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Compare cheap flights to Venice
When is the cheapest time to fly to Venice?
What to do in Venice
Venice is one of Italy's most popular cities, and also one the most visited tourist destinations around the world. Travellers flock the city for its romantic settings, artwork and architecture. In fact, this beautiful city is also listed as a World Heritage Site.
Bring out your camera and head to the city's icons first. There's the Bell Tower of Saint Mark, the Clock Tower in Piazza San Marco, Doge's Palace, and Scuola Grande di San Rocco.
For some fine architecture with a spiritual touch, go church hopping in the city. Visit the best churches in Venice and be in awe of Saint Mark's Basilica, San Giacomo di Rialto, San Giovanni e Paolo, and Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari.
Culture vultures are in for a treat because Venice has tons of museums too. Spend a day or two browsing through the Correr Museum, Mocenigo Palace Museum, the Peggy Guggenheim Museum, and Galleria Giorgio Franchetti alla Ca' d'Oro.
Get to know the locals a whole lot better and join the best events in Venice. Take a crack at rowing at La Vogalonga. Have heaps of photo ops at the Regata Storica where you can see hundreds of Venetian boats, and it's also one of the world's best festivals.
A trip to Venice won't be complete if you don't ride the gondolas along the Grand Canal. Don't forget to bargain with the gondoliers so you can save your money for shopping at the Rialto market.
Have an amazing holiday in the beautiful city and start planning your trip with this list of things to do in Venice.
When to visit Venice
The best time for you to visit Venice is during fall from September to November when hotels have lower rates and the tourists have left the city. Spring from March to May is also beautiful in Venice, and you'll get the best weather too.
Perfecto! You can fly to Italy and travel to Venice as soon as you're done packing, because Australians visit the city visa-free for up to 90 days. Make sure you bring photocopies of your passport and to check out Smartraveller for more travel info.
Travelling to and around Venice
You will be landing at the Marco Polo Airport, and from there you can reach the city by riding the bus or boat. Travelling around Venice is quite the experience too with your choice of water buses, water taxis, and the popular gondola rides.
Say "arrivederci" to Australia and "ciao" to Venice! Get your suitcase and passport ready so you can book your cheap flights to Venice with Skiddoo today.
Temperature average in August
Rainfall average in August
40.8 mm
Cheapest time to fly to Venice (VCE)
All prices refer to return flights to Venice and include taxes and charges.
Our experiences customer support team is there to help you every step of the way.
With the Skiddoo Price Promise, if you find a cheaper price online we'll match it!


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Coronavirus Updates: The latest information on the global pandemic and campus operations. COVID-19 Website
Coronavirus Updates: The latest information on the global pandemic and campus operations. COVID-19 Website
Trinity's department of engineering science is one of the nation's top-ranked, ABET-accredited undergraduate engineering programs. Our focus on teaching and design, in addition to our special attention to developing students' communication, interpersonal, and leadership skills, differentiates us from hundreds of other engineering programs across the country.
We consider design the essence of engineering, so it is the central thrust of the program. Our multidisciplinary curriculum allows students to understand how design functions across a variety of disciplines, including the physical sciences and mathematics.
Throughout a student's eight semesters at Trinity, design is utilized to motivate and tie together his or her engineering education. This design sequence encourages a deeper understanding of how engineered products, processes, and systems work maximizes students' prediction, judgment, and design optimizing skills.
Additionally, unlike most engineering science schools, students here participate fully in a common curriculum that makes Trinity one of the leading liberal arts schools in the nation.
A degree in engineering science prepares students for professional engineer (P.E.) registration/licensing and careers in creative engineering design, investigative engineering, and engineering research and development. Almost a third of our graduates go on to further study, often at top graduate programs.

subset: commoncrawl


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PORTSMOUTH — RiverRun Bookstore will hold the February meeting of the Epic Nerdpurr Book Group on Sunday, Feb. 17 at 7 p.m. February's book will be Redshirts by John Scalzi. The Epic Nerdpurr Book Group focuses on science fiction and fantasy novels, both old and new.
About the book:
Ensign Andrew Dahl has just been assigned to the Universal Union Capital Ship Intrepid, flagship of the Universal Union since the year 2456. It's a prestige posting, with the chance to serve on "Away Missions" alongside the starship's famous senior officers. Life couldn't be better … until Andrew begins to realize that 1) every Away Mission involves a lethal confrontation with alien forces, 2) the ship's senior officers always survive these confrontations, and 3) sadly, at least one low-ranking crew member is invariably killed. Unsurprisingly, the savvier crew members belowdecks avoid Away Missions at all costs. Then Andrew stumbles on information that transforms his and his colleagues' understanding of what the starship Intrepid really is … and offers them a crazy, high-risk chance to save their own lives.
RiverRun Bookstore is located at 142 Fleet St. in downtown Portsmouth. The store hosts more than 150 events each year. For details, call 603-431-2100 or visit www.riverrunbookstore.com.


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From food stamps to Medicare, fraudsters are usually managers and executives, not 'welfare queens.'
I'll never forget the day after Christmas 2005, standing alongside my car, which was tilted at a 45-degree angle in the ditch that passed for a curb alongside a pitted, crumbling road. As the sky darkened, not a light glowed anywhere within sight; neither a single police car nor any other sign of public authority appeared for hour after gloomy hour. I was in post-Katrina New Orleans.
I'd been asked by the State of Louisiana to advise on the design of programs to aid homeowners dispossessed by the hurricane -- what ultimately became known as the "Road Home" program. I don't claim to know much about housing policy, but I do know about the ways governments screw things up. I quickly recognized a classic case in the making.
The receding waters in the Gulf had left behind the conditions for a perfect storm of fraud: hundreds of thousands of poor people clamoring for billions of dollars of federal aid that needed to get out the door as quickly as possible. As a result, post-Katrina discussions were shaped by the perceived need to ensure multiple safeguards and to move slowly in releasing the intended aid.
I thought that was backward. If the money were made more easily available, there would have been more fraud. But if the program had stated upfront that ill-gotten gains would be met with fierce investigation and prosecution on the back end, it could have distributed the cash faster, enabling more people to rebuild their homes, and their lives, much quicker. Instead, it was two to three years before most victims started receiving any money. Two and a half years after the storm, nearly 40 percent still had not received a cent.
Meanwhile, there was fraud anyway. The federal government reported about $500 million of it -- or a little less than 10 percent of the total aid payout. Most of this wasn't undeserving poor people ripping off the system just so they could get a new house in one of the grimmest neighborhoods in the country. More frequently, it was undeserving middle-class people ripping off the system to pocket the money for themselves. It turns out fraud was rampant among officials at government agencies and even charities. The resulting federal report was so scathing that some of these folks actually gave back $18.2 million in fraudulent gains; no one knows how much more disappeared. Those who did properly receive payments were often ripped off by shifty contractors and, as a result, never able to rebuild their homes.
None of this was unique or unpredictable, however -- because the problem with fraud isn't government programs or beneficiaries. It's that fraud losses are a cost of doing business in just about everything.
NEXT STORY: How to Tackle Complexity Using Systems Thinking


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Limited Edition Fine Art Print Styles for Autumn Curves
Gorgeous luxurious fine art prints of "Autumn Curves" are available below:
Lumachrome HD Acrylic Prints (Ready to Hang):
If you're looking for luxury and quality, then a Lumachrome HD acrylic piece of fine art is the de facto standard! There is nothing better in the fine art photography printing industry than Lumachrome prints. Lumachrome's are created by face-mounting a photographic print of your image behind crystal clear acrylic glass. Details from the image emerge from the acrylic in an almost HD-like appearance due due to the transparency layer that is infused with iridium particles and is encapsulated in a layer suspended between the white poly surface and Acrylic. The final product is finished with an Italian made ROMA recessed float mount that allows for easy hanging without the need of an external frame creating a modern gallery look that is perfect for any home or office.
Roma Tabacchino Dark Ash Lumachrome HD Acrylic Prints (Ready to Hang):
There is nothing finer than a Lumachrome HD acrylic print that is framed in a ROMA Tabacchino Italian hand-made frame with a linen liner. This method brings a luxurious and elegant presence to your fine art choice. Tabacchino framed pieces are finished with a 3" black linen liner and 4" frame adding 14" total to both the width and height dimensions of the art piece. A black linen liner is standard, but other color are available. If you would prefer another color such as white, please contact me right after placing your order.
Chromaluxe Metal HD Prints (Ready to Hang):
Breathtakingly vibrant and luminescent, Chromaluxe metal prints are created using dye sublimation, providing high-definition, durable metal prints. The image is infused into the coating rather than printing directly on the surface, creating a surface that gives resistant to scratches. The resulting piece of fine art is a high-definition metal print with vibrant colors and exceptional detail and resolution. Chromaluxe metal prints come with a float mount that allows for easy hanging without the need of an external frame.
Fuji Crystal Archive Fuji Flex SuperGloss Loose Print
Fuji's Crystal Archive Fuji Flex SuperGloss uses a white polyester-based material for use with conventional and laser printers. This creates a depth and dimensionality that produces rich image color with an incredible brilliance. If you purchase a Fuji Crystal Archive Fuji Flex SuperGloss print you will need to have it professionally framed to enjoy it.
Premium Plaque Mount Prints (Ready to Hang):
Premium plaque mounts start with a high quality museum-grade photo print that is laminated onto a 1/4" wood base. The surface is UV protected and is finished in a way that allows it to be washable. Finally, there is a 3/4" wood backing that allows the plaque mount to stand off the way, giving it a very elegant and modern feel. Premium plaque mount prints come ready to hang.


