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Flight marks the first pairing of Academy Award winners Denzel Washington and director Robert Zemeckis, who returns to live-action dramatic storytelling after a decade of success on the forefront of directing and producing movies utilizing motion capture technology. The screenplay by John Gatins centers on Captain Whip Whitaker (Washington) who miraculously crash lands his plane after a mid-air catastrophe, saving nearly everyone on board, but then becomes the target of a follow-up investigation that raises troubling questions about what really happened. Flight also stars John Goodman, Don Cheadle, Melissa Leo, Kelly Reilly, and Bruce Greenwood.
At the film's recent press day, Washington, Zemeckis, Gatins, Goodman, Leo, Reilly, and Greenwood discussed making the dramatic thriller, what drew them to the project, the attraction and challenges of portraying complex, morally ambiguous characters, setting up a pivotal scene that pays homage to Hitchcock, and writing a suspenseful script that invites the audience to ride along with virtually every character while deciding which one to root for. Greenwood also shared his own harrowing tale of a real-life air travel experience he will never forget, and Washington revealed his recurring dream about flying and reminisced about the 20th anniversary of Malcolm X.
Question: Denzel, any actor would want to play something so brilliantly written as this role. Was the attraction also personal in the sense that everybody has known people whose lives have been destroyed by addiction?
DENZEL WASHINGTON: No. I think it was just the material. When I read the script, I just said "Wow, this is good." The last two scripts my agent, the late Ed Limato, gave me were Safe House and Flight. That was part of it, too. It was a promise I made to him. I don't like waving the flag and trying to figure it out. It's like when people say "What do you want people to get from this movie?" I say, "Well, it depends on what they bring to it." I don't try to decide what people should get from it or why. I don't do a part for those kinds of reasons.
Denzel, in the process of creating the character, did you ever think he would have been able to land the plane if he had not been flying on booze and cocaine, which is a big part of him being a functioning addict?
WASHINGTON: (to Zemeckis) We talked about this, Bob. You felt that?
ROBERT ZEMECKIS: Yeah, we felt that. We talked a lot about a lot of things, and one of the things that Denzel and John (screenwriter John Gatins) and myself talked about was what I loved about the script. There was so much of the ambiguity, and that's one of the big, ambiguous questions, and then that speech that Don Cheadle makes about how ten pilots couldn't do it. And, of course, the part he leaves out is that they were all sober. That is one of those things that we did talk about. Maybe because he was little bit loose, he was able to do something that no one who wasn't would have done, and in that case, he saved a lot of lives. Obviously, we're not endorsing that. We don't think pilots should fly in that state. I don't think any of us would like to fly in a plane like that.
Mr. Zemeckis, you've spent quite a while on the frontiers of technology and technique. Why did you choose this film specifically to make the return to live action filmmaking?
ZEMECKIS: It's interesting because there was a lot of discussion in my brain trust of partners and representatives about the wisdom of doing another movie with a plane crash in it. At the end of the day, we all decided that we can't *not* make something just because it happens to have a plane crash in it. It's so rare to find a good screenplay like this that comes along. That would be the wrong way, to worry about possibly having to field a question such as that is the last thing on my mind. In regard to returning to live action, I never felt that I went away. Movies are movies. Some bend light through a lens. Some create moving images virtually. At the end of the day, movies are movies.
For all of you, this is a very revealing, mature type of movie. Had this project come to you maybe ten or fifteen years ago, do you think your grasp of these complex characters would have been the same?
MELISSA LEO: I don't know that I could have done this ten years ago. I don't know if I would have felt comfortable in her. I wouldn't have felt official enough. There's something about my age that helped me with [the character of] Ellen.
ZEMECKIS: I haven't thought about that. I'll have to think about that. I've always said that movies are kind of like love affairs. Two people come together, and if they're at the right place at the right time and it's the right situation, it clicks. I've always felt that I've connected with screenplays. It's the romantic in me.
You had to go places in this film that I'm certain were uncomfortable for you. What helped you get through those really tough places and bring it the way you brought it?
WASHINGTON: Tough spots for me are pictures I don't want to be on. People ask "What was the hardest part of the movie?" If you're on a movie and it's like the third day and you're going "How many days have we been shooting?" "Three." "How many more have we got to go?" "117." (laughs) That's a tough movie for me, but this was an adventure. First of all, like I said, starting with the screenplay in collaboration with the filmmaker, getting the chance to fly around in these MD-80 flight simulators, hanging upside down in a plane, playing a drunk. I'm not going to say it was easy. Maybe a painful scene – I don't know if it's painful – but this scene when I go to my ex-wife's house and get into this wrestling match with my son. You know, I've gotten into wrestling matches with my son in not quite the same circumstance, but it's just raw. Your nerves are raw. So that sticks out.
KELLY REILLY: I did consult a wonderful guy called Mitch in Atlanta who helped me understand the inner life of a heroin addict as much as one can without experiencing it. He really did open up his story to me. There was a technical side of it as well. He taught me how to inject heroin without injecting heroin, absolutely the entire process of how somebody would do that. I wanted to honor the truth of somebody in that situation, and I think that was probably the most difficult part without having ever experienced that.
WASHINGTON: (joking) You should've just come to me. I could've showed you.
REILLY: You can't joke at things like this I was told.
Denzel, if something happened in your real life and someone died on a plane that you loved, would you agree with the punishment that your character received? Do you think he deserved a prison term?
WASHINGTON: I believed he deserved more prison time. There's a scene earlier on when Don Cheadle's character says "Twenty years is four manslaughters and you can get 4 to 20 years on each one of them." So, and I mentioned this to Bob (Zemeckis), I actually felt that the number was too low. I thought he should have got at least 20 years.
Even though it wasn't his fault that the plane malfunctioned?
ZEMECKIS: But he did commit a felony. You can't fly an airplane drunk. John might want to talk to this, because it was all in the screenplay, and he spoke to giant groups of lawyers about it.
JOHN GATINS: I really appreciate your question because my intention was always to have people walking into the final turn of the movie thinking "Wait a second, let me just do my own personal score card here. What am I rooting for? Do I feel like this guy earned this pass or do I feel like he needs to be punished?" I had an argument with my mother about it actually, because I had to proofread the script at one point, and she said to me "He should go to jail for the rest of his life." And I said "Yeah, but he didn't make the plane fall apart." So I made that argument. I said "Look. He committed a felony. He definitely did. You can't be high on cocaine and fly a commercial airliner. I get that. So he should be punished for that. But, he didn't kill people on a plane." I had a conversation with lawyers about that, too. They said "Well, you know, if he was in a state and this thing happened, you can tie those two events together to a certain extent."
There were a lot of conversations about how that punishment would be ultimately meted out, but I wanted it to be ambiguous. I wanted it to be a conversation, because for me, it's ultimately about what is the value of the truth. I had an argument with a unit publicist on the movie who said to me "If he knew he was facing five years in jail, of course he'd tell the truth. But if he thought he was facing life in prison, of course he'd lie." I said "Really? I can't say what I would do, but I'd like to think in my mind that I might be a guy who would value the truth over that." Because if he lies, what's his life going to be? He can walk around the rest of the 28 to 30 years he's going to have on the planet as a guy who's got that hanging over him. But let's say he goes to prison, maybe he has some great life incarcerated where he helps people. He makes some turn and has some value in his life that's all based and sprung from him actually having told the truth. So it became this argument about what exactly is the value of the truth? Should he lie just because he can? Should he convince himself he earned the pass? I don't know.
WASHINGTON: How many years do you think he should have gotten?
I was really torn. I didn't know if he should get 5 or 20 years or if he should just have his license taken away, because to me, it was not his fault the plane was crashing, even though he was high as a kite.
GATINS: I'm right with you. What's interesting too is to point out the fact that Melissa's character was there to extract the truth from him. She's not there to mete out punishment because it's an investigation. The NTSB has to determine what are the probable causes of that crash. That's why Cheadle's character is trying to say it was an Act of God. Acts of God are like volcanic ash that gets into the atmosphere and stalls jet airline engines, which has happened, or a tsunami or a lightning strike. That's an Act of God. So, if he can get on there that the storm was so severe that it damaged the plane, that's an Act of God. That wasn't his fault. That's not the manufacturer's fault. They have to put them in rank order of what brought the plane down. He's trying to push for an Act of God, that the storm was freakish and really severe. They're trying to figure out what were the things that really brought the plane down. She's not there to punish him. She's there to say "This is what happened in the air."
Do you think it might have been more interesting if Denzel's character had delivered his testimony 'straight' in that scene at the end, rather than under the influence of coke and booze?
GATINS: I'd be curious to hear what these guys say. I think that there was a certain amount of us trying to keep the movie in front of the audience a little bit. I've watched this movie with an audience a bunch and one of the greatest moments is when John Goodman appears. You're like "Wait. Really? They did this?" He's walking down a hallway, and we all know he has a bagful of cocaine in that knapsack, and people are cheering. I've been in theaters where people are cheering at the fact that you've got John Goodman who is about to deliver a huge bag of cocaine to Denzel Washington. I sat there in the theater, and I'm two hours into this, and people are cheering for that. I'm very curious where we're going now, because we've just thrown the cards up in the air again. It's like "Okay, let's do this now."
So, I don't know. In a world of recovery, people talk about moments of clarity. That moment of clarity can come in the state he was in when he walked into that hearing or maybe in a sober moment. I think maybe I veer towards the dramatic moment of us thinking like he's really hard to guess at that point. We've seen his performance throughout the movie and we don't really know what he's going to do next. For me, that was the dramatic choice. He was more unpredictable in that moment. If he went in there stone straight, I probably would have been more sure that he would go the way he went.
LEO: I think also Ellen Block would have been a little less sure of her supposition of what had happened if he came in straight.
ZEMECKIS: I agree.
LEO: I think it helps her argument to no end that he's all screwed up.
This movie also speaks to society's need for heroes to the extent that they'll turn a blind eye. Whether you're a sports figure or a star or a celebrity, do you think it's harder to deal with some of these things because people will lay out an escape path for you?
WASHINGTON: Yes, and I think everybody was covering their own behinds is what it was – the pilots, the airlines. So, I don't know if it was so much they thought he was such a great hero as it was they needed him to be one in order to fulfill their agenda.
GATINS: There's a famous cyclist that's going through this in his life right now with a lot of these issues, and everyone wants really hard for him to be the guy they want him to be. I think he's got the weight of the world on his shoulders now trying to sort all that out.
WASHINGTON: And they've wanted him to be the hero they've wanted him to be for 10 years.
The airline sequence was harrowing, even from the safety of the movie theater. Has anybody had this kind of experience traveling in the air where they literally thought this could be it?
