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Good Morning All,
Terry, great pictures. I still have not been able to post them. Judy, good luck on Thursday. Hope the surgery was a complete success. Anna, when you move. Do not forget all the outfits you have to notify, starting with the Post Office, S.S., Pension, Motor Vehicle in Illinois & Florida., Life Insurance, Health Insurance, Credit Cards, Utility Company, + anyone you communicate with regularly. Who the hell is Juan Pablo????
Do any of you remember the Roller Derby games that used to take place in the Armory on 8th Ave & 14-15th Street? The leading lady on the Brooklyn Womens team was named "Tuffy Bresheun (SP)" It was a lot of fun and right in the neighborhood.
How exciting! I hope you get it!
Thank you Bobby. Those girls keep me young lol
I put an application in for My Grandmother's Raviolis a cooking show on the food network. Well I just got a call for an interview. Probably hundreds of people are being interviewed but ya never know. Maybe u will see me on the cooking channel lol Yeah with Brooklyn accent. I don't know. I already warned them that I have a heavy Brooklyn accent. lol


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This is by far the fastest strategy. May I suggest changing to Zandalari Anklerender? It has Black Claw rather than exposed wounds, which can kill Stormlash in one (1!!) round of turret fire.Marusia wrote:Aki the Chosen Fight - 10 rounds
Zandalari Footslasher
- Leap
- Bite
- Leap - may kill the opponent - needs to be Leap so you get first shot at Stormlash
- Leap - if Chirrup is still up - needs to be Leap so you get first shot at Stormlash
- Exposed Wounds - gets first shot at Stormlash, dies to Call Lightning
Clockwork Gnome
- Build Turret - massive damage due to Weather: Lightning Storm and Exposed Wounds
Carry pet
- do nothing - takes one hit. Turrets finish Stormlash.
Clockwork Gnome
- Build Turret
- Metal Fist - turrets finish the fight
Zandalari Anklerender[4] [1,2,2]
- Bite
- Bite
- Primal Cry
- Bite, Chirrup dies
- Black Claw, Anklerender dies
Clockwork Gnome [1,1,1]
- Build Turret, Stormlash dies
- Switch to carry pet, Whiskers dives
- Switch back to Clockwork Gnome
- Build Turret
- Metal Fist
The only inconsistency is if Whiskers gets crit enough to decide to cast Survival. There's not much you can do, but if your carry pet can survive a surge the Turrets should finish Whiskers.

subset: commoncrawl


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Highway Vehicle Miles Traveled (monthly data, with underlying trend)
Vehicle miles of travel (VMT) are key data for highway planning and management, and a common measure of roadway use. Along with other data, VMT are often used in estimating congestion, air quality, and potential gas-tax revenues, and can provide a general measure of the level of the nations economic activity.
Previous statistical analysis revealed an unexpected drop in the VMT data between August 2000 and October 2000. This drop proved to be significant, but temporary. VMT levels for latter months of the trend, as can be seen in the graph, rise slowly to return to their previous level of growth.
|Vehicle Miles Traveled
|Millions of highway miles
|Vehicle miles percent change from same month previous year
NOTE: The current value is compared to the value from the same period in the previous year to account for seasonality.
A trendline has been provided for vehicle miles traveled. The trend has been calculated through a statistical procedure called Structural Modeling, in which the time series under study is decomposed into seasonal, trend and irregular components. For further information on this statistical procedure, see: S.J. Koopman, et al., Structural Time Series Analyser Modeller and Predictor (STAMP), London: Timberlake Consultants Ltd., 2000
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Policy Information, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/tvtw/tvtpage.htm.


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Anniversary: December 14, 1993, five shot, four died at Chuck E. Cheese pizza parlor. Where? Unbelievably, Colorado's (red) Aurora (dawn). Now, Newtown, same date.
One of the first names of the victims released is that of the Sandy Hook elementary school principal, Dawn Lafferty Hochsprung.
Killed were 6 adults (including shooter's mother, principal, psychologist), 20 school children (mostly in one kindergarten class), 1 shooter, 1 other in a separate home, plus a rumor that the shooter's brother was arrested. The original Ryan Lanza information for the name of the shooter was wrong. The alleged shooter was Adam Lanza, Ryan's brother, who apparently was carrying Ryan's ids.
The 5 pm news is that Lanza's mother has been found dead at Adam's residence. Also,
A source identified the suspect in the Connecticut school shootings as Adam Lanza, and said he drove his mother's car to the school.
According to the Associated Press, a law enforcement official said 20-year-old Lanza is the son of a teacher at Sandy Hook Elementary School, where the shootings occurred. A second law enforcement official says the boy's mother, Nancy Lanza, is presumed dead.
The first official says Adam Lanza's older brother, 24-year-old Ryan, of Hoboken, N.J., is being questioned by police. An earlier report from a law enforcement official mistakenly transposed the brothers' first names leading to the mistaken identities, the AP said.
ABC News caption:
Adam Lanza, seen here in 2005, killed his mother at her Connecticut home before killing 20 elementary school students and 6 adults at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, authorities said.Gunman's mother was teacher's aide at school and not a teacher.
First some information, as it is coming in...
The dead alleged shooter was reportedly dressed all in black, and said to be 20 years old.
The numbers have all changed from the initial reports below:
CBS reports that their reporter Jon Miller says "there is preliminary information that the gunman was the father of one of the students. Miller additionally reports the gunman is 20 years old and is from New Jersey."
Lanza means "land." As PPJ points out in a comment below, in Spanish, Lanza means "spear" or "lance."
MSNBC: Shooter: Ryan Lanza, 23. Apparently a body was found in Lanza's Hoboken New Jersey home; his mother was a Sandy Hook ES teacher, she's dead.
The Lanzas lived on Yogananda Street, apparently.
Others are reporting that the girlfriend and a friend of suspect Ryan Lanza are missing in New Jersey.
Earlier, other news developed,
A law enforcement official in Washington said the attacker was a 20-year-old man with ties to the school and that one of the guns was a .223-caliber rifle. The official also said that New Jersey State Police were searching a location in that state in connection with the shootings. That official spoke on the condition of anonymity because the source was not authorized to speak on the record about the developing criminal investigation. It is not known whether the shooter took his own life or was killed.The first law enforcement news conference held gave no information out on numbers or who, other other than a shooter was found dead inside the building. Indeed, the incorrect reportage and chase to dig out more and more informants and internet information could have been derailed with a little bit more "rumor control" in Newtown with more factual, detailed data.
"The shooter is deceased inside the building," State Police Lt. Paul Vance said during a press conference, adding that the scene is secure.
CBS News reports that a potential second shooter is in custody and that SWAT is now investigating the home of the suspect.
A witness tells WFSB-TV that a second man was taken out of the woods in handcuffs wearing a black jacket and camouflage pants and telling parents on the scene, "I did not do it."
Even earlier....
Several people, including children, may have been killed in a shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School. Many of the shootings took place in a kindergarten classroom, sources said.
One report said as many as 20 students may have been shot. One report says, "More that two dozen have been shot [killed?] and 14 children are dead."
However, the number of victims is unclear.
Recent accounts tell of only one shooter, who is deceased, at the Newtown school shooting. The suspect is said to have had two guns. Initially, there were unconfirmed reports of two shooters — one dead, one still at large. (For breaking news of an attack on school children in China, refer to details at the bottom.)
Connecticut State Police say they are assisting local police in Newtown amid reports of a shooting at the Sandy Hook Elementary School, 12 Dickinson Drive, a kindergarten through fourth grade school, in Newtown, in western Connecticut.
The school superintendent's office says the district has locked down schools to ensure the safety of students and staff. (In an earlier dispatch, the superintendent's secretary, Kathy June, says reports of a shooting are not confirmed. I think we can overlook that report, now.)
State police spokesman Lt. Paul Vance says they have a number of personnel on the scene to assist.
In Connecticut (Federal Writers' Project, page 376, 1938), the rooster weathervane, which became part of the town's seal, is also called a weathercock.
The (Red) Dawn Symbol: Matt Bell pointed out this link to me, and this related info:
I noticed your mention of the rooster/cock.Also, Bell emailed later,
The rooster/cock is straightforwardly a twilight-symbol. The cock presides over the the liminal period between night and day.
"Gallum nutrias quidem, non tamen sacrifices. Lune enim ac soli dedicatus est." (Nourish the cock, but do not sacrifice him, since he is sacred to [both] the sun and the moon.) ~ Pythagoras (Quoted in: Christopher S. Celenza, "Pythagoras in the Renaissance: The Case of Marsilio Ficino," Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Autumn, 1999), p. 695.)
The cock is a herald of the dawn (Eos/Aurora): "As a symbol of the dawning light, the cock is nonetheless the especial attribute of Apollo, the hero of the dawning day" (Jean Chevalier & Alain Gheerbrant, Dictionary of Symbols [London: Penguin, 1996], p. 209). The cock has this function in many religious systems including, without limitation, ancient Greco-Roman mythologies, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Islam, and numerous forms of animism (Ibid., pp. 209-212). It functions, like Hermes-Mercury as a psychopompos (a "guide, conductor" of souls).
"[T]he cock on top of the weathervane on a church...may be regarded as the guard and protector of life" (Chevalier & Gheerbrant, supra., p. 210). The cock, along with the Ibis of Thoth (another Herme-Mercury associated deity), has "...the gift of foreknowledge...the cock announces that darkness has vanished and light has come. Thus the bird is set on church spires and cathedral towers and this positioning on the highest points of holy buildings...may suggest the heavenly origins of the inner light which brings salvation [in the Gnostic-Hermetic sense - MJB] and the watchfulness of the soul to catch the first gleams of the spirit dawning in the closing shades of night" (Ibid., p. 211).
As if that were not enough, "[t]o alchemists the cock symbolizes the three stages through which the 'work' must pass, through his black claws, to his white feathers and his red comb", (Ibid.). Finally, the cock is a symbol, in Freemasonry, "of vigilance and of the enlightenment which comes through initiation" (Ibid., p. 212). "[O]n the wall [of many Masonic Lodges] hangs the image of a cock, hourglass and scythe. The cock was sacred to the god Mercury (Hermes)..." Masonic Papers by R.W.Bro. Leon Zeldis, "The Initiation in the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite."
Additionally, since a poster mentioned the word "spear," and since the cock is linked with the dawn-god, Apollo, it is noteworthy that Apollo is also linked with spears (along with Athena). The (phallic) spear is another sun-symbol. Also, although it's both obvious and delicate, the word "cock" has taken on a dual sense as both rooster and phallus (or spear). Hence, the symbol complex includes both solar and sexual emblems.Phallic Symbolism: The underlying coded phallic messages of the rooster weathervane or weathercock is reinforced greatly in this sphere.
CS writes that all of this certainly makes him "think of phallic symbolism. Guns are a
Let us remember that "Adam Lanza" literally translates as Man-Spear, as M. Bell reminded me.
Other early history: One section of Newtown today is Dodgingtown. It was named thusly as it was "a crossroads hamlet named for the many drovers, horse-traders, and peddlers 'on the dodge,' who congregated at the crossroad taverns," Connecticut, Federal Writers' Project, page 375, 1938.
"Purchased from the Indians in 1705, named 'New Town,' incorporated in 1711, the area soon attracted settlers from near-by towns. Although notorious for its Tory leanings during the Revolution, Newtown entertained both Rochambeau and Lafayette," Connecticut, Federal Writers' Project, page 376, 1938.
Film location: Newtown is home to the "Fairfield Hills" Hospital, erected in the 1930s. It was closed in 1995. Fairfield Hills was used as the set of the juvenile facility in the film Sleepers in 1995.
According to legend, Scrabble's big break came in 1952 when Jack Straus, president of Macy's, played the game on vacation. Upon returning from vacation, he was surprised to find that his store did not carry the game. He placed a large order and within a year, "everyone had to have one."
The killer of two in this week's Clackamas shooting first ran through the Macy's store in the mall (on December 11, 2012).
Other lexilink factoids:
Sandy Hook [New Jersey] is a former Nike missile base that was turned into a Federal park on the Jersey Shore. It also has the state's only nudist beach (from Christopher Loring Knowles).
Superstorm Sandy hooked left and came ashore right near Sandy Hook, New Jersey (from Matty B Goode).
This school attack took place at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Not New Jersey, of course. The lexilink to that New Jersey site and hurricane is found in the name of the school and to Sandy Hook, Connecticut, which is the next town over from Newtown.
Zee News is noting:
The dreaded attacks on school children returned to haunt China on Thursday after 22 of them were injured besides an 85-year-old woman after a "mentally deranged" man, armed with a knife, went on a slashing spree at a primary school.Thanks for heads up from many people, especially to Anonymous, Robert Schneck, SMiles, Brizdazz (Darren) for the China news, posted above.
Armed with a knife Min Yingjun, 36, attacked group of children at the gate of a primary school in central China's Henan Province setting off panic in the village. The woman and most of the injured students suffered head wounds.
Some of them were in shock, according to the People's Hospital of the county, which received most of the people injured in the attack.
All the injured people have been sent to three local hospitals and at least two of them, one student and an 85-year-old woman, are in serious condition, state-run Xinhua news agency reported.
The attack took place this morning at the entrance of Chenpeng Village Primary School in Wenshu Township of Guangshan County in the city of Xinyang....
My deepest condolences to all the parents, relatives, and loved ones who has lost anyone to the senseless shootings in Oregon, Connecticut, Colorado, and anywhere else this week and in the days and years before today.


