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About Bounce Fitness
Bounce Fitness is a cutting-edge entertainment, fitness, and sports facility, unlike anything you have ever experienced. The ultimate venue for active social outings, intense individual workouts, and memorable birthday parties.
Bounce Fitness is one of the best indoor trampoline parks. We give you one of the greatest workouts ever combined with awesome, healthy fun. We've been voted the number one "out of the box" workout and the "best party ever." Experience WOW – the weightlessness of bouncing, flipping, and landing in a pit filled with 10,000 foam cubes.
We are dedicated to providing you with the pure joy that comes with flying. We are sky lovers, thrill seekers and people who believe that jumping is freedom. We believe fitness can be fun and play can be smart. We are healthy and bursting with energy. We fly high and keep it safe. We are Bounce Fitness.
VR games | Simulator Games | Cafe | Party hall | Full Functional Kitchen | Junior Trampoline Area | 2 Foam Pits | Rock Climbing | Vertical Wall | Rope Climbing | Body Zorb | Slam Dunk Basketball
Junior Trampoline Area - With more than 50 trampoline beds, Bounce Fitness Bend's premier family fun destination. Fight your way across the Gladiator Beam, challenge your friends to a Slam Dunk contest, join a sky-high game of Dodge-ball, or learn freestyle acrobatics at the Trick Pit.
Vertical Wall
Climb to the top of the wall and reward yourself with a slide to the bottom. Then repeat. Perfect for the little ones but also, who doesn't love a slide? Kids will enjoy the challenge, plus it's the perfect way for your mini ninjas to burn off extra energy.
Body Zorb
Ever heard of Body Zorbing? Maybe yes, maybe not. But one thing is for sure: this high-energy high-fun pastime is taking the world of dynamic sports by storm! Picture yourself enclosed in a large inflatable capsule and being used as a bowling ball.
Rope Climbing
The laws of gravity need not apply here! Hook your rig to our zip line and get ready to test your wits and agility on our ropes course. With such a wide-range of creative challenges and obstacles in varying levels of difficulty, everyone is guaranteed to have a great time.
2 Foam Pits
Test out your wildest tricks here, before face planting into big soft foam cubes before you try it again. The Foam Pit is the closest you'll ever get to playing in a cloud. No matter your skill level, no matter how unpolished your tricks might look, the foam pit rewards every attempt with a big, giant, cushiony hug.
Rock Climbing
Rock Climbing is the ultimate multi-level skill challenge and nothing short of amazing. Take your time and successfully climb your way to victory, or race your friends to see who can be crowned king or queen. The first one to climb to the top and ring the buzzer wins!
Slam Dunk Basketball
Impress your friends with your Slam Dunk skills! Bounce Fitness offers you the chance to fly like Michael Jordan and dunk like Kobe Bryant in our trampoline basketball court, we call this Slam Dunk Trampoline Basketball! This is a super fun experience on our Trampolines that will let you try all your best basketball tricks that you can imagine and have always wanted to try.
VR Games
The first VR experiences in Bounce Fitness! An experience you can't describe! Games & Experiences for the whole family. EXPERIENCE the most ACTIVE FUN you can have in the virtual and real world in ONE PLACE!
Simulator Games
3D High Definition surrounds visuals, 4D set up, infra-red sensors — the virtual world like you have never seen before. Sit in our specially-crafted motion simulators, race against time or each other on our multiplayer car simulator. This is the closest you'll get to your F1 dream. Go speed racer, go!
Bounce Fitness has a Cafeteria for Parents & visitors with a complete view of Trampoline park; watch kids having fun while enjoying your meals. Quality food with great taste will leave you crazy, its a place to spend quality time with your loved ones.
Party Hall
Looking for kids birthday parties venues? For a truly memorable kids birthday party come to Bounce Fitness trampoline park. We've got different packages depending on the age of the party members and lots of different food options and add-ons.
All participants must have a Bounce Fitness Trampoline Park waiver prior to beginning their jump.
Bounce Fitness Trampoline Park offers a few options for you to complete your waiver. Waivers may be completed online ahead of time, you may print out a copy of our waiver to complete and bring with you during your visit, or you may complete a waiver at the waiver station when you arrive. Remember you must be at least 18 years old to fill out a waiver. Those 18 and under must have a waiver completed by a parent or guardian. Read the Bounce Fitness Code of Conduct Below:
Bounce Fitness Trampoline Park. Waiver
In consideration of the services of Bounce Fitness Trampoline Park, together with all agents, owners, managers, successors, affiliates, sponsors, landlords, partners, investors, participants, volunteers, employees, and all other persons or entities acting in any capacity on behalf of the previously named company, collectively referred to as Bounce Fitness, I hereby agree to release, indemnify, and discharge Bounce Fitness, on behalf of myself, my spouse, my children, my parents, my heirs, my wards, assigns, personal representatives and estate as follows:
I, the undersigned adult listed below, am at least 18 years of age. On my own behalf, and on the behalf of the below listed participants under the age of 18 ("minors"), as their parent, legal guardian or custodian, knowingly, voluntarily, and freely accept and assume any and all risks, both known and unknown, of injuries or other loss or damage that may be suffered while on Bounce Fitness premises, however caused, even if caused in whole or in part by the action, inaction or negligence of Bounce Fitness.
I represent that I have full authority as a parent or legal guardian of the below-listed minors.
I understand that risks simply cannot be eliminated without jeopardizing the essential qualities of the activity and I expressly agree and promise to accept and assume all of the risks voluntarily existing in these activities. Such risks include, but are not limited to, cuts and bruises, falls, broken bones, injuries to wrists, arms, legs, ankles, backs, heads and necks, injuries from flips or contact with other participants, spinal injuries and/or death, and which may occur as a result of use or misuse of the facility in any way by anyone, use of equipment that malfunctions or breaks, and/or improper maintenance of the facility, grounds, or equipment. Further, I have explained these risks to the listed minors. I certify that I and/or the listed minors are in good physical condition for the activities in which I and/or they will be participating and certify that I and/or they do not have any medical condition that may preclude me and/or them from safely participating.
I, on my own behalf, and on the behalf of the listed minors, expressly waive any and all claims, suits or demands for personal injury, property damage or other loss against Bounce Fitness, including but not limited to any and all negligence, negligent supervision and/or negligent instruction, faulty equipment, or the activities of others. To the fullest extent permitted by law, this waiver is intended to be a complete release of Bounce Fitness for any and all responsibility for personal injuries, property damage or loss, or death sustained by me or any of the listed minors on Bounce Fitness property, whether arising out of or resulting from my or their participation in activities, use of trampolines or other equipment, parking lots, premises and facilities. This release applies forever, for any date in the future including today's date, that I or the listed minors may visit the Bounce Fitness facility, and is further binding on the heirs, representatives and estates of the undersigned and minors.
I expressly and voluntarily agree to waive, release, acquit and forever discharge Bounce Fitness and agree to defend, indemnify and hold harmless Bounce Fitness from and against all claims, damages, injuries, expenses, or death arising out of or resulting from administering of or failing to administer medical assistance to me or any of the listed minors. I certify that I have adequate insurance to cover any injury or damage that I may cause or suffer while participating, or else I agree to bear the costs of such injury or damage myself. I grant Bounce Fitness the right to request emergency medical services for me and/or the listed minors in the event Bounce Fitness deem a situation medically necessary and I agree to cover any and all associated expenses.
Bounce Fitness is hereby granted the right to photograph and/or video record me and/or the listed minors and allowed to use my or their name, voice and appearance in connection with social media and promotional materials. I acknowledge and agree that the rights granted to this release are without compensation of any kind.
I, for myself and for the listed minors as their parent, legal guardian or legally authorized custodian, have carefully read this agreement, fully understand its terms, and sign it freely and voluntarily. I understand that I have given up substantial rights by signing it, and agree to be bound by its terms for myself and on behalf of the listed minors. If any portion of this agreement is found to be void or unenforceable by Indian law, the remaining portion shall remain in full force and effect.
Information provided will strictly not be shared to third parties for marketing or another such gain. It is solely to establish proof of consent to the terms of this waiver.


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The swastika (also known as the gammadion cross, cross cramponnée, or manji) is a symbol that generally takes the form of an equilateral cross, with its four legs bent at 90 degrees (as a Chinese character: 卐 or 卍).[1][2] It was throughout the world considered a very important symbol. It is today considered to be a very sacred and auspicious symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.[3]
It has been used as a decorative element in various cultures since at least the Neolithic, and is found on a man's tunic depicted in a Roman mosaic at the Villa Romana del Casale in Sicily. It is known most widely as an important symbol long used in Indian religions, denoting "auspiciousness." It was adopted as such in pre-World War I-Europe and later, and most notably, by the Nazi Party and Nazi Germany prior to World War II . Because of its use in Nazism, in many Western countries the swastika has been stigmatized since that time.[4] It continues to be commonly used as a religious symbol in Hinduism and Buddhism.[3]
The word swastika derives from the Sanskrit svastika "lucky or auspicious object". The older term gammadion cross in Western literature derives mainly from its appearance, which is identical to four Greek gamma letters affixed to each other.
- 1 Names
- 2 Symbol in various scripts
- 3 Geometry
- 4 Origin hypotheses
- 5 Archeological record
- 6 Worldwide use
- 6.1 Asia
- 6.2 Europe
- 6.3 North America
- 7 As the symbol of Nazism
- 8 Post-WWII stigmatization
- 9 Contemporary use in Asia
- 10 New religious movements
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 Bibliography
- 14 External links
The word swastika has been in use in English since the 1870s, replacing gammadion (from Greek γαμμάδιον).[5] It was loaned from the Sanskrit term svastika (Devanagari: स्वस्तिक), meaning any lucky or auspicious object, and in particular a mark made on persons and things to denote auspiciousness, or any piece of luck or well-being. It is composed of su- meaning "good, well" and asti "being"; the suffix -ka either forms a diminutive or intensifies the verbal meaning, and suastika might thus be translated literally as "that which is associated with well-being," corresponding to "lucky charm" or "thing that is auspicious."[6] The word finds its origin in Vedic Sanskrit. As noted by Monier-Williams in his Sanskrit-English dictionary, according to Alexander Cunningham, its shape represents a monogram formed by interlacing of the letters of the auspicious words su-astí (svasti) written in Ashokan characters.[7]
Other names for the symbol include:
- hook cross (German: Hakenkreuz), angled cross (German: Winkelkreuz) or crooked cross (German: Krummkreuz).
