text:
|فارسی, پارسی, دری
|Fārsi (one of the local names for Persian) in Perso-Arabic script (Nasta`liq style)
|Spoken in
Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Iranian diaspora,
|Middle East, Central Asia
|Total speakers
|ca. 60-70 million, as their mother tongue (2006 estimates)[1]
|Language family
|Writing system
|Perso-Arabic script, Cyrillic
|Official status
|Official language in
| Iran
|Regulated by
|Academy of Persian Language and Literature, Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
|Language codes
|per (B)
|fas (T)
fas – Persian
prs – Eastern Persian
pes – Western Persian
tgk – Tajik
aiq – Aimaq
bhh – Bukharic
drw – Darwazi
haz – Hazaragi
jpr – Dzhidi
phv – Pahlavani
|Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
|This article contains Persian text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined Perso-Arabic letters written left-to-right, instead of right-to-left or other symbols instead of Perso-Arabic script.
Persian (local names: فارسی, Farsi IPA: [fɒːɾˈsi]; or پارسی, Parsi IPA: [pɒːɾˈsi], see Nomenclature) is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is widely spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and to some extent in Iraq, Bahrain, and Oman. New Persian, which usually is called also by the names of Farsi, Parsi, Dari or Parsi-ye-Dari (Dari Persian), can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids.[2] Persian is a pluricentric language and its grammar is similar to that of many contemporary European languages.[3] The Persian language has been a medium for literary and scientific contributions to the eastern half of the Muslim world.
Persian has had a considerable influence on neighboring languages, particularly the Turkic languages in Central Asia, Caucasus, and Anatolia, neighboring Iranian languages, as well as Armenian and other languages. It has also exerted a strong influence on South Asian languages, especially Urdu, as well as Hindi, Punjabi, Sindhi, and Saraiki.[2][3][4][5][6][7]
Persian belongs to the Western group of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family, and is of the subject object verb type. The Western Iranian group contains other related languages such as Kurdish, Mazandarani, Gilaki, Talyshi and Baluchi. The language is in the Southwestern Iranian group, along with and very similar to the Tat language of Caucasus[citation needed] Larestani and Luri languages.[8]
Persian, the more widely used name of the language in English, is an Anglicized form derived from Latin *Persianus < Latin Persia < Greek Πέρσις Pérsis, a Hellenized form of Old Persian Parsa. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Persian seems to have been first used in English in the mid-16th century.[11] Native Persian speakers call it "Pārsi" (local name) or Fārsi.[12] Fārsi is the arabicized form of Parsi, due to a lack of the 'p' phoneme in Standard Arabic.[13][14] In English, this language is historically known as "Persian", though some Persian-speakers migrating to the West continued to use "Farsi" to identify their language in English and the word gained some currency in English-speaking countries.[15] "Farsi" is encountered in some linguistic literature as a name for the language, used both by Iranian and by foreign authors.[16] According to the OED, the term Farsi was first used in English in the mid-20th century.[12] The Academy of Persian Language and Literature has declared that the name "Persian" is more appropriate, as it has the longer tradition in the western languages and better expresses the role of the language as a mark of cultural and national continuity.[17] Some Persian language scholars have also rejected the usage of "Farsi" in their articles.
The international language encoding standard ISO 639-1 uses the code "fa", as its coding system is mostly based on the local names. The more detailed draft ISO 639-3 uses the name "Persian" (code "fas") for the larger unit ("macrolanguage") spoken across Iran and Afghanistan, but "Eastern Farsi" and "Western Farsi" for two of its subdivisions (roughly coinciding with the varieties in Afghanistan and those in Iran, respectively).[18] Ethnologue, in turn, includes "Farsi, Eastern" and "Farsi, Western" as two separate entries and lists "Persian" and "Parsi" as alternative names for each, besides "Irani" for the western and "Dari" for the eastern form.[19][20]
A similar terminology, but with even more subdivisions, is also adopted by the LINGUIST List, where "Persian" appears as a sub-grouping under "Southwest Western Iranian".[21] Currently, VOA, BBC, DW, and RFE/RL use "Persian Service" for their broadcasts in the language. RFE/RL also includes a Tajik service, and an Afghan (Dari) service. This is also the case for the American Association of Teachers of Persian, The Centre for Promotion of Persian Language and Literature, and many of the leading scholars of Persian language.[22]
|History of the
Persian language
|Proto-Iranian (ca. 1500 BCE)
Southwestern Iranian languages
|Old Persian (c. 525 BCE - 300 BCE)
|Middle Persian (c.300 BCE-800 CE)
Pahlavi script • Manichaean script • Avestan script
|Modern Persian (from 800)
Persian is an Iranian tongue belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages. In general, Iranian languages are known from three periods, usually referred to as Old, Middle, and New (Modern) periods. These correspond to three eras in Iranian history; Old era being the period from sometime before Achaemenids, the Achaemenid era and sometime after Achaemenids (that is to 400-300 BC), Middle era being the next period most officially Sassanid era and sometime in post-Sassanid era, and the New era being the period afterwards down to present day.[23]
According to available documents, the Persian language is "the only Iranian language"[2][24] for which close genetic relationships between all of its three stages are established and so that Old, Middle, and New Persian represent[25][2] one and the same language of Persian, that is New Persian is a direct descendent of Middle and Old Persian.[25]
The oldest records in Old Persian date back to the Persian Empire of the 6th century BC.[26]
The known history of the Persian language can be divided into the following three distinct periods:
Old Persian evolved from Proto-Iranian as it evolved in the Iranian plateau's southwest. The earliest dateable example of the language is the Behistun Inscription of the Achaemenid Darius I (r. 522 BC – ca. 486 BC). Although purportedly older texts also exist (such as the inscription on the tomb of Cyrus II at Pasargadae), these are actually younger examples of the language. Old Persian was written in Old Persian cuneiform, a script unique to that language and is generally assumed to be an invention of Darius I's reign.
After Aramaic, or rather the Achaemenid form of it known as Imperial Aramaic, Old Persian is the most commonly attested language of the Achaemenid age. While examples of Old Persian have been found wherever the Achaemenids held territories, the language is attested primarily in the inscriptions of Western Iran, in particular in Parsa "Persia" in the southwest, the homeland of the tribes that the Achaemenids (and later the Sassanids) came from.
In contrast to later Persian, written Old Persian had an extensively inflected grammar, with eight cases, each declension subject to both gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and number (singular, dual, plural).
In contrast to Old Persian, whose spoken and written forms must have been dramatically different from one another, written Middle Persian reflected oral use. The complex conjugation and declension of Old Persian yielded to the structure of Middle Persian in which the dual number disappeared, leaving only singular and plural, as did gender. Middle Persian used postpositions to indicate the different roles of words, for example an -i suffix to denote a possessive "from/of" rather than the multiple (subject to gender and number) genitive caseforms of a word.
Although the "middle period" of Iranian languages formally begins with the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, the transition from Old- to Middle Persian had probably already begun before the 4th century. However, Middle Persian is not actually attested until 600 years later when it appears in Sassanid era (224–651) inscriptions, so any form of the language before this date cannot be described with any degree of certainty. Moreover, as a literary language, Middle Persian is not attested until much later, to the 6th or 7th century. And from the 8th century onwards, Middle Persian gradually began yielding to New Persian, with the middle-period form only continuing in the texts of Zoroastrian tradition.
The native name of Middle Persian was Parsik or Parsig, after the name of the ethnic group of the southwest, that is, "of Pars", Old Persian Parsa, New Persian Fars. This is the origin of the name Farsi as it is today used to signify New Persian. Following the collapse of the Sassanid state, Parsik came to be applied exclusively to (either Middle or New) Persian that was written in Arabic script. From about the 9th century onwards, as Middle Persian was on the threshold of becoming New Persian, the older form of the language came to be erroneously called Pahlavi, which was actually but one of the writing systems used to render both Middle Persian as well as various other Middle Iranian languages. That writing system had previously been adopted by the Sassanids (who were Persians, i.e. from the southwest) from the preceding Arsacids (who were Parthians, i.e. from the northeast). While Rouzbeh (Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa, 8th century) still distinguished between Pahlavi (i.e. Parthian) and Farsi (i.e. Middle Persian), this distinction is not evident in Arab commentaries written after that date.
The history of New Persian itself spans more than 1000–1200 years. The development of the language in its last period is often considered in three stages of early, classical, and contemporary periods. The fact that almost all current native speakers of the language do understand ancient texts of the Persian language and the grammatical differences of the ancient language are acquainted by today's speakers simply by reading and memorising those ancient texts gives a special status to the Persian language as a whole.[27]
The Islamic conquest of Persia marks the beginning of the new history of Persian language and literature. This period produced world class Persian language poets and the language served, for a long span of time, as the lingua franca of the eastern parts of Islamic world and of the Indian subcontinent. It was also the official and cultural language of many Islamic dynasties, including Samanids, Buyids, Tahirids, Ziyarids, the Mughal Empire, Timurids, Ghaznavid, Seljuq, Khwarezmids, Safavid, Afsharids, Zand, Qajar, Ottomans and also many Mughal successor states such as the Nizams etc. For example, Persian was the only oriental language known and used by Marco Polo at the Court of Kublai Khan and in his journeys through China.[28] The heavy influence of Persian on other languages can still be witnessed across the Islamic world, especially, and it is still appreciated as a literary and prestigious language among the educated elite, especially in fields of music (for example Qawwali) and art (Persian literature). After the Arab invasion of Persia, Persian began to adopt many words from Arabic and as time went by, a few words were even taken from Altaic languages under the Mongol Empire and Turco-Persian society.
For five centuries prior to the British colonization, Persian was widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent. It took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts in South Asia and became the sole "official language" under the Mughal emperors. Coinciding with the Safavid rule over Iran, when (royal) patronage of Persian poets was curtailed, the centre of Persian culture and literature moved to the Mughal Empire, which had huge financial resources[29] to employ a veritable army of Persian courtly poets, lexicographers and other litterati. Beginning in 1843, though, English gradually replaced Persian in importance on the subcontinent.[30] Evidence of Persian's historical influence there can be seen in the extent of its influence on the languages of the Indian subcontinent, as well as the popularity that Persian literature still enjoys in that region.
Since the nineteenth century, Russian, French and English and many other languages have contributed to the technical vocabulary of Persian. The Iranian National Academy of Persian Language and Literature is responsible for evaluating these new words in order to initiate and advise their Persian equivalents. The language itself has greatly developed during the centuries.
|Persian language
Regional and social varieties:
Language features:
Writing systems:
There are three modern varieties of standard Persian:[31]
The three mentioned varieties are based on the classic Persian literature. There are also several local dialects from Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan which slightly differ from the standard Persian. Hazaragi (in Afghanistan), Darwazi (In Afghanistan and Tajikistan) and Dehwari in Pakistan are examples of these dialects.
ISO 639-3 lists ten dialects of Persian, the three main literary dialects listed above and seven regional dialects: Hazaragi, Aimaq, Bukharic, Dzhidi, Dehwari, Darwazi, Pahlavani.[36]
The following are some closely related languages to Persian:
Iranian Persian has six vowels and twenty-three consonants, including two affricates /tʃ/ (ch) and /dʒ/ (j).