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The American sporting public, still high on a sucessful World Cup, has turned it's attention towards its biggest star and his plans for the future. Landon Donovan, now the most famous American soccer player of all time thanks to his dramatic goal against Algeria, is currently the captain of the L.A. Galaxy and the poster boy for MLS. It has been widely suspected that he will soon leave the sunny shores of California for one of Europe's top leagues, preferably the EPL where Donovan enjoyed a successful loan stint with Everton.
But MLS commissioner Don Garber has become a roadblock in such a move, claiming that he would block any transfer offer for Donovan. Since it is baseball season and journalists and pundits are grasping for something, anything to talk about, where Donovan belongs has become a topic of much debate across sporting media platforms. As fun as it is to watch "experts" on programs like Around the Horn and Pardon the Interruption flounder in their knowledge of the world's most popular game, their incredibly ignorant opinions are endangering the growth of American soccer by advocating the handcuffing of our most marketable star.
On today's PTI, Bob Ryan, the old and crotchety columnist for the Boston Globe, scoffed at Donovan's credentials saying, "two goals in 13 games at Everton. That's a big, big deal? No." Nevermind that two goals in 13 games is stellar production from a outside midfielder but Donovan's pace, passing and defense made him Everton's "Player of the Month" in January and the Everton faithful were desperate to keep him until the end of the EPL season. Ryan then went on to say that in order for the American sport to grow our top players need to play in their country of origin.
But let's apply that theory to some other players to apply their sporting trade in the United States. Would basketball be bigger in China if Yao Ming had stayed in Asia? What about Pau Gasol and Spain? Baseball is now one of the biggest sports in Japan because their star player, Ichiro Suzuki, became an all-star in the top baseball league in the world. The list goes on and on. Alex Ovechkin and Russia, David Ortiz and the Dominican Republic, etc.
Can you imagine Didier Drogba or Michael Essien getting flack for wanting to come to the EPL rather than play in Africa? Even countries with legitimate soccer leagues like the Netherlands and Russia are eager to ship their stars out to one of the big four leagues to make their countries proud. It's American arrogance that says if we play a sport the top league must be here or else we want no part of it. But the fact is we will never be able to compete with the likes of the EPL, La Liga, Ligue 1 and the Bundesliga because we don't have the Champions League and soccer will always be behind baseball, football and basketball.
So instead of trying to turn the MLS into the top league in the world by bringing high-priced retirees into the fold, Garber and Co. should take a lesson from leagues in Brazil and Holland. Awknowledge that the best thing for your fans is to develop solid talent, send them to highly competitive leagues, and let your national pride come from the national teams. So far the MLS has shown itself as a reputable developmental league, churning out players like Clint Dempsey and Tim Howard but will never be able to do its job properly and develop young, American talent until they let go of their delusions of grandeur.
I'm not an MLS hater, I enjoy it in the same way I enjoy my local minor league baseball team. I'll cheer them on and love it when they win but what brings me the most pride is when they move on to the major leagues and show how good players from my area can be. So let Donovan go to the EPL, to Everton if possible, and aid in the long, arduous task of overturning public sentiment towards the American player, in a league Americans actually watch.
You can follow John Boschini at twitter.com/Johnbo01
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NVIDIA today unveiled a wide range of products based on their latest Tegra processor. Equipped in a SO-DIMM module no larger than a stick of chewing gum, it promises to deliver rich internet experience with full HD (1080p) playback capabilities at extremely low power consumption.
Together with industry partners, NVIDIA revealed 12 new mobile internet devices (MIDs) powered by the NVIDIA Tegra processor. The devices showed during the launch were from ODMs likee Compal Communications, ICD, Inventec Appliances Corp, Mobinnova, Pegatron and Wistron. Besides those, there are another 20 other designs in progress as well as new devices being developed by OEM partners. We will probably see retail designs for the general market soon, in the months leading to its introduction. NVIDIA expects Tegra-based devices to be available in late 2009, in time for the holiday season.
Prices for Tegra-based mini-notebooks will cost about US$199 from mobile carriers.
For those who do not yet know what the Tegra can deliver, think about it as a multi-purpose processor designed to power low cost, ultra portable MIDs. Inside the Tegra are eight processors with very specific functions that will automatically turn on when required by the application. According to NVIDIA, all processors will remain in the sleep state (means zero power consumption) until it's activated by the system. Besides that, each of the processor consumes very little power and they claim that it consumes lower than 1W during 1080p video playback. This simply means that a device will run longer on a single battery charge using a Tegra-based device over other MIDs.
Some of the main experience that NVIDIA Tegra promises to deliver includes :-
To give you a better idea of some of its capabilities, here's a short video coverage of the launch event with a live demo too:-
NVIDIA also revealed its plans for Tegra with a product roadmap for the next 2 years. It plans to release a more powerful processor every year, with the Tegra II slated for production in 2010. NVIDIA is targeting its next iteration to be 4X faster than its first generation processor. The Tegra II will feature a dual-cortex A9 CPU, double the memory speed and footprint, supports 1080p HD video encode and enhanced 3D.
Currently, Tegra-based devices support operating systems such as Windows CE, Windows Mobile and Google Android. Their demo uses an OpenKODE-based user interface framework which enable window managers to communicate with OpenKODE applications. This is the foundation for window managers to mix and merge (or composite) multiple applications using OpenGL ES 2.0 for advanced transition and effects.
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Master Critic
Posts: 3595
Joined: September 17, 2008, 10:10:20 PM
I'm not surprised that corporations are trying to get money back that they pay out as monthly stipends to Congress members. ABC World News indicated tonight that Newt Gingrich received $30,000. a month from Freddy Mac throughout his tenure and long after he left office. He braggs about it!
How would a government agency or corporation affect sites that produce 100% original material?