GATINS: I'm a really nervous flyer, and there've been times in my life where it's gotten worse, and that was part of where this story came from, my fear of being on a plane. I fly all the time. It's better now actually. I have periods where it's not a big deal. Right now, it's all fine and I'll let you know. I've been on some crummy flights. I've never done 360.
BRUCE GREENWOOD: I've crashed. I crashed in a Cessna 185 on floats. It ripped the wings off and sank. There were three of us that were hanging upside down from our seatbelts. The first thing that went through my mind was the other two got out and swam to the surface. I was 16 years old and I was swinging upside down in my seatbelt going "Maybe I should just die like a man, but if I yell, I could live. Why am I having this conversation with myself?" (laughs) I started going "My seatbelt, my seatbelt, my seatbelt!" The pilot, who was a friend's dad, got to the surface, realized I wasn't there, dove back in, opened the door, and the plane filled with water. He grabbed me by the scruff of the neck and pulled me through the seatbelt, and we swam to the surface and sat on the wing that was floating. I had been pulling my seatbelt the wrong way.
WASHINGTON: Oh, tightening it.
GREENWOOD: It was bent and I kept flipping it, but it was the wrong side. So I'm familiar with it, although I wasn't on a plane in this movie.
Denzel, in the hospital scene, when the tears were rolling down your face, what state of mind were you in?
WASHINGTON: Again, these questions are hard for me because I don't analyze what I'm doing. I'm not sitting outside of myself watching myself. He was injured. He was disoriented. He was getting bits and pieces of what had happened to him. I almost feel the state of mind doesn't set in until everybody's gone, and the last person walks out, and I forget what I said. "Dammit!" That was the beginning of it for me. Everything else was just taking in information – what happened, who's gone, who's fault. Did we get hit by another plane? More practical things like that.
I woke up this morning and thought about all the great movies you've been in, and I wondered, what do you think about when you're dreaming?
WASHINGTON: (laughs) Thank you! I have a flying dream. I've had it for most of my life. Somehow I always end up near the city and I go underneath bridges. There are these low bridges that are like…they'll either be over a train like the Conrail trains or water, a small body of water…and I would just work my way down and I'd stay under them. Then, the other part of the dream, I would take off forever, and I'd be like "Oh, I've got to stay below the street wires." I'd start to go back up, but then I'd have to get back below the wires. I don't know what it means. I have no idea what it means.
John GOODMAN: (laughs) I have that dream about hot dogs chasing donuts through the Lincoln Tunnel.
Mr. Goodman, you turned in a wonderful performance in this film. Can you talk about what inspired your character?
GOODMAN: Everything was pretty much in the script. I'd like to say that I spent hours in a room by myself painstakingly constructing this thing, but everything was there. There was this really needy guy who carries this 7-Eleven around with him in his bag and has a lot of friends. Thank you.
There's a scene in the hotel room with the vodka bottle on top of the fridge. Did you know at the outset how you were going to shoot that?
ZEMECKIS: Yes. I always wanted the scene to be suspenseful and I wanted it to evoke that ethereal feeling. I constructed the refrigerator so that the actual walls of the refrigerator glowed and shot all of Denzel's performance at 64 frames so that I could dial different speeds of his movement to make it look almost surreal, if you will. I was channeling one of my favorite directors, which is Mr. Hitchcock, and I was pulling a lot of shots out of his playbook for that scene. I just thought the idea was that the alcohol was a siren and it was calling him and calling him.
WASHINGTON: We had actually talked, I think all three of us, at one time. I don't even know if you wrote it out.
GATINS: I did.
WASHINGTON: A whole montage where he's over here and…
GATINS: The boozy ballet is what we called it.
ZEMECKIS: Oh, the boozy ballet.
WASHINGTON: That's right. The boozy ballet.
GATINS: And that was the thing. I always thought, no, this will be the moment we'll see this and we'll witness this. And Bob and Denzel were both like, no, you know what, there's another approach and Bob was like "It's better. You'll see." He was trying to explain it to me, and I was like I don't really get it, but okay. When I watch it in the movie, it's so awesome. People in the movie just react. I always look around at the audience, and I watch them because it's so jarring. To not see it leads you more, like now the movie's ahead of the audience again, because you're like "What happened?" And then, you see Bruce (Greenwood) and Don (Cheadle) walking down the hallway, and you're like "Wait a second. What happened?" It's such a nice, great stroke.
GOODMAN: I like when the refrigerator kicks on.
GATINS: Yeah. It's like the sound comes on.
ZEMECKIS: I don't know if you remember or not, but we also had long discussions about whether the actual grab of the bottle was going to end up in the final movie or not, because it's like we had the option to go, but when I finally put the scene together, it just felt perfect, that "boom," and then, I cut to the elevator opening.
Why did you decide not to play the hotel room scene as if he were set up?
ZEMECKIS: We talked about this, but who was it? Was it Don Cheadle who left that door open? Was it God that left that door open?
GATINS: I wish Cheadle were here so he could talk about being the devil.
ZEMECKIS: Yes, because Don always thought his character was sort of the devil. We had endless conversations about it, but we felt the right choice obviously was to leave it ambiguous because stuff happens. It probably was just the housekeeper who ends up saving Whip's life at the end of the day when you play the whole thing out.
For John and Bob, in the film, when the flaps froze, we see Denzel's character flip the plane over to stabilize it, and then once it's stabilized, he flips it back over to a glide. Can a plane actually do a maneuver like that and did you research that?
GATINS: Yes. I called a pilot who was a friend of the family's and I said I'm writing this story about an alcoholic commercial airline pilot. I was looking at a bunch of accidents, because these NTSB reports are public record so you can comb through them. They're pretty dense but some of it gets really fascinating, especially if it's a plane where the crew fought this incident for a period of time. There were a couple that I was looking at. And then, he pointed me to an incident that happened off the coast of California where a similar thing happened, where the elevator got fixed into a position and they lost control of the plane, and they fought it and regained it. At one point, they flew the plane inverted for a minute. In the pilot conversation which you can read, the one pilot says to the other, "At least upside down we're flying."
They could sense they were actually in flight upside down. My friend explained it to me, "We study these accidents because if we ever get into those situations, we want to know what's going on." He's saying to the other pilot, "I need speed. I need brakes." And the co-pilot responds, "I can't reach." It means they're hanging upside down and his harness wasn't tight, so his feet can't reach these pedals because they're inverted. My friend told me it's hard because it's like Monday morning quarterbacking as pilots. If they'd known what exactly was wrong with the plane, they would have known that their only recourse was to try to descend it inverted and then take their chance to turn it over. That was the inspiration for me to say let me see if I can incorporate that into what we're doing.
ZEMECKIS: And then, John and I, when we were really crunching it down, we were talking to other experts and they would say "Well yeah." As a matter of fact, it's public record that on the very first maiden flight of a 707, the test pilot, without telling anybody, inverted the plane.
And it still flew?
ZEMECKIS: Oh yeah, and then what they said to us was that the engines wouldn't last more than a minute or two.
GATINS: They don't have these oil pumps that will cool the engine when it's inverted like that, not like F-16s and F-22s and Navy jets that can fly like that for days. They're built to do those maneuvers. He said you could fly it like that for a period of time but it would get so hot that they would go on fire. In a situation like that, you could fly for 15 or 20 minutes. That's why you see those engines go on fire, and Evans is saying "We've got a fire," and Whip is saying "Put it out." And you see them douse them.
Denzel, you've played some nuanced characters throughout your career with your character in this being one of the best. There were aspects of Whip that reminded me of a character you played 20 years ago, Malcolm X.
WASHINGTON: Really?! Wow, this is great.
Because it is the twentieth anniversary of that film next month, would you talk about some of your fondest memories of playing that character and how that informed other characters you played from that point on?
WASHINGTON: Wow, it's 20 years. The first time landing in Africa was in 1986. I was doing a film called Cry Freedom. The first time landing in Egypt was on Malcolm X and I think it was 1991 or 1992. It was just a powerful feeling being able to move around with the people, and I never felt threatened or anything like that. Wow, that was 20 years ago. (Joking) I was 12 when I made that movie. (Laughs) But I didn't think about that film at all as related to this film.
Well he had an addiction problem for a little bit.
WASHINGTON: Who? Malcolm?
WASHINGTON: Oh, okay.
For all of you, this movie is so different from everything that's out. Obviously the script is strong, but was there something specific in the project that made you want to do this?
GREENWOOD: I think one of the things that drew me was, first of all, working with Denzel and Bob, of course, but there is so much ethical and moral ambiguity in the movie that it gives everybody, the viewer, a chance to decide who they're going to assign themselves to and how long will they hang with that person. So you get to ride along with virtually every character while they make choices that you're invited to buy into or not.
REILLY: This is the first film I've made in America. I mean, I lucked out massively. To work with Denzel and Bob was beyond a privilege. To play a role which was so complicated and nuanced as Nicole that John had created, I begged for this role. It was a no brainer really for me.
GATINS: Without these two guys (referring to Washington and Zemeckis), the movie doesn't get made, honestly. The risk that Paramount took to support it…I didn't write it thinking it would ever get made at a certain point. It was my own personal creative Rubik's cube that I would pick up through the 10 years that I was working on it. I work on assignment sometimes, and the studio is very clear about this is where we want the movie to start and this is where we want it to end. This was not that. I didn't have a boss. I just wrote this story that was fascinating in my head and I let the story tell itself. I never fight with my wife but I fought with her about this project because I would say every couple of years "I'm going to go direct this studio movie," and she'd say "Why would you do that?" I'd say "Why wouldn't I?" and she'd say "You've got this beautiful script that everyone loves." "But no one will make it with me. So I can't get it done." Nothing ever went right with this project until these two guys, and it was amazing that Bob was so collaborative and said "I want you to help. I want you to be there." So he let me be with them the whole time. It's very rare. In my experience, this is the only time.
LEO: Well I heard that Mr. Zemeckis wanted me to come along and that I would get to play a scene opposite Mr. Washington. So I said, "Yes, sure, in a second." That's pretty much it. What I understood once I'd been given the script and read it was that Bob was asking me to do something that would, in fact, complete his film for him. Without this scene working, does the end of the movie really work for him? So it was a very high honor he paid in asking me to do it, and I very happily joined.
GOODMAN: I liked the script and I liked the questions that it asked everybody: what would you do in this situation?
WASHINGTON: If it ain't on the page, it ain't on the stage. It's very rare. I read a ton of scripts. I read a lot of scripts, and you read one, and first of all, you felt like you read it in 14 minutes, because you're turning the pages so fast you can't wait to see what's going to happen. And this was one of those scripts. I had to have it. I had to be a part of it. There was a process for us once I got involved and working with different people. But, it was on the page – the guts, the pain and the tears. It was like a Eugene O'Neill play. The tears were on the page.
ZEMECKIS: I appreciate what you said about it being so unique, and that is exactly what attracted me to the script, because it was bold and it was audacious. I loved the complexity of everything, and I loved the moral ambiguity of every character and every scene and every aspect of the script. When I got to the stairwell scene, on about page 40, I said, "Man, that is bold. Can we actually do that?" So that's when he had me. John had me.