Historically, Persian has distinguished length: Early New Persian possessed a series of five long vowels (/iː/, /uː/, /ɒː/, /oː/ and /eː/) along with three short vowels /æ/, /i/ and /u/. At some point prior to the sixteenth century within the general area that is today encompassed by modern Iran, /eː/ and /iː/ merged into /iː/, and /oː/ and /uː/ merged into /uː/. Thus, the older contrasts between words like shēr "lion" and shīr "milk," were lost. There are exceptions to this rule and in some words, "ē" and "ō" are preserved or merged into the diphthongs [eɪ] and [oʊ] (which are descendents of the diphthongs [æɪ] and [æʊ] in Early New Persian), instead of merging into /iː/ and /uː/. Examples of this exception can be found in words such as [roʊʃæn] (bright).
However, in the eastern varieties, the archaic distinction of /eː/ and /iː/ (respectively known as Yā-ye majhūl and Yā-ye ma'rūf) is still preserved, as well as the distinction of /oː/ and /uː/ (known as Wāw-e majhūl and Wāw-e ma'rūf). On the other hand, in standard Tajik, the length distinction has disappeared and /iː/ merged with /i/, and /uː/ with /u/.[37] Therefore, contemporary Afghan dialects are the closest one can get to the vowel inventory of Early New Persian.
According to most studies on the subject (e.g. Samareh 1977, Pisowicz 1985, Najafi 2001,) the three vowels which are traditionally considered long (/i/, /u/, /ɒ/) are currently distinguished from their short counterparts (/e/, /o/, /æ/) by position of articulation, rather than by length. However, there are studies (e.g. Hayes 1979, Windfuhr 1979) which consider vowel-length to be the active feature of this system, i.e. /ɒ/, /i/, and /u/ are phonologically long or bimoraic whereas /æ/, /e/, and /o/ are phonologically short or monomoraic.
There are also some studies which consider quality and quantity to be both active in the Iranian system (e.g. Toosarvandani 2004). This view offers a synthetic analysis which includes both quality and quantity, often suggesting that modern Persian vowels are in a transition state between the quantitative system of classical Persian and a hypothetical future Persian which will eliminate all traces of quantity, and retain quality as the only active feature.
Suffice it to say that the length-distinction is strictly observed by careful reciters of classic-style poetry, for all varieties (including the Tajik).
|p b
|t d
|k ɡ
|tʃ dʒ
|f v
|s z
|ʃ ʒ
|x ɣ
(Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Allophones are in phonetic brackets.)
Suffixes predominate Persian morphology, though there is a small number of prefixes.[38] Verbs can express tense and aspect, and they agree with the subject in person and number.[39] There is no grammatical gender in Persian, nor are pronouns marked for natural gender.
Normal declarative sentences are structured as "(S) (PP) (O) V". This means sentences can comprise optional subjects, prepositional phrases, and objects, followed by a required verb. If the object is specific, then the object is followed by the word rɑ: and precedes prepositional phrases: "(S) (O + "rɑ:") (PP) V".[39]
Persian makes extensive use of word building and combining affixes, stems, nouns and adjectives. Persian frequently uses derivational agglutination to form new words from nouns, adjectives, and verbal stems. New words are extensively formed by compounding – two existing words combining into a new one, as is common in German. Professor Mahmoud Hessaby demonstrated that Persian can derive 226 million words.[40]
While having a lesser influence on Arabic[5] and other languages of Mesopotamia and its core vocabulary being of Middle Persian origin[3], New Persian contains a considerable amount of Arabic lexical items[2][4][6], which were Persianized[7] and often took a different meaning and usage than the Arabic original. The Arabic vocabulary in other Iranic, Turkic and Indic languages are generally understood to be have been copied from New Persian.[41]
John R. Perry in his article "Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" indicates his belief that the overall range of Arabic synonyms vocabulary used along or interchangeable with their equivalents Persian words varies from 2.4% frequency in the Shaahnaameh,[42] 14% in material culture[43], 24% in intellectual life[43] to 40% of everyday literary activity.[43] Most of the Arabic words used in Persian are either synonyms of native terms[43] or could be (and often have been) glossed in Persian.[43] The Arabic vocabulary in Persian is thus suppletive[43], rather than basic and has enriched New Persian.
The inclusion of Mongolian and Turkic elements in the Persian language should also be mentioned,[44] not only because of the political role a succession of Turkic dynasties played in Iranian history, but also because of the immense prestige Persian language and literature enjoyed in the wider (non-Arab) Islamic world, which was often ruled by sultans and emirs with a Turkic background. The Turkish and Mongolian vocabulary in Persian is minor in comparison and these words were mainly confined to military, pastoral terms and political sector (titles, administration, etc.) until new military and political titles were coined based partially on Middle Persian (e.g. Artesh for army instead of Qoshun) in the 20th century.[45]
There are also adaptations from French (mainly in the late 19th century and early 20th century) and Russian (mainly in the late 19th century and early 20th century). Like most languages of the world, there is an increasing amount of English vocabulary entering the Persian language. The Persian academy (Farhangestan) has coined Persian equivalents for some of these terms.[citation needed] There are more words adopted from French than from English because Persian speakers more easily pronounce French words.[46]
Persian has likewise influenced the vocabularies of other languages, especially other Indo-Iranian languages like Urdu and to a lesser extent Hindi, etc, as well as Turkic languages like Ottoman Turkish, Chagatai language, Tatar language, Turkish[47] Turkmen, Azeri[48] and Uzbek, Afro-Asiatic languages like Assyrian and Arabic,[49] and even Dravidian languages especially Telugu and Brahui. Several languages of southwest Asia have also been influenced, including Armenian and Georgian. Persian has even influenced the Malay spoken in Malaysia and Swahili in Africa. Many Persian words have also found their way into other Indo-European languages including the English language.[citation needed]
The Persian language has had an influence on certain neighboring languages, particularly the Turkic languages of Central Asia, Caucasus, Pashto, Kurdish and Anatolia, the development of the Urdu language, as well as a smaller influence on Hindi, Punjabi, Saraiki and other South Asian languages.[citation needed]
Use of occasional foreign synonyms instead of Persian words can be a common practice in everyday communications as an alternative expression. In some instances in addition to the Persian vocabulary, the equivalent synonyms from multiple foreign languages can be used. For example, the phrase "thank you" can be expressed using the French word merci (stressed however on the first syllable), by the hybrid Persian-Arabic word moteshaker-am, or by the pure Persian word sepasgozar-am. The extent of Persian words used in Urdu has made that language often intelligible to Persian-speakers, especially in written form.[citation needed]
The vast majority of modern Iranian Persian and Dari text is written in a form of the Arabic alphabet. Tajik, which is considered by some linguists to be a Persian dialect influenced by Russian and the Turkic languages of Central Asia,[50][51] is written with the Cyrillic alphabet in Tajikistan (see Tajik alphabet).
Modern Iranian Persian and Dari are normally written using a modified variant of the Arabic alphabet (see Perso-Arabic script) with different pronunciation and more letters, whereas the Tajik variety is typically written in a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet.
After the conversion of Persia to Islam (see Islamic conquest of Iran), it took approximately 150 years before Persians adopted the Arabic alphabet in place of the older alphabet. Previously, two different alphabets were used, Pahlavi, used for Middle Persian, and the Avestan alphabet (in Persian, Dîndapirak or Din Dabire—literally: religion script), used for religious purposes, primarily for the Avestan language but sometimes for Middle Persian.
In modern Persian script, vowels that are referred to as short vowels (a, e, o) are usually not written; only the long vowels (i, u, â) are represented in the text. This, of course, creates certain ambiguities. Consider the following: kerm "worm", karam "generosity", kerem "cream", and krom "chrome" are all spelled "krm" in Persian. The reader must determine the word from context. The Arabic system of vocalization marks known as harakat is also used in Persian, although some of the symbols have different pronunciations. For example, an Arabic damma is pronounced [ʊ], while in Iranian Persian it is pronounced [o]. This system is not used in mainstream Persian literature; it is primarily used for teaching and in some (but not all) dictionaries.
It is also worth noting that there are several letters generally only used in Arabic loanwords. These letters are pronounced the same as similar Persian letters. For example, there are four functionally identical 'z' letters, three 's' letters, two 't' letters, etc.
The Persian alphabet adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet:
|Isolated form
|[tʃ] (ch)
|[ʒ] (zh)
(The že is pronounced with the same sound as the "s" in "measure" and "fusion", or the "z" in "azure".)
The Persian alphabet also modifies some letters from the Arabic alphabet. For example, alef with hamza below ( إ ) changes to alef ( ا ); words using various hamzas get spelled with yet another kind of hamza (so that مسؤول becomes مسئول); and teh marbuta ( ة ) changes to heh ( ه ) or teh ( ت ).
The letters different in shape are:
|original Arabic letter
|modified Persian letter
|vowel [i] consonant [j]
Writing the letters in their original Arabic form is not typically considered to be incorrect, but is not normally done.
The International Organization for Standardization has published a standard for simplified transliteration of Persian into Latin, ISO 233-3, titled "Information and documentation -- Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters -- Part 3: Persian language -- Simplified transliteration"[52] but the transliteration scheme is not in widespread use.
Another Latin alphabet, based on the Uniform Turkic alphabet, was used in Tajikistan in the 1920s and 1930s. The alphabet was phased out in favour of Cyrillic in the late 1930s.[50]
Fingilish, or Penglish, is the name given to texts written in Persian using the Basic Latin alphabet. It is most commonly used in chat, emails and SMS applications. The orthography is not standardized, and varies among writers and even media (for example, typing 'aa' for the [ɒ] phoneme is easier on computer keyboards than on cellphone keyboards, resulting in smaller usage of the combination on cellphones).
UniPers, short for the Universal Persian Alphabet (Pârsiye Jahâni) is a Latin-based alphabet popularized by Mohamed Keyvan, who used it in a number of Persian textbooks for foreigners and travellers.[53]
The International Persian Alphabet (Pársik) is another Latin-based alphabet developed in recent years mainly by A. Moslehi, a comparative linguist.[54]
The Cyrillic alphabet was introduced for writing the Tajik language under the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in the late 1930s, replacing the Latin alphabet that had been used since the Bolshevik revolution and the Perso-Arabic script that had been used earlier. After 1939, materials published in Persian in the Perso-Arabic script were banned from the country.[50] [55]
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
|English Gloss
|همهٔ افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا میآیند و از دید حیثیت و حقوق با هم برابرند، همه دارای اندیشه و وجدان هستند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.
|hæmeje æfrɒd bæʃær ɒzɒd be donjɒ miɒjænd o æz dide hejsijæt o hoɢuɢ bɒ hæm bærɒbærænd ǁ hæme dɒrɒje ændiʃe o vedʒdɒn mibɒʃænd o bɒjæd dær bærɒbære jekdigær bɒ ruhe bærɒdæri ræftɒr konænd
|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Introduction to Persian
The official language of Iran and Tajikistan is Persian. Persian is also one of the official languages of Afghanistan. Persian is an Indo-European language, thus related to a.o. English.
The native name of the Persian language is فارسی (transcribed as Fārsī) (compare with German/Deutsch).
From Middle English percynne, from Middle French persien, from Italian persiano, from Mediaeval Latin Persiānus, blend of Latin Persia and Asiānus, from Ancient Greek Περσίς (Persís), from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (Pārsa), "'Persia'") (cf. modern Persian پارس (Pārs)).
Persian (plural Persians)
Persian (comparative more Persian, superlative most Persian)
|Welcome to the فارسی (‹fârsi›, "Persian") Wikibook!
[[File:|right|thumb|220px|Map of areas where Persian is spoken as a mother tongue]] Persian is the official language of Iran (Persia), Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It is also spoken by many people in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, and in other neighbouring countries. Persian was also taught as a second language in schools in Pakistan until 2006. In the past, all of these countries were parts of the Persian Empire.
The Persian alphabet is very similar to the Arabic one, but the language is in a different family than Arabic, so their vocabulary and grammar are very different.
It has taken on many French words. Persian has many dialects. The Persian language is locally called Farsi, Parsi and Dari.rue:Перьскый язык