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In the world of 2070, you face a stark choice: pursue sustainable, environmentally friendly development, or be a total industrialiast asswipe who deserves to be shot. At least, that's what we gleaned from Anno 2070's sledgehammer-subtle new gameplay trailer.
Basically, you face a choice between sustainability or "mass consumption," with the latter leading to a gray desolate landscape. We haven't encountered a guilt-trip this ferocious in years, and it's already got us rushing to separate our recycling.
As our sister site Kotaku explained last week, Ubisoft's strategy series previously focused on European colonization in 1404 and 1701, but now it's suddenly leaping forward to the year 2070. As Kotaku put it, "It's a serious move away from European and colonial history - surely one of the key appeals of the series - and towards sci-fi city management." Among other things, your challenges include rising sea levels and changing landscapes, making farming more difficult. But this new trailer makes the game feel a bit like An Inconvenient Truth: The Video Game. Will anybody go for it?


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Always Sunny in LA
October 23, 2016
We are officially in the midst of Fall, but living in LA you wouldn't even know. We have had the weirdest weather here lately – raining one day and 98 degrees the next. With the up's and down's in weather it is always hard to know what to wear. Lately I have been living in my Shane Ribbed Midi Dress from Shop Sincerely Jules.
It is that perfect dress to take you through all seasons. Throw it on with a pair of sandals for Spring and Summer or layer it with your favorite sweaters and outerwear for Fall and Winter. I promise this amazing color with go great with anything you have in your closet.
How do you style your Shane?


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Man charged with murder in death of Glenburn teen
Kyle Dube, of Orono, charged on Tuesday.
Maine State Police said they have charged an Orono man with murder in the death of a Glenburn teen.
Police said Kyle Dube, 20, was charged with murder on Tuesday.
Click here for a timeline of the investigation.
The body of 15-year-old Nichole Cable was found in a wooded area in Glenburn on Monday night.
"Unfortunately this did not end the way we wanted," said Glenn Ross with the Penobscot County Sheriff's Department.
Dube turned himself into police last Friday to serve a sentence on an unrelated felony charge.
"Kyle had turned himself in to the Penobscot County Sheriff's Department on the 17th, which was last Friday, due to unrelated charges. This morning, detectives met with him and formally charged him with this murder," said Lt. Chris Coleman with the Maine State Police.
Officials aren't releasing any details on the link between Dube and Cable. But Tyler-Ann Harris, a close friend of Nichole, told News 8 that Cable and Dube had been hanging out for two months.
"She had said that he wanted to hang out before he had to go to jail," said Harris.
Harris said she is surprised by Dube's arrest.
"He would run to her rescue if he had too. I would have never thought that he would hurt her," she said.
Police said multiple sources led them to the area where a game warden and his dog found Cable's body, and they believe they have everyone involved in this case is in custody.
"I'm sure you have many question about the linkage and how we got to this point, but we have to let the affidavit and the court documents speak to that," Coleman said.
The medical examiner's office will perform an autopsy on Cable's body to determine the exact cause and manner of her death.
Dube is scheduled to make his first court appearance at the Penobscot County Courthouse at 11 a.m. Wednesday.


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Mushroom Head Merchandise
Known for its theatrical live show and the black masks that most of its members wear on-stage, Mushroomhead is one of the more unique and adventurous alternative metal outfits that emerged in the 1990s. And the Cleveland band's music is as interesting as its image; Mushroomhead's forceful yet melodic alterna-metal incorporates elements of hip-hop, punk, and goth rock as well as industrial and techno. The members of Mushroomhead have been performing incognito since 1993, when drummer Skinny founded the band. At first, Mushroomhead was only meant to be a side project. Its members were playing in various local bands at the time, and they wore the blacks masks (which look like a cross between S&M/bondage masks and World War I gas masks) so that people wouldn't recognize them. The only Mushroomhead member who doesn't wear a black mask opts for Kiss-like clown makeup instead. After a few years, Mushroomhead became one of Cleveland's top local attractions -- and its members kept wearing the masks when they saw how intriguing people found them to be. Mushroomhead's self-titled debut album was released independently in 1995, followed by Superbuick in 1996 and M3 in 1999. The Midwesterners signed with Eclipse in 2000, and their next album, XX, came out the following year. In 2001, Mushroomhead's members included drummer/founder Skinny, lead vocalists J. Mann and Jeffrey Nothing, guitarists Bronson and Gravy, keyboardist Shmotz, bassist Pig Benis, and sample provider Stitch when they signed to Universal Records to re-release XX. Their first proper effort for the label was 2003's dynamic XIII, but the band soon parted ways with not only Universal, but also vocalist J. Mann during a subsequent tour. Undeterred, Mushroomhead pressed on with their D.I.Y. ethos intact and welcomed new frontman Waylon, formerly of 3 Quarters Dead, into the fray. The DVD Mushroomhead, Vol. 1 followed in mid-2005 before the guys returned in September 2006 with Savior Sorrow, released through New York-based indie Megaforce Records.


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April 16, 2014 | EWB-DC Meeting
Click here to view the PDF version of the meeting minutes.
EWB-DC will be holding its next meeting on Wednesday, April 16, 2014 at 7 PM.
The meeting will be held in GWU's Phillips Building, Room B156 (basement) in Washington, DC. For up-to-date information, please either join our mailing list or follow us on Facebook or Twitter.
By Metro:
Near the Foggy Bottom metro station at intersections H Street NW and 22nd Street NW.
Phillips Building, 22nd Street Northwest, Washington, DC
At this hour, there is street parking (although limited) and there are various garages in the area. Before parking check the hours of operation. There are garages on K St and L St that are close. The closest metered parking is on 22nd street between 'I' and Pennsylvania.


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Daily Reading
Eighteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time Gospel MT 14: 13-21
When Jesus heard of the death of John the Baptist, he withdrew in a boat to a deserted place by himself. The crowds heard of this and followed him on foot from their towns. When he disembarked and saw the vast crowd, his heart was moved with pity for them, and he cured their sick. When it was eRead More
Chanticleer Concert Tickets on Sale Now
December 3, 2019All Day


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As a Gen Xer, I recall baby-proofing not being quite what it is today. In fact, we were given green Mr. Yuk stickers (which were basically like yellow happy face stickers that had just thrown up) to put on anything that was toxic: chemicals, cleaning supplies, etc. I recall showing my mom the stickers and her telling me to go for it (yes, I was to baby-proof my own house).
More from The Stir: 5 Retro Summertime Toys We Loved But Would Never Give Our Own Kids
So, I searched my house for toxins. I checked cabinets that I'd never thought to open before, climbed on the sinks to get to all the medicines. It was like anti-baby proofing. I slapped the stickers on all my new found poisons and added one to the vegetable crisper, for good measure.
Now, as a parent myself, my own parents like to tell me I'm too overprotective.
"Well, you survived," they say.
"Yep, but it seems like the odds were against me."
I write a lot about being a Gen Xer -- here are a few things I did growing up that make me wonder how our generation survived ...
More From The Stir: 15 Things Every '80s Kid Grew Up With, But Our Kids Can't Identify
1. Thinking the middle seat in the front was the best seat because I could get crushed into the dashboard ... I mean, because I got to control the five radio stations.
2. Being totally inaccessible -- from after school until dinner. Now, we would call that being lost.
3. Having an equal intake of air: 50% oxygen, 50% secondhand smoke.
4. Thinking that SPF 4 was responsibly using sun block.
5. Thinking the haze of Solarcaine I was engulfed in was a healthy way to heal the second-degree burns I inevitably got from using SPF 4.
6. Getting excited when someone had a pick-up truck because that meant the kids got to ride on the flatbed.
7. Sitting on my dad's lap and manning the steering wheel.
8. Eating salami straight from the log.
9. Playing on a rusted swing set where that one leg always popped out of the ground threatening to propel itself into space and then came back with a thud.
10. Helmets? No one wore them, and if you did, you were super geeky ... protecting your nerdy brain and all.
11. Being a latchkey kid by 7 years old. The first couple times I stayed home, I parked a chair right inside the screen door and just sat there staring out so I could see my mom pull up (also, the world could see I was alone with an open door, brilliant).
12. Fearlessly scaling fences, climbing trees, playing in the woods, and jumping streams without a parent in sight to save us (hell, we used to ride our bikes through a cemetery).
13. Running into the store to buy an adult cigarettes.
14. Nerf Shmerf -- oh, we had them, but cap guns and BB guns were way more likely to shoot your eye out ... we preferred them.
15. Car seats? Bahwawawahaha. My dad drove me around on the back shelf of his convertible in a Moses basket. "Oops, she was here a minute ago, must've hit a bump."
More from The Stir: The Best '80s Movies to Watch With Your Kids
16. And forget seat belts -- I barely sat in the seat at all, lying across the back windshield of my mom's Mercury Marquis, or popping up and down from the floor was way more fun.
17. Jumping on beds until they collapsed. I was once under a bed when that happened.
18. Babysitting at 11 -- In my town, once you were able to dial 911, you were considered a candidate for babysitting jobs.
19. Eating unwrapped things people handed you in stores -- like pretzel logs from the bank.
20. Being left in the car to wait for my mom to do the grocery shopping because I didn't feel like going in.
21. Running around until sundown without a care in the world, a phone in my pocket, or shoes on my feet.
More from The Stir: 50 Random Things I Remember as a Child of the '80s
Any of those sound familiar? What things did you do that you would most likely land someone in an ER, jail, therapy, or on the no play-date list -- nowadays?
Image via shutterstock


