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|North-West Frontier Province
|Largest city
|Population (2008)
• Density
|20,215,000 (Estimate)
• 259.6/km²
|74,521 km²
|Time zone
|Main language(s)
|Pashto (majority)
Hindko Khowar (regional)
Urdu (national)
English (national)[1]
|Union councils
|July 1, 1970
|Owais Ahmed Ghani
|Chief Minister
|Ameer Haider Khan Hoti
|Legislature (seats)
|Provincial Assembly (124)
|Government of the NWFP
The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (Urdu: śhumāl maġribī sarhadī sūbha شمال مغربی سرحدی صوبہ) (other informal names include Sarhad, Frontier Afghania, Pakhtunkhwa, Pashtunistan and Pakhtunistan) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan.[2] The majority of the population of the NWFP are Pashtuns, locally referred to as Pakhtuns, and other smaller ethnic groups.
The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is one of the most legendary places on earth. The Frontier, as it is and was popularly known, of all Pakistan's Provinces, is arguably the most diverse ethnically, the most varied in terrain and sports a vigorous cultural spectrum.
The Frontier conjures up a world of valour and war, of rugged men and mountains, of tribesmen shaped in a heroic, hospitable mould. Gateway to the Subcontinent, since times immemorial, it has witnessed migration-waves of peoples,campaigns of conquerors, flow of innumerable caravans of commerce, influx of intellectuals, artists, poets and saints from the north into its fertile valleys and onwards to the plains of the Punjab, Sindh and beyond the Indus to South Asia.
NWFP borders Afghanistan to the northwest, the Gilgit-Baltistan to the northeast, Pakistani Administered Kashmir (also known as Azad Kashmir) to the east, FATA to the west and south, and Pakistani Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory to the southeast.
The principal language is Pashto (locally referred to as Pakhto) and the provincial capital is Peshawar (locally referred to as Pekhawar). The Government of Pakistan led by the Pakistan Peoples Party and Awami National Party, to accommodate a demand by the Awami National Party, proposed the province's name be changed to Pakhtunkhwa.[3]
The NWFP is largely located on the Iranian plateau where the Eurasian plate borders South Asia, and this has led to seismic activity in the past (see Kashmir Quake)[4]. Area wise, it is equal to the size of New England.[5]
The famous Khyber Pass links the province to Afghanistan, while the Kohalla Bridge in Circle Bakote is a major crossing point over the Jhelum River in the east.
The province has an area of 28,773 mi² or (74,521 km²) and its districts include Hazara Division, home to the town of Havelian, the western starting point of the Karakoram Highway.
The NWFP is divided into three administrative regions areas: Settled Areas of NWFP, the Tribal Areas of PATA, and the Tribal Areas of Frontier Regions. There are five Frontier Regions in NWFP.
The province's main districts are Dera Ismail Khan, Kohat, Bannu, Abbottabad and Mansehra. Peshawar and Mardan are the main cities.
The region varies in topography from dry rocky areas in the south to forests and green plains in the north. The climate can be extreme with intensely hot summers to freezing cold winters. Despite these extremes in weather, agriculture remains important and viable in the area.
The hilly terrain of Swat, Kalam, Upper Dir, Naran and Kaghan is renowned for its beauty and attracts a great many tourists from neighbouring regions and from around the world. Swat-Kalam is also termed 'a piece of Switzerland' as there are many landscape similarities between it and the mountainous terrain of Switzerland.
According to the 1998 census, the population of NWFP was approximately 17 million.[6], of whom 52% are males and 48% are females. The density of population is 187 per km² and the intercensal change of population is of about 30%. Geographically the province could be divided into two zones: the northern one extending from the ranges of the Hindu Kush to the borders of Peshawar basin, and the southern one extending from Peshawar to the Derajat basin.
The northern zone is cold and snowy in winters with heavy rainfall and pleasant summers with the exception of Peshawar basin, which is hot in summer and cold in winter. It has moderate rainfall. The southern zone is arid with hot summers and relatively cold winters and scantly rainfall.
Its climate varies from very cold (Chitral in the north) to very hot in places like D.I. Khan. The major rivers that criss-cross the province are Kabul River, Swat River, Chitral River, Panjgora River, Bara River, Karam River, Gomal River and Zob River.
Its snow-capped peaks and lush green valleys of unusual beauty have enormous potential for tourism .
|Provincial flag
|Provincial flag
|Provincial language
|پښتو (unofficial)
|Provincial animal
|Kabul Markhor
|Provincial bird
|White-crested Kalij Pheasant
|Provincial tree
|Juniperus squamata
|Provincial flower
The President. Mr, Altaf Hussain DCO Shangla. District Scout Commissioner. Mr.Gul Zaman EDO Elementary & Education District Scout Secretary. Mr. Aurang Zeb Khalil (ALT) Email. shanglabsagmail.com
The climate of NWFP varies immensely for a region of its size, most of the many climate types found in Pakistan. The province stretching southwards from the Baroghil Pass in the Hindu Kush covers almost six degrees of latitude, it is mainly a mountainous region. Dera Ismail Khan is one of the hottest places in the South Asia while in the mountains to the north the weather is temperate in the summer and intensely cold in the winter. The air generally very dry and consequently the daily and annual range of temperature range is quite large.[7]
The north, comprising Chitral District, has a typically continental steppe climate, with average annual precipitation ranging from 100 mm (4 inches) per year in the far north to 585 mm (23 inches) in Drosh in the south. Most of this precipitation from frontal cloudbands during the winter and heavy thunderstorms in the spring. Of Chitral's average 420 mm (16.5 inches) of rainfall per year, 350 mm (13.8 inches) falls from December to May.
At high elevations in the Hindukush, snowfall can be much heavier than this and consequently large glaciers are a prominent feature of the landscape. Snow also cuts off even Chitral town from the outside world for most of the year. Temperatures in the valleys vary from 40 °C (105 °F) in July to as low as -10 °C (15 °F) in January. In the previous few years flooding has created problems in Mastuj tehsil.
Further south, in the districts of Dir, Swat and Hazara, the climate becomes more typical of the South Asia, although a considerable proportion of the annual precipitation still comes from frontal cloudbands during the winter months.
The combination of a short but powerful (owing to orography) summer monsoon with frequent winter cloudbands gives a bimodal rainfall regime in central parts of NWFP. Dir and Hazara districts are some of the wettest places in Pakistan: annual rainfall at Dir averages 1475 mm (58 inches), of which 400 mm (15.75 inches) falls during the summer monsoon from July to September and twice that amount during the winter rainy season from December to April.
At Abbottabad further east, the annual rainfall averages about 1195 mm (47 inches), but as much as 635 mm (25 inches) falls during the south-west monsoon. In Swat, rather more sheltered, the annual rainfall averages around 840 mm (33 inches), with about 430 mm (17 inches) expected between June and September. A similar climate to that of Dir, though drier, prevails in a small area around Parachinar in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.
In all areas October and November are the driest months with rainfalls generally under 30 mm (1.2 inches) per month except in the most exposed areas.
Temperatures in this region are somewhat warmer than in Chitral, and even at 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) in Abbottabad the heat and humidity can be oppressive during the monsoon season. In winter, most of Swat receives significant snowfall, but in Hazara temperatures usually are around 5 °C (41 °F).
This region, south of the Himalaya/Hindukush foothills, has the typically hot and dry climate of much of Pakistan. Temperatures in summer are quite oppressively hot, and in the south around Mardan temperatures of 45 °C (113 °F) are not un common, whilst in Peshawar 40 °C (104 °F) is par for the course in summer.
In winter, however, this region is both warmer and generally drier than the rest of NWFP, with temperatures being around 17 °C (62 °F) in Peshawar and over 20 °C (68 °F) in the extreme south of the province. Nights, however, can still be quite cold during the winter.
Southern NWFP experiences little (and very erratic) monsoonal rain, with Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan both averaging around 115 mm (4.5 inches) of rain in July and August and almost nothing in June or September. Moreover, in many years no summer rain of significance occurs.
In winter, rainfall usually peaks in March but Peshawar averages less than 250 mm (10 inches) between December and May and Dera Ismail Khan less than 115 mm (4.5 inches). On certain mountain slopes such as around Kohat, winter rainfall may predominate, though this is unpredictable.
|Historical populations
The province has an estimated population of roughly 21 million that does not include the almost 1.5 million Afghan refugees[8] and their descendants in the province.[9][10] The largest ethnic group are the Pashtuns who form about two-thirds of the population.[11]
Pashto is the most pervasive language while Hindko is the second most commonly spoken indigenous language. Pashto is predominant in western and southern NWFP and is the main language in most cities and towns including Peshawar. With an estimated 3.5 million ethnic Pashtuns, Karachi hosts one of the largest Pashtun populations in the world.
Hindkowans are most common in eastern NWFP, the Hazara Division, and especially in the cities of Abbottabad, Mansehra, and Haripur. Saraiki and Balochi-speakers live in the southeast of the province mainly in Dera Ismail Khan District. Bilingualism and trilingualism is common with Pashto and Urdu being the primary other languages spoken.
In most rural areas of the centre and south various Pashtun tribes can be found including the Yusufzai, Tanoli, Daavi,Khattak, Gharghasht,Marwat, Afridi, Shinwari, Orakzai, Bangash, Mahsud, Mohmand, Wazir, and Gandapur as well as numerous other smaller tribes.
Further north, the prominent Pashtun tribes are, Swati,Kakar, Tareen, Jadoon and Mashwani. There are various non-Pashtun tribes including Awan, Gujjar. The Awan are believed to be of Arabic origin and are recognisably different from the rest of Pashtun and non-Pushtun majority.
The mountainous extreme north includes the Chitral and Kohistan districts that are home to diverse Dardic ethnic groups such as the Khowar, Kohistani, Shina, Torwali, Kalasha and Kalami.
In addition, Afghan refugees, although predominantly Pashtun (including the Ghilzai and Durrani tribes), include hundreds of thousands of Persian-speaking Tajiks and Hazaras as well as other smaller groups found throughout the province.
Nearly all of the inhabitants of the NWFP are Muslim with a Sunni majority and significant minority of Shias and Ismailis. Many of the Kalasha of Southern Chitral still retain their ancient Animist/Shamanist religion.
Since ancient times the region numerous groups have invaded the NWFP including the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Kushans, Huns, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Mughals, Sikhs, and the British. Between 2000 and 1500 BC, the Aryans split off into an Iranian branch, represented by the Pashtuns who came to dominate most of the region, an Indo-Aryan branch represented by the Hindkowans who populated much of the region before the time of the Pashtuns and various Dardic peoples who came to populate much of the north. Earlier pre-Aryan inhabitants include the Burusho.
