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Tuesday, July 12, 2005
What's Good May be Bad??
Link to Yahoo! News story
I came across this story today on the news and all I could think is 'well, duh...' It seems people expect medicine to be perfect and science to be infallible all the time. Maybe they don't remember their high school science classes - everyone used to think the world was flat and that if one could jump high enough, she could reach the stars. Of course, this is giving the general public a very large compliment by assuming they actually made it to high school in the first place.
Science is fallible. We just finished what is probably the most scientifically prolific century the world has ever seen, and still what we know about mother nature is infinitesimal when compared to what we do not know. As we uncover new truths, we may find that what we currently believe is flawed and must be put aside. Medicine is no different, as it is interwoven intimately with scientific discovery. The more we learn about the human 'machine,' the more we find out there is to learn. That is why evidence based medicine has become so popular - for thousands of years, we have been practicing medicine by guessing at what might work and noticing the beneficial side-effects of other treatments (minoxidil for hair growth, for example). Finally, we are putting these treatments to rigorous scientific tests and finding that many of them are not effective at all; some, in fact, may be harmful.
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Monday, July 11, 2005
First Thoughts on Anesthesiology
Well, 4th year has begun - at long last, and I'm toiling away in the OR for 10-12 hours a day in anesthesiology. Needless to say, this is not the schedule I expected for a 4th year rotation. I am learning a lot, however.
Before beginning this rotation, I thought anesthesia was all about the ABC's (throwing back to my old BLS days): Airway, Book, Chair. :) However, I have now learned everything is slightly more complicated than I once assumed.
The hospital at which I am currently working is a rather large county hospital. There are between 40 and 60 surgical cases every day. They break these cases up by type (General, ENT, Ortho, Vascular, etc) and assign them rooms (or sometimes 2 - 3 rooms, depending on the case load). The Operating Suite has 12 ORs, each of which is pretty much slammed all day. Each of the ORs has a CRNA (certified registered nurse anesthetist) working the anesthesia. An anesthesiologist is responsible for supervising 4 rooms (and, ergo, 4 CRNAs). This means that there are 3 anesthesiologists "watching" 12 surgeries at any given time. Impossible, yes. In addition, the anesthesiologist is supposed to be present for every induction (putting the patient "to sleep," so to speak - but not like you put a dog "to sleep") - theoretically, anyway.
What usually happens is the patient is seen in pre-op by the anesthesiologist and the CRNA (and the circulating nurse, and the pre-op nurse, and everyone else in the hospital it seems) and the pre-op checklist is run. This consists of making sure the correct consents are signed, allergies are confirmed, NPO status is checked, the patient's medical issues are re-hashed again to make sure noone missed anything, and finally the options for anesthesia and the risks associated are discussed and an anesthesia plan is formulated. An IV is placed by the pre-op nurse, any pre-operative antibiotics are administered and, when the OR is prepped, the patient is taken back to the OR for their surgery.
What exactly is anesthesiology, you ask? Anesthesiology is the medical specialty of inducing unconsciousness for the purpose of performing surgery. With this goes a few "A's:"
1. Anesthesia - meaning medically induced unconsciousness (or sedation, depending on the procedure)
2. Analgesia - meaning relief from or prevention of the perception of pain
3. Amnesia - meaning prevention of memory
4. Anxiolysis - meaning relief and prevention of anxiety
5. Paralysis - while not an "A," it still falls within the purview of anesthesiology.
Why are these things necessary? Because cutting open your body really freaking hurts, and pain (current, future or past) causes anxiety, which negatively affects your health and mental state. Also, trying to accurately remove an organ while a patient is writhing on the table is hard, which makes surgeons grumpy(er) and we like to make things easy for ourselves (and our surgeons, so they don't bitch at us...) :)
So, now that we know what is anesthesiology (which, by the way, is another one of the fields that use the "
" in their name if you let them): the medical specialty where you get to put lots of people to sleep before their surgery, we can talk about what actually happens. As I "said" earlier, after all the pre-op hooplah is finished, you are carted off to the OR for surgery. I didn't, however, tell you that as you leave pre-op, you are pre-medicated with an IV benzodiazepine (versed [midazolam] at this hospital). Why? Well, #3 and 4 above. Benzodiazepines are wonderfully known for their anxiolytic properties. They are also used for their sedative and amnestic properties. Noone wants to remember their surgery, so a little IV versed before you get there, and you don't remember ever leaving pre-op until you finally wake up later that night. An IV injection of 1-2mg of versed will provide 2-4 hours of anterograde (meaning forward) amnesia. In other words, we give you this medication, and you don't remember anything that happens for the next 2-4 hours. Pretty sweet, huh? We could have cut all your guts out, paraded around the room, played limbo with them, and replaced them, and you would never know... but we would never do that - or would we???
