 10 : Good
|6 out of 10 : Average
|5 out of 10 : Below Average
|4 out of 10 : Poor
|3 out of 10 : Bad
|2 out of 10 : Very Bad
|1 out of 10 : Painful
|Voters: 85. You may not vote on this poll
|Thread Tools
|2011-08-09, 07:03
|Link #1
♪~ Daydreaming ~♪
Graphic Designer
Join Date: Dec 2005
Location: Italy
Steins;Gate - Episode 19 Discussion / Poll
Welcome to the discussion thread for Steins;Gate, Episode 19.
Thread Guidelines
|2011-08-09, 14:03
|Link #2
Last Engage
Join Date: Jun 2007
Location: Florida
S;G 19 - We know that living in the here and now is the one and only way to go into the future and beyond
Clouds are rolling in. The weather is a great foreshadower of events to come. But every cloud has a silver lining. Moeka's D-Mail isn't even about Moeka herself. It's about FB. Fuñ whatever FB stands for. 19 episodes in and I still don't know. But I get the feeling that I will before long.
The themes of this episode and the resolution of Moeka's arc have already been made clear. "No matter what timeline you're in, you're not alone." The Lab, run down as it may be, is a family. Moeka belongs there, and not just because the main characters are there. She's looking for a purpose, and that's where it can be found. I'm looking forward to see where it going.
Now, I must break from the style of the above two paragraphs to comment on one scene. At this forum, there must be some dormant issues or something with the people here, because they seem to celebrate when they see women hurt, or express a desire to hurt them. It's unsettling. Deeply, deeply unsettling. And in this episode, Moeka was being stubborn, yes, but Rintaro beat up someone who had yet to do anything, nor was she suspected of doing anything. In other worlds, yes, but in this timeline, aside from taking the IBN (which, as Rukako proves, can become unavailable due to other reasons), she hadn't done anything worthy of that punch. I will leave it at that.
Onward, towards FB. Onward, towards the silver lining. Onward, towards another future.
|2011-08-09, 14:50
|Link #3
reads too much
Join Date: Oct 2008
Location: you know that's a great question.....
Wow, I wasn't expecting them to be able to fix Moeka's d-mail in just one episode but they kept me guessing the entire time here, especially with the reveal that they got the IBN back at the end. Now they don't need to go back and undo more d-mails but it seems like they will to try and have Moeka have a happier life, my theory is that Okabe is going to try and get a hold of FB's phone and send Moeka a d-mail to go out and make friends.
|2011-08-09, 14:55
|Link #4
Join Date: Dec 2008
Location: Singapore
Okabe was so badass this episode.
Time seems to have stopped when Okabe tried to send the last D-mail.
One thing I'm confused about is the part on the changing of Moeka's phone. How did she send another D-mail? Thanks in advance.
|2011-08-09, 15:02
|Link #5
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2008
Age: 34
Poor Kurisu. She sounded quite traumatized seeing Mayuri die and having to tell Okabe about it.
|2011-08-09, 15:05
|Link #6
The Spear of Destiny
Join Date: Jan 2011
Location: A place where the stars cross.
Age: 28
Okabe was very alpha in this episode, even if his beating of Moeka was a bit wrong.
In Moeka's past, it seems that she was lonely. No friends, and maybe even no family. It seems she lived her life with no purpose. This led her to almost committing suicide, until FB contacted her and recruited her into the Rounders.
So despite many tries, Okabe fails in undoing Moeka's D-mail as of now. He figures out that the in order to undo the D-mail, he needs to aquire FB's phone and send a D-mail from that phone to Moeka's.
Just as he was about to leave to find FB, Moeka tells him the location of the IBM5100.
Shit just got real again.
|2011-08-09, 15:20
|Link #8
Join Date: Nov 2006
Location: Virginia, USA
Age: 58
I didn't think it was possible for S;G to make me feel sorry for Moeka. But hang it all, that's exactly what it did. Her anguish when she realized that what Okarin said about FB was all true was almost too hard to watch.
|2011-08-09, 15:42
|Link #9
阿賀野型3番艦、矢矧 Lv175
Graphic Designer
Join Date: Mar 2006
Location: Belgium, Brussels
Age: 33
Honestly, I would be lying if I pretend I didn't enjoy that part, not because it is plain violence whatsoever, but at least "some retribution". That being said, what actually was more meaningful than that punch was how Okabe knocked some sense to her: Moeka's loyalty towards FB was nothing but disturbing to be honest. Sure, she didn't got a happy-go-lucky-past whatsoever, but she has a large responsibility in her actions, and it is doubtful FB could literally brainwash her with mere short messages and the likes.