The Vale of Peshawar was home to the Kingdom of Gandhara from around the 6th century BC and later ancient Peshawar became a capital of the Kushan Empire. The region was visited by such notable historical figures as Darius II, Alexander the Great, Hiuen Tsang, Fa Hien, Marco Polo, Mountstuart Elphinstone, and Winston Churchill, among others. According to the Mahabharatha (an Indian epic dating to 3000 BC), the Gandhara kingdom had its capital at today's Kandahar in Afghanistan.[citation needed] The place of Shakuni Maternal Uncle of Kauravas and their mother Gandhari's Land. Following the Mauryan conquest of the region, Buddhism became a major faith, at least in urban centres, as attested by recent archaeological and hermeneutic evidence. Kanishka, a prominent Kushan ruler was one of the prominent Buddhist kings.
|The region of Gandhara has long been known as a major centre of Buddhist art and culture around the beginning of the Christian era. But until recently, the Buddhist literature of this region was almost entirely lost. Now, within the last decade, a large corpus of Gandharan manuscripts dating from as early as the 1st century A.D. has come to light and is being studied and published by scholars at the University of Washington. These scrolls, written on birch-bark in the Gandharan language and the Kharosthi script, are the oldest surviving Buddhist literature, which has hitherto been known to us only from later and modern Buddhist canons. They also institute a missing link between original South Asian Buddhism and the Buddhism of East Asia, which was exported primarily from Gandhara along the Silk Roads through Central Asia and thence to China.[12]
Rural areas retained numerous Shamanistic faiths as evident with the Kalash and other groups. The roots of Pashtunwali or the traditional code of honour followed by the Pashtuns is also believed to have Pre-Islamic origins. Persian invasions left small pockets of Zoroastrians and, later, a ruling Hindu elite established itself briefly during the later Shahi period.
During the early 1st millennium, prior to the rise of Islam, the NWFP was ruled by the Shahi kings. The early Shahis were Afghan Buddhist rulers and reigned over the area until 870 CE when they were overthrown and then later replaced.
When the Chinese monk Xuanzang visited the region early in the 7th century CE, the Kabul valley region was still ruled by affiliates of the Shahi kings, who is identified as the Shahi Khingal, and whose name has been found in an inscription found in Gardez.
While the early Shahis were Irano-Afghan and Hindus Kabulistani in origin, the later Shahi kings of Kabul and Gandhara may have had links to some ruling families in neighbouring Kashmir and the Punjab. The Hindu Shahis are believed to have been a ruling elite of a predominantly Buddhist, Hindu and shamanistic population and were thus patrons of numerous faiths, and various artefacts and coins from their rule have been found that display their multicultural domain.
The last Shahi rulers were eventually wiped out by tribes led by Mahmud of Ghazni who arrived from Afghanistan early in the 11th century.
Buddhism and Shamanism remained prominent in the region until Muslim Arabs and Turks conquered the area before the 2nd millennium CE. Over the centuries local Pashtun and Dardic tribes converted to Islam, while retaining some local traditions (albeit altered by Islam) such as Pashtunwali or the Pashtun code of honour.
During 963–1187 AD, NWFP became part of larger Islamic empires including the Ghaznavid Empire, headed by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, and the empire of Muhammad of Ghor. It Included Afghanistan extending up to Punjab and India Subcontinent and with its capital at Lahore.
Later it was controlled by the Afghan Pashtun Muslims of the Delhi Sultanate. The "Delhi Sultanate" refers to the many Muslim states that ruled the India from 1206 to 1526.
Several Turkic and Afghan dynasties ruled from Delhi Capital instead of Lahore : the Mamluk dynasty (1206-90), the Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), the Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and the Lodhi dynasty (1451-1526).
In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by the emerging Mughal Empire and the Ilkhanate Empire of the Mongols, coming from Great Genghis Khan and his grandsons like Babur the Mughal Dynasty.
Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to the region and Islam flourished because of these Northern Afghan and Central Asian invaders.
The area formed part of the Durrani Empire founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747. Ahmed Shah Durrani was born in Multan which was at that time part of Afghanistan. The empire included Bahwalpur, Kashmir, Gilgit, Hazara with its main city Haripur. Under tAhmed Shah Durrani and later his son Timur Shah, who ruled from Lahore and Multan, but later shifted it back to Kandahar.
The NWFP was an important borderland that was often contested by the Mughals and Safavids of Persia. During the reign of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, the NWFP required formidable military forces to control and the emergence of Pashtun nationalism, who opposed Mughals who had conquered most of North India. A leading force in inspiring Pashtun miltancy was the local warrier poet Khushal Khan Khattak who united some of the tribes against the various empires around the region.
As the Mughal had lost control by 1757, the NWFP came under the control of the Amir of Afghanistan Ahmed Shah Abdali.
The Sikh Empire, 1801-1849, under Ranjit Singh ruled parts of the NWFP province from 1818 until the British took over during the Anglo Sikh war of 1849. However total control was never established, there was constant rebellion and insurgency against the authority.
The British, who had captured most of rest of the Indian subcontinent without significant problems, faced a number of difficulties here. The first war with the Pashtuns resulted in a devastating defeat, with just one Dr. William Brydon coming back alive (out of a total of 14,800-21,000 people). This happened during the First Anglo-Afghan War of 1849 and later the Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1876. The Third Anglo-Afghan War of 1919, was also a continuation of the fight for Reclaiming Areas of NWFP and claiming independence from British occupation efforts which the Afghans or the Pashtuns resisted with greatest zeal and effort to remain as independent nation.
Unable to enforce their rule in the region, the British changed their tactics and played a game of divide and rule. The use of religion and installing puppet Pashtun rulers and dividing the Pashtuns through artificially created regions and ruling indirectly to reduce the chance of confrontation between Pashtuns and the British. Although the smallest size province Pushtoons were divided into Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA), Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), Frontier Regions (FR) and Settled Areas of NWFP and Baluchistan. NWFP was restricted to five districts.
Occasional Pashtun resistance and attacks did take place on British in NWFP, including the Siege of Malakand and Swat, both well documented by Winston Churchill who was a war correspondent at the time.
A series of conflicts known as the Anglo-Afghan Wars during the imperialist Great Game, wars between the British and Russian governments, led to the eventual dismemberment of Afghanistan into NWFP, Baluchistan and Khurasan. Divide and rule policy and the annexation of NWFP and Baluchistan region led to the demarcation of the Durand Line and administration as part of British South Asia.
The Durand line is a poorly marked 1,519-mile (2,445 km) border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. After fighting in two wars against Afghans, the British succeeded in 1893 in imposing the Durand line, dividing Afghanistan from the NWFP, Baluchistan, FR regions, FATA which were incorporated into what was then British India. It was agreed upon by representatives of both governments.
The international boundary line separating two countries was named after Sir Mortimer Durand, foreign secretary of the British colonial government, who in 1893 had negotiated with Abdur Rahman Khan, the Amir of Afghanistan, on the frontier between modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Areas annexed from Afghanistan were the FATA, NWFP and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan, the successor state of British India and the successor Iranian state of Khorasan.
In 1893, Sir Mortimer Durand was sent to Kabul by the government of British India for the purpose of settling an exchange of territory required by the demarcation of the boundary between northeastern Afghanistan, Iran and the Russian possessions.
The Amir showed ability in diplomatic argument, his tenacity where his own views or claims were in debate, with a sure underlying insight into the real situation. The territorial exchanges were amicably agreed upon; the relations between the British Indian and Afghan governments, as previously arranged, were confirmed; and an understanding was reached upon the important and difficult subject of the border line of Afghanistan on the east, towards India.
From the British side the camp was attended by Sir Mortimer Durand and Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum the, Political Agent for the Khyber Agency. Afghanistan was represented by Sahibzada Abdul Latif and the Governor Sardar Shireendil Khan representing the King Amir Abdur Rahman Khan.[13]
While the Afghan side greatly resented the border and viewed it as a temporary development, the British viewed it as being a permanent settlement. The NWFP Province was formed on November 9, 1901, as a Chief Commissioner ruled province, the Chief Commissioner was the chief executive of the province.
He ran the administration with the help of his principal advisers and Civil servants better known as judicial and Revenue Commissioners.
The formal inauguration of the province took place five and half months later, at Shahi Bagh on April 26, 1902, on the occasion of the historical Darbar in the Shahi Bagh (Kings Garden) in the capital town of Peshawar.
It was held by Lord Curzon the Governor of the NWFP. The province then comprised only five districts after dividing annexed areas from Afghanistan into FATA, Frontier Regions and the NWFP and Southern Punjab.
NWFP districts were Peshawar District, Hazara District, Kohat District, Bannu District and the Dera Ismail Khan District.
The first Chief Commissioner of the North-West Frontier Province was Harold Deane. He was known as a strong administrator and he was succeeded by Ross-Keppel, in 1908, whose contribution as a political officer was widely known amongst the tribal/frontier people.
The NWFP was raised to a full-fledged governor-ruled province in 1931 in accordance with the demand by the Round Table Conference held in 1931. It was agreed upon in the conference that the NWFP would be raised to a governor-ruled province with its own Legislative Council. Sir Ralph Griffith was appointed the first Governor in 1932 (having succeeded Stuart Pearks as Chief Commissioner in 1931).
Therefore, on January 25, 1932, the Viceroy inaugurated the first NWFP Legislative Council. The first provincial elections were held in 1937 and the independent candidate and noted British loyal civil servant Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum was elected as the province's first Chief Minister.
During the early 20th century the so-called Red Shirts led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan agitated through Non-violence for the rights of Pakhtun areas.
Following independence, the NWFP voted to join Pakistan in a referendum in 1947. However, Afghanistan's loya jirga of 1949 declared the Durand Line invalid, which led to border tensions with Pakistan.