So, now that you are all relaxed and sleepy, we take you to the OR, move you to the cold surgical table (they keep ORs between 62 and 67 degrees fahrenheit), hook you up to a bunch of monitors (EKG, SpO2, NIBP), place you on an oxygen mask, and finish the induction (remember, we started in pre-op with versed). After you are in the OR, we generally begin with a little lidocaine (a local anesthetic) to numb your veins (some of the other medications sting a little) and to blunt some of the cardiovascular effects of the medications. Next will come Diprivan [propofol] which is a nice little general anesthetic - this knocks you out. This is generally where you fall "asleep." Some anesthetists may have you count backwards from 10-7 (actually 10 to 1, but noone ever seems to make it past 7...). Next will come a muscle relaxant (neuromuscular blocker [NMB], to be exact). The one used depends on both your medical conditions/health and the surgical procedure. If you will need to be paralyzed for an extended period of time, we'll use a NMB with a longer half-life. After you are anesthetized and paralyzed, we use a laryngoscope to visualize your laryngeal inlet and vocal cords, then we pass an endotracheal (ET) tube through them, into your trachea (breathing tube), and connect you to a machine which will make you breathe during surgery. Finally, we secure the ET tube, pass a different tube into your stomach to suck the fluid out of there and we start you breathing an anesthetic gas so you will stay unconscious and paralyzed.
Wow.. that is a lot of stuff for us to be doing to you. This is not even counting the surgical procedure. So, finally the surgical team can begin. We will position you as needed to and you will be prepared for the surgery. The surgeons will come in and do whatever it is they need to do. All the while, we are making sure you are unconscious and pain-free. We make sure you are breathing appropriately and that you are kept warm and safe. Anesthetists and anesthesiologists are really your friends. They protect you from the horrible memories you would have of the surgery and we make sure you are pain-free during the surgery and also afterwards in the recovery room. See what nice people they are?
So, why do I like this rotation? Well, my first day, I had intubated my first patient within 10 minutes of arriving in the Operating suite. Pretty cool. Intubating rocks!! The people are fun to work with (mostly), and I can watch surgery if I want to without all the bother of scrubbing in and actually having to do anything. Besides, I get to sit down - something I never got to do on my surgical rotation :) Also, surgeons are completely clueless about what we are doing on this side of the drapes, so there is usually a slight look of awe when they ask us to do something. Anesthesiology is the only specialty that has power over surgeons - without anesthesia, there is no surgery :] hehehehe!!
Why do I not like this rotation? The beginning of a case is really cool (the induction), as is the end (the emergence), but the middle is really pretty boring. It's fiddling with knobs, IVs and tubes to keep you quiet and happy. Unfortunately, the middle is usually the longest part of the surgery - sometimes in excess of 6 hours. Yuck. Fortunately for me, I always have someone to talk to, since I am always accompanied by a CRNA. Also, the surgeons are just across the drape if I get really desperate for someone to talk to. Another bad thing about this rotation is having to put up with surgeons' bad attitudes - but even that isn't so bad; see above paragraph.
So, have I found a specialty to pull me away from Emergency Medicine? No. However, the tools I'm learning will be useful in my future career - sedations occur frequently in the ED, and there is always someone asking to be intubated (If GCS is less than 8, or this person you have begun to hate, then you must intubate - just kidding). Ventilation skillz are always needed in the ED, and I'm getting lots of practice bagging patients - opening airways and managing masks with one hand while ventilating them with a BVM (or, in this case, the ventilator bag). Breathing is good.
Skills upon which I still need to work:
1. Difficult airways - obese patients, irradiated patients, trauma/emergency patients
2. Nasal intubation
3. Regional/spinal/epidural anesthesia - I haven't done any of these. I want to spend a week or so in L&D practicing epidurals, but I don't know (yet) how to set this up. I think I just need to ask the anesthesiologist in charge. I'll find out tomorrow.
4. Get more comfortable with managing the anesthetic. Need to learn more about the meds/gases used. Also need to be more comfortable with the routine in the OR. That comes with time, and everyone has said I'm doing much better than I should be at this stage. Actually, I had someone try to talk me into anesthesia today. I told them I appreciate the compliment, but no thanks. It's just all that stuff in the middle that I can't handle.
So, like I said before, it's all just a little more complicated than "airway, book, chair," but no too much :)
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Ahhhhh.. 4th year. If the rumours are true, this will be a cake walk. Herein is my online account of my 4th year of medical school - follow with me to see if the hype is true or lie.
About Me
J. DeLaughter
Houston, Texas, United States
View my complete profile
Blog Links
Main Blog Page
MS-III page
MS-IV page
Medical Links
Non-medical Links
My Myspace page
Mepis Linux
The Onion
Opie and Anthony
July 2005
August 2005
September 2005
October 2005
November 2005
January 2006
February 2006


