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TWITTER: FashionInsider1 / INSTAGRAM: TheFi_Mag
By Shandrolyn Bell, NYC Bureau Chief
Photos Courtesy of Victoria/Tomas
Paris, France – In the new Victoria/Tomas collection we find an opening look that reflects a light, airy, yet athletic vibe which is carried throughout the collection. Soft cotton striped blouses with exaggerated sleeves are prominently sprinkled in the show. Many are topped with deconstructed jackets with relaxed construction.
A key feature is alter-ego patterns; stripes with polka dots or gingham plaid layered by colors. The use of buttery suedes and leathers is masterfully intertwined into the looks, using a hard twist on the high/low style on the skirts that is both refreshing and sexy with a pleasant surprise of fringe on the back.
One of the key looks is a buttery leather and suede knee length coat that could be worn relaxed of fitted with a draw string, with a very soft athletic feel. Front and back key holes play a major role in the show. Many are kissed with clear floral buttons. One of the sexist looks is a red slightly sheer body con maxi dress.


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One very important aspect of lawn care to understand is that your lawn needs nutrients to survive. When it comes to fertilizing, or 'feeding' your lawn, people often question exactly how it should be done. The "how" question that homeowners raise most is, "how often?" Read on to learn about the ideal fertilization application times for Frederick lawn care.
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Take Note of the Active Growth Period
When we think about fertilization in simplest terms, it is a feeding. Your grass will need the most food during its natural growth seasons. Fertilizer is essentially a healthy advocate, boosting your lawn and enabling it to do even better than what it is naturally intended to do. Cool season and warm season grasses benefit from more targeted fertilization during their active growth periods. However, no matter the type of grass, year-round lawn care in Frederick will encourage optimal health. Cool season grasses, like tall fescue, tend to need heavier fertilizer applications in the early fall and spring – however, fertilizing during the summer months does help the grass recover more quickly from the stress that a Frederick summer brings. Balanced fertilization is extremely important if you want to maintain a green lawn in Frederick throughout the growing season.
Natural & Organic Fertilization
Natural & Organic based fertilizers are healthiest for all grass types. These types of fertilizers not only feed your lawn but help add organic matter and stimulate microbes in the soil. These microbes help your grass feed off the nutrients in your soil and in the environment. Natural and Organic fertilizers also have a much lower salt index, making it very difficult to burn your lawn even in the summer months. Not all Organics are created equal and many of the quality ones are only available to professionals. For quality products and top-notch service, it is best left to the pros at Royal Greens, Inc.
Bring In An Expert
Identifying the type of grass you have, its growth periods, ideal times to fertilize, and the type of fertilizer to use can be challenging. This comes down to science, and it's not elementary school biology. Proper fertilization is a pillar for creating a green, thick Frederick lawn. However, even with knowledge about your grass type, chances are you may not get it exactly right… but a professional will. With a seasoned lawn care professional in Frederick by your side, you can get the green lawn you have been looking for.
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subset: commoncrawl


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three Purpose Setting Suggestions For Your Health And Health Program
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Number Three In USA – In 2002, there were 469,049 ladies-owned companies in Texas, up 23% from 381,000+ fin 1997. Sales/receipts had been $sixty five.1 billion in 1997 and $sixty six.7 billion in 2002. Texas was 3rd in America for 1) variety of companies and a pair of) complete gross sales/receipts for women-owned businesses. In it, lies the potential — and in the end a central source — of an enormous global political awakening. Simultaneously, the Technological Revolution has allowed elites to redirect and control society in ways never before imagined, ultimately culminating in a worldwide scientific dictatorship, as many have warned of for the reason that early a long time of the 20 century.


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Being Christ
I notice that in my daily life, I get many opportunities to be light to those around me. People who need a listening ear, someone to pray for or with them, to be a mentor or friend. I am so thankful for these opportunities. I also realize that in all my activities like those mentioned above, but also even "religious" activities that I need to things. Down time...this is just time to relax and do something simply for fun. I also need time in contemplative prayer...the rosary, or centering prayer are two of my favorite. They allow me to recharge my spiritual batteries and regain my center in the Beloved. How do you regain your center?


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Βen Webster 1964 - BBC Jazz 625 - Full Show
Ben Webster filmed at the legendary London Marquee club in December 1964 for BBC's equally legendary Jazz 625 TV show. He is supported by the three quarters of the Ronnie Scott Quartet of the day consisting of the great Stan Tracey on piano, Rick Laird (of later Mahavishnu Orchestra fame) on bass and Jackie Dougan on drums. Leader Ronnie Scott makes a guest appearance on A Night In Tunisia. We would be remiss not to mention composer, pianist, radio and television presenter Steve Race who also wrote the show's theme tune.
1. Sunday 00:00
2. Chelsea Bridge 05:37
3. Poutin' 10:23
4. Night in Tunisia 10:37
5. Over the Rainbow 25:04
6. Perdido 30:38


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Open Banking- Want to Know About It?
On August 21, 2018 by Jamie Kelly With 0 Comments - Blogging
Open Banking- Want to Know About It?
A technology in finance which allows third-party developers called APIs to access customer information of banks is called open banking. It enables the creation and sharing of financial data by different financial institutions in a safe manner. Let us see the benefits of open banking.
- Cost: Large financial institutions will also be in a position to offer services at a low price to the customers. Thus, even the not so richer ones can avail services and products offered by premium bankers. The cost of banking will be reduced due to open banking.
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- Better availability of customer credit historical data: The bankers can get better data on the credit history of the customer than the present system. Traditionally the role of a banker is such that the data security becomes a primary responsibility of the bank. But if it is shared through improved means of safety, such sharing benefits both bank and customer. Banks can prevent frauds when they get access to better data on the credit history and rating of customers. They can be more cautious towards customers having a bad rating. Customers who have a good rating will have more benefits and ease of access. In open banking, data availability benefits the customers also because they get more product information and better service. Unlike traditional banking, here the responsibility is shared by everyone. Hence more fairness and ethical practices are ensured.
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The 15 players from the 1990s who appeared in at least one MLB game in 2015, presented in the order of their MLB debut:
Randy Wolf (June 11, 1999) - Wolf had a very good 2002 season with the Phillies, and was an All-Star in 2003. Injuries cost him a fair amount of games during the next few seasons, by he rebounded to have probably the best year of his career in 2009, helping the Dodgers win the NL West. He missed all of 2013, and pitched only 25.2 innings in 2014, then spent most of 2015 in Triple-A, before appearing with the Tigers late in the season. He has 133 career wins, with 1,791 career strikeouts an a career ERA+ of 100, exactly league average.


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"Great achievement is usually born of great sacrifice, and is never the result of selfishness." - Author Napolean Hill
Your great achievement can come with a great sacrifice of sweat, cheeseburgers and the result will be a life worth living. And living longer. Don't make a resolution, make a lifestyle change! Good luck and God bless in 2012!
- Colin
Before starting any exercise, diet or health routine, first consult your physician to make sure that your body is healthy enough for physical activity.


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The Casual Baker is a military-look motorcycling jacket inspired by the legendary biker and actor, Steve McQueen. Available from Barbour International.Perfect for adding effortless character to simple weekend outfits, the Casual Baker is a 100% cotton twill jacket featuring a classic International biker look with a worn-in summer feel. Inside, a stars and stripes lining pays homage to the American actor, and includes studs for an optional liner; making it perfect for wearing right from spring to autumn.
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See the Men's fit guide for more information on our other fits.
*Overarm measurement: from shoulder point to cuff