During the 1950s, Afghanistan supported a secessionist movement called that failed to gain substantial support amongst the tribes of the NWFP known as the Pashtunistan Movement.
After President Ayub Khan eliminated Pakistan's provinces, President Yahya Khan, in 1969, abolished this "one unit" scheme and added Amb, Swat, Dir, Chitral and Kohistan to the new NWFP as PATA.
The Pashtunistan issue kept Pakistan and Afghanistan at odds for decades until the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Following the invasion over five million Afghan refugees poured into Pakistan, most residing in the NWFP (as of 2007 nearly 3 million remain).
During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, the NWFP, the PATA and FATA served as a major base for supplying the Mujahideen who fought the Soviets during the 1980s.
The NWFP remained heavily influenced by events in Afghanistan and the civil war led to the rise of the Taliban, which had emerged in the border region between Afghanistan, Baluchistan, PATA and FATA as a formidable political force that nearly took over all of Afghanistan. Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the FATA and bordering NWFP became a front-line region again as part of the global "War on Terror".
The Provincial Assembly of the North-West Frontier Province is unicameral and consists of 124 seats of which 2% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women only.
There are 24 districts in NWFP, which are divided into 18 Settled Area Districts and 6 PATA Districts. The Provincial Administered Districts are partially controlled by the central government in Islamabad through President of Pakistan and Governor of NWFP.
The Provincial Assembly of NWFP does not have full authority to implement and make laws for PATA, without consent of the President of Pakistan, through Article 247 and 246 of 1973 Constitution which governs Tribal Areas of PATA and FATA:
|24 Districts are:
NWFP's share of Pakistan's GDP has historically been between 10.5% to 12.1%. The part of the economy that NWFP dominates is forestry, where its share has historically ranged from a low of 34.9% to a high of 81%, giving an average of 61.56%.[14] Currently, NWFP accounts for 10% of Pakistan's GDP,[15] 20% of Pakistan's mining output[16] and since 1972, it has seen its economy grow in size by 3.6 times.[17]
After suffering for decades due to the fallout of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, today they are again are being targeted for totally a different situation of terrorism.
Agriculture remains important and the main cash crops include wheat, maize, rice, sugar beets, as well as various fruits are grown in the province.
Some manufacturing and high tech investments in Peshawar has helped improve job prospects for many locals, while trade in the province involves nearly every product. The bazaars in the province are renowned throughout Pakistan. Unemployment has been reduced due to establishment of industrial zones.
Numerous workshops throughout the province support the manufacture of small arms and weapons of various types. The province accounts for at least 78% of the marble production in Pakistan [18].
The NWFP continues to have an image problem. Even within Pakistan it is regarded as a "radical state" due to the rise of Islamist parties to power in the province and purported support for the remnants of the Taliban who are believed by some to be hiding in the province.
The Awami National Party sought to rename the province Pakhtunkhwa, which translates to "Land of Pakhtuns" in the Pashto language. This has been opposed by some of the non-Pashtuns, and especially from Parties Like Pakistan Muslim League-N (PML-N) and Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA). The PML-N derives its support in the province from primarily non-Pashtun Hazra regions.
The MMA, who until the elections of 2008, had a majority in the NWFP government, proposed Afghania as a compromise name. It has been suggested that the religious parties' power-bases in Punjab, are a central reason for opposing an ethnically-based alternative name for NWFP.[19]
After the 2008 general election, the Awami National Party (ANP) formed a coalition provincial government with the Pakistan Peoples Party, and is supporting the PPP government in the centre and other provinces.[20]
The strongholds of ANP are in the Pashtun areas of Pakistan, particularly in the Peshawar valley of the NWFP, while Karachi hosts one of the largest Pashtun populations in the world with 3.5 million Pastuns live in Karachi. In the 2008 election, the ANP won two Sindh assembly seats in Karachi.[20]
The ANP has been instrumental in fighting the Taliban who are by-products of religious parties like JI and JUI which formed the MMA.[21]
Pashto folk music is popular in NWFP and has a rich tradition going back hundreds of years. The main instruments are the Rubab, mangey and harmonium.
Khowar folk music is popular in Chitral and northern Swat. The tunes of Khowar music are very different from those of Pashto and the main instrument is the Chitrali Sitar.
A form of band music composed of clarinets (surnai) and drums is popular in Chitral. It is played at polo matches and dances. The same form of band music is also played in the neighbouring Northern Areas.
The trend towards higher education is rapidly increasing in the province and the NWFP is home to Pakistan's foremost engineering university (Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute), which is located in Topi, a town in Swabi district. The University of Peshawar is also a notable institution of higher learning. The Frontier Post is perhaps the province's best-known newspaper and addresses many of the various issues facing the local population.
|Literacy Rate
This is a chart of the education market of North-West Frontier Province estimated by the government in 1998. Also see [1]
|Enrolment Ratio(%)
|Below Primary
|BA, BSc… degrees
|MA, MSc… degrees
|Diploma, Certificate…
|Other qualifications
North-West Frontier Province [1] is a region in Pakistan.
The NWFP offers invitation to a spectacular landscape and cultural diversity. Peshawar is the business and administrative hub of province though other cities have their places. Some of the tourist's hotspots include Khyber pass, old interior city, industrial estate famous for smuggled goods, Islamia College, Peshawar fort, (KisaKhawani) story teller bazaar. Its food street is famous for barbecued sheep meat as well as karahi meat.
The Khyber Pass leads into Afghanistan. Travelled to NWFP in July 2008 with my 16 year old son. Had a splendid time, especially as we could stand the dust and lack of 'western' food. Very amenable people, especially in the mountains in Shandoor, Kalash regions.
Pashtu and Hindko are the predominant languages in the region. Pashtu is mostly spoken in rural areas and Hindko in urban areas. Many people also speak Urdu & English.
Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad are the main gateways to Pakistan by air.
Peshawar International Airport (PEW) is located about a 25 minute drive from the center of Peshawar, it is the 4th busiest airport in Pakistan. It is served by all Pakistan carriers including national flag carrier "PIA". Moreover, many Middle East airlines also serve this airport, such as Emirates, Etihad, Gulf, Kuwait and Qatar airlines.
Peshawar airport has international direct flights to Al Ain, Bahrain, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Doha , Jeddah, Kabul, Muscat, Kuwait and Riyadh. The connections to/from other Asian, European and American cities are available VIA Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad airports. The domestic flights to/from Peshawar Airport are Chitral, Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore.
You can reach Peshawar by train with Pak Rail [3] from Karachi (36 hours) and Quetta (25 hours), both are via Lahore and Rawalpindi.
There are currently no passenger trains from Landi Kotal in the Khyber Pass.
Buses and minibuses run to many parts of the country from here.
Peshawer is connected with Islamabad via Motorway M-1 and via national highway N-5
By Bus, Car, Train
Bazar of Peshawer Beauty of Swat & Kaghan Valley & Chitral
In the summertime hiking tours to the mountains are offered. Ask at Green Tours in front of the Greens Hotel, Peshawar Cantt, and Pearl Tours of the Pearl Continental Hotels. This can also be done by hiring a car, jeep or pickup from local 'Rent-a-Car' servicing private agencies at a very cheap rate ranging from US$20-US$60 per day, depending upton the condition of the vehicle. (the prices r correct as at June 30, 2006-maslampsh)
Security wise, some parts of NWFP are not considered to be the safest areas in Pakistan, mainly the towns bordering Tribal areas, you should always seek advice about off-limits areas before coming.
Stay away from towns near tribal areas and the sensitive Afghan border regions as the Pakistan government has little to no authority in these areas and cannot aid you in an emergency.
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text:
New work suggests that in such formulations endotoxin can remain undetected by Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) detection systems due to low endotoxin recovery (LER)
A new paper has been published that suggests commonly used excipients are capable of masking hazardous amounts of endotoxin
Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides produced by Gram-negative bacteria during bacterial cell division, lysis and at cell death.
Part of the lipopolysaccharide is highly toxic to humans and when in contact with blood can trigger a severe reactions such as fever or septic shock.
Bacterial endotoxin testing of drug products for parenteral administration is therefore mandatory.
Over the past few decades Limulus amebocyte (LAL) lysate (obtained from the horseshoe crab) has been the most sensitive method for the detection of endotoxins and is well accepted in a broad field of applications.
However, recently, low endotoxin recovery (LER) in biopharmaceutical drug products has been noticed, whereby the detection of potential endotoxin contaminations is not ensured.
Notably, many of these drug products contain surfactants, which can have crucial effects on the detectability of endotoxin.
Researchers, J. Reich and H. Motschmann, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Germany, Pierre Lang , F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, and H. Graller, Hyglos, Bernried, Germany, set out to discover what is behind the LER phenomenon.
To analyse the mechanisms behind LER, the researchers investigated endotoxin detection in samples containing nonionic surfactants in various buffer systems.
The results, published in the paper online 25 July 2016, show that the process of LER is kinetically controlled and temperature-dependent.
Furthermore, only the simultaneous presence of nonionic surfactants and components capable of forming metal complexes resulted in LER.
Following their research they believe that the LER phenomenon is caused by endotoxin masking and not by test interference.
The experiments showed that hazardous amounts of endotoxin can remain undetectable within such formulations.
They conclude that 'the supramolecular structure of endotoxin is altered and exhibits only a limited susceptibility in binding to the Factor C of Limulus-based detection systems.'
The paper states: 'Currently, it is not known whether masked endotoxin activates the innate immune system. But bacterial endotoxin testing should be performed with care, especially in the presence of surfactants and chelators.'
The paper Masking of endotoxin in surfactant samples: Effects on Limulus-based detection systems, Biologicals (2016) is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.04.012
For further reading about endotoxin testing see:


