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State Treasurer Denise L. Nappier announced the launch of the sixth annual CHET Dream Big! Competition, aimed at getting kindergarten through fifth grade students across the state to think about their education and careers.
Nappier, trustee for the Connecticut Higher Education Trust (CHET), Connecticut's 529 college savings plan, said in a press release, "This is one competition where the value of award prizes, while an incentive to draw contestants, is outweighed by its reputation for inspiring young people to think about what they would like to be or accomplish as adults, and reinforcing the importance of working hard in school and then going to college to help their dreams come true."
"It's also rewarding to see how proud the parents are to learn about their children's amazing imagination regarding their bright future, which helps to emphasize the value of saving today to pay for tomorrow's college costs," said Nappier in the press release.
The Dream Big! Competition, which officially launched Jan. 27, will award three grand prizes of $1,000 CHET 529 college savings accounts – the highest prize amount in the competition's history. An additional 60 students will win a $500 CHET account.
The competition features two entry categories based on grade level. Students in grades K through 3 are asked to submit an original drawing that answers the question, "What do I want to do after I go to college?" Fourth and fifth graders are asked to write an essay that responds to the question, "How will I change the world after I go to college?"
Entries are judged on five criteria: creativity, originality, portrayal of theme, spelling and grammar. Winners will be announced and recognized during a ceremony in May.
The three $1,000 grand prize winners will be chosen from all entries; one winner each will be chosen from grades K and 1; 2 and 3; and 4 and 5. Forty-eight winners (six per county) will be awarded a $500 CHET account. Twelve statewide winners representing Connecticut's Review and TurnaroundSchools also will be awarded a $500 CHET account.
The competition also has a new feature to encourage teachers to have their students participate in the program: The school with the highest number of entries will win $500, and the 10 teachers who submit the greatest number of entries will win an iPad mini for their classroom.
"Teachers play a key role in prompting young students to dream about life after college, and we want to reward them for their continued support of the Dream Big! Competition," said Nappier in the press release.
Students who don't enter through their school can enter on their own. Parents or other caregivers may download the entry form and materials at www.CHETDreamBig.com.
The deadline for entries is March 26, 2014. Official rules and full entry details can be found at www.CHETDreamBig.com or on Facebook at www.facebook.com/CHETcollegesavings. No purchase is necessary to enter or win.


text: All year long (well, since February), we have been collecting the most spectacular images of planets, moons, galaxies, and nebulas for our Wired Science Space Photo of the Day. The gallery, which now has more than 240 pictures, has proven more popular than we ever imagined and even resulted in the creation of the most epic soundtrack in the universe. This year has seen some amazing space photos, including gloriously shining dust in the Orion nebula, Saturn wreathed in rings and accompanied by its moon Titan, spectacular shots of Earth's Arctic region, and an artful dust devil on Mars. Here we present our favorite shots taken in 2012 that show off the wonder and unbounded beauty of the cosmos. Above: May 2: Dust in Orion This image of the region surrounding the reflection nebula Messier 78, just to the north of Orion's belt, shows clouds of cosmic dust threaded through the nebula like a string of pearls. The submillimeter-wavelength observations, made with the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) telescope and shown here in orange, use the heat glow of interstellar dust grains to show astronomers where new stars are being formed. They are overlaid on a view of the region in visible light. Image: ESO/APEX (MPIfR/ESO/OSO)/T. Stanke et al./Igor Chekalin/Digitized Sky Survey 2 [high-resolution] Caption: ESOOct. 18: Anyone Else Think This Looks Like the Cookie Monster? Ok, so maybe it's just me. But the superposition of younger craters on older craters (in this case two smaller craters upon the rim of an older crater) can result in landforms that appear to resemble more familiar shapes to human eyes. More generally, the Law of Superposition allows scientists to determine which surface features pre- and postdate others, leading to a better understanding of the geological history of different regions of Mercury's surface. Image: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington [high-resolution] Caption: Mercury Messenger TeamSept. 27: The Cosmic Seagull This new image from ESO's La Silla Observatory shows part of a stellar nursery nicknamed the Seagull Nebula. This cloud of gas, formally called Sharpless 2-292, seems to form the head of the seagull and glows brightly due to the energetic radiation from a very hot young star lurking at its heart. The detailed view was produced by the Wide Field Imager on the MPG/ESO 2.2-meter telescope. Nebulas are among the most visually impressive objects in the night sky. They are interstellar clouds of dust, molecules, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases where new stars are being born. Although they come in different shapes and colors many share a common characteristic: When observed for the first time, their odd and evocative shapes trigger astronomers' imaginations and lead to curious names. This dramatic region of star formation, which has acquired the nickname of the Seagull Nebula, is no exception. This new image from the Wide Field Imager on the MPG/ESO 2.2-meter telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile shows the head part of the Seagull Nebula. It is just one part of the larger nebula known more formally as IC 2177, which spreads its wings with a span of over 100 light-years and resembles a seagull in flight. This cloud of gas and dust is located about 3,700 light-years away from Earth. The entire bird shows up best in wide-field images. The Seagull Nebula lies just on the border between the constellations of Monoceros (The Unicorn) and Canis Major (The Great Dog) and is close to Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky. The nebula lies more than four hundred times further away than the famous star. The complex of gas and dust that forms the head of the seagull glows brightly in the sky due to the strong ultraviolet radiation coming mostly from one brilliant young star — HD 53367 — that can be spotted in the center of the image and could be taken to be the seagull's eye. The radiation from the young stars causes the surrounding hydrogen gas to glow with a rich red color and become an HII region [3]. Light from the hot blue-white stars is also scattered off the tiny dust particles in the nebula to create a contrasting blue haze in some parts of the picture. Although a small bright clump in the Seagull Nebula complex was observed for the first time by the German-British astronomer Sir William Herschel back in 1785, the part shown here had to await photographic discovery about a century later. Image: ESO [high-resolution] Caption: ESOOct. 6: Cubesat Release Several tiny satellites are featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 33 crew member on the International Space Station. The satellites were released outside the Kibo laboratory using a Small Satellite Orbital Deployer attached to the Japanese module's robotic arm on Oct. 4, 2012. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency astronaut Aki Hoshide, flight engineer, set up the satellite deployment gear inside the lab and placed it in the Kibo airlock. The Japanese robotic arm then grappled the deployment system and its satellites from the airlock for deployment. A portion of the station's solar array panels and a blue and white part of Earth provide the backdrop for the scene. Image: NASA [high-resolution] Caption: NASAApr. 9: Elephant on Mars This observation highlights terrain that looks like an elephant. This is a good example of the phenomena "pareidolia," where we see things (such as animals) that aren't really there. Actually, this image covers the margin of a lava flow in Elysium Planitia, the youngest flood-lava province on Mars. Flood lavas cover extensive areas, and were once thought to be emplaced extremely rapidly, like a flood of water. Most lava floods on Earth are emplaced over years to decades, and this is probably true for much of the lava on Mars as well. An elephant can walk away from the slowly advancing flow front. However, there is also evidence for much more rapidly flowing lava on Mars, a true flood of lava. In this instance, maybe this elephant couldn't run away fast enough. Image: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona [high-resolution] Caption: Alfred McEwenDec. 11: Evaporating Rocks on Mercury The bright material on the floor of Kertész crater is not the water ice recently confirmed to be in craters near Mercury's poles, but it might well be behaving as ice would on another planet. Mercury's daytime temperatures are so hot at most latitudes that rocks that would be stable at other places in the Solar System may essentially evaporate on Mercury. That is one theory for the formation of these bright, irregular features known as hollows seen here and in many other craters on Mercury. This image was acquired as a high-resolution targeted observation. Targeted observations are images of a small area on Mercury's surface at resolutions much higher than the 200-meter/pixel morphology base map. It is not possible to cover all of Mercury's surface at this high resolution, but typically several areas of high scientific interest are imaged in this mode each week. Image: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington [high-resolution] Caption: Mercury MESSENGER TeamJuly 2: Green Flames The Flame Nebula sits on the eastern hip of Orion the Hunter, a constellation most easily visible in the northern hemisphere during winter evenings. This view of the Flame nebula from WISE, NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, shows an expanded view over one previously released of this enormous space cloud (http://wise.ssl.berkeley.edu/gallery_FlameNebula.html). The previous image was made from data WISE collected after its coolant began to run out, when only three of WISE's infrared bands were in operation. The flame nebula is a very infrared-bright region, and the reduced sensitivity during the 3-band phase of the WISE mission worked to the advantage of astronomers interested in studying the brightest parts of this region without so much glare. This new image includes more data collected from all of WISE's four infrared bands. This view takes in a vast cloud of gas and dust where new stars are being born. Three familiar nebulas are visible in the central region: the Flame nebula, the Horsehead nebula, and NGC 2023. The Flame is the brightest and largest in the image. It is being lit up by a star inside it that is 20 times the mass of the sun and would be as bright to our eyes as the other stars in Orion's belt if it weren't for all the surrounding dust, which makes it appear 4 billion times dimmer than it really is. NGC 2023 is the