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Water SA
versión On-line ISSN 1816-7950
versión impresa ISSN 0378-4738
Water SA vol.39 no.2 Pretoria ene. 2013
Application of the rainfall infiltration breakthrough (RIB) model for groundwater recharge estimation in west coastal South Africa
X SunI; Y XuI, II, *; NZ JovanovicIII; E KapangaziwiriIII; L BrendonckIV; RDH BuganIII
IDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
IIInstitute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin, China
IIICSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box320 Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa IVDepartment of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
Recharge estimation in arid and semi-arid areas is very challenging. The chloride mass balance method applied in western South Africa fails to provide reliable recharge estimates near coastal areas. A relationship between rainfall events and water level fluctuations (WLF) on a monthly basis was proposed in the rainfall infiltration breakthrough (RIB) model for the purpose of groundwater recharge estimation. In this paper, the physical meaning of parameters in the CRD and previous RIB models is clarified, and the RIB model is reviewed with the algorithm improved to accommodate various time scales, namely, daily, monthly and annual scales. Recharge estimates on a daily and monthly basis using the revised RIB approach in 2 study areas, one in a sandy alluvial aquifer (Riverlands) and the other in the Table Mountain Group (TMG) shallow unconfined aquifer (Oudebosch), are presented, followed by sensitivity analysis. Correlation analysis between rainfall and observed WLF data at daily scale and monthly scale, together with recharge estimates obtained from other methods, demonstrates that the RIB results using monthly data are more realistic than those for daily data, when using long time series. Scenarios using the data from Oudebosch with different rainfall and groundwater abstraction inputs are simulated to explore individual effects on water levels as well as recharge rate estimated on a daily basis. The sensitivity analysis showed that the recharge rate by the RIB model is specifically sensitive to the parameter of specific yield; therefore, the accurate representative specific yield of the aquifer needs to be selected with caution. The RIB model demonstrated in these two cases can be used to estimate groundwater recharge with sufficiently long time series of groundwater level and rainfall available in similar regions. In summary, the RIB model is best suited for shallow unconfined aquifers with relatively lower transmissiv-ity; the utility of the RIB model for application in different climatic areas under different hydrogeological conditions needs to be further explored.
Keywords: RIB model, shallow unconfined aquifer, groundwater-level fluctuation, groundwater recharge, Table Mountain Group aquifer
Estimation of groundwater recharge is a key challenge for determining sustainable groundwater development and management, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, where rainfall as well as recharge is low while evapotranspiration is high. Numerous studies have focused on groundwater recharge in Southern Africa over the past three decades (Xu and Beekman, 2003). Systematic recharge studies were carried out in Botswana and South Africa in the early 1970s (Verhagen et al., 1974; Mazor et al., 1977; Bredenkamp and Vogel, 1970; Bredenkamp et al., 1974; Smit, 1978). A co-operative programme entitled Groundwater Resources Monitoring and Recharge Study (GRES) was jointly launched by the governments of Botswana and The Netherlands, aimed at better understanding the recharge process in Botswana in 1987 (De Vries and Von Hoyer, 1988; De Vries et al., 2000). A manual entitled 'Preparation of a manual on Quantitative Estimation of Groundwater Recharge and Aquifer Storativity', published by the Water Research Commission of South Africa in 1995 (Bredenkamp et al., 1995), presents a great variety of well-tested (semi-empirical) methods that are widely employed in South Africa, and contains a wealth of recharge case studies and data covering the past 30 years. The Namibian Government has conducted large-scale groundwater recharge studies since the 1990s. The Namibian and German governments jointly launched programme of cooperation in 1992 for recharge studies in the north-eastern part of the country (Schmidt and Ploethner, 2000). Physical and tracer methods, the most commonly used approaches in these studies, were adapted to estimate recharge at local and national scales in Southern Africa. The validity of these methods in arid and semi-arid areas, in terms of the principles, advantages and limitations, and general rules governing the choice of different methods, have been summarised by several researchers (Scanlon et al., 2002; Beekman and Xu, 2003).
Several methods for the estimation of groundwater recharge have been applied in African countries in recent decades, with more or less success (Beekman and Xu, 2003). Results of applications of these methods showed that groundwater recharge estimates done by different practitioners varied widely when different methods and input data sets were used. Most of the groundwater recharge methodologies developed are applicable to the large scale, whilst little information is available describing processes at the local scale. Recharge estimation in coastal areas using the chloride mass balance method (CMB) can be problematic. Studies on chloride concentration- of groundwater as well as rainwater in South Africa imply that the variation in rainwater and groundwater chloride content in time and space could be significantly high (coefficient of variation is larger than 50%); therefore, the application of the CMB method in coastal areas should be applied with great caution and consideration (Van Wyk et al., 2011), and recharge estimates near coastal areas based on the CMB method need to be re-evaluated.
The rainfall infiltration breakthrough (RIB) method, one of the physical models for estimation of groundwater recharge, was developed based on the cumulative rainfall departure (CRD) method and then applied to dolomite and Karoo aquifers in South Africa using monthly rainfall and water-level data (Xu and Van Tonder, 2001). The CRD/RIB method has also been applied in America, Palestine, Iran, etc. (Fenelon, 2000; Baalousha, 2005; Rasoulzadeh and Moosavi, 2007); the RIB approach was proven to be a simple but promising tool for groundwater recharge estimation. However, the physical meaning of some parameters proposed in the RIB equation is not clear.
The purpose of this paper is to describe and demonstrate the RIB model, and to estimate the recharge under 2 extreme conditions (alluvial and fractured rock aquifers), with a revised algorithm of the RIB model developed to accommodate a wide variety of circumstances in terms of time scales, namely, daily, monthly and annual scales. Recharge estimations using the revised RIB programme, on a daily and monthly basis using existing information in two study areas, one a sandy alluvial aquifer (Riverlands) and the other a TMG shallow unconfined aquifer (Oudebosch), are presented, followed by sensitivity analyses. Scenarios using data from Oudebosch with different rainfall and groundwater abstraction inputs are simulated to explore their effects on water level as well as the recharge rate estimated on a daily basis.
The concept of recharge
Groundwater recharge can be generally defined as an addition of water to a groundwater reservoir. Four types of recharge can be distinguished (Beekman and Xu, 2003):
- Water flow through the unsaturated zone reaching the water table
- Lateral and/or vertical inter-aquifer flow
- Artificial recharge, such as man-made infiltration ponds or water recharge from injection boreholes
- Induced recharge from nearby surface water bodies (such as rivers, lakes), resulting from groundwater abstraction
This paper focuses on the first situation, where recharge is the part of rainfall percolating through the unsaturated zone to the water table. The time that percolating rainfall takes to reach the water table is defined as the time lag. The time lag can be distinguished as:
- Rapid response: within hours or days of intensive rainfall; normally happens as preferential flow to the water table
- Intermediate response: over months, or a year or two
- Slow response: over years or longer; normally occurs as piston flow through porous matrix with low conductivity
The breakthrough recharge water reaching the water table does not necessarily result from a single rainfall event. Water level fluctuations may be caused by a series of preceding rainfall- events. The time lag and the length of related rainfall events depends on several factors, such as the thickness of the unsaturated zone, the soil texture, the type and size of vegetation and the geology of the aquifer.
The RIB method
Based on the cumulative rainfall departure (CRD) method in South Africa (Bredenkamp et al., 1995), the RIB method was developed by Xu and Van Tonder (2001). Both methods utilise the relationship between water level fluctuations and the departure of rainfall from the mean rainfall of a preceding time. The RIB formula is defined as:
RIB(i) is the cumulative recharge from rainfall event of m to n
I is the total length of rainfall series. r is a fraction of cumulative rainfall departure
P. is the rainfall amount at ith time scale (daily, monthly or annually)
Pav is the mean precipitation of the whole time series
Pt is a threshold value representing the boundary conditions (Pt, ranges from 0 to Pav)
Value of 0 represents a closed aquifer system, which means that the recharge at ith time scale only depends on preceding rainfall events from Pm to Pn; while value of Pav represents an open system, which means that the recharge at the ith time scale depends on the difference between the average rainfall of preceding rainfall events from Pm to Pn and the average rainfall of the whole time series). Both r and Pt values are determined during the simulation process.
It is assumed that groundwater recharge by the RIB method has a linear relationship with water level fluctuations under natural conditions. The relationship between natural rainfall and water level fluctuations can be described by Eq. (2):
Δh. is the water-level fluctuation, which is equal to the difference between the observed water level at ith time scale and the mean water level of the whole time series; a positive value represents an increase of water level while a negative value implies a decrease of water level. Sy is the specific yield of the aquifer.
Equations (1) and (2) indicate that the water-level fluctuation at ith time scale (daily/monthly/annually) is affected by preceding rainfall events from Pm to Pn (m<n), with a weighting factor that is a function of the moving average of a rainfall time series. It is not necessarily constant and may be positive or negative depending on whether or not the amount of rainfall during the period of interest exceeds the moving average rainfall. The schematic of the RIB model is shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 1
Schematic of the RIB process
Three rainfall percolation mechanisms can be distinguished on different time scales, the mechanisms are listed as follows in terms of the duration of the time lag:
• Mechanism a: water level fluctuations result from preceding rainfall events. This was often observed at places with relatively quick infiltration rates (range from hours to 1 day).
• Mechanism b: water level fluctuations result from the cumulative result of all previous rainfall. This often represents the combination of point and diffuse recharge mechanisms.
• Mechanism c: water level fluctuations are caused by limited rainfall series with a certain time lag; the length of the time lags varies from several days to months (range from 1 week to 12 months).
In reality, the water level fluctuations result from many factors besides rainfall, including groundwater abstraction, baseflow and water flow into/out of the aquifer, etc. The relationship between the RIB model and water level fluctuations can be expressed as:
A is area of the catchment, Qp, Qut and Qoth represent groundwater abstraction, outflow and groundwater volume changes resulting from other activities, respectively.
The relationship between RIB and recharge estimation
It is assumed that the water level fluctuations vary with the cumulative rainfall departure from the average rainfall series. However, the CRD and previous RIB methods fail to explain the condition where the continuous departures are negative and yet the observed water level may still rise, and the physical meaning of parameter r, representing the recharge percentage, in the CRD and previous RIB methods is problematic. The difference of contiguous departures should- be regarded as recharge instead of using the departure from average. The groundwater level will rise if the difference is positive and vice versa; recharge at the ith time scale can be calculated as:
Re(l) is the recharge for the first time step, and
Re(i) represents the recharge estimate at the ith time, which could be daily, monthly or annually.
TRe is the sum of the recharge in mm for the whole time series. If the value of Re(i) becomes negative in Equations
(4) and (5), no recharge on the ith time scale is assumed.
Software interface
The RIB programme is implemented in an Excel Spreadsheet (Microsoft 2007), and programmed using Visual Basic Application (VBA). The programme enables one to manipulate, analyse and display data, and calculates groundwater recharge based on observed groundwater levels (which must be transformed into WLF) and rainfall time series. A solver function is adopted to minimise the difference between observed WLF and the calculated values using the least squares method. With key parameters (like time lag, length of related rainfall events and r value) obtained from available rainfall and water level data, the program is also capable of filling gaps in groundwater-level data and predicting the water level fluctuations using rainfall and abstraction data. An example of the screen printout of the RIB user interface is shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 2
Screen printout of the RIB user interface