text: Softens glue to aid removal! Applies heat to a guitar fingerboard extension or bridge to soften the glue joint. This 2-7/8" x 2" x 1" aluminum hand iron is designed to be heated on your hot plate to 250 degrees F. (See our Surface Thermometer.) The iron's underside is radiused and relieved for over-the-body frets on Martin and Gibson guitars having 14 frets to the body. The frets need not be removed. The wooden handle is positioned over the fretboard, giving you room to work with a removal knife to help break the glue bond. The edges of the iron are radiused for efficiently transferring heat to an acoustic guitar bridge. This product is made exclusively for Stewart-MacDonald by CALIFORNIA PROPOSITION 65 WARNING WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive Harm - www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.


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Seems like there's nothing Emma Watson can't do—she acts, she models, and has become something of a fashion icon.
But try to get a date, and that's a horse of a different color.
"I say to my friends, 'Why hasn't X called me? Why doesn't anyone ever pursue me?' They're like, 'Probably because they're intimidated,'" Watson told the Sunday Times of London.
U.S. & World
"It must be the fame wall," she continued. "It must be the circus that goes around me. Me, as a person, I find it hard to believe I would be intimidating."
Watson also addressed the so-called Brown controversy, a thorny rumor that spread like wildfire, saying that the actress left college because of bullying and students shouting "Harry Potter"-related slights like, "Ten points for Gryffindor!"
"Brown has been the opposite," the actress said. "I've never even been asked for an autograph on campus."
Watson seems to have grown a tough skin, too. "I've been dealing with the media since I was nine. If I can't stand up to a few people giving me a hard time, it's a bit pathetic, really," she said.
Selected Reading: Sunday Times, TooFab


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Anderson: Gouge, Shape and Scrape: A Complete Guide to the Oboe Reed
Code: TBO-011Publisher: Jeanne Inc.
Product Description
"Gouge, Shape and Scrape: A Complete Guide to the Oboe Reed" by Valarie Anderson. This book, by the designer of Jeanne oboe shapers and gougers, details the steps in oboe reed making. It has 115 pages with a spiral binding and includes:
- over 80 full color, detailed photographs of the reed making steps
- a series of play tests and reed adjustments to take the guess work out of oboe reed making
- steps to make reeds that are designed to achieve stability of pitch
TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction
- The "American Style" Reed
- Mechanics of an Oboe Reed
- Basic Equipment for Reed Making
- Making the Reed Blank
- The Basic Scrape
- Finishing the Reed
- Equipment Needed for Shaping
- Introduction to Shaping
- Selecting a Shaper Tip
- The Process of Shaping Cane
- Equipment Needed for Gouging
- Why Gouge Your Own Cane?
- Philosophy of the Gouge
- Selecting a Gouging Machine
- The Process of Gouging
- Sharpening the Knife
- Staples
- Arundo Donax


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Season and Spirit: Magickal Adventures Around the Wheel of the Year
The Wheel of the Year is the engine that drives NeoPagan practice. Explore thw magick of the season beyond the Eight Great Sabbats.
April Fish & Aries Fire
April gets a really bad rap, for such a beautiful month. Spring is officially on, and every day brings another example of the Earth's awakening. In my neighborhood, the first bulbs are popping out—hyacinth, grape hyacinth, snowdrop and crocus. The dandelions are showing up, of course, and suddenly the robins and wrens are joined by woodpeckers and blackbirds. Every day the clouds dapple a brilliant blue sky, and bring in a sorely needed sleety rain. But there are daily reminders of why TS Eliot once wrote, "April is the cruelest month." He was referring to Easter, to the sacrifice of the Christian God and his resurrection. April has been the time of tragedies, of uprisings, assassinations and shootings. It is tax season and therefore makes us account for ourselves (and who enjoys that, really?). In many ways, April compels us toward hard paths and tough choices, to make sacrifices and commitments. April pushes us out of our comfort zones, in order that we may grow and aspire.
One of the best known April traditions is that of the April Fool, a tradition of misrule where pranks and practical jokes are tolerated. In France, "le poisson d'Avril" or April fish, was a gullible person sent upon a fool's errand. Much like the Fool of the Tarot card, representing pure potential and possibility, all things are contained in that moment of setting out. Courage necessary to take that first step, to step out of the safety of what we have known, and venture forth. It is a leap of faith, a deliberate giving up of control and surrendering to the Universe. The Fool card often depicts the Fool about to go off a cliff to represent the free fall of surrender. This movement, out of what's familiar and comfortable, into the unknown, can be as scary and jarring as a fall, but it can bring about tremendous growth and profound transformation. Sometimes this movement is precipitated by a Fool's errand—we follow an intuition, against all logic, or circumstances around us force us to change, or we find ourselves swept along by powers we cannot control. When everything around us is "going crazy," we fight to regain control and resist the letting go that is called for. That loss of control is maddening; it feels dangerous and threatening to us. And so it is! It is threatening to the old patterns and systems of our lives. It is threatening to our masks and facades, to the games we play, to all our ego attachments. Departing from the safety of the known path is "crazy." It flies in the face of logic to deliberately embrace risk when we have achieved safety. But we are often driven to choose risk. And in that irrational movement, incredible amounts of energy is released. That energy is what renews the Earth in Spring, and what renews us as well.
April begins with the Sun firmly in the sign of Aries, the first sign of the Zodiac, the cardinal sign which ushers in the Zodiacal year. Ruled by Mars, Aries embodies the intensity of Earth energy as the land wakes up to Spring. That push that drives the seeds to rise out of the soil, that drives the trees to put out leaves and the birds to begin nesting requires a lot of energy, and Aries ignites the fuse. Whether it's getting dirty in the garden, or making progress on creative projects, or committing to our work in a deeper way, right now the Earth is humming with drive to go forward. What is it that you truly want to do? What goals seem out of reach, what behaviors seem too ingrained to ever change? As we begin the new astrological year, and welcome the opportunities for renewal and cleansing, what new possibility can we dream and actually make manifest in the world? Part of April's discomfort is sitting with these questions and trying to listen for the answers.
One thing I have found, is that April might be the best time of year for re-invention. because the month's energy is so open, so receptive, so full of potential, there is no better time to start putting any new change in place. Whether it's dealing with bad habits or addictions, transforming the dynamics in a home r workplace, opening creative channels, or fostering our spiritual lives, April is a time to examine where we will spend our energies this year, what altars we will tend and worship at, what work we will put or hands to.
Aries is the sign of the ego, of Identity. The Ram asserts itself, taking space and demanding notice. Its motto is "I am." This is the perfect time to channel the energy of renewal into re-inventing one's self. Right now I have one major reinvention to bring about this year. Because Aries represents the identity, the most effective way to bring about this transformation was to embody that new identity. Holding a vision of the person I am trying to become, I started to make decisions based on what she would do. This not-yet identity that I'm trying to grow into, what are her goals and values, and what choices does she make to support them? Aligning myself consciously with that self has compelled me to look at my most dysfunctional and non-integrous parts of myself. It has begun showing me how to correct that course, and how to grow into not-yet-here me. This inquiry is not an easy process, but it is proving successful in shifting some of my most unconscious and stubborn bad habits. It moves forward in tiny movements towards our heart's desire, tiny course corrections as we move to where we truly want to be. For example, if living into this new identity requires being healthier, that will effect the kinds of food in my fridge, the kinds of appliances in my kitchen (deep-fryer or juicer?), my clothes and shoes (not-yet-here me has already invested in new sneakers, which are kept my the bed, as if we were going to go running in the morning...). These choices might be small but they are the place where new possibilities begin. Possibilities ignited and illuminated by the Aries Sun!
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x REVOLVE Lenny Jumpsuit
Click below and we will let you know when this item is back in stock.
- 25" Inseam
- Modeled in size S.
- Model Measurements: Height 5'9", Waist 24", Bust 32", Hips 34"
- Size Guide
Boys + Arrows is swimwear for girls with an appetite for adventure and a passion for life. Its not the bikini, but what the bikini represents Confidence, strength, adventure, beauty, memories, smiles, road trips, airplane tickets, bug bites, dirty hair, campfires, cheers-ing, arriving with a thousand things on your mind, and departing without a care in the world. It represents playing hard, finishing strong, falling in love, smelling the flowers and creating an experience that leaves a mark.
If an item you would like to purchase is out of stock, you can place a Special Order Inquiry. REVOLVE will then check the availability and obtain an approximate arrival date for the item, if available. Typically, it takes up to 3-4 weeks to verify this information.
Placing a Special Order Inquiry is absolutely free and there is no obligation to follow through with a purchase.
- You will be notified by email once we receive the item.
- You may cancel at any time without penalty
- Your card will ONLY be charged when your order is shipped.
- Availability is not guaranteed.