- cross cramponned, cramponnée, or cramponny, in heraldry, as each arm resembles a Crampon or angle-iron (German: Winkelmaßkreuz).
- fylfot, chiefly in heraldry and architecture. The term was coined in the 19th century based on a misunderstanding of a Renaissance manuscript.
- gammadion, tetragammadion (Greek: τετραγαμμάδιον), or cross gammadion (Latin: crux gammata; French: croix gammée), as each arm resembles the Greek letter Γ (gamma).[1]
- tetraskelion (Greek: τετρασκέλιον), literally meaning "four legged", especially when composed of four conjoined legs (compare triskelion (Greek: τρισκέλιον)).
Symbol in various scripts
The swastika has been a standardized Chinese character "卍" (pinyin: wàn) and as such entered various other East Asian languages such as Japanese where the symbol is called "卍" (Hepburn: manji) or "卍字" (manji). The swastika is included as part of the Chinese script and has Unicode encodings U+534D 卍 (left-facing) and U+5350 卐 (right-facing);[8] the latter has a mapping in the original Big5 character set,[9] but the former does not (although it is in Big5+[10]). In Unicode 5.2, four swastika symbols were added to the Tibetan block: Template:Unichar, Template:Unichar, Template:Unichar and Template:Unichar
Geometrically, the swastika can be regarded as an irregular icosagon or 20-sided polygon. The proportions of the Nazi swastika were fixed based on a 5 × 5 diagonal grid.[11]
Characteristic is the 90° rotational symmetry and chirality, hence the absence of reflectional symmetry, and the existence of two versions of swastikas that are each other's mirror image.
The mirror-image forms are often described as:
- clockwise (卐) and counterclockwise (卍);
- left-facing (卍) and right-facing (卐);
- left-hand (卍) and right-hand (卐).
Origin hypotheses
The earliest known object with swastika-motifs is a bird from the tusk of a mammoth from the paleolithic settlement of Mezine, Ukraine dated to 10,000 BCE.[12]
Among the earliest cultures utilizing swastika is the neolithic Vinča culture of South-East Europe (see Vinča symbols). More extensive use of the Swastika can be traced to Ancient India, during the Indus Valley Civilization.
The swastika is a repeating design, created by the edges of the reeds in a square basket-weave. Other theories attempt to establish a connection via cultural diffusion or an explanation along the lines of Carl Jung's collective unconscious.
The genesis of the swastika symbol is often treated in conjunction with cross symbols in general, such as the sun cross of pagan Bronze Age religion. Beyond its certain presence in the "proto-writing" symbol systems emerging in the Neolithic,[13] nothing certain is known about the symbol's origin. There are nevertheless a number of speculative hypotheses. One hypothesis is that the cross symbols and the swastika share a common origin in simply symbolizing the sun. Another hypothesis is that the 4 arms of the cross represent 4 aspects of nature - the sun, wind, water, soil. Some have said the 4 arms of cross are four seasons, where the division for 90-degree sections correspond to the solstices and equinoxes. The Hindus represent it as the Universe in our own spiral galaxy in the fore finger of Lord Vishnu. This carries most significance in establishing the creation of the Universe and the arms as 'kal' or time, a calendar that is seen to be more advanced than the lunar calendar where the seasons drift from calendar year to calendar year. The luni-solar solution for correcting season drift was to intercalate an extra month in certain years to restore the lunar cycle to the solar-season cycle. The Star of David is thought to originate as a symbol of that calendar system, where the two overlapping triangles are seen to form a partition of 12 sections around the perimeter with a 13th section in the middle, representing the 12 and sometimes 13 months to a year. As such, the Christian cross, Jewish hexagram star and the Muslim crescent moon are seen to have their origins in different views regarding which calendar system is preferred for marking holy days. Groups in higher latitudes experience the seasons more strongly, offering more advantage to the calendar represented by the swastika/cross. (Note relation to the sun cross.)
According to Reza Assasi, Swastika is a geometric pattern in the sky representing the north ecliptic pole centred to Zeta Draconis. He argues that this primitive astrological symbol was later called the four-horse chariot of Mithra in ancient Iran and represented the centre of Ecliptic in the star map and also demonstrates that in Iranian mythology, the cosmos was believed to be pulled by four heavenly horses revolving around a fixed centre on clockwise direction possibly because of a geocentric understanding of an astronomical phenomenon called axial precession. He suggests that this notion was transmitted to the west and flourished in Roman mithraism in which this symbol appears in Mithraic iconography and astrological representations.[14]
Carl Sagan in his book Comet (1985) reproduces Han period Chinese manuscript (the Book of Silk, 2nd century BC) that shows comet tail varieties: most are variations on simple comet tails, but the last shows the comet nucleus with four bent arms extending from it, recalling a swastika. Sagan suggests that in antiquity a comet could have approached so close to Earth that the jets of gas streaming from it, bent by the comet's rotation, became visible, leading to the adoption of the swastika as a symbol across the world.[15] Bob Kobres in Comets and the Bronze Age Collapse (1992) contends that the swastika like comet on the Han Dynasty silk comet atlas was labeled a "long tailed pheasant star" (Di-Xing) because of its resemblance to a bird's foot or track. Kobres goes on to suggest an association of mythological birds and comets also outside China.
In Life's Other Secret (1999), Ian Stewart suggests the ubiquitous swastika pattern arises when parallel waves of neural activity sweep across the visual cortex during states of altered consciousness, producing a swirling swastika-like image, due to the way quadrants in the field of vision are mapped to opposite areas in the brain.[16]
Alexander Cunningham suggested that the Buddhist use of the shape arose from a combination of Brahmi characters abbreviating the words su astí.[7]
In his book The Apocalypse Unsealed (1981), Robert F. Riggs lists the swastika as one of several variations of the quadratura circuli, other examples being oriental mandalas and the Latin cross with the circle of eternity (i.e. the Celtic cross). He notes that the Tetrad 4 (square, cross, or cube) symbolizes the world of man, and a circle (or sphere) symbolizes heaven, the realm of the spirit, and heavenly virtues. As such, the combination of circles, crosses, spheres, and cubes, as found in various forms of the quadratura circuli, symbolize the union of heaven and earth.[17]
Archeological record
The earliest swastika known has been found in Mezine, Ukraine. It is carved on late paleolithic figurine of mammoth ivory, being dated as early as about 10,000 BC. It has been suggested this swastika may be a stylized picture of a stork in flight and not the true swastika that is in use today.[19]England, neolithic or Bronze Age stone carvings of the symbol have been found on Ilkley Moor.
Mirror-image swastikas (clockwise and anti-clockwise) have been found on ceramic pottery in the Devetashka cave, Bulgaria, dated 6,000 B.C.[20]
Some of the earliest archaeological evidences of Swastika in the Indian subcontinent can be dated to 3,000 BCE.[21] Swastikas have also been found on pottery in archaeological digs in Africa, in the area of Kush and on pottery at the Jebel Barkal temples,[22] in Iron Age designs of the northern Caucasus (Koban culture), and in Neolithic China in the Majiabang,[23] Dawenkou and Xiaoheyan cultures.[24] Other Iron Age attestations of the swastika can be associated with Indo-European cultures such as the Indo-Iranians, Celts, Greeks, Germanic peoples and Slavs.
The swastika is also seen in Egypt during the Coptic period. Textile number T.231-1923 held at the V&A Museum in London includes small swastikas in its design. This piece was found at Qau-el-Kebir, near Asyut, and is dated between AD300-600.
The Tierwirbel (the German for "animal whorl" or "whirl of animals"[25]) is a characteristic motif in Bronze Age Central Asia, the Eurasian Steppe, and later also in Iron Age Scythian and European (Baltic[26] and Germanic) culture, showing rotational symmetric arrangement of an animal motif, often four birds' heads. Even wider diffusion of this "Asiatic" theme has been proposed, to the Pacific and even North America (especially Moundville).[27]
Worldwide use
In Asia, the swastika symbol first appears in the archaeological record around[21] 3000 BC in the Indus Valley Civilization.[28][29] It also appears in the Bronze and Iron Age cultures around the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. In all these cultures the swastika symbol does not appear to occupy any marked position or significance, but appears as just one form of a series of similar symbols of varying complexity. In the Zoroastrian religion of Persia, the swastika was a symbol of the revolving sun, infinity, or continuing creation.[30][31] It rose to importance in Buddhism during the Mauryan Empire and in Hinduism with the decline of Buddhism in India during the Gupta Empire. With the spread of Buddhism, the Buddhist swastika reached Tibet and China. The symbol was also introduced to Balinese Hinduism by Hindu kings. The use of the swastika by the Bön faith of Tibet, as well as Chinese Taoism, can also be traced to Buddhist influence. In Thailand, the word "Sawaddi" is normally used as a greeting which simply means "hello"; Sawaddi-ka (feminine) and Sawaddi-krup (masculine). "Sawaddi" derives from the Sanskrit word "swasti" and its meaning is a combination of the words: prosperity, luck, security, glory, and good.
The swastika is an important Hindu symbol. It is traced with the finger with sindoor on the head or body during Hindu religious rites, and on doors on festival days - notably on diwali, or deepavalli. It is painted on many, if not most, three-wheel auto-rikshas and trucks. In all these uses it is a lucky charm protecting from evil and attracting good.
It is also said to represents God (the Brahman) in his universal manifestation, and energy (Shakti). It represents the four directions of the world (the four faces of Brahma). It also represents the Purushartha: Dharma (natural order), Artha (wealth), Kama (desire), and Moksha (liberation).
Among the Hindus of Bengal, it is common to see the name "swastika" (Bengali: স্বস্তিক shostik) applied to a slightly different symbol, which has the same significance as the common swastika, that looks like a stick figure of a human being.[32] Right-facing swastika in the decorative Hindu form is used to evoke the Shakti.
Buddhism originated in the 5th century BC and spread throughout the Indian subcontinent. In the 3rd century BC (Maurya Empire). Known as a "yungdrung"[33] in ancient Tibet, it was a graphical representation of eternity.[34]
Jainism gives even more prominence to the swastika as a tantra than Hinduism does. It is a symbol of the seventh tīrthaṅkara, Suparśvanātha. In the Śvētāmbara tradition, it is also one of the aṣṭamaṅgala. All Jain temples and holy books must contain the swastika and ceremonies typically begin and end with creating a swastika mark several times with rice around the altar. Jains use rice to make a swastika in front of statues and then put an offering on it, usually a ripe or dried fruit, a sweet (Hindi: मिठाई miṭhāī), or a coin or currency note. The four arms of the swastika symbolize the four places where a soul could be reborn in the cycle of birth and death - svarga "heaven", naraka "hell", manushya "humanity" or tiryancha "as flora or fauna" - before the soul attains moksha "salvation" as a siddha, having ended the cycle of birth and death and become free and omniscient.