The definition of the symbols used in the RIB programme is given in Appendix A along with units and type of data (e.g. input/output, one value/time series etc.). Input data are time series of rainfall, sink/sources of groundwater, observed groundwater level fluctuations, specific yield (S), area of the catchment (A) and parameters for fitting the time lag between rainfall and recharge events. The sink/source terms (Qothet, Qout, Q ) can be left vacant if data are absent (in the areas where the groundwater abstraction is low, the effects of these variables on water-level changes can be considered negligible compared with rainfall input).
The time scale needs to be defined manually before starting data inputs. This depends on the type of rainfall and water level data available (daily, monthly or annual basis). The time scale can be activated by clicking the 'Start' button (Fig. 2).
Groundwater level fluctuations and recharge are calculated by pressing the 'Graph' button (Fig. 2). The chart is updated automatically and displays rainfall, observed/calculated groundwater level fluctuations (using RIB as well as CRD model) and recharge estimate with the RIB method. The time lag and length need to be adjusted to fit the curve of observed and calculated WLF value.
Critical assumptions
A series of assumptions and general rules for using the RIB method to estimate the recharge are highlighted as follows:
• The water level fluctuations from the monitoring borehole should be representative of the study area. For example, it is not recommended to use the data collected from pumping boreholes or boreholes close to surface water bodies (river, lake, etc.) unless these sources and sinks can be quantified accurately.
• The term (Qp+Qout+Qoth)/(A) of Eq. (5) could be ignored if the impact of pumping and/or outflow on WLF is not evident. The effect may, however, be large under certain conditions, for example, in fractured dolomite aquifers with relatively high hydraulic conductivity.
• The specific yield should be representative of the aquifer system. For determining the effect of long-term pumping of an aquifer, laboratory values of specific yield are appropriate, but for estimation of groundwater recharge with the RIB model, laboratory values of S are probably too large.
• The RIB method is usually applicable in unconfined aquifer systems with shallow water levels and relatively small trans-missivity, where the water level responds clearly to rainfall.
• The RIB model is applicable where suitable time series of rainfall and groundwater level are available.
Case studies
Site description and data collection
Two research sites characterised by two different types of geology were selected to simulate the water-level fluctuation and calculate groundwater recharge. These two systems represent two main modes of groundwater recharge, namely diffuse and localised. A site where the aquifer is a coastal plain sand with a diffuse recharge mechanism was selected in Riverlands Nature Reserve (Western Cape, South Africa), while another site was chosen in Oudebosch catchment in the Kogelberg Nature Reserve (Western Cape, South Africa), representing the Table Mountain Group aquifer (TMG).
The Riverlands Nature Reserve, located at about 10 km southwest of Malmesbury (Fig. 3), is in quaternary catchment G21D. A shallow unconfined sandy aquifer underlies deep, well-leached, generally acidic and coarse sandy soils of marine and aeolian origin. The recharge area used in the simulation is about 10 ha (0.1 km2) with S ranging from 0.05 to 0.15 for fine to medium sand cover, and water table depth ranging from 1.6 to 3.5 m. Mean annual precipitation (MAP) is about 450 mm, occurring mainly from May to August. Daily rainfall data were collected from a rain gauge (from May 2007 to September 2011). There are 13 piezometers in the study area, 3 of which were collapsed; 2 boreholes (RVLD 6 and RVLD 8) were selected to monitor the water level using a data logger installed in the borehole. More detailed information on the topography, and soil physical and chemical properties of the Riverlands Nature Reserve is given by Jovanovic et al. (2009).
Figure 3
Location of Riverlands Nature Reserve and Oudebosch catchment
The Oudebosch catch m ent within the Palmiet River basin is located northeast of Betty's Bay (Fig. 3), where the geology is typically characterised by TMG, which mainly consists of a fractured rock aquifer. The Oudebosch stream passes through the catchment and the hydrological boundaries indicate that the site is located in quaternary catchment G40D. Three monitoring boreholes were considered in this study. Daily water level data over 3 years indicated that, due to the interaction between the stream and groundwater, the water level fluctuations in one borehole close to the stream were significant, while the water level in another borehole stayed very stable and did not show a clear relationship with rainfall series data. Water level data recorded from borehole TMG 544 were used to calculate the recharge. The catchment covers an area of 3.4 km2. Specific yield of the aquifer was estimated at 0.21 (Saayman et al., 2007). The mean annual precipitation (MAP) is approx. 800 mm (occurring mainly from May to October). Data recorded from a rain gauge (from January 2008 to July 2010) and borehole TMG 544 (Fig. 3) were used to calculate groundwater recharge for the catchment.
Groundwater recharge estimation and analysis
The simulations were carried out using daily time series of rainfall and groundwater levels. The length of simulation was 1 603 d for RVLD6 and RVLD8 (from 01/05/2007 to 19/09/2011; a gap in water level data occurred from 04/08/2008 to 18/03/2009, which is about 7 months) and 928 d for TMG544 (from 01/01/2008 to 16/07/2010; there is an approx. 300-day water-level data gap from January to March 2008, and no water-level data were available in June and July of 2010). The daily and monthly groundwater recharge estimates for the sandy and TMG aquifers, and observed groundwater level fluctuations calculated with the CRD method (dh(crd)) and the RIB method (dh(rib)), are shown in Fig. 4.
The graphs in Fig. 4 plot rainfall inputs and calculated groundwater recharge in mm as bars. Pearson's correlation between observed WLF and WLF simulated with the RIB and CRD models, which reflects the degree to which the variables are related, is listed in Table 1. The results demonstrate that the results of the RIB method show significant correlation to observed WLF. The simulated groundwater level fluctuations from the RIB model closely fit the observed values after calibrating the time lag (lag_Days) and length of related rainfall events (Length_D) on a daily basis. The term lag_Days varied from 0 days at Riverlands to 82 days at Oudebosch, i.e., it takes less than 1 day and 82 days for percolating rainwater to reach the water table in Riverlands and Oudebosch, respectively. The term Length_D was 82 d at Riverlands and 85 d at Oudebosch. The results for the time lag and length of related rainfall events on a daily and monthly basis for a range of specific yield are listed in Table 2.
Pearson's correlation between observed WLF and simulated WLF by the RIB and CRD models
The results of the RIB model indicate that the time lag between rainfall infiltration and groundwater recharge for the sandy alluvial aquifer is much less than that for the TMG aquifer, which reflects the different characteristics of the two aquifer systems. It also indicates that the recharge estimate made using daily data is much higher than that made using monthly data.
The effects of factors other than rainfall, i.e, evapotran-spiration, atmospheric pressure and entrapped air, on water level fluctuations at short-term scales can be significant (Healy, 2010). Spearman's method was adopted to calculate the correlation coefficients between rainfall and observed WLF on a daily and monthly basis. The Spearman correlation coefficients listed in Table 3 indicate that the relationship between rainfall and observed WLF on a monthly basis is more significant than that on a daily basis. Therefore, the recharge rates estimated at monthly scale are more realistic than those estimated at daily scale, and the impacts of the factors mentioned above on WLF cannot be ignored at the daily scale. Several approaches can be used for correcting water-level data (Tamura et al., 1991; Toll and Rasumssen, 2007; Crosbie et al., 2005; Von Asmuth et al., 2008). For the monthly basis, water level fluctuations mainly occur in response to rainfall, pumping, evapotranspiration or other phenomena.
The Spearman correlation coefficients between rainfall and observed WLF
From Table 2, the recharge in the G21D catchment is predicted to be 9.7-29.1% of MAP on a monthly basis, with Sy ranging between 0.05 and 0.15; the recharge in the G40D catchment is predicted to be about 15.7% of MAP on a monthly basis with 0.21 as specific yield of the aquifer. With regards to groundwater studies carried out in sandy aquifers, a number of recharge values have been estimated. A study in catchment G21D by DWAF (2006) provided a value of 15.4% of MAP using the chloride mass balance (CMB) approach, and a value of 5% using a GIS-based groundwater recharge algorithm, and a value of 13% in the vicinity of Riverlands (DWAF, 2006). Another study in the area reported recharge values of 26% of rainfall (380 mm/a) using a water balance method at Atlantis (20 km south of Riverlands) (Vandoolaeghe and Bertram, 1982). Bredenkamp (1982) modelled the conditions at Atlantis and came up with a recharge rate of 21% of total rainfall (350 mm/a). The recharge rate was reconsidered as 0.2-3.4% of MAP in Atlantis using the CMB approach (Conrad et al., 2004); however, this result needs to be re-evaluated. The main reason for this might be the different timeframes between the CMB and the RIB method (Crosbie et al., 2010). The CMB method provides an estimate of recharge over the residence time of the water in the aquifer, which can be many thousands of years, while the RIB method provides an estimate of recharge over the length of time that measurements of water levels were recorded; this can be days, months, or decades.
The recharge estimate on a monthly basis in Oudebosch is 15.7% of MAP (183.9 mm/a), with specific yield of 0.21, which is much higher than the average recharge value (29.7 mm/a) estimated in the TMG aquifer by Wu (2005). Because of the heterogeneous geology in the Table Mountain Group (TMG), the specific yield differs significantly from place to place (10-6-10-2 of specific yield is appropriate; Lin, 2007; Jia, 2007), and it is reasonable to expect high variability in recharge. Therefore, sensitivity analysis of specific yield is needed.
Sensitivity analysis
Parameters of monthly rainfall and water level, as well as specific yield value, were chosen as inputs to assess individual impacts on the estimated recharge rate. According to studies on specific yield of the TMG aquifer (Van Tonder et al., 2002), the specific yield of highly permeable fractures in the TMG aquifer is usually very low, in the order of 10-4 to 10-7, whilst that of the matrix can be much higher (i.e. 0.005 to 0.05). Considering the high uncertainty of specific yield in the TMG aquifer and the assumed linear relationship between recharge and specific yield in the RIB model (Eqs. (3)-(6)), a sensitivity analysis was carried out over a range of specific yields from 2.1 x 10-3 to 0.21. The corresponding change in the model output was observed.
A sensitivity analysis for rainfall and water level was also performed at the three borehole sites - RVLD6, RVLD8 (S = 0.05) and TMG544 (S = 0.21). A uniform distribution was adopted with perturbations of ±10% around the monitored rainfall and water level values; the two additional time series therefore represent the extremes/boundaries (minimum and maximum) of the uniform distribution. These minimum and maximum time series were run through the model. The model outputs gave a range of variability of recharge, and this range defined the sensitivity to the key model inputs. The simulation results are shown in Table 4.
Summary of inputs of the sensitivity analysis of groundwater recharge calculated with the RIB model on a monthly basis
The results in Table 4 show that a perturbation of the water level time series data by a factor ±10% results in a range of recharge of 14.40-17.28% of MAP in Oudebosch, and 8.74-10.68% and 7.96-9.73% of MAP in Riverlands with RVLD 6 and RVLD 8, respectively. The results also show that for a perturbation of the rainfall time series data by a factor ±10%, the recharge percentage ranges from 14.41 to 17.46% of MAP in Oudebosch, and 8.82-10.78% and 8.93-9.83% of MAP in
Riverlands with RVLD 6 and RVLD 8, respectively. The mean annual recharge stays the same in all three cases. These results indicate the sensitivity of recharge estimated using the RIB model is higher for Oudebosch than for Riverlands.
As discussed above, the recharge rate in the RIB model has a linear relationship with specific yield. The recharge rate in Oudebosch can be calculated with any specific yield value ranging from 2.1 x 10-3 to 0.21; results are shown in Tables 2 and 4. Figure 5 refers to the relationship between recharge and specific yield from the data in Table 2. The results indicate that the RIB model is very sensitive to the specific yield. From this perspective, in a site where recharge rate has been estimated using other approaches, the RIB model could indicate the accuracy of the specific yield. As the recharge estimate using other methods in TMG aquifer is less than 10% (Wu, 2005), specific yield values for the aquifer in Oudebosch ranging from 0.021 to 0.042 (18.7-33.9 mm/a of groundwater recharge) are recommended.
Figure 5
The relationship between specific yield and recharge rate in the RIB model
Scenario simulations
Abstraction scenarios
The Kogelberg Nature Reserve was identified as one of a set of sites that was suitable for a groundwater exploration programme carried out by the City of Cape Town (Hay et al., 2004). Simulations were therefore run with RIB in order to predict groundwater level trends under different abstraction scenarios. Borehole TMG544 was used for this purpose and 3 scenario simulations were run:
• Baseline conditions (without abstraction): Using recorded rainfall data from January 2008 to July 2010 as input; Sy is assumed to be 0.042, based on the discussion of the y relationship between recharge and specific yield above; aquifer area = 3.40 km2
• Abstraction of 3 M£-d-1: Same rainfall data input; Sy = 0.042; aquifer area = 3.40 km2
• Abstraction of 3 M£-d-1 from 1/10 of the aquifer area: Same rainfall input; Sy = 0.042; aquifer area = 0.34 km2