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Start 'Em
- Quarterback
- Josh Freeman (@ NO): Freeman hasn't quite kept up with the red hot numbers he was posting back in midseason, but he has still managed to put up 20 passing TD's to only four interceptions in his past nine games. To make things even better, Freeman had a career day against New Orleans in their matchup earlier this season, posting 420 yards, three TD's, and zero int's.
- Russell Wilson (@ Buf): 10 TD's and 1 interception in his last five games. Wilson has been hot, but keep in mind he is sure to transform into "game manager" in situations such as last week's 58-0 blowout of Arizona. If Buffalo is able to compete in this game, Wilson will deliver.
- Brandon Weeden (vs Was): Washington continues to struggle tremendously against the pass, as they have allowed seven passing touchdowns in the past three weeks.
- Marshawn Lynch (@ Buf): Despite how bad the Cardinals may be, Lynch is catching fire at the perfect time for his fantasy owners. The guy has seven touchdowns and five 100+ yard'ers in his last SEVEN games. He is absolutely killing it. Coming in against the third worst rushing defense in the league – Lynch should be in for a huge day.
- David Wilson (@ Atl): This is a big one where you will have to monitor the injury to Ahmad Bradshaw's knee. Wilson absolutely exploded last week against the Saints for over 300 all purpose yards, and three TD's. This week's matchup against the porous Atlanta run defense is almost just as tasty, and if Bradshaw is ruled out, Wilson will be the only serviceable back available.
- Reggie Bush (vs Jax): I thought this stat was a typo when I read it. Jacksonville has allowed FIVE running backs to score 10+ points in the past THREE games. Absolutely outrageous.
Wide Receiver
- Josh Gordon (vs Was): Gordon is finally coming back into the form that saw him rise to prominence back in midseason. In his past two games he has 14 catches for 202 yards, and a TD. This week, they face the Redskins horrid pass defense, and as Weeden's favorite target, Gordon's hot streak looks to continue.
- Mike Wallace (@ Dal): Mendenhall is out, and thankfully for Mike Wallace owners, Big Ben is back in action. Wallace managed to put up more yardage (excluding the two TD's he tacked on, as well) last week than in the previous four games combined while working with Leftwich/Batch. All signs point to this continuing against the Cowboys, who have allowed seven passing TD's in the past five weeks.
- Danario Alexander (vs Car): Continues to be the most trusted WR in the San Diego offense, and has gotten a TD or 100+ yards in four of the past five games. While not the best matchup against Carolina, they have still allowed three TD's to WR's over the past two weeks.
Tight End
- Brandon Myers (vs KC): Coming off of his monster game two weeks ago, he was unfortunately resigned to blocking Denver's incredible front seven last week, and only managed one catch for seven yards. That should change this week, against a far easier opponent in the Chiefs.
- Dennis Pitta (vs Den): Has a touchdown in every game since week 10 against teams that aren't Pittsburgh. This one is slightly a gamble however, as it remains to be seen how the new offensive coordinator will work Pitta into the system. However, it's clear Flacco plays better at home, and trusts Pitta, especially in the redzone.
Team Defense
- Detroit (@ Ari): The Cardinals are an absolute mess. This pick has nothing to do with the Lions, or their defense.
Sit 'Em
- Nick Foles (vs Cin): Don't buy in too heavily to the monster numbers Foles put up against Tampa, and their atrocious pass defense last week. The Bengals present a much tougher challenge for the rookie, and it is far too much of a gamble at this point in your fantasy season. Go with a better option
- Jay Cutler (vs GB): Struggles tremendously against the Packers. In his past five matchups against Green Bay, averages just over 200 yards with six TD's and 11 interceptions. Cutler's neck is still shaky, the Bears are spiralling, and Green Bay knows how to shut down Brandon Marshall, the only guy Cutler likes to throw to.
- Michael Turner (vs NYG): He has only two 100+ yard games on the season, and would be an absolute bust if the Falcons didn't give him goal line work. He hasn't gotten 20+ carries since week 9, and the Giants have allowed one rushing TD at home in their past six games. Stay away.
- Beanie Wells (vs Det): Stay away from the Cardinals. Beanie Wells, like Michael Turner, will provide ZERO value for your team if he fails to score, which is something the Cardinals clearly have tremendous difficulty doing.
- Vick Ballard (@ Hou): Houston is going to rebound strong at home after being embarrassed in Foxborough. Even with his goal line poachers injured, Ballard will be in for a long day against the Texans.
Wide Receiver
- Larry Fitzgerald (vs Det): Continues to ride this list while the Cardinals lack a serviceable QB.
- Pierre Garcon (@ Cle): Regardless of what ends up happening with RG3, it's clear that he won't be 100%, won't be running the ball often, and will lose alot of the escapability that makes him such a threat. Additionally, Garcon will be matched up against Joe Haden, who has shut down far better receivers such as Mike Wallace and Reggie Wayne already.
- Jeremy Maclin (vs Cin): For the same reasons I don't like Nick Foles. He will struggle to get Maclin the ball this week.
Tight End
- Jason Witten (vs Pit): Has only one touchdown on the season, and the Steelers are the best team in the league at covering the tight end.
- Jermichael Finley (@ Chi): One of those hit or miss players who tends to miss more often than not.
Team Defense
- San Francisco (@ NE): This is the classic question of what happens when an unstoppable force meets an immovable object. Unfortunately, regardless of how great this game might be watch, I wouldn't want to gamble my fantasy playoffs on the outcome.
- Pittsburgh (@ Dal): I have paid the price before when betting against Pittsburgh, but with even more injuries piling up on the defense and DeMarco Murray back in action, I think this will be a close.