Other East Asian traditions
The paired swastika symbols are included, at least since the Liao Dynasty (AD 907–1125), as part of the Chinese writing system (卍 and 卐) and are variant characters for 萬 or 万 (wàn in Mandarin, man in Korean, Cantonese and Japanese, vạn in Vietnamese) meaning "all" or "eternity" (lit. myriad). The swastika marks the beginning of many Buddhist scriptures. In East Asian countries, the left-facing character is often used as symbol for Buddhism and marks the site of a Buddhist temple on maps.
In Chinese, Japanese, and Korean the swastika is also a homonym of the number 10,000, and is commonly used to represent the whole of Creation, e.g. 'the myriad things' in the Dao De Jing. During the Chinese Tang Dynasty, Empress Wu Zetian (684-704) decreed that the swastika would also be used as an alternative symbol of the Sun.
When the Chinese writing system was introduced to Japan in the 8th century, the swastika was adopted into the Japanese language and culture, with the meaning remained unchanged but slight change on its pronunciation. It is commonly referred as the manji (lit. Man-character). Since the Middle Ages, it has been used as a mon by various Japanese families such as Tsugaru clan, Hachisuka clan or around 60 clans that belong to Tokugawa clan.[35] On Japanese maps, a swastika (left-facing and horizontal) is used to mark the location of a Buddhist temple. The right-facing manji is often referred to as the gyaku manji (逆卍?, lit. "reverse manji") or migi manji (右卍?, lit. "right manji"), and can also be called kagi jūji (鉤十字?, literally "hook cross").
In Chinese and Japanese art, the swastika is often found as part of a repeating pattern. One common pattern, called sayagata in Japanese, comprises left- and right-facing swastikas joined by lines.[36] As the negative space between the lines has a distinctive shape, the sayagata pattern is sometimes called the "key fret" motif in English.
As a pottery graph of unknown provision and meaning the swastika-like sign is known in Chinese Neolithic culture (2400–2000 BCE, Liu wan 柳湾, Qinghai province).
In Armenia swastika is called "arevakhach" and "kerkhach" (Armenian: կեռխաչ)[37][dubious ] and is the ancient symbol of eternity and eternal light (i.e. God). Swastikas in Armenia were founded on petroglyphs. During the bronze age it was depicted on cauldrons, belts, medallions and other items.[38] Among the oldest petroglyphs is the seventh letter of the Armenian alphabet - "E" (which means "is" or "to be") - depicted as half-swastika.
Swastikas can also be seen on early Medieval churches and fortresses, including the principal tower in Armenia's historical capital city of Ani.[37] The same symbol can be found on Armenian carpets, cross-stones (khachkar) and in medieval manuscripts, as well as on modern monuments (symbol of eternity).[39]
In Bronze Age Europe, the "Sun cross" (a three- or four-armed hooked cross in a circle) appears frequently, often interpreted as a solar symbol. Swastika shapes have been found on numerous artifacts from Iron Age Europe - Armenian Arevakhach(Armenian: Արևախաչ, արև arev "sun" + խաչ xač "cross", "sun cross"),[37][40][41] Greco-Roman, Illyrian, Etruscan, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Slavic.[1]
Greco-Roman antiquity
Ancient Greek architectural, clothing and coin designs are replete with single or interlinking swastika motifs. There are also gold plate fibulae from the 8th century BC decorated with an engraved swastika.[42] Related symbols in classical Western architecture include the cross, the three-legged triskele or triskelion and the rounded lauburu. The swastika symbol is also known in these contexts by a number of names, especially gammadion,[43] or rather the tetra-gammadion. The name gammadion comes from the fact that it can be seen as being made up of four Greek gamma (Γ) letters. Ancient Greek priestesses would tattoo the symbol, along with the tetraskelion, on their bodies. Ancient Greek architectural designs are replete with the interlinking symbol.
In Greco-Roman art and architecture, and in Romanesque and Gothic art in the West, isolated swastikas are relatively rare, and the swastika is more commonly found as a repeated element in a border or tessellation. The swastika often represented perpetual motion, reflecting the design of a rotating windmill or watermill. A meander of connected swastikas makes up the large band that surrounds the Augustan Ara Pacis. A design of interlocking swastikas is one of several tessellations on the floor of the cathedral of Amiens, France.[44] A border of linked swastikas was a common Roman architectural motif,[45] and can be seen in more recent buildings as a neoclassical element. A swastika border is one form of meander, and the individual swastikas in such a border are sometimes called Greek keys. There have also been swastikas found on the floors of Pompeii.[46]
The bronze frontispiece of a ritual pre-Christian (c. 350-50 BC) shield found in the River Thames near Battersea Bridge (hence "Battersea Shield") is embossed with 27 swastikas in bronze and red enamel.[47] An Ogham stone found in Anglish, Co Kerry, Ireland (CIIC 141) was modified into an early Christian gravestone, and was decorated with a cross pattée and two swastikas.[48] The Book of Kells (ca. 800) contains swastika-shaped ornamentation. At the Northern edge of Ilkley Moor in West Yorkshire, there is a swastika-shaped pattern engraved in a stone known as the Swastika Stone.[49] The figure in the foreground of the picture is a 20th-century replica; the original carving can be seen a little farther away, at left of center.
Germanic Iron Age
The swastika shape (also called a fylfot) appears on various Germanic Migration Period and Viking Age artifacts, such as the 3rd century Værløse Fibula from Zealand, Denmark, the Gothic spearhead from Brest-Litovsk, today in Belarus, the 9th century Snoldelev Stone from Ramsø, Denmark, and numerous Migration Period bracteates drawn left-facing or right-facing.[50]
The pagan Anglo-Saxon ship burial at Sutton Hoo, England, contained numerous items bearing the swastika, now housed in the collection of the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.[51] The Swastika is clearly marked on a hilt and sword belt found at Bifrons in Kent, in a grave of about the 6th century.
Hilda Ellis Davidson theorized that the swastika symbol was associated with Thor, possibly representing his hammer Mjolnir - symbolic of thunder - and possibly being connected to the Bronze Age sun cross.[51] Davidson cites "many examples" of the swastika symbol from Anglo-Saxon graves of the pagan period, with particular prominence on cremation urns from the cemeteries of East Anglia.[51] Some of the swastikas on the items, on display at the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, are depicted with such care and art that, according to Davidson, it must have possessed special significance as a funerary symbol.[51] The runic inscription on the 8th-century Sæbø sword has been taken as evidence of the swastika as a symbol of Thor in Norse paganism.
Swastika was widespread among the Illyrians, symbolizing the Sun. The Sun cult was the main Illyrian cult, and the Sun was represented by a swastika in clockwise motion, and it stood for the movement of the Sun.[52]
The Słoneczko (lit. "little sun") is an Early Slavic pagan symbol of the sun. It was engraved on wooden monuments built near the final resting places of fallen Slavs to represent eternal life.[53] The symbol was first seen in a collection of Early Slavic symbols and architectural features drawn and compiled by Polish painter Stanisław Jakubowski, which he named Prasłowiańskie motywy architektoniczne (Polish: Early Slavic Architectural Motifs).[53] His work of art was published in 1923, by a publishing house that was then based in the Dębniki district of Kraków.[53] Symbol can also be found on embroidery and pottery in most Slavic countries.
In contemporary times, Słoneczko has become known in Russia as Коловрат (Kolovrat - lit. "spinning wheel"). Russian neopagans have adopted it as a traditional symbol of the pre-Christian Slavic faith. The neopagans say that Коловрат is a native Russian name for the swastika as a solar symbol. However, according to the historian and theologian Роман Багдасаров (Roman Bagdasarov), no known historical sources referring to the swastika as "Kolovrat" have been discovered in Russia.[citation needed]
Коловрат has also been appropriated by nationalist organizations and Neo-Nazis in Russia, who claim it is an ancient symbol that is exclusive to the East Slavs.
Similar words to Коловрат in other Slavic languages include the Polish Kołowrót and the Slovak Kolovrátok, both of which are used solely to describe the wheel and axle and usually have no connotations with the symbol originally known in Polish as Słoneczko.[citation needed]
An object very much like a hammer or a double axe is depicted among the magical symbols on the drums of Sami shamans, used in their religious ceremonies before Christianity was established. The name of the Sami thunder god was Horagalles, thought to be derived from "Old Man Thor" (Þórr karl). Sometimes on the drums, a male figure with a hammer-like object in either hand is shown, and sometimes it is more like a cross with crooked ends, or a swastika.[51]
Medieval and early modern Europe
In Christianity, the swastika is used as a hooked version of the Christian Cross, the symbol of Christ's victory over death. Some Christian churches built in the Romanesque and Gothic eras are decorated with swastikas, carrying over earlier Roman designs. Swastikas are prominently displayed in a mosaic in the St. Sophia church of Kiev, Ukraine dating from the 12th century. They also appear as a repeating ornamental motif on a tomb in the Basilica of St. Ambrose in Milan.[citation needed]
A ceiling painted in 1910 in the church of St Laurent in Grenoble has many swastikas. It can be visited today because the church became the archaeological museum of the city. A proposed direct link between it and a swastika floor mosaic in the Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens, which was built on top of a pagan site at Amiens, France in the 13th century, is considered unlikely. The stole worn by a priest in the 1445 painting of the Seven Sacraments by Rogier van der Weyden presents the swastika form simply as one way of depicting the cross. Swastikas also appear on the vestments on the effigy of Bishop William Edington (d. 1366) in Winchester Cathedral, as can be seen at File:Winchestercathedralheadonwilliamedingtontomb.jpg.
In the Polish First Republic the symbol of the swastika was also popular with the nobility. According to chronicles, the Rus' prince Oleg, who in the 9th century attacked Constantinople, nailed his shield (which had a large red swastika painted on it) to the city's gates.[54] Several noble houses, e.g. Boreyko, Borzym, and Radziechowski from Ruthenia, also had Swastikas as their coat of arms. The family reached its greatness in the 14th and 15th centuries and its crest can be seen in many heraldry books produced at that time. The Swastika was also a heraldic symbol, for example on the Boreyko coat of arms, used by noblemen in Poland and Ukraine. In the 19th century the swastika was one of the Russian empire's symbols; it was even placed in coins as a background to the Russian eagle.[55][56]
Freemasons also gave the swastika symbol importance. In medieval Northern European Runic Script, a counter-clockwise swastika denotes the letter 'G,' and could stand for the important Freemason terms God, Great Architect of the Universe, or Geometry.[57]
A swastika can be seen on stonework at Valle Crucis Abbey, near Llangollen.