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Lasting Legacy: Anita Lang Retiring after 47 Years of Service
In June of 1966, the Supreme Court established Miranda Rights, the National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded and the ABC soap opera "Dark Shadows" premiered.
And on June 13, 1966, Anita Lang started her first day of work at Stevens, as a secretary inside the Alumni Office, at $85 a week. Dressed in proper hat and gloves, this teenager joined a college that had not yet opened to undergraduate women. President Jess H. Davis led the school, along with an all-male Board of Trustees.
"Stevens has had seven presidents; I've worked for four of them," Lang says.
Lang became the first woman and first non-alumnus appointed executive director of the Stevens Alumni Association, in 1980. Now, after 47 years with the SAA, one of Stevens' longest serving employees who has worked under 34 SAA presidents is retiring.
Lang retired on June 30, 2013, but will work as a consultant twice a week for at least the next two years. Among her duties will be working with the Old Guard, SAA Executive Committee business and Alumni Weekend. Michael Smullen, currently SAA associate executive director, will become executive director as of July 1.
Over five decades, so many alumni say, Lang has been a treasure trove of knowledge about Stevens' alumni and history—and a talented professional who connected alumni across the decades.
When one thought of the SAA, no matter what changed, Lang was always there—a gracious presence who made every alumnus feel special, says Past SAA President Marty Valerio '68.
"She devoted her life," he said. Knowledge of Stevens' alumni and the university's history is so ingrained in her, he says. So is how to treat people.
"She has a personal connection to so many people," Valerio says. "She's a very caring person. I'm going to miss her. Her spirit will always be there."
Past SAA President and Stevens Professor Dick Magee '63 called Lang's 47 years of service "unprecedented."
"Anita has always addressed the needs of Stevens and the SAA professionally, with integrity and with an unyielding commitment to excellence," Magee says. "It is hard to envision the SAA without Anita."
The SAA and institute honored Lang with a retirement celebration on Saturday, Sept. 7, on campus.
One recent May afternoon, Lang took a few moments inside her Howe Center office to reflect on her 47 years at Stevens.
"I grew up here," she says.
A graduate of the Katharine Gibbs School, this Guttenberg, N.J., resident first worked for Larry Minck '53 and with Harold R. Fee '20, then the SAA's executive director. She rose to administrative director in 1976 and, upon Minck's retirement as executive director, was encouraged to apply for the job. Undergraduate women had only been on campus since 1971 and few women held management positions at that time. But a group of alumni encouraged her and were very supportive.
As executive director, she has been a guiding force behind The Stevens Indicator, from advising on story selection and design to her well-known copy editing skills.
But her main mission has always been alumni relations and the many events that she has guided over the years. Among the most memorable was "Op Sail"—the Operation Sail events in 1976, 1986 and 1992—that saw Alumni Weekend coincide with the Tall Ships parade of ships from around the world coming to New York Harbor. The 1976 Bicentennial event drew about 10,000 people to campus.
"It was pandemonium, but it was controlled pandemonium," she says with a smile.
Events like these were huge volunteer efforts, and alumni came out in force to help, she says. From these many hours of work came lasting friendships.
Nina Rogacki Pepe '84, the longtime Alumni Weekend chair, says that Lang's long ties to Stevens helped her provide the needed sense of history and support for big events like Alumni Weekend. So does her character.
"Anita infuses a positive energy into each endeavor. She leads a staff that is equally committed to providing a meaningful reunion experience to each and every alum and significant other," Pepe said. Lang once lamented that she never had time to plant her beloved tomato plants until after Alumni Weekend.
"I hope that, in her retirement, Anita will have the time to nurture her garden as she nurtured the Alumni Association for so many years!" Pepe says.
As executive director, Lang did a good bit of traveling, to alumni clubs around the U.S., on alumni tours to Europe, and, most memorably, to Ecuador with the Class of 1953, to visit then Ecuadoran President Leon Febres Cordero '53.
Adventures aside, when Lang is asked about her favorite part of the job, it's always the relationships.
"It went beyond working relationships; we became friends," she says.
Stevens has changed over the years, most notably with the presence of undergraduate women and the undergraduate student body becoming more international, she says. But some things remain constant.
"I think that the world has changed," Lang says. "But if you spend time getting to know the young graduates, they're not so different from those of the past. Everyone's concerned about a career. And they get a good education here at Stevens."
Looking to the future, Lang hopes to volunteer at a hospital or, most fittingly for this book lover, at her local library. She'll have more time to cook, garden and meet with friends.
And she'll make time to savor her many Stevens friendships.
"I'll miss some of the interactions, but the nice part is, I expect to continue to see many of the alumni and their families," she says. "I anticipate that many of these friendships will continue."