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With access to land rights, women have more autonomy and decision making power. It's time to recognize this impact to begin to close the gender gap in property rights.
Latest from Shwetha
Why Women's Economic Empowerment is Not Just a Women's Issue
Families, communities, economies -- We all benefit from the economic empowerment of women.


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Through our significant experience in designing contemporary facilities for education, we understand that the creative obligation is not simply to provide a space for teaching, but to enable and support the learning process.
In our numerous projects – which include lecture theatres, research laboratories, libraries, and learning centres – the collective needs of the educator and the student are at the heart of our design.
We believe that successful places of education are those which inspire, enthuse, engage, motivate, and ultimately enhance the student experience.


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Thursday, October 7, 2010
Forest Secrets
Once upon a midnight dreary
Two forbidden lovers chase the shadows
and hid behind the withering trees.
They whispered their secrets, fears and dreams
They yearned for freedom and to love without defeat.
Why they cannot control their destiny is beyond
what they can ever ponder.
Too many questions without any answers.
They held hands like there was no tomorrow.
They stared at each other's eyes like there was no sorrow.
The night sang a song they will never forget.
And they stood up, held hands and they danced...
And danced...
And danced.
They were silent
but somehow they knew what the other was thinking
They smiled and then they ran into the dark and was never found again.
The trees were the sole witness
to a love that will never ever end.
Poem by Nina C.
Posted by Chickything at 6:54 PM
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I have recently purchased several scents in both the regular scallop type wax melts from Yankee Candle and the new jar wax melts to compare. Gingerbread was the first comparison I made between the two.
Gingerbread houses and gingerbread men are delicious childhood memories that we love to revisit every year. The aroma of spicy warm gingerbread rich with nutmeg, cinnamon and brown sugar will instantly return you to those carefree days when the holidays were always full of wonder, joy and tingling anticipation.
Cost: The scallop wax melt is usually $1.99 whereas the jar wax melt normally sells for $2.49 each.
Size: Both wax melts are 0.8 ounces in size.
Scent: I did detect a scent difference between the two. The scallop wax melt was heavier on the spices. The jar wax melt smelled more bready with the spices taking somewhat of a backseat. I actually preferred the scent of the jar melt better. I'm assuming the difference has something to do with the different wax formulations. (Read my original review of the Gingerbread jar wax melt here.)
Scent throw: The scent throw was stronger with the scallop wax melt. The scallop wax melt was also heavier on the spices, so the stronger scent throw was not as much of a surprise.
Longevity: The scallop wax melt outperformed the jar wax melt in this area as well. Although the bready component played out in similar fashion, the spiciness was still noticeable in the room for several hours.
I can't comment on ease of removal because I poured both of these melts out while hot. Since that's the important claim for the jar wax melts, I will probably test that feature out in the near future.
I have several scents to compare and not ready to make a judgement call yet. Although the scallop wax melt was the clear winner here, it could have been this particular scent.
Read Julia's thoughts on the Yankee Candle jar wax melts.
Happy candle burning ~


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By Bart van der Steen,Knud Andresen
During the early Nineteen Eighties, huge elements of Europe have been swept with riots and early life revolts. Radicalised teens occupied structures and clashed with the police in towns resembling Zurich, Berlin and Amsterdam, whereas in nice Britain and France, 'migrant' youths protested fiercely opposed to their underprivileged place and police brutality. was once there a hyperlink among the early life revolts in several eu towns, and if that is so, how have been they hooked up and the way did they impact one another? those questions are crucial during this quantity.
This ebook covers case stories from international locations in either japanese and Western Europe and focuses not just on political activities comparable to squatting, but additionally on political subcultures akin to punk, in addition to the interplay among them. In doing so, it's the first old assortment with a transnational and interdisciplinary standpoint on early life, early life revolts and social activities within the 1980s.
Read or Download A European Youth Revolt: European Perspectives on Youth Protest and Social Movements in the 1980s (Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements) PDF
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Back to basics
By Angie Sutton
I was reminded this week by some readers that often the basic cookie recipes are overlooked as we writers strive to share the latest craze in cookie creation. I admit it was not a hardship to bake these cookies, which disappeared quite quickly!
Pam's Chocolate Chip Cookies
Source: Pam Dankenbring, my sister
The pudding mix in this recipe makes these super soft cookies a favorite.
1 c. butter, softened
3/4 c. packed light brown sugar
1/4 c. granulated sugar
1 (3.5 oz) package instant vanilla pudding mix
Spicy Oatmeal Raisin Cookies
I like to slightly hydrate my raisins before using them by soaking them in warm water for about 10 minutes, then draining and damp drying with a paper towel. Take caution in not overbaking these cookies.
1/2 c. butter, softened
Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. In a large bowl, cream together the butter, shortening, sugars, eggs and vanilla until smooth. Combine the flour, baking soda, cinnamon, cloves and salt; stir into the creamed mixture. Stir in the oats and raisins. Drop by rounded teaspoonfuls onto ungreased cookie sheets. Bake 10 to 12 minutes until light and golden. Remove to a wire rack and let cookies cool for 2 minutes before removing them to cool completely on wire rack.
Peanut Butter Oatmeal Chocolate Chip Cookies
This recipe works best with margarine, so I discourage substitutions.
2 sticks margarine, softened
Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F. Cream the margarine, sugars and peanut butter until light and creamy. Add the eggs and vanilla and mix well. In another bowl, combine the flour, baking soda, salt and oatmeal; stir into creamed mixture until well blended. Stir in chocolate chips. Drop by rounded teaspoonfuls onto an ungreased baking sheet. Bake for 10 to 12 minutes. Remove to a wire rack to cool.
Barb's Super Sugar Cookies
Source: Barb Fenstermacher, my mom
You can use colored, granulated sugar for the tops as well. I've also mixed a bit of cinnamon with the sugar for the topping for something different.
1/2 c. butter, softened
Preheat the oven to 375 degrees F. Cream butter, shortening and sugars together. Add slightly beaten egg and vanilla. In another bowl, sift together dry ingredients; stir into creamed mixture until well blended. Roll dough into small balls, about 1-inch in diameter, and place on an ungreased cookie sheet. Before baking, dip a small flat-bottomed glass in granulated sugar and lightly flatten the cookie balls. Bake for 10 to 12 minutes or until lightly browned on the edges. Remove to a wire rack to cool.
10 tips for the perfect cookies
1. Unless otherwise specified, most recipes that call for an egg should be made with a "large" egg. Eggs from farm chickens vary in size so you may wish to measure 3.25 tablespoon.
2. When you place cookie dough onto the baking sheet, leave 2 to 3 inches between them to allow for hot oven air to circulate around each cookie for more even baking and to allow for the dough to spread.
3. If you're cooking with margarine, be sure it contains at least 80 percent vegetable oil. If the content is below 80 percent, your cookies make be tough, stick to the pan and don't brown well.
4. Choose shiny, heavy-gauge cookie sheets with very low sides or no sides. Avoid dark cookies or your cookies may overbrown. Parchment paper is worth the investment for baking and cleanup.
5. If a recipe calls for butter, select the unsalted variety. Same goes with nuts if your recipe calls for them.
6. Most recipes that call for flour actually mean all-purpose flour. To measure, gently spoon the flour into your measuring cup and level with a knife. Do not sift unless the recipe specifically calls for that.
7. Quality ingredients produce a quality cookie. When a recipe calls for vanilla or almond flavoring, be sure to use high-quality extract. Madagascar Bourbon Vanilla Extract is worth the investment.
8. Chilling the dough for at least 20 minutes before baking will produce a cookie that has a nice shape.
9. Allow your cookie baking pans to cool between batches—even if you're in a hurry! Your cookies will spread from the slight heat in the pan before they have time to set. Your result will likely be a burnt, crunchy cookie.
10. Once completely cool, store cookies in an airtight container. Do not mix cookie types in a container. If you cookies lose their softness, toss in a slice of white bread overnight.


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Thursday, December 13
12:00 - 1:00 p.m. MST
1 AICP CM - pending
Logan Sand, Recovery and Resilience Planner (CO Dept. of Local Affairs)
Nicole Aimone, AICP, Senior Community Planner (FEMA)
Nicole Wobus, Long Range Planning Manager (Boulder County)
Larimer County representative
One effective approach to mitigating risk in high hazard areas is for a local government or land trust to acquire it. This webinar will focus on land acquisition as an important hazard mitigation tool to protect communities from the impacts of floods and other hazards and achieve concurrent community goals. Join us to learn how several Colorado communities have used land acquisition and related tools to create meaningful flood hazard avoidance, and to explore potential hazard mitigation funding opportunities.
Please visit planningforhazards.com/webinars for additional webinar opportunities and previous recordings.