Early 20th-century Europe
In the Western world, the symbol experienced a resurgence following the archaeological work in the late 19th century of Heinrich Schliemann, who discovered the symbol in the site of ancient Troy and associated it with the ancient migrations of Proto-Indo-Europeans, whose proto-language was not incidentally termed "Proto-Indo-Germanisch" by German language historians. He connected it with similar shapes found on ancient pots in Germany, and theorized that the swastika was a "significant religious symbol of our remote ancestors", linking Germanic, Greek and Indo-Iranian cultures.[58][59] By the early 20th century, it was used worldwide and was regarded as a symbol of good luck and success.
The work of Schliemann soon became intertwined with the völkisch movements, for which the swastika was a symbol of the "Aryan race", a concept that came to be equated by theorists such as Alfred Rosenberg with a Nordic master race originating in northern Europe. Since its adoption by the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler, the swastika has been associated with Nazism, fascism, racism in its (white supremacy) form, the Axis powers in World War II, and the Holocaust in much of the West. The swastika remains a core symbol of Neo-Nazi groups, and is used regularly by activist groups.
The Benedictine choir school at Lambach Abbey, Upper Austria, which Hitler attended for several months as a boy, had a swastika chiseled into the monastery portal and also the wall above the spring grotto in the courtyard by 1868. Their origin was the personal coat of arms of Abbot Theoderich Hagn of the monastery in Lambach, which bore a golden swastika with slanted points on a blue field.[60] The Lambach swastika is probably of Medieval origin.
The Danish brewery company Carlsberg Group used the swastika as a logo[61] from the 19th Century until the middle of the 1930s when it was discontinued because of association with the Nazi Party in neighbouring Germany. The swastika carved on elephants at the entrance gates of the company's headquarters in Copenhagen in 1901 can still be seen today.[62]
The Swastika Laundry was a laundry founded in 1912, located on Shelbourne Road, Ballsbridge, a district of Dublin, Ireland. In the fifties Heinrich Böll came across a van belonging to the company while he was staying in Ireland, leading to some awkward moments before he realized the company was older than Nazism and totally unrelated to it. The chimney of the boiler-house of the laundry still stands, but the laundry has been redeveloped.[63][64]
Finnish folklore
In Finland the swastika was often used in traditional folk art products, as a decoration or magical symbol on textiles and wood. The swastika was also used by the Finnish Air Force until 1945, and is still used in air force flags.
The tursaansydän is used by scouts in some instances[65] and a student organization.[66] The village of Tursa uses the tursaansydän as a kind of a certificate of authenticity on products made there.[67] Traditional textiles are still being made with swastikas as parts of traditional ornaments.
Swastika in Finnish military
The Finnish Air Force uses the swastika as an emblem, introduced in 1918. The type of swastika adopted by the air-force was the symbol of luck for the Swedish count Eric von Rosen, who donated one of its earliest aircraft; he later became a prominent figure in the Swedish nazi-movement.
The swastika was also used by the women's paramilitary organization Lotta Svärd, which was banned in 1944 in accordance with the Moscow Armistice between Finland and the allied Soviet Union and Britain.
The President of Finland is the grand master of the Order of the White Rose. According to the protocol, the president shall wear the Grand Cross of the White Rose with collar on formal occasions. The original design of the collar, decorated with 9 swastikas, dates from 1918, and was designed by the artist Akseli Gallen-Kallela. The Grand Cross with the swastika collar has been awarded 41 times to foreign heads of state. To avoid misunderstandings, the swastika decorations were replaced by fir crosses at the decision of president Urho Kekkonen in 1963 after it became known that the President of France Charles De Gaulle was uncomfortable with the swastika collar.
Also a design by Gallen-Kallela from 1918, the Cross of Liberty has a swastika pattern in its arms. The Cross of Liberty is depicted in the upper left corner of the standard of the President of Finland.[68]
In December 2007, a silver replica of the WWII period Finnish air defence's relief ring decorated with a swastika became available as a part of a charity campaign.[69]
The original war time idea was that the public swap their precious metal rings for the State air defence's relief ring, made of iron.
Latvia adopted the swastika, called the Ugunskrusts ("fire cross"), for its air force in 1918/1919 and continued its use until 1940. The cross itself was maroon on a white background, mirroring the colors of the Latvian flag. Earlier versions pointed counter-clockwise, while later versions pointed clock-wise and eliminated the white background.[70][71]
North America
The swastika motif is found in some traditional Native American art and iconography. Historically, the design has been found in excavations of Mississippian-era sites in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, and on objects associated with the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (S.E.C.C.). It is also widely used by a number of southwestern tribes, most notably the Navajo, and plains nations such as the Dakota. Among various tribes, the swastika carries different meanings. To the Hopi it represents the wandering Hopi clan; to the Navajo it is one symbol for the whirling log (tsil no'oli), a sacred image representing a legend that is used in healing rituals.[72] A brightly colored First Nations saddle featuring swastika designs is on display at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum in Canada.[73]
A swastika shape is a symbol in the culture of the Kuna people of Kuna Yala, Panama. In Kuna tradition it symbolizes the octopus that created the world, its tentacles pointing to the four cardinal points.[74]
In February 1925 the Kuna revolted vigorously against Panamanian suppression of their culture, and in 1930 they assumed autonomy. The flag they adopted at that time is based on the swastika shape, and remains the official flag of Kuna Yala. A number of variations on the flag have been used over the years: red top and bottom bands instead of orange were previously used, and in 1942 a ring (representing the traditional Kuna nose-ring) was added to the center of the flag to distance it from the symbol of the Nazi party.[75]45th Infantry Division of the United States Army, before the 1930s, was a red square with a yellow swastika, a tribute to the large Native American population in the southwestern United States.
The town of Swastika, Ontario, Canada is named after the symbol.
As the symbol of Nazism
In the wake of widespread popular usage, the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) formally adopted the swastika (in German: Hakenkreuz [hook-cross]) in 1920. This was used on the party's flag, badge, and armband.
In his 1925 work Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler writes that: "I myself, meanwhile, after innumerable attempts, had laid down a final form; a flag with a red background, a white disk, and a black swastika in the middle. After long trials I also found a definite proportion between the size of the flag and the size of the white disk, as well as the shape and thickness of the swastika."
When Hitler created a flag for the Nazi Party, he sought to incorporate both the swastika and "those revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past and which once brought so much honor to the German nation." (Red, white, and black were the colors of the flag of the old German Empire.) He also stated: "As National Socialists, we see our program in our flag. In red, we see the social idea of the movement; in white, the nationalistic idea; in the swastika, the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man, and, by the same token, the victory of the idea of creative work."[76]
The swastika was also understood as "the symbol of the creating, effecting life" (das Symbol des schaffenden, wirkenden Lebens) and as "race emblem of Germanism" (Rasseabzeichen des Germanentums).[77]The use of the swastika was incorporated by Nazi theorists with their conjecture of Aryan cultural descent of the German people. Following the Nordicist version of the Aryan invasion theory, the Nazis claimed that the early Aryans of India, from whose Vedic tradition the swastika sprang, were the prototypical white invaders. The concept of racial hygiene was an ideology central to Nazism, though it is now considered unscientific.[78][79] For Alfred Rosenberg, the Aryans of India were both a model to be imitated and a warning of the dangers of the spiritual and racial "confusion" that, he believed, arose from the close proximity of races. Thus, they saw fit to co-opt the sign as a symbol of the Aryan master race. The use of the swastika as a symbol of the Aryan race dates back to writings of Emile Burnouf. Following many other writers, the German nationalist poet Guido von List believed it to be a uniquely Aryan symbol.
Before the Nazis, the swastika was already in use as a symbol of German völkisch nationalist movements (Völkische Bewegung). In Deutschland Erwache (ISBN 0-912138-69-6), Ulric of England [sic] says:
[...] what inspired Hitler to use the swastika as a symbol for the NSDAP was its use by the Thule Society (German: Thule-Gesellschaft) since there were many connections between them and the DAP ... from 1919 until the summer of 1921 Hitler used the special Nationalsozialistische library of Dr. Friedrich Krohn, a very active member of the Thule-Gesellschaft ... Dr. Krohn was also the dentist from Sternberg who was named by Hitler in Mein Kampf as the designer of a flag very similar to one that Hitler designed in 1920 ... during the summer of 1920, the first party flag was shown at Lake Tegernsee ... these home-made ... early flags were not preserved, the Ortsgruppe München (Munich Local Group) flag was generally regarded as the first flag of the Party.
José Manuel Erbez says:
The first time the swastika was used with an Aryan meaning was on December 25, 1907, when the self-named Order of the New Templars, a secret society founded by [Adolf Joseph] Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels, hoisted at Werfenstein Castle (Austria) a yellow flag with a swastika and four fleurs-de-lys.[80]
However, Liebenfels was drawing on an already established use of the symbol. On March 14, 1933, shortly after Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany, the NSDAP flag was hoisted alongside Germany's national colors. It was adopted as the sole national flag on September 15, 1935 (see Nazi Germany).
The swastika was used for badges and flags throughout Nazi Germany, particularly for government and military organizations, but also for "popular" organizations such as the Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft (German Hunting Society).[81]
While the DAP and the NSDAP had used both right-facing and left-facing swastikas, the right-facing swastika was used consistently from 1920 onwards. Ralf Stelter notes that the swastika flag used on land had a right-facing swastika on both sides, while the ensign (naval flag) had it printed through so that a left-facing swastika would be seen when looking at the ensign with the flagpole to the right.[82] Nazi ensigns had a through and through image, so both versions were present, one on each side, but the Nazi flag on land was right-facing on both sides and at a 45° rotation.[83]
Several variants are found:
- a 45° black swastika on a white disc as in the NSDAP and national flags;
- a 45° black swastika on a white lozenge (e.g., Hitler Youth[84]);
- a 45° black swastika with a white outline was painted on the tail of aircraft of the Luftwaffe, and usually using a design based on a 25-small-square subdivided square template (width of "strokes" in each of its arms, equalling the width of the space between the strokes);
- a 45° black swastika outlined by thin white and black lines on a white disc (e.g., the German War Ensign[85]);
- an upright black swastika outlined by thin white and black lines on a white disc (e.g., Personal standard of Adolf Hitler in which a gold wreath encircles the swastika; the Schutzstaffel; and the Reichsdienstflagge, in which a black circle encircles the swastika);
- small gold, silver, black, or white 45° swastikas, often lying on or being held by an eagle, on many badges and flags.[86]
- a swastika with curved outer arms forming a broken circle, as worn by the SS Nordland Division.[87]
There were attempts to amalgamate Nazi and Hindu use of the swastika, notably by the French writer Savitri Devi who declared Hitler an Avatar of Vishnu (see Nazi mysticism).