Suffice to say, she isn't completely a lost cause, but I have trouble to sympathize with her and she definitely doesn't need that I guess.
|2011-08-09, 15:58
|Link #11
Home of Silent Prayer
Wow, after the last few episodes being more laid-back, this episode is really intense. I like the further development of Okarin and Kurisu relationship - really, without her Okabe will definitely not reach this point, due to more ways than one. The Moeka suicide twist really throws me for a loop, and we can see there just how much stress Okabe is going through because of all the things that are happening. The part where Mayuri is dead is really sad, but more than the shock of Mayuri's death, but Okabe's grim acceptance and lack of shock of that is what makes it more depressing.
But the climax is definitely at the apartment room scene, emotions are really running wild there. And about the punch - well, to be honest, from where I am, comfortably sitting in a chair in front ofmy laptop, it's easy to be rational and say it's undeserved as that's a different version of her, but I don't think Okabe's capable of much rational thought there. We can clearly see he's not exactly in the right state of mind thanks to all the things happening, and in the heat of the moment...that is to say, it's probably not justified, but fully understandable.
Still, again, that's a different Moeka, hopefully this Moeka can be not blindly by FB and learn to help Okabe. The main question now is FB, who seems to be the mastermind of it all, I wonder who he or she really is...
|2011-08-09, 16:00
|Link #12
Last Engage
Join Date: Jun 2007
Location: Florida
The violence against a woman who had, in this timeline done nothing, isn't really admirable. It does make Rintaro a flawed character (and characters do need to be flawed), but I feel he shouldn't be admired for his use of violence. His greatest strength is one that he's been showing long before this episode; long before the Mayuri thing even began - his heroic qualities and desire to make the lives of his friends the best they can be. And Moeka's still a lab member.
That's manlier - nay, it makes him a better person overall - than any punch.
|2011-08-09, 16:06
|Link #13
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2007
Location: Miami, FL
Age: 33
^Why do you keep signaling out violence against women, anyways? No one here is advocating beating women or people in general, but the rage against what a specific person --Moeka-- has and would do (she admitted it herself) is understandable. That was raw, irrational emotions he was acting out on, and something that a lot of people can relate too.
|2011-08-09, 16:09
|Link #14
阿賀野型3番艦、矢矧 Lv175
Graphic Designer
Join Date: Mar 2006
Location: Belgium, Brussels
Age: 33
Okabe's qualities didn't exactly fade away even while facing Moeka you know: He wasn't really enjoying saying that FB abandoned her, and it was obvious it was quite a burden to tell her that she will kill herself. Hell, he even apologized after telling her the truth.
Okabe is the one who has the most reasons to hate Moeka with a burning passion (hell, I'm surprised he could keep a relative sense of cool head, considering the number of loops he went through), yet it isn't like he lashed on her or anything.
|2011-08-09, 16:10
|Link #15
Awakened One
Join Date: Aug 2007
Location: Northern Italy
You are being too harsh towards Okarin. How would you feel if you got face to face with the person who killed your best friend time and time again? It's easy to say that this Moeka still hasn't done anything wrong but will you be able to keep your composure, knowing what Okarin knows? I doubt it.
Furthermore, Moeka wasn't going to yield her phone and he needed it to save Mayuri. Drastic times call for drastic measures.
|2011-08-09, 16:12
|Link #16
Last Engage
Join Date: Jun 2007
Location: Florida
These thoughts have been building in my mind because of activity and comments in threads related to other shows (BakaTest Ni and Hanasaku Iroha are the ones that come to mind), and I strongly prefer lauding emotions and talking things out over violence. Now in the case of the former show I mentioned, the issue is mostly played for comedy, but in the latter and this one... something about it just rubs me as wrong. I don't believe anyone is really a bad person, and that there's some good core in people that can be gotten to without punching them.
It has to do with my ethics, for short.
I understand why he did it, but I don't think it should be applauded.
|2011-08-09, 16:16
|Link #17
阿賀野型3番艦、矢矧 Lv175
Graphic Designer
Join Date: Mar 2006
Location: Belgium, Brussels
Age: 33
Frankly, if you were to discuss about violence, what Okabe did was nearly nothing close to what he could potentially have done in term of "violence".
What's even more important to note was his punch was dealt in the heat of action and a sheer amount of bottled feelings surging at the same time.
What could he have done? tickling her so she drop her cell phone? Asking her to lend her phone, while it is obviously impossible?
While exchanging words would be the best mean in any situation, it is arguably not the most practical way, especially when the person in front of you is "your enemy" literally. Even more so when that person is definitely not cooperative.