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If a product has the 'Add to Basket' button showing then it is in stock.We always aim to keep enough stock so that we never run out. However, there are times due to unexpectedly high demand, when we may run out and oversell on an item. If this happens we will contact you with an expected delivery date for your order and give you the option to choose an alternative product or cancel for a full refund.
If you select the courier delivery option you will be given a tracking number once this has been despatched and some couriers will send you a message on the day of delivery giving you an approximate delivery time.
All orders are shipped with a full VAT invoice either inside the box or attached to the parcel in a clear envelope.
If you would like another copy you can simply log in to your TCD account find your order and click print invoice link.
Request returns with Trade Counter Direct couldn't be easier simply follow the steps below.


text:
- List your item for as low as $40 - Advertise your item in both print and online
More Information
Are you a Dealer? Contact us to advertise: firstname.lastname@example.com
Many new businesses fail and it's down to some common mistakes made by start-ups, says NZTA's David Boyce+MORE
Cameron Civil's new Volvo wheel loader has been transformed to meet all compaction needs. Contractor Tony Wilson explains.+MORE
Trade Safely. Use our anti-scam guide to protect yourself.
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Padfoot shell kits to suit Sany SSR100, SSR120 and SSR180 construction rollers. These are New, 3 piece kits and include padfoot scraper bars.
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Only items of the same subtype may be compared.


text:
Filter By:
$399.95 - $429.95
Thule's Urban Glide is an all-around sports stroller that's great for everything from urban mobility to jogging on your favorite path. It features a swivel front wheel that can lock into place for jogging and an ergonomic handle that quickly adjusts to fit a range of heights. For the little one, there's a comfortable padded seat that reclines for on-the-go napping, and a multi-position canopy to keep the sun at bay. There's even rear suspension for a smooth, comfortable ride. The large water-resistant zippered storage compartment on the bottom has plenty of space for all the kid necessities. When it's time to pack up, the Urban Glide folds down quickly and easily.
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|FlexibleInstances, UndecidableInstances
|Douglas Burke
This module instantiates the
Proof framework for
constructing proofs over RDFGraph expressions.
The intent is that this can be used to test some
correspondences between the RDF Model theory and
corresponding proof theory based on closure rules
applied to the graph, per http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/.
- type RDFProof = Proof RDFGraph
- type RDFProofStep = Step RDFGraph
- makeRDFProof :: [RDFRuleset] -> RDFFormula -> RDFFormula -> [RDFProofStep] -> RDFProof
- makeRDFProofStep :: RDFRule -> [RDFFormula] -> RDFFormula -> RDFProofStep
- makeRdfInstanceEntailmentRule :: ScopedName -> [RDFLabel] -> RDFRule
- makeRdfSubgraphEntailmentRule :: ScopedName -> RDFRule
- makeRdfSimpleEntailmentRule :: ScopedName -> RDFRule
type RDFProofStep = Step RDFGraphSource
|:: [RDFRuleset]
RDF rulesets that constitute a proof context for this proof
|-> RDFFormula
initial statement from which the goal is claimed to be proven
|-> RDFFormula
statement that is claimed to be proven
|-> [RDFProofStep]
|-> RDFProof
Make an RDF proof
|:: RDFRule
rule to use for this step
|-> [RDFFormula]
antecedent RDF formulae for this step
|-> RDFFormula
RDF formula that is the consequent for this step
|-> RDFProofStep
Make an RDF graph proof step
|:: ScopedName
|-> [RDFLabel]
|-> RDFRule
Make an inference rule dealing with RDF instance entailment; i.e. entailments that are due to replacement of a URI or literal node with a blank node.
The part of this rule expected to be useful is
fwdApply and
bwdApply functions defined here may return
rather large results if applied to graphs with many variables or
a large vocabulary, and are defined for experimentation.
Forward and backward chaining is performed with respect to a
specified vocabulary. In the case of backward chaining, it would
otherwise be impossible to bound the options thus generated.
In the case of forward chaining, it is often not desirable to
have the properties generalized. If forward or backward backward
chaining will not be used, supply an empty vocabulary.
Note: graph method
allNodes can be used to obtain a list of all
the subjects and objuects used ina graph, not counting nested
formulae; use a call of the form:
allNodes (not . labelIsVar) graph
makeRdfSubgraphEntailmentRule :: ScopedName -> RDFRuleSource
Make an inference rule dealing with RDF subgraph entailment.
The part of this rule expected to be useful is
fwdApply function defined here may return rather large
results. But in the name of completeness and experimentation
with the possibilities of lazy evaluation, it has been defined.
Backward chaining is not performed, as there is no reasonable way to choose a meaningful supergraph of that supplied.
makeRdfSimpleEntailmentRule :: ScopedName -> RDFRuleSource
Make an inference rule dealing with RDF simple entailment.
The part of this rule expected to be useful is
fwdApply and
bwdApply functions defined return null
results, indicating that they are not useful for the purposes
of proof discovery.