bright knot below the Flame. The famous Horsehead nebula is visible poking out of the edge of the cloud, just to the right of NGC 2023 and down a touch. It takes on a very different view in infrared compared to visible light. In visible light, the horse's head is a silhouetted dark cloud in front of glowing gas. But here, we see the dust in that dark cloud glowing in infrared light. Two of the three stars in Orion's belt are visible in this image, but despite their prominence to our eyes in the night sky, they are somewhat unremarkable as seen by WISE. Alnitak, the far left star in Orion's belt, is a multiple blue-giant star system located 736 light-years away. In this image, it is located just to the right of the central part of the Flame nebula. Alnilam, the middle star of Orion's belt, is a variable blue supergiant, located 1,980 light-years away. Despite having a radius 24 times bigger than the sun, and luminosity 275,000 times greater than the sun, it only appears as a moderately bright star near the upper right corner of this image. Another noteworthy feature in this image is the bright red arc at the lower right. This arc surrounds the star sigma Orionis, the upper star in the sword of Orion, which hangs from his belt. It is a blue dwarf multiple star system, located 1,070 light-years away. It is moving through space at a breathtaking speed of 5,260,000 mph (2,400 kilometers per second). At that speed, winds from the star system crash into the gas and dust outside the system and create a bow shock, where material in front of the speeding Sigma Orionis system is piling up. The energy from the bow shock heats up dust in the region and makes it glow in infrared. Color in this image represents specific infrared wavelengths. Blue represents light emitted at 3.4-micron wavelengths, and cyan (blue-green) represents 4.6-microns, both of which come mainly from hot stars. Relatively cooler objects, such as the dust of the nebulae, appear green and red. Green represents 12-micron light and red represents 22-micron light. Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech [high-resolution] Caption: NASAAug. 1: Blue Dunes of Mars HiRISE has been carrying out a dedicated survey of sand dunes on Mars, determining whether and how fast the dunes move by observing repeatedly at intervals of Martian years. More than 60 sites have been monitored so far, showing that sand dunes from the equator to the poles are advancing at rates of up to 1 meter per Martian year. These observations are still spotty, however, and tend to be concentrated in the tropics and the North Polar erg (the sand sea that surrounds the North Pole). One latitude band that had not been sampled at all lies between 30 and 65 degrees north. This observation is among a set of images acquired to fill that gap. This image shows a variety of different dune types in southern Lyot Crater in the Northern lowlands at 48.9 degrees north. Transverse dunes to the west grade into longitudinal dunes downwind to the east and barchans to the south, possibly because of local winds channeled by topography in the impact basin. This image was intended to match the approximate illumination and viewing conditions of an earlier HiRISE observation that was made two Martian years earlier, in August 2008. Detailed comparison of the two images shows movement on many of the dunes during this interval of nearly four Earth years. Other images also show dune activity in this latitude band, adding to a growing suspicion that dunes are on the move everywhere on Mars, faster in some places than others. Image: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona [high-resolution] Caption: Paul GeisslerMay 15: It's Full of Stars This is a composite of a series of images photographed from a mounted camera on the Earth-orbiting International Space Station, from approximately 240 miles above Earth. Space station hardware in the foreground includes the Mini-Research Module (MRM1, center) and a Russian Progress vehicle docked to the Pirs Docking Compartment (right). Expedition 31 Flight Engineer Don Pettit relayed some information about photographic techniques used to achieve the images: "My star trail images are made by taking a time exposure of about 10 to 15 minutes. However, with modern digital cameras, 30 seconds is about the longest exposure possible, due to electronic detector noise effectively snowing out the image. To achieve the longer exposures I do what many amateur astronomers do. I take multiple 30-second exposures, then 'stack' them using imaging software, thus producing the longer exposure." A total of 47 images photographed by the astronaut-monitored stationary camera were combined to create this composite. . Image: NASA/Don Pettit [high-resolution] Caption: NASAJune 19: Beautiful Arctic Fifteen orbits of the recently launched Suomi NPP satellite provided the VIIRS instrument enough time (and longitude) to gather the pixels for this synthesized view of Earth showing the Arctic, Europe, and Asia. Suomi NPP orbits the Earth about 14 times each day and observes nearly the entire surface. The NPP satellite continues key data records that are critical for climate change science. Image: NASA/GSFC [high-resolution] Caption: NASADec. 18: Planetary Nebula Ornament The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope celebrates the holiday season with a striking image of the planetary nebula NGC 5189. The intricate structure of the stellar eruption looks like a giant and brightly coloured ribbon in space. Image: NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) [high-resolution] Caption: Hubble Heritage teamMar. 12: Devil on Mars A towering dust devil casts a serpentine shadow over the Martian surface in this stunning, late springtime image of Amazonis Planitia. The length of the shadow indicates that the dust plume reaches more than 800 meters, or half a mile, in height. The tail of the plume does not trace the path of the dust devil, which had been following a steady course towards the southeast and left a bright track behind it. The delicate arc in the plume was produced by a westerly breeze at about a 250-meter height that blew the top of the plume towards the east. The westerly winds and the draw of warmth to the south combine to guide dust devils along southeast trending paths, as indicated by the tracks of many previous dust-devils. The dust plume itself is about 30 meters in diameter. Numerous bright tracks trend from northwest to southeast. It is interesting to see that these tracks are bright, whereas dust-devil tracks elsewhere on Mars are usually dark. Dark tracks are believed to form where bright dust is lifted from the surface by dust devils, revealing a darker substrate. Here in Amazonis, the dust cover is too thick to be penetrated by such scouring. A blanket of bright dust was deposited over this region recently, just before the arrival of MRO, so the surface dust here can still be moved. Perhaps the bright tracks form when the settled dust is stirred up by the strong winds generated by the dust devils (tangential wind speeds of up to 70 miles per hour have been recorded in HiRISE images of other dust devils). It's also interesting that this image was taken during the time of year when Mars is farthest from the Sun. Just as on Earth, Martian winds are powered by solar heating. Exposure to the sun's rays should be at a minimum during this season, yet even now, dust devils act relentlessly to clean the surface of freshly deposited dust, a little at a time. Image: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona [high-resolution] Caption: Paul GeisslerSept. 14: Mickey on Mercury This scene is to the northwest of the recently named crater Magritte, in Mercury's south. The image is not map projected; the larger crater actually sits to the north of the two smaller ones. The shadowing helps define the striking "Mickey Mouse" resemblance, created by the accumulation of craters over Mercury's long geologic history. This image was acquired as part of MDIS's high-incidence-angle base map. The high-incidence-angle base map is a major mapping activity in MESSENGER's extended mission and complements the surface morphology base map of MESSENGER's primary mission that was acquired under generally more moderate incidence angles. High incidence angles, achieved when the Sun is near the horizon, result in long shadows that accentuate the small-scale topography of geologic features. The high-incidence-angle base map is being acquired with an average resolution of 200 meters/pixel. Image: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington [high-resolution] Caption: Mercury Messenger TeamJuly 23: Rainbow Orion This new view of the Orion nebula highlights fledgling stars hidden in the gas and clouds. It shows infrared observations taken by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and the European Space Agency's Herschel mission, in which NASA plays an important role. A star forms as a clump of this gas and dust collapses, creating a warm glob of material fed by an encircling disk. These dusty envelopes glow brightest at longer wavelengths, appearing as red dots in this image. In several hundred thousand years, some of the forming stars will accrete enough material to trigger nuclear fusion at their cores and then blaze into stardom. The nebula is found below the three belt stars in the famous constellation of Orion the Hunter, which appears at night in northern latitudes during fall and then throughout winter. At a distance of around 1,500 light-years away from Earth, the nebula cannot quite be seen with the naked eye. Binoculars or a small telescope, however, are all it takes to get a good look in visible light at this stellar factory. Spitzer is designed to see shorter infrared wavelengths than Herschel. By combining their observations, astronomers get a more complete picture of star formation. The colors in this image relate to the different wavelengths of light, and to the temperature of material, mostly dust, in this region of Orion. Data from Spitzer show warmer objects in blue, with progressively cooler dust appearing green and red in the Herschel datasets. The more evolved, hotter embryonic stars thus appear in blue. The combined data traces the interplay of the bright, young stars with the cold and dusty surrounding clouds. A red garland of cool gas also notably runs through the Trapezium, the intensely bright region that is home to four humungous blue-white stars, and up into the rich star field. Infrared data at wavelengths of 8.0 and 24 microns from Spitzer are rendered in blue. Herschel data with wavelengths of 70 and 160 microns are represented in green and red, respectively. Herschel is a European Space Agency cornerstone mission, with science instruments provided by consortia of European institutes and with important participation by NASA. NASA's Herschel Project Office is based at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. JPL contributed mission-enabling technology for two of Herschel's three science instruments. The NASA Herschel Science Center, part of the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, supports the United States astronomical community. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. Image: NASA/ESA/JPL-Caltech/IRAM [high-resolution] Caption: JPL/NASADec. 