Post-WWII stigmatization
Because of its use by Nazi Germany, the swastika since the 1930s has been largely associated with Nazism and white supremacy in most Western countries. As a result, all of its use, or its use as a Nazi or hate symbol is prohibited in some countries, including Germany. Because of the stigma attached to the symbol, many buildings that have contained the symbol as decoration have had the symbol removed.
The German and Austrian postwar criminal code makes the public showing of the Hakenkreuz (the swastika), the sigrune, the Celtic cross (specifically the variations used by the White-Power-Activists), the wolfsangel, the odal rune and the SS skull illegal, except for scholarly reasons (and - in the case of the odal rune - as the insignia of the rank of sergeant major, Hauptfeldwebel,[88] in the modern German Bundeswehr). It is also censored from the reprints of 1930s railway timetables published by the Reichsbahn. The eagle remains, but appears to be holding a solid black circle between its talons. The swastikas on Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples are exempt, as religious symbols cannot be banned in Germany.
A German fashion company was investigated for using traditional British-made folded leather buttons after complaints that they resembled swastikas. In response, Esprit destroyed two hundred thousand catalogues.[89][90]
A controversy was stirred by the decision of several police departments to begin inquiries against anti-fascists.[91] In late 2005 police raided the offices of the punk rock label and mail order store "Nix Gut Records" and confiscated merchandise depicting crossed-out swastikas and fists smashing swastikas. In 2006 the Stade police department started an inquiry against anti-fascist youths using a placard depicting a person dumping a swastika into a trashcan. The placard was displayed in opposition to the campaign of right-wing nationalist parties for local elections.[92]
On Friday, March 17, 2006, a member of the Bundestag, Claudia Roth reported herself to the German police for displaying a crossed-out swastika in multiple demonstrations against Neo-Nazis, and subsequently got the Bundestag to suspend her immunity from prosecution. She intended to show the absurdity of charging anti-fascists with using fascist symbols: "We don't need prosecution of non-violent young people engaging against right-wing extremism." On March 15, 2007, the Federal Court of Justice of Germany (Bundesgerichtshof) held that the crossed-out symbols were "clearly directed against a revival of national-socialist endeavors", thereby settling the dispute for the future.[93][94][95]
Legislation in other European countries
- In Hungary, it is a criminal misdemeanour to publicly display "totalitarian symbols", including the swastika, the SS insignia and the Arrow Cross, punishable by fine.[96] Display for academic, educational, artistic or journalistic reasons is allowed. The communist symbols of hammer and sickle and the red star are also regarded as a totalitarian symbols and have the same restriction by Hungarian criminal law.
- In Lithuania public display of Nazi and Soviet symbols, including swastika, is an administrative offence, punishable by fine from 150 to 300 euros.
- In Poland, public display of Nazi symbols, including the Nazi swastika, is a criminal offence punishable by up to eight years of imprisonment.[97]
Attempt to ban in the European Union
The European Union's Executive Commission proposed a European Union-wide anti-racism law in 2001, but European Union states failed to agree on the balance between prohibiting racism and freedom of expression.[98] An attempt to ban the swastika across the EU in early 2005 failed after objections from the British Government and others. In early 2007, while Germany held the European Union presidency, Berlin proposed that the European Union should follow German Criminal Law and criminalize the denial of the Holocaust and the display of Nazi symbols including the swastika, which is based on the Ban on the Symbols of Unconstitutional Organisations Act. This led to an opposition campaign by Hindu groups across Europe against a ban on the swastika. They pointed out that the swastika has been around for 5,000 years as a symbol of peace.[99][100] The proposal to ban the swastika was dropped by Berlin from the proposed European Union wide anti-racism laws on January 29, 2007.[98]
Latin America
- The manufacture, distribution or broadcasting of the swastika, with the intent to propagate Nazism, is a crime in Brazil as dictated by article 20, paragraph 1, of federal statute 7.716, passed in 1989. The penalty is a two to five years prison term and a fine.[101]
- The flag of the Guna Yala autonomous territory of Panama is based on a swastika design. In 1942 a ring was added to the centre of the flag to differentiate it from the symbol of the Nazi Party (this version subsequently fell into disuse).[75]
In 2010, Microsoft officially spoke out against the use of the swastika in the first-person shooter Call of Duty: Black Ops. In Black Ops, players are allowed to customize their name tags to represent, essentially, whatever they want. The swastika can be created and used, but Stephen Toulouse, director of Xbox Live policy and enforcement, stated that players with the symbol on their name tag will be banned (if someone reports as inappropriate) from Xbox Live.[102]
In the Indiana Jones Stunt Spectacular in Disney Hollywood Studios in Orlando, Florida, the swastikas on German trucks, aircraft and actor uniforms in the reenactment of a scene from Raiders of the Lost Ark were removed in 2004. The swastika has been replaced by a stylized Greek Cross.[103] Sin City character Miho occasionally uses shurikens shaped like a swastika as assassination tools.
Satirical use
A book featuring "120 Funny Swastika Cartoons" was published in 2008 by New York Cartoonist Sam Gross. The author said he created the cartoons in response to excessive news coverage given to Swastika vandals, that his intent "...is to reduce the Swastika to something humorous."[104]
The powerful symbolism acquired by the swastika has often been used in graphic design and propaganda as a means of drawing Nazi comparisons; examples include the cover of Stuart Eizenstat's 2003 book Imperfect Justice,[105] publicity materials for Constantin Costa-Gavras's 2002 film Amen.,[106] and a billboard that was erected opposite the U.S. Interests Section in Havana, Cuba, in 2004, which juxtaposed images of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse pictures with a swastika.
Misinterpretation over imported Asian products in Western countries
At the end of 20th century, and early 21st century, confusion and controversy has occurred when consumer goods bearing the Buddhist symbol have been exported to North America, and mistakenly interpreted by Western consumers as a Nazi symbol.
When a ten-year-old boy in Lynbrook, New York, bought a set of Pokémon cards imported from Japan in 1999, two of the cards contained the left-facing Buddhist swastika. The boy's parents misinterpreted the symbol as a Nazi swastika, which is right-facing with 45 degree rotation, and filed a complaint to the manufacturer. It also caused a lot of concern amongst fans from Jewish communities. Nintendo of America announced that the cards would be discontinued, explaining that what was acceptable in one culture was not necessarily so in another; their action was welcomed by the Anti-Defamation League who recognised that there was no intention to be offensive but said that international commerce meant that "isolating [the Swastika] in Asia would just create more problems."[107]
In 2002, Christmas crackers containing plastic toy red pandas sporting swastikas were pulled from shelves after complaints from consumers in Canada. The manufacturer, based in China, explained the symbol was presented in a traditional sense and not as a reference to the Nazis, and apologized to the customers for the cross-cultural mixup.[108] In 2007, Spanish fashion chain Zara withdrew a handbag from its stores after a customer in Britain complained swastikas were embroidered on it. The bags were made by a supplier in India and inspired by commonly used Hindu symbols, which include the swastika.[109]
Contemporary use in Asia
South Asia
In South Asia, the swastika is omnipresent as a symbol of wealth and good fortune. In India and Nepal, electoral ballot papers are stamped with a round swastika-like pattern (to ensure that the accidental ink imprint on the other side of a folded ballot paper can be correctly identified as such).[110] Many businesses and other organisations, such as the Ahmedabad Stock Exchange and the Nepal Chamber of Commerce,[111] use the swastika in their logos. The red swastika was suggested as an emblem of International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in India and Sri Lanka, but the idea was not implemented.[112] Swastikas are fairly ubiquitous in Indian and Nepalese cities, located on buses, buildings, auto-rickshaws, and clothing. The swastika continues to be prominently used in Hindu religious ceremonies and temples, and is recognised as a Hindu religious symbol, sometimes used to evoke the Shakti in tantric rituals.[citation needed]
In India, Swastik and Swastika, with their spelling variants, are common first names for males and females respectively, e.g. Swastika Mukherjee. Also, the Seal of Bihar contains two swastikas.
East Asia
In the Sinosphere, countries and regions that were historically influenced by the culture of China, such as Taiwan, Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Vietnam, Singapore and China itself, the symbol is most commonly associated with Buddhism. They are commonly found in Buddhist temples, religious artifacts, texts related to Buddhism and schools founded by Buddhist religious groups.
The Red Swastika Society, a syncretic religious group that aspires to unify Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism, runs two schools in Hong Kong (Hong Kong Red Swastika Society Tai Po Secondary School and Hong Kong Red Swastika Society Tuen Mun Primary School) and one in Singapore (Red Swastika School). All of them incorporated the Swastika in their school logo to signify the society's aspiration with philanthropy and moral education.
The swastika is also used in maps to denote a temple. For example, the symbol is designated by the Survey Act and related Japanese governmental rules to denote a Buddhist temple on Japanese maps.[113]
Hirosaki City in Aomori Prefecture designates this symbol as its official flag, which stemmed from its use in the emblem of Tsugaru clan, the lord of Hirosaki Domain in Edo era. See also the section East Asian traditions in this article.
Central Asia
In 2005, authorities in Tajikistan called for the widespread adoption of the swastika as a national symbol. President Emomali Rahmonov declared the swastika an Aryan symbol and 2006 to be "the year of Aryan culture," which would be a time to "study and popularize Aryan contributions to the history of the world civilization, raise a new generation (of Tajiks) with the spirit of national self-determination, and develop deeper ties with other ethnicities and cultures."[114]
New religious movements
Besides the use as a religious symbol in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, which can be traced to pre-modern traditions, the swastika is also used by a number of new religious movements established in the modern period.