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Rob Staveley (Tom)" <rstave...@seseit.com>
|RE: MissingStringLastComparatorSource and MultiSearcher
|Fri, 14 Jul 2006 17:50:47 GMT
Neat :-) I was wanting to apply this to a field, which sorts on INT. Specifically I'm trying to achieve reverse chronological sorting on a timestamp field, which stores YYMMDDHHI (i.e. resolves to 10 minutes and doesn't handle centuries). Missing timestamps are assumed to be "old" (i.e. should appear at the end). I could get this to sort on String and use MissingStringLastComparatorSource, but would this not be less efficient than sorting in INT?? Is there a case for... public class Sorting { public static SortField getSortField(String fieldName, int type, boolean reverse, boolean nullLast, boolean nullFirst) { // ... } } ....and handling all feasible SortField types? -----Original Message----- From: Yonik Seeley [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] Sent: 14 July 2006 18:30 To: firstname.lastname@example.com Subject: Re: MissingStringLastComparatorSource and MultiSearcher On 7/14/06, Rob Staveley (Tom) <email@example.com> wrote: > Chris Hostetter and Yonik's MissingStringLastComparator looks like a > neat way to specify where to put null values when you want them to > appear at the end of reverse sorts rather than at the beginning, but I spotted the note... > > // Note: basing lastStringValue on the StringIndex won't work > // with a multisearcher. > > Is that a show-stopper for MultiSearchers, or does it just mean that > it is a bit less efficient? Short answer: it should work for 99.99999% of indicies :-) That comment just related to the original code that's now commented out that based the sort-value for missing values on the largest item in the index. To fix that, missingValueProxy was added and defaulted to bigString. That's what will be used to collate results in a multisearcher when the field value is missing. So this scheme will only fail if you have field values that compare bigger than bigString (or whatever you pass in as missingValueProxy). See the code below: public static final String bigString="\uffff\uffff\uffff\uffff\uffff\uffff\uffff\uffffNULL_VAL"; private final String missingValueProxy; public MissingStringLastComparatorSource() { this(bigString); } /** * Returns the value used to sort the given document. The * object returned must implement the java.io.Serializable * interface. This is used by multisearchers to determine how to collate results from their searchers. * @see FieldDoc * @param i Document * @return Serializable object */ /** Creates a {@link SortComparatorSource} that uses <tt>missingValueProxy</tt> as the value to return from ScoreDocComparator.sortValue() * which is only used my multisearchers to determine how to collate results from their searchers. * * @param missingValueProxy The value returned when sortValue() is called for a document missing the sort field. * This value is *not* normally used for sorting, but used to create */ public MissingStringLastComparatorSource(String missingValueProxy) { this.missingValueProxy=missingValueProxy; } -Yonik http://incubator.apache.org/solr Solr, the open-source Lucene search server --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
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Syahrie Anggara
Syahrie had been holidaying in Italy as he awaited the results of his MSc, unfortunately, while trekking in the Alps he was struck with extreme hypothermia and never recovered.
The incident happened a few days before the MSc Awarding Board met, so he never found out that he passed his degree with Merit, which adds to the tragedy. Syahrie's family travelled from Indonesia to be with him and Dr Kal Karim, from the Department of Chemistry, went above and beyond the call of duty to travel to Turin to hand over Syahrie's MSc certificate (which had been very helpfully rushed through by Registry).
Syahrie's Personal Tutor Professor Paul Cullis described him as an enthusiastic and well-liked student, and his research project supervisor, Professor Andrew Abbott, praised the quality of his work, saying: "As part of his MSc Syahrie carried out a research project on the processing of minerals using ionic liquids. The results he obtained were excellent and showed that metals could be directly recovered from minerals by a new technique.
"The work will eventually be published in a major scientific journal and that is an outstanding achievement in a short research project. This makes the circumstances of his death all the more tragic."


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DOMINIC Hill became the most recognised director in the history of Scotland's leading theatre awards after picking up two further nominations this year.
The artistic director of Glasgow's Citizens Theatre took the number of nominations he has received in the Critics' Awards for Theatre to 12 after the 2013 shortlists were announced.
In what is the 11th year of the awards, he is shortlisted in the best director category and his production of Krapp's Last Tape is nominated for best production.
Actor Alan Cumming, who presented the awards at the Tron Theatre last year, is amongst the eight nominees for best performance. He is shortlisted for the National Theatre of Scotland's one-man Macbeth, to play on Broadway, where he tackles all 15 roles from the Shakespearean tragedy.
The Royal Lyceum in Edinburgh and the National Theatre of Scotland have nominations in eight categories.
No fewer than 27 different productions staged across Scotland have made the shortlists this year.
The awards will be at the Traverse Theatre on June 9.
CATS co-convenor, Joyce McMillan, said: "There are signs that the trend towards co-productions between major companies is producing shows of outstanding scale and quality."


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Join us for the next ICES Experimental Economics Seminar of the semester, featuring Xavier Gine.
Xavier Gine, of the World Bank, will discuss his paper (co-authored with Ghazala Mansuri) "Together We Will": Evidence from a Field Experiment on Female Voter Turnout in Pakistan. The talk will take place on Friday, February 11th, from 4:00 to 5:30pm, in room 648 of the Truland Building, Arlington campus.
Visit the Seminar schedule for a copy of this week's paper and to learn more about upcoming speakers.


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Alum Blocks and Styptic Pencils
Alum Blocks
To err is to human. To knick and cut yourself whilst shaving doubly so.
It's something we all do, and it can really put you off shaving at times. It stings like all hell and I doubt being covered in cuts was exactly the look you were going for when you decided to give yourself a shave.
But we shouldn't kick ourselves and give up when we are down. We need to rise and try again. All with the help of an Alum Block.
Alum Blocks are the perfect shaving accessory to help you get over any little niggles you experience when getting the look you want. They are a crystal-like stone that can be applied to your skin to act as a pain relieving antiseptic agent.
All you need to do is wet the block then gently rub it onto any cut or irritated areas to receive instant refreshing relief. They stop any bleeding by tightening the pores and constricting blood vessels thanks to the mineral salts that makes up its body.
Thanks to modern innovation, Alum Blocks can now be purchased in the form of easier to handle and transport pencils and shaving matches.
Alum Blocks, pencils, and matches are available from premium shaving brands such as Edwin Jagger, Antiga Barbearia De Bairro, and Pacific Shaving Company. With one of these in your collection, you'll take your shaving game to the next level.


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At least overnight ones suck. I caught the late night Megabus to Boston and arrived at 6:30AM worn out. It was a long night having someone crammed up next to me. I was able to catch the train out of Boston right after arriving and got dropped off at the Cohasset station.
Suprise, Little did I realize the walk would be 2.5 miles with all my crap down a highway to get to my hotel. The joys of traveling! I got all checked in upon arriving, ate breakfast, and took a long hot shower. I will say though that the place I am staying for my cousins wedding is incredible.
My aunt offered to pick me up and we ran errands for a few hours before settling back down at her house. The usual started up right away upon my arrival. We spent the rest of the day eating incredible food and drinking cold beers on the back porch. Always a great time reuniting with my family.


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A former player with the Super Eagles, Godwin Okpara, has been arraigned before an Ikeja Magistrate's Court for allegedly battering his wife, Linda Oladoyinbo, at their house on Oduduwa Street, GRA, Ikeja.
Okpara played for the Super Eagles at the France 98 World Cup and African Nations Cup in 2000, among other tournaments. Okpara and Oladoyinbo who were based in France, where the former played for French club, PSG, had been married for over 25 years, and the union blessed with four children.
However, crisis started in the marriage in 2005 when the wife reported to the French authorities that Okpara was sleeping with their 13 - year- old housemaid, Tina.
He was arrested and convicted for the crime.
While he served a 10 - year prison term and was released in 2012, his wife got 15 years for child abuse.
Although Okpara was released early on the grounds of good conduct in prison, he forfeited all his property and money to the French government, who also took custody of the family's three surviving children.
Oladoyinbo, after her release, returned to their house in Ikeja, in May 2016. However, she was said to have met some persons in the house, which led to an argument between her and the husband.
Oladoyinbo, who wrote a petition to the police at the Zone 2 Police Command, Onikan, alleged that 45yr old Okpara later brought some thugs into the house and ordered them to beat her up.
The attack, according to the petition , was because Oladoyinbo questioned the partitioning and sale of the family's landed property in Ikeja. One of her relatives was said to have videoed the attack and also took pictures of the injuries sustained by the victim.
Okpara, in his reaction, told the police that the fight happened after he returned home and discovered that his wife had stabbed one of his visitors. The case was referred to the Lagos State Directorate of Public Prosecutions , which issued advice on it.
The advice, dated September 2017 and signed by the Director, Directorate of Public Prosecutions, Y .G . Oshoala, said the ex - international had a case to answer. The advice said, "Facts in the duplicate case file revealed that Mrs . Linda Oladoyinbo travelled to France for some time and upon her arrival, she was denied access to her matrimonial house by her husband– Godwin Okpara; and when she finally gained access after many weeks, she was only allowed into the guesthouse, while her husband's brother and wife moved into the main house.
"Further facts revealed that Mrs . Linda Oladoyinbo questioned Godwin Okpara about the joint property he sold without her knowledge and he beat her mercilessly with the participation of his brother and his wife. He equally brought thugs into the house, who beat her up with sticks upon which she suffered internal bleeding.
"This is corroborated by a picture showing severe face injuries suffered by the wife and the medical report from the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital indicating that she suffered serious injuries and was found bleeding from the nose and mouth as a result of the assault from the husband. The attached video record from the police clearly shows the suspect assaulting the complainant despite pleas from other observers".
The advice, which dismissed charges of forgery, stealing, malicious damage and threat to life due to lack of evidence, said the suspect should be arraigned on one count of assault occasioning harm. The charge read,"That you, Godwin Okpara, sometime in August 2016, on Oduduwa Street, GRA, Ikeja, Lagos, in the Lagos Magisterial District, unlawfully assaulted and injured one Linda Oladoyinbo, by flogging her with a stick and other weapons, thereby committing an offence punishable under Section 173 , Ch C. 17 , Vol. 3 of the Criminal Law of Lagos State, 2015"
The defendant pleaded not guilty and elected summary trial. His defence counsel, Malachi Odo, asked for his bail in liberal terms. He said,"The defendant is an ex- player of the Super Eagles. He served his country honourably. We pray the court to grant him bail in liberal terms".
The police prosecutor , Simon Imohwa , did not oppose the bail application. The magistrate, Mrs . B .O . Osusanmi, admitted him to bail in the sum of N 50 ,000 with two sureties each in like sum. The case was adjourned till January 29 , 2017.