subset: commoncrawl


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One of the most consistent things I was warned about many years ago when my husband and I decided to both speak German with our swaddled babe in arms was language delay. Everyone told me not to worry if my son didn't start speaking until later, as bilingual children are known to start speaking later and to be a bit linguistically confused at first. Many told me to just expect it, as if it went hand in hand: "Bilingual children start speaking later, you know."
Here is a quote from the American Academy of Family Physicians in 1999 (my son was born in 2001):
A bilingual home environment may cause a temporary delay in the onset of both languages. The bilingual child's comprehension of the two languages is normal for a child of the same age, however, and the child usually becomes proficient in both languages before the age of five years.
I took all of this advice at face value eight years ago. I'd even tell family not to expect my son to start speaking any time soon since he was growing up in a bilingual environment. I'd defend our choice to raise our son bilingually acknowledging that, "Yes, I know he will be delayed in his language initially but it sounds like he'll catch up in time. We aren't worried." However, I was a little worried and I would head home after such a conversation feeling a little uneasy in my stomach. What if we weren't doing the right thing?
Luckily, I came across work from Colin Baker, a researcher in childhood bilingualism. His research findings reassured me. The following is a quote from his book The Care and Education of Young Bilinguals: An Introduction for Professionals, published in 2000:
Raising children bilingually is sometimes believed to cause language delay, though evidence does not support this position. Raising children bilingually neither increases nor reduces the chance of language disorder or delay.
However, it wasn't until a few months later when my friend's bilingual daughter started speaking early (yes, early!) that I started to really take the research to heart. Not only did my friend's bilingual daughter not have language delay, she started speaking ahead of the curve!
Soon after that, while hanging out and chatting with some Hispanic friends, they told me that all but one of their children (both boys and girls) had started speaking either before or around the same time as their monolingual peers. Now I was extremely intrigued!
Here is a quote from a 2006 report at the Center for Applied Linguistics:
Although many parents believe that bilingualism results in language delay, research suggests that monolingual and bilingual children meet major language developmental milestones at similar times.
Despite the ongoing research on childhood bilingualism and researchers around the world doing their best to get the word out, the belief that language delay is a byproduct of bilingualism is still an ongoing misconception.
Articles continue to come out making this claim or cautioning parents about this "truth." After a great discussion on Multilingual Living about language delay and Austism, I did some Google searches and quickly came up with a list of articles from well-meaning professionals on different sites offering similar advice as this misinformed speech and language pathologist:
…if a child is experiencing a speech and language delay/disorder, then two languages may be too challenging for them. At this point, I often tell parents of bilingual homes to choose a primary language so the child can develop a good understanding and use of one language to communicate.
It is hard to blame anyone for offering this advice with respect to language delay and disorders (she is only one of many who give this advice in cyberspace), as many in the medical establishment are still teaching it.
Perhaps this myth about language delay has hung around for so long because it seems to make a kind of logical sense: Being exposed to multiple languages which each represents its own words for the same thing must cause confusion and thus a language delay in using words, right?
However, children aren't exactly having to "learn" twice as many words, like I did in my high school French class. They don't have to think about which language bucket to put each word into. Our bilingual children are picking up something more like packages of sounds that they are hearing around themselves. They are simply putting the sounds together in the context that they hear them. As their little brains become more complex, they start to understand concepts like words and sentences and parts of speech. Their main goal becomes making themselves understood and getting others to react to their needs and wants.
Basically what this means is that language learning is in itself a complex process (and what an amazing feat!) whether our children are doing this in one or more languages.
Here is research from the highly respected Cornell Language Acquisition Lab:
Although some parents and educators may have concerns about the potential for confusion, bilingual children do not suffer language confusion, language delay, or cognitive deficit.
Here are some things to remember:
- Research shows that bilingual children start speaking within the same time frames as monolingual children. Some children start speaking before we expect it to happen and others much later, regardless of the number of languages spoken in the home. Thus, keep an eye on your children's overall language development in general and check with a trusted speech therapist if you are concerned.
- Bilingual children can have the same speech and cognitive disorders as monolingual children. It is important for us to understand this. Just because your child is bilingual doesn't mean he or she is free from all language disorders! If you are concerned that your child has a speech disorder, make sure to get it checked out as soon as you can. But if you are told that you need to switch to a monolingual household, ask the therapist why this is being recommended and possibly consider getting a second opinion from a therapist who understands the role that bilingualism plays in a growing child's life. Ask the therapist to show you specific research which proves that switching to a monolingual household will make a significant difference in your child's therapy success.
- Children in a bilingual household do not need to be "taught" a language to ensure that they get it right. Language learning itself is a complex process which your child is working through step by step based on the surrounding verbal input. Just use your languages as much as possible with your children and their brains will do the work of putting it all together.
For an insightful discussion about bilingualism and language delay, read the Ask Madalena answer and comments to Help! Does He Have Language Delay, Autism or Neither? If you have any concerns about your child having language delay, the discussion in the comments section of that post will be helpful!
You might also want to check out the excerpt "Will Raising My Children Bilingually Cause Language Delay?" from Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, by Colin Baker!
Did anyone ever tell you that bilingualism can cause language delay? If so, was your therapist supportive of your family's multilingualism or were you encouraged to switch to a monolingual household? Are you concerned that your child might have a speech or cognitive disorder currently but are worried to see a speech therapist for fear you will be told to stop raising your child bilingually?
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Cops: Smithtown man stole gas from 17 stations
A Smithtown man fled without paying for gas 16 times before his final effort Monday at a St. James Wave station, police said.
Walter C. Amerbach, 21, was charged Wednesday with petty larceny by Suffolk police, not only for the most recent incident Monday after having his SUV filled up but the 16 earlier incidents in the past four months.
When caught after Monday's caper, Amerbach told the officers who stopped him that he felt guilty and planned to turn himself in, police said. They were skeptical.
"He said he felt bad about it," Sgt. Michael Alfano said. "But he kept doing it. This does happen occasionally, but we haven't seen too many people that have done it as many times as he has."
Amerbach pulled into the Wave Gas Station on Lake Avenue Monday night, police said, and asked the attendant to fill the tank of his 2006 Jeep Grand Cherokee. When the tank was filled and the nozzle removed, Amerbach drove off, police said.
The gas taken each time had a value ranging from about $50 to about $70 for a total somewhere between $700 and $1,000, police said.
A description of the car and license plate was broadcast by authorities after the Wave Station incident, police said, and Amerbach and his vehicle were found outside the Planet Fitness gym in Bay Shore.
Alfano said Amerbach was not suspected of selling the gasoline. "Basically, he said he didn't have a job, and needed the gas to get around."
Amerbach was scheduled for arraignment Thursday in First District Court, Central Islip.
With John Valenti


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MBTI: LOVE BY Temperament
All "personality theory" related topics can go here.
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- Zetturn
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MBTI: LOVE BY Temperament
So.... That INFj makes really interesting and pretty short videos, so I like it. And that's pretty cool https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N09oH8EObtM So, ya I'm not Sensing type atleast. Hmm... NF's a bit more like me, I guess so Hmm.. I wouldn't share my dreams cause it's pretty stupid and unrealistic, but in my mind is hellya possible.
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Try to win on echtgeld spiele
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Russia's state anti-monopoly service, FAS, says it did not find any violations of antitrust laws over cutbacks in supplies of the Windows XP operating system within Russia. The organization has thus ended its probe, giving Redmond a reason to celebrate. "Microsoft is committed to full compliance with the laws in Russia," a Microsoft spokesperson told Ars. "We are glad that FAS did not find any violation."
FAS released its own article on the closing of the probe, naturally in Russian. You can read the translations via Google or Bing. The article notes that Microsoft explained to FAS that there were four ways customers could obtain Windows XP in Russia: on a System Builders custom PC, via Microsoft's Get Genuine Kit, through downgrade rights, and as a preinstall on a nettop or netbook. Microsoft also noted that during the 2008 fiscal year (which ended on June 30, 2008), it sold more than 1.2 million copies of the operating system within the country's borders. As part of the agreement to drop the case, Microsoft is going to take things a step further by giving Windows Vista Home Basic and Home Premium users a free downgrade to Windows XP. The exchange program will start in three weeks and will last until the end of 2009.
Russia's state antimonopoly service launched a probe against Microsoft in June 2009, saying it thought the company had violated antimonopoly legislation by cutting delivery of Windows XP to Russia via retail and OEM (preinstalled on PCs) channels as well as in its pricing policy.


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When the sassy fairy Tinker Bell showered her scenes in "Peter Pan" with Pixie Dust, she borrowed a little magic from Margaret Kerry.
In 1953 Kerry was a steadily employed actress in her early 20s when she was called to audition for Walt Disney's long-percolating film adaptation of J.M. Barrie's beloved play "Peter Pan," a particular childhood favorite of Disney's. Departing from the play's traditional depiction of Tinker Bell, Pan's high-spirited sidekick, as a simple shimmering spot of light flitting around the stage, animator Marc Davis – who'd previously designed the looks of Disney femmes Cinderella and Alice in "Alice In Wonderland" – was charged with fully realizing the character and looked for an actress to pantomime the pixie's movements and provide personality inspiration. Once Kerry was cast, she found herself frolicking amid oversized props and acting out Tink's temperamental outbursts, much to the delight of the animation team.
With "Peter Pan" soaring into Blu Ray in time to celebrate the film's 60th anniversary, Kerry, now 83, looks back fondly at her role in the creation of the feisty fairy that would go on to become an icon indelibly associated with the magic of Disney.
What did you know about the job walking into that first audition?
I understood who Tinker Bell was. I was told she was 3-and-a-half inches high, a little fairy who didn't talk – which was quite interesting for me because I'm a talker! I went in and I'm thinking, 'What do I show with this?' And after looking up a couple of reference things I chose the idea that she was about 11 years old, and the world was her oyster. She looked at everything around and thought, 'Oh, isn't that exciting?' And when I did the scene that they asked me to do in [lead Tinker Bell animator] Marc Davis's office in pantomime to step on the mirror on Wendy's dresser – she's looking down and seeing herself – I chose to play it as if she was seeing herself for the very first time. Why would they have a mirror on Neverland? And they seemed to like that idea of that youth and that exuberance and they asked me very nicely, 'Would it be convenient for you to come to work next Tuesday?'
What was the sensation of actually seeing the animated Tinker Bell like? Were you able to see yourself in her movements?
I was called to come to the 'sweat box' as they called it, the projection room up on the third floor, to sit down and watch a pencil test of Tinker Bell. And that's the scene where she is in Peter Pan's hat, and he's caught her so that they can sprinkle pixie dust on the children so they can fly - and I [as Tinker Bell] am not happy. So I'm sitting there in the middle of all of these giants of Disney's animation, and they're talking about this, that, and the other, and the lights went down. And they showed about 6 seconds of animation. And you know what? I cried. She was more than I ever expected! But I also will tell you I said, 'That's me up there.' That was exactly me. The turn of my head, the way my hands were on my hips, and I didn't know whether to smile or just give a little sob, but it got to me. I really, really felt it.
When did you start to realize that you'd taken part in the creation of an iconic character that was going to be beloved for a long, long time to come?
When you think about it, when the movie first came out it went into the theaters with one screen, you saw it and maybe you could go back and see it again and then it was gone. And as you know, Walt Disney did not like to do sequels. He was tired when working on a project for years. He was on to something new, but when they started the theme park, he was told and asked please not to use any of his main characters like Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse or Goofy because the theme park might not go.
So he told me 'I'm bringing back Tinker Bell and Jiminy Cricket.' And that's why you saw Tinker Bell on all of the tickets, on the banners, on the map – every place in the park. He also was so smart that he brought Tinker Bell back every Sunday to take people on that one wonderful, wonderful adventure that you had on 'The Wonderful World of Disney' [television series] that went on forever. So people understood Tinker Bell, and I understood her – I started to realize how iconic Tinker Bell was and is. The whole thing got bigger and bigger and bigger. And Disney has always been so very, very kind to me. When [legend] said it was perhaps it was Marilyn Monroe who was the reference model, Disney came to my rescue and wrote, 'Nope – It was little old Margaret Kerry.'
Did you ever have the opportunity to spend any time with Walt Disney himself?
It was serendipity: we were working on the big sound stage and Mr. Disney and a group were working about 30 feet away on a project that I didn't quite understand. He would come over and chat with Marc Davis and the cameraman and the crew. He knew them very well, and of course, there I was. In those days, you did not walk around in a one-piece bathing suit, particularly when the whole crew was nothing but males, so I had a little cover‑up and I would come over and chat with him. I had mentioned to Marc Davis that I had gone to school, Monticello school for girls with both of the Disney girls, I guess somebody mentioned it to him because he said, 'I understand you went to school with my daughters.' I was never so surprised in my life!
What do you make of the popularity of Tinker Bell today?
I'll use one word for her: she is beguiling. When she's very naughty in 'Peter Pan,' when she's very, very bad people love her, and when she's very, very good, people love her. And the fact is that she's very free to do what she thinks. I don't call her classic – I call her timeless. I have a book coming out that's called 'A Tinker Bell Talks: Tales of a Pixie-Dusted Life,' and of course the highlight of one or two of the chapters is about Tinker Bell. I know when I go out on my speaking engagements, there's 500‑600 people that come up to the table, and we talk about Tinker Bell.