2: Sinuous Filament of Cosmic Dust This image from the APEX telescope, of part of the Taurus Molecular Cloud, shows a sinuous filament of cosmic dust more than ten light-years long. In it, newborn stars are hidden, and dense clouds of gas are on the verge of collapsing to form yet more stars. The cosmic dust grains are so cold that observations at submillimeter wavelengths, such as these made by the LABOCA camera on APEX, are needed to detect their faint glow. This image shows two regions in the cloud: the upper-right part of the filament shown here is Barnard 211, while the lower-left part is Barnard 213. The submillimeter-wavelength observations from the LABOCA camera on APEX, which reveal the heat glow of the cosmic dust grains, are shown here in orange tones. They are superimposed on a visible-light image of the region, which shows the rich background of stars. The bright star above the filament is φ Tauri. Image: ESO/APEX (MPIfR/ESO/OSO)/A. Hacar et al./Digitized Sky Survey 2. Acknowledgment: Davide De Martin [high-resolution] Caption: ESOAug. 30: Saturn and Titan A giant of a moon appears before a giant of a planet undergoing seasonal changes in this natural color view of Titan and Saturn from NASA's Cassini spacecraft. Titan, Saturn's largest moon, measures 3,200 miles, or 5,150 kilometers, across and is larger than the planet Mercury. Cassini scientists have been watching the moon's south pole since a vortex appeared in its atmosphere in 2012. See PIA14919 and PIA14920 to learn more about this mass of swirling gas around the pole in the atmosphere of the moon. As the seasons have changed in the Saturnian system, and spring has come to the north and autumn to the south, the azure blue in the northern Saturnian hemisphere that greeted Cassini upon its arrival in 2004 is now fading. The southern hemisphere, in its approach to winter, is taking on a bluish hue. This change is likely due to the reduced intensity of ultraviolet light and the haze it produces in the hemisphere approaching winter, and the increasing intensity of ultraviolet light and haze production in the hemisphere approaching summer. (The presence of the ring shadow in the winter hemisphere enhances this effect.) The reduction of haze and the consequent clearing of the atmosphere makes for a bluish hue: The increased opportunity for direct scattering of sunlight by the molecules in the air makes the sky blue, as on Earth. The presence of methane, which generally absorbs in the red part of the spectrum, in a now clearer atmosphere also enhances the blue. This view looks toward the northern, sunlit side of the rings from just above the ring plane. This mosaic combines six images -- two each of red, green and blue spectral filters -- to create this natural color view. The images were obtained with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on May 6, 2012, at a distance of approximately 483,000 miles (778,000 kilometers) from Titan. Image scale is 29 miles (46 kilometers) per pixel on Titan. Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI [high-resolution] Caption: Cassini Solstice TeamOct.9: Thor's Helmet This VLT image of the Thor's Helmet Nebula was taken on the occasion of ESO's 50th Anniversary, Oct. 5, 2012, with the help of Brigitte Bailleul — winner of the Tweet Your Way to the VLT! competition. The observations were broadcast live over the internet from the Paranal Observatory in Chile. This object, also known as NGC 2359, lies in the constellation of Canis Major (The Great Dog). The helmet-shaped nebula is around 15,000 light-years away from Earth and is over 30 light-years across. The helmet is a cosmic bubble, blown as the wind from the bright, massive star near the bubble's center sweeps through the surrounding molecular cloud. Image: ESO/B. Bailleul [high-resolution] Caption: ESOSept. 25: Hubble Goes Extremely Deep Like photographers assembling a portfolio of their best shots, astronomers have assembled a new, improved portrait of our deepest-ever view of the Universe. Called the eXtreme Deep Field, or XDF, the photo was assembled by combining ten years of NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope observations taken of a patch of sky within the original Hubble Ultra Deep Field. The XDF is a small fraction of the angular diameter of the full Moon. The Hubble Ultra Deep Field is an image of a small area of space in the constellation of Fornax (The Furnace), created using Hubble Space Telescope data from 2003 and 2004. By collecting faint light over one million seconds of observation, the resulting image revealed thousands of galaxies, both nearby and very distant, making it the deepest image of the Universe ever taken at that time. The new full-color XDF image is even more sensitive than the original Hubble Ultra Deep Field image, thanks to the additional observations, and contains about 5,500 galaxies, even within its smaller field of view. The faintest galaxies are one ten-billionth the brightness that the unaided human eye can see. Magnificent spiral galaxies similar in shape to the Milky Way and its neighbor the Andromeda galaxy appear in this image, as do large, fuzzy red galaxies in which the formation of new stars has ceased. These red galaxies are the remnants of dramatic collisions between galaxies and are in their declining years as the stars within them age. Peppered across the field are tiny, faint, and yet more distant galaxies that are like the seedlings from which today's magnificent galaxies grew. The history of galaxies — from soon after the first galaxies were born to the great galaxies of today, like the Milky Way — is laid out in this one remarkable image. Hubble pointed at a tiny patch of southern sky in repeat visits made over the past decade with a total exposure time of two million seconds.More than 2000 images of the same field were taken with Hubble's two primary cameras: the Advanced Camera for Surveys and the Wide Field Camera 3, which extends Hubble's vision into near-infrared light. These were then combined to form the XDF. "The XDF is the deepest image of the sky ever obtained and reveals the faintest and most distant galaxies ever seen. XDF allows us to explore further back in time than ever before," said Garth Illingworth of the University of California at Santa Cruz, principal investigator of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field 2009 (HUDF09) program. The Universe is 13.7 billion years old, and the XDF reveals galaxies that span back 13.2 billion years in time. Most of the galaxies in the XDF are seen when they were young, small, and growing, often violently as they collided and merged together. The early Universe was a time of dramatic birth for galaxies containing brilliant blue stars far brighter than our Sun. The light from those past events is just arriving at Earth now, and so the XDF is a time tunnel into the distant past when the Universe was just a fraction of its current age. The youngest galaxy found in the XDF existed just 450 million years after the Universe's birth in the Big Bang. Before Hubble was launched in 1990, astronomers were able to see galaxies up to about seven billion light-years away, half way back to the Big Bang. Observations with telescopes on the ground were not able to establish how galaxies formed and evolved in the early Universe. Hubble gave astronomers their first view of the actual forms of galaxies when they were young. This provided compelling, direct visual evidence that the Universe is truly changing as it ages. Like watching individual frames of a motion picture, the Hubble deep surveys reveal the emergence of structure in the infant Universe and the subsequent dynamic stages of galaxy evolution. The planned NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope (Webb telescope) will be aimed at the XDF, and will study it with its infrared vision. The Webb telescope will find even fainter galaxies that existed when the Universe was just a few hundred million years old. Because of the expansion of the Universe, light from the distant past is stretched into longer, infrared wavelengths. The Webb telescope's infrared vision is ideally suited to push the XDF even deeper, into a time when the first stars and galaxies formed and filled the early "dark ages" of the Universe with light. Image: NASA, ESA, G. Illingworth, D. Magee, and P. Oesch (University of California, Santa Cruz), R. Bouwens (Leiden University), and the HUDF09 Team [high-resolution] Caption: Hubble Heritage Team

subset: commoncrawl


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Every world champion in every sport was once a beginner. There was a day when Lennox Lewis pulled on a pair of boxing gloves for the first time; an otherwise perfectly unremarkable day when Michael Schumacher sat behind the wheel of a car for the first time and an occasion when Bert Easdon took his first tentative steps into the dog show ring.
The song was spot on, everybody does have to learn sometime, none of us, in whatever sport, hobby or pastime in which we partake started out with any level of proficiency, we all had to learn.
We can learn in many ways but experience suggests that by looking at those who have trodden the path before, listening to their acquired wisdom and learning from their mistakes can prove to be a valuable learning experience.
Here a collection of writers help explain the workings of the dog show scene and recall their own early experiences.Whats it all about? - Simon Parsons


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Recruitment is now open for four Non-Executive Director roles to join the Board at the Covent Garden Market Authority (CGMA).Read more
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Information to our users and general public:
Our legal committee is currently editing the new WBA Bylaws, which will replace the one published on our website in 2009. We will integrate in one new document all the amendments that have been approved in the last years.
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Required the vote of the of the assistant members, due registered and qualified to enforce such right, in this Eightieth third Annual Convention held in Yalta, Ukraine, during 13, 14, 15 and 16 days of October, 2004; and having complied with the legal provisions that govern the matter, that are established in the Constitution and Bylaws that are in force, where all the modifications that were approved in the Seventieth-first Annual Convention held in Panama, Republic of Panama in October 1991 are contented; and according to a resolution issued in the Eightieth Second Annual Convention, held in Bali, Indonesia in September 2003, it was resolved to repeal the aforementioned Constitution and Bylaws, and it was decided to pass, consolidate and construct in one new and only text, the principles and fundamental norms of performance that from this date will be in forced, to be the base and apply for the fulfillment of the mission and purposes in the direction of the matters of the ASSOCIATION, which foundations and directives are faithfully contained in these Bylaws.
Article 1.01
The name of the organization is the WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION, hereinafter called the ASSOCIATION, will have its domicile wherever the President locates or installs its main office.
Article 1.02
The WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION, before, the National Boxing Association, funded in 1920, and named WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION from August 23, 1962, is a voluntary non-profit organization, with legal status and its own property, different from those of its members, dedicated to promoting and serving the sport of boxing and to implementing safety measures for the protection of all boxers.