text:
Showing resources in...PRODUCT SUITE Workforce Ready Suite TYPE Product Info Clear All Filters
Workforce Ready Advanced People Analytics Fact Sheet
See how Kronos Workforce Ready® uses the AI built into its advanced analytics tools to drive proactive, efficient results for your organization.
Kronos Workforce Ready Payroll Services Datasheet
This datasheet outlines the features and benefits of the Workforce Ready Payroll Services offering, including outsourced tax filing and garnishments.
Kronos Workforce Ready ACA Manager Datasheet
With Kronos Workforce Ready® ACA Manager™, you can proactively manage ACA compliance across your entire workforce.
Kronos Workforce Ready Accruals Datasheet
Kronos Workforce Ready Accruals automatically calculates and tracks each employee's accrued time off based on your organization's specific rules, policies, and regulations to eliminate manual errors and support fair, consistent policy enforcement; and gives employees and managers instant visibility into current status to speed and simplify time-off requests and approvals.
Kronos Workforce Ready Attestation Datasheet
Kronos Workforce Ready® Attestation enables employees to attest to timesheet data and meal/rest breaks taken via self-service features. Robust reporting empowers managers to monitor employees' attestation status and manage ongoing compliance.
Kronos Workforce Ready HR Datasheet
Kronos Workforce Ready® HR automates core functions such onboarding and benefits management, and integrates with optional talent acquisition, performance, and compensation management modules so HR can focus on people — not paperwork and processes.
Kronos Workforce Ready Leave Manager Datasheet
Unplanned absences, such as those caused by sickness or weather, can have an impact on daily operations. However, managing employee leave of absence requirements and intermittent leave can ultimately require more administration and have a more significant cost impact on your bottom line. Automated leave management increases visibility and productivity while minimizing compliance risk.
Kronos Workforce Ready Payroll Datasheet
Kronos Workforce Ready Payroll, a module in the cloud-based Kronos Workforce Ready suite, delivers complete automation to streamline payroll processing, reduce errors, and ease your administrative burden.
Workforce Ready Compensation Management Datasheet
Read how Workforce Ready Compensation Management provides robust decision-making tools and better visibility into all phases of the compensation planning process for reduced administrative burdens, improved corporate governance, more equitable distribution of rewards, and greater control over your compensation spend.
Workforce Ready Performance Management Datasheet
Kronos Workforce Ready® Performance Management streamlines performance reviews and includes performance development and succession planning tools for nurturing ongoing employee growth and development.


text: Heating up: Miami Heat guard Dwyane Wade's divorce from wife Siohvaughn, his high school sweetheart. In legal papers, she alleges he abandoned his children, committed adultery, and infected her with an unspecified sexually transmitted disease. She wants the names of ''all of his sexual partners'' during their six-year marriage.Dwyane petitioned for the divorce last May in Cook County, Ill. They wed in Chicago on May 18, 2002.Dwyane's Windy City attorney, James Pritikin, issued a statement: ``These malicious allegations are absolutely false and we look forward to the opportunity to dispute them in court.''Dwyane turns 27 on Saturday. He and Siohvaughn, 27, have two boys, Zaire, a first-grader who will be 7 next month, and Zion, 1. Siohvaughn moved back to Chicago with the kids last year.Dwyane's Heat salary is $14,410,581, according to published reports. He hauls in millions more from major endorsements such as Gatorade and Converse. He has a dozen vehicles, including four Cadillacs, four Mercedes-Benzes and a Maybach, court papers say.The All-Star has been romantically linked to actress Gabrielle Union, 36, once married to former Jacksonville Jaguar Chris Howard. From Siohvaughn's pleading: ``Dwyane has dissipated substantial sums of marital property including . . . buying his mother a $2 million church; placing substantial sums of money in an account with another woman; providing numerous friends and family members with unfettered access to accounts with hundreds of thousands of dollars of marital funds from which they made substantial withdrawals . . .''Meanwhile, she says, he cut her off financially.Dwyane, named a ''Father of the Year'' in 2007 by the National Father's Day Committee, has gone ''months'' without seeing his boys, Siohvaughn says. His ''failure to spend time with them . . . has resulted in the children at times being afraid of him; in fact, Zion . . . does not recognize or know Dwyane.'' She wants sole custody, and support.She also says she has suffered ''grievous physical, emotional and mental injury'' from the STD, diagnosed in the fall of '07. (The infection is not HIV or a ''killer thing,'' sources say.) Dwyane and his ''paramour or paramours'' are liable, she alleges.'Dwyane must disclose the identity of all of his sexual partners during the parties' marriage,'' says her counter-petition, prepared by attorney Michael J. Berger of Chicago. Siohvaughn has another Chicago lawyer, Dorene Marcus. Says Pritikin: ``It is sad that an obviously angry and bitter woman will go to any lengths to publicly damage Mr. Wade.''Siohvaughn speaks the truth, Marcus insists. ''A person's public persona does not necessarily reflect his behavior in private,'' Marcus adds. ``Mrs. Wade is prepared to prove everything she alleges. And, medical records don't lie.'' SOURCE OF THIS STORY


text:
Memorial Day: Drive now, RideShare later
As Memorial Day dawns, an AAA survey indicates that the number of people reporting they will drive more than 50 miles from home this weekend has dropped 100,000. Forty percent report that gasoline prices, on average $1.06 higher than last year, will curtail their travel plans.
An Associated Press poll finds that 71 percent of Americans believe rising gasoline prices cause "some hardship" and that 41 percent label that hardship "serious," causing them to scale back holiday choices.
Once more we're doing the same thing, just this time with feeling.
As prices spike, our individual intelligent choices become societal stupidity. Stopping the family from being together on a getaway vacation is perhaps the worst response we can make to auto fuel price spikes. Three, four or five people in the car– family time– going to Luray Caverns, Appomattox, the D-Day Memorial, The American Shakespeare Center, the Appalachian Trail, The Virginia Museum of Fine Art, or the beach is the most efficient use of those things which sit in our driveways or office parking lots 95 percent of every day. Drops in tourist traffic can literally be killers to rural American economies while injuring the sellers of oil hardly at all.
What we need to change is our daily behavior, our commute and shopping behavior.
Small trips add up to a huge difference, and they are times and places where we have the better options. Buses roll, people can carpool, trips can be "chained," bicycles provide exercise with transporation. Sometimes it requires more effort, sometimes more planning, and always an awareness that our daily convenience is literally forcing our government to send troops to the Middle East. But this is the behavior we must change.
Overall, American car commutes today are 87 percent single occupancy vehicles.
We tell pollsters that we'd take the bus if it was more convenient but the usually when planners pull together funds from state, local and federal subsidies to make routes reasonable, ridership stays flat putting transit planners in an powerful Catch 22. In Charlottesville, for example, it costs about $400,000 to run a route which comes once an hour. Missing the bus doesn't make the employee late; it gets him fired. So few take the chance. That, in turn, keeps ridership low, which halts the chance for expansion of the route "headway" to four times an hour, a pace that might make the route reasonable for commuters.
Since, even in the dot-com era, $1.6 million (four passes of each bus) is a lot of money, the cart and the horse basically don't know which is which. Consequently, planners hire some survey firm– usually from out of the area– to telephone and ask, but once any subsequent service upgrades take place– if planners can find the money not wasted on the telephone survey firm– ridership stays flat.
To the harried, uninformed individual, it is always easier to continue to do what we've consistently done. Immediate convenience consistently trumps long-term reality especially if we don't understand that reality while human behavior– which is not rocket science; it is much harder than that– never fits in the tiny boxes of survey forms.
But quantitative analysis is the planner's religion, and even knowing this paradox, planners have got to have numbers to rationalize decisions. Academic precision from the model sounds like truth even though it's only academic precision from the model– whether or not the model is flawed; whether or not humans understand their own behavior; whether or nottransportation planners realize that stated preference data is inevitably defective.
In the end, then, we kill the Memorial Day family trip rather than the daily drive.
If the nation, and maybe the planet, is going to survive, however, Americans have got to change daily transportation behavior. According to the Energy Information Agency, transportation accounts for one third of our greenhouse gas emissions. According to Commerce Department, oil importation is the largest item in our trade deficit, and 69 percent of American oil consumption is in auto fuel. The Defense Department reports that petroleum supply is the prime reason we keep two carrier groups in the Persian Gulf (and, by most accounts, is a key reason we got militarily involved in Iraq).
According to the oil industry, expanded drilling off our coasts will not decrease the demand for imported oil as long as we continue to drive 2.9 trillion miles annually, and every single auto analysts say the concept of one million electric cars on our roads by 2015 is a pipedream.
Even then, according to a number of health agencies, our drive-first paradigm is a factor in our obesity crisis, and the Texas Transportation Institute says that to hold our annual congestion losses at $78 billion annually we'd have to build 16,000 highway miles every year– a practical impossibility.
There is one simple thing that all of us can do today. We can contact RideShare, a program from the Thomas Jefferson District Planning Commission, and asked to be matched with others from our neighborhoods going to jobs close to ours. The phone number is 434-295-6165 and 888-974-5500.
Via RideShare, we can then get together with neighbors for coffee and decide whether we're compatible enough to share 20 minutes in a car. (Rideshare even offers a guaranteed ride home– meaning that if any kind of emergency comes up, they send (and pay for) an immediate taxi or Enterprise Rental car.)
Transportation researcher Randy Salzman has been known, with his essays, to touch off a complaint or two.Read more on: gasolinetransportation