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WTF Law Enforcement? Robert Powell & Paul Schene Exercise Authority
By Garth O'Brien | March 30, 2009
Filed Under OFF TOPIC
Dallas, Texas. This post will get a lot of heated comments. The cop haters will come out of the wood work to disparage police officer Robert Powell. They will call for his job and some will demand he suffer physical pain.
Then a wave of supporters will comment stating it is alright for cops to make mistakes. That they risk their lives and put up with the dregs of society so they should be allowed an off day here and there. Some people will actually claim it is okay for a police officer to act the way Robert Powell did when he stopped NFL running back Ryan Moats.
Here is the story and then we will move on to my rant and utter disgust for law enforcement because of incidents like this. Ryan Moats was on his way to Baylor Regional Medical Center with his wife and father in-law as passengers. They received word that his mother in-law was dying and the family needed to arrive soon to say their goodbyes.
As Moats neared the hospital he was confronted with a red traffic light. Since time was of the essence and there were no vehicles in the intersection or approaching the intersection Moats proceeded against the red light. Officer Robert Powell was observed this and conducted a traffic stop. Moats came to a stop in the parking lot of the hospital.
Moats and family informed Powell about their situation, but Powell needed to exercise his authority and detain everyone. Of course tempers began to rise and so did everyone's voice. Powell drew his gun. Please keep in mind Moats ran a red light, and then explained they were at the hospital to see their dying mom, wife and mother in-law. Powell drew his gun. Moats' wife, Tanisha, ran into the hospital against Powell's commands. This further aggravated Texas' finest.
Moats and his father in-law did not disobey the officer and while they were detained Jo died. Officer Powell is on leave and has since apologized.
Now for the rant. What is with our law enforcement? Why do so many think they deserve to treat every citizen they come into contact with in a rude and abrasive manner? Why do they continue to ignore the facts they are presented? Why do they act above the law?
These are timely questions and can easily be answered in part with the recent incident in Oakland. Two officers were killed conducting a traffic stop. Two more were killed by the same individual during an arrest attempt. Traffic stops can be just as dangerous are serving an arrest warrant or apprehending criminals in the act.
However, the police need to start using their deductive reasoning and perspective powers. Moats and family were not a threat. Moats and family did not deserve Powell's treatment. Let them visit the dying relative and write the ticket later.
Then we have the stellar King County Deputy Paul Schene that royally beat a 15 year old girl, Malika Calhoun. The suspect was already in custody and being placed in a cell. This means she has already been searched for weapons and processed or will be processed. As Schene is shutting the door the Calhoun kicks her shoe at Schene. Schene takes this opportunity to ultimately destroy this foul mouthed disrespectful teenager and destroy her he does. She is slammed head first into the wall. Yanked by her hair to the ground. Punched mutliple times to the back and head.
Schene claims the shoe caused him to bleed. Even so buddy, just shut the door and add a criminal charge of assault. Then go get a band-aid and fix your boo boo.
What is wrong with our law enforcement? Of course the response is, "only a few are the bad apples." Yes, but there are so many bad apples, and good cops ignore the bad ones. The public does not know or hear the truth. I have several friends from various law enforcement agencies, and I know many former staff members of various local enforcement agencies.
I have been told our men in blue use our confiscated illegal fireworks at their parties. I know that quite a few officers have been stopped for DUI, but are allowed to continue on their way home or are allowed to hail a cab instead of being arrested. I know some officers that like "investigating" the drunks at Pioneer Square because they usually make one mistake that will lead to a "legal" beat down. That is the problem because these incidents are widely known among the ranks.
The majority of the good cops turn their eye or condone the conduct and behavior of the bad cops. They protect the thin blue line and betray their oath to protect and serve. I could care less if you never break a rule and treat every citizen with the utmost respect. If you turn a blind eye to the actions of officers like Schene and Powell you are just as bad.
How many of you citizens work for a company that would tolerate you hiding evidence that your colleague is embezzling? How many of your supervisors would be fine with your entire team missing a deadline because your team is protecting one colleague that created the poor software code, or missed a legal brief filing date? In the real world the citizens suffer consequences for the failure to do their best. Our police officers are only punished when caught on video like Schene or they mess with someone famous as did Powell.
Please comment away. Tell me how I am crazy and cops should act anyway they want because of their stressful job. Tell me how we should burn them at the stake because all cops are bad. However, I really hope someone out there believes there is a happy balance and what is needed are adequate performance reviews and serious misconduct investigations that lead to serious and reasonable consequences. Burn the thin blue line and start running your organizations properly. It only takes a few bad apples to turn an entire community against the majority of good officers.
DUI Blog Comments
11 Responses to "WTF Law Enforcement? Robert Powell & Paul Schene Exercise Authority"
Las Vegas DUI Lawyer on
March 30th, 2009 10:30 pm
Ok the first story, almost made me cry. I assume everyone in the car was black. I would have told the father to run inside as well. That has to be the most… no i take that back, I have even more ridiculous cop stories. Here in sunny Las Vegas, cops have done MULTIPLE drive by shootings.
What's insane is [and I'm thoroughly researching our DUI laws, compared to other countries] our laws are out of whack with the crimes. And, it stems from private prisons, not from a lack of citizen cooperation.
george on
April 15th, 2009 5:05 am
You are an idiot. If the officer beat her so badly, why were there no injuries? Why was medical care not required? The truth is that he roughed the disrespectful junior criminal up, but did not really hurt her. It was a very measured response, not a beating as you say. If anyone with fighting skills were to really try to hurt a person, serious medical care would be required (like the Chris Brown incident)
Quite honestly, the disrespectful little brat deserved a \roughing up.\ Her verbal abuse of the officers and overall disrespect was the greater "moral" offense.
One who respects authority and the police.
Garth O'Brien on
April 15th, 2009 7:40 am
You have issues if you think it is a police officer's duty to "rough up" anyone to teach them respect.
Watch the video. Her shoe would not have caused a bleeding injury. Having her head slammed into a concrete wall and then smashed against a concrete floor is going to hurt. And you say this is necessary because she is a brat?
Our police officers are supposed to protect and serve. They are not supposed to determine which crime the suspect will be charged with, and they do not determine guilt of the punishment if found guilty. They stop crimes using a level of force proportional to the occasion.
Clearly, he went above and beyond. Why do we know this? Because he is now criminally charged with assault. Prosecutors DO NOT criminally charge police officers unless that officer seriously messed up.
Thank you for expressing your opinion in such a civilized manner.
george on
April 15th, 2009 4:39 pm
Your are a fool and probably have a low IQ as well as evidenced by the conclusions you draw based on limited information. I have no compunction to be civilized with you: you are making a judgment based on information you added to the facts and are condemning the officer on that uninformed basis. You are playing with a public servant's life here. You are adding your uninformed interpretation of what you think happened. While you may think she was "beat", she was not. There were no injuries that required any medical care. If anyone with any fighting training were to "beat" someone, they would require serious medical care.
The police are assaulted all the time and very often those assaults are by women and, yes, young women too. Largely because people think they are "weak" and not a threat, society also lets them get away with it. The police lay their lives on the line for American's fat lazy asses and they are entitled to the benefit of the doubt.. You are not giving that benefit. Just because she is small doesn't mean she wasn't dangerous and wasn't going to throw something else at the officer.
And yes, I think morally the teenager's abuse of the officers was a worse moral offense the roughing up she got. Do you know that that little hood was changed just recently with threatening someone's life? Personally, I would treat the verbal and physical abuse of the officers alone as a crime in its own right and use a penalty like caning (Singapore has the right idea!). Such disrespect for authority should not e tolerated.
george on
April 16th, 2009 6:39 am
As civilians we don't typically have the experience of people assaulting us in our work and we don't have the fear or the memories of someone trying to kill us (the Pedro Jo shooting) and believing we would have died had we not prevailed (read the transcript of the incident). We have not seen out fellow workers (officers) die through the actions of a criminal when our fellow officer did not react forcefully enough to protect himself. Such incidents scar officers emotionally and mentally. Given a choice between choosing to act or even over react to defend one's self, or choosing to weigh every situation giving the perpetrator the benefit of the doubt and raising the probability that I might die, I would choose the quick and even over reaction rather politically correct passivity.
Even though I am a civilian, in some sense I can identify and officer might have. I was brought up in a rough school and was beat up all the time until I studied martial arts (30 years practice now). I have the memories of being threatened, hurt, and bruised and bleeding. I was hurt quite badly in one case. My rough neighborhood gave me the opportunity to use my training multiple times. If a teenage girl had thrown something at me (I make no distinction between gender or size in the case of a physical threat), I believe I would take her down hard enough to stop her from throwing something else. Grabbing by the hair is a standard take down and come-along technique: it's no big deal.
Even if there was an overreaction, perhaps given the stress of the job and memories of friends dying or almost being killed one's self, I see such an over reaction as understandable even if not entirely justifiable. The officer has served the community and country for years and protected you, me and your family and put himself at risk to do it: does all that service count for nothing simply because of one incident? Is his entire life defined by society by this one video?
The court has the facts and the court will decide: I suspect their judgment will be far less harsh than I have been reading on the messages boards.
DUI Lawyers on
April 22nd, 2009 9:28 am
I agree Garth, George has got issues. I hink George is maybe a police officer and is standing up for his fellow officers.
I think we all understand that police work can be very stressful and that each police department needs to implement regular performance reviews and psychological reviews to make sure that the officer in question is capable of handling a certain situation.
The video clearly shows that there was no imminent danger and the officer did not need to use excessive force to control the suspect. I would be very curious to know as to whether or not he officer in question has had disciplinary problems in the past.
Chuck on
April 24th, 2009 11:32 am
George, what barn were you raised in? I assume you don't have kids and if you do, I worry about their welfare. Do your research. The girl had breathing problems after the beating. This is what prompted the removal and viewing of the video. I know of a school cop who was charged with sexually harassing a junior high boy at school. Of course, he was exonerated because almost always, they usually are.
My own daughter and her best friend told me about how they observed this same cop press his crotch into a girl's backside at the school. Yes, let's just blindly respect him and his "authority and power". Now go watch some more cartoons.
Garth O'Brien on
April 24th, 2009 2:46 pm
My IQ is probably as high as all the prosecuting attorneys that reviewed the evidence and decided to file criminal charges against the officer. Our law enforcement officers are not responsible for teaching individuals manners or respect. They are also not allowed to use disproportional levels of force given the circumstances. Schene did and therefore is facing criminal charges.
George on
April 26th, 2009 8:28 pm
The girl probably had breathing problems related to anxiety…nothing more. I think, everything the officer did was reasonable up to the point where he swung at her on the ground: we don't know if he actually hit her.
Problem is that the vast majority of Americans are not trained in fighting or take down techniques and so they tend to over interpret the video. The push kick is a standard defensive technique and grabbing the hair is a widely used come along and take down technique. I learned both of those techniques in my training and I can use the techniques on people without hurting them. It is not a big deal and it didn't hurt her.
No, I am not a cop. I am a former martial arts teacher and I do work with cops at times in some volunteer work I do. I also have relatives who are cops.
I would refuse to convict the cop if I were on his jury.
George on
May 1st, 2009 11:30 pm
I have 4 children, all grown. My children never did and never would never speak so abusively to or assault a police officer as this hood did. . If one of them did, I would shake the officer's and thank the officer for teaching my child a lesson and respect for authority. I would then take my child home, we would put on the martial arts sparring gear and I would rough him up myself for second "lesson" of respect.
This was a very controlled response from the officer and he did not hurt the girl, just roughed her up. I would have a different view if he actually hurt my child. I would even offer that such an object lesson might even save my child's life: threaten people, assault people and treat them with such contempt and abuse and odds are that she will eventually come across a person who will retaliate and really hurt her. I actually know of a class bully from my high school who was shot and killed in his mid 20's by an 80 year old man he was "road raging" at. The man emptied both barrels of shotgun into him and the tough bully died a few minutes later.
This teenager has a history of offenses and repeated run ins with authority and treating people abusively.. This is not the girls first run in and from what I know of her she has many more from school incidents, as well a changed for felony assault. She is about as close to evil incarnate as any one I ever known and I predict she will live out her life in jail or die young.
I am astounded at the depravity of your value system where you attribute the worse offense to the officer. On a moral scale of 1-10 (10 being worst) I would rate the officers action a 2 and the girls abuse of the officers a 7.
km...uk on
May 23rd, 2009 1:31 am
george u f_ckin wanker