Article 1.03
The ASSOCIATION shall exercise its authority and carry out its activities throughout the world according to the provisions of the Bylaws, Regulations and Rules of the ASSOCIATION, to which it will promote and contribute to the design and execution of plans and programs directed to the development and safety application of norms for its control and supervision in harmony with the regions and countries members. To such effect the following regions will be considered:
Article 2.01 The purposes of the ASSOCIATION are:
a) To enhance the sport of professional boxing throughout the world by establishing, maintaining, and operating an organization that provides an honest, fair, and impartial for the development of professional boxing and for the personal and professional advancement of boxers as part of society.
b) To cooperate with the International Boxing Community of Members of the ASSOCIATION, in those activities bound to the development of professional boxing as a worthy sport inspired by principles that enhance the spirit of competition and respect among the human beings.
c) To make boxing a prestigious professional sports activity with credibility and
institutional recognition.
d) To establish measures for the uniform control and supervision of professional men and women's boxing throughout the world, as discipline conducive to physical fitness and as an activity which is a source of wholesome entertainment for the public.
e) To help to improve the image of boxing through the appreciation, enjoyment and positive perception on behalf of the public on the quality and integrity of boxing as a responsible work that demands formation and discipline and the professionalism of its leaders and other participants.
f) To recognize the WBA Championships fights in each of the weight categories or divisions carried out according to its norms and regulations, and certify those professional boxers who win that recognition. Nevertheless, the ASSOCIATION reserves the right to suspend or cancel the recognition of a World Champion, due to the breach or default of the ASSOCIATION's rules, or for conduct, that damages the good name, integrity and prestige of the ASSOCIATION.
g) To certify and endorse the Championship fights. Every recognized champion and every person involved with matchmaking, promotion, staging, broadcast, and exploitation of WBA-recognized championship bouts, and all those who request certification of such bouts, understand and acknowledge that the right to the title and designation "WBA World Champion", is owned exclusively by the ASSOCIATION. The WBA certification of a match as a "WBA Championship" and the designation of "WBA Champion" are privileges and not rights of any kind or nature, vested or otherwise, and all boxers, promoters and their representatives, as well as the WBA members and the directives, including boxing organizations recognized by the ASSOCIATION must comply with these Bylaws and all the Rules and Regulations of the WBA in order to qualify for such certification or designation.. The championship bouts held by the Regional or Continental Organizations and/or Federations, as well as the WBA women's boxing, or any other that carries the name and certification of the ASSOCIATION, must comply with the dispositions herein established.
h) To establish agreements of cooperation with the different regions of the world to
promote the development of boxing and its incorporation into the community as an
activity that is constructive and favorable to the interests of the region.
i) To engage in other activities that may be related to the foregoing purposes
Article 3.01
The ASSOCIATION shall have all of the powers, duties, authorizations and responsibilities generally accorded to a nonprofit corporation. In addition, but not by way of limitation, the ASSOCIATION shall have the power to enter into license agreements, own stock in for-profit corporations, and donate funds to charitable organizations. The ASSOCIATION, in order to meet better its ends and objectives may, in any way, acquire, dispose of, give in use and encumber all types of assets, and carry our all types of legal acts. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the ASSOCIATION shall neither have nor exercise any power, nor shall it engage, directly or indirectly, in any activity that would invalidate its status as an organization that is exempt from federal income taxation according to the Law of United States, Venezuela or similar law in jurisdictions of other nations of the world where the ASSOCIATION activities are carried out.
Article 3.02
The ASSOCIATION will have the following activities:
a) For the purpose of promoting and contributing to the regional development of the boxing the ASSOCIATION will enter in strategic alliances and functioning agreements that may be necessary, worldwide, continental, regionally, nationally or federative, that enhance and endorse the improvement and strengthening of the activity in the regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Latin America. In this sense the ASSOCIATION, is empowered to grant recognition to specific organizations to work in the areas before mentioned, according to the regulations contained in the present Bylaws.
b) The ASSOCIATION will establish and recognize the World Championships in the existing weight divisions with the following limits:
MINI FLYWEIGHT 105 Lbs. 47.63 Kgs.
LIGHT FLY 108 Lbs. 48.99 Kgs.
FLYWEIGHT 112 Lbs. 50.80 Kgs.
SUPER FLYWEIGHT 115 Lbs. 52.16 Kgs.
BANTAMWEIGHT 118 Lbs. 53.52 Kgs.
SUPER BANTAMWEIGHT 122 Lbs. 55.34 Kgs.
FEATHERWEIGHT 126 Lbs. 57.15 Kgs.
SUPER FEATHER 130 Lbs. 58.97 Kgs.
LIGHTWEIGHT 135 Lbs. 61.23 Kgs.
SUPER LIGHTWEIGHT 140 Lbs. 63.50 Kgs.
WELTER WEIGHT 147 Lbs. 66.68 Kgs.
SUPER WELTERWEIGHT 154 Lbs. 69.85 Kgs.
MIDDLEWEIGHT 160 Lbs. 72.57 Kgs.
SUPER MIDDLEWEIGHT 168 Lbs. 76.20 Kgs.
LIGHT HEAVYWEIGHT 175 Lbs. 79.38 Kgs.
CRUISERWEIGHT 200 Lbs. 90.89 Kgs.
HEAVYWEIGHT 200 Lbs Plus 90.89 Kgs. Plus
In the same way, the ASSOCIATION will recognize the fights of said divisions that take place between the WBA Champions and those of other organizations, recognized by the ASSOCIATION, in Unification bouts.
c) The ASSOCIATION will stimulate the making of unification Title Fights with other recognized organizations, and to such event the ASSOCIATION will keep a special legislation applicable for this type of fights, aimed at to facilitating the fulfillment of the obligatory defenses of the Unified Champions in coordination with other organizations.
d) The ASSOCIATION shall adopt a distinctive symbol for the World Championship in each of the recognized weight divisions; the Belt of the World Champion shall be awarded to the champions duly recognized by the ASSOCIATION for the champions to exhibit them in each of their defenses to constitute testimony of the effort culminated by the athlete.
e) The ASSOCIATION shall publish monthly an official list of Rankings with the selection of those boxers who meet the requirements that endorse them to participate as challengers in World Championship Fights. These Rankings shall contain the names of the boxers selected in each recognized category or weight division by means of an ordered listing, which shall be presented in the form of ranking of the most outstanding boxers up to a maximum of fifteen (15) boxers in each weight category.
f) To prescribe the rules and regulations that will govern every world championship or elimination bout and establish rules and standards for the conduct and scoring of every boxing contest.
g) To act upon, decide, settle and mediate in disputes between member and other problems and disputes, which may arise in the sport of boxing.
h) The ASSOCIATION will strive to contribute to the good image of boxing as a constructive activity that demands effort and discipline that offers opportunities for the integral development of youth. In this sense, it will stimulate the practice of the sport of boxing as mean to develop the good health and physical conditions, and as fundamental element to canalize the spirit of competition of the human being. It will also contribute and take part in the development of preventive programs against the consumption of drugs through the KO Drugs World Campaign.
Article 3.01 The ASSOCIATION shall have the following category of members:
A) Voting Members:
a) Directors:
The persons who have been elected or appointed as such, according to these Bylaws, and that are up to date with their obligations and payments of their annual dues, which amount is established in Five Hundred dollars of the United States currency (US $500.00) that must be paid by March 31 of each year.
Directory Members are entitled to one (1) vote that shall cast in the Directory meetings as well as in the General Meetings held by the ASSOCIATION.
b) National Affiliate Members
Official entities, such as the country or a National Boxing Federation, and other boxing organizations empowered to organize, regulate and supervise professional boxing within a country, state, province or region. These entities must have been duly accepted as member of the ASSOCIATION, that undertake to comply with these Bylaws and all the regulations in force, and pay their registration and annual fee to be acknowledged as National Affiliate Members. The amount for admission is established in US$ 500.00, and for annual fee in US$ 500.00, which must be paid by March 31 of each year.
The National Affiliate Members are entitled to one (1) vote in the Annual Meetings of the ASSOCIATION . This vote will be cast for its President, or in case of absence, for the person duly authorized in writing by the organization.
c) Continental Affiliate Members:
Continental, Regional Organizations and International Federations empowered to organize, regulate and supervise professional boxing, in a complete region or continent, or in a part of a region or continent, that have been duly accepted as members of the ASSOCIATION, that undertake to comply with these Bylaws and all the regulations in force, and who have paid the affiliation and annual fee to be acknowledge as Continental Affiliate Member of the ASSOCIATION. The amount for admission is of US$ 500.00, and for annual fee is US$ 500.00 that must be paid by March 31 of each year.
The Continental Affiliate Members are entitled to one (1) vote in the General Meetings of the ASSOCIATION. This vote shall be cast by its President or, in case of absence, by the person duly authorized in writing by the organization.
d) Continental Associate Members:
Continental, Regional Organizations and International Federations that are empowered to organize, regulate and supervise professional boxing, in a complete region or continent, or in a part of that region or continent. These Organizations of Federation must have been duly accepted as members of the ASSOCIATION, under license or operational agreement, that undertake to comply with these Bylaws and all the regulations in force, as well as to honor the explicit agreements established for their operating as Continental, Regional Organizations and International Federations, recognized by the ASSOCIATION to operate in any of the continents or geographical region of the world, and the have paid the amount of US$ 5,000.00 for their admission, and that are up-to-date with the annual payment agreed for the license agreement, that acknowledge them as Continental Associate Member.
The Continental Associate Members are entitled to two (2) votes in the General Meetings of the ASSOCIATION. Their presidents and the Regional Director of the area shall cast these votes. They are also entitled to one (1) additional vote as long as at least fifteen (15) Regional Title Fights have been sanctioned by the Continental Associate Members and have the recognition of the ASSOCIATION.