- The Theosophical Society uses a swastika as part of its seal, along with an Om, a hexagram or star of David, an Ankh and an Ouroboros. Unlike the much more recent Raëlian movement (see below), the Theosophical Society symbol has been free from controversy, and the seal is still used. The current seal also includes the text "There is no religion higher than truth."[115]
- The Raëlian Movement, who believe that Extra-Terrestrials originally created all life on earth, use a symbol that is often the source of considerable controversy: an interlaced star of David and a swastika. The Raelians state that the Star of David represents infinity in space whereas the swastika represents infinity in time i.e. there being no beginning and no end in time, and everything being cyclic.[116] In 1991, the symbol was changed to remove the swastika, out of respect to the victims of the Holocaust, but as of 2007 has been restored to its original form.[117]
- The Tantra-based new religious movement Ananda Marga (Devanagari: आनन्द मार्ग, meaning Path of Bliss) uses a motif similar to the Raëlians, but in their case the apparent star of David is defined as intersecting triangles with no specific reference to Jewish culture.
- The Falun Gong qigong movement uses a symbol that features a large swastika surrounded by four smaller (and rounded) ones, interspersed with yin-and-yang symbols. The usage is taken from traditional Chinese symbolism, and here alludes to a chakra-like portion of the esoteric human anatomy, located in the stomach.
- The Odinic Rite claims the fylfot as a holy symbol of Odinism, citing the pre-Christian Germanic use of the symbol.
See also
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- ^ a b c The Migration of Symbols, by Goblet d'Alviella, Chapter II, hosted at the Internet Sacred Text Archive
- ^ Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p.1472
- ^ a b The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols, Robert Beer, Serindia Publications, Inc., 2003, p.97 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, by James G. Lochtefeld, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2002, p. 678
- ^ Rosenberg, Jennifer. "History of Swastika". about.com. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
- ^ first recorded 1871 (OED); alternative historical English spellings include suastika, swastica, and svastica.
- ^ "svasti meaning". http://www.sanskritdictionary.com. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ a b Monier Monier-Williams (1899). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, s.v. svastika (p. 1283).
- ^ "CJK Unified Ideographs" PDF (4.83 MB), The Unicode Standard, Version 4.1. Unicode, Inc. 2005.
- ^ Big5: C9_C3, according to Wenlin
- ^ Big5+: 85_80, according to Wenlin
- ^ "Swastika Flag Specifications and Construction Sheet (Germany)". Flags of the World.
- ^ Mukti Jain Campion: How the world loved the swastika - until Hitler stole it BBC 23 October 2014
- ^ Freed, S. A. and R. S., "Origin of the Swastika", Natural History, January 1980, 68-75.
- ^ Assasi, Reza. 2013. Swastika:The Forgotten Constellation Representing the Chariot of Mithras. In: Ivan Šprajc and Peter Pehani Ed. ANCIENT COSMOLOGIES AND MODERN PROPHETS: Proceedings of the 20th Conference of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture (Special volume of Anthropological Notebooks) Ljubljana: Slovene Anthropological Society. p418. ISSN: 1408 – 032X
- ^ Sagan, Carl; Ann Druyan (1985). Comet. Ballantine Books. p. 496. ISBN 0-345-41222-2.
- ^ Stewart, Ian (1999), Life's Other Secret: The new mathematics of the living world (Penguin) Missing or empty
- ^ Riggs, Robert F. (1981), The Apocalypse Unsealed (Philosophical Library) Missing or empty
- ^ Stanley A. Freed, Research Pitfalls as a Result of the Restoration of Museum Specimens, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 376, The Research Potential of Anthropological Museum Collections pages 229–245, December 1981.
- ^ Campbell, Joseph (2002). The Flight of the Wild Gander. p. 117.
- ^ Dimitrova, Stefania "8 000 Year Ago Proto-Thracians Depicted the Evolution of the Divine" – Courier of UNESCO, No 1, 1996
- ^ a b Kathleen M. Nadeau (2010). Lee, Jonathan H. X., ed. Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. ABL-CLIO. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ Dunham, Dows "A Collection of 'Pot-Marks' from Kush and Nubia," Kush, 13, 131-147, 1965
- ^ Invalid language code. Bao Jing " "卍"与"卐"漫议 ("卍""and "卐" Man Yee)". 2004-01-06, news.xinhuanet.com
- ^ Invalid language code. "卍字符號 (Swastika Symbol). Epoch Times, 2009-04-22 Reprint from New Era #115 "Art and Culture" section (2009.04.02—04.08)
- ^ a term coined by Anna Roes, "Tierwirbel," IPEK, 1936-37
- ^ Marija Gimbutas The Balts before the Dawn of History
- ^ Claude Lévi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology (1959), p. 267.
- ^ Steven Heller. The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption?. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. p. 31.
- ^ Mohan Pant, Shūji Funo. Stupa and Swastika: Historical Urban Planning Principles in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley. NUS Press. p. 16.
- ^ Dictionary - Definition of swastika
- ^ A symbol is a thought, a drawing, an action, an archetype, etcetera of the conceptualization of a thing that exists either in reality or in the imagination
- ^ Subhayu Banerjee."Shubho Nabobarsho". Bengal on the Net. April 16, 2001
- ^ "what-is-yungdrung". Retrieved 7 June 2009.
- ^ "About the Bon". Retrieved 7 June 2009.
- ^ (Japanese) Hitoshi Takazawa, Encyclopedia of Kamon, Tōkyōdō Shuppan, 2008. ISBN 978-4-490-10738-8.
- ^ "Sayagata 紗綾形". Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System.
- ^ a b c Concise Armenian Encyclopedia, Yerevan, v. II, p. 663
- ^ T. Wilson The swastika, the earlist known symbol and its migrations, p. 807, 951
- ^ Armenia.
- ^ Jacob G. Ghazarian (2006), The Mediterranean legacy in early Celtic Christianity: a journey from Armenia to Ireland, Bennett & Bloom, pp. 263, p. 171 "... Quite a different version of the Celtic triskelion, and perhaps the most common pre-Christian symbolism found throughout Armenian cultural tradition, is the round clockwise (occasionally counter-clockwise) whirling sun-like spiral fixed at a centre — the Armenian symbol of eternity."
- ^ K. B. Mehr, M. Markow, Mormon Missionaries enter Eastern Europe, Brigham Young University Press, 2002, pp. 399, p. 252 "... She viewed a tall building with spires and circular windows along the top of the walls. It was engraved with sun stones, a typical symbol of eternity in ancient Armenian architecture."
- ^ Biers, W.R. 1996. The Archaeology of Greece, p. 130. Cornell University Press, Ithaca/London.
- ^ "Perseus:image:1990.26.0822". Perseus.tufts.edu. 1990-02-26. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Robert Ferré. "Amiens Cathedral". Labyrinth Enterprises. Constructed from 1220 to 1402, Amiens Cathedral is the largest Gothic cathedral in France, a popular tourist attraction and since 1981 a UNESCO World Heritage Site. During World War I, Amiens was targeted by German forces but remained in Allied territory following the Battle of Amiens.
- ^ Gary Malkin. "Tockington Park Roman Villa". The Area of Bristol in Roman Times. December 9, 2002.
- ^ Lara Nagy, Jane Vadnal, "Glossary Medieval Art and Architecture," "Greek key or meander", University of Pittsburgh 1997-98.
- ^ The Battersea Shield British Museum
- ^ "CISP entry". Ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Martin J Powell. "Megalithic Sites in England - Photo Archive".
- ^ Margrethe, Queen, Poul Kjrum, Rikke Agnete Olsen (1990). Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past, page 148. ISBN 978-87-7468-274-5
- ^ a b c d e H.R. Ellis Davidson (1965). Gods and Myths of Northern Europe, page 83. ISBN 978-0-14-013627-2, p. 83
- ^ Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: history and culture. Noyes Press. pp. 182, 186. ISBN 9780815550525.
- ^ a b c "Prasłowiańskie motywy architektoniczne". 1923. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
- ^ "Swastika (Kolovrat) - Historical Roots" (in Russian). Distedu.ru. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Vladimir Nikolaevich. "The Swastika, the historical roots" (in Russian). Klk.pp.ru. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Vladimir Plakhotnyuk. "Kolovrat-Historical Roots-Collection of articles" (in Russian). Ruskolan.xpomo.com. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Berzin, Alexander (2003). "The Nazi Connection with Shambhala and Tibet".
- ^ Schliemann, H, Troy and its remains, London: Murray, 1875, pp. 102, 119-20.
- ^ Boxer, Sarah (2000-06-29). "One of the World's Great Symbols Strives for a Comeback". Think Tank (The New York Times). Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ Dutch article in Wikipedia "Swastika"; Holocaust Chronology
- ^ "Flickr Album; "Probably the Best Photo's of Swastikas in the World"". Fiveprime.org. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ Carlsberg Group Website
- ^ "Swastika chimney". The Irish Times. 2007-03-03. Retrieved 3 October 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "Swastika Laundry (1912–1987)". Come here to me!. Comeheretome.wordpress.com. 2010-04-26. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ "Partiolippukunta Pitkäjärven Vaeltajat ry". Pitva.partio.net. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Kainuun Kerho (2009-09-18). "Kainuun Kerho". Ppo.osakunta.fi. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ "Tursan Sydän". Tursa.fi. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Flag The President of the Republic Of Finland
- ^ "Campaign site rautasormus.fi (campaign now closed)". Rautasormus.fi. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Latvian Air Force 1918-40. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
- ^ Spārnota Latvija. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
- ^ Dottie Indyke. "The History of an Ancient Human Symbol." April 4, 2005. originally from The Wingspread Collector's Guide to Santa Fe, Taos and Albuquerque, Volume 15.
- ^ Photo and text,"Why is there a Swastika on the saddle in the First Nations Gallery?", Royal Saskatchewan Museum
- ^ Chants and Myths about Creation, from Rainforest Art. Retrieved 25 February 2006.
- ^ a b Panama - Native Peoples, from Flags of the World. Retrieved 20 February 2006.
- ^ "text of Mein Kampf at Project Gutenberg of Australia". Gutenberg.net.au. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Walther Blachetta: Das Buch der deutschen Sinnzeichen (The book of German sense characters); reprint of 1941; page 47
- ^ Robert Proctor. Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis. Harvard University Press. p. 220.
- ^ Mark B. Adams (1990). The Wellborn Science : Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia. Oxford University Press. p. 43.
- ^ José Manuel Erbez. "Order of the New Templars 1907". Flags of the World. January 21, 2001.