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Far from being devoid of life, deserts are home to numerous plants and animals. In the desert, plants and animals often compete for limited resources: especially water. To cope, plants will adopt different strategies to compete with their neighbors for this precious resource.
Far from being devoid of life, deserts are home to numerous plants and animals. In the desert, plants and animals often compete for limited resources, especially water. To cope, plants will adopt different strategies to compete with their neighbors for this precious resource.
In natural environments, water availability is often stochastic—some years and localities receive lots of rain, while other areas and times remain dry. During dry years, plants that are more efficient with water use often are the most successful. But with success comes a trade-off; in wetter years, these efficient plants may struggle against faster-growing plants.
For deserts, variable weather yields change in plant community patterns between wet and dry years, with high densities and a diversity of plants in wet years, and a reduction in both quantity and number of species in dry years. This effect, competition and water usage was investigated in the Sonoran Desert by University of Arizona researchers led by Jennifer Gremer and published in the American Journal of Botany.
Gremer and her team looked at three widespread and abundant plants native to the Sonoran Desert that use different strategies to cope in this variable desert environment by occupying different positions on a trade-off spectrum between relative growth rate and water use efficiency. They interpreted how well plants responded to different conditions, such as high and low water availability and competition, by measuring plant biomass of shoots, stems, and roots.
With the onset of climate change, the deserts are getting hotter and drier, and have been a focus of global change models. "The Sonoran Desert has already begun to exhibit such changes," explains Gremer. "Specifically, the composition of plant communities has changed over the last 30 years, with species that have high water-use efficiency becoming more common and species with high relative growth rates declining."
The research showed that all species did better in wet environments when grown alone; however, water availability had additional effects when competition was included. Species that have faster growth rates were less affected by competition in wet environments, whereas those more efficient with water were less affected in dry environments.
"These observed effects explain the patterns seen in long-term data and are counterintuitive to many readers because some plants might actually do better when conditions are not optimal," explains Gremer. In most settings of this research, though, the intermediate species had the largest competitive effect of all species.
Read more at the American Journal of Botany.
Desert image via Shutterstock.


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To Diodorus Siculus, who lived in the time of Julius Caesar, is due the credit for first describing the "Acridophagi" or locust eaters of Ethiopia, who, he says, are smaller than other men, of lean and meager bodies and exceedingly black. According to his account the south winds rise high in the spring and drive out of the desert an infinite number of locusts of an extraordinary size, furnished with very dirty, unsightly wings (probably the common migratory locust, Pachytylus migratorius). These locusts furnish a plentiful food supply. From information kindly given me by Mr. Herbert Lang, leader of the American Museum Congo Expedition, I gather that in the northeastern corner of the Belgian Congo the Logo enjoy especially a grasshopper, apparently of the genus Homocoryphus.
Throughout practically the whole of Africa termites or "white ants" are such an important addition to the regular diet of the natives that most travelers in their accounts comment upon the fact. So anxious are the Azande and Mangbetu of the Uele district to secure these so-called ants that termite hills are considered by them private property, and during the harvest of the insects, fights, often resulting fatally, occur between rival claimants. From Mr. Lang I learned also of an ingenious automatic device by means of which the natives of certain regions he visited collect the winged, sexual forms of the white ants at the season of their marriage flight. They tightly enfold the termite mound in several layers of the broad leaves of a marantaceous wood reed, the interstices soon being closed with earth by the termites, which usually join the inner leaves to the nest. A projecting pocket, built on one side of the leaf cover, serves as a trap, for when the winged termites begin to swarm, they find no egress and finally drop in masses into the pocket from which they are scooped out by the watching negroes. In other instances the nests themselves are dug up to obtain the workers, soldiers, and huge, fat queens, which form a dainty titbit when broiled over the fire. At Banalia along the Aruwimi River in December, 1913, I was rather surprised to find, among many strange articles of food offered for sale by the natives at the weekly market, baskets of dried soldier termites.
Junker, one of the first white men to reach the Azande country, relates how Chief Ndoruma sought to win his favor by sending him twenty large baskets of termites, each load so heavy that it was all a porter could carry. In this instance the contents made such an excellent oil that a chicken cooked in it tasted as delicious as if fried in butter.
Notwithstanding the odor of the formic acid, true ants, too, are frequently collected and eaten by natives of various continents. According to Bingham, in Kanara and other parts of India, and throughout Burma and Siam, a paste of the green weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) is served as a condiment with curry. Beccari records that the Dayaks of Borneo mix this ant with their rice, to which it lends a pungent, acetic flavor. Concerning the same insect, Saville Kent, in his fascinating Naturalist in Australia has this to say: "Beauty, in the case of the Green Ant, is more than skin-deep. Their attractive, almost sweetmeat-like translucency possibly invited the first essays at their consumption by the human species." Mashed up in water, after the manner of lemon squash, "these ants form a pleasant acid drink which is held in high favor by the natives of North Queensland, and is even appreciated by many European palates."
It is generally known that certain American Indians are at times myrmecophagous. John Muir, in his First Summer in the Sierra tells how the Digger Indians of California eat the tickly acid gasters of the large jet-black carpenter ants. The Mexican Indians and those of our Southwest make a practise of eating the replete workers, or living honey-pots, of the celebrated honey ant (Myrmecocystus) and regard them as a delicacy with which to honor their guests. In some cases the insects are pressed and the honey thus extracted enjoyed with meals, in others they are put aside to ferment into a highly flavored wine. Certain African tribes collect the huge queens of Carebara at the time of their nuptial flight, when these ants emerge in large numbers from the termitaria in which their nests are concealed. In this case the gasters only are eaten, either uncooked or roasted, and are considered a great delicacy. Many of the South American Indians treat in a like manner the queens of the leaf-cutting ants (Atta cephalotes and Atta sexdens).
Caterpillars are often appreciated as food in direct proportion to the ease with which large-sized species and those that occur in great numbers are collected. There appeared in the Journal of the New York Entomological Society for 1912 an interesting article by Mr. J. M. Aldrich regarding the use as food of the larvae of a saturnid moth (Colorado pandora) by certain Indians of the Nevada-California border. Quite recently the same entomologist has published further notes on this strange Indian food, describing, among other points, the manner in which the caterpillars are collected from their food plant, the Jeffrey pine. Richard Schomburgh records how the Indians in British Guiana actively gather for culinary purposes a caterpillar and its pupae which appear at the rainy season. Many African tribes, especially those of the forest country, consider these insects choice morsels. The Pangwe of southern Cameroon, according to Tessmann, eat no less than twenty-one different kinds. Not only do the natives distinguish by name a number of edible species, but they also know the particular food plants on which they are to be found. The caterpillars of the silkweaving Anaphe, a genus of notodontid moths of equatorial Africa that have the peculiar habit of congregating when full-grown, sometimes to the number of a dozen or more, to spin a common silk nest in which they make their cocoon and pupate, are eaten and their silky nests offered for sale.
In mentioning that the Anaphe larvae are relished by the natives of Gazaland, Swynnerton writes: "This is hardly of special interest in itself, for many other moth-larvae are also eaten by them, but what is perhaps of some slight interest is their alleged differential effect on particular individuals eating them. I was first informed of this by a native skinner and collector in my employ, whose statements I have in general found to be reliable; and he specially remarked that even brothers, eating from the same dish larvae that had been captured and prepared together, differed thus in their reaction: one brother suffering no ill effects whatever, the other being always completely prostrated for as much as two or three days in the more serious cases. The statement has been completely corroborated by such natives as I have since spoken to on the subject. All have further agreed in saying that the larvae are much liked, and that their inability to eat them is felt as a misfortune by those whom they affect unpleasantly."
In addition to the nests of Anaphe, the Medje diligently collect in the proper season various other caterpillars. Those called ebbo are especially sought; dried and smoked they can be preserved for many months. The most common species collected by Mr. Lang is evidently the larva of a ceratocampid moth of the genus Micragone, agreeing almost exactly with the description and figure given by Packard for M. herilla. Heavy spines cover the body but are scraped off before cooking. Two other species of caterpillars in the same collection also belong to the Ceratocampidae. Another delicacy among the Medje is the grub of a curious psychid moth (Clania moddermanni) which lives in a tightly woven bag of its own making covered on the outside with stalks and reaching a length of two and one half inches and a diameter of three quarters of an inch.
According to Tessmann, the Pangwe even hunt for the aquatic larvae of dragon flies, to which they attribute diuretic properties. It is said that cicadas are a common article of food among the natives of Lower Siam, and the peculiar manner in which they are caught is in itself an interesting chapter as described by W. W. Skeat: "Two or three natives gather together at night round a brightly burning wood fire, one of them holding a lighted torch. The others clap their hands at regular intervals, and the Cicadae, attracted by the noise and guided by the light, fly down and settle upon the people as they stand by the fire." In the region of Garamba, Belgian Congo, I am told, the natives not only eat the honey accumulated in the nests of wild bees, but even gather the larvae and pupae, which they roast over the fire before consuming. Moreover, the nests of certain social wasps are also sought for the same purpose.
It is impossible to mention here more than a few of the many insects used for culinary purposes, for members of nearly all orders enter into the diet of one people or another. A few words may be added, however, about the two-winged insects, which are seldom used, probably because in most cases they are difficult to gather in great quantities. Williston and Aldrich have called attention to the case of certain small flies of the genus Ephydra, the adults of which are found by the thousands along the shores of Mono Lake, California. In the latter part of the summer the puparia are washed up on the beach where they accumulate in heaps and can be collected by the bushel. In days gone by Indians came from far and near to gather them for food and a few still continue to do so. The worm are dried in the sun and the shell is rubbed off by hand. A yellowish kernel remains, very similar to a small grain of rice. This is oily, very nutritious, and under the name koo-chah-bee or koo-tsabe used to form a very important item of food. Its flavor is described as not altogether unpleasant and according to an informant: "If one were ignorant of its origin, it would make nice soup. It tastes more like patent 'meat biscuit' than anything else I can compare it with." There are also a few instances recorded of the adult flies themselves having been eaten. A leptid fly of the genus Atherix at certain seasons appears in astonishing numbers along brooks in northeastern California. Trees, bushes, and rocks are covered with them to a depth of five or six inches. The Indians scrape them off and collect them in great heaps, cooking them between hot stones in an oven-like pit. The resulting reddish brown mass of about the consistency of headcheese, is made into loaves like bread, and can be counted on as a mainstay during the winter.
On some of the Central African lakes in the dry season a minute midge, one of the Chironomidae, rises from the water in clouds so dense that from a distance the effect is that of smoke. Near Lake Nyasa the midges are known as kungu and round out the larder of many of the shore tribes. When great hosts of them are driven landward by the wind, they are swept off the bushes and rocks by the natives or caught against mats hung up for the purpose; they are then compressed into oily cakes, roasted, and eaten. According to Koch, the Sesse Islanders collect and prepare in a similar manner the may flies which swarm in dense columns over Lake Victoria.
In spite of the weight of evidence from the historical point of view, it is not the purpose of the present article to furnish arguments regarding the value of insects as food or for including them in our own diet. What we eat and what we do not eat is, after all, more a matter of custom and fashion than anything else. Many years ago a learned French physician J. J. Virey, made an exhaustive study of the question "Whether man may eat insects and whether he should eat them," with this conclusion: "Man may eat insects: nothing in his anatomical organization or his physiological functions is opposed to it. He should eat insects: in the first place, because his cousins the monkeys and his ancestors the bats, or to be brief the primates, eat them; in the second place, because insectivorous animals are superior to the other species of their order, as well in their more perfect organization as in the superiority of their intelligence." Still, it must be admitted that this line of reasoning will have but slight appeal to the average white man. In my opinion the habitual consumption of insects may not be without danger. The greater number of them have such a heavy, indigestible skeleton of chitin that their continued use might well lead to dyspepsia. In addition, the small size of most of them makes it impossible to eliminate from their bodies all organs in which the waste products are accumulated, and which, because of their recognized poisonous properties, are as a rule carefully removed in the case of our meat and fish.
Be this as it may, those inclined toward reforming our food habits may be interested in a booklet published by Vincent M. Holt under the title Why not eat insects? They will find there an array of recipes for the preparation of various insects and also a number of menus for entomophagous dinners. If the time ever comes when insects are universally used as food, Mr. Holt's book will undoubtedly be greatly treasured by all gastronomes. Perhaps some day he may be regarded as one of the benefactors of humanity, for did not Brillat-Savarin write: "He who invents a new dish does more for the happiness of his fellowmen than all the philosophers, writers, scientist and politicians together."