text:
Collegiate Gothic
A Note On Accuracy
The Idaho Architecture Project (IAP) is a community engagement initiative from Preservation Idaho. All images on this website were taken by IAP participants unless otherwise noted. This catalog consists of submissions from community members, students, historians and preservation experts. Because of the varied nature of these submissions from novice to expert, there may be historical or narrative inaccuracies. Please contact us to report any necessary corrections.
All contents © 2009-2020 Idaho Architecture Project


text:
Usually 2-fers aren't comped here, but I'll have to give it a go. The price may get them to cave. Worth it for Sandtroopers if nothing else. Thanks Greg, I'll hang onto the ad and try it.
2 for 9.99All Star Wars, Iron Man, Marvel or GI Joe 3.75" Basic Action Figures4.99 ea.
Does this count for JUST the regular figs or does it include the vintage as well?
My Target has Vintage down to $6. Picked up another piggy, Jedi Luke and a Magna Guard.
Just got an email from TRU that tomorrow, "with ANY Star Wars action figure, vehicle or playset purchase of $50 or more" you can get a free Kul Teska or Nikto Guard action figure.
Page created in 0.068 seconds with 18 queries.


text:
Available ebook formats: epub mobi pdf rtf lrf pdb txt html
Ted Stetson is a member of SFWA. He was born in Brooklyn and raised on Long Island and went to Seton Hall and Hofstra. He graduated from the University of St. Thomas, Houston, Texas. He was awarded First Place by the Florida Literary Arts Council and First Place in the Lucy B. McIntire contest of the Poetry Society of Georgia. His short fiction has appeared in Twisted Tongue, MysteryAuthors.com, Future Orbits, State Street Review, and the anthologies; One Evening a Year, Mota: Truth, Ruins Extraterrestrial Terra, Ruins Terra and Barren Worlds. His books include: Night Beasts, The Computer Song Book.


text:
Thursday, October 26, 2017
Here are some of the year's best new products for eating, drinking, cooking and reading.
* The products included in The New York Times Holiday Gift Guides are selected solely at the discretion of New York Times editors and writers. Links to retailer sites are provided as a convenience for readers of NYTimes.com and do not represent an endorsement of any store or brand.


text:
If you think I've closed or deleted a post unjustified, feel free to PM me and I'll explain it to you/discuss it with you further.
So when are we asked what to change ?
i have questions for you fletcher that not only i need to know but everyone else.
you claim you read the forums so here we go, in your own thread..
as we speak, this will shadowban users?
1. dodging games during loading screen
2. feeders or bad players in general
3. certain amount of reports similar to how muted system work?
4. multiple instances of dota running at the same time on the same PC
5. not buying *proper items* for example, sometimes you want to go carry ogre magi but not everyone will appreciate that in solo queue?
please be kind and answer all of them, or at least the ones in cursive since they are most important to me.
at the moment I am just waiting patiently and won't touch solo queue until you tell me what is right and wrong, if i'm going to get shadowbanned just because 2 russians report me for not building a hero *properly* then screw this game. i also dont think dodgers should get banned because you have to ask yourself, why do people dodge in the first place?
however i do support the idea that players running multiple instances should remain permanently banned, good job!
unrelated question, are these shadow bans permanent? will it affect the leaderboard?
Last edited by iwishblizzardmadedota2; 06-04-2014 at 11:33 AM.
and yes i'm a 5k+ mmr player, in fact close to 6k, so your answer will be very important.
You were last online yesterday so why are you avoiding these very simple questions? I have never played League of Legends but I believe their developers answer questions? CS:GO team does it as well, in fact, every game with a huge online playerbase does it but never Dota 2.
I have one more question, how do you know if you are banned? It doesn't say anything and I suspect I am banned because I dodged 2 games last month.
No fucking way I am part of the *real* matchmaking at 5k+ when I get players who behave like bots. I can't even get to page 1 or page 2 despite being in the 5.5k range. I still play on EUW and find matches within 4 minutes range but something is not right here and this is very frustrating, a game that I love but with incompetent developers ruining it. It sure isn't fun to be see the offlaner have more farm than your carry at 15-20 minutes mark or your offlaner dying repeatedly after trying to farm.
this is really demoralizing and I can't even dodge when I see these players in my game because you will just make it worse for me so how do I know if I'm banned even though I still play on EU and can play ranked? I know I am banned, but what kind of ban did I receive for dodging two games in the last month?
Last edited by iwishblizzardmadedota2; 06-07-2014 at 08:49 PM.
This is not your feedback thread to reach fletcher. He wanted to inform people to post match ids, that's it.
Closing this thread and keeping it stickied, so fletcher can use it when he needs it.
If you think I've closed or deleted a post unjustified, feel free to PM me and I'll explain it to you/discuss it with you further.


text:
Hurricane Matthew remains a powerful Category 4 storm as it moves away from the Colombian coast and churns north through the Caribbean Sea. A 5 a.m. advisory from the National Hurricane Center said Matthew was moving north-northwest at 5 mph with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph. The storm will continue in this direction Sunday and reach Jamaica, Haiti and parts of Cuba by Monday, forecasters say.
Areas of southwestern Haiti and Jamaica will feel the effects of Matthew as early as late Sunday evening. A Hurricane Warning is in effect for Jamaica and portions of Haiti, from its southern border with the Dominican Republic to Le Mole St. Nicholas. Overnight, the government of Cuba also issued a Hurricane Warning for the provinces of Guantanamo, Santiago de Cuba, Holguin, Granma, and Las Tunas.
The government of the Bahamas, meanwhile, issued a Hurricane Watch for the Turks and Caicos Islands and the southeastern Bahamas, including the Inaguas, Mayaguana, Acklins, Crooked Island, and Long Cay.
Areas of Haiti can expect 15 to 25 inches of rain with isolated spots up to 40 inches. Jamaica, Dominican Republic and Cuba can expect 10 to 20 inches of rain with isolated spots 25 inches. This means life-threatening flash flooding and mud slides are possible.
The situation must continue to be monitored for areas of South Florida and elsewhere along the Eastern Seaboard as high amount of uncertainty remain in the forecast beyond day 3. The positive for South Florida comes in the shifting of the cone, although it is not completely in the clear. Hurricane force wind chances for Miami and Fort Lauderdale have been reduced to 2 percent and 3 percent, respectively.
The NHC says some fluctuations in intensity are possible this weekend, but Matthew is expected to remain a powerful hurricane through Monday. It's the strongest hurricane in the Atlantic since Felix in 2007.


text:
Kinetics Database Resources
Rate Our Products and Services
Other Databases
NIST Standard Reference Data Program
NDRL-NIST Solution Kinetics Database
NIST Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
Administrative Links
Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data Division
Title: Kinetics of the reactions of some polyatomic free radicals with Cl2 and Br2, and reactions of formyl radicals with O2, NO2, Cl2, Br2, and H atoms
Journal: Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A2
Volume: 218
Page(s): 5 - 45
Year: 1988
Reference type: Journal article
Squib: 1988TIM5-45
·CF3 + Br2 → CF3Br + Br·
View full bibliographic record.
Rate constant values calculated from the Arrhenius expression:


text:
1987 Suzuki Samurai - Trail Zuk
Starting Stock & Building With A Purpose
Chris Barkley was looking for a vehicle to explore some of the forested trails near his home in the mountains of Arizona. He considered a UTV, but quickly snuffed that idea in favor of a built Suzuki. He found a clean, stock '87 Samurai for $1,400 and began from there.
All along he knew that he wanted to keep the Sammy at a fairly small profile to have the ability to easily navigate tight trails, but he wanted sufficient ground clearance and suspension flex to make it capable of tackling substantial trail obstacles. With those goals in mind, he chose to build upon 33-inch tires and about 6 inches of suspension lift.
Chris used a Trail Tough Jeep YJ spring conversion combined with 6:1 low range transfer case gears, and locked and geared Samurai axles. Front and rear Zuks Off Road bumpers and other steel armor protect the sheetmetal and drivetrain.
The resulting rig handles well on the trail, and the upgraded Sumo II engine with ZOR Harley carb conversion and header/exhaust mods provide more power to turn the Mickey Thompson Baja Claws.
Tech Specs
1987 Suzuki Samurai
Engine: Suzuki 1.3L Sumo II engine from Asian Auto Parts, ZOR Harley carb conversion, Doug Thorley tri-y header, 2-inch free-flow exhaust
Transmission: Stock 5-speed
Transfer case: Stock transfer case with 6:1 Trail Tough low-range gears
Front Axle: Samurai, 5.38:1 gears, Lock-Right, Trail Tough chromoly axles
Rear Axle: Samurai, 5.38:1 gears, Trail Tough mini spool and chromoly axleshafts
Springs & Such: Trail Tough Jeep YJ spring conversion, Ford shock towers, Doetsch Tech shocks in front; Jeep YJ leaf packs, Doetsch Tech shocks in rear
Tires & Wheels: 33X12.50R15LT Mickey Thompson Baja Claw Radials on 15-inch steel wheels with 2 inches of backspacing
Steering: Crossover steering conversion
Other Stuff: Smittybilt XRC8 winch with synthetic rope, Trail Tough full skidplate, homemade sliders, rollcage, Corbeau Baja SS seats