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Rolled Canvas Print
One of many main causes for the huge and nonetheless rising reputation of canvas prints is that they provide a variety of choices and selections. You may select from totally different supplies, textures, finishes, and worth ranges. For example, canvas is accessible in 100% cotton, 100% polyester, and varied cotton-poly blends. Aside from these, textures comparable to matte, satin, metallic, and shiny are additionally out there to show photograph into canvas.
Nonetheless, it's not simply the fabric, printing sorts, designs, and textures that canvas gives selections in. After the canvas printed and lacquered, to stretched and mounted. It is a framing course of that enables the proprietor at hand it on the wall or simply locations it on a shelf if there may be ample area.
Nonetheless, if you'd like a canvas print which has not been stretched or mounted, you will need to order a rolled canvas craft concepts. A rolled canvas merely a canvas print with none body which handed to you as a job.
When you torn between ordering a rolled and a mounted canvas, the next dialogue may assist you make up your thoughts.
Advantages of Ordering a Rolled Canvas Print
There are lots of individuals who favor to do their stretching themselves and all the time order a rolled print. Listed below are a few of its advantages:
- Rolled canvas prints give you a whole lot of selections as you may. Have it framed or mounted as and if you like. It opens prospects of what you should use the canvas print for house décor and also you don't have to stay with no matter body the printer arms you.
- Mounted canvas prints, particularly the big ones are troublesome to move from one place to a different and also you may required to rent movers to take action. Nonetheless, a rolled canvas is well transportable and might transported with none assist. All it's important to do is safe the sides and put at the back of your automotive or within the trunk. This is a perfect method to transport massive canvas prints. You may then get low cost canvas frames at a neighborhood printing service.
- It can save you some cash on canvas pricing and stretch the printed canvas your self. Additionally, rolled canvas prints simply printed and delivered. So, if there a time crunch, rolled canvas prints your most suitable option.
Drawbacks of Rolled Canvas Prints
Though rolled best quality canvas prints are extremely helpful, they might have just a few pitfalls. When you a rolled canvas and plan to do the stretching your self. Just remember to have the information and experience to do it correctly. Attempting to work with canvas prints with out having enough. Data about it may end up in damaging the print in addition to the canvas materials.
Even if you happen to rent knowledgeable service to do the mounting, they might cost greater than the printer who printed the canvas would have. Due to this fact, earlier than ordering a rolled canvas print, take into account these elements to make the correct resolution.
The submit Benefits and Pitfalls of Ordering a Rolled Canvas Print appeared first on 55Printing.com Cheap Deals Online.
Supply: 55printingcheap.com


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Attorney Leonard Whitfield
Leonard has been a practicing lawyer for over 45 years, with substantial time served in the Arizona criminal justice system. He served in the JAG Corps in the Army for 4 years, as well as 14 years specializing in tax and franchise law. His specialty at The Hogle Firm is in Criminal Law, where his extensive experience and expertise have proved invaluable for clients facing criminal charges.
Leonard is driven by the opportunity he has to represent and advocate for the accused, to ensure their fair treatment under the law. A significant event in Leonard's career involved a case which changed Arizona law from convictions of not guilty by reason of insanity to guilty, but insane. He finds the most rewarding part of being an attorney is his ability to help clients mitigate the possible consequences they may be facing.
Leonard excels at helping clients understand the scope and procedures of the justice system. His diplomacy and skill in explaining the details of each case to his client and helping them with understanding the finer points, potential hazards and best-case scenarios for outcomes is what sets him apart as an outstanding advocate for clients.
Leonard graduated from Arizona State University in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in accounting and went on to receive his law degree from ASU in 1971.
Leonard and his wife have 5 children and 19 grandchildren. They enjoy family dinners, hiking and visiting interesting places.
Sport: Hiking
Vacation: Alaska, Branson, Sedona, DC
Heroes: Leonard admires President Trump because he's a fighter, also Dennis Dairman, who recruited him to public defender's office and taught him the ropes. He's currently a superior court judge. Gordon B. Hinckley, one of the greatest people in the 20th century, and a true visionary in building temples for the LDS church is also Leonard's hero.
What is your desired super power? To absolutely be able to determine truth from fiction
Who would play you in a movie about you? Clint Eastwood
Law Firm Offices throughout Arizona
Phoenix, AZ Mesa, AZ Gilbert, AZ Queen Creek, AZ Kingman, AZ Chandler, AZ Surprise, AZ


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NEW YORK, July 26 (Reuters) - Bristol-Myers Squibb Co on Thursday posted better-than-expected second-quarter earnings and raised its full-year forecast on strong sales from its blockbuster cancer drug Opdivo and blood thinner Eliquis.
Excluding one-time items, the drugmaker said it earned $1.01 a share in the quarter. Analysts, on average, were expecting earnings of 87 cents a share, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.
Net earnings fell to $373 million, or 23 cents a share, from $916 million, or 56 cents a share, last year. The company's results in the quarter were hurt by one-time payments to Nektar Therapeutics as part of the $1.85 billion development and profit-sharing deal on a promising Nektar cancer drug struck earlier this year.
Revenue totaled $5.7 billion in the quarter, up 11 percent from the same period last year, buoyed by sales of Eliquis, which surged 40 percent to $1.65 billion, and Opdivo, up 36 percent to $1.63 billion.
Despite strong sales for Opdivo, an immuno-oncology drug, there has been widespread investor concerns about competition from Merck & Co's rival treatment Keytruda.
Analysts have predicted that drug's sales will surpass Opdivo's in the recent quarter. Merck is expected to report earnings on Friday.
Still, Bristol-Myers revised upward its full-year forecast to a range of $3.55 to $3.65 per share, raising the top and bottom end of the range of its previous forecast by 20 cents a share. It now expects mid- to high-single-digit revenue growth, after previously predicting mid-single-digit growth.
The company's shares, which rose 1.34 percent on Wednesday to end at $59.04 on the New York Stock Exchange, are down around 3.7 percent so far this year, compared with a 5.6 increase in the Standard & Poor's 500 index. (Reporting by Michael Erman, editing by G Crosse)


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Weblog marketing is certainly something that most anyone that includes a blog can easily do. Yet , can just anyone that holds a blog page do it and do it effectively so that it gets results? Yes, just about anyone that includes a little bit of net knowledge baristas.com.tr and common sense can market a blog so that it will get the results that you are looking for. In case you are wanting to begin marketing a blog that you started out a while ago, and therefore are familiar with blogging and site-building and what that comprises then you really are a step prior to the beginners.
If you are rookie blogger, then simply there are some elements that you will need to find out. The simplest thing which can be done is to start off one, and simply journal in it for a little bit. This will allow one to learn what exactly it takes and what it is all about to keep up a blog. When you are just journaling your thoughts and what is in your concerns, you have nothing to lose and nothing to gain. You don't even need to make your blog public if you don't want other folks to read everything you have to say. Which is a personal preference. However , doing this will let you see how it works. Then you can move on to planning to market a product or service or a provider. Just to get knowledgeable about blogging even if, you should have a practice one particular. You will be pleased that you did that later.
Articles is king, and so very important while you are marketing a blog, web page, or what ever you choose to industry. When you have your own blog page, you are in charge of this that is posted on it. You are able to decide precisely what is said, and what is not. You want all composing it all, right? So , the sky certainly is the limit. If you want a blog that may website critiques and will take nominations, or else you want to promote things that you make out of the home, the choice is yours to make. Using a weblog to get the word out regarding whatever you want also is a great approach to market and promote something. You will get results that you will take pleasure in by using great content that is original.
Blog page marketing is merely as challenging as you help to make it. You are going to see that anyone can market something in cases where they have your brain set to do. Getting your blog up and going may be the first step and a lot important one particular make sure that you include chosen a subject niche which will get you good results as well. As which will mean that there isn't as much competition for the topics that you just choose, yet somehow there are many searches that are done for it too. Finding a area of interest that scarcely no one otherwise has handled is sort of hard to do at times, but can be done if you appearance hard enough. Start by thinking about tasks that interest you and stuff that you like to perform yourself. If possible, find something that you know about all ready or can learn quickly for being an expert in that field.
Weblog marketing depends upon results. In the event you market lengthy enough and with enough contentration, you are going to find the results that you would like and are trying to find. The take a moment to obtaining this are patience and determination . Something which you have to have to accomplish most anything.