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Stevens Reports Record $26 Million in Philanthropy During FY2013, President's Initiative for Excellence Concludes More Than One Year Ahead of Schedule
The second year of Stevens President Nariman Farvardin's service to the University has concluded with a record $26.3 million in annual fundraising, the Office of Development announced today, making it possible to successfully complete the President's Initiative for Excellence more than one year ahead of schedule.
"We are extremely pleased that alumni and friends have once again stepped forward to give generously to the University," said Ed Eichhorn, Vice President for Development. "The growth in engagement and giving during the past two years is a remarkable reflection of the commitment of our alumni and friends, and will help fuel the achievement of the objectives set out in the new Stevens Strategic Plan."
More than 4,000 gifts were made to Stevens during FY13. The $26.3 million total represents a 91% increase over the amount raised in the previous fiscal year, which itself was 189% greater than was raised the year before.
Gifts made during FY13 included a $10 million commitment from Greg Gianforte '83 and the Gianforte Family Foundation to support construction of a new Academic Gateway Complex; $1.3 million from Board of Trustees Chairman Virginia Ruesterholz '83 and husband Kevin Ruesterholz '83 to support creation of a new admissions center by renovating Colonial House; $1 million each from John Hovey '57 and Frank Semcer '65 to assist construction of the Gateway Complex; $2 million from the estate of Elbert Calhoun Brinning, Jr. to create The Viola Ward Brinning and Elbert Calhoun Brinning Endowed Chair in the Schaefer School of Engineering and Science; and $2 million from engineer, philanthropist and business executive A. James Clark to create the Nariman Farvardin Endowed Chair in Civil Engineering in the Schaefer School.
The American Bureau of Shipping also awarded Stevens $3 million to support construction of a new civil, mechanical and naval laboratory complex in the Davidson Laboratory.
Support received during the fiscal year included a total of 24 newly created scholarships and a total of 26 newly created or realized bequests, both record numbers for a Stevens fiscal year.
In the year ahead, Stevens remains committed to increasing support for our prestigious faculty and talented students and further strengthening ties with our accomplished alumni. To learn more about the powerful impact of alumni participation and giving to Stevens, please visit www.stevens.edu/dev.


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A week of bronchial pneumonia proved fatal to Leonard Lloyd Strean, beloved four and one half months-old son of Mr. and Mrs. LeRoy Strean of R. 2, West Bend, who died Sunday, July 23 at 3:30 p.m. at St. Joseph's hospital here.
The child was born March 3, 1939 in the town of Trenton. He is survived by his parents, two sisters, Arlene and Lucille, and two brothers, James and Norbert.
Funeral services were conducted Tuesday at 2 p.m. from the Schmidt Funeral home to the Trinity Lutheran church where Rev. R. W. Groth performed the last rites. Burial was in the Newark cemetery, Barton.
The untimely death of this little child will leave an ache in the hearts of his bereaved parents and brothers and sisters that will not soon be healed. We extend our sincere sympathy."
So heart-breaking to hear of the loss of a child. Even a child you've never met that passed long ago.
So heart-breaking to hear of the loss of a child. Even a child you've never met that passed long ago.
Unknown which paper the clipping was taken from.


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Washington, DC 20006
Arocho Law Office (ALO) is committed to serving the legal needs of a wide variety of businesses, trade associations, community groups and nonprofit organizations.
Antonio "Tony" Arocho founded ALO on the premise that he wanted to make a difference with his law practice. Like ALO and Antonio "Tony" Arocho, our clients are committed to making a difference in their community and the world.
At ALO, Antonio "Tony" Arocho will put to work for you his expertise and energy that includes many years of experience as a lawyer, working with nonprofits and trade associations, public servant, federal and territorial court litigator, fundraiser, policy maker, and executive.
Antonio "Tony" Arocho seeks to understand not just a clients' immediate legal needs, but also the vision, philosophy and mission driving their organization or business. He listens carefully to clients, asks the right questions and carefully analyzes the issues. Then, he draws upon his talent, experience and knowledge to respond effectively. In doing so, he is able to offer innovative and individualized solutions to each client's needs.
Contact this office to discuss your legal needs and how this office can assist you. Consultation by appointment only - Evening and Weekend Appointments are available upon request!Please call today at 202.___-____ to schedule an appointment.
Hablàmos Español
IRS posts more FAQs on How Eligible Small Business can Claim the Health Care Tax Credit
October is Employee Ownership (ESOP) Month
Companies can't be subject to US lawsuits by foreigners seeking damages for human rights violations
Help your favorite local charities stay tax-exempt- from IRS
Attorney Arocho is Member of GWH Chamber of Commerce's Government Affairs Committee
What is a CDC (Community Development Corporation)?
The Effect of the Economy on the Nonprofit Sector
IRS Grants Grace Period for Small Tax Exempt Organizations
Name Squatting on Social Media Sites
Employer Identification Number (EIN)
Antitrust and Nonprofit Organizations
Registered Agents
Should your business Get a NAICS Code?
Arocho Donates Book Collection to Esperanza College of Eastern University
Arocho Donates Indian Book Collection to Nanticoke Indian Museum & Library
Consultations are provided by appointment only. Please call 202.204.2218 to schedule an appointment.
Frequently searched terms:
Business Law
Nonprofit Law
Personal Service
Client Driven
Value Driven
Antonio "Tony" Arocho is admitted to practice law in the District of Columbia and U.S. Virgin Islands.
Consultations are provided by appointment only. Las consultas legales se hacen con previa cita.
Business Law, Nonprofit Law, Charity Law, Small Business Law, Corporate Law, servicios legales, Casos de organizaciones sin fines de lucro, Casos Empresariales, Abogado. Nonprofit Lawyer, Nonprofit Attorney, Nonprofit Lawyer Washington DC, Nonprofit Lawyer District of Columbia, Washington District of Columbia, US Virgin Islands
Copyright 2002-2017.Antonio Arocho/Arocho Law Office. All Rights Reserved
LEGAL COUNSEL TO EXTRAORDINARY PEOPLE, FIRMS & CAUSES, is a Service Mark (SM), and AROCHOLAW is a Service Mark (SM) of Antonio Arocho, Esq. and Arocho Law Office.
Washington, DC 20006