text:
Understanding Encoding (Trying To, At Least)
Earlier this evening was a presentation at the San Francisco PM group, on "Unicode & Everything". I wanted to go, but had a conflict so I had to miss it.
Character encoding is an area I'm weak in, and one that I need to be better at. My biggest module, RPC::XML, supposedly supports encodings other than
us-ascii but in truth it's pretty broken. I recently applied a patch that fixes the handling of UTF-8 content, but that's not what I need. What I need is for it to properly handle content in (theoretically) any encoding. I don't think that a talk focused on Unicode would have covered that, but I was hoping that I might be able to corner the speaker afterwards to bounce some questions off of him.
What it comes down to, is this: my library creates requests and responses in well-formed XML, complete with an
encoding attribute in the declaration line:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?> <methodCall> <methodName>someName</methodName> <params> <param> <value><string>Some string data</string></value> </param> <param> <value><int>42</int></value> </param> </params> </methodCall>
What matters here is not the structure of XML (in this case)– it's the
encoding="us-ascii" part, and this line:
<value><string>Some string data</string></value>
See, my library generates the XML around the "
Some string data", but the string data itself comes from whatever the user provides, and the user expects that to be in the encoding he or she specified. And here is where I start to get confused: I know that the boilerplate code is US-ASCII (in the range that makes it passable as UTF-8), but I suspect that I can't just paste in a string encoded in ShiftJIS and slap on
encoding="shiftjis" in the XML declaration. Or can I?
XML-RPC has a very limited vocabulary and set of data-types. The character range, funny-encoded-strings notwithstanding, is just basic ASCII. You have the tags, then strings, integers, doubles, date/time values (ISO8601) and base-64 data. Regardless of encoding, all of these except the strings stay in the ASCII range.
So for those reading this that are more adept as working with encodings than I, how to approach this? Is the magic sauce somewhere in Perl's Encode module? I really want to get this part of the RPC::XML module working right, so I can move on to the next big hassle, data compression…
(I also need to figure out why my code-highlighting plugin isn't doing its job…)
(I think I got it now. Something was missing from one of the theme files. Gotta love WordPress/PHP…)


text:
Figures published by the London Mayor "blow out of the water" Heathrow's claim that overall noise levels would fall if a third runway was built, campaigners said.
The figures, part of Boris Johnson's report on the Estuary Airport submitted to the Airport's Commission last week, showed Heathrow's claims assumed the new runway would be operating at only one-third capacity.
They also argued that Heathrow was too optimistic about the introduction of quieter aircraft.
The Mayor's figures, based on a study he commissioned from the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), showed if a third runway was built more than 1m people would be impacted by noise, up from 725,000 today.
Chairman of Hacan John Stewart said: "These new figures from the CAA blow out of the water Heathrow's claims that a third runway can cut noise levels.
"They could be a game changer as they show that Heathrow still has not found a way to deal with the politically toxic problem of noise."
The CAA study shows that if a third runway was built at Heathrow people would be disturbed in new areas of London and the south-east.
Heathrow said the number of people within its noise contour fell tenfold since the 70s, despite the number of flights doubling.
It said its modelling showed the number of people within the 55 Leq Heathrow noise footprint would be cut by 45 to 48 per cent by 2030, even with a third runway.
A Heathrow spokesman said: "These significant noise reductions are due to quieter aircraft, the third runway being located farther west, steeper landing approaches, and aircraft landing farther along all three runways.
"In its interim report the independent Airports Commission found that it is possible to add flights while continuing to reduce aircraft noise at Heathrow."


text:
This is an archived article that was published on sltrib.com in 2012, and information in the article may be outdated. It is provided only for personal research purposes and may not be reprinted.
An alleged computer hacker facing federal charges for tampering with two law enforcement websites wants proof it cost the agencies nearly $180,000 to bring the systems back online.
In court documents newly filed in U.S. District Court, John Anthony Borell III claims he had to hire an expert witness to evaluate the financial loss claims because of the slim evidence provided by Salt Lake Police Department and the Utah Chiefs of Police Association.
"The defense's expert has indicated that the claimed loss amounts are excessive but cannot form an opinion of what reasonable loss amounts would be without further information," Borell states. He is being represented by the Federal Public Defender's Office.
Borell allegedly hacked into the Salt Lake Police Department and the Utah Chiefs of Police Association websites in January. An indictment alleges he publicly posted confidential information about informants and police officers after breaking into the department's online tip system. He also allegedly posted private information about police chiefs on the association's website.
Prosecutors say Borell was associated with a group of hacker activists known collectively as "Anonymous" who targeted law enforcement agency websites.
The FBI arrested Borell in his hometown of Toledo, Ohio, in March after tracking him through the Twitter account he used to boast about hacking into the two accounts.
The association's website came back online within a few days; the Salt Lake City Police Department relaunched its site in April, nearly three months after the cyberattack.
Borell pleaded not guilty to two counts of computer intrusion in April. He is set for a 10-day jury trial in January.
Salt Lake City Police provided a single-page sheet to show the financial expense it incurred after the attack; that shows some 38 different employees spent a total of 383.25 hours, at the rate of $77.42 per hour, to bring the website back in service. The association provided 12 pages of weekly time sheets indicating hours spent to restore its site and monitor security.
In a letter to the agencies and in a court document, Borell's attorney says loss amounts should be limited to restoring the websites to their original condition, not to make them more secure or, as billed by the chief's association, for "reputation control."
Assistant federal defender Jamie Zenger said in one filing that the agencies have ignored requests for more detailed information, including about what work the department's staff did over the 400 hours claimed and the basis for the hourly rate charged. He wants the association to detail, among other things, what staff did during the "security audits," "online support" and "telephone support" for which it is billing.
In the event Borell is convicted, he faces a maximum penalty of 10 years on each count and a maximum fine of $500,000. The loss amounts will be crucial in determining his sentence and how much restitution he must pay, a court document states.
Twitter: @Brooke4Trib


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Throwback WTF Clip Of The Week: Freak Train, Female Conductor Accidentally Leaves Mic On While Having Sex! (Hope No Kids Was On That Day)
Female Conductor Leaves Mic On
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GCH CH Appassionato Jp Monamour's Star
While last year's top dogs were picking up awards in New York at the annual Dogs In Review Show Dogs of the Year dinner, many of this year's hopefuls were competing today for the more than 2,000 points at the Central Indiana Kennel Club show in Indianapolis.
Judge Faye Strauss chose her top two dogs from the Golden Retriever, CH Forever's All Jacked Up, the Saluki, GCH CH Sandstorm Blue Nile Bubbles of Jatara, the Mastiff, CH Kimmit's Rockstar, the Russell Terrier, GCH CH Appassionato Jp Monamour's Star, the Pug, CH Careva's Boodelicious, Matiff, CH Kimmit's Rickstar, the Chinese Shar-Pei, GCH CH Shine's Deck the Halls, and the Australian Shepherd, GCH CH McMatt's Autumn Breeze.
Collecting all those points was the Russell, Tribute. Picking up the Reserve award was the country's Number One Shar-Pei, Tinsel. It's the second BIS in three final appearances this year. Tribute is one of only two Russells to win an AKC BIS. He is likely to meet the other next week at the Westminster Kennel Club. We look forward to that moment.


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The following information must be uploaded into ePlans:
Application fee: $413.10 (2020)
Any information contained herein is strictly for information purposes only and should be reviewed in conjunction with Zoning By-Law 0225-2007, as amended. In the case where the information provided conflicts with that of the text contained in Zoning By-law 0225-2007, as amended, the text shall prevail. It should not be relied on when making decisions in connection with real estate transactions, development proposals or building permits.
Please visit the Mississauga Civic Centre, between 8:30 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. to review the Official Zoning By-law and to speak with staff before making important decisions.
A list of amendments passed by Council but not yet incorporated into the office consolidation copy can be found on the Unconsolidated Zoning By-law Amendments document.
Copies of Zoning By-law Amendments are available at:
Office of the City Clerk
Corporate Services Department, 2nd Floor.