To compute the additional votes based on title fights, there will be taken into consideration the activity carried out between October 01 and September 30 immediately before the celebration of the Annual Convention.
B) Non-voting members:
e) International Ring Officials:
Judges and Referees that have been accepted as Members of the ASSOCIATION, and that undertake to comply with these Bylaws and other regulations in force, and that have paid their affiliation, as well as with the annual due that acknowledges them as Member of the International Officials Committee of the WBA. The amount of said fees have been established in US$ 200.00 for affiliation, and for annual license, the amount of US$ 300.00 (up to March 31 of each year), and US$ 500.00 (after March 31 of each year).
f) International Boxing Promoters and Managers:
Boxing Promoters and Managers that have been accepted as members of the ASSOCIATION, that, undertake to comply with these Bylaws and other regulations in force, and that, have paid their annual license that acknowledge them as Promoter or Manager affiliated to the WBA. The amount to be paid by the Promoters for their annual license is US$ 5,000 (up to March 31 of each year) and US$ 6,000 (after March 31 of each year); and for the Managers the amount US $ 1,000 (up to March 31 of each year) and US $ 1,200 (after March 31 of each year).
g) World Champions and ex Champions
Those persons who have, or have had the WBA World Champion recognition.
h) Special Members:
The members of Committees, such as Medical Advisory Committee, Legislative Committee, Administration and Budget Committee and any other Committees that are members of the Association. The Commission Doctor and boxing organizations doctors are also Special Member. As well as Trainers, Media, Boxing fans and any person interested in the sport of boxing accepted as members of the Association.
The amount to be paid by the Special Members is of One Hundred Dollars ($ 100.00)
i) Honorary Members:
The Honorary Members of the ASSOCIATION are the former presidents or any person who have been members of the Directory of the ASSOCIATION, during the last twenty (20) consecutive years, and that have attended the last four (4) consecutive Annual Conventions held by the ASSOCIATION.
j) Other Members
Those countries or regions where professional boxing is held regularly and are not affiliated to the ASSOCIATION, the President, if he considers it pertinent, may designate a representative to act as a link between the boxing authority of the country and the ASSOCIATION.
Article 4.02
Affiliation Requirements
To be a National Affiliate Member, Continental Affiliate Member or Continental Associate Member of the WBA, the entity or petitioner person must obtain the corresponding certification and approval from the Directory of the ASSOCIATION, and must comply with the following requirements:
A. National Affiliate Members. (For the Commissions, National Federations and other boxing organizations):
a. Request the respective affiliation in writing to the ASSOCIATION through the President of the WBA.
b. Accompany the application for affiliation with documents issued by the corresponding authority in its country of origin that certifies it as National Commission, National Federation or Regional Organization with authority and power enough to regulate and/or supervise professional boxing.
c. Accompany the affiliation form with the payment of admission fee established in US$ 500.00, and the payment annual fee, established in US$ 500.00.
d. Be accepted and recognized as so by the Directory.
B. Continental Affiliate Members (For Regional or Continental Organization and International Federations):
a. Request in writing, through the President of the WBA, the respective affiliation to the ASSOCIATION as organization for the regional development of boxing under the supervision of the WBA
b. Accompany the affiliation request with the instruments such as Act f Incorporation and Bylaws that demonstrate that the organization exists.
c. Accompany the request with the payment of affiliation fee established in US$ 500.00 and the payment of annual fee that established in US$ 500.00.
d. Be accepted and recognized as so by the Directory.
C. Continental Associate Members (For Regional or Continental Organization and International Federations under license agreement with the ASSOCIATION):
a. Request in writing, through the President of the WBA, the respective affiliation to the ASSOCIATION to be recognized as an organization for the regional development of boxing under the supervision of the WBA.
b. Accompany the affiliation request with the instruments such as Act f Incorporation and Bylaws that demonstrate that the organization exists.
c. Accompany the request with the payment of affiliation fee established in US$ 5,000.00 and the License agreement (functioning agreement) with the ASSOCIATION.
d. Be accepted and recognized as so by the Directory.
D. For International Ring Officials (Judges and Referees):
a. Request the respective affiliation in writing to the ASSOCIATION through the President of the WBA.
b. To verify before the WBA his corresponding status by means of the certification of some local, national or international boxing authority affiliated to the WBA.
c. Accompany the affiliation request with the payment of the admission fee for the amount of US$ 200.00 and of annual license for the amount of US$ 300.00 (up to March 31 of each year), and of US$ 500.00 (after March 31 of each year)
d. Be accepted and recognized as so by the Directory.
E For International Promoters and Managers:
a. Request the respective affiliation in writing to the ASSOCIATION through the President of the WBA.
b. To verify before the WBA his corresponding status by means of the certification of some local, national or international boxing authority affiliated to the WBA.
c. For Promoters, accompany the affiliation request with the payment of the annual license for US$ 5,000 (up to March 31 of each year), and of for US$ 6,000 (after March 31 of each year). And for Managers, the amount of US $ 1,000.00 (up to March 31 of each year) and US $ 1,200.00 (after March 31 of each year).
d. Be accepted and recognized as so by the Directory.
Article 4.03
Establishment of Annual Fees and Sanction Fees
The amount The amounts of the admission fees and annual payments established for the different categories of members, as well as the Sanction Fees will be set forth by the Directory (Board of directors) of the ASSOCIATION, based on the needs of the Annual Budget, which could be modified to the discretion of this Directory (Board of directors), and must be notified before their enforcement. .
Article 4.04
Obligations of the Members
The persons, boxing organizations, and those other entities, organizations, which have been accepted as members in any category of the WBA are bound to strictly comply with all the regulations established in these Bylaws and other regulations of the WBA. In the same way they bind to agree and comply with the agreements, regulations, and other decisions taken by the Directory (Board of directors) and Assemblies of WBA.
Article 4.05
Non compliance with the quotas
The date of maturity of the annual fees of the National Affiliate Members and Continental Affiliate Members to the WBA will be March 31 of every year. Those members included in these categories who are behind one year in the payment of their annual fee, will automatically be excluded from the list of members of the ASSOCIATION.
To enter again in the ASSOCIATION, they will have to pay the quotas pending up to the date of their withdrawal providing that their lag is not major of three years, and in these cases, they must request, a new admission, complying with the requirements and steps set forth in these Bylaws for the admission of new members.
Article 4.06
Loss of Membership
The members of the ASSOCIATION will lose their Membership quality when, in the opinion of the Directory and / or the General Meeting, commit the following faults:
a) When in the exercise of his activities oppose systematically the intentions and purposes of the ASSOCIATION, violate the present Bylaws, Rules and Regulations, or infringe openly the dispositions of the Directory or of the General Meeting.
b) When they incur serious faults of organizational ethics to the detriment of the image of the ASSOCIATION, or inconsiderate and repeated acts of disloyal competition and / or unjustified attacks to the ASSOCIATION, or that affect the ordinary execution of the activities of the ASSOCIATION.
c) For realizing, tackling, propitiating, and directing individual or jointly acts in opposition to the ASSOCIATION that could cause moral or material prejudice to the WBA or its members.
The Assembly, or the Directory of the ASSOCIATION, have the power to suspend, to impose fines, to expel, or apply kind of sanction that it considers to be pertinent, to any of the members of the WBA, depending on the circumstances and qualification of the gravity of the fault committed by the above mentioned member.
No person who has propitiated or participated in actions against the good development and image of the ASSOCIATION, for the fulfillment of its mission as the international boxing governor, may not hold the office of President or any other directive office or be members of committees of ASSOCIATION. This norm is applicable with the same force to any member and director of the ASSOCIATION that have participated or participated, or supported actions against the good development and purpose of the ASSOCIATION, in detriment and prejudice of the activity the organization shall develop around the world. In these cases the Directory is empowered to request and sanction with the separation of these members from the bosom of the Directory of the ASSOCIATION.
Besides the motives set forth in Article 4.06 of these Bylaws, the Directory is empowered to exclude a member of the Directory of the ASSOCIATION, according to the following causes:
a) Repeated failure to attend meetings.
b) Any conduct as a Director or individually which is disloyal or contrary to the interests of the ASSOCIATION, such as seeking or obtaining an improper personal benefit on account of the director's position, exploiting for personal benefit information obtained as a director, or engaging in activities in competition with the ASSOCIATION; or
c) To engage in any action with detriment to the honesty, image and seriousness of the Directory.
d) A violation of the Code of Conduct ASSOCIATION
No boxer who has been the object of any legal measure, which in any way limits the full exercise of his rights or who is in jail because of a sentence, shall not, in any way, be ranked or recognized by the ASSOCIATION. In the same way, the ASSOCIATION may refrain from ranking or maintaining any relationship with the boxers or persons involved in acts or conducts which are damaging the good name, integrity or prestige of the ASSOCIATION or of boxing.
Any person that has been affected by a decision o fan organ or authority of the WBA has the right to appeal to the corresponding organ according to the provisions of the respective Legal Statements.