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Search Results
Search results for: Christian-Life
709 results found.
71 pages of results.
He is Risen! But what does that mean for us? How can we experience the resurrection of Jesus in our lives?
The Christian life isn't about a singular event that suddenly erases hardships and causes us to be perfect. It's a long journey of learning, under...
3. The Good and Faithful Servant, Part 2: Forgiveness and the Balance between Contentment and Responsibility
What does it take to be God's good and faithful servant? Finding forgiveness and the balance between contentment and responsibility.
How should a wife respond to a difficult mother-in-law? How does she show Christ's love when her husband won't support her?
Can Christians have friends who are gay? How can a Christian be friends with someone with an unbiblical lifestyle?
The Bible says that in the end times, Christ-followers will have visions and dream dreams. How can we know if our dreams are from God?
How does prayer work? Is it okay to send up a quick 'SOS' prayer, or do we have to be formal all the time?
What does it take to be God's good and faithful servant? Growing in grace.
Are you wondering how to be a good Christian? The answer to your question may not be what you think.
Jesus said, 'God is Spirit, and those who worship Him must worship in spirit and truth.' What does this mean?

subset: commoncrawl


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Packard Plant Photo Department
A day with BBC Newsday
We had the pleasure of showing the crew of BBC Newsday around Detroit on a recent tour. The show host Julian Keane is fantastic presenter and was a pleasure to have on board. MCPW was able to show Julian the current status of some the forgotten neighborhoods, the beauty in decay, and the opportunities Detroit has to offer.
With a load of 9 tour attendees we departed MCPW headquarters at 8am on board our "Day Tripper" bus
Our first stop was the abandoned Harry Hutchins Intermediate School. One of the many beautiful schools in Detroit. Closed in 2012 and secured up to the Summer of 2013. 2 Gymnasiums, 2 swimming pools, large auditorium, library, and classrooms full of custom built wood cabinetry.
Since then scrapping, weather, and malicious destruction are destroying this school
Broken Down
But don't be sad.. there's still hope for this school. New York developer Ron Castellano has reached an agreement with the City of Detroit to purchase Hutchins School, several vacant homes, and buildings in this neighborhood
read the article here Redeveloping Detroit
Thank you BBC, Best Aus Casinos and Julian Keane for letting MCPW show you the other side of Detroit
Listen to the BBC Newsday audio clip below air date December 14th, 2015 0530 am GMT
and.. Enjoy Detroit!