- ^ Santiago Dotor and Norman Martin. "German Hunting Society 1934-1945 (Third Reich, Germany)" Flags of the World. March 15, 2003. The flag of the Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft
- ^ Mark Sensen, António Martins, Norman Martin, and Ralf Stelter. "Centred vs. Offset Disc and Swastika 1933-1945 (Germany)". Flags of the World. December 29, 2004.
- ^ "Centred vs. Offset Disc and Swastika 1933-1945 (Germany)". Flagspot.net. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Marcus Wendel et al. "Hitler Youth (NSDAP, Germany)". Flags of the World. January 17, 2004.
- ^ Norman Martin et al. "War Ensign 1938-1945 (Germany)". Flags of the World. The "Reichskriegsflagge"
- ^ Flags at Flags of the World:
- ^ Nordland: A Brief History (Archived 19 October 2009)". Includes photo of the unusual curved Swastika worn by the division. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ de:Hauptfeldwebel
- ^ "Fashion firm under investigation for swastika design", European Jewish Press, October 19, 2006
- ^ "Prosecutors drop probe into swastika buttons", dpa Deutsche Presse-Agentur GmbH German News Service, October 19, 2006.
- ^ Journal Chretien. "Le Journal Chrétien, "Stuttgart Seeks to Ban Anti-Fascist Symbols"". Spcm.org. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Invalid language code. Tageblatt September 23, 2006
- ^ "3 StR 486/06" (PDF). Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ "Bundesgerichtshof press statement No. 36/2007". Juris.bundesgerichtshof.de. 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ "Der Spiegel, 15 March 2007". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ "Hungarian criminal code, 269/B. §". Bpsz.hu. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Day, Matthew (23 April 2009) "Poland 'to ban' Che Guevara image" The Daily Telegraph
- ^ a b Ethan McNern. Swastika ban left out of EU's racism law, The Scotsman, January 30, 2007
- ^ Staff. Hindus opposing EU swastika ban, BBC online, January 17, 2007.
- ^ Staff (source dgs/Reuters)Hindus Against Proposed EU Swastika Ban Der Spiegel online, January 17, 2007
- ^ Brazilian Federal Statute 7.716 1989-05-01, (Portuguese)
- ^ "Black Ops Swastika Emblems Will Earn Xbox Live Ban". The Escapist. November 22, 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ Jay P. Telotte. The Mouse Machine: Disney and Technology, p. 201. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
- ^ David Kaufman, "Cartoons Counter Swastika Shock", Wed Feb 27, 2008, The Forward.
- ^ Harry Kreisler. "Conversation with Stuart E. Eizenstat." Conversations with History. Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley. April 30, 2003.
- ^ "Swastika film poster escapes ban." BBC News. February 21, 2002.
- ^ Steven Heller, "The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption?" Allworth Press, New York, 2008 p. 156-7.
- ^ CBC News December 30, 2002: Toy pandas bearing swastikas a cultural mix-up
- ^ Reuters: Fashion chain Zara withdraws swastika handbag
- ^ "Want to avoid swastikas in India? Good luck.". The Globe and Mail. 2009-05-20.
- ^ "daily picture (News from Nepal as it happens)::". Nepalnews.com. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ "International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies". Crwflags.com. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ 平成14年2万5千分1地形図図式 [2002 1:25000 Topographical Map Scheme] (in Japanese). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ Saidazimova, Gulnoza (2005-12-23). "Tajikistan: Officials Say Swastika Part Of Their Aryan Heritage - Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ http://www.ts-adyar.org/content/emblem
- ^ "Pro-Swastika". Pro-Swastika. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ "The Official Raelian Symbol gets its swastika back". Raelianews. 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- Aigner, Dennis J. (2000). The Swastika Symbol in Navajo Textiles. Laguna Beach, California: DAI Press. ISBN 0-9701898-0-X.
- Clarence House issues apology for Prince Harry's Nazi costume. BBC News. January 13, 2005.
- Clube, V. and Napier, B. The Cosmic Serpent. Universe Books, 1982.
- Enthoven, R.E. The Folklore of Bombay. London: Oxford University Press, 1924 (pp. 40–45).
- Gardner, N. (2006) Multiple Meanings: The Swastika Symbol. In Hidden Europe, 11, pp. 35–37. Berlin. ISSN 1860-6318.
- Jaume Ollé, Željko Heimer, and Norman Martin. "State Flag and Ensign 1935-1945" December 29, 2004. The Reichsdienstflagge.
- e, Steven. Animals and the Origin of Dance, Thames and Hudson Inc., NY, 1982 (pp. 169–181).
- Leidig, Ludwig. Bombshell. sbpra, 2013, ISBN 978-1-62516-346-2
- MacCulloch, C.J.A. Canon, John A. (Ed.) Mythology of all Races. vol. 8 ("Chinese Mythology" Ferguson, John C.) Marshall Jones Co. Boston, MA 1928 (p. 31).
- ManWoman. Gentle Swastika: Reclaiming the Innocence, Cranbrook, B.C., Canada: Flyfoot Press, 2001. ISBN 0-9688716-0-7.
- Marcus Wendel, Jaume Ollé, et al. "Schutzstaffel/SS" December 14, 2001.
- Morphy, Howard (Ed.). Animals into Art (ONE WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY; vol. 7) Unwin Gyman Ltd., London, 1989 (chapt. 11 Schaafsma, Polly).
- Norman Martin et al. "Standard of the Leader and National Chancellor 1935-1945". April 9, 2004. Hitler's personal flag.
- Roy, Pratap Chandra. The Mahabharata, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1973 (vol. 1 section 13-58, vol. 5 section 2-3).
- Schliemann, Henry. Ilios Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square, NY, 1881 (pp. 334–353).
- Tan Huay Peng. (1980–1983). Fun with Chinese Characters. Singapore: Federal Publications. ISBN 981-01-3005-8.
- The Swastika: The Earliest Known Symbol, and Its Migrations; with Observations on the Migration of Certain Industries in Prehistoric Times. In Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution
- Whipple, Fred L. The Mystery of Comets Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, DC 1985, (pp. 163–167).
- Wilson, Thomas (Curator, Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, U.S. National Museum) The Swastika. Government Printing Office, Washington, USA, 1896.
External links
Unknown extension tag "indicator"
|Look up 卐 or swastika in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- General
- History of the Swastika (US Holocaust Memorial Museum)
- The Origins of the Swastika BBC News
- A Swastika Pictorial Atlas
- Swastika in Norway
- Dharmic religions
- Swastikam - Symbol of Auspiciousness (chapter 7 of Vishayasuchi by Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami)
- Om, Swastika and Shivalinga (Book by Narsibhai Patel)
- Nazi use
- The variants of the NS-swastika flag
- Documentary about the use of the swastika in the Third Reich
- From Flags of the World:
- Origins of the Swastika Flag (Third Reich, Germany) (collection of links and comments)
- Neo-Nazi flags (links to other FOTW pages)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
There is a lot of preparation that goes into making lahanodolmades, or sarmadakia as we call them in my family. This is a dish you rarely find in a restaurant and this is a dish that I love so much that I wouldn't want anyone else to cook it for me, in case they got it wrong.
So when my amazing students who had never done this Greek dish ever before made these cabbage leaf dolmades, I was so impressed!
We had to remove the stem carefully to free up the leaves from our six cabbages. This step is quite time consuming along with softening the leaves in simmering water, so the cabbages where prepared and only one was left for everyone to practice on. The hardest thing and most technical bit is rolling the leaves and making them just about right in terms of how tight and loose they've got to be. But not only do we have to prepare the cabbage leaves, we also have to make the filling with rice, mince and herbs and spices.
Chopping the herbs finely always causes students to ask how finely, but the question that most of the Greek Cookery Class participants were asking was how to chop without bruising the herbs?
Some might notice here that even though I'm talking about cabbages, you can spot some vine leaves in the cabbage crowd. You're right! Because we had some extra filling we got out some vine dolma from the freezer. Those little vine leaves originate from Drama, where my grandma picked them last year from her garden and prepared them for me. So without any more cabbage, these came to our rescue as a special extra treat so not to waste the remaining filling.
We also made the famous augolemono sauce based on lots of lemons and eggs, augolemono is found in soups like giouvarlakia and magiritsa but also in frikasse.
And bread and a few more sides.
Sitting down around the table to eat is the most appreciated and fun bit of each Greek Cookery Class. Everyone is getting ready to taste the foods they've been cooking and after all the hard work – satisfaction and a full stomach! What is better than that? One thing actually, the class might be over but as everyone leaves they get to bring home a generous doggy bag of the food!
Next class is on 1 June, it will be an all vegan class! That means no animal products! But that does not mean we're going to be making salads only and eating raw food!
Bookings are as usual via greekcookeryclass(AT)gmail.com
For those of you too lazy to cook and only interested in eating the food, then join our Mousaka special Greek Supper Club this Sunday 29 May.