The resulting groundwater level predictions are plotted in Fig. 6. An abstraction of 3 Mℓ-d-1 did not affect the groundwater level drastically. The groundwater level with abstraction was 0.02 m lower than the baseline without abstraction. The effect of abstraction was small because of the relatively large area of the aquifer (3.40 km2). However, if the draining area for a borehole is reduced by 1/10 (i.e. 10 abstraction boreholes are used over the same area), the effect on the groundwater level was predicted to be much larger (0.21 m lower than the baseline). The result also indicates that the recharge rate, which is 7.99% of MAP for these three scenarios, is independent of abstraction.
Figure 6
Measured rainfall and groundwater levels (baseline conditions, with 3 Mi-d' abstraction and with abstraction from '/'0 of the surface area of the aquifer) for borehole TMG544 in the Oudebosch catchment
Climate scenarios
Three simulations were run with the RIB model to predict groundwater level trends under climate change, in particular reductions in rainfall. The following scenarios applied at borehole TMG 544 were run:
• Baseline conditions: Using recorded rainfall data from January 2008 to July 2010; S =0.042; aquifer area = 3.40 km2
• Reduction in measured rainfall by 10%; Sy=0.042; aquifer area = 3.40 km2
• Reduction in measured rainfall by 20%; Sy=0.042; aquifer area = 3.40 km2
The predictions of groundwater level fluctuations are shown in Fig. 7; the average recharge rate for the baseline condition is about 93.9 mm/a from 2008 to 2010 (7.99% of MAP). The prediction shows that, in the initial period of simulation, reduced rainfall did not affect groundwater levels. However, the effects became increasingly visible over time, especially in the dry season. After about 1 year, the groundwater level dropped by 0.16 m with 10% rainfall reduction and by 0.32 m with 20% rainfall reduction compared to the baseline. It is interesting to notice that the ratio of recharge rate to precipitation did not change significantly; it was slightly higher than the baseline (mean recharge rate is 8.11% and 8.25% of corresponding rainfall with 10% and 20% rainfall reduction, respectively). However, the recharge amount with 10% and 20% rainfall reduction resulted in a drop of about 8.1 mm/a and 16.2 mm/a, respectively, relative to baseline condition.
Figure 7
Measured rainfall and groundwater level fluctuations (baseline conditions, with '0% and 20% less rainfall) for borehole TMG544 in the Oudebosch catchment
The RIB model is capable of recharge estimation if specific yield is known and the critical assumptions listed in the previous section are met. Furthermore, it is important to note that the RIB model can be used only under certain conditions in shallow unconfined aquifers. According to Darcy's law, the recharge in a catchment can be simplified as:
A dimensionless function based on Eq. (8) can be developed as:
Q = flow rate (m3/d)
A = the area of radial cross-section (m2)
J = hydraulic gradient
Re = recharge rate per unit surface area (m/d)
W = the width of the catchment (m)
L = the average distance of groundwater flow away from groundwater mound (m)
Δh = water level fluctuations (m)
K = hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer (m/d)
H = the saturated thickness of the aquifer (m)
D = the depth to the water table (m)
From Equations (8) and (9), the RIB method is best applied in situations where the water level displays sharp rises and declines with recharge; i.e., the parameter Γ cannot be very small. The relationship among Γ and these factors, including annual rainfall (P), hydraulic conductivity of aquifer (K) and the depth to the water table (D), are discussed as follows:
• Theoretically, the RIB model is incapable of recharge estimation in extremely arid areas where rainfall (P) is less than 100 mm/a, as the recharge from rainfall is too small to cause water level rises, i.e., Γ ∞ 0.
• The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer (K) cannot be extremely high. For instance, with high hydraulic conductivity, the outflow from the aquifer is greater than that reaching the aquifer. In other words, with significantly high value of K, recharge can still happen without producing water table rises. Hence, the application of the RIB model to fractured rock aquifers needs to be done with caution, as some fractures might be a primary conduit for water movement, and the recharge from rainfall could flow to the aquifer where water level changes might not take place. • The depth to the water table (D), referring to time lag, should be shallow. The larger the thickness of the unsaturated zone, the longer the time lag. For example, for water depths over 200 m in northern African countries, individual rainfall events could hardly play a significant role in water level fluctuations. The parameter of Γ approaches zero in such cases.
In summary, theoretically, the RIB model is best suited for shallow unconfined aquifers with relatively low transmissivity. The range of Γ under which the RIB model is capable of estimating recharge needs to be defined using more case studies.
Using the improved RIB model, with Sy ranging from 0.05 to 0.15, groundwater recharge was estimated to be 16-47% of MAP at the daily scale and 9.3-27.8% at monthly scale at Riverlands, while the recharge at Oudebosch was 51.5% and 15.7% of MAP at the daily and monthly scales, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients indicate that the results of the RIB model are more significantly correlated to observed values than those of the CRD method. The Spearman correlation coefficients between rainfall and observed WLF together with recharge estimates obtained from other methods in these areas demonstrate that the recharge estimates on a monthly basis are more realistic than those on a daily basis. Through sensitivity analysis, the model was found to be particularly sensitive to specific yield, particularly when applied to the TMG aquifer system; the estimated recharge rate may become unrealistic with a high specific yield value.
We conclude that the RIB model is a simple and efficient method to estimate groundwater recharge and fill water level data gaps in shallow unconfined aquifers where groundwater levels respond distinctly to rainfall. With different rainfall and/ or abstraction inputs, different scenarios can be simulated to estimate the water level fluctuations and calculate recharge, which could provide valuable information for water managers. It is not a data-intensive method but a good knowledge of the hydraulic properties of the aquifer is required.
There are ample opportunities for application of the RIB model in similar regions. In this paper, 2 case studies with 2 different types of geology were presented using this model. Discussion of the limitations of RIB indicates that the model is best suited for shallow unconfined aquifers with relatively low transmissivity. Due to limited available data, only recharge estimates at daily and monthly basis are simulated. The utility of the model could be further explored using more data collected in different climatic areas under different hydrogeological conditions.
The authors acknowledge funding by the Vlaamse Inter-universitaire Raad (VLIR) and the Water Research Commission (Pretoria, South Africa). Riverlands Nature Reserve and Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve are thanked for providing the experimental sites. Finally, we would like to thank two- anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and very valuable suggestions.
BAALOUSHA H (2005) Using CRD method for quantification of groundwater recharge in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Environ. Geol. 48 889-900. [ Links ]
BEEKMAN HE, XU Y (2003) Review of groundwater recharge estimation in arid and semi-arid southern Africa. In: Xu Y and Beekman HE (eds.) Groundwater Recharge Estimation in Southern Africa. UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, Paris. [ Links ]
BREDENKAMP DB and VOGEL JC (1970) Study of a dolomitic aquifer with carbon-14 and tritium. Isotope Hydrology, Proc. Symp. IAEA, 9-13 March 1970, Vienna. 349-372. [ Links ]
BREDENKAMP DB, SCHUTTE JM and DU TOIT GJ (1974) Recharge of a dolomitic aquifer as determined from tritium profiles. Isotope Techniques in Groundwater Hydrology 1974, IAEA, Vienna. 73-94. [ Links ]
BREDENKAMP DB, BOTHA LJ, VAN TONDER GJ and VAN RENSBURG HJ (1995) Manual on Quantitative Estimation of Groundwater Recharge and Aquifer Storativity. WRC Report No. TT 73/95. Water Research Commission, Pretoria. [ Links ]
BREDENKAMP DB and VANDOOLAEGHE MAC (1982) Die Ontginbare Grondwater Potensiaal van die Atlantis Gebied. Gh Report 3227. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry: Directorate of Geohydrology, Cape Town. [ Links ]
BREDENKAMP DB (1982) Evaluering van die Waterpotensiaal van die Kussande by Atlantis Volgens 'n Wiskundige Model van die Grondwaterstelsel en Beramings van die Interferensie tus-sen Boorgate. Gh Report 3233. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry: Directorate of Geohydrology, Pretoria. [ Links ]
CONRAD J, NEL J and WENTZEL J (2004) The challenges and implications of assessing groundwater recharge: A case study - northern Sandveld, Western Cape, South Africa. Water SA 30 (5) 75-81. [ Links ]
CROSBIE RS, BINNING P and KALMA JD (2005) A time series approach to inferring groundwater recharge using the water table fluctuation method. Water Resour. Res. 41 1-9. [ Links ]
CROSBIE RS, JOLLY ID, LEANEY FW and PETHERAM C (2010) Can the dataset of field based recharge estimates in Australia be used to predict recharge in data-poor areas? Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 14 2023-2038. [ Links ]
DE VRIES JJ and VON HOYER M (1988) Groundwater recharge studies in semi-arid Botswana - a review. In: Simmers I (ed.) Estimation of Natural Groundwater Recharge. NATO ASI Series C222. Reidel, Dordrecht. 339-348. [ Links ]
DE VRIES JJ, SELAOLO ET and BEEKMAN HE (2000) Groundwater recharge in the Kalahari, with reference to paleo-hydrologic conditions. J. Hydrol. 238 1-2 110-123. [ Links ]
DWAF (2006) Groundwater resource assessment. Task 3aE recharge. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. [ Links ]
FENELON JM (2000) Quality assurance and analysis of water levels in wells on Pahute Mesa and vicinity, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada. USGS Water Resources Investigation Report 00-4014. United States Geological Survey, Reston. [ Links ]
HAY ER, RIEMANN K, BROWN C, COLVIN C and LUGER M (2004) TMG Aquifer feasibility study and pilot project ecological and environmental Report No. 3389F/9944 47-49. [ Links ]
HEALY RW (2010) Estimating Groundwater Recharge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. JIA HL (2007) Groundwater resource evaluation in Table Mountain Group Aquifer systems. Ph.D. thesis, University of the Western Cape. [ Links ]
JOVANOVIC NZ, ISRAEL S, TREDOUX G, SOLTAU L, LE MAITRE D, RUSINGA F, ROZANOV A and VAN DER MERWE N (2009) Nitrogen dynamics in land cleared of alien vegetation (Acacia saligna) and impacts on groundwater at Riverlands Nature Reserve (Western Cape, South Africa). Water SA 35 (1) 37-44. [ Links ]
LIN L (2007) Hydraulic properties of the Table Mountain Group (TMG) Aquifers. Ph.D. thesis, University of the Western Cape. [ Links ]
MAZOR E, VERHAGEN BTH, SELLSCHOP JPF, JONES MT, ROBINS NS, HUTTON L and JENNINGS CMH (1977) Northern Kalahari groundwaters: hydrologic, isotopic and chemical studies at Orapa, Botswana. J. Hydrol. 34 203-234. [ Links ]
RASOULZADEH A and MOOSAVI S AA (2007) Study of groundwater recharge in the vicinity of Tashk Lake area. Iran. J. Sci. Technol., Trans. B, Eng. 31 (B5) 509-521. [ Links ]
SAAYMAN IC, BEEKMAN HE, ADAMS S, CAMPBELL RB, CONRAD J, FEY MB, JOVANOVIC N, THOMOS A and USHER BH (2007) Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability in South Africa. WRC Report No. 1432/1/07. Water Research Commission, Pretoria. [ Links ]
SCANLON BR, HEALY RW and COOK PG (2002) Choosing appropriate techniques for quantifying groundwater recharge. Hydrogeol. J. 10 18-39. [ Links ]
SCHMIDT G and PLOETHNER D (2000) Hydrogeological investigations in the Otavi Mountain land. Prof. XXXIAH Congress on Groundwater: Past Achievements and Future Challenges, 26 November - 1 December 2000, Cape Town. 419-424. [ Links ]
SMIT PJ (1978) Groundwater recharge in the dolomite of the Ghaap Plateau near Kuruman in the Northern Cape, Republic of South Africa. Water SA 4 (2) 81-92. [ Links ]
TAMURA Y, SATO T, OOE M and ISHIGURO M (1991) A procedure for tidal analysis with a Bayesian information criterion. Geophys. J. Int. 104 507-516. [ Links ]
TOLL NJ and RASMUSSEN TC (2007) Removal of barometric pressure effects and earth tides from observed water levels. Ground Water 45 101-105. [ Links ]
VANDOOLAEGHE MAC and BERTRAM E (1982) Atlantis Grond-water-sisteem: Herevaluasie van Versekerde Lewering. Gh Report 3222. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry: Directorate of Geohydrology, Cape Town. [ Links ]
VAN TONDER GJ, BARDENHAGEN I, RIEMANN K, BOSCH KRJ, DZNANGA P and XU Y (2002) Manual on Pumping Test Analysis in Fractured-Rock Aquifers. WRC Report No. 1116/1/02. Water Research Commission, Pretoria. [ Links ]
VAN WYK E, VAN TONDER GJ and VERMEULEN D (2011) Characteristics of local groundwater recharge cycles in South African semi-arid hard rock terrains-rainwater input. Water SA 37 (2) 147-154. [ Links ]
VERHAGEN B MAZOR E and SELLSCHOP J (1974) Radiocarbon and tritium evidence for direct rain recharge to groundwaters in the Northern Kalahari. Nature 249 343-644. [ Links ]
VON ASMUTH JR, MASS K, BAKKER M and PETERSEN J (2008) Modeling time series of ground water head fluctuations subjected to multiple stresses. Ground Water 46 30-40. [ Links ]
WU Y (2005) Groundwater recharge estimation in Table Mountain Group Aquifer systems with a case study of Kammanassie area. Ph.D. thesis, University of the Western Cape. [ Links ]
XU Y and BEEKMAN HE (2003) Groundwater Recharge Estimation in Southern Africa. UNESCO IHP Series No. 64. UNESCO, Paris. [ Links ]
XU Y and VAN TONDER GJ (2001) Estimation of recharge using a revised CRD method. Water SA 27 (3) 341-344. [ Links ]
Received 23 May 2012
Accepted in revised form 6 March 2013.
* To whom all correspondence should be addressed. +27 21 959-3882; fax: +27 21 959-3118; e-mail: email@example.com
Input/output data in the rainfall infiltration breakthrough (RIB) model
ª Day, month or year
b Cumulative rainfall departure method
c Rainfall infiltration breakthrough method