I would understand quite well if Okabe would go over the top, like kicking her while she is moping on the ground or anything, but that punch is hardly something "unethical", especially with the situation given there.
|2011-08-09, 16:30
|Link #18
Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011
Location: USA
In a way isn't Okabe saving her life by punching her? He knows if you're going to die at a certain time you will die at that time no matter what unless the world line changes, so she will die in this timeline 4 days from then unless he takes the phone. It's not really what he was thinking, but he'd still be saving her be punching her and taking the phone if it had allowed him to undo the previous d-mail.
|2011-08-09, 16:32
|Link #19
Part-Time TTK & Master
Join Date: Jun 2006
Location: Iwakawa base and Chaldea
Age: 40
I would compare Okarin's act to Sarah Connor's in T2 against that engineer. He has that simmering anger toward the one he judged as responsible, if not just partially, responsible for the death of his childhood's friend. So punching Moeka is cathartic (sp?). Gender means jackshit in that curcumstance.
|Thread Tools


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Hieromartyr Abdas, Bishop of Persia, and Martyr Benjamin the Deacon
Saint Audas was Bishop of Bethchasar in Persia. He destroyed a temple of the fire-worshippers, and was brought to trial before the Persian emperor Izdegerd I (401-402), who ordered the saint to rebuild the temple. When Bishop Audas refused, the emperor ordered soldiers to destroy all the Christian churches, persecute the Christians, and to torture them.
Saint Audas was the first to be martyred. He was beheaded after lengthy tortures. After thirty days, the other martyrs were also executed. Among them was the deacon Benjamin, who suffered particularly cruel torments. They stuck sharp needles under his nails and impaled him on a spear.
The hieromartyrs died in the old Persian city of Suza.


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The bride and I.
My personal take on my brides on their day, at their best.
After all, It's a girl thing.
My personal take on my brides on their day, at their best.
After all, It's a girl thing.
Friday, April 15, 2011
Christine emailed me about 8 to 9 months before the wedding. She sent me an amazing moodboard and immediately I felt she's one of those independent, never-cheesy kind of girl :-) But she's a lola's girl too and an only daughter, I knew then this is going to be one high-pressure, uber-stressful wedding gown. Dealing with moms is never easy but then again, I am always up for the challenge. I love moms but an unsatisfied one is definitely one of those things I absolutely dread.
Her mom expectedly asked for a meeting so she can present her daughter's idea. Okay, here it goes ..... Good thing Ms. Kutchie, one of the industry's well-loved planner, came along. At least I have someone to help me out in explaining, Ms. Kutchie more or less knows how I work, at least she will be able to back me up with a doubtful mom :-)
Her mom, is nothing short of amazing! loved her instantly! She was able to introduce Christine and present her ideas so well, it's like I was talking to the bride herself. She was giving ideas without controlling the conversation, she was listening without discriminating. She showed me her mom's panuelo and courteously asked if it's possible to incorporate it. It was a Ramon Valera creation. I fainted.
Ramon Valera was and will always be an inspiration. He was a visionary who was way ahead of his time. And to hold an actual Valera, much less re-work it for a wedding gown is something I never thought I will have an opportunity to do. I am overwhelmed at the thought and this I say, without a tinge of exaggeration.
This is Christine with Lola's portrait wearing the actual panuelo. Kudos and special thanks to Jayjay Lucas for this photo.
and this is what I did.
I am not even hoping that Valera will applaud what I did but I am just wishing he will not pull my leg in my sleep :-)
Thank you Christine and Mom for this wonderful opportunity.
Photos by Jayjay Lucas and Jamie Lihan for Imagine Nation
Hair and Make up by Eddie Bruan
Video by MG Digital
Coordination by Ms. Kutchie Zaldarriaga
8 comments:
- Unknown said...
That's beautiful :">
- 6:02 PM, April 15, 2011
Ms. Vi, I hope that I would also be able to pass on parts of my Veluz gown to my future daughter or grand daughter! I love your creations, makes me smile everytime. :) - Michelle Laconico
- 7:19 PM, April 15, 2011
I'm in awe ganda naman ng story behind it ms. V!
Thanks for sharing with us.
- 7:59 PM, April 15, 2011
Ms. V thank you for such a thoughtful blog---moreover, thank you for crafting perhaps the most gorgeous gown! it was an amazing experience, and I would love to re-create the entire process of being a Veluz bride to-be. I'm so proud to wear your work of ART!--tin
- 8:59 PM, April 15, 2011
FROM : KUTCHIE --- Veluz, without doubt , you're the only one I know who can transform the challenging "panuelo". Needless to say, im awed by the ingenuity and creativity of your genius. To think that the panuelo has discolorations because of time, and there were missing sequins but you made it look new. Tine and her Mom were more than happy and thrilled. Truly, an intelligent touch in combining the vintage with the modernity of the gown Im very sure that Ramon Valera will not pull your feet, but rather, stand up , with hands clapping and shout " BRAVO " !!!