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For the past few years, I've found myself popping in certain DVDs to celebrate Halloween. As I've kicked off the viewing a bit early (and boobamiaow has expressed an interest in my list), I thought I'd share this year's choices with you. I should probably warn you that some of my movie selections aren't exactly traditional. It's also possible that they won't all make it on the list. I'll include my absolute must see movies first, though, apart from tonight's DVD, I'm not sure what order they'll be viewed in.
The first film I'll start with is Hot Fuzz because I watched it tonight. Yeah, I know. Not exactly Halloween fare. However, while it's basically a murder mystery/buddy cop comedy, there are horror elements as well. I mean, Billie Whitelaw is in it and she was scary as hell in The Omen.
Clue is probably less of a given. However, I can't resist seeing more Tim Curry once I've watched The Rocky Horror Picture Show. And Clue does take place on a dark and stormy night and, of course, involves murder.
No Halloween would be complete without the 1939 version of The Hound of the Baskervilles. It's, like, watching the Jeremy Brett version of "The Blue Carbuncle" during the festive season.
If I have time, I might watch Murder By Decree. I've had a craving for it ever since I finished reading Lyndsay Faye's wonderful pastiche, Dust and Shadow. I had originally toyed with the idea of watching it tonight. However, after this week's episode of The Tudors (involving the first two stages of a man being hung, drawn and quartered), I decided to avoid any films based on historical events! Uh, in this instance, I'm referring to Jack the Ripper and not Sherlock Holmes. *g*
The other film I might have to watch (although I saw it not all that long ago) is Murder on the Orient Express. Again, not really Halloween fare, but I'm reading the novel and already find myself tempted to stick in the DVD.
Well, I'd better go or I won't have time to watch anything. *g*


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by TmwVRNet
Sexy Darcia catches an eye thanks to her exotic appearance, long legs, big natural tits and awesome tight ass. She didn't expect that not one but two horny males would be eager to fuck her pink slit. The beauty moans from the caress of two lovers and a bit shocked when one of them penetrates her right on the belly of his partner in this fuck crime. The brunette hottie has to serve two boners at once by blowing and fucking at the same time. At last two insatiable studs cum right on the pretty babe and she loves it!
full video available for streaming.
Other Free Full Videos
Superb video. MMF are all too rare in VR porn and this is one of the best - filmed brilliantly and Darcia is stunning. A classic.
DavidChapman (04.06.2018)
Very good video, the girl works without resting all the video.
CyberVR (16.05.2018)


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Indomethacin Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings
Indomethacin is also known as: Indocin, Indocin IV, Indocin SR, Tivorbex
Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Sep 10, 2018.
Indomethacin Pregnancy Warnings
Not recommended during last trimester of pregnancy.
Prior to 30 weeks gestation: Use only if potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
AU TGA pregnancy category: C
US FDA pregnancy category: C prior to 30 weeks gestation
US FDA pregnancy category: D starting at 30 weeks gestation
-Avoid use during third trimester as it may cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus.
-Not recommended in women attempting to conceive as may impair female fertility.
Administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during the third trimester of pregnancy may cause premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus, fetal renal impairment, platelet dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, and gastrointestinal or intracranial bleeding. There are no controlled data in human pregnancy.
NSAIDs may impair female fertility; withdrawal of NSAID therapy should be considered in women with difficulties conceiving or who are undergoing investigation of infertility.
AU TGA pregnancy category C: Drugs which, owing to their pharmacological effects, have caused or may be suspected of causing, harmful effects on the human fetus or neonate without causing malformations. These effects may be reversible. Accompanying texts should be consulted for further details.
US FDA pregnancy category C: Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.
US FDA pregnancy category D: There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.
Indomethacin Breastfeeding Warnings
Due to low levels in breastmilk and therapeutic administration directly to infants, use is considered acceptable in nursing mothers; however, according to some manufacturers, use is not recommended. In a small study where 11 out of 15 women received doses ranging from 75 mg orally to 300 mg rectally once a day, the average concentration in breast milk was estimated to be 0.27% of the maternal weight adjusted dose. One study reported a plasma level of 47 mcg/L in 1 infant 1.2 hours after the midpoint of breastfeeding in a mother receiving 2.94 mg/kg once a day.
In a single case report in which a mother was taking 200 mg from the fourth to sixth day postpartum, the infant experienced a generalized seizure when this drug was stopped in the nursing mother, followed by a second seizure the next day. No metabolic findings accounted for convulsions and no levels of this drug were measured in mother or infant. Initially it was thought that this drug was possibly responsible for causing the seizures, however, later studies and established therapeutic use in newborns makes it unlikely that this drug caused the seizures. Due to lack of published clinical experience in newborns and preterm infants, other agents may be preferred.
AU and UK: Use is contraindicated.
US: Caution is recommended.
Excreted into human milk: Yes
Comments: The effects in the nursing infant are unknown.
References for pregnancy information
- Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics." O 0
- "Product Information. Indocin (indomethacin)." Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA.
- Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information." O 0
References for breastfeeding information
- United States National Library of Medicine "Toxnet. Toxicology Data Network. Available from: URL: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?LACT." ([cited 2013 -]):
- Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics." O 0
- Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information." O 0
- "Product Information. Indocin (indomethacin)." Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA.
See Also...
Further information
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.