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Joined: 06 Oct 2005
Posts: 16
Location: UK
Posted: Tue Apr 03, 2007 9:16 pm
Post subject: dejeuner avec les momes - dinner with kids
I'll be visiting Paris from 10-15th April. I know where to eat with friends or have a romantic tete-a-tete but, for the first time, I'll be taking my children. they're 6 and 3 years old and have adventurous tastes (they'll eat camembert and moules). Could anyone suggest a place for lunch which we'll all enjoy? We're staying in 10e but will be all over Paris. Thanks!
"there is time for work and time for love and there is no more time." Gabrielle 'Coco' Chanel
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Joined: 22 Oct 2006
Posts: 296
Location: Santa Barbara, CA
Posted: Tue Apr 03, 2007 9:36 pm
Post subject:
I don't know if this is quite what you had in mind, but if your children's adventurous tastes stretch to Jewish/Mediterranean, you and they might enjoy L'As du Fallafel in the Marais - or if you want to go somewhere a little less frenetic, Chez Marianne just up the same street (rue des Rosiers). Another nice find in the Marais is the cafe in the Swedish Cultural Centre (can't remember the street off the top of my head, but I think it's in rue Payenne), which does lovely sandwiches and salads and wicked cakes. And as far as bistros go, Wadja (rue de Grande Chaumiere, near Montparnasse) seems quite family-friendly - I've only ever been for dinner but have been past a few times on Saturday lunchtime and it seems to be a favourite family lunch spot. Hope that helps!
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Joined: 06 Oct 2005
Posts: 16
Location: UK
Posted: Thu Apr 05, 2007 5:17 pm
Post subject: thanks
I've been to Wadja in the evening and they're great. Maybe I'll go back with the children. The Swedish cultural centre is a good suggestion too - is that the one that's also the 'cafe de danse'? As for your other suggestions; they're not old enough to be fussy about what cuisine something comes from. Thanks so much for replying. I'd love to hear more suggestions from anyone else who knows...
"there is time for work and time for love and there is no more time." Gabrielle 'Coco' Chanel
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Joined: 30 Sep 2004
Posts: 1855
Location: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Posted: Thu Apr 05, 2007 5:53 pm
Post subject:
Claudine--I wish I could remember the name of them but there is a chain of Belgian "moules et frites" joints including a lovely big one on the Champs d'Elysee that would be great fun with kids! As I recall the prices and service were decent too! Perhaps one of our Parisiennes might know what I'm talking about.
Vivant Linguae Mortuae!!
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Joined: 17 Jul 2006
Posts: 140
Posted: Thu Apr 05, 2007 6:06 pm
Post subject:
the chain you're talking is "Chez Leon", but it's not very french ...you also have a chain called Hippotamus, which specializes in meat , and a nice chain with French food called "Bistro Romain", with some desserts like chocolate mousse and some courses like carpaccios which as served as many times as you want -sorry, can't remember the english for "a volonté"...thta's great with kids !
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Joined: 22 Oct 2006
Posts: 296
Location: Santa Barbara, CA
Posted: Thu Apr 05, 2007 7:47 pm
Post subject:
Glad to be of help! The Centre culturel suedois has nothing to do with the Cafe de la Danse, as far as I know... it is indeed in rue Payenne (3rd) and open noon-6pm.
Oh, and while I think of it, there's a place in the Latin Quarter called Le Bistro aux Tartes which does delicious sweet and savoury tarts. I don't remember the exact address, but it's at the top of rue de la Grange, opposite square Viviani (very close to Notre Dame).
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Research by Recent Graduates, Faculty Members Sheds New Light on Foreclosures
Recent research by Augustana class of 2012 graduates and faculty members sheds new light on home mortgage foreclosures in Sioux Falls.
"Who is Foreclosing on Whom," a research paper examining home mortgage lending and foreclosures in Sioux Falls from 2004 to 2010 by Kaleb Sturm, class of 2012, Dr. Reynold Nesiba, associate professor of economics, and Dr. David Sorenson, associate professor of economics, has been published in the June 2012 issue of the Journal of Economic Issues.
The paper uses a newly created and never before used database of foreclosures in Sioux Falls and introduces a new method of analysis to combine and analyze Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA), Census Bureau and foreclosure data.
The group's research demonstrates that foreclosures have disproportionately affected low income and minority census tracts in the city's inner core and northern neighborhoods. The paper also identifies which lenders in Sioux Falls have the highest numbers of foreclosures.
The research is part of an on-going analysis.
"Future research will more closely examine the role of both lender characteristics (local vs. out of state, bank vs. mortgage company, subprime vs. prime), loan specific characteristics (interest rate, fixed vs. variable rate, prepayment penalty or not), and neighborhood characteristics of the borrower (low, middle or high income, percentage minority) to examine the roles these variables play in influencing both residential lending patterns as well as the resulting patterns of foreclosures," the authors state in the paper's conclusion.
In addition, Sorenson recently presented "An Analysis of Home Mortgage Foreclosures In Sioux Falls, South Dakota," a research paper by Sorenson, Andrew Doshier '12, Nesiba and Sturm, at the 43rd annual Mid-Continent Regional Science Association (MCRSA) meetings held June 7-8 in Bloomington, Minn. The paper, which combined information from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data and original mortgage loan documents to investigate foreclosures in Sioux Falls of loans made in 2007, is scheduled to appear in the Association's Proceedings Issue later this summer.
"This research proved fruitful in illustrating the relationship between foreclosure stats and loan, borrower, and neighborhood characteristics. Perhaps the most important finding is the importance of loan terms, especially high interest rates, rather than any simple association with subprime lenders. Although relatively few minority borrowers are included in the dataset, reflective of the smaller minority presence in Sioux Falls when compared to larger metropolitan areas, the logit modeling clearly illustrates an increased foreclosure probability for minority borrowers," the paper concluded.
Both research initiatives were supported by an Augustana College Research and Artist Fund (ARAF) grant in the summer 2010 and the Ralph and Susie Wagoner Student-Faculty Research Project Endowment Fund during the summer and fall of 2011.