- 9:52 PM, April 15, 2011
- Jingger C. said...
Ms. V! I Loooovvvvveeee It! I want to get married again tuloy! ;)
- 10:23 PM, April 15, 2011
- Eater's Digest said...
Miss V, as usual, wonderful creation! :) You're the best wedding gown creator thus far. I love that you are so humble and down to earth. You're one who thinks that she's just a mediocre designer but you're nothing less than mediocre, you are A-W-E-S-O-M-E! :) And I say this not because I was once a Veluz bride but because you have the talent, the passion and the ability to do your job so damn well! Kudos to you and your staff.
- 8:38 AM, April 21, 2011
- Michael said...
Vow!!! Really its quite beautiful, always a wedding gown in white color had pretty look and gorgeous appearance. Wedding dress with white color is an occasional part of wedding.
- 9:02 PM, November 10, 2011


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ICCROM, the Canadian Conservation Institute and the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage are pleased to announce the 2007 session of the international course on "Reducing Risks to Collections". The purpose of this course is to focus on the risk management approach to preventive conservation of collections.
The course will take place in Sibiu, Romania, from 18 June to 6 July 2007 (three weeks).
It is designed for collection managers, curators, registrars, conservators, and also directors of small to medium size museums, galleries, and archives, from all regions of the world. The course will also interest educators and professionals who teach collection management and preventive conservation, in either an academic or a vocational environment. The application deadline is 29 January 2007.
A brief description of the course and full information on the application process is available at the web link below.


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The DLB recently spoke with multitasking mad man Rob Zombie about numerous subjects, including his upcoming summer tour, new drummer Ginger Fish, working with friend and comedian Tom Papa, and his next film, The Lords of Salem. Here is is updating us on the tour and Fish. Look for more Part 2 of our conversation soon.
You're touring Europe soon and then North America with Slayer and Exodus. Is that the best way to spend the summer?
Well, I don't know if it's the best way, but it seems to be the only way. That's the way every summer seems to pan out. Last summer I spent all summer touring with Korn on the Mayhem Tour so I guess it wouldn't be a summer if I wasn't losing some hearing.


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Away with the Birds
Hanna Tuulikki's work, Away with the Birds explores the representation of birds in Scottish Gaelic song with a composition, visual score and suite of habitat drawings.
shot him in the face
American artist Adam Pendleton's exhibition titled shot him in the face occupies the Ground Floor gallery at BALTIC with one large-scale gesture—a wall that diagonally cuts across the exhibition space.
An exhibition of the work of ten artists will be shortlisted from an open submission by Laurence Sillars, BALTIC Chief Curator; Hilary Lloyd, artist and Turner Prize-nominee; Holly Hendry, artist and inaugural recipient of Woon Foundation Prize; and chaired by Christine Borland, Turner Prize-nominated artist and Professor, Northumbria University.
Holly Hendry (b. London, 1990) presents an entirely new body of work for her first solo exhibition in a UK arts institution.


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adjective; satisfied, contented, happy, pleased.
Due to a family emergency we will not be able to process your orders from our site for the foreseeable future. We sincerely apologise for this inconvenience.
New item
Bold mustard ceramic mugs with off white rim. Each mug is handmade using traditional potting techniques and is hand dipped and fired in a small kiln in Vietnam.
Size: 7cm x 10 dia
Sorry, this item is currently out of stock.
This striking Iba mug is handmade from white clay. The indigo matchstick design is handpainted by ...
This elegant ceramic indigo drop mug is made using age old traditions and each piece is hand paint...
All website content & copy: Bodlon 2012. Copying any part of the site or its content is strictly prohibited.
Contact us Bodlon Shop & Coffee Shop, 12 Park Road, Whitchurch, Cardiff CF14 7BQ Email: email@example.com | Telephone: 02920 650 564 | 07825 444 233


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MILWAUKEE (AP) Junior Cadougan scored 13 of his 18 points in the final 10 minutes and Vander Blue added 17 points to lead Marquette past rival Wisconsin 60-50 on Saturday night.
Marquette, coming off an 82-49 loss at No. 6 Florida on Nov. 29, led the entire game but wasn't able to shake the Badgers until the closing minutes.