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Dear Wormwood,
Congratulations on your reassignment to America. Now that Europe is essentially secure, the higher echelons are shifting their attention across the ocean. I put in a good word for you and you will be assigned to one of the most elite units in the West as you work with unbelievers who have begun going to American churches.
Our enemies like to call these patients, "seekers," which reminds me of one of our great American victories a few decades ago: The Church Growth Movement. We actually managed to convince these idiots that in order to reach more of our army, they should water down their message to become "seeker sensitive!" I know, right?!? Now, the focus in your patient's local church is numbers rather than actually teaching from that wretched book. Many churches have fallen for this trap and we have managed to build a church-hopping culture in many towns across the country. Your patient's current church consists of many people who have already turned their backs on churches before and will likely abandon this church as well someday. Your patient's pastor knows this and his handler reminds him daily.
While we do have a beachhead in the local church, it remains the most dangerous place that your patient could be. Our forces have managed to trick your patient into thinking that Christians are sinless, so if you can help him see how hypocritical Christians are, then perhaps this will drive him away from church and back into safety. Above all else, you must do everything within your power to prevent him from believing in the Enemy for eternal life. This is a difficult task, but it can be done.
Until now, your client has worked hard to earn everything he has. His work ethic is unpleasing, to say the least, but we can use this as an edge against the Enemy's Message. If everything in life must be earned through hard work, then surely you can keep him convinced that eternal life must be wrought by hard work as well. So long as your patient is trusting in his own works for eternal life, he is not trusting in the Enemy. Once again, I cannot overemphasize how terrible the moment will be if he ever does believe in the Enemy.
Your colleagues will ensure that your patient hears that faith in the enemy is insufficient and that he must contribute his own works for salvation. We have redefined "faith" to mean "faith plus works," so that now, "faith alone" means "faith and works." It is important for your patient to hear this redefinition as early as possible, so that he understands that the church's message is back loaded. If someone tells him to believe in the Enemy for eternal life without telling him to also believe in his works, then he just might believe!
You will want to prevent him from reading the Enemy's Book. Much hard work has gone into changing the message that the church promotes, but if your patient reads from the original source, then all of our work is for naught. For thousands of years, we have managed to attack the Message itself by telling men that they must believe in their own works instead of the Enemy's. Unfortunately, that nasty book has been around this whole time and when people read what the Enemy Himself said on the matter, it is hard to get them to ignore the free offer of eternal life. It is difficult, but not impossible.
Should that day ever come and your patient does believe that awful message, then, as you know, an irreversible thing will happen that will forever change the dynamic of your work with him. This is the worst thing that can happen during a man's life. Should that terrible thing happen, though, you can still have some smaller victory if you manage to convince him that the message he believed is wrong and that his works are indeed required to gain or maintain eternal life. The Enemy hates it when we convince His people that He is insufficient. If your patient can evangelize a faith plus works message, then all the better, as he will slap the Enemy in the face every time he says that His work on the cross (oh, that wonderful day!) were insufficient.
Your double-talking uncle,


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Last Sunday(26/oct/2008) another road trip again, this time with rach, lim and their ex coleague.
we suppose to eat at fish nodlw shop in front of raz ma tazz, but damn full, so we go the next shop which is selling the same stuff, only not so famous saja. Then we proceed to kundasang. the rain was so heavy and rain non stop. it was so cold, but fun…heheh, damn lvoe it when there was white smoke come out from my mouth…hehe…imagine rain+ cold wind, damn priceless.
oh and we visit some nursery thingy. suppose to go desa but rain too heavy.
damn love this shot…
red red rose
The monkey face cactus!!!!
high tea.
long time dint tak good picture, my not so skill full finger become more no skill.
More of the pic can be found HERE<–click!


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Disability Benefit and Tax Credit for Marfan Syndrome
Marfan syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by distention and deterioration of the connective tissues in the lungs, heart, eyes, bones, spinal cord and other tissues resulting to cardiac and blood vessel abnormalities, such as leaking heart valves or feebleness in the aorta. In Marfan syndrome, the connective tissuesfail toprovidevital organs with structural supportand elasticity.Individuals withMarfan syndrome are frequently very tall, skinny, and present with loose joints. There is no therapeutic regimen that will cureMarfan syndrome, however, existing therapies like surgeries, therapies and medications can help prevent and delay possible fatal complications.
Marfan syndrome affects a person's ability to feed and prepare food, play, and dress and carry on other activities of daily living (ADLs). Complications may have a detrimental effect on his ability to walk, run and engage in sports. His vision is likely to be affected in the long run because of complications like Glaucoma, Premature Cataract and Retinal Detachment. Marfan syndrome may impinge emotional distress to the person with Marfan syndrome as well as to his family.When diagnosed, he/she may feel angry, depressed, anxious or scared. Furthermore, denial is also a common initialresponse; this may be detrimental especially if the outcome isaverting appropriate medical attention and not refraining from engagement instrenuous occupation and vigorous sports. Moreover, parents of a child with Marfan syndrome may feel grief, desolation and guilt. It is vital for parents to understand that they are not accountable.
By and large, Marfan syndrome is inherited from either the mother or father however, one in every four cases manifests in a child of unaffected parentswith no known family history of the disease. Marfan syndrome is pre-existing at birth, but could not be diagnosed until adolescence or later in life. It occurs equally between the sexes, who have a 50% possibility of sending on the gene to their kids. Prenatal diagnostic testing for Marfan syndrome is accessible which detects genetic mutation associated with Marfan syndrome. A procedure called linkage analysis tracks the gene by utilizing genetic markers.All men and women with Marfan syndrome present the same defective gene, but not every person live through the same symptoms to the same extent.
There is no definite diagnostic procedure to diagnose Marfan syndrome. Moreover, the physician may clinically diagnose it through thorough assessment of the person's medical and family history, and most importantly, a review of systems.
The presenting symptom is myopia or nearsightedness resulting from increased retinal curvaturesecondary to connective tissue changes in the eye. It potentiates an increased chance of glaucoma, retinal detachment, and untimely cataract development.It may also result to anexaggerated bone growth and laxity and flexibility of the joints. Scoliosis, protruding or sinking in off the chest may occur as the person grows older. This causes the appearance of disproportionately long arms and legs.Crowded teeth, flat feet and prominently lengthy fingers and toes may also be manifested but mortality is largely due to abnormal cardiovascular complications.
A multidisciplinary team of medical professionals including an orthopedist, geneticist,ophthalmologist, cardiologist as well as a cardiothoracic surgeon handle cases of Marfan syndrome. They usually provide symptomatic treatment as follows:
- Visual problems are generally managed with corrective glasses and/or ophthalmic surgical procedures.
- Skeletal deficitspossibly will require surgery. Arch supports and orthotics are prescribed for persons with flat feet in order to diminish strain on legsas well as muscle cramps.
- Beta blockers will be prescribed toalleviatetension on the aorta at the time of diagnosis or when there is a worsening dilation of the aorta. At this time, it has delayed but not vetoed the need to ultimatelycarry out aortic surgical repair.
- Annual cardiovascular diagnostic studies includeECGs to observe the status of the aorta.
- Affected individuals are strictly advised to steer clear of engaging in competitive and contact sports as well as weight lifting. However, they may engage in aerobic exercises like swimming. Moreover, they should avoid caffeinated beverages and decongestants, which may hasten blood pressure.
Disability Tax Credits for Marfan Syndrome
MarfanSyndrome is caused by defective genes and will usually start manifesting as early as childhood. If you suspect that you or your child may have this affliction, do not hesitate to consult your health care provider. With this, you might qualify for a disability tax certificate or your child may be eligible for a disability savings plan. Let a HandyTax representative help you facilitate the ease of filing for your claim.