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"Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her to make her holy, cleansing her by the washing with water through the word, and to present her to himself as a radiant church, without stain or wrinkle or any other blemish, but holy and blameless. In this same way, husbands ought to love their wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself. After all, no one ever hated their own body, but they feed and care for their body, just as Christ does the church— for we are members of his body. 'For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh.' This is a profound mystery—but I am talking about Christ and the church." Ephesians 5:25-32
The church is the wife of Christ. He sacrificed his own life to redeem her. He is returning someday to claim her. According to Revelation 19:9 we all will celebrate the "Wedding supper of the Lamb" with Jesus someday and what an awesome occasion that will be!
So, in the meantime, don't slap, mock or treat the bride of Christ with disrespect.
I remember when I first got married twenty two years ago my wife and I were with a group of her co-workers at a Christmas party. The place where we had the party was in the back room of a bar-meets-grill kind of joint. As we were leaving my wife was walking about 10 feet in front of me talking to one of her female co-workers. She didn't notice the two guys who were eyeing her up and down as she walked by...but I did.
Without thinking or blinking I walked up to their tables as they were still learing and hit my left fist so hard on their table I made their drinks jump. Startled, they looked up at me and, before they could figure out what was going on, I barked, "Do you see this ring?" showing them the wedding ring on my clenched fist. Before they could answer I said, "You wanna see it up close?" Still not getting it I said, "That girl you were gawking at is my wife and I don't like the way you were looking at her."
Either of these guys could have beat the tar out of me but my bold action embarrassed and shocked them. Luckily I got out of the door before they realized they could have easily smashed me.
Why did I react like that? Because I love my wife and I will not tolerate her being treated with disrespect.
Neither will Christ.
We may have problems with the church. We may have a list of things we would like to see improved with the way church is done in the 21st Century. But we should never let our healthy evaluation of the church and her effectiveness descend into bashing the bride of Christ.
There are those today who analyze, criticize and discount the church as if she is a useless relic of the past. I have read "experts" who have said we should forsake the organized church and just have Bible studies in our homes. But a church without a team of godly shepherds leading it is not a church at all, it's a group of rebels who have decided that they know better than God's plan for church organizational structure (which, by the way, is clearly laid out in Titus 1 and 1 Timothy 3.)
Again, this doesn't mean that we refuse to see real faults in the church. It means that we recognize them and then jump in to try to fix them with a heart of service and love for the people of God.
We need to honor the church. She is the fire in which all of our embers stay burning white hot for Christ. She is the community in which we all live and minister to each other. She is a collection of saints from male to female, black to white and rich to poor who have one thing in common, our eternal soulmate, Jesus Christ.
Slap my wife and I'll punch you in the throat (and ask for forgiveness later.) I cringe to think what Christ would do.
Let's not test him.


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Carl Skalak of Blue Pike Farm wrote this:
The picture of a barn raising, a community effort to collectively help out a neighbor seems quaint and out of reach for those of us of a more urban persuasion. Well, the local food community is a community too and one of our own suffered a calamity this weekend in the form of a assault and robbery.
Michael & Marika Feigenbaum were robbed again this Memorial Day weekend at their bakery, "Lucy's Sweet Surrender" on Buckeye Rd. Fortunately, nobody was shot this time, but Michael got roughed up more than a little bit. I saw him Saturday morning about 4 hours after the assault and he was gamely trying to keep up with the orders but was visibly hurting. They lost several days worth of store receipts and the cash box for the day's farmers markets. While he didn't mention a figure I'm sure his loss was more than several thousand in cash alone. Money that will take months of effort to recoup. Theirs is not a business with large profit margins.
Michael is a stubborn cuss, from Russian Jewish stock and will, I expect soldier on. Marika is still shaking and I think still not really yet recovered from being shot last year. But this kind of calamity is not only a serious financial hit, but more so an emotional blow. Two violent robberies in 18 months is a bit much, even by Cleveland standards.
"What's political is also personal. If you believe in something, you should be willing to make sacrifices to support it, even if it's expensive or inconvenient." (Russ Parsons, L.A. Times food writer)
What can you do? Well, if you need a loaf of bread, food for a graduation party, office event, family get-together or just because you like quality baked goods consider making a purchase from them at the store on Buckeye or at one of the farmers markets (Shaker Sq. or Crocker Park on Saturdays). If you are already a customer, buy something extra. There is little downside for you because "Lucy's Sweet Surrender" makes quality stuff (I'm a fool for his poppy seed goodies) . And your support now can make a big difference in gritting them back on track.
You won't get any splinters in your fingers and you'll help rebuild their business too.
Bravo to Carl. I couldn't have said it better and I think what he's trying to do by encouraging all of us to get involved in this small, simple way is brilliant… and right. Please act on his suggestion and pass this call for help on to everyone you know. Thanks.