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Recently I discovered static site generator and I think it's a better platform for a tech blog. From now on, my tech blog will be hosted at
Moving to blog.reminiscential.org
Posted by Kevin J. Qiu on June 26, 2012
Use Python's sys.settrace() for fun and for profit
The itch to scratch
Everyone in the software industry knows Kent Beck, the pioneers of extreme programming and test-driven development and the co-author of JUnit. One of his lesser known project was JUnitMax, which aims to reduce the time developers have to wait while tests are running. One of the ideas behind that is that when code changes, only the test cases that exercise the code need to be run, instead of running the entire suite. The idea makes a lot of sense to me, but at the time, I (and the development shop I was in) wasn't practising enough TDD, so unit test time wasn't a big problem for me back then.
Fast-forward a few years, now as the project in my current company gets bigger, the time it takes to run tests is slowly becoming an impeding factor of my productivity. I remembered JUnitMax and say to myself, wouldn't it be neat if something like JUnitMax were available? As the name suggests, JUnitMax is for Java while my project is in Python. Java, being a statically-typed language, has the blessings of statical analysis, which means a tool like JUnitMax can figure out which test cases cover which lines of code simply by type analysis. Python, however, being a dynamic language, doesn't have this ability.
A few days ago, while I was running unit tests with coverage, it dawned on me that if the coverage tool knows which lines of the source code is covered by unit tests, couldn't the same technique be used to figure out which lines are covered by which test cases?
So, I started looking into coveragepy's source code, and watching its author Ned Batchelder's excellent PyCon2011 video on sys.settrace. I wanted to build a proof-of-concept tool that integrates with the de-facto Python unit-test tool nose, that, when run, gathers the information about which lines in the files in the source folder are covered by which test cases, and hence nostrils is born.
Here comes `sys.settrace()`
Python's motto is "batteries included". This is manifested in many Python's stanndard library modules, such as ast (source code parsing) and dis (bytecode disassembly). One of which is the ability to make the Python interpreter call an external function whenever a line of code is being executed. You can do a lot of fun stuff with it, for example, Coverage.py uses this to build code coverage data; pdb uses it to insert breakpoints into a running application and change the way a Python program is executed.
How can it be used?
For nostrils, we need to write a nose plugin that installs the trace function when a test is encountered. The trace function records the line numbers and the current test case name. After all tests are run, we have our map.
A simple use case
To start, we need a simple use case:
# worker.py # this is the code-under-test def add(x, y): z = x + y return z def subtract(x, y): z = x - y return z
# test_worker.py # test cases import worker def test_add(): assert 1 == worker.add(1, 0) def test_add___negative(): assert 0 == worker.add(-1, 1) def test_subtract(): assert 0 == worker.subtract(0, 0) class TestFoo(object): def test_add(self): assert 5 == worker.add(5, 0)
As you can see, we have 4 tests and 2 methods-under-test. Our goal is that when running `nosetests –with-nostrils` (–with-nostrils is the switch to turn on the nostrils plugin), we get the following mappings:
def add(x, y): z = x + y # test_add, test_add_negative, TestFoo.test_add return z # test_add, test_add_negative, TestFoo.test_add def subtract(x, y): z = x - y # test_subtract return z # test_subtract
Nose plugin
I won't go into the details about how to create a plugin for nose. You can read it here, and you can take a look at my sample setup here. In a nutshell, every plugin has a name, and when nose is supplied with –with-plugin_name, your plugin is activated. Nose provides a test lifecycle "hooks" that plugins can implement. For example,
startTest is called when a test case is discovered and adapted into a nose TestCase.
addSuccess is called when a test case succeeded.
finalize is called when all tests are finished.
Here's how my plugin looks like:
class Nostrils(Plugin): name = 'nostrils' def addError(self, test, err, *args): self._restore_tracefn() def addFailure(self, test, err, *args): self._restore_tracefn() def addSkip(self, test, err): self._restore_tracefn() def addSuccess(self, test, err): self._restore_tracefn() def startTest(self, test): self._current_test = test self._install_tracefn() def finalize(self, result): self._print() def _install_tracefn(self): self._orig_tracefn = sys.gettrace() sys.settrace(self._trace) # See below def _restore_tracefn(self): sys.settrace(self._orig_tracefn)
The idea is that we install the trace function when test starts, and restore the trace function back to what it was. We also keeps track of what's the current test in
Trace function
Now let's have a look at the trace function:
class Nostrils(Plugin): # ... def _trace(self, frame, event, arg): if event == 'line': self._trace_down(frame) return self._trace def _trace_down(self, frame): while frame is not None: if frame.f_code == test.__call__.func_code: break self._collect(frame) frame = frame.f_back
A trace function should take 3 parameters:
- frame: the current frame object
- event: what type of event that triggered the trace function? See here
- &asterisk;args: any additional arguments
Here, I'm only interested in the 'line' event, which is triggered when a new line of code is being executed. When this happens, we invoke
_trace_down, which walks the frame stack by recursing on
frame.f_back. When it's
None, we're at the bottom of the stack. Because we're tracing the execution of tests, we can probably stop traversing when the code object of the frame is the entry point of the test case (
if frame.f_code == test.__call__.func_code). This way, we save ourselves some unnecessary traversals.
Data Collection
There's are few things we need to collect: filename, line number of the code being executed and the test case name that covers the code.
class Nostrils(Plugin): def __init__(self): super(Nostrils, self).__init__() self._data = defaultdict( lambda : defaultdict( lambda : set([]) ) ) def _collect(self, frame): filename, lineno = frame.f_code.co_filename, frame.f_lineno self._data[filename][lineno].add("%s:%s.%s" % self._current_test.address())
The data structure we use here is a dictionary of dictionary. At the top level, the keys are filenames, and the values are dictionaries of with keys the line numbers and the values the set of test case names. The data structure looks like this:
{ 'foo.py':{ 1 : set(['test_foo.py:test_foo_case1', 'test_foo.py:test_foo_case2']), 2 : set(['test_foo.py:test_foo_case1', 'test_foo.py:test_foo_case2']), 3 : set(['test_foo.py:test_foo_case2']) } }
There we have it! We have a prototype of what could become a PyUnitMax 😉
Potential Problems
- Scale: Now I'm only running nostrils on trivial code base. Profiling and optimization is needed if nostrils were to be used in real-world cases.
- Multi-threading: No consideration was given to multi-threading at this stage.
Collaborators welcome!
I have since refactored the code, revised the data structure and published it on github. Please provide me with feedbacks and suggestions.
Posted by Kevin J. Qiu on April 17, 2012
Writing a Simple Clojure Library
I've been learning/using Clojure on and off for about 2 years. The lispy syntax isn't a deterrent for me at all, in fact, I'm quite fond of it and consider it very elegant. However, it does take some time to get used to. I don't use Clojure or anything remotely close in my day job, but I love to find something useful to implement using Clojure. In the past few days I found such niche.
Terminal colours
Ever wonder how some console applications can output coloured text? Most terminals and terminal emulators (think iTerm or konsole) support colour through a system of escape sequences.
An Escape Sequence starts with the ASCII code for the escape character (0x1b or 33). There a list of control characters you can specify after the escape character that controls the colour and style of the text after it. For example, sending "[31mfoo" to a terminal means "output red coloured text from now on". Everything the terminal output will be coloured red, until the terminal reads another escape sequence, including "[ESC]0m", which tells the terminal to reset the styles to the default.
So I had this idea to implement this in Clojure as a library so that console application authors can use it to output stylized text from their application using idiomatic Clojure, and here comes Lumiere.
Implementing it in Clojure
Design the interface
What's our end goal here? We would like to output colour sequence wrapped text with Clojure function calls such as
(red "foo") ; output foo in red colour (bg-green "bar") ;"bar" with green background colour (bold (magenta "nyan cat")) ; bold and magenta (-> "nyan cat" red bg-white bold) ; use Clojure's "thread macro" to combine these functions, resulting in red foreground, white background and bold "nyan cat"
I wrote a blog post a year ago about how I liked Cake the Clojure build system alternative to the defacto Leiningen. The recent news on this is that Cake and Leiningen are merging. This time, I decided to use Leiningen from the start. Even though Leiningen hasn't ported some of the Cake goodies, but I'm hoping they will get ported soon.
First working version:
lein new lumiere, Leiningen generates the default project layout. By default, Leiningen generates src/lumiere/core.clj and test/lumiere/core.clj. Because Lumiere is such a small script, we don't need the 'lumiere.core namespace, rather I'd like the functions to be in the 'lumiere namespace. The easiest way is to delete src/lumiere/ folder and create lumiere.clj under src. Same goes for the test file.
Following the spirit of TDD, off I went to write my first test:
(ns lumiere.test (:use [lumiere]) (:use [clojure.test])) (deftest test-only-foreground (is (= "\033[30msome black text\033[0m" (black "some black test"))))
This tests that the correct sequences of characters are generated by the call to
(black "..."). 33 is the ASCII code for .
To make this test pass, I added this in src/lumiere.clj,
(ns lumiere) (defn black [text] (format "\033[0m" 30 text)) ; 30 is the code for black foreground.
This passes the tests, but obviously there's room for abstraction:
* the red foreground code is 31, green 32, etc…
* the black background code is 40, red 41, green 42, etc…
So here we go:
(defn- colour ; defn- makes this function private to the current namespace. ( (format "\033[%dm" (+ (if is-bg? 40 30) code))) ( (colour code false))) (defn black [text] (colour 0)) (defn red [text] (colour 1)) (defn bg-black [text] (colour 0 true)) (defn bg-red [text] (colour 1 true))
Clojure supports "default" arguments through method overloading. Here we adjust the offset based on whether or not that colour is a foreground or background.
Second take: use macro to define declaratively create colour functions
One advantage of lispy syntax is the convergence of programming with meta-programming. If you read the core Clojure library code, you'll find that Clojure defines a few special forms and most control structures are written in macros. In my case, however, I'm using macros to define colour/style functions in a declarative way. Some may argue it doesn't justify using macro for this purpose, but I just want to practice writing macros, and it does make the public interface of the library a bit prettier.
First off, again, we need to define what the end result should look like. I would still like the functions to remain the same, e.g., red, bg-red, black, bg-black, etc. However, defining these functions takes a lot of boilerplate code. I'd like to simply call
(defcolour BLACK 0) or the like to generate the `black` and `bg-black` functions for me.
Disclaimer: I'm a novice macro writer. Advanced readers, please hold your nose and tell me what I did wrong or any improvements could be made 🙂
(def RESET "\033[0m") (defmacro defcolour [colour-func-name bg-colour-func-name colour-code] `(do (defn ~colour-func-name [text#] (format "%s%s%s" (colour ~colour-code) text# RESET)) (defn ~bg-colour-func-name [text#] (format "%s%s%s" (colour ~bg-colour-code true) text# RESET)))) (defcolour black bg-black 0) (defcolour red bg-red 1) (defcolour green bg-green 2) ; etc...
A few special reader macros you need to know about when writing a macro:
- tick (`) indicates the following code should be quoted and treated as a template.
- tilda (~) indicates that the symbol should not be quoted (unquote), and should be replaced with the value in the current context.
- hash (#) indicates that the macro system should generate a unique name for this symbol so it doesn't conflict. Otherwise, it will be expanded to its fully qualified name.
Run tests and because we didn't change our public interface, everything all tests should still pass.
Take 3: combining styles
Alright, now that we have a fully functional style system, we can cascade the styles, e.g.,
(red (bg-green "foo")). It work as expected when trying it in a REPL, but the character sequence it generates is "33[31m33[42mfoo33[0m33[0m" and surely it isn't optimal. If we want to add styles such as bold, it's going to get even worse.
So, we need some abstraction here. When you call
(red "some text") it shouldn't generate the character sequence right away. Instead, the caller should decide when the sequence should be generated. We need some data structure to represent a "luminated" text. In Clojure we can define a "record".
(defrecord Lumiere [text opts])
"opts" is a map with keys :fg, :bg, :styles. We also want to override the toString() method so when the user calls (str lumiered-text), he will get the character sequence ready to be printed to the console. The downside of this is that we modified the interface, so we need to go back and change the tests so they call
(str (red "foo")):
(is (= "\033[30msome black text\033[0m" (str (black "some black test")))))
To override toString, we need to extend our Lumiere type to conform to the IObject protocol:
(defn- ansi-escape-seq [& codes] (format "\033[%sm" (join ";" (filter #(not= % nil) codes)))) (defrecord Lumiere [text fg bg styles] Object (toString [this] (let [prefix (ansi-escape-seq (:fg this) (:bg this) (:styles this))] (format "%s%s%s" prefix (:text this) RESET))))
Next we need to let the colour/style functions return Lumiere object, rather than plain character sequence. There are two situations we need to adapt:
1. When we first start decorating a text, text input is going to be a plain string. In this case, we need to create a Lumiere object with the text and options.
2. When the return of a colour/style function is chained into another colour/style function, we need to modify the options of the Lumiere object.
(defn- adapt-lum [text option value] (let [local-option-map (merge {:fg nil :bg nil :styles nil} {option value})] (cond (instance? String text) (Lumiere. text (:fg local-option-map) (:bg local-option-map) (:styles local-option-map)) (instance? Lumiere text) (assoc text option value) :else (throw (java.lang.IllegalArgumentException.)))))
and we need to modify the macros so "adapt-lum" helper is used:
(defmacro defcolour [colour-func-name bg-colour-func-name ^Integer colour-code] `(do (defn ~colour-func-name [text#] (adapt-lum text# :fg ~colour-name)) (defn ~bg-colour-func-name [text#] (adapt-lum text# :bg ~bg-colour-name))))
Publish to Clojar.org
Now that the library is in a relatively stable state. I'd like to publish this snapshot version to a repository. Clojars.org is the most popular clojure library repository. Register on clojars.org, add let them know your public key. Then do
lein pom && lein deploy, voila!
Posted by Kevin J. Qiu on March 3, 2012
Building a Google Reader plugin using Chrome extension
OK, ok, I understand. The title is a bit misleading. Google Reader isn't open for 3rd party plugins, and there's no indication that Google will ever. However, with Google Chrome extension, we can build such local "plugins".
What are we going to achieve?
Anyone uses Google Reader to read DZone feeds? I do. DZone is a very good tech news aggregator and you can vote and comment on stories. With Google Reader, you get DZone feeds like the following. I don't know about you but for me, sometimes I just want to read the original story without going to the DZone page. It'd be nice if they have a "click through" action (like the following) on the action bar that brings you to the original story.
Basic strategy
So, how are we going to implement this feature? Chrome Extension code can be injected into the running page, and have full access to its DOM. Therefore, we can write code such that if the currently opened entry is a DZone entry, we insert 'Click Through' action into the entry action bar (action bar is the bar underneath the main entry, where 'Add Star', 'Like', 'Share' actions are). The 'Click Through' action, when clicked, will read the feed URL, fetch it in the background, parse it and get the URL of the original story, and open the original URL in a separate tab.
Create a manifest
A Chrome extension must have a manifest.json file containing the metadata of the extension.
{ "name":"GReader", "version":"1.0", "description":"Enhanced Google Reader experience", "permissions": [ "http://*.dzone.com/" ], "background_page":"background.html", "content_scripts":[{ "matches":[ "*://www.google.com/reader/view/*" ], "js":[ "lib/jquery-1.6.4.min.js", "src/greader.js" ], "run_at":"document_idle" }] }
Here we
- specify that the extension needs to access any URL on dzone.com including its subdomains.
- specify the background page
- specify the content script
The "run_at" property will dictate when the content script is going to be run. Because Google Reader is a full AJAX application, we want our script to be run when the document is fully rendered.
We also specify the "matches" property, so our content script is only activated when the URL matches.