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TRAILER EDITOR needed for Romantic Comedy Drama (movie similar to "How Stella Got Her Groove Back")
Budget $250-750 USD
TRAILER EDITORS ONLY. Please only apply if you have cut a trailer before. I need a kick-ass TRAILER that will make audiences wanna see this movie. Trailer should be fun, thought-provoking, suspenseful, enticing and funny with surprise elements. The film will be released limited theatrical.
14 freelancere byder i gennemsnit $470 på dette job
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text:
Sleepy babies are great fun!
They can be put in cute poses, gorgeous outfits and divine backgrounds! (Please, note, babies' safety is our first and foremost concern and we will never force any poses where the baby isn't comfortable or safe).
We use an array of outfits and props in many colour themes, but your precious keepsakes, favourite toys or cherished blankets are welcome and will gladly be incorporated in the session!
Also, if you missed the sleepy first weeks of your baby's life, don't fret – there are plenty great images we can get of slightly older babies!
And, they can maintain eye contact with the camera and even shoot a cheeky smile or two in our direction!


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Original Research ARTICLE
Front. Neurorobot., 03 March 2010 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2010.00001
CORTEX Research Team, Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications, Nancy, France
Advanced Concepts Team, European Space Research and Technology Centre, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands
Unité Mixte de Recherche 1272, Physiologie de l'Insecte Signalisation et Communication, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Versailles, France
Tracking scents and locating odor sources is a major challenge in robotics. The odor plume is not a continuous cloud but consists of intermittent odor patches dispersed by the wind. Far from the source, the probability of encountering one of these patches vanishes. In such dilute conditions, a good strategy is to first 'explore' the environment and gather information, then 'exploit' current knowledge and direct toward the estimated source location. Infotactic navigation has been recently proposed to strike the balance between exploration and exploitation. Infotaxis was tested in simulation and produced trajectories similar to those observed in the flight of moths attracted by a sexual pheromone. In this paper, we assess the performance of infotaxis in dilute conditions by combining robotic experiments and simulations. Our results indicate that infotaxis is both effective (seven detections on average were sufficient to reach the source) and robust (the source is found in presence of inaccurate modeling by the searcher). The biomimetic characteristic of infotaxis is also preserved when searching with a robot in a real environment.
Olfactory cues are employed by many forms of life to locate food or find mates with a high degree of precision. Moths and bacteria are the most illustrative and well documented examples of navigation strategies under real world conditions. The later rely on local concentration gradients to direct toward the source of a nutrient (Berg, 1975 ). Male moths on the other hand are guided by pheromonal cues to locate their female (Baker et al., 1985 ; Birch et al., 1990 ; Mafra-Neto and Carde, 1994 ). Upon sensing an odor signal, they surge upwind, since a good estimate of the source direction is provided by the direction of the flow. When odor information vanishes, they exhibit an extended cross-wind casting to perform a local search until the plume is reacquired. Considerable research has been carried out in an attempt to unravel the biological mechanisms that control some of these behaviors and apply them to robotics (Murlis et al., 1992 ; Vickers, 2000 ).
Computer or robot-based implementations of biomimetic strategies are relevant not only for testing hypotheses about animal behavior (Belanger and Arbas, 1998 ), but also for tackling practical problems for which pure engineering solutions are still missing, e.g., finding dangerous substances such as explosives or drugs, or exploring inhospitable environments. Previous robotic attempts have been mainly based on plume tracking – performing a local search within the plume – or chemotaxis – climbing a concentration gradient (Kowadlo and Russell, 2008 ). Even if shown to work for large environments (Farrell et al., 2005 ), these strategies are truly effective in dense conditions only, i.e., close to the source where the odor plume can be considered as a continuous cloud. Far from the source, odor dispersal occurs mainly through advection and turbulence dominates. The local concentration gradient hence fluctuates constantly in magnitude and direction and does not always point to the source. The fine-scale structure of the chemical distribution consists of sparse, dispersed and sporadic patches of odors surrounded by wide voids, and the probability of encountering one of these patches decays exponentially with distance (Schraiman and Siggia, 2000 ). Tracking scents and locating odor sources in such dilute conditions is a major challenge in current robotics.
Recently, Vergassola et al. (2007) proposed a strategy, named 'infotaxis', for searching in turbulent environments. Infotaxis relies on Bayesian inference to maximize information gain, and exploits the scarcity of odor encounters. It involves a period of exploration during which the agent (robot) builds a probabilistic map of the source location, in a similar way to Pang and Farrell (2006) . As the agent accumulates information, the map becomes sharper and its entropy – which reflects the uncertainty about the location of the source – decreases. Because the expected search time is determined by the uncertainty of the belief, the robot navigates to maximize the expected reduction in entropy, and therefore the rate of information acquisition. Maximizing information gain entails a competition between two conflicting terms. The exploitative term drives the robot toward locations where the probability of finding the source is high. The explorative term favors motion to regions with lower probabilities of source discovery but high rewards in terms of information gain. Interestingly, although animal patterns such as 'casting' or 'zigzagging' are not pre-programmed or imposed through explicit rules of movement, these behaviors do actually emerge naturally from the trade-off between exploration and exploitation at the core of the model (Martinez, 2007 ).
Promising results were achieved with infotaxis in simulation, even for environmental conditions that consider turbulence. Nevertheless, matching the complexity of the world in simulation has been shown to be extremely difficult (Webb, 2000 ). A formal description of the instantaneous structure of the plume in a turbulent flow may for instance require simplifications or assumptions to make the problem tractable. The use of a robot, on the contrary, compels to consider and confront all factors in the environment, yielding complete results. We present hereafter a successful solution for implementing infotaxis within a real robotic system, and we assess its performance in terms of effectiveness and robustness under turbulent conditions. This framework is employed as a testbed to assert complete and rigorous evaluations under real conditions. In addition, we confront infotaxis in simulation to time-varying environments such as the ones used in biological experiments, and thereby further evaluate the biomimetic characteristics pointed out by Vergassola et al. (2007) . Our evaluation is twofold, and consists of both quantitative analyses of the agent's propensity to surge upwind or to cast cross-wind, and qualitative interpretations of what compels him to exhibit such behaviors.
Although infotaxis is fully described in Vergassola et al. (2007) , for the sake of completion the algorithm is sketched in Appendix. Infotaxis relies on the capacity to exploit the finest characteristics of the turbulent medium, i.e., discontinuous odor cues dispersed by the flow. A pre-requisite is that odor 'cues' are detected. They may refer either to brief and discrete odor patches or to odor filaments with extended spatiotemporal characteristics.
We tested extensively several gas sensors that are commercially available and none of them suited our needs in terms of response time and sensitivity. They saturate at medium concentrations and require a long-lasting phase of degassing before they can react again. To circumvent the problem, we used a temperature sensor that reacts quickly and does not saturate easily. Note that the transport model of heat is identical to the one of smell in environments where advection clearly dominates over diffusion (high Peclet numbers; Schraiman and Siggia, 2000 ) so that the statistical model of the turbulent medium (only the time- averaged concentration is used) described in Vergassola et al. (2007) may be used for updating the source distribution map. Such a model considers independent detections over time, regardless of previous events. Yet in reality an odor patch or filament covers a certain volume and generates correlated hits as it passes in front of the sensor. In order to ensure that consecutive detections are not overcounted, the posterior probability distribution of the source is derived from a modified model of turbulent medium which accounts for correlated hits (see Appendix). The model is built from the time intervals of no-detection and from the transitions from no-detection to detection. In our implementation, the transitions occur whenever the sensor signal exceeds an adaptive threshold, whose role is to filter noisy oscillations due to wind or sensor fluctuations. The threshold is derived by averaging sensor readings over two time-steps (40 samples), and adding a constant term established empirically in the absence of stimuli (set to 25 under our environmental conditions – Figure 1 , bottom). Note nevertheless that since the duration of the detections is not taken into account, all the patches are equally considered, irrespective of their size.
Robot infotactic experiments were done with a Koala robot designed by K-Team SA, Switzerland and equipped with an on-board low-level CPU for motion control. The sensor output is sampled at 10 Hz, amplified (Amplifier LMC6462 from National Semiconductor) and quantized with the analog to digital converter available on the robot (10 bits of resolution, 5 V of dynamic range). The heat source had a power of 2000 W and a fan created a wind speed of 2.5 m/s. The wind is assumed to be constant and in the same direction at any time, i.e., local wind speed and direction needed not to be measured by the robot. In order to limit corruption of the temperature sensor by the additional airflow created from the movement of the robot, the motion was implemented as consecutive discrete steps and sensor readings were taken while the robot staying still. Steps of 20 cm were used so as to minimize the effect of discontinuities. The navigation experiments were performed in an arena of 5 m long by 4 m large resulting in a grid-based model of the environment of 25 × 20 points. In order to obtain statistically comparable results, all trials reported hereafter are initialized with the robot located at (10,2) and the source at (9,24). At every step, the agent updates its belief (probability map of the source distribution) according to the history of detection and non-detection events and chooses the best strategy in terms of entropy minimization among the five possible actions, i.e., making a move to one of the four neighboring steps or staying still. The robot is assumed to have reached its goal at one step from the source.
Figure 1. Robot infotaxis in action. Top: Snapshot of the robot at particular times during its path. Middle: Corresponding source distribution maps (belief functions). The blue (resp. red) color code corresponds to low (resp. high) probabilities. The path of the robot from start to current time is superimposed to the map as consecutive red dots when there is no detection, a green dot indicating a detection. Wind blows downwards. The source is at location (9,24), the robot starting point is (10,2). Bottom: Detection procedure. The sensor signal, recorded at 10 Hz during the robot path, is shown in red. An adaptive detection threshold, in blue, is derived from the smoothing average, in green. The five detected patches are indicated as black dots.
Complementary infotactic simulations were performed in Python. Continuous and pulsed sources were considered (see Appendix). For the continuous case, the parameters are: diffusivity D = 1, life-time of particle τ = 1.5 and emission rate of the source R = 2, expressed in arbitrary units. Wind speed is set to V = −2.5 m/s and the size of the sensor is a = 1 cm. These parameter values were established empirically to match the real robotic environment. For the pulsed case, the same values of parameters were used and the source frequency was set to 0.2 Hz for slow pulses (pulse duration = 0.2 s, air gap between pulses = 1.3 s) and 0.67 Hz for fast pulses (pulse duration = 0.2 s, air gap = 4.8 s).
To test the effectiveness of robot infotaxis for searching in dilute conditions, we performed 21 robot runs (see one example in Figure 1 ) and compared them with 150 simulations of Infotaxis. For 20 trials out of 21, the robot was able to reach the source within a reasonable time limit of 150 steps, above which the robot is considered to be lost. This case occurred in one trial only, during which too many detections persuaded the agent that the source was already found, i.e., exploitation was predominantly compelling the robot to stay in its current location rather than exploring further and gather information. For the successful runs, the number of detections was low (7.53 ± 6.42, mean ± SD), reflecting the dilution condition of the experiments. The cumulative distribution of the number of detections for robot infotaxis, plotted in Figure 2 (left), is not statistically different from the one obtained with simulated infotaxis (8.59 ± 5.85, mean ± SD; two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test p = 0.26). The search time cumulative distributions between simulated and robot infotaxis were also not different (Figure 2 , right, two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test p = 0.73). The search time distribution is well described by a gamma distribution with shape and scale parameters 8.5 and 7.5 respectively. From Figure 3 (left), we note that robot trajectories are similar to those obtained in simulations, e.g., biomimetic patterns such as 'extended crosswind casting' or 'zigzagging upwind' typical of moth flight emerge naturally from the trade-off between exploration and exploitation (Vergassola et al., 2007 ). The track angle histogram of robot infotaxis shown in Figure 3 (right) presents a peak at 0° (p = 0.001, Rao's circular test of non-uniformity), indicating a predominance of the robot to move upwind. Unimodal track angle histograms with mode at 0 are also representative of moths flying upwind in turbulent plumes (Mafra-Neto and Carde, 1994 ; Lei et al., 2009 ).
Figure 2. Robot vs simulated infotaxis. Left: Cumulative distributions of the number of detections for robot infotaxis (plain curve) and for simulated infotaxis (dashed curve). Right: Cumulative distributions of the number of steps (search time) for robot infotaxis (plain curve) and for simulated infotaxis (dashed curve).
Figure 3. Robot Navigation Patterns. Left: Examples of robot trajectories. The source is continuous and located at (9,24). The robot starting point is (10,2). Wind blows downwards. Right: track angle histogram. Track angles were computed as movement vectors with respect to the wind direction. A peak at 0° indicates a tendency to move upwind, as compared to movements perpendicular to the wind direction (±90°).