Article 5.01
The General Meeting or Annual Convention
Is the supreme authority of the ASSOCIATION and consisted of those members duly accepted who have complied with the regulations set forth in these Bylaws, and who are duly certified by the Credential Committee to participate in all the Meetings deliberations, according to the following conditions:
Voting Members
a. Directory Members
b. National Affiliate Members
c. Continental Affiliate Members
d. Continental Associate Members Non-Voting Members
a. International Promoters and Managers
b. International Ring Officials
c. Champions and ex champions
d. Special Members
e. Honorary Members
f. Other Members
Article 5.02
The General Meeting of Annual Convention will gather in ordinary sessions in the last quarter of the calendar year, in the place, time and date decided by the Directory, it could also gather in extraordinary sessions when convoked by the President or upon request of the Directory. To select the site of the General Ordinary Meeting there will be a Convention Committee, formed by the Executive Vicepresident, the Treasurer, the International Coordinator and the Regional Directors who will be in charge of studying the existing alternatives and will recommend the Directory the most convenient place to held the General Meeting or Annual Convention.
Article 5.03
The quorum for the installation of the General Ordinary Meeting or Annual convention shall be the presence of one-third or the members qualified to vote.
The General Ordinary Meeting or Annual Convention will consider the following aspects:
a. Report from the Credentials Committee
b. Verification of the quorum
c. Reading and consideration of the Minutes of the previous General Meeting
d. Directory and Committees Reports of action
e. Medical Seminar
f. Ring Official Seminar
g. Pending matters
h. Election of dignitaries.
i. Resolutions
j. Various matters, previously submitted
k. Conclusions, Recommendations, Agreements and Close
The President at his discretion can modify the order of the matters.
Article 5.04
Faculties and Attributes of the General Meeting
a) To qualify its members, based on the report by the Credential Committee.
b) To design the policies and general procedure of the ASSOCIATION, and to elaborate the code of ethics
c) To approve or modify the General Income and Expense Budget of the ASSOCIATION.
d) To elect by majority vote of the members present, the Directory Members of the ASSOCIATION.
e) To be informed of and decide on sanction and exclusion and withdraw recognition of the members of the ASSOCIATION, in accordance with the provisions of the Bylaws and the Regulations of the ASSOCIATION.
f) To be informed of, approve, or repeal the amendments made to the Bylaws of the ASSOCIATION, as well as to the rest of the regulations that govern it.
g) To be informed of, approve or repeal the management of any of its organ, members and authorities
Article 5.05
There are 21 members in the Directory, 10 of which are elected by the General Meeting, and the rest officers are appointed by the President.
Elected Officers
a) The President shall be elected by majority of votes of those members qualified to exercise that right at the General Meeting or Annual Convention of the ASSOCIATION. The Presidential period shall be of four (4) years.
In addition those requirements set forth for the members or candidates for the Directory, only those persons or candidates who have been members of the Directory for five (5) consecutive years previous to the election, and attended the last five (5) Annual Convention, are eligible to run for Presidency of the ASSOCIATION.
The persons who wish to be candidates for the Presidency ASSOCIATION must not hold office as President of a National Affiliate, Continental Affiliate or Continental Associate Members at the time of the proposal.
b) The First Vice-president and Second Vice-president, the International Candidate, and the International Commissioner shall be elected by majority of votes of those members qualified to exercise that right at the General Meeting or Annual Convention of the ASSOCIATION. The Presidential period shall be of four (4) years.
c) The Regional Director for the five (5) geographical areas set forth in article 1.03 of these Bylaws shall be elected by majority vote of the Delegates qualified to that right, and will hold office for two (2) years.
Appointed Officers
a) The Executive Vice-president, the Treasurer, the Director of the Championships Committee, the Director of the Ratings Committee, the Legal Advisor, the Director of the Legislative Committee, and the Director of the Medical Advisory Committee shall be freely appointed and/or removed be the President.
b) The Directory shall propose to the presidency the names of the officers for the Directory of Audit, the Subdirectory of the Championships Committee, the Subdirectory of the Ratings Committee, and the two Supporting Directors for their designation.
Article 5.06
Nomination Requirements
All candidates to any of the office of the Directory (by election or designation) must fulfill the following requirement:
a) An Affiliate or Associate Member (Country, Federation or Organization) who have been qualified to vote in the last five (5) consecutive years and that have attended to those Annual Meetings, must propose them.
b) The candidate must have been the representative of an Associate Member (Country, Federation or Organization) who have been qualified to vote in the last five (5) consecutive years.
c) The candidate must have attended as qualified member to the last five (5) Annual Meetings consecutively.
Article 5.07
The Directory
The Directory shall be the authority organ that will be in charge of the matters of the Association during the period between each General Meeting or Annual Convention, in accordance to the attributes indicated in these Bylaws, Regulations and other Legal Statements of the ASSOCIATION.
The Directory meetings shall be held at the date and place set by the President. The quorum for the Directory Meeting shall be with the attendance of half plus one of the members. The majority vote of the members present in the Directory meetings shall be sufficient to take any decisions. The President will only vote in case of a tie.
Article 5.08
Faculties and Attributes of The Directory
a) To exercise the maximum authority of the ASSOCIATION in the absence of the General Assembly
b) To gather for General Meetings or Annual Conventions, or whenever the President convokes them.
c) To approve the report of the members or any officer of the ASSOCIATION, making any comments and suggestions.
d) To be informed of, approve, repeal any amendment that may be made to the Championships Regulations or any other Legal Statement that govern it.
e) To be informed of and decide on those matters that the President or one third of the members, submit for their consideration.
f) Propose and consider any amendment to the Regulations of the ASSOCIATION.
g) To design plans and programs fro the regional development of boxing in the countries.
h) To design, encourage and contribute in the development of preventive programs against the consumption of drugs through the KO Drugs World Campaign in different countries.
i) To stimulate the compliance of the safety and protection measures of boxing, to make boxing as safe a sport as possible and to promote the boxer's health and welfare.
j) To endorse the application of justice and watch for the transparency and equality of competition during a world championship contest and eliminatory bouts.
k) The Directory is empowered to approve items and expenses, which were not considered in the Annual Budget, which expenses may not exceed THIRTY PERCENT (30 %) of the Annual Budget. The Treasurer has the obligation to inform of such expenses the General Meeting of such expenses and the reasons supporting them.
l) The Directory shall have the power to suspend, to impose fines, to expel, or apply kind of sanction that it considers to be pertinent, to any of the members of the WBA, depending on the circumstances and qualification of the gravity of the fault committed by the above mentioned member
Article 5.09
Liability of the Members
No director or officer shall be personally liable for any action taken by the board or corporation, unless the director or officer breaches or fails to perform a duty required by statute, and the breach or failure to perform constitutes self-dealing, willful misconduct, or recklessness.
Article 5.10
Expenses and Compensation of Directors
Members of the Directory shall be reimbursed for all reasonable expenses incurred by them in connection with attending meetings of the ASSOCIATION, as well as general office expenses resulting from their posts functions. The president and the Treasurer will draw the general expense budget of the main office and compensation of the operational staff of said office, as well as the compensation budged for those Members specified by the Directory for rendered service to the ASSOCIATION that may require compensation. The fees may be based upon a specified amount per annum or month as well as a specified amount per meeting attended, a combination of both, or any other reasonable method. The remaining members of the Directory and/or Members of committees that are not subject to compensations will receive an amount per travel expenses for attending meetings of the Directory, which, shall be determined by the President and the Treasurer. The emoluments here established (honoraries, compensations, and travel allowances) for being voluntary and essentially of not remunerative content, are liable to be suppressed or modified when the interests of the ASSOCIATION, prior report of the Finance Committee suggests it.
Article 5.11
Members of the Directory
The following members will form the Directory of the ASSOCIATION:
1. President
2. First Vice-president
3. Second Vice-president
4. Executive Vice-president
5. International Coordinator
6. Treasurer
7. International Commissioner
8. Legal Adviser
9. Chairman of the Medical Advisory Committee
10. Chairman of the Ranking Committee
11. Vice chairman of the Ranking Committee
12. Chairman of the World Championship Committee
13. Vice chairman of the World Championship Committee
14. The Chairman of the Legislative Committee
15. Regional Director for Africa
16. Regional Director for Asia
17. Regional Director for Europe
18. Regional Director for Latin America
19. Regional Director for North America
20. Assistant Director
21. Assistant Director
Advisors to the Directory: Audit and Finance Committee, Administration and Budget Committee, Institutional Relations Committee, Appeal Committee and International Officials Committee
Article 5.12
The President
The President shall be the superior authority of the ASSOCIATION, and will preside the all the meetings held for the conduction of matters. The President together with those members elected by the General Meeting and those appointed shall take possession of his office when the election finishes. One vice-president shall fill the temporary or absolute absence of the President.