The content script
We start with:
(function($) { })(jQuery);
This creates a function scope, which separates our $ variable apart from the current page's $ variable. Google Reader (I assume, is using Google's own closure library), already defines $ and it's not the jQuery object. This idiom gives $ as jQuery.
We want to insert the "Click through" action in the entry action bar. To achieve this, we will need to listen on "DOMNodeInserted" event, and when such event happens and the node inserted is of the right CSS class name ("entry-action" here), we proceed to manipulate the DOM to add our customized actions.
$("#entries").live('DOMNodeInserted', function(e) { if (!e.target.className.match(/entry\-actions/)) return; var entryAction = new EntryAction($(e.target)); if (entryAction.entry.url.match(/^http\:\/\/feeds\.dzone\.com/)) { entryAction.addAction({ 'name':'Click Through', 'fn':function(entry) { chrome.extension.sendRequest({"type":"fetch_entry", "url":entry.url}, function(response) { var matched = /<div class="ldTitle">(.*?)<\/div>/.exec(response.data); var href = ($(matched[1]).attr("href")); if (href !== null) { chrome.extension.sendRequest({"type":"open_tab", "url":href}, function(response) { // TODO: do something afterwards? }); } }); } }); } });
Here I built a little bit of abstraction around the raw entry action bar. It's encapsulated in EntryAction class, which I'll show in a moment. Basically, if the current displaying entry's feed URL starts with feed.dzone.com, I'll build the "click through" action, and set the click handler. It sends the feed URL to the background script. The background script will do the cross-site request to fetch the feed content and send it back. Then the content script will regex match the content to get the original story's URL, and ask chrome to open the URL in a new tab.
Here's the code for EntryAction:
var EntryAction = function(element) { this.element = element; var entryElmt = this.element.parent(".entry"); var url = $(entryElmt).find(".entry-title-link").attr('href'); this.entry = { "url" : url }; }; EntryAction.prototype.addAction = function(action) { var that = this; var onclick = function(e) { var actionFunc = action['fn']; actionFunc(that.entry); } this.element.append($("<span>") .addClass("link unselectable") .text(action['name']) .click(onclick)); };
I won't delve too much into this code. It makes assumptions about the structure of the DOM that Google Reader renders into. This does make the extension brittle but that's the reality we have to deal with for client-side scripting. Luckily, Google Reader markup doesn't change very often. For people new to object-oriented Javascript, this is one way to create a "class" (prototype) and put "instance" methods on a "class".
Unlike content scripts, which is injected and runs in the target page, the background page runs in its own process (the extension's process) and keeps running while the extension is active. It's comparable to the "server" side of the extension. For our extension's purpose, we're using the background script to make requests to 3rd party web sites (DZone).
<html> <script type="text/javascript" src="lib/jquery-1.6.4.min.js"></script> <script> (function($) { chrome.extension.onRequest.addListener( function(request, sender, sendResponse) { if (request.type === 'fetch_entry') { $.get(request.url, function(data) { sendResponse({"data":data}); }); } else if (request.type === 'open_tab') { chrome.tabs.create({'url':request.url}); sendResponse({"status":"ok"}); } } ); })(jQuery); </script> </html>
We register handlers for events that our "client" (the content script) is able to raise. Here we deal with 2 kinds of events: fetch_entry and open_tab.
- Although Chrome 13 allows cross-site requests from content scripts, I'm actually quite fond of this pattern of delegating requests to the background page.
- chrome.tabs isn't accessible in the content script. That's why open_tab is an event the client (the content script) can raise and delegate chrome specific API calls to the background script.
After Thoughts
That's it! That's my first Chrome extension. It's not earth shattering or anything but I learned quite a lot. I like Chrome extension development — it's straightforward and simple. The architecture is quite simple yet powerful. The code is on Github and I plan to expand it to a framework for customizing Google Reader experience. Here are a few things we can do with the extension:
- Link "Share" action to twitter/Google+
- Click on "Like" action to automatically vote up on DZone (or any other news aggregator)
- Share with comment on Google Reader puts the comment on the entry on DZone (or any other news aggregator)
- endless opportunities…
Posted by Kevin J. Qiu on October 4, 2011
Spectrum.vim – My first Vim plugin
Over the past few months, I've been using Vim as my primary development tool at work and at home, and I have to say, I'm addicted to it! I'm thinking about writing a blog post of why I get hooked on "walking without crutches", but for this post, I'm just going to introduce you to my first plugin in Vim – Spectrum.
Spectrum is a vim colorscheme roulette. Ever getting tired of staring at the same colorscheme every day? Having hundreds of colorschemes in your repo but too lazy to deterministically pick one? Spectrum helps you by randomly pick colorschemes from your vim runtime path or from the web. From there, you have the chance of voting up a colorscheme so Spectrum will have a higher probability to pick it or voting down a colorscheme so you wouldn't see it again.
To be honest, I'm not a fan of Vim script – the language is not very expressive and doesn't have a lot of object oriented features. Semi-fortunately, since Vim 7, they have added support for Python, Ruby and Perl scripts. I said 'semi-fortunately' because the support isn't too comprehensive. For most core vim features, you still have to resort to calling Vim commands to achieve them, but at least I don't have to use Vim script for the most part.
Spectrum is written in Python, and use the "vim" module to interact with the hosting Vim instance. There is a bit of bootstrapping to do if you want to separate most of the Python code out of the entry point vim script (see https://github.com/kevinjqiu/spectrum.vim/blob/master/plugin/spectrum.vim). Many vim plugins written in Python require you to install the python code into your Python runtime before you can use them, but for a simple module like Spectrum, I opted for monkey patching syspath to include modules in the plugin folder.
Anyhow, give it a try and hope you like it.
Posted by Kevin J. Qiu on April 20, 2011
Scala Simple Build Tool — Not so simple after all, at least for now…
Update:I got sbt working by building directly from the master branch from their github repo. The current version is 0.7.5. The tagged 0.9.4 version is actually an older version. Anyway, tried it and kinda loved it.
This is just another late night rambling…I was trying to get a proper scala build system setup. I was using Maven scala plugin for a while, but longing for something simpler and more scalanic (is there such a word?). I was pretty happy at Cake, the Clojure build system and expected SBT to allow me to break away from using Maven to build Scala projects…boy, was I wrong…
First off, when you google 'simple build tool', you get a link to the SBT Google code home page. Well, nothing wrong there, except the "latest" version on Google code was 0.7.4 and it was half a year ago…Maybe it's not that outdated, so I downloaded it, followed this instruction and setup my ~/bin/sbt script. Running it, it asked me to setup projects, and it only supported up until Scala 2.7.7…Hrm, 2.8 was out for a while now, so obviously, SBT 0.7.4 isn't the latest. Reading their home page more carefully, they're moving the repository to Github. Awesome! I'd pick Github over Google Code any time too.
Heading over to their Github repo, and found the latest stable version is 0.9.2. Good! So it should support Scala 2.8 now! Downloaded the zip, unzipped it, and of course it wasn't executable. You need to build it. There's a README.md, so quickly I less'ed it. For step 1, it asked me to go to the setup wiki page on Google Code (!), which is the steps I did setting up 0.7.4…I guess they're using 0.7.4 as a bootstrapping build…Anyways, I did that. Step 2 was to run `sbt update "project Launcher" proguard "project Simple Build Tool" "publish-local"`. Of course it didn't work. It's complained 0.7.4 version of sbt-launch can't download Scala 2.7.7 from any of the repository…bummer! But hey, I can download Scala 2.7.7 lib from Maven! So I quickly updated pom.xml of one of my projects to use Scala 2.7.7 and did an upgrade. Now 2.7.7 is happily in my local Maven repo. Ran that command again, hooray! It started to build, and judging by the number of packages it's building, "simple" isn't the first adjective that comes into my mind. Anyway, it's building at least, so even if it's a little complicated, so be it…Except…of course it broke half way… and why?
[info] Post-analysis: 107 classes.
[info] == Precompiled 2.7.7 / compile ==
[info] Precompiled 2.8.0 / compile …
[info] == Precompiled 2.8.0 / compile ==
[info] Source analysis: 9 new/modified, 0 indirectly invalidated, 0 removed.
[info] Compiling main sources…
[warn] there were deprecation warnings; re-run with -deprecation for details
[warn] one warning found
[info] Compilation successful.
[info] Post-analysis: 108 classes.
[info] == Precompiled 2.8.0 / compile ==
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: PermGen space
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClassCond(ClassLoader.java:632)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:616)
You've gotta be kidding me! I set -Xmx512M and it's not enough? And why is it building every version of Scala *from source*?? Is there something called a…JAR?
Anyway, increased -Xmx from 512 to 1024M, ran again, wait, and same thing happened again! Out of PermGen space…urrgh…
I decided to give up, at least for the day… SBT is anything but simple, at least from my experience. I know it's open source and people put efforts into it without compensation, so I shouldn't be critical about it. I'll give it a try again, and hopefully it's worth the time investment.
Posted by Kevin J. Qiu on March 17, 2011
Write sudoku solver in Clojure
…yeah, because the world just needs another Sudoku solver. Well, I'm not trying to solve world hunger with it, but just an attempt to practice Clojure, I took (read: stole) Peter Norvig's sudoku solver algorithm (written in Python) and adapted it into Clojure. I put it up on Github under sudoku-clj. The algorithm itself isn't *that* hard to understand. The porting to a lisp-y syntax made the code a little longer than its Python counterpart. I'm sure seasoned Lisp/Clojure users can point out dozens of places where more idiomatic/succinct syntax can be used (If you happen to be one, do tell, by the way).
Here's a few things I noticed:
- Mutable states in clojure are captured using `ref`s. The object itself (in this case, the grid, which is a hash map) doesn't mutate, but the reference is changed to point to different grid objects that represent a configuration at a given step.
- Clojure sequences are Lazy. A few times I tried to print out the current state (remaining digits) of the square, but if you simply do
(println seq), you will get a Java-ish toString() output of the sequence object. You need to force the lazy sequence to be evaluated by
(println (apply str seq)). Needless to say, you lose the advantage of lazy sequences, so use it sparingly.
- Python's list comprehension syntax is fabulous. Clojure's counterpart for comprehension doesn't feel as elegent, nor is map a function onto a sequence to achieve that (the way I used it)
- Cake is yummy!
- The performance isn't great…I must have done something wrong, but the easy sudoku grid took about 2 seconds (with the JVM already booted), while the Python algorithm solves it in a fraction of a second.
- Because assign/eliminate are mutually recursive, my current implementation uses the naive way of doing recursion, i.e., let the stack grow. Clojure has a function `trampoline`, which adds a level of indirection that applies to mutually recursive functions. It uses `recur` at tail end position (basically translates the recursive calls into loops) which doesn't fill your process's stack. It might not be obvious (to me anyways) how one can do that with a few levels of function calls in between assign/eliminate, but I'm sure there's a way
Posted by Kevin J. Qiu on March 2, 2011
Cake – the yummy Clojure build system
About 10 minutes ago I heard about cake clojure build system, and gave it a try. And 10 minutes later, it won me over! Wow, it addresses all the pain points of leiningen
Sorry for using all CAPS but I'm very excited about this improvement over leiningen — OK, it may not be the fault of leiningen that JVM cold startup time is non-trivial but hey, someone came up with an idea of having a long running JVM process in the background, so subsequent clojure tasks reuse the same JVM instance. Cake folks integrated that nicely. It takes about 10-15 seconds to boot up a JVM but subsequent cake tasks or execution of clojure code is virtually instant! Comparing to leiningen, which doesn't take this approach and every single task (such as common ones like lein test) takes around 5 seconds. This adds up quickly and makes you less efficient. The speed improvement alone is enough for me to switch to cake.
Advanced REPL functionalities: tab completion, history
It just works. Very useful for having instant feedbacks while exploring the language and API. No more manually adding jLine to your classpath or hack around tab completion wrapper…It just works! (I know I said it already)
run clojure files directly
OK, leiningen can do this too, but through plugin. I feel this is a very handy functionality, which probably should be included in the core.
Detects your code change and automatically run your test suites! Sweet.
compatible with leiningen project definition files
Cake understand project.clj, so I don't need to do anything for my existing leiningen projects. Change directory to the project and `cake` away 😀
Overall, it just works out of the box. No more mucking around with dev-dependencies and other chores and let you focus on what you'd love to do.
Posted by Kevin J. Qiu on February 11, 2011
New Year's Resolution
2011 here we come! In the spirit of continual learning, I'm going to write down the technology I'd love to learn this year.
- Haskell
- Lift
- More advanced features of Clojure
- Ruby and Rails 3
- Android
Now that I'm more interested in functional languages, I'd love to look into this "pure" functional language that inspired countless other ones of its kind.
Last year I scratched the surface of Scala, a hybrid JVM language. I'm very fond of it, and think it has tremendous potential. Twitter and FourSquare are already using Scala, so it has been put to the test of some pretty high-profile usages. Lift is the most popular web framework built on top of Scala. It claims to have the rapid application development benefits from Rails and the benefits from statically typed language.
In the past two years, I explored Clojure and on off. I love the Lisp idea of homoiconicity which unifies programming and meta-programming. That said, I haven't been using macro in Clojure too much, and there are other cool ideas of Clojure I haven't been able to explore deeply, such as protocols and software transactional memory (STM)
For the past few years, I've been refraining myself from learning Ruby, because I'm already quite adept at Python, and I feel I should be learning languages that are different from what I already know. However, the more I heard about Ruby and its ideas, the more interesting it appears to me. On top of that, Rails 3 has come out, and it appears to have improved significantly. Moreover, there are a lot of advancement in the Ruby VM world such as JRuby, which means Ruby applications don't have to run on the old and dreadful (hear-say) MRI. I wouldn't mind taking Ruby and Rails out for a spin this year.
Last year I got an HTC Legend Android phone, with the intention of developing for Android at some point of time. It didn't work out that way, though, but Android continues to be a very interesting and fast growing platform. Mobile *is* the future, and I'd like to poke into the Android world this year, primarily because it's open source. iOS is equally interesting technically, but I don't own a Mac and I don't like the idea of paying Apple $99 for SDK even though I don't intend to publish on AppStore.
I think that's enough for a year…or is it? There's a few more technologies I wish to learn or keep up with:
- GWT and Google App Engine
- A "NoSQL" database
- Node.js
2 years of professional GWT development made me a firm fan of this Google technology. I got out of GWT for different reasons, but I love the engineering effort they put into GWT. It may not take over the world but it's definitely a solid player in the front-end web development arena. Especially now they integrated with the Spring framework and made deploying to App Engine easy, it may pick up more traction this year. I think the Java language is both the pros and cons of GWT. I'd love to see an alternative language (Scala) being implemented for GWT, but it may not happen any time soon.
Let's face it, "NoSQL" is a terrible name, but it grabs people's attention. I flirted with CouchDB briefly last year, and would love to continue this journey this year. Also, MongoDB seems interesting too.
It's the least I think I'd learn this year. It's hot in the geekdom right now, and it has its value, for example, having both the server and client side written in Javascript eliminates the need to implement the validation logic in two different languages. However, I'm just not a big fan of Javascript. I think it's a language that's by a chain of serendipitous events became the world's most widely used language. It carries a huge historical burden, and although it has cool features, some other modern languages have them too and do better. Regardless, given the stardom status of Node.js, it deserves some looking into 🙂
Posted by Kevin J. Qiu on January 2, 2011