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ResMed Ultra Mirage™ Full Face CPAP Mask with Headgear
Top Reviews
"VERIFIED CPAP.COM CUSTOMERI am very pleased with the Ultra Mirage full face mask. Works great. Is very comfortable!"
July 31, 2006
"VERIFIED CPAP.COM CUSTOMERProduct was as advertised and works well. My wife is very pleased with it."
September 13, 2006
Product Overview
The Ultra Mirage™ Full Face CPAP Mask with Headgear is a great solution for CPAP user who have frequent nasal congestion. Or, it can be useful to have on hand in case of a cold or bothersome allergies. The Ultra Mirage Full Face Mask cushion has a dual wall design to offer a reliable seal.
Manufactured by ResMed.
6% of Full Face Mask product buyers choose this product.
Product Features
About 40 percent of people who use a CPAP machine and just about all BiLevel machine users lose pressure directly from the mouth. This happens usually through leaks from the mouth or via mouth breathing while wearing a nasal mask. The resulting loss in pressure may bring about flu-like characteristics, inadequate sleep therapy, and disrupted sleep. Since the Ultra Mirage full face mask covers both the nose and mouth it prevents pressure loss from mouth breathing thereby improving both your comfort and your sleep therapy.
- The forehead support adjusts in up to 4 different positions increasing stability and providing optimum comfort.
- Supple and bendable forehead pads adapt to the shape of your forehead to provide a comfortable fit and quality seal.
- Mirage cushion technology keeps you from having to over-tighten your headgear while it provides a great seal relieving discomfort and preventing aching sores from pressure points.
- The headgear is designed with quick clips allowing for fast and convenient removal of the mask without the need to re-adjust the headgear.
- Excellent air flow and integrated exhalation vents provide effective CO2 washout to make sure the sleep therapy is productive, even at a lower air flow.
Free Returns Less Shipping 30 Days From Purchase
This Product Includes...
- Mask
- Headgear
Product Specifications
Material Components of Ultra Mirage™ Full Face CPAP Mask with Headgear
- Frame: Polycarbonate
- Cushion Clip: Polycarbonate
- Swivel: Polycarbonate
- Elbow: Polycarbonate
- Swivel Clip: Polycarbonate
- Elbow Retainer: Polycarbonate
- Forehead Support: Polycarbonate
- Headgear Clip: Polyester (PBT)
- Ports Cap: Polycarbonate
- Forehead Pad: Silicone Elastomer
- Cushion: Silicone Elastomer
- Valve Membrane: Silicone Elastomer
- Headgear - Foam Layer: Open Cell Polyurethane
- Headgear - Loop Material: Nylon; Spandex
- Headgear - Fastener Tabs: Polycaprolactam
- Headgear - Underside Fabric: Nylon; Spandex
- Headgear - Cloth Label: Rayon Acetate Satin
Sizing Guide:ResMed Ultra Mirage Full Face CPAP Mask Sizing Guide
CPAP.com always offers these services:
- 8 am to 8 pm CST Toll Free Phone and Email Support
- 24 hour access to our CPAPtalk.com Support Forum
- Learning Center for information on sleep apnea and cpap equipment
- Consumer Purchasing Trends Reports
- Warranty Services for all items purchased through CPAP.com
- Insurance Compliant Invoices
- Free Prescription Request System
Manufacturer Note
- Some product images supplied by ResMed © ResMed 2010 Used with Permission.
- ResMed products are for sale only to patients within the U.S. and not to other third parties or businesses.
- A valid prescription is required for the purchase of this product.
- All services provided by CPAP.com, including advertisement, ordering, sale, delivery, instruction, and setup of the products are performed solely by CPAP.com and independently of the manufacturer.
Important Tips
Sizing Guide
ResMed Ultra Mirage Full Face CPAP Mask Sizing Guide
This mask is the updated version of the ResMed Series II Full Face Mask. The mask cushions are unchanged. The new "T" adjustable forehead support offers additional stability, making this mask clearly superior to the Series II.
Fitting Tips
The Ultra Mirage Full Face Mask comes packaged with a size Medium/Standard headgear. The headgear may be purchased separately in size Small, Medium/Standard, or Large: Headgear for Ultra Mirage Full Face Mask.
For help with fitting, please read through the Ultra Mirage Full Face User Guide.
Frame Compatibility
There are three frame sizes for this mask (Small, Medium and Large). The cushions, cushion clips and frames are not interchangeable. Below is a list of frame compatibility.
- Small Frame and Clip will fit Small Cushions (standard and shallow)
- Medium Frame and Clip will fit Medium Cushions (standard and shallow)
- Large Frame and Clip will fit Large Cushions (standard and shallow)
Where Do I Find the Size?
- Frame: Turn the mask so the swivel is facing the user. On both the left and right side of the elbow, locate the connection point for the headgear clips. A letter representing the size of the mask frame is embossed into the top of the connection point for the headgear clips.
- Cushion Clip: The Ultra Mirage™ Full Face Mask Cushion Clip is found by turning the mask upside down with the headgear bar facing downward. The cushion clip, which connects the full face cushion to the mask frame has three tabs intended to connect to the mask frame. Locate the tab placed on the bottom of the mask, directly across from the elbow. The clear letter found on top of the tab notes the size of the cushion clip.
- Cushion: The size of the full face cushion is recorded in two places on the cushion. In order to find both sizes, it may be best to move the mask into an area with bright lights.
- With the elbow facing the user, turn the mask to the left. The size is embossed into the side of the silicone cushion in a space that is found between the headgear bar and the elbow.
- Turn the mask upside down with the swivel standing upright. Look directly in the middle of the cushion in the exact location where the letter from the cushion clip is located.
Please Note: ResMed's Ultra Mirage has a standard and shallow cushion. Standard cushions are not denoted, but shallow cushions will specifically state they are "shallow". For example, a large shallow cushion will appear as LARGE SHALLOW, while a standard large will appear as LARGE.
FOR AN OFFICIAL SIZING GUIDE: The fitting template for the Ultra Mirage™ Full Face mask is three-dimensional and not available online. Please contact ResMed Customer Service (800-424-0737) to request a fitting template.
Headgear Sizes
The Size Standard (16117) is not packaged with the Ultra Mirage Full Face. The Mirage Full Face uses a different Standard Headgear (60674), which is in limited supply and out of production. As an alternative, use the ResMed Standard Size 16117. Size Standard (16117) headgear comes packaged with:
- Mirage Micro
- Ultra Mirage Nasal Mask
- Ultra Mirage II Nasal Mask
- Mirage Activa
- Mirage Activa LT
- Mirage Softgel
- Mirage Quattro Full Face
ResMed also makes a smaller and larger size headgear (part number 16118 and 16119 respectively). All sizes will work with the above ResMed masks as well as the Ultra Mirage Full Face Mask and Original Mirage Activa.
Customer ReviewsView All Reviews
CPAP Video & FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- Are the Ultra Mirage and Ultra Mirage II cushion sizes interchangeable on the mask frame?
- Yes. The same cushion is used for the Ultra Mirage and the Ultra Mirage II mask frame. The cushions and mask frames are interchangeable.
- How can I compare different machines?
- We work very hard to provide many different ways for our customers to compare products. Here are the machine product guides we have created and maintain:
- CPAP Machine Comparison Guide. This guide stacks up every CPAP machine we sell, feature by feature. If you don't know the meaning of a feature, click the question mark for a definition. The links below will take you to the most popular CPAPs, or all CPAP machines we sell.
Compare Most Popular CPAP Machines
Compare All CPAP Machines
- Auto Adjusting Machine (APAP) Comparison Guide. This guide stacks up every APAP machine we sell, feature by feature. If you don't know the meaning of a feature, click the question mark for a definition. The links below will take you to the most popular APAPs, or all APAP machines we sell.
Compare Most Popular APAP Machines
Compare All APAP Machines
- BiPAP, VPAP and BiLevel Comparison Guide. This guide stacks up every BiPAP machine we sell, feature by feature. If you don't know the meaning of a feature, click the question mark for a definition. The links below will take you to the most popular BiPAPs, or all BiPAP machines we sell.
Compare Most Popular BiPAP Machines
Compare All BiPAP Machines
- CPAP Machine Comparison Guide. This guide stacks up every CPAP machine we sell, feature by feature. If you don't know the meaning of a feature, click the question mark for a definition. The links below will take you to the most popular CPAPs, or all CPAP machines we sell.
- Do you have a guide to help me choose the right mask?
- Yes, we created a Help Me Choose guide to help you select the right mask or machine according to your preferences. The guide asks you a series of questions regarding your preferences and your facial features. Based on your answers we provide you with a comparison chart of the masks that meet your criteria. Get started here:
Help Me Choose - Mask
- Are prescriptions required for mask, machine, humidifier, and EPAP purchases?
Yes. Federal law requires we have a valid prescription on file before we ship your mask, machine, humidifier, or EPAP therapy, including Provent and Bongo RX. You will also need a prescription to purchase the Nightbalance POSA device.
We provide many easy ways to get your prescription:
- We can request your prescription for you! When you checkout, just let us know you would like us to request your prescription, or you can log into your account to have us request your prescription.
- Fax your prescription to our toll-free fax number: 866.353.2727, or our international fax number: 713.541.7377
- Email your prescription to firstname.lastname@example.com
- Upload your prescription in your account, under the Prescriptions Section
- Ask your doctor to fill out our prescription form. We have both a standard prescription form and an EPAP prescription form.
For more information on prescriptions, please see our Prescription Section of the Learning Center.
- How often should I replace my mask?
- Medicare allows for mask cushion replacement every three (3) months, and a complete mask system replacement every six (6) months. CPAP manufacturers and vendors suggest these replacement schedules as well.
In our experience, most mask cushions begin to deteriorate after about six months of use. The cushion eventually becomes too soft to hold a seal. The headgear straps lose elasticity and must be tightened more and more to get the same quality seal.
We strongly suggest replacing cushions and pillows as soon as they start to soften. Air leaks may reduce the effectiveness of CPAP therapy and headgear that is too tight may cause facial sores at pressure points. In most cases, replacement headgear is available if it is stretched out or the Velcro worn out.
To see what parts of your mask are replaceable refer to our Replacement Part Finder. Just search for your mask to see all of the replaceable parts.
- How do I care for my mask?
Masks should be washed daily with warm water and gentle soap or baby shampoo. Let the mask air dry. Never use antibacterial soap as it will break down the silicone of the mask cushion. Avoid soaps that include lotion which can coat the mask and cause it to lose its seal. A safe cleaner is the Control III Disinfectant CPAP Cleaning Solution. Remember, going to bed with a clean face will improve your seal and protect the lifespan of your mask.
The best time to clean your mask is in the morning after use. This removes the oils left behind from your skin which can reduce the lifespan of your mask. We recommend using Mask Wipes to make daily morning cleaning easy. The mask wipes are made from materials that will not break down your mask.
For customers who want to completely disinfect their mask and accessories, there's an even better option than wipes. The Lumin Mask and Accessories Cleaner uses powerful UV light to disinfect, killing almost all bacteria almost instantly. It's not a cleaner and doesn't scrub or wash anything, but for simple disinfecting the Lumin works great!
Here are some other cleaning products to help with keeping your mask fresh:
Citrus II CPAP Mask Spray Cleaner
Control III Disinfectant CPAP Cleaning Solution - Home Care Kit
Hurricane CPAP Equipment Dryer
- What does a mask prescription need to say?
- A mask prescription must contain all of the following information:
- One of the following words or phrases: "CPAP Mask", "CPAP Supplies", "CPAP Humidifier", "CPAP", "Continuous Positive Airway Pressure", "APAP", "AutoPAP", "AutoSet", "Auto CPAP", "Auto Adjusting CPAP", "Self Adjusting CPAP", "BiPAP", "BiLevel", "VPAP", "BiPAP Auto", "BiPAP ST", "Synchrony ST", "VPAP ST"
- Your physician's contact information
- Your physician's signature
- The patient's full name
Here are some of our top selling masks:
DreamWear Nasal CPAP Mask with Headgear - Fit Pack
ComfortGel Blue Full Face CPAP Mask with Headgear
AirFit™ P10 Nasal Pillow CPAP Mask with Headgear
+ See More
- Why might I need a full face mask?
- If your mouth drops open during sleep, a full face may be selected to allow for the CPAP airflow to be delivered through both the nose and mouth.
Some CPAP users move to using a full face mask after finding that using a nasal mask along with a chinstrap does not meet their sleep therapy needs. Some CPAP users use a full face mask when suffering from seasonal allergies.