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I love getting mail.. do you?
Ever since we moved overseas almost 5 years ago, every now and then we receive a little surprise package in the mail from Australia, which always makes us excited – even before we've opened it! The packages come from our beloved friends and their 3 gorgeous boys, and contain drawings and letters they've made for us. It's the sweetest thing, and never fails to make our day! Of course all new artworks and letters quickly find their way onto the fridge, so we can be reminded of them every time we go into the kitchen. :)
Well, when we received another surprise package in the mail a few weeks ago, we decided it was time to send something fun and creative back. We wanted it to be personal, but kind of funny at the same time, and so the mini family was born! We also added ourselves in there for good measure ;)
This would actually be a great DIY if you had kids, just cut out all the parts and let them get creative with the colouring :)
If you'd like to make a mini family for yourself (or to send to some friends/family overseas), here's what you'll need:
– Little family template (Download: A4 or Letter)
– Cardboard (I used kraft)
– Pencil
– Scissors
– Coloured pencils, pens, paint etc
– Craft Glue
– Family/friend photos at the right size
Note: The hardest part about this DIY is finding the right size photos. There are 5 different sized 'people' included in the template, and each states the head size you'll need. First look at the template and decide who fits with which size, then find and resize photos to suit each one. Photos where the subject is facing straight on works best.
Step 1.
There are two options for how to begin:
1. Print the template onto the wrong side of your card directly (if it'll fit through your printer), then cut out the sizes you'd like, or
2. Print the template onto plain paper, cut out the sizes you'd like, trace around them onto the wrong side of your card using the pencil, and cut them out (this is better if you have several of the same size needed).
Step 2.
Take one of your photos and cut around the face. Make sure it's the right size for the template you've chosen, apply a small amount of glue to the back and stick it down onto the 'head' of your cardboard cutout. If you like, you can then trim the cardboard to the same size as the head, or leave it with some space around it. On the ones I did, I chose to leave space around the adults heads, and trimmed right to the photo for the kids
Step 3.
Next, start decorating! It's up to you to choose the outfits each person will wear, and it's fun to add details – like watches, cameras, fun t-shirts, and jewellery. Get creative! :)
And that's it! Once you've done all the paper people you'd like, you'll have a whole family :)


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Search the Community
Showing results for tags 'liquid'.
Found 1 result
DOT 1987 placard denotes liquid alcohol products
storky posted a topic in General E85 DiscussionsAs I rolled up to a rail crossing where the first of nearly 100 tanker cars on which flammable warning placards were displayed were just passing, I wondered how closely I should approach. How much room should I give a train transporting that particularly volitile crude from Canada. I read 1987 off the flammable warning placards that every single car displayed, looked it up on my phone and dicovered it wasn't crude oil being transported, but alcohol! That did indeed make me more comfortable and encouraged over the likelihood that the ~3 million gallons of alcohol I saw pass were likely to be mixed with gasoline to make various grades of motorfuel including E85.


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Today, U.S. Representative Quigley received clam chowder from Legal Sea Foods and a case of Harpoon beer from U.S. Representative Lynch as a result from the wager they agreed upon over the outcome of the Blackhawks vs. Bruins during the Stanley Cup finals.
Quigley showed good sportsmanship by giving Lynch an Eli's Cheesecake and Nuts on Clark.
Read more about the U.S. Representative wager here:


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I want to thank WordPress for the very cool blog stats job they did for the 2011 summary. Saved me a lot of work!
Which is especially good since I've been working hard on something new (I know, I know: what's new in that, right?). But bear with me! Continue reading


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Melvin J. Visser
- BS Chemical Engineering 1959
Mr. Melvin J. Visser joined the Upjohn Company in Kalamazoo, Michigan after graduating from Michigan Tech with a Chemical Engineering degree in 1959. He later earned a Masters degree in Chemistry from Western Michigan University and completed the Business Leadership Institute at the University of Michigan in 1974.
While at Upjohn Mr. Visser worked in Design Engineering, Chemical Process R&D, Production Technical Support, Fermentation Production Management, and Chemical Production Management before becoming Manager of Materials and Capacity Management in 1979. He held the position of Director of Engineering Administration from 1981-1986 when he was named Vice President of Engineering for Allied Health Care business. He was appointed Vice President of Environmental Quality and Safety in 1993, a position he held until his retirement from Upjohn in 1995. During his tenure at Upjohn, Mr. Visser received seven patents, the most prominent for soil vapor extraction, which is now used worldwide as a soil remediation technology.
Mr. Visser was the past Co-Chair of the Great Lakes Regional Corporate Environmental Council, is a founder of the Kalamazoo area Junior Hockey Program and is a current member of the Forum for Kalamazoo County. He is a board member of the Michigan Tech Fund and a member of the Presidents Club.
From 1995 Induction to the Department of Chemical Engineering Academy


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So It's just about That Time.
Yes, it's that time of the year, when your body cries out. Exhausted from the stress of modern day life, it yearns for some tender loving care and deep rejuvenation. A decadent package of aesthetic services would be just what the modern day siren needs to return her feminine wiles to the height of it's beauty. Yes, you've peered into the mirror and with each daily glance comes the reminder, " Honey, it's time to do something for YOU ! ' .
So let's bring on that luxurious, good old-fashioned pampering!
Now if you're really thinking of going all the way with this, then my advice is to be a little adventurous and head out for a getaway to tropical Malaysia. Take advantage of the lower currencies to experience state of the art beauty services at significantly lower rates. That's one of the secrets in the big city fashionistas satchel for the luxury life without forking out an arm and a leg !
It might tempt you, if I were to add that Kuala Lumpur is not only the hotspot of dining, nightlife and great shopping, it's also home to Mediviron UOA, a top-notch aesthetic centre providing a comprehensive range of aesthetic services. Mediviron UOA is located in the heart of KL's Golden Triangle, so one can easily stay at a prime hotel, take in the city's attractions and hop over to the spa for its diverse range of treatments. Not to mention that the shopping galore of the Bukit Bintang region adds a brilliant bonus to the whole getaway !
You can get excess hair lasered away, have your features plumped up and refreshed with injectables like Restylane, Juvederm, and swiftly reveal a new layer of beautiful skin via a peel or fractional laser, otherwise known as FRAXEL. Maybe even take it a step further for deep rejuvenation and sign up for a series of placenta treatments that are injected weekly and restore the skin's condition from within. Now, this is one holiday that you could return from with a glow that is way beyond the mere, bronzed kiss of the sun.
I visited Mediviron UOA's aesthetic clinic to explore a range of services including fraxel, peels and injectables. Having experienced the best of what's available in a town like Los Angeles, I was pleasantly surprised to enjoy such impeccable service and care as is provided by their attentive staff.
Their repertoire of services include
- Botox injectables to prevent aging.
- Dermal Fillers for filling up wrinkles and increasing facial volumes, enhancing facial features such as nose, cheeks, chin.
- Fractional CO2 Laser for improving skin texture and removing scars including deep acne scars.
- Medlite C6 Q Switch Nd Yag Laser for reducing skin pigmentation and birthmarks, improving tone and removing tattoos.
- Candela GentleYAG Laser for hair removal, fine vein removal, skin tightening, face, body and breast lifting.
- CO2 Laser for the removal of skin lesions, ie, moles, warts, milia, oil seeds and skin tags.
- Zeltiq CoolSculpting for targeted fat loss with little downtime and without the side effects or complications of liposuction.
- Venus Freeze Radiofrequency + Magnetic Pulse for fat loss and non-surgical body and face lifting.
- Skin peel for improving skin tone and texture.
- Anti-pigmentation creams.
- Vitamin treatments for glowing, hydrated skin with fewer breakouts.
- Collagen treatments to slow down aging.
- Whitening treatment for brighter , fairer skin.
- Placenta treatments for celullar rejuvenation.
- Weight loss medications. Patients have shown to lose up 5-10% of their body weight per month.
- Complimentary Visia Skin Complexion Analysis for detailed printed analysis of your skin condition in terms of pigmentation, pores, wrinkles, UV damage, brown spots and more.
The vast umbrella of the very latest in aesthetics makes Mediviron UOA a great choice for all your non-surgical beauty needs. Not only is it fully equipped in terms of cutting-edge technology, it's patients are serviced with the very best care by highly trained staff of doctors and nurses. The 4 full-time aesthetic specialist doctors Dr Rachel Chew, Dr Rosalind Hooi, Dr Alan Lu and Dr Chen Tai Ho offer the assurance of the expertise and training that comes with a medical accreditation.
Each staff member was not only highly attentive and detailed oriented, but friendly and supportive during the entire process. And when you're dealing with needles and lasers, a little warmth does go a long way and I was thoroughly spoiled with much nurturing. This is a real benefit that comes with being treated in Asia, the service is impeccable.
I wanted to find out more about this fabulous find, this spa that appears to offer it all at great prices !
And so I sat down with the owner of Mediviron UOA Dr Chen Tai Ho to uncover his personal story; the building of his aesthetic practice and the reasons why he chose to dedicate his medical career to the practise of aesthetics.
The good-looking doctor who owns the clinic is Dr Chen Tai Ho. Not only is Dr Chen well-groomed and accomplished, but he's a youthful 34 years of age. And I must say, he does possess the immaculate skin to prove his dermatological expertise. Hailing from Selangor, Malaysia, Dr Chen is a double degree holder, Bachelor of Science (Medical Science)(Hons) and a Doctor of Medicine. He also possesses the prestigious Diploma in Aesthetics Medicine and has over 7 years experience in aesthetic medicine.
Dr Chen was formerly practicing medicine in Penang and had two clinics there, before deciding to move to Kuala Lumpur. He set up his new practise in the vibrant city so as to be closer to his family. Mediviron UOA began with modest beginnings but soon grew due to the great location, wonderful service, reasonable prices and the positive word of mouth that kept sending more and more clients his way. His staff expanded to deal with the growth in clientele.
He shares the fact that it is his personal eye for detail and love of creativity and artistry that has been a great boon to this field. Not only is he immaculate in his manner of speech, his great love of music and art, but he is also precise in his speech and in efficiently resolving any queries that I might have. Like his staff, he is pleasant, humble and aims to deliver desired results.
What really strikes me as being the key to his success is that this highly gifted doctor strives to keep himself abreast with the latest trends and technologies in this ever evolving field of aesthetic perfection.
And in this day and age, where everyone desires to put on the very best image, Mediviron UOA truly is the one stop clinic to step into ultimate beauty.