Article 5.13
Faculties and Attributes of the President
a) To exercise the Association's representation in accordance with the attributes established in the Bylaws and the Constitution.
b) To exercise the representation of the ASSOCIATION at a National and International level, in all lawful acts, of any nature whatsoever, and in all those acts which are necessary in carrying out his duties.
c) The appointment and removal of the different Directors and Permanent Committee members and of those who should make up same, in order to attain the proposal and objectives of the ASSOCIATION.
d) To call meetings of the Directory
e) To order the call to General Ordinary and Extraordinary Meetings in accordancewith the Bylaws.
f) To authorize all necessary payments, for its functioning, ends and objectives of the ASSOCIATION. The Treasurer shall oversee all disbursements to be made by the ASSOCIATION and shall be correctly processed in accordance with general accepted accounting principles.
g) To decide on creating those committees which, in his opinion, are advisable.
h) To direct the General Ordinary or Extraordinary Meetings and those meetings of the Directory.
i) To call General Ordinary or Extraordinary Meetings when circumstances make it necessary.
j) To appoint the ASSOCIATION representative for each World Championship fight in order to ensure compliance with the regulations established for the recognition and validity of all World Championship fights.
k) To appoint in cooperation with local authorities and in accordance with those local laws, the International Officials (judges and referees) that shall participate in for each World Championship Fight. In this sense, he shall respect the Neutrality and Impartiality principle.
l) The President, together with the Treasurer, shall be in charge of all matters related to the ASSOCIATION's Finances. The President and the Treasurer are the persons authorized to determine and select the bank accounts for the movement of the ASSOCIATION funds with any institution in the world as they consider convenient. In addition, they are the sole persons who are authorized to delegate and indicate the persons who may move funds, indicating the amount of money that can be moved or drawn by said persons delegated as well as the other conditions of the delegations. The President and the Executive Vice-president are authorized to make all the administrative proceedings before the banks for the opening, close, operation, and movement of the respective accounts.
m)To authorize, jointly with the Treasurer, the credentials of all members of the ASSOCIATION.
n) To sign agreements with other boxing organizations, which are to the Association's benefit, and reporting such agreements to the Directory and General Meetings.
o) To submit any urgent important matter to the Directory's consideration and vote.
The President or the Executive Vice-president should sign the vote request. The Directory must send the vote to the President of Executive Vice-president within five (5) days after receiving the request. Those votes that are not received in those five (5) days stated herein will be considered in favor of the proposition that has the majority votes.
Article 5.14
Faculties and Attributes of the Executive Vice-president
a) To be the support of the Presidency.
b) To call all General Ordinary or Extraordinary Meetings of the ASSOCIATION upon request of the President.
c) To call all General Ordinary or Extraordinary Meetings of the ASSOCIATION upon request of the President.
d) To keep an updated record of the World Championships Statistics.
e) To be Responsible of the management and direction of the principal office of the ASSOCIATION.
f) To keep an updated record of the minutes of the General Meetings and Directory.
g) To be informed of the International Boxing Environment to propose updating and modifications to the Bylaws and other Legal statement of the ASSOCIATION.
h) To be responsible for the maintenance and strengthening of the relations with other boxing entities, keeping adequate coordination and information channel that help the decision taking that may benefit boxing.
i) To promote, together with the regions recognized by the ASSOCIATION, actions aimed to their development.
j) To coordinate the organization all the meetings of the ASSOCIATION.
k) To draw, together with the Treasurer, the Income and Expenses Budget.
l) To keep the relations and communication channels necessary with the members of the ASSOCIATION
m)To keep and maintain the equipment and communication means to send and receive timely information in order to render an effective service to the members.
Article 5.15
Faculties and Attributes of the Treasurer
a) The Treasurer shall be in charge of receiving payments of all duties from all members of the ASSOCIATION, collect payment of licenses from each registered promoter, sanction fees, percentage paid by the boxers, license granted to managers, payment for operating and functioning license that should be made by Associate Members of the ASSOCIATION, donations, as well as any other sums it must receive. Likewise, he shall pay all expenses approved by the President.
b) The Treasurer shall present to the President a monthly Treasury Statement containing the income and expenses that occurred as well as the balance sheet or financial statement, and the budget report. The Treasurer shall present a similar written report to the Directory and to the General Meeting.
c) The Treasurer shall be responsible for keeping adequate accounting records for the ASSOCIATION.
d) Together with the President, the Treasurer shall sign checks or vouchers to make payment for any concept by the ASSOCIATION and shall be responsible for his pursuant to the Legal Bases of the ASSOCIATION and to law.
e) The Treasurer shall account to the President or the Directory when so requested, for all Treasury movements during any stipulated period. To these ends, he shall present the books, vouchers, documents receivable and accounts payable, balance sheet or financial statement of the ASSOCIATION and funds available in his possession.
f) The Treasury management will be backed up with a fidelity insurance that covers the risks for the funds administration.
Article 5.16
Faculties and Attributes of the International Coordinator
To coordinate the organized development of boxing in the regions through strategic plans and proceedings in cooperation with the regional authorities. To stimulate and to propitiate the formation of regional leaders establishing agreements of cooperation for its continuity and growth.
To indicate directives for the plans and activities that the Regional Directors must execute.
Article 5.17
Faculties and Attributes of the Vice-presidents
They are the persons who replace the president in cases of absence.
To develop the link that contributes to the strengthening of the ASSOCIATION with the authorities of their countries and zone of influence.
To oversee the good image of the ASSOCIATION in their countries and zones of influence.
Article 5.18
Faculties and Attributes of the Regional Directors
To propitiate the promotion of WBA Championships through the negotiations with promoters and boxing authorities of the region.
To facilitate the channels of communication and services that is needed for the presence of our titles in the region.
To establish good relations with the media.
Article 5.19
Faculties and Attributes of the International Commissioner
To support and to strengthen international relations and closeness with the boxing entities and to promote the WBA Championships.
To execute Public Relations functions and activities for the benefit of the image of the ASSOCIATION.
Article 6.01
The ASSOCIATION shall have permanent committees; whose Directors and members will be designated by the President. These Committees that will fulfill Advising labors to the Directory in each of their specific matters are the following:
a. Executive Committee
b. Ratings Committee
c. Championships Committee
d. Legislative Committee
e. Credentials Committee
f. Medical Advisory Committee
g. Audit and Finance Committee
h. Administration and Budget Committee
i. Appeal Committee
j. International Officials Committee
k. Institutional Relations Committee
The President may create, at his discretion, other Committees he may consider necessary for the good functioning of the ASSOCIATION.
Article 6.02
Executive Committee
During the period that lapses between the meetings of the Directory, the Executive Committee will exercise the authority and functions that correspond with exception of the following attributions:
a) Promulgate or amend regulations and rules of the ASSOCIATION
b) Propose, appoint or remove any member of the Directory
c) Change any decision taken by the President
The Executive Committee will be formed by the President, the Treasurer, the Legal Advisor, the International Coordinator, the Director or the Ratings Committee, the Director of the Championships Committee and the Executive Vice-president, as the are the members that are more related to the day-day work, and they will take decisions on behalf of the ASSOCIATION. They will be in charge of the tasks and activities that may require immediate attention to guarantee the operational and administrative continuity.
Article 6.03
Ratings Committee
It is an organ of analysis, evaluation and hierarchical structuring of the boxers in their careers performance. For the fulfillment of this labor, it must keep updated activity records and results of the fights, as well as the caliber of the contenders. It must able to provide opportune information that justifies the movements take place in the ratings. The Ratings Committee will periodically prepare lists of the boxers in every category of weight, in accordance to the "Norms and Procedure for Ranking". In agreement with the results of the fights every month, it will grant recognitions and mentions of stimulus to the most outstanding boxers.
Article 6.04
Championships Committee
a) The World Championships Committee shall have the duty and all attributes necessary to have the Regulations and Rules complied with for the World Championship fights as recognized and approved by the ASSOCIATION.
b) Any World Championship fights recognized by the ASSOCIATION shall be governed by the existing Regulations on World Championships
c) Each boxer recognized by the ASSOCIATION, as a world champion in his respective category shall defend his title the times required, pursuant the provisions of the Regulations on World Championship Fights of the ASSOCIATION.
d) The World Championships Committee shall keep a permanent and strict control and watchfulness on World Championship fights authorized by the ASSOCIATION, ensuring that all fights are carried out in an appropriate manner and in accordance with the Legal Bases of the ASSOCIATION. The World Championships Committee is empowered to abstain from authorizing the realization of professional boxing fight in any place, country, region or territory that is objectively considered that does not gather the enough guarantees for the exact execution of the Regulations, Rules that Govern World Championships fights, as well as the other Legal Statements of the Association.
e) The recognition of a professional boxer as a World Champion in any of the weight categories, or divisions, may be suspended or revoked by the ASSOCIATION because of a proven violation of the Regulations and Rules, which govern the World Championships, the Bylaws of the ASSOCIATION. In the same way the Association may penalize a World Champion and any boxer due to conducts which injures the good name, integrity and prestige of professional boxing or by any act against the fundamental principles of ethics, moral of this sport duly proven by the World Championships Committee or any other authority of the Association. In the same manner, the ASSOCIATION may abstain from rating or maintaining relations with a boxer or with persons involved in acts or conduct that injure the good name or integrity of the ASSOCIATION or of boxing.
f) The World Championships Committee shall send to the Treasurer the total value of all sanction fees charged for approvals, once received, and it shall be responsible for making payments effective.
Article 6.05
Legislative Committee
The Legislative Committee shall be in charge of studying any proposed amendments to the Constitution, to the Bylaws and to the Regulation, and shall present its report in the expressed manner ordered by the Constitution. However, the General Assembly may decide on any amendment on which the Legislative Committee did not provide a report as stipulated herein, based on the provisions of the Constitution.