text:
For anyone in the USA and especially women motorcycle riders – considering a motorcycle purchase—any motorcycle of any size its a good idea to visit an authorized USA Kawasaki dealership between May 6 and May 8, 2011. Kawasaki is launching a $250 savings opportunity for purchasers in conjunction with International Female Ride Day, being celebrated on Friday of that weekend.
The first 500 purchasers of a new, not previously registered motorcycle, who register on line following their purchase, will be awarded a pre-loaded $250 MasterCard debit card. And to sweeten the offer, Kawasaki will provide the first 50 registrars at the on-line site with a free Kawi Girl Jacket.
The company will also honour any existing promotional offers that are running concurrently with this program. Details of any additional savings opportunities are available at www.kawasaki.com.
According to Chris Brull, Kawasaki's director of marketing communications, "This short-term promotion underscores the company's interest in continuing to expand the female market, and it will give our dealers added exposure to this important audience."
Kawasaki Motors Corp., U.S.A. (KMC) markets and distributes Kawasaki motorcycles, ATVs, personal water-craft, utility vehicles and recreation utility vehicles through a network of more than 1,350 independent retailers, with an additional 8,000 retailers specializing in Kawasaki power products and general purpose engines. KMC and its affiliates employ nearly 3,100 people in the United States, with 300 of them located at KMC's Irvine, California headquarters.
Kawasaki's tag line, "Let the good times roll.™", is recognized worldwide. The Kawasaki brand has become synonymous with powerful, stylish motorcycles for over four decades. Information about Kawasaki's complete line of recreational products and Kawasaki affiliates can be found on the Internet at www.kawasaki.com.