Infotactic simulations and robotic experiments described above were done with a continuous source. Females of several moth species however are known to rhythmically extrude their pheromone glands (Baker et al., 1985 ). To assess the capacity of infotaxis to cope with real conditions such as those faced in biology, we considered simulations with a pulsed source model that rhythmically releases odor patches in the environment. Note that there is a mismatch between the pulsed source generator and the continuous source model used to update the internal beliefs in Infotaxis. We performed 60 repeated simulation runs, 30 with fast pulses and 30 with slow pulses. For all trials, the agent was able to reach the source within a time limit of 200 steps. Typical infotactic trajectories under fast and slow pulsed conditions are shown in Figure 4 (left) and the percentage of wind-oriented movements per trajectory in the two regimes in Figure 4 (right). Percentages of downwind movements were low and not significantly different in both conditions, reflecting the high success rate of the searcher. We found however that the searcher moves mainly upwind in the fast pulsed condition and crosswind in the slow pulsed condition. We further investigated this behavioral difference by looking at the updates of the beliefs under both conditions. With fast pulses (Figure 5 A), intervals of no-detection between pulses are short enough to keep the searcher on exploitation. Each update sharpens the posterior distribution. The high probability bump emerging in the wind direction induces the agent to move upwind. With slow pulses (Figure 5 B), 'unexpected' long periods of time with no odor encounter broaden the posterior distribution, hence compelling the agent to counterturn and explore the environment in large spirals.
Figure 4. Infotaxis confronted to a pulsed source. Left: Examples of simulated infotactic trajectories with incorrect modeling by the searcher. The searcher considers a continuous source model whereas the actual source is pulsed (fast and slow pulsed conditions). Source location indicated as a black dot is (20,49). The searcher initial location is (6,3). Detections are marked as red dots. Wind blows downwards. Right: Percent wind-oriented movements under the fast and slow pulsed conditions. Movements having no letters in common are significantly different at p < 0.05 (Kruskal–Wallis test followed by pairwise comparisons, n = 30 trials per condition).
Figure 5. Navigation patterns observed when infotaxis is confronted to a pulsed source (fast pulses in A, slow pulses in B). Top rows represent snapshots of the simulated environment at different times [pulsed source located in r0 = (25, 2), wind blows downwards] and bottom rows are for the corresponding source distribution (belief function). False blue and red colors correspond to low and high probabilities, respectively. The path of the robot is superimposed to the map as consecutive red dots when there is no detection, and green dots for detections. (A) High-frequency pulsed patches provoke new detections before the robot starts spiraling. High probabilities are frequently updated and assigned to upwind locations (at times t1, t3 and t5) hence pushing the agent forward. (B) Between pulses, long intervals of clean air – during which no detections arise – compel the agent to explore regions where previous detections were recorded. Probabilities updates take the form of concentric ellipses that spread as the robot navigates around them, as clearly seen at times t2′, t3′ and t4′. (Note that such behavior – although with much smaller radius – may also be recorded for the fast-pulsed case when the agent is close to the source, due to an excessive amount of detections that push him to switch to exploitation mode).
Three videos are appended as Supplementary Material and illustrate these evaluations. They cover the foundations of infotaxis, its robotic implementation and its efficiency when confronted to a pulsed source (infotaxis.mpeg, robot_infotaxis.mpeg, pulsed_infotaxis.mpeg).
The fundamental aspect of infotaxis is to exploit the finest characteristics of the turbulent medium, i.e., discontinuous odor patches dispersed by the flow. A requirement is thus to be capable of resolving single cues and to exploit them to guide the search. Output neurons in the pheromonal system of the moth have been shown to respond to pulses of pheromone delivered at a rate up to 10 Hz. When their capacity to follow pheromone pulses is pharmacologically disrupted, moths do not navigate successfully toward the source (Lei et al., 2009 ). Likewise, robot infotaxis did not succeed in the search for odor sources because the transient response of gas sensors is too slow to track individual odor patches above 1 Hz (data not shown). As the diffusion model of heat is identical to the one of smell, we used instead a fast temperature sensor and a heat source. In our experiments, infotaxis led to effective searching and did not require fine tuning of parameters to work in the real environment. Seven detections on average and as few as three in many trials were sufficient to reach the source, reflecting the dilute condition of the experiments. The number of detections as well as the search time were not statistically different between simulated and robot infotaxis (see Figure 2 ).
We found however that the search was influenced by the frequency at which the source was pulsed. The searcher moved mainly upwind in the fast-pulsed condition and crosswind in the slow-pulsed case (Figure 4 , right). Such a frequency modulated behavior is in agreement with biological observations. Experiments with a puffing device revealed that upwind flights of moths were sustainable in fast but not slow pulsed plumes (Mafra-Neto and Carde, 1994 ; Vickers and Baker, 1994 ). It has been emphasized that a tempo of cues above a certain frequency is needed to ensure odor encounters before the moth undertakes a counter-turning or casting behavior.
Our infotactic evaluations illustrate that the behavior of the searcher not only depends on the detections made in the past, but also on the expectations derived from his internal belief. Note from Figure 5 A that every single detection updates the agent's belief in a way that pushes him forward as a first step. When the information provided by the cues cannot be further exploited to drive upwind, spiraling becomes a better strategy (as in Figure 5 B) unless a new cue is detected. The correlation between both the external detection rate and the internal expectations leads to efficient trajectories. Fast frequencies in Figure 5 A for instance bring new cues with a tempo that matches better the searcher's internal expectations (i.e., before he switches to exploration mode), and iteratively updates his belief so that the behavior is targeted toward the goal. Resulting trajectories are mainly straight and upwind, except close to the source where too many detections persuade the agent that the source is already found, hence producing short-length zigzags and very localized spirals. On the contrary, in the slow-pulsed condition, unexpected long time-periods without odor encounters result from a mismatch which compels the agent to counter-turn and explore in large spirals as the probability map gets broadened. In both cases, a continuous belief model is assumed.
The question of whether moths do actually employ infotactic strategies as described is yet of a more delicate nature. The assumption that the agent constructs a detailed grid-based map of his environment is very computationally expensive, and requires the robot to be acquainted with the size and shape of the arena. Biological experiments have reported however that similar principles account for navigation strategies in rats. These mammals employ internal spatial maps that combine both a topographical description of the environment (encoded by 'grid cells') and location specific information ('place cells') (Hafting et al., 2005 ), in a similar way to the grid-model of the arena used in Infotaxis which gets updated as localized cues are detected. Yet simpler descriptions of the environment could also be considered, for which infotactic strategies may prove equally efficient.
Previous experiments from the same laboratory revealed that a concentration gradient can be extracted from a turbulent plume in dense conditions when the robot moves slowly (2.5 cm/s) and near to the source (search area = 2.9 m2, see e.g., Figure 4 , left in Martinez et al., 2006 ). To move the robot in the vicinity of the source, previous works considered the possibility of exploring the environment by using vision, in addition to olfaction (e.g., Martinez and Perrinet, 2002 ). The main limitation is that odor source candidates need to be identifiable from visual features. Here we tackled the more difficult problem of searching in dilute conditions, for which only the information released by the source and wind direction were used. We implemented infotaxis on a real robot and considered a larger search area (20 m2) and faster robot speed (14 cm/s) than in our previous experiments.
The robustness of infotaxis was evaluated with respect to inaccurate modeling by the agent. The parameters employed internally to guide the search were not fine-tuned or adapted over time, and could differ from the instantaneous characteristics of the surrounding. Despite this discrepancy, the robot was able to reach the source within a reasonable time limit and produced very few downwind movements (Figure 4 , right). This emphasized the capability of the model to cope with the unpredictability imposed by real environments. Additional analyses with a pulsed source pointed out that frequencies at which cues are encountered account for the efficiency of the strategy followed, just as reported in the case of moths, which depends on how well detection rates match the internal map used by the searcher.
The extension of Infotaxis to cope with stereo sensing capabilities, just as in the case of insects, may prove beneficial in terms of effectiveness and ought to be considered as future work. Two sensors, employed in parallel to update the probability map, may indeed increase directionality. Further applications of Infotaxis to collective search have also been reported recently by Masson et al. (2009) with impressive gains in search times.
Infotaxis is fully described in Vergassola et al. (2007) . For completion, we detail its core modules in terms of probabilistic robotics (Thrun et al., 2005 ) as employed in our robot implementation. The model combines a belief function – the robot internal knowledge about his environment, updated as cues are encountered – along with decision-making – execution of an action that maximizes a reward.
Statistical Model of the Odor Plume and Grid-Based Map of the Environment
In Infotaxis, the robot is provided with a statistical description of the odor plume that he uses to infer the probability that the source be located at any point of his internal grid-based probability map of the environment. The statistical description of the odor plume is derived from the resolution of the following advection-diffusion equation
for an odor source located at r0 and emitting 'particles' or patches' at a rate R. The particles propagate with diffusivity D, have a mean lifetime described by τ and are advected by a mean current or wind V. U(r) is the local concentration at location r and δ is the Dirac delta function. In such an environment, the mean frequency of odor encounters with a spherical sensor of radius 'a' follows the Smoluchowski's (1917) expression
This model provides a framework by which to take into consideration the geometry of the environment when navigating. It can be easily solved through numerical methods and makes it possible for autonomous robots to iteratively infer knowledge about their surrounding. In the continuous case, the solution to Eq. 1 writes:
For the non-continuous case, i.e., under the influence of a pulsed odor source R(t) at location r0, we derived such function by solving the non-homogeneous diffusion-advection equation which, for the two-dimensional problem with mean vertical wind Vy, takes the form:
Belief Function
Let us consider the trace Γt = {(r1,t1), (r2,t2),…,(rn,tn)} of the hits (odor encounters) experienced by the searcher at locations x1,…,xn and times t1<,…,<tn<t during the path from its start to the current time t. The belief function is given by the posterior probability for the source to be located in r0 given the trace Γt
where ℒ(Γt|r0) is the likelihood of experimenting the trace Γt for a source in r0.
In our robot implementation of infotaxis, consecutive detections are not considered as they belong to a same patch and are correlated (see Section "Materials and Methods"). We therefore employ the following likelihood function (from Eq. 13 in supplementary materials of Vergassola et al., 2007 ) instead of the one considered in the original algorithm
in which T represents the transitions from no-detection to detection, i.e., new patches, and the Vi's are the time intervals of absence of detection. Note from Eq. 6 that the absence of correlations permits to update the probability map without storing the whole history. Indeed, Pt+∆t(r0) = Pt(r0) update δt (nparticles), where 'nparticles' is the number of detections that the searcher experienced during the short time interval δt. Memory requirements are therefore kept to a minimum.
For the decision-making, the robot moves in the direction that minimizes its local uncertainty about the location of the source. The expected reduction of entropy – reward function – for the robot moving from ri to rj, consists of two terms:
The first term (Eq. 7) evaluates the reduction of entropy if the source is found at the next step. Reaching the source in rj occurs with estimated probability Pt and the entropy goes from H to 0. The second term (Eq. 8) corresponds to the reduction of entropy if the source is not found. It occurs with probability 1 − Pt and δS represents the information gain in rj coming from expected odor encounters. The first term is seen as exploitative as it drives the searcher toward locations where the probability of finding the source is high. The second term is explorative as it compels the searcher toward regions with lower probabilities of source discovery but high information gains.
The expected reduction of entropy in the case where the source is not found derives from the probability sum of experiencing i new detections during the movement, where encounters are modeled by means of a Poisson-distributed random variable ρi
therefore accounting for all possible cases that new information is detected along the way (either 1, 2 or n encounters).
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The authors acknowledge E. Villermaux for helpful discussions and for suggesting the use of a turbulent plume of heat in robotic experiments.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at http://www.frontiersin.org/neurorobotics/paper/10.3389/fnbot.2010.00001/
Baker, T., Willis, M., Haynes, K., and Phelan, P. (1985). A pulsed cloud of sex pheromone elicits upwind flight in male moths. Physiol. Entomol. 10, 257–265.
Belanger, J., and Arbas, E. (1998). Behavioral strategies underlying pheromone-modulated flight in moths: lessons from simulation studies. J. Comp. Physiol. A 183, 345–360.
Farrell, J., Pang, S., and Li, W. (2005). Chemical plume tracing via an autonomous underwater vehicle. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 30, 428–442.
Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Molden, S., Moser, M.-B., and Moser, E. I. (2005). Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex. Nature 436, 801–806.
Kowadlo, G., and Russell, R. A. (2008). Robot odor localization: a taxonomy and survey. Int. J. Rob. Res. 27, 869–894.
Mafra-Neto, A., and Carde, R. T. (1994). Fine-scale structure of pheromone plumes modulated upwind orientation of flying moths. Nature 369, 142–144.
Martinez, D., Rochel, O., and Hugues, E. (2006). A biomimetic robot for tracking specific odors in turbulent plumes. Auton. Robots 20, 185–195 (special issue on mobile robot olfaction).
Masson, J.-B., Bailly-Bechet, M., and Vergassola, M. (2009). Chasing information to search in random environments. J. Phys. A Math. Theor. 42, 434009.
Murlis, J., Elkinton, J. S., and Cardé, R. T. (1992). Odor plumes and how insects use them. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 37, 479–503.
Pang, S., and Farrell, J. (2006). Chemical plume source localization. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B Cybern. 36, 1068–1080.
Vergassola, M., Villermaux, E., and Shraiman, B. I. (2007). Infotaxis as a strategy for searching without gradients. Nature 445, 406–409.
Vickers, N., and Baker, T. (1994). Reiterative responses to single strands of odor promote sustained upwind flight and odor source location by moths. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 5756–5760.