Article 6.06
Credential Committee
At the opening of each General Meeting of the ASSOCIATION, the President shall appoint a Credential Committee made up by the International Commissioner, International Coordinator, the Treasurer, the Chairman of the Legislative Committee and three (3) other members to be freely appointed by him, qualified to vote. The President shall likewise appoint one of the members to preside the committee who, at the opening of the General Meeting, shall inform the names of the states, countries, cities, provinces or political subdivisions represented at the General Meeting, as well as the name of its duly registered delegates and representatives who are authorized to vote.
Article 6.07
Administration and Budget
The Administration and Budget Committee shall be responsible for preparing the general income and expense budget of the ASSOCIATION in accordance with the provisions of these Bylaws.
Article 7.01
The members of the ASSOCIATION, by reason of the Rules and Regulations which govern international boxing in their respective jurisdictions, pursuant to the fundamental principles of the ASSOCIATION and in benefit of the best interests of boxing and of the ASSOCIATION, shall refuse permission to any person to compete, officiate acts, or take part in any activity related to professional boxing within their jurisdiction, while the penalty imposed by the respective entity, organization or federation member remains in effect.
Article 7.02
The appeal Committee will know, and decide all the matters and issues that are submitted for its consideration by the affected parties in exercise of its attributions and powers, as consequence of any decisions issued by the World Championships Committee, Ratings Committee and the Directory of the Association. Any other matter or issue related to the sanctions, fines, suspensions and abrogate linked and inherent to the Professional boxing activity, given by any other authority, organ, organization or active Member of the Association with faculty for this, will correspond to the President of the Association to his solely judgment to consider and to discuss if the matter or issue has to be known or reviewed by the Appeal Committee.
Article 8.01
It shall correspond to the Convention or general assembly, with the vote of two third (2/3) of its members who are present to vote, to decide on any amendment of the Bylaws, Regulations and Rules. The amendments approved by the Convention shall have immediate effect except if the respective provision states otherwise.
Article 8.02
For the consideration of the proposals, which comprise the modifications or amendments, the following procedures, shall be followed:
a) Only those members qualified will have the right to propose amendments to the Legislative Committee consideration, which must be presented to the committee sixty (60) days before the General Meeting.
b) The Legislative Committee shall write the proposed amendments in adequate language.
c) The Legislative Committee shall inform the proponent of any difficulties or problems that may be created by amendment.
d) The Legislative Committee shall succinctly explain the purpose of the amendment.
e) The Legislative Committee, if it considers convenient, may express its point of view with regard to the proposed amendments.
f) The Legislative Committee shall send to the Presidency all the amendments proposed together with its report on same, preferably thirty-(30) days before the General Meeting.
g) The Executive Vice-president, in turn, shall prepare a copy on the proposed amendments to be distributed to all Members of the ASSOCIATION when they register at the Convention.
The Directory may amend or promulgate regulations, when they consider it convenient.
These Regulations and Rules approved by two-thirds (2/3) of the Directory shall have immediate effect.
The Directory shall have the obligation of presenting the approved amendments or modification to the General Meeting, for their consideration.
The Constitution of the World Association of Boxing, approved in Panama, Republic of Panama in 1991, as its Bylaws approved in Panama, Republic of Panama in 1991, as well as any other regulation that may collide with the present Statute of the ASSOCIATION, are hereby repealed. These repealed texts have been fused to, from now on and with force from the same date, be the base and apply for the fulfillment of the mission and intentions in the conduction of the matters of this Association, which foundations and directives are faithfully contained in these Bylaws.
The rest of the legal regulation regulations will be in force in all those matters that do not contradict to the present Bylaws.
An Extraordinary and exceptional General Meeting is now declared, while the organization, adapts its functioning and other activities that affect on the ASSOCIATION for its operation.
The members constituted in Assembly, assume in these circumstances and condition the Directors' positions created by the present Bylaws. These members in order to be candidates and to hold those offices in a definitive manner, will have to comply with the dispositions and requirements established in these Bylaws, and formalize their condition of qualified members, paying the respective quotas corresponding to them as members for the year 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004, if it were the case. It is established March 2005 as maximum term for the cancellation of the above-mentioned quotas.
As consequence of the derogatory of the Constitution and the Bylaws, there proceeds to summon the elections for the period 2004-2008, for the Presidency and other offices of election, who previously and together with the rest of the members of the Directory designated by the presidency, make their offices available. Once voting for President and other charges of election is made, the elect President of the bosom of this Assembly, will proceed to designate the members who will occupy the rest of the offices of the Directory to which he is authorized, in agreement to what is established in these Bylaws, the Directory of the ASSOCIATION is therefore constituted of the following way:
|a) Directors:
|b) Nacional Afíliate Members
|c) Continental Affiliate Members:
|d) Continental Associate Members:
|e) Internacional Ring Officials:
|f) International Boxing Promoters and Managers:
|g) World Champions and ex Champions
|h) Special Members:
|i) Honorary Members:
|j) Other Members
|A. National Affiliate Members
|B. Continental Affiliate Members
|C. Continental Associate Members
|D. For International Ring Officials
|E For International Promoters and Managers:
|Elected Officers
|Appointed Officers


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Television icon Andy Griffith, best known as Sheriff Andy Taylor on The Andy Griffith Show and country lawyer Ben Matlock on Matlock, died early this morning. He was 86.
Here are Griffith's reflections on aging:
You know when you're young you think you will always be. As you become more fragile, you reflect and you realize how much comfort can come from the past. Hymns can carry you into the future.


text:
BENEFITING: United Nations Foundation
ORGANIZER: United Nations Foundation
United Nations Foundation wrote -
One of the best ways to help families in the Horn of Africa is to send nets and save lives with the UN Foundation's Nothing But Nets campaign. We're acting quickly with the UN Refugee Agency to send 150,000 life-saving nets to protect families from malaria, a leading cause of death among refugees. And we need YOUR help.
Nothing But Nets is a global, grassroots campaign to save lives by preventing malaria, a leading killer of children in Africa. Inspired by sports columnist Rick Reilly, hundreds of thousands of people have joined the campaign that was created by the UN Foundation in 2006. Campaign partners include the National Basketball Association's NBA Cares, The people of The United Methodist Church, and Major League Soccer's MLS W.O.R.K.S.
Just $10 provides an insecticide-treated bed net that can prevent this deadly disease. To learn more, visit NothingButNets.net.
Malaria kills. Nets save lives. Send a net. Save a life!
Together we can cover a continent.


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A member of our e360 collection with All Encompassing Comfort, the Riptide sporty clogs feature stretch mesh uppers that hugs the foot for an easy, custom-like fit. Flexible and durable one-piece molded Elon outsoles make them extremely lightweight. We'll let one of our customers say it best, "I wear this shoe morning to night and it is the first shoe that I can wear for hours without pain in my feet." Riptide is available in narrow, medium, wide and extra wide widths (WW). NOTE: we recommend ordering this shoe a half size smaller than your normal size.
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text:
Monday, June 29
The Tour Era of Bright Blue Bunkers
(Courtesy of SI Vault)
THE YEAR WAS 1969. It was the era of the space program and first moon walk, The Jackson Five with 10-year-old Michael Jackson as front man-child, Richard Nixon and the Vietnam War, and powdery blue bunkers on the PGA Tour. No, really. Just take a look at the cover of the February 17, 1969, issue of Sports Illustrated.
That's Bob Lunn demonstrating "Golf's Brash New Look," following through on an explosion shot from bright blue sand in that year-round golf oasis, Palm Springs.
They played out of blue bunkers at the Bob Hope Desert Classic in the late Sixties. It was a novelty in an age when novelties were normal. Blue bunkers were actually kind of tame in those psychedelic times.
Not buying it? OK, I made up the part about the Hope.
(But I'm still trying to figure out the photo. There was no Photoshop 40 years ago.)
Vince Spence recently posted the above SI cover and mentioned Bob Lunn at his entertaining blog, One-Eyed Golfer. Bob Lunn. Now there's a name I hadn't heard in a while.
Never heard of Lunn? He was a big guy, 6'2", 190 lbs., who won six times on the PGA Tour, sort of a 1960s version of Chad Campbell in terms of wins and talent. Lunn once won back-to-back events and finished third in the 1970 U.S. Open. In 1968, he won more than $100,000 on the PGA Tour. That was big, brash money in those days.
And, as shown, Lunn made the cover of Sports Illustrated, so he was definitely a player.
−The Armchair Golfer
2 comments:
- Charles Boyer said...
It's easy to overlook golfers of old and focus only on the legendary champions, but that would be a mistake. For one thing, fields were quite deep back in the 40's, 50's and beyond and for another, it almost denigrates the accomplishments of the legends.
We hardly remember Billy Casper in our modern time -- and he won multiple majors and 68 tournaments. Guys like Bob Lunn don't stand a chance in the hype-stream. So thanks for reminding us of him.
Ours is a time of hypebolic self-adulation like no other -- for example, we are quick to proclaim that the 2008 US Open was the best ever. Maybe, but my money would go on the 1960, 1950 or 1913 tournaments. They just didn't have television. We do the same with Woods, Mickelson, etc. Yes, Tiger may be the best ever, but I firmly believe that many a player of old would have given him one heckuva match, were it possible to play.
- The Armchair Golfer said...
Charles: I agree with all your points. A comment on just one of them: Billy Casper is the most underrated player in history.


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Mizael Simao Skater Profile
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