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custom cut
Posted by Mackenzie on Thursday, May 29, 2008
Joe Bagley emailed me the other day to let me know about his fabulous paper cut illustrations, all of which totally took my breath away. He specializes in custom creations, offering a paper cut illustration of the chapel you were married in, the park where you met, or a pattern that reflects your culture. His Mexican inspired illustrations are absoluteley amazing, as well as his circular, more art deco inspired pieces. A custom piece would be an amazing gift, husband to new wife, vice versa, or even as a first anniversary present. Check him out!


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Jim Henson made four 20-second commercials for Royal Crown Cola in 1966. The ads featured two Muppets, Nutty Bird and Sour Bird. Three of the ads are summarized below; the fourth ad was called "Swallow".
| Nutty Bird strums on a guitar.
Nutty Bird: (sings) I sing the praises of Royal Crown Cola!
Sour Bird: I hate folk singers with a message.
Nutty Bird: It is such a wow, you should buy some now!
Sour Bird: Great lyrics.
Nutty Bird: Royal Crown is its name, it's got quick-fresh energy, and you'll love RC like me!
Sour Bird: Is that the end?
Nutty Bird: There is no end to the praises I sing of Royal Crown Cola!
Sour Bird shakes his head as Nutty Bird keeps strumming.
| Nutty Bird downs a bottle of RC Cola.
Sour Bird: That Nutty Bird is always drinking Royal Crown Cola.
Nutty Bird: Oh, boy! Was that great! Talk about quick-fresh energy! Wow!
Sour Bird: Hey, Nutty Bird. Why do you always drink RC Cola?
Nutty Bird: I don't always drink RC Cola. Only when I'm thirsty. But you know what?
Sour Bird: What?
Nutty Bird: I'M THIRSTY!
Nutty Bird cracks open another bottle of RC Cola, laughing hysterically.
| Nutty Bird rummages happily through a pile of Save-a-Seals.
Nutty Bird: Oh, these Save-a-Seals are great!
Sour Bird: The Nutty Bird there is excited because he gets a Save-a-Seal under the cap of each Royal Crown Cola, the quick-fresh energy drink.
Nutty Bird: Oh, rapture sublime!
Nutty Bird falls backwards into the heap of Save-a-Seals.
Sour Bird: Each Save-a-Seal is worth a penny. You save 'em up, and send 'em in for cash.
Nutty Bird: Look, I'm rich! RICH!
Sour Bird: How'd you get so many?
Nutty Bird holds up a bottle of RC Cola.
Nutty Bird: I drink a lot!


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I think some of them have been leaked through someone at Topps. Some of the images that have surfaced are quite similar to images that have been shown on the upcoming Topps ROTS cards.
I think that pic pretty much confirms that Anakin is Vader before the suit.
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In celebration of the publication of Martha Stewart's Encyclopedial of Sewing & Fabric Crafts and as a special treat for Purl Bee readers Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia is sharing this adorable pattern for Heart Shaped Potholders from the book. We think these would make perfect housewarming gifts! The book will be released on March 30, 2010, you can pre-order a copy of the book from us right here. Happy Sewing! –The Purl Bee
- Heart-shaped pot holder pattern template, download here.
- Appx 1/2 yard cotton batting, cut into 3 12 inch squares
- Appx 1/2 yard cotton fabric, cut into 12 inch squares
- 1 yard bias tape
Print three copies of pot holder pattern:
Cut one along the solid line for the fabric hearts.
Cut one along the inner dotted line for the batting.
Cut one along the diagonal line for the fabric pockets.
Stack 3 layers of cotton batting and fold them in half; align the batting template's straight edge with the fold, and cut it out.
Fold 3 stacked 12-inch squares of cotton fabric in half; align the heart template's straight edge with the fold, and cut it out.
Lay the pocket template on one folded fabric heart; cut on the diagonal line for pocket. Pin bias tape in place along the straight edges of the pockets and sew; backstitch the ends.
Layer the pieces, starting with a fabric heart (face down), batting, another fabric
heart (face up), and pockets (face up); pin. Sew along the outside edge, with a
1/4-inch seam allowance. Trim the edge as close to the stitching as possible.
Sew the bias tape to the heart, starting at the top center and folding the ends
under. Sew a 5-inch piece of bias tape, ends turned under, into a loop. Pin and stitch to pot holder.