Full menu and further details here: https://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=113154532102938


text:
July 20, 2017
A New Deal for Wall Street: Trump's Plans for Mass Privatization Are a Colossal Giveaway to the 1%
Trump wants to sell off our infrastructure—and Democrats helped pave the way. MORE
Naomi Klein: We Need A Plan, Not A Brand
The author speaks on Corbyn, Trump, climate change, and the "hollow branding" that got us here. MORE
By Kate Aronoff
Language of the Unheard: 50 Years On, the Flames of the Detroit Uprising Still Burn
The structural injustices that laid the groundwork for Detroit's uprising still exist. MORE
By In These Times Staff
The Great Midwestern Divide: Why Minnesota and Wisconsin's Political Schism Matters
The governorships of conservative Scott Walker (R-Wis.) and progressive Mark Dayton (D-Minn.) have yielded dramatically different results. MORE
By Theo Anderson
Act Locally
How a Maryland Town Is Turning Its New Deal Past Into a New Economy Present
Greenbelt residents are organizing cooperatives and other community initiatives aimed at building a better world. MORE
By Ajowa Nzinga Ifateyo
Okja: The Veggie-Prop Children's Film You Really Need to See
The director of Snowpiercer is back with a kiddie film that meets vegetarian propaganda, with surprising success. MORE
By Michael Atkinson
Beta Testing Fascism: How Online Culture Wars Created the Alt-Right
Angela Nagle's "Kill All Normies" charts the ideology's emergence from the internet's darkest corners. MORE
By John Michael Colón
From the Old Country
Sorry, Tories: Jeremy Corbyn's Success Is a Win for the Anti-Austerity Movement
British progressives have a long fight ahead. But for now, we're breathing a collective sigh of relief. MORE
By Jane Miller
Exit Signs
The White-Supremacist Roots of America's Libertarian Right
The history of Koch-style libertarian economics is steeped in racism. MORE
By Chris Lehmann
At the Bullfrog, Those Left Behind by the Global Economy Find Relief—and a Place to Talk Trump
In a Jamestown, N.Y., hotel and bar, down-and-out former factory workers seek solidarity and camaraderie—often expressed in shared rants about immigrants or liberals. MORE
By Kari Lydersen
The Abolitionist of Walden Pond
Two hundred years after his birth, Henry David Thoreau is as relevant as ever. MORE
By Dayton Martindale
We Have an Existential Imperative to Resist GOP Death Panels
The casualties of the war on health are real and imminent, not a hyperbolic exaggeration. MORE
By Joel Bleifuss
Back Talk
Why Toxic Masculinity Hurts Men as Well as Women
Feminists and progressives need to highlight toxic masculinity's poisonous effects on not just the marginalized, but men as well. MORE
By Susan J. Douglas
The Third Coast
We Are In the Midst of a Black Power Renaissance
Under Trump, we are seeing a return to collective Black consciousness. MORE
By Salim Muwakkil


text: DOWN SYNDROME Asthma drug boosts mice's cognition Stanford researchers have discovered that a drug approved for asthma helped improve cognitive function in mice with Down syndrome, a finding they hope could lead to additional treatments for people with this genetic disorder. The drug, called formoterol, strengthened nerve connections in the hippocampus, the component of the brain used for spatial navigation, attention and the formation of new memories, the study found. In addition to the improved function, the drug also appeared to help with contextual learning, the type of learning in which the brain integrates spatial and sensory information. Both hippocampal function and contextual learning are impaired in people with Down syndrome, which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Boosting levels of a neurotransmitter in the brain may reverse some of the cognitive abnormalities. The drug activates certain receptors in the brain that make the neurons more complex and improve brain function. Down syndrome affects about 400,000 people in the United States and 6 million worldwide. The study was published online last week in the journal Biological Psychiatry. - Victoria Colliver AUTISM Hyper-connectivity found in parts of children's brains In children with autism, certain regions of the brain are much more strongly connected than they are in children without autism, and the hyper-connectivity of one region in particular may help explain some of the most prominent symptoms found in many patients, according to Stanford researchers. The scientists performed brain scans on 20 autistic children and 20 typically developing children. In the children with autism, five regions of the brain were hyper-connected, meaning there was stronger than normal signaling across neural pathways. Other parts of the brain, however, were under-connected. One region with hyper-connectivity that scientists found especially interesting was the salience network. That part of the brain is known to process external stimuli and prioritize incoming information. The strong connectivity there may have something to do with the intense, narrow focus many autistic children show toward particular objects or interests. In addition to adding to scientists' understanding of brain functioning and autism, the brain imaging study also could be used in developing diagnostic tools, researchers said. The new research was published June 26 in the journal JAMA Psychiatry. - Erin Allday PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS Genes that lead to birth defects may also lead to mental illness Gene mutations that are involved in birth defects may also be implicated in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism and bipolar disorder, according to a new UCSF study. Previous research has shown that mice with mutations in a gene called Dact1 are born with a range of severe birth defects. In the new study, which also involved mice, scientists selectively deleted the Dact1 protein in a group of brain cells that regulates cognitive and sensory processes and other activity in the cerebral cortex. When the team examined these genetically altered cells, they found they had significantly fewer synapses, the sites where communication with neighboring neurons occurs. While the cells looked otherwise normal, the researchers noted that the subtle changes were similar to the changes that have been identified in psychiatric illnesses in humans. The study appeared online June 24 in Plos One. - Stephanie M. Lee STEM CELLS Vitamin C helps control gene activity in mice Vitamin C helps control gene activity in mouse stem cells and may play a role in guiding normal development in mice and humans, new research from UCSF suggests. Vitamin C, the scientists found, helps enzymes that play a role in releasing the brakes that keep some genes from becoming activated in the embryo soon after fertilization. The brakes are molecules called methyl groups. These are added to DNA at specific points along the genome to keep specific genes from activating. According to the study, vitamin C boosts a class of enzymes that removes those molecules. The result, in cultured stem cells, is stimulated gene activity that mirrors what occurs at early stages of embryo development in mice. Eventually, vitamin C might be used to improve the results of in vitro fertilization, which involves the growth of early embryos, and to treat cancer, in which tumor cells abnormally stop or release these brakes on gene activation. For now, researchers said, vitamin C may start being used more often in the lab to grow healthy, useful stem cells. The study appeared June 30 in the journal Nature. - Stephanie M. Lee MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY New mouse model clarifies mystery Children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, an inherited disorder that involves muscle weakness, often die from heart and breathing complications. But scientists have long been confused that lab mice with the same genetic mutation behind the disease in humans show only mild symptoms. Researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine have developed a mouse model that for the first time sheds light on a molecular basis for the cardiac defect that is the primary killer of people with the disease. Humans suffer more serious symptoms, the scientists found, because the telomeres on the ends of their chromosomes are relatively short. Mice have telomeres about 40 kilobases in length, while human telomeres are 5 to 15 kilobases long. (A kilobase is the unit used in designating the length of a nucleic acid sequence and is 1,000 nucleotides.) Shortened telomeres make the heart unable to contract well, the scientists said. This became apparent when the researchers gave the mice a mutation that reduced their telomere length, and the animals began to show muscle weakness, enlarged hearts, shortened life spans and other typical symptoms of the disease. The study appeared in Nature Cell Biology last week. - Stephanie M. Lee MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS Absence of gene leads to a more severe case A team of UCSF-led scientists say they have identified, in an animal study, the likely genetic mechanism that causes some patients with multiple sclerosis to quickly enter a severe stage of the disease, and others to progress more slowly. Multiple sclerosis is a potentially debilitating disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective sheath, known as myelin, that covers the nerves. It may result in the irreversible deterioration of the nerves themselves. In the study, the scientists found that the absence of the gene Tob1 in a type of immune cell called CD4+ T-cells was the key to early onset of a more serious disease in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. When mice genetically engineered to be deficient in Tob1 had a multiple sclerosis-like disease induced in them, they developed an aggressive form of the disease significantly earlier than a control group. The presence or absence of this gene, scientists said, could eventually help doctors predict the onset and severity of the disease in patients. The study was published June 24 in the Journal of Experimental Medicine. - Stephanie M. Lee


text:
Hundreds converge in Maryland to champion women's rights
National Organization for Women Conference held in Linthicum
Hundreds of women have converged in Anne Arundel County for the National Organization for Women Conference.
"Our mission is to bring women to full equality -- social equality, political equality and economic equality -- throughout the United States," said NOW's president, Terry O'Neill.
Women's rights activists and supporters from across the nation are taking part in the conference at the Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport Hilton in Linthicum to talk about advancing the rights of women and related current issues.
"These are not Democratic or Republican issues. They're fundamental human needs that transcend race class or party affiliation," Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake said.
Specifically, the participants are slated to discuss women's rights topics currently before Congress, including the Violence Against Women Act, and issues related to women's reproductive health, like birth control.
"(We want) to make sure that women have a right to contraception and to whatever health care they need, and those things should be considered health care -- not something we should be protected against, but something that is a part of our health," said Nancy Schwartz, a conference attendee.
"If women don't stand together for women, and about women, then no one will stand for us and take these issues about us seriously," said Janet Scaglione, a conference attendee.
While both Republicans and Democrats in elected office support women's rights, NOW members said they'd like to see more people in positions of power working for all women.
"It's really about all women and how diverse we are, and it doesn't matter whether you're a stay-at-home mom, or whether you're working, or not a mother, or whether you're tall or short, or whatever. We all need to come together to keep our rights," Schwartz said.
The conference lasts until Sunday.


text:
Magic Actions for YouTube™ is a lightweight and useful extension designed for a more comfortable watching experience.
Magic Actions is very easy to use!
Latest updates:
Key features v7.x:
✔ AutoHD feature – start play all YouTube™ videos in HD
+ Ultra HD 4k > HD1440p > HD1080p > HD720p > 480p > 360p > 240p > 144p
+ works with HTML5 player!
✔ Instant control over volume by scrolling mouse wheel!
+ OSD on-screen display
+ works with HTML5 player!
✔ Cinema Mode – 1-click and the whole page is shaded
+ make you feel as if you were in a movie theater!
+ click again to toggle back to the normal view
+ over 20 predefined color themes
+ your own custom colors
+ works with HTML5 player!
✔ 1-click to take snapshot from playing video and save as PNG, JPEG or WEBP image format!
✔ Cool Day/Night toggle switch to browse YouTube in black or white
✔ View and delete your watch history
✔ Magic Vinyl and Multi-Range Looper
✔ Ratings preview for related videos
✔ Enlarge avatars and video thumbnails on mouse over
✔ Display user info in comments
+ country flag, uploaded videos count, views, subscribers, description, date joined etc.
✔ Expand videos to full window size
✔ Auto Wide – always play in wide player mode
+ works with HTML5 player!
✔ Stop Autoplay – manage whether or not the initial video will autoplay
+ allow/deny preloading a video
+ play a sound when loading complete
+ works with HTML5 player!
✔ Replay – repeat, replay a video again and again
+ works with HTML5 player!
✔ Autohide Player Controls – video controls will automatically hide after a video begins playing
+ works with HTML5 player!
✔ Hide Annotations – Don't show video annotations
+ works with HTML5 player!
✔ Ability to hide comments, related videos, etc.
Like&Follow Magic Actions for YouTube™:
Tweets by chromeactions
Magic Actions has always been more than a simple ext…it's magic!
v7.3 changes:
Added ten cool video filters: Milk, Noir, Oil painting, Pencil, Engraving, Age, Plastify, Colored Emboss, Soft Focus Lens and Matte.
v.3.0 changes:
♥ Support embedded youtube videos on Facebook, Google Buzz…
♥ Ability to choose OSD type:
+ Line+Text
+ Text only
+ No indication
♥ Auto-hide video annotations feature
♥ Highly optimized, fast code, doesn't use any third-party library (like jQuery or MooTools)
+ Fixed Auto replay pre-buffering
v.2.0 Added:
♥ Ability to set Auto HD quality
+ Highres! HD1080p HD720p 480p 360p 240p
♥ On/Off Mouse Wheel Volume Control
♥ Allow/Deny preloading/buffering a video on youtube.com
+ Code optimization