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Haas' improved performance has been one of the stories of 2018. In fact, the American squad's recent form has been so good that they haven't failed to get both cars out of Q1 since… Mexico 2017. Yes, there's something about the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez that Haas' cars do not like, with no Haas driver having ever managed to reach Q2 here in the team's three-season history. And after another disappointing Saturday in Mexico, both Romain Grosjean and Kevin Magnussen were left mystified as to where their recent performance had disappeared to.
Having failed to set a single top 10 time throughout any of the three practice sessions on Friday and Saturday, Haas chucked everything they could at their cars to try and help the drivers escape Q1, using up three brand new sets of the stickiest hypersoft tyres to try and overcome their pace deficit.
Nothing worked, however, Grosjean ending up in P16 – albeit that the Frenchman was just 0.083s shy of Pierre Gasly's P15 time – while a more obviously discombobulated Kevin Magnussen, who missed much of FP3 this morning after his intercooler was changed, was a further 0.688s back from his team mate in P18.
"We're just not making the tyres work," was Magnussen's assessment of the team's performance in Mexico. "Every time you go on track with a new set of tyres, it's a completely different car. It just changes the balance completely and makes it impossible to do a lap, especially as this morning I didn't get any running and you're just on the back foot. Disappointing, of course, but we'll give it everything tomorrow and take any opportunities that we can."