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Seton Hall overcomes half-court shot to stun No. 9 Kentucky
By MIKE FITZPATRICK
AP Sports Writer
NEW YORK (AP) - Keldon Johnson caught the ball near center court and heaved in a prayer of a shot at the regulation buzzer that sent Kentucky players and fans into a pulsating frenzy.
Surely now, with all that momentum, the ninth-ranked Wildcats would finally take control in overtime and escape from New York with a hard-fought win.
But this scrappy Seton Hall squad had a lot more left.
Myles Cale hit a go-ahead 3-pointer with 9.5 seconds remaining and the Pirates overcame Johnson's half-court fling that tied the score, stunning Kentucky 84-83 on Saturday in a Madison Square Garden thriller.
"I guess that was good for the fans," Wildcats coach John Calipari said. "Wasn't so good for the losing coach."
Johnson had a chance to win it for Kentucky (7-2), but his 3-point try with a second remaining was blocked by Quincy McKnight. The ball went out of bounds as time expired, and excited Pirates players rushed off the bench to celebrate a huge win.
Myles Powell scored 25 of his 28 points after halftime for Seton Hall (6-3), including a tiebreaking 3 in the final seconds of the second half.
"It took a lot of effort, but ... we were ready," Powell said. "We fought, we never gave up, we stayed together and we got the job done."
The clock showed 1.1 seconds after Powell's step-back, double-clutch jumper from the left side went through, but officials made it 1.5 seconds after a replay review. That made all the difference for Kentucky when PJ Washington inbounded from the baseline and threw a long pass to an open Johnson, even though the play wasn't designed for him to receive the ball.
Johnson took a dribble, turned over his left shoulder and hurled a right-handed shot that went in as the horn sounded, tying it at 70.
"I knew if I got the shot off that I had a pretty good chance to make it," he said. "It was a big shot. I mean, it was pretty big. I guess it just hurt because we lost."
Kentucky rooters roared and Seton Hall coach Kevin Willard, stomping and pointing on the sideline only moments before, simply dropped his head in disbelief. A blue-clad crowd of 10,244, split between the schools probably in Kentucky's favor, was still buzzing as the teams got ready for overtime to settle the Citi Hoops Classic.
"There's just something special about this place," Willard said.
Washington had a career-high 29 points and grabbed 13 rebounds for Kentucky, which had won seven straight since a 118-84 blowout loss to Duke in the season opener Nov. 6.
Reid Travis added 13 points before fouling out with 2:20 remaining in regulation. Johnson, the team's leading scorer at 15.9 points per game, was held to 10 after going scoreless in the first half.
"I am not discouraged in any way," Calipari said. "We've got a ways to go. I mean, every year I go through this. This is painful and aging, trying to figure out your team, trying to win games while you're trying to figure them out, how you finish games and trying to get them to mature quickly. It's just hard. And you know what? I'm going to have to go through it again."
Cale scored a career-best 17 on 4-of-18 shooting. With the Pirates trailing 83-81, he took a pass from Taurean Thompson on the right side, pump-faked a defender and drained an open 3 to send Seton Hall to its fifth victory in six games.
"We practice that all the time," Cale said.
McKnight had 15 points and five assists. Thompson, who missed Tuesday's win over New Hampshire with an ankle injury, contributed 13 points off the bench.
Seton Hall quickly recovered from Johnson's incredible shot, scoring the first four points in overtime. A 3-pointer by Johnson with 43.9 seconds left gave the Wildcats an 82-81 lead, and Ashton Hagans made one of two free throws for Kentucky with 24.9 seconds to go.
Seton Hall: The underdog Pirates pulled off the upset for a big resume-builder in their toughest test yet as they tune up for Big East play, which begins Dec. 29 against St. John's. After making three consecutive trips to the NCAA Tournament, including a win over N.C. State last season, Seton Hall is trying to duplicate that success with a new group led by Powell. Last season's senior class combined for more than 5,000 points, and only five Pirates on the current roster played for the team last season.
Kentucky: The team's lack of perimeter shooting was exposed. Kentucky went 5 for 20 (25 percent) from 3-point range, including 0 of 6 by Tyler Herro. "We made strides. We're a better team than we were two weeks ago," Calipari said. "I've got a lot to figure out offensively."
Willard blamed himself for eschewing his preferred philosophy and guarding the inbounder at the end of regulation. Still, his resilient Pirates wouldn't fold. "They bailed me out," he said.
Seton Hall: Michael Nzei, Sandro Mamukelashvili and Jared Rhoden fouled out. ... Powell got hot late and finished 6 for 11 on 3s. ... Playing about 17 miles from their New Jersey campus, the Pirates improved to 9-3 at Madison Square Garden over the last three seasons.
Kentucky: The Wildcats entered with the best rebounding margin in the nation, an advantage of nearly 17 per game, but only managed a 39-35 edge against the feisty Pirates.
New York Yankees general manager Brian Cashman had a front-row seat along the sideline. Cashman went to high school in Lexington, Kentucky, before moving to Washington. Former New York Giants star Justin Tuck also was in the crowd.
Kentucky: The Wildcats host Utah next Saturday before blue-blood games against No. 14 North Carolina and at rival Louisville.
Seton Hall: Hosts state rival Rutgers next Saturday.
More AP college basketball: https://apnews.com/Collegebasketball and http://www.twitter.com/AP_Top25
Copyright 2018 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Duration : 3 years
Type : Degree
Eligibility : Graduation
Course Overview:
M.D.(Anaesthesia)- Stands for Doctor of Medicine in Anaesthesia. Typically, M.D.(Anaesthesia) is a three year course, minimum eligibility for which is an M.B.B.S with 1 year compulsory internship. Anaesthesiology focuses on utilization of drugs that minimize pain by causing insensibility. Under this degree, students learn about areas such as ambulatory anesthesia, cardiothoracic anesthesiology, pediatric anesthesiology, neuroanesthesia, obstetrical anesthesiology and pain management.MD Anestesia seats are available in top medical colleges in Karnataka,tamilnadu,Pondicherry etc.
About us
MBBSEnquiry is the part of R Square Consultants, a premier education and human resource consulting organization, which provides all information regarding Indian Educational Institutions, Universities, Colleges, Immigration Consultancy Firms and Coaching Institutions in all the Streams include MBA, Engineering, Pharmacy, Biotech, MBBS, Architecture & all Professional Courses etc.
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A medical college or an educational institution that provides medical education may vary from stand alone colleges that train doctors to conglomerate to that which offers training to all aspects of medical care. However it is mandatory for all these college to be recognized by medical council of India as per Indian laws.
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In India about 0.2 million candidates compete to qualify for just limited medical seats. This means approximately 168000 aspirants could not get through. Different medical exams serve as an entry gate. Rules in different city vary for standers required to qualify. A few numbers of seats are reserved by government of India for students of Indian origin residing abroad or for different other sort of quota. In general one of the crucial aspects that is affecting medical admission is based on one of the following:
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Bitcrystals To Payza – The Affluence Network: Accepted by Friends Everywhere
Thank you so much for coming to our website in search of "Bitcrystals To Payza" online. The physical Internet backbone that carries information between different nodes of the network is now the work of several firms called Internet service providers (ISPs), which includes firms offering long-distance pipelines, occasionally at the international level, regional local conduit, which finally links in households and businesses. The physical connection to the Internet can only happen through any of these ISPs, players like level 3, Cogent, and IBM AT&T. Each ISP operates its own network. Internet service providers Exchange IXPs, owned or private companies, and occasionally by Governments, make for each of these networks to be interconnected or to transfer messages across the network. Many ISPs have arrangements with providers of physical Internet backbone providers to offer Internet service over their networks for "last mile"-consumers and businesses who need to get Internet connectivity. Internet protocols, followed by everyone in the network makes it possible for the information to stream without interruption, in the appropriate place at the right time.
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Bitcrystals To Payza: Picking Up Where Bitcoin Left Off – The Affluence Network
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Bitcrystals To Payza: Finance Without Borders – TAN
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The fact that there is little evidence of any growth in the use of virtual money as a currency may be the reason why there are minimal efforts to regulate it. The reason for this could be merely that the market is too little for cryptocurrencies to warrant any regulatory effort. It is also possible the regulators just don't comprehend the technology and its implications, expecting any developments to act.