No Wisconsin player scored in double digits with Jared Berggren and Ryan Evans each scoring nine points. Davante Gardner scored 10 points off the bench for Marquette (6-2).
Neither team had success with free throws. Marquette missed 10 of 17 and Wisconsin (6-4) missed 14 of 23.
Marquette dominated down low, outscoring the Badgers 36-10 in the paint. The Golden Eagles contested seemingly every inside shot by Wisconsin, which beat the Badgers for the second consecutive year.


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make it (one's) business to (do something)
make it (one's) business to (do something)
To decide to do something in which one was not involved or that was not one's responsibility. I know you think you shouldn't get involved, but this is serious enough that you need to make it your business to intervene.
make it one's business to (do something)and take it upon oneself to do something
Fig. to do something on one's own even if it means interfering in something that does not directly concern one. (As opposed to minding one's own business.) I know it doesn't concern me, but I made it my business to call city hall because someone had to. Jane took it upon herself to find out exactly what had happened to the old lady.


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Square Stand turns iPad into digital cash register
- New Square Stand is digital equivalent of cash register
- %24299 stand can pivot%2C act as point-of-sale system
- Stand works with Square Register app%2C which transforms Apple iOS or Google Android device
SAN FRANCISCO -- Mobile-payments start-up Square has designs on reinventing the cash register.
On Tuesday, it unfurled Square Stand, a special piece of hardware that transforms an iPad tablet into a digital point-of-sale system that would replace traditional cash registers.
"Hardware makes software better," Square co-founder Jack Dorsey said at a press conference at a Blue Bottle Coffee near Square's original headquarters here.
"Customers of merchants (using Stand) never have to think about payments," he said.
Square Stand works with Square Register, the mobile app that turns an Apple iOS or Google Android device into a mobile payment system when paired with a credit card reader.
The Square Stand features a built-in card reader, and connects to accessories such as receipt printers or bar-code scanners. The hardware will work on second- and third-generation iPads, with a version for fourth-generation tablets arriving later this year.
The swiveling stand will sell for $299, and is available today through Square's website. Best Buy and other retailers will carry the 9-inch, 5-pound Stand in July.
Stand is likely to first pop up in coffee shops, where Square Readers have a strong presence and are most often used.
The pivot stand could end up at a local Starbucks as part of Square's expansive deal with the coffee giant. In October, the companies announced a technology-sharing agreement at the chain's 7,000 stores nationwide.
Square says it processes more than $15 billion in mobile payments through its service each year, and iPad usage is growing. Nearly half of processed payments come from iPad users.
The Stand arrives as more businesses are starting to use mobile-payment services such as Square and competing products from PayPal and Intuit. According to a forecast from research firm Forrester, mobile payments in the U.S. are expected to hit $90 billion by 2017.
Cash registers are "not the sexiest thing" in the world, Dorsey says. "More important than how (Stand) looks is how it works."
Molina reported from McLean, Va.


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Apple recently revealed that almost 20 billions apps were downloaded in 2012, this brings the total number of App Store downloads to an astounding 40 billion. In December alone a record breaking 2 billion apps were downloaded.
Continue reading
Apple recently revealed that almost 20 billions apps were downloaded in 2012, this brings the total number of App Store downloads to an astounding 40 billion. In December alone a record breaking 2 billion apps were downloaded.
Continue reading
This is great news for those of you who are making money from the App Store, Installous, a major portal for pirated paid apps from Apple's App Store, won't be around anymore. Earlier development team Hackulous announced the closure of Installous on their official Web site.
In the past Installous offered complete access to thousands of paid iOS apps for free for anyone with a jailbroken iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. In other words anyone could download an app without having to pay for it.
Continue reading
According to several developers Apple has kept their promise and is now starting to decline app submissions that access the UDID of an iDevice. According to sources this will only become more stringent in the near future. Currently Apple has two review teams actively rejecting UDID-accessing apps with all ten teams expected to follow suit in the coming weeks.
Continue reading
So far developers have earned 70% of the revenue from application downloads from the App Store and 60% from iAd revenue, however yesterday Apple revealed on its Developer Center that developers will now be earning an extra 10% from iAd revenue, boosting it to 70% in total.
The full changes in the updated developers agreement state
(a) Apple Campaigns. Developer shall receive seventy percent (70%) of the Net Advertising Revenue derived from the sale of advertising on the Developer's Mobile Properties ("Developer Revenue Share") net of any applicable taxes as provided in Section 6 of this Agreement. The Developer Revenue Share percentage may be adjusted from time to time at Apple's sole discretion. Notice of material changes to the Revenue Share percentage will be posted on the Company Portal. "Net Advertising Revenue" is defined as gross advertising revenue recognized through the delivery of ads by Apple less: a) any allowances actually made or taken for returns, credits, cash discounts and promotional allowances; and, b) Agency and agent fees, discounts, commissions and referral fees.