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|Country • Capital • Flags
| Continents • Countries • Cities • Mountains • Oceans • Seas • Lakes • Rivers and canals •
National parks • Forum • Chat • Blogs • Polls • Photos • Videos
Tips for: backpackers • business travelers • luxury/exotic travel • hitchhikers • families • seniors • LBG travelers • pet owners
Hotels and lodgingEditThere are various hotels, motels, resorts, bungalows, cottages, hostels, camp grounds, etc. Right now, google would be your best bet for help at this point. Keep in mind that there are different 8 island groups within the Kingdom of Tonga.
AttractionsEditDepending on which island you stay on, activities generally are:
- Fishing
- Diving
- Snorkelling
- Surfing is very limited due to the coral, but there is one very popular surf spot on the island of Tongatapu
- Kayaking
- Hiking
- Camping
- Horse riding
- Whale watching (you can pay a little extra to swim with the whales!)
- Weaving classes
- Traditional dancing classes
- Historical spots such as Captain Cook's landing place, ancient burial spots, etc.
Do not plan to do any fashion shopping while in Tonga.
Do plan to shop for many souvenirs made locally by the Tongans.
NO SHOPPING AT ALL ON SUNDAYS. Bummer, yes.
Maps and transportationEdit
Getting to TongaEdit
Exploring TongaEdit
Practical information and resourcesEdit
Most businesses are not open on Sundays except for the gas station, bakery, and that's about it. Do not plan on buying cigarettes, alcohol, soda, or even chewing gum from any shop on Sundays! Do all your shopping needs on Saturdays!
There are internet cafes in Nuku'alofa, and you would be lucky to find any others outside this capital town.
Travel with a first aid kit from home—Do not expect the hospitals on each island to be fully equipped with anything.
Do get your foot in the door to be invited to a feast! A must eat is the spit-roasted pig! Yum!
Travel with insect repellant, and a soothing cream if and when you do get bitten!
Do travel to one of the resort islands for at least a night! Pangaimotu is great for a weekend get away! Pangaimotu offers a whale watching tour for only about USD$5.00 granted it is in a little rickety old boat, but do not fear! I survived, and with the best whale watching experience ever to brag about! The whale and calf came by very close to where I almost peed my bathers! ;) Also, kayaking around the island in still waters while everyone else is sleeping in is just the best feeling! Top it off with coffee on your little patio overlooking the empty beach while you dry off! :)
Do get out there and experience the serene waters, but do use your common sense!
RestaurantsEditThere are Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Indian, and Italian restaurants in addition to the Tongan restaurants.
Do not expect McDonald's, Burger King, or any other sort of fast food spot.
NightlifeEditNuku'alofa which is the capital, offers a string of night clubs along the waterfront. There are bars, and restaurant/bars. A popular spot is the Billfish which has live music on certain days.
Girls, do remember that you are in a foreign country so use your head even when drunk.
Photo galleryEdit
|Add a new photo to the photo gallery. Vote on which images to feature in the featured images forum.
Everything elseEdit
|Got something to say that doesn't fit in the other sections of this page? Add it here!
External resourcesEdit
Add links to other sites here


text: Ranthambore, due to its varied terrain and abundance of water bodies, has an excellent population of birds, resident and migrant. In total, a list of 272 species have been documented. Some of the best locations to watch birds are Malik Talao, the Ranthambore Fort, Rajbagh Talao, Padam Talao and in the Jhalra area. The most important birds in Ranthambore include's Graylag Goose, Woodpeckers, Indian Gray Hornbills, Common Kingfishers, Bee Eaters, Cuckoos, Parakeets, Asian Palm Swift, Owl, Nightjars, Pigeon, Dove, Crakes, Snipes, Sandpipers, Gulls, Terns, Great Crested Grebe, Eagles, Darters, Cormorants, Egrets, Herons, Bitterns, Flamingos, Ibis, Pelicans, Storks, Pittas, Shrikes, Treepies, Crows, Orioles, Cuckoo-Shrikes, Minivets, Drongos, Flycatchers, Ioras, Wood Shrikes, Pipits, Bayas, Sparrows, Finches, Wagtails, Munias, Bulbul, Mynas, Falcons etc.


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Motor Dealer Photography
Photographic Turntables | Motor Dealer Photography
Internet selling - or, at the very least, browsing - represents a key business area to all leading motor dealers in the UK today.
What better way to entice a potential customer to your premises than to present your vehicle stock in a new and exciting way by creating a virtual showroom on line?
With the use of a vehicle turntable and a still or video camera, you can bring your stock to life, putting you ahead of the competition.
The Considerations:
Space: The rotation area needs to be at least 6m x 6m We manufacture the Turntable
Configuration: In the ground (Flush fit) or built into a raised platform? We write the Image Capture Software
Photography: What images do you want to capture? Still / video/360 or all three? We build the Photo Booth
Control: We provide a total solution
- Standard Remote Control
- Programmed Positioning
- Automated Object Capture
We can provide a photographic turntable to fit into your existing infrastructure or provide a fully operational photographic enclosure including the turntable, platform, ramp, walls, lighting, cameras and PC and all points in between.
Are you currently paying for your vehicle photography? Why pay for something that your existing staff could produce at the touch of a button
Contact dealer360 Ltd to discuss your requirements and get a quotation today.


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RFEL Ltd.
About Us
RFEL is a UK based technology company providing high specification signal and video processing solutions to government, defence, security and industrial customers. As world leaders in real-time video processing IP and high performance image processing products, RFEL offers customers flexible solutions using its multi-award winning, patented FPGA IP-Cores.
Market Sectors
- Defence
- Government
- Security
- Industrial
Key Technologies/Services
- Real-time video processing and image enhancement
- Signal and video processing IP
- Research and development
- Design service and consultancy
- Digital signal processing
- FPGA expertise
Visit our website for more in-depth information at: www.rfel.com
Contact Details
Contact: Kirsten Morris
Tel: +44 (0)1983 216600
Email: moc.l1558632575efr@o1558632575fni1558632575
Write: RFEL Ltd
Unit B – The Apex
St Cross Business Park
Isle of Wight


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Disclaimer and Notice: The information provided on this website is intended for informational purposes only and should not be considered legal advice, nor does it create any attorney-client relationship. If you are in question about any of your legal rights or obligations, please contact an attorney licensed in your jurisdiction. Every item on this website is an original work and therefore copyrighted. All images of city, state, or county government property located on this website are for decoration only, and are not intended to imply any form of government affiliation or sponsorship.
Personal Injury
- Have you or your loved ones been injured as the result of someone else's negligence or carlessness? Every day all over North Carolina, people are injured because of accidents, motor vehicle collisions, and defective products...
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Distinct new catalysts for utilization of ethylene gas to polymer and oligomer
Distinct new catalysts for utilization of ethylene gas to polymer and oligomer - Download this document for free, or read online. Document in PDF available to download.
Applied Petrochemical Research
, Volume 3, Issue 3–4, pp 101–105
First Online: 09 October 2013Received: 25 June 2013Accepted: 24 September 2013
Bi-nickel-center catalysts were prepared by Schiff-base condensation of 2,3-butanedione with 2,6-di-isopropylaniline; 2-5-butylaniline, 2-isopropylaniline and 1,4-phenylene diamineI. More Schiff-base ligands were prepared by condensation of 2,3-butandione with 2,6-diisopropylaniline; 2,4-6-trimethyl aniline and 4,4-diaminophenyl benzidineII, and subsequent metathesis reaction with DMENiBr2. Bisalpha diiminenickelIIdibromide complexes are suitable catalysts and are precursors for the polymerization of ethylene after activation with methylaluminoxane MAO. In comparison with these complex analogs, mono-nickel-center catalysts, the new catalysts have much bigger molecules, illustrated by the distance between every two active centers II and III. For bi-nickel-center catalysts, the catalyst's structural credibility had profound influence on the catalytic activity. When the substituent was diisopropyl; t-butyl or methyl, the catalysts demonstrated much higher catalytic activity than the corresponding mono-nickel-center catalysts. Catalyst II with phenyl bridge showed high activity compared with catalyst III with diphenyl bridge. The catalytic properties of these complexes and the character of the obtained polymers depend on the ligand structure of the used catalysts. Substituents on the arene moiety and-or the backbone of the ligand influence the polymerization reaction. Small aryl substituents result in the formation of low molecular weight oligomers, whereas bulky aryl substituents gave high molecular weight polyethylene. Catalysts are cheap and can be prepared easily with available starting material and stable in air. The effect of Al-Ni ratio, of reaction time, variation of ethylene pressure, and the effect of temperature on catalyst performance will be discussed.
KeywordsOrganometallic Polymerizations Late transition metals Ethylene Download fulltext PDF
Author: Abdulhamid A. Alsaygh
Source: https://link.springer.com/


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There are a lot of people who suffer from premature ejaculation. If you are one among them, then Ejacutrol is the perfect solution for you. Based on natural ingredients, this herbal pill effectively reduces premature ejaculation.
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