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14 Things I've Learned About Stress Reduction
So you're stressed. Now what? Stress effects us all. It's a normal part of life. But there is a time when stress becomes overbearing and there are signs to watch for. I recently wrote on the 5 signs you're out of balance. Today I want to share the 14 things I've learned about stress reduction. As a life coach who specializes in stress reduction and navigating change, I sit with a lot of people in the midst of stress overwhelm. When stress has hit it's tipping point you might feel flustered, confused, anxious, and frustrated. You might find that you're very sensitive or more emotional than normal. You may also experience headaches, body aches, exhaustion, stomach pains, and other uncomfortable things that can happen when your body can't handle the stress any longer. Let me share this - you don't have to stay in this state!
You can have two reactions - one is to bury your head in the sand and keep going. The other is to reach for comfort things like food or alcohol. Neither is bad. We all cope in the best way we know how. But I have some things I've learned about stress reduction that can help prevent stress. Help in your most stressed out moment. Help you feel more proactive than grabbing for potato chips. Which don't get me wrong, sometimes that's what you need!
1 - Has the stress reached a tipping point?
There are many kinds of stress. The kind that lingers because your day is a big stress-ball. The kind that comes in waves with a looming deadline or big event on the horizon. The kind that builds on itself until you'e borderline having an anxiety attack. Can you gauge where your stress is at? Are you stressed because you're being challenged but you know there's an end in sight? Are you stressed because your work is demanding more than you can give and there is no end in sight? You know your own tipping point.
2 - What's the root of the stress?
What's the real cause of your stress? It's easy to blame it on the dishes in the sink or the pile of laundry when really it's something much bigger. Is this a stressor you have some control over or can change? If not, how can you take care of yourself while in that space?
3 - Where is your self-care toolbox?
Everyone needs a self-care toolbox. It can just be a list of all the things that make you feel really good. My list includes exercise, cooking, journaling, taking a walk, seeing a friend for coffee, among other things. Just write down a list. When you need some 'me time' grab your list and decide which self-care tool is easiest to do right now. You can't always see a friend or go for a long hike. But can you take 5 deep breaths? Can you walk around the block?
4 - Reach out to your support
Do you have support in your life who are there for you when you need to vent or let off some steam? Sometimes it's as simple as a text that just says, "ahhhhh!!" and you feel better. Friends love being leaned on for support! If not a friend then a family member, your spouse or partner, your hair stylist, your life coach, maybe even your barista. Stress gets worse when it festers. Let it out.
5 - What are you eating?
Food makes a big difference. If your stress level is more than a 5/10 I suggest adding extra veggies, healthy fats, fresh fruit, and hearty protein to your diet for a few days. In addition, I also suggest cutting back on anything processed, sugar, and alcohol. These things can have a short term happy effect, and a long term not-happy effect. You also need to restore some energy when you're overly stressed. Eating good, whole foods will help with this big time. When I need an energy re-boot I like cooking from this blog. I do not advocate for or against any one type of diet. I just love a food blogger who can make veggies so yummy!
6 - Write it out
This is where your journal comes in very handy. I hear from students and clients all the time how they were extra-super-duper stressed out. Took to their journal. Wrote for just 5 or 10 minutes. And their stress level dropped, quick. All the things that are stressing you out are building in your head. And sound far worse than they may be. By writing it out you take the power it has away and see the stress for what it really is. You will also find solutions you couldn't think of before. If you need some help, I created a journal course, 14 Days of Balance, which will get all that stress out.
7 - Breath!
I know this sounds like a obvious one, but when was the last time you took a deep, intentional breath? Breathing is a wonderful exercise. I like what's called 'Box Breathing.' Make a box with your breath by counting seconds. Count 1...2...3...4... for your in-breath, hold for 1...2.... exhale for 1...2...3...4..., hold for 1...2...do it again.
8 - Take a walk
Taking a walk gets you out of the environment making your stress worse, plus it just feels great. I find if I am stewing over something, within a block the fog lifts, and I can think clearly again.
9 - Most stress is anticipation
I say most because some stress is very active and in the moment. But most stress is the anticipation of something. Being worried or anxious is you anticipating something before it's even happened. It's hard to predict what will happen next. Try doing your box breaths and see if that takes the anxiousness down a notch.
10 - Get sweaty
If a walk just isn't going to cut it, do something that will get you sweaty! Hiking, running, swimming (yes, you can sweat in a pool and it's very weird), strength training, dance, or jump around. It takes no more than 15 minutes of a strength training session for me to feel grounded and ok again. It's good for your body and your mind, which is where stress begins.
11 - Change your state of mind
Laughter helps when you're stressed. So does looking at cute pictures of baby animals. I'm actually very serious. Just try watching a quick clip of your favorite comedy or looking up puppies and see your state of mind change instantly. When you're stressed out you're not thinking clearly or rationally. Changing your state of mind helps you get back to a place where you can problem solve.
12 - Meditate
Meditation is a stress-prevention tool. One that everyone can do! If you're not sure how or where to begin there are lots of meditation apps today. I like Headspace and Breath for iPhone.
13 - Self-indulge
These can be things on your self-care list. Self-indulge a little! Go to the spa or get a massage. Get a pedicure. Do something restorative you don't normally do.
14 - Take a life balance inventory
This is a great tool if you really don't know where all the stress is coming from. I created one here that's easy to use. Download the .pdf and do the exercise. Find out where you are spending an abundance of energy and where you need to add some life back in. The perspective alone can help with stress reduction.
What tips do you have for stress reduction? Leave me a comment below and share!