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Modern Styles and Methods in Maine Moderns
Paul Strand, a friend of Alfred Stieglitz and his wife, Georgia O'Keeffe, visited O'Keeffe while she was away in New Mexico. Stieglitz had written O'Keeffe on June 27, 1931 from Lake George, NY, "…Strand will add to his trophies of photography. What a chance he has. He ought to do some great work this year after the criticism I gave him." Georgia then wrote Alfred on July 10, "Strand didn't like the 'paint quality' in one of my best paintings—Made me want to knock his hat off or do something to him to muss him up—The painting certainly has no resemblance to a photograph." Who was this friend admired by Stieglitz, considered "the founding father of American modernism," and brazen enough to criticize O'Keeffe's work?
Strand was a member of what Libby Bischof and Susan Danly refer to as the "Stieglitz circle" in their Maine Moderns: Art in Seguinland, 1900-1940, which accompanies a show of the same name on view this summer at the Portland Museum of Art, Maine. Seguinland, a resort area on the quiet coast of Maine, attracted this small circle of modernist artists (which was never actually joined by Stieglitz but was always encouraged by him) in the early twentieth century. These painters, sculptors, and—most "modernly"—photographers used the forests, beaches, and villages to inform and inspire their work. Strand was actually one of the last to join the summer vacationers, who included Clarence H. White, Gertrude Käsebier, Max Weber, John Marin, Marsden Hartley, Marguerite Zorach, Gaston Lachaise, and William Zorach. Stieglitz promoted the work of the artists, especially hoping to place photography firmly on the level of other art forms.
Bischof and Danly showcase a beautiful selection of the Seguinland's modernist work, which used techniques already popular in European and American cities in an entirely new setting. A gelatin silver print by Strand, Cobweb in the Rain, belongs to his series of close-ups of natural forms including driftwood and plants on the beaches he visited during the summer. White beads of water drape across the bursts of leaves in this photograph. Seguinland proved welcoming to all the artists' cameras, including that of F. Holland Day. His Youth in a Rocky Landscape shows a boy, arms outstretched, on a cliff, calling back the lost Arcadia. Maine Moderns brings together these pieces from a group who did not consider themselves a school of artists but friends enjoying the life of rural New England. As Strand wrote Stieglitz, "The weeks in Maine were . . . perfect days of work and play. I did much work and had much joy in doing it."


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We design your time in our classes toward
some very profound and specific goals. The great thing is
that we are experts at accommodating the wide range of interests
and abilities that exist in our student body.
We have opportunities for everyone from
the thrill-seeker to fear-facer, athlete to couch potato,
casual flyer to serious aerialist. Amazingly enough, we
have seen people ranging in all desires and abilities inspire
each other, bring new energy to the school and enrich each
other's lives with courage and mutual support.
We have spent the last few years redefining our class process
in an effort to offer you the maximum
fun, learning and time in the air.
When we work as a team, students and instructors,
we create the best possible environment for success. At
TSNY Chicago we take pride in our students
and are grateful for the opportunity to see them grow.
Please read the descriptions for every
class that you might be interested in, and then be prepared
to discuss with an instructor what course of learning is
most appropriate for you. A student not sure of their level
should attend a mixed class first for evaluation by an instructor.
With our beginner through advanced flying trapeze courses, plus a variety of other aerial and circus arts classes, there's just no end
to the adventure.


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Sen. Manchin visits to hear local concerns | Parkersburg News and Sentinel
PARKERSBURG - U.S. Sen. Joe Manchin, D-W.Va., was in Parkersburg Wednesday talking about issues affecting the local airport, the banking community and residents in general.
Manchin was at West Virginia University at Parkersburg meeting with residents, banking representatives and officials with the Mid-Ohio Valley Regional Airport as part of his "Commonsense Solutions" tour across the state. The senator said solutions are needed to achieve a stronger West Virginia economy and he wanted to listen to issues of concern in communities.
Airport officials and Wood County commissioners met with Manchin first to discuss the closure of the air traffic control tower. In March, the Federal Aviation Administration announced it would close 149 towers across the country at smaller airports, including the local one, because of automatic sequestration cuts.
''It was pure politics,'' Manchin told the airport officials. ''What has been going on is just uncalled for. If we can just come together as Americans, we can fix this and have a budget that makes sense.''
Airport officials discussed options to keep the tower open long enough for Congress to work out a budget agreement and reinstate operations at the tower.
Airport manager Terry Moore said the concern is once operations are shut down and equipment removed from the tower, it would be almost impossible to get operations restarted at the facility later on.
''Once closed down, it will never open again,'' he said.
An option discussed was having local funding maintain a minimum of operations for the remainder of the fiscal year in hopes a budget deal would be worked out at the federal level. Hours would be cut back for workers in the tower and other cost-cutting measures would be implemented to keep operations going for about six months.
Officials wanted to know from Manchin if they did that, would the local tower be given a priority status at a time full operations could resume. The senator had his representatives make calls and said someone would get back with local officials today.
''If we have airports in West Virginia that are willing to step up to the plate and make the sacrifice and find the hard-to-find resources to keep this open for the safety of the traveling public for six months, will they have a priority or will they be penalized?'' the senator asked one of his staff in trying to get an official from the FAA to talk to him about the local airport's concerns.
If a complete shutdown cannot be avoided, Moore said he wants some means to pay for having to move out equipment and other functions that have fallen upon local airports in closing the towers. Certain functions at the airport are controlled from the tower and a way needs to be devised to switch those functions to another place, he said.
''The airports are going to have to pick up all of the baggage, assuming the towers close, of moving equipment and adapting to the new environment,'' Moore said. ''We can't do that.
''We need some help. We need to be able to function. We can't do all of the electronic work that needs to be done. It will take time to do that.''
Officials said they will not be able to maintain commercial air service on a field without the air control at the tower.
Manchin talked about veterans' needs in medical services to help with post-traumatic stress disorder.
In talking with local banking officials, the senator discussed being named to the Senate's Banking Committee.
Local banking officials discussed how they feel they are overburdened by regulations with an unreasonable amount of redundancies built into them. Many banks feel like they are penalizing long-time responsible customers by regulations they have to meet and be able to serve their customers, officials said.
''I am concerned about getting capital back on the street and put the money back out where it needs to be so it can work for all of us,'' Manchin said.
By: Brett Dunlap
Next Article Previous Article


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