Why Apple has decided to make these changes is unclear, however many bloggers are guessing it could be due to the fact that Apple isn't pleased enough with the adoption of iAds, furthermore Apple lowered the buy-in for advertisers looking to get into the service a few months ago to $100k from $500k and $1,000,000. Recently Apple removed the per-click fees from ads, now relying on impressions alone, according to the original report.
Developers, are you using the iAd platform inside of your apps?
One of the biggest subjects throughout the presidential campaign for the Republican candidate has been the jobs that are leaving the United States, well according to new numbers Smartphone applications are helping the industry keep some of those jobs in country. For years, there's been questions and speculation about just how many jobs Apple's App Store and similar marketplaces for other mobile and web platforms have created. Well according to new numbers released by TechNet apps have created 466,000 American jobs since 2008.
Of those jobs, the highest percentage (23.8 percent) of the total are located in California. Other app hot spots include New York (6.9 percent), Washington (6.4 percent), Texas (5.4 percent) and New Jersey (4.2 percent). These numbers include not only jobs created for iOS apps, but also those triggered by the development of apps for Android, BlackBerry, Windows Phone, and Facebook.
Perhaps the politicians should spend more time trying to figure out how to keep these jobs in the country, instead of bitching about the jobs that have already left the country.
Those interested can read the whole report here.
If you love logic puzzles then this is just the game for you. GraviMaze the first game developed by hart[dev] has everything you would expect from an amazing App.
According to the iTunes page:
"Challenge your mind with GraviMaze, a gravity-based 2d puzzle game for the iPhone that will turn your brain upside-down.
Bend gravity to your will to collect the treasures of long forgotten mayan temples, but beware of the cunning traps that guard them!"
We were lucky enough to get to trial the game before it was released on the App Store, and after a week of twisting and turning, we can only conclude that this is one addictive game. Unlike other games you don't actually turn your iDevice, instead you swipe your fingers on the screen to control the world. Pretty much the whole purpose of the game is to get the block from point A to point B. As the levels become more complex so does the steps you need to go through in order to beat the levels.
What makes GraviMaze great is the currently new types of levels that help the gameplay from becoming boring, which sometimes tends to happen with logic puzzles, where the levels end up being repetitive after a few stages.
You can check out the trailer below, GraviMaze can be purchased for an introductory price of $0.99 from the App Store.
Being the avid photographer that I am, I am constantly trying to find apps that will help me improve the images that the iPhone takes, recently I found Snapseed, and have had nothing but good experiences with it, now according to an announcement by the developer Nik Software Snapseed will arrive on Android in early 2012, at the same time Snapseed has already made its way to the Mac App Store.
Snapseed was voted Apple's 'App of the Year' in 2011, during CES, Michael J. Slater, president and CEO of Nik Software, stated the he was "very pleased to bring Snapseed to the Android tablet market," furthermore he adds,"Offering Snapseed for Android tablets is a great opportunity for more users to experience the fun and creativity of photo editing and sharing. We worked with NVIDIA to make Snapseed fast and responsive for Android users everywhere."
The Android version of Snapseed will set users back £3.24 ($4.99), while the Mac App Store version costs £12.99 ($19.99).
While the average developer earns an estimated $3,000 on their Apps, there are some companies that are earning big bucks from their developments.
Epic Games, the makers of popular iOS title Infinity Blade reported last year that their had made $10 million in revenue from the sales of the original Infinity Blade, now with the release of the follow-up Infinity Blade II Epic Games has announced that it has made more than $30 Million in revenues.
Adding to the revenue was the release of the game's official soundtrack and the Infinity Blade FX arcade game.
Infinity Blade II can be download in the App Store for $6.99. The original Infinity Blade is still available for $5.99. Both downloads are universal for the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad.
For those who develop apps for the iPad these numbers are amazing, since the launch of the iPad in 2010 there have been more than 3 BILLION downloads of apps developed specifically for the iPad.
According to an ABI Research press release, they have estimated that more than 3 billion apps have been cumulatively downloaded since the iPad first launched in 2010, this is an estimated 19% of all iOS App Store downloads, or almost a fifth of all downloads despite the fact that the iPad was released two years after the iOS App Store opened.