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Three Vikings Earn All-America Recognition
Three members of Augustana's track and field teams turned in All-America performances Saturday at the NCAA Division II meet in Charlotte, N.C. The Vikings also set three school records.
Business Conference: Optimistic Outlook for Regional Economy
A message of optimism prevailed at the Sioux Falls Business Conference held Wednesday on the campus of Augustana College. More than 280 area business professionals attended the conference.
Argus Leader: Augustana Women's Rugby Club
The Augustana Women's Rugby Club, a group of more than 25 students, finished their first complete season this spring with a successful record and passion for the physical, full-contact sport.
Argus Leader: Augustana Alumna is Top Teacher
Kira Christensen talks about her teaching career and the national teaching award she received last fall. Christensen teaches math at Washington High School in Sioux Falls.
Viking Athletics #5 in NCAA Division II
Strong efforts by its spring sports programs has propelled Augustana into the top five of the Division II Learfield Sports Directors' Cup standings and runner-up in the NSIC—U.S. Bank All-Sports Award competition.
Gregg Selected to Participate in Regional Leadership Workshop
Dr. Martha Gregg, assistant professor of mathematics, has been accepted to attend a regional workshop designed to enhance the leadership capacity in our region's colleges and universities.
Two Administrators Receive Granskou Awards
Proposals by Deb Hagemeier, Mikkelsen Library assistant director, and Peggy Kapusta, director of online communications, targeting digitized media will share the 2010 Granskou Award.
KELO: Determined Student Receives Diploma
Kendra Gottsleben, an Augustana student with a rare metabolic disorder known as mucopolysaccharidosis, received her bachelor of arts in both sociology and psychology on Saturday.
KSFY: A Special Graduation for Augustana Student
Saturday was a special graduation for one Augustana student, in particular. Chris Johnson has cerebral palsy. On Saturday, he graduated from Augustana with a double major in English and French.
Four Faculty Members Honored During Commencement Ceremony
Four members of Augustana's faculty were recognized for outstanding achievement at the 2010 commencement ceremony Saturday, May 22, at the Sioux Falls Arena.


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Category: Transportation
What does your car color say about you?
The most popular car color is believed to be SILVER. Silver color tells us about wealth, power and a strong reputation. And the brighter the color, the more the owner cherishes these things.
You don't see ORANGE car every day. The owner of an orange car is a positive and optimistic person who likes standing out.
Owners of YELLOW cars are self-confident and like having fun.


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What a VIEW it was! Today, Jenny McCarthy co-hosted ABC's hit talk show The View alongside Barbara Walters, Whoopi Goldberg, Joy Behar, Elisabeth Hasselbeck, and Sherri Shepherd. And those sexy specs that Jenny was wearing… Alexander Daas model hayes in color dark tortoise / blue.
Jenny McCarthy's glasses look absolutely stunning on her – the fit is perfect with her eyes centered in the lenses, and with just enough angle on the outside edges to accentuate her cheekbones.
This is not the first time Alexander Daas was Jenny McCarthy's eyewear of choice. You may recall her presenting at the American Music Awards in 2011 (and several other sightings) wearing model wisdom x in color dark tortoise / powder blue.
To locate Alexander Daas at an optical boutique near you, go to our locations page.
See the full episode of The View with Jenny McCarthy here.
Here's a picture of Jenny with Rebel Wilson, whom she interviewed on the show, backstage:
Another pic of Jenny McCarthy in her glasses backstage:
And a pic of Jenny presenting at the American Music Awards in Alexander Daas eyeglasses:


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CEDAR FALLS, Iowa -- The University of Northern Iowa will host the 2011 Solar Splash World Championship of Intercollegiate Solar Boat Racing for the first time, June 8 through June 12, at George Wyth State Park. This year's event will be one of the largest, with 21 teams from four countries and more than 250 spectators.
According to Reg Pecen, UNI professor of industrial technology, Solar Splash began in Milwaukee in 1994 and is a hands-on educational experience that develops teamwork and interdisciplinary skills. "This competition allows undergraduates to be involved in applied engineering and technology research and to develop confidence in their abilities."
Pecen says UNI's team is honored to be hosting an international event of this magnitude. "Solar Splash is dedicated to spotlighting sustainable and clean boating technologies, and this is something Iowa's lakes and rivers could clearly benefit from."
During the five-day event, Solar Splash teams earn points in seven categories, including technical inspections and reports, engineering design, visual displays, workmanship, and on-the-water sprint, endurance and slalom competitions.
At the 2009 Solar Splash, UNI's team, the Solar Panthers, placed third overall, the team's best showing to date. Their success involved year-long design, implementation, construction, testing and troubleshooting, Pecen said.
This year's event is sponsored by IEEE-PELS including partial sponsors from IMSEP, Waterloo Tent, CFU, Cedar Falls Tourism and Visitors Bureau, Cedar Valley Sports Commission, Iowa DNR, Solar Creations by Waterloo, Greater Cedar Valley Alliance and Chamber. The UNI Solar Electric Boat project is sponsored by the Iowa Energy Center, with additional support provided by the UNI Office of the Executive Vice President and Provost, and the UNI CHFANS SOAR grants.
For more information, visit www.cns.uni.edu/eboat or contact Pecen at 319-230-9331.


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Looks like Blackberry is set to update Blackberry App World. Ronen at BerryReview reported
that Blackberry App World documentation is now showing version 1.1. There are 2 major updates
with this new version.Flexible Storage capabilities:This feature permits BlackBerry App World™ storefront users to remove applications from their BlackBerry® devices and reinstall the applications without paying for the application a second time. Blackberry App World archives a record of the application to save memory and so that the user does not have to maintain the application on the BlackBerry device. BlackBerry App World users can also install or archive applications on expandable memory, such as a media card.Blackberry App World website: •This feature permits users to read descriptions and reviews and view screen shots of applications even if they are not BlackBerry App World users. Users can find applications by using the search function, selecting an application category, or browsing by Featured Items, Top Free, Top Paid, or Newest Applications.The website feature is something that should have been available from the beginning.
This should be a major win and will make Blackberry App World much more successful.
To read more on the Blackberry App World 1.1 click here.


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Backup Strategies
Featuring 6 Papers as of May 7, 2010
Online Backup: Worth the Risk? by Steve Strom - May 7, 2010
The sheer quantity of digital data, and the rate at which that data is growing, is almost beyond comprehension. This explosion of all things digital � recordings, graphics, documents, video, and other forms � has led to a staggering need to manage and account for that data. According to a report issued by EMC, the digital universe in 2007 was an overwhelming 281 exabytes in size (Gantz, et al.). Yet according to that same report, the digital universe is growing at such a phenomenal pace that by the year 2011, it will be 10 times the size it was in 2006 (Gantz, et al.)!
Fibre Channel Storage Area Networks: An Analysis From A Security Perspective by Jose Pico - October 9, 2008
The objective of this work is simple: analyze what can be done to attack a storage area network using the Fibre Channel protocol weaknesses, evaluate what are the real possibilities to perform such attacks and study what should have been done to avoid the associated threats and to mitigate the risks.
Veritas Volume Manager and a Storage Area Network by Joseph Bell - May 5, 2005
This paper will discuss the task of installing, configuring and securing Veritas Volume Manager (VxVM)
Security Considerations for Enterprise Level Backups by Scott Parrish - August 30, 2001
This paper addresses the need for backing up data - an essential security measure in today's computing environment.
Electronic Data Retention Policy by Brian Wrozek - August 15, 2001
This paper addresses data retention policies.
Centralized Backups by Michael Gallagher - August 11, 2001
When considering a complex backup system a company should review all of the backup requirements and choose the package that best suits their needs.
Most of the computer security white papers in the Reading Room have been written by students seeking GIAC certification to fulfill part of their certification requirements and are provided by SANS as a resource to benefit the security community at large. SANS attempts to ensure the accuracy of information, but papers are published "as is". Errors or inconsistencies may exist or may be introduced over time as material becomes dated. If you suspect a serious error, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
All papers are copyrighted. No re-posting or distribution of papers is permitted.
SANS.edu Graduate Student Research - This paper was created by a SANS Technology Institute student as part of the graduate program curriculum.