text:
Oklahoma City forward Kevin Durant wrote ``Newtown CT'' on both of his shoes. Cleveland Cavaliers coach Byron Scott struggled with his composure as he talked about the tragedy. Boston Celtics star Kevin Garnett called it ``a tough day.''
The school shooting in Connecticut hit close to home for several sports stars, and they extended their condolences over social media websites such as Twitter. Some were visibly shaken as they went about their business on Friday night, and the NFL asked each of its teams to observe a moment of silence before this weekend's games.
``I'm all over the place. Today's been a crazy day,'' Garnett said following a 101-89 loss at Houston. ``I just want to say that my condolences go out to the families that are in Connecticut. Anybody that has kids, a niece, any kind of siblings or any kind of someone that they love, it's just been a tough day. I just wanted to get it off my chest and say my condolences go out to all the parents out there. ... It's been an emotional roller-coaster today.''
A man killed his mother at their home and then opened fire inside an elementary school, slaying 26 people, including 20 children. The 20-year-old killer, carrying two handguns, committed suicide at the school.
``It's a sad day. ... It has impacted all of us,'' Golden State Warriors coach Mark Jackson said. ``I got kids, who we take for granted waking them up and sending them to school. It's just a tragedy.''
Scott paused a couple of times as he talked about what happened in Newtown, a small community about 60 miles northeast of New York City.
``I have three healthy kids and a beautiful granddaughter,'' he said. ``When you hear about kids who are that young and don't get a chance to live because of something that's so senseless as somebody going in and doing the things that this person did, I think it affects everybody. It puts everything in the right perspective as well. As much as we love this game, this doesn't mean nothing.''
From the full slate of NBA games to high school and college football finals, there were moments of silences at sporting events of all sizes. The overhead videoboard at the Barclays Center showed a candle and the town seal of Newtown as the Nets and Pistons paused for reflection before their game in Brooklyn.
``I wish I could do more,'' Durant said of the message on his shoes. ``But it hit me really hard. It's tough to see, especially kids that couldn't do anything for themselves. Words can't even describe it. I'm kind of at a loss for words right now.''
The NFL sent a memo asking for each of its teams to observe a moment of silence before this weekend's games.
``This shocking event has brought the nation together in grieving for the victims and their families as well as the survivors,'' the note read. ``We believe it is appropriate and important for us to collectively recognize and participate in the grieving process at our games this weekend, as we have done on other occasions.''
The NFL dealt with a shooting tragedy a couple weeks ago when Kansas City Chiefs linebacker Jovan Belcher killed his girlfriend before committing suicide in a parking lot at Arrowhead Stadium. Then Dallas Cowboys defensive lineman Josh Brent was charged with intoxication manslaughter on Dec. 8 after he flipped his car in a pre-dawn accident that killed teammate Jerry Brown.
Many athletes took to social media websites to process what happened in Connecticut, discussing their shock and horror, and openly worrying about their kids at school.
``Innocent victims just gone,'' Miami Heat star LeBron James said in a series of posts on Twitter. ``This is really messing with my mind. Kids is everything to me! And of course i have 2 of my own in elementary school as well. I can't imagine it happening to my kids school. I and the rest of the families would be devastated! Something has to be done.''
Golfer John Daly talked about home schooling his children, and outspoken Minnesota Vikings punter Chris Kluwe wondered about the road ahead.
``The way we deal with this tragedy in CT will tell us a lot about where we're headed as a society. Do we only address the symptoms (i.e. just gun control laws)? Or do we also address the disease - how we treat each other and those who need help,'' Kluwe said in a couple of posts on Twitter.
There also was some anger.
Montreal Canadiens captain Brian Gionta tweeted: ``Not sure if there is anything lower than harming innocent children.'' He ended the tweet with a hashtag of ``coward,'' then was critical of the media interviewing young children outside the school.
``At some point, we've got to get past bureaucracy and all the nonsense and do something about this so our kids can be safe,'' said New Orleans Hornets coach Monty Williams, who has five children ranging in age from 2 to 14.
``If we can go to outer space and take care of trees and rivers and animals, we can do a better job of taking care of our kids. It's just a sad situation.''


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