According to the numbers released by ABI an estimated 120,000 applications have been developed specifically for the iPad as of the third quarter of 2011. The growth rate of the iPad-specific apps is similar to the explosive start that the iPhone saw when the App Store first opened. It took under 18 months for the iPhone and iPod touch application downloads to 3 billion.
This could potentially be amazing news for iOS developers, known developer Steven Troughton-Smith has been able to run iOS App Store apps on the Apple TV fullscreen at the device's full, 720p resolution.
Readers might remember that the Apple TV was jailbroken with the latest untethered Seas0nPass jailbreak, this jailbreak added the possibility for developers to rewrite the software at the root level.
What makes this hack so cool is the fact that in order for it to work Troughton-Smith had to rewrite the iOS SpringBoard from scratch. According to cultofmac.com Steven told them that the rewritten SpringBoard was created using only QuartzCore.
Another aspect that makes this hack pretty interesting is the fact that not only has Troughton-Smith been apple to get apps to work on the Apple TV, but he has also been able to to make apps run side by side in the Apple TV. So theoretically you could be running several apps on your 42″ TV at the same time
Currently the hack remains more of a proof of concept than an actual ready for the public hack. However we believe it could be a hint at what might come in the future, what do you think will we be able to run iOS apps on the Apple TV in the near future?


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Remarks of 2010 Teacher of the Year Sarah Brown Wessling
Transcript of Speech Delivered at the 2010 NEA Representative Assembly
Thank you so much. Hello, NEA. Hello, Iowa!
Thank you so much for having me here today.
I have to tell you, it's already been a special couple of days for me. It is my first time here in New Orleans. It's my first time at a national Representative Assembly. And it is my first opportunity to address my fellow NEA members in such an energetic, poised-for-action environment.
More than anything, from one teacher to another, I want to thank you. I want to thank you for your incredible commitment to students who walk through your doors each day, to thank you for your tireless hours, for your compelling dedication, for your tenacious efforts, to ensure that each child in this country has the access to the kind of public education that can transform him or her. I know you are each here today because at the end of every decision you make, every issue you champion, you see a student's face.
I will tell you that I am a teacher. I will also tell you that I am a wife, and a daughter, and a sister, and a friend, and a runner, and a film buff, and I am a mom.
The dream that my husband and I have for our children is the same dream I know we can all share -- that our children need to be recognized for and learn to capitalize on their strengths, not to be judged for their weaknesses, and learn how to challenge those weaknesses so that their potential is infinite.
You know, we are good at remembering our dreams when we are children. My childhood dreams are always about pursuing my passion. I imagined that I could spend the rest of my life chasing butterflies. I imagined that I could spend the rest of my life organizing neighborhood Olympics or playing school.
In fact, my mom tells me there was a lot of playing school in our neighborhood, especially our garage. We decided who would be the teacher or the student, and because I was the oldest, I usually got to be the teacher. We put each other in rows, we gave assignments, and we gave grades. We told each other who was good and who was bad, and my poor younger brother spent most of his time with his head on the desk.
As a teacher looking back on this, I have to tell you that I'm a little bit mortified. Is that really what school looks like? Is that really what school is all about? Keeping order, creating systems, giving assignments, giving grades? Here is the thing. I was "playing" the game of school, not teaching.
I think our system is playing the game of school.
It is our collective responsibility to transcend that game. We need to create places where students thrive because of the system, not in spite of it. Our students are worth the kind of learning that's worth doing.
I love to invite people from the community to our classroom, and oftentimes on a guest's first visit to the classroom, after a few minutes I'll hear, "I couldn't tell if you were the teacher or the student." Now, I would like to think that maybe this is a nice little boost to my ego, but the truth is it's not because I look like my students, it's because I look like a student. It's because I'm the lead learner in the classroom.
In order to create the kinds of environments where learning transcends school, we need lead learners in every classroom willing to deconstruct -- not destruct -- deconstruct, and re-learn.
We need to deconstruct the clutter of our days, the bells, the papers, the ten-page cell phone policy, and we need to relearn to wonder.
We need to learn to wonder why.
Then instead of wondering why, we need to wonder why not. Then after wondering why not, we need to wonder "what if." This, as I look out at all of you, is a group of professionals dedicated to action. Your words behind me remind me of that.
We must separate the game of school, the clutter of our learning environments from the actions that will liberate our spaces.
Our most important actions are not the assessments we give, the technology we integrate, the mandates we pass. Our most significant action is the interaction we have with our students.
If we want learning to look different, then we need to hear, see and feel differently, too. So I thought we could do a little visualization exercise. What does learning look like in your classroom? Do you see rows firmly set, keeping teachers and students divided? Do you hear the silence of a well-ordered room? Do you feel the weight of standardized tests in the eyes of naive critics? Or do you see the stacks of books and magazines, student work, like wrapping paper on the walls?
Do you hear the productive whir of students slightly frustrated and compelled to achieve understanding? Do you feel the energy of questions -- their questions, not ours? Lead learning doesn't require a red pen. Rather, it begs for the community whiteboard of Google lore. In the end, here is what we really need to understand about it. First of all, it isn't a panacea. I can't boil it down into a work sheet, and it isn't perfect, but it is real. It means that I struggle each day to see students as individuals, to know their stories of learning well enough that I don't have to talk about grades at conferences. I can talk about students, and I can talk about what they learned. It means that I will cry at night when I can't get Cody to engage for the tenth day in a row. It means that I will vow to try again tomorrow, try harder to look for his truth and refuse to blame him for who he isn't, but love him for who he is -- a baseball player, a new step-son, and a sophomore who hates English -- today, but maybe not tomorrow.
It means that I am exhausted. But I am not burned out. I am not burned out because I am not succombing to the system that was flourishing in my childhood play. In our classroom, we define the worth of our day, and the worth of our day is based on what we learn.
Our questions, our inquiries, our honesty, our passion. Lead learning doesn't determine the worth of a moment, day or endeavor based on the answers but rather on the questions that drive us to wonder. So let's wonder a bit.
What if making a mistake became the new education? What if we stop schooling our kids out of creativity and started cultivating it? What if we started rewarding a process instead of an answer? What if we stopped acting as though everyone were the same and started acting upon our belief that it's our differences that will ultimately unite us?
What if we stop asking, "what are we going to do today?" And instead ask, "What are we, students and teachers alike, going to learn today?"
I miss my students a lot. And I'll tell you that my message is their message. It has been. What I have to say to you today is what my students would say if they were here.
If they were here, they would remind us that when we relearn the landscape of our classrooms, we will hear their voices and take heed that our best lessons are the ones we have allowed them to teach us. My students have taught me many lessons indeed.
Holly reminded me that frustration is the first step to fruition. Corey inspired me when I let go and saw that nobility is watching one student bring out the best in another. Katie pleaded with her unassuming eyes, but often the student who sits in the back of the room needs to be in the forefront of my mind. John's perseverance solidified that "can't" doesn't mean "won't." Kristen exhausted me, but she also moved me as I learned that anger is best understood through forgiveness. Hannah, with her crazy hair, her too-tight jeans and enough teen angst to fuel those barges convinced me that resistance isn't reticent when the purpose is clear.
I am not a perfect teacher. I am a real teacher. Teaching isn't a string of success stories for me. It's also a frustration and confusion and everything that creates texture in my days. I am not your sage but I can be your poet.
I can give voice to your experiences, to your struggles, to your triumphs because they are mine, too. We know our students are worth the kinds of learning experiences that are innovative, individualized, and driven by passionate educators.
We know they deserve every opportunity to become self-actualized. But so do you.
You are worth more than any paycheck or test score. You are worth more than being a pusher of paper, a ringer of bells. You are worth the knowledge that your life's work cannot be compartmentalized into bubbles and check boxes, that your students are your life's work.
It's worth knowing that when your students ask that question, when they make that connection, when they teach because you've inspired them, it's your moment of grace, indelibly etched on their tomorrow.
Thank you.
Sarah Brown Wessling, 2010 Teacher of the Year, addresses delegates at the 2010 NEA Representative Assembly.
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Sterling Silver Wish Bone Necklace
- Sterling Silver
- Anti Tarnish Finish
- 16 " chain
- Spring Lock Closure
Weight (lbs.):0.06
Ships To
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Continental United States
This product usually ships in 4 business days and should be delivered in 10 business days.
Shop worry free! If you're not 100% happy with your purchase, you can exchange or return this item within 14 days of receiving it.


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A good first aid kit is essential to a pack trip, but knowing how to use it, and how to deal with medical emergencies is even more important. Make sure that someone in your group has some experience with this as getting hurt in the back country can easily turn into a major problem.The larger first aid kit may include more meds, splints, etc., assuming that emergency services will take some time to arrive.When on North Manitou Island, the ranger gave a good talk explaining how things you do every day at home could become life threatening on the island. He gave a story about a pickup game of baseball done using sticks and rocks. You can imagine the rest. When something like that happens miles from the road, out of cell coverage, 911 is not an option. Play it safe when on the trail.
Bill's ChoiceI run the REI's "Backpackers first aid kit", and have included a number of extra medications (lots of Ibuprofen), Band-Aid Blister Block Cushions, second skin, various ointments, etc.
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