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Can't beat the Fender line o amps!
Copyright©2005,06,07,08,09,10,11 Guelph Music All Rights Reserved
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Master P "Return Of The Ice Cream Man" (Mixtape Trailer)
Via NO LIMIT FOREVER
February 21st 2014 the release date for the new MASTER P Mixtape THE GIFT VOLUME 1 "RETURN OF THE ICE CREAM MAN" is the most anticipated record to hit the streets. With over 75 million records sold independently, Master P has rejuvenated his music career in the young generation of Hip Hop fans. The mixtape includes collaborations with Rick Ross, Yo Gotti, Alley Boy, Eastwood, Gangsta, Playa, T-Bo, Miss Chee, Krazy and more. The Ice Cream Man delivers one of the hottest projects for 2014.
No Limit Forever Records 2014
Art & Promo Director:
NLF's @Hitmayne4hire
(Visited 4 times, 1 visits today)
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AMSTERDAM — The Van Gogh Museum here has started a program to offer its professional services to private collectors, corporations and other institutions. It says the move could create a new revenue stream as a hedge against declining government financing and global events like terror attacks that could have an effect on visitor numbers.
Museums around the world have long sought creative ways to bring in money outside of ticket sales, but the Van Gogh's program, announced last month, is unusual in that its target group includes private clients, experts in museum finance and administration said.
Under the program, museum employees will provide advice and support in areas such as collection conservation and preservation, installation of climate control systems, museum management, and the development of educational programs.
"Museums are used to a different type of outreach that is more about sharing their knowledge and collection, but not in the commercial, contractual manner," said France Desmarais, the director of programs and partnerships for the International Council of Museums in Paris. "What's unique is that they are using their expertise to commercialize, in a sense, but museums have been doing revenue-generating activities for a long time."
A museum with a public mission that is working on behalf of private clients could raise questions about curatorial independence, some experts said. Ms. Desmarais said that ethical concerns might arise if, for example, the Van Gogh Museum was offering collectors advice about acquiring artworks from the auction market, because the perception could arise that the museum might eventually want to acquire the work for itself or receive it as a donation.
The Van Gogh Museum said that so far it had no plans to do so.
Adriaan Dönszelmann, the managing director of the Van Gogh Museum, who initiated the program, said he did not think ethical issues would be a problem, but he did acknowledge that there could be time-management issues for staff members.
"We've made sure that it's O.K. for our current staff to spend 5 to 10 percent of their time on professional services, for people who want to be part of this adventure," Mr. Dönszelmann said. If the program is successful, he added, the museum might hire additional specialists to serve clients.
Mr. Dönszelmann said he expected the venture, which was announced on April 7, to generate up to 5 percent of the museum's annual operating budget, currently €45 million. He said there were no contracted clients as of Monday, but that the museum was in negotiations with several interested parties.
Compared with other Dutch museums, the Van Gogh receives a relatively small proportion of its income in the form of subsidies, slightly less than 20 percent, or €7 million a year. Though the museum has lost a small amount of state funding, a 2012 tax on profits from commercial enterprises like gift shops has cost the museum €500,000 annually, officials said.
"We are quite dependent upon people visiting the museum, and 85 percent of those visitors come from other countries," Mr. Dönszelmann said. "In this time of potential terrorism and natural disasters, this flow of tourism to Amsterdam is vulnerable."
He declined to discuss fees except to say that they would be arranged on a sliding scale, with museums or other public institutions paying lower rates than corporate clients. He also said that services could be provided in exchange for museum sponsorship.
Robert J. Stein, the executive vice president and chief program officer of the American Alliance of Museums in Washington, called the program "a great idea."
In a telephone interview, Mr. Stein said the Van Gogh Museum was known for its expertise in business development, among other areas.
"The hesitancy or concern is that those kinds of efforts could detract from the overall mission of the organization," he cautioned. But he added that a program like the one the Van Gogh has started could expand networks of donors and sponsors aside from any immediate financial benefits.
The Van Gogh Museum started a pilot project two years ago to test the viability of the program, Mr. Dönszelmann said. It found a number of clients through a partnership with Deloitte Luxembourg, the financial management consultancy,which remains involved in the new program.
For example, Van Gogh Museum managers offered professional advice to Arcis, a fine art storage and collection care company in Manhattan that is planning to open in 2017, on security, climate control and operational systems.
Dos Elshout, a doctoral student in cultural studies at the University of Amsterdam who recently completed a thesis on new business-minded approaches at Dutch museums, said this was part of a trend in European museums to look at new sources of revenue as government subsidies for arts institutions have been reduced or have become less predictable.
"Museums exchange services, knowledge, tips and so on all the time, and of course it was always in a collegial way," he said. "Now, because of the financial cuts of a few years ago, they have to ask money for services."
Ms. Desmarais of the International Council of Museums noted that some European museums, such as the Louvre and the British Museum, have provided advice and professional services to governments and other institutions. In 2007, for example, the United Arab Emirates and France signed an agreement to create the Louvre Abu Dhabi, drawing on the expertise of the Paris museum and offering space to exhibit items from its collections.
Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, paid $525 million for the privilege of using the Louvre name, plus an additional $747 million for anticipated art loans, special exhibitions and management advice.
In the United States, the Guggenheim Museum has long been a pioneer in revenue-generating activities, using income from satellite museums in Bilbao, Spain, and Abu Dhabi to supplement traditional fund-raising.
Mr. Stein of the American Alliance of Museums said many institutions were engaged in what he called "entrepreneurial revenue diversification," including staging traveling exhibitions, developing software and opening satellite stores.
"This is a little bit of where cultural organizations are going," he said. "Most museums had been in the philanthropy-and-ticket business for a long time and are recognizing that some balance of that with earned revenue sources is a healthy position to be in."


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This is a volunteer work day where we look at the question:
What's the alternative to disposing of our poo and pee into our drinking water?
By carefully collecting and processing our bodily 'waste' we can turn something that might otherwise be toxic, into a nutrient rich soil conditioner. Humanure (human manure), when composted well is safe and extremely beneficial to the land.
During this work day we will be looking at some of the ways of processing human bodily 'waste'. We will briefly cover the theory around humanure and how it can help reduce some of the major problems the world faces. Then we will have a go at harvesting and using some of the composted humanure on the Landmatters site.
This is a volunteer work day which is geared towards educating individuals about the safe collection, processing, and handling of humanure. Overalls, gloves and face masks will by provided. As well as teas and snacks. If you are curious about humanure then this a great opportunity to see a successful process in action.


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H&R Block Dollars & Sense is offering $500,000 in curriculum grants and scholarships for the 2011-2012 school year. All U.S. high schools are eligible and it typically takes only 10 minutes for a teacher or school official to apply. Grant recipients receive Virtual Business–Personal Finance interactive software and lesson plans that cover 18 real-world topics, such as managing a budget, handling taxes, avoiding credit card debt, saving, and investing.
Win $500K in prizes for financial education
By Laura Ascione
December 21st, 2010


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The content on this page and other Department of Industry, Innovation and Science archive pages is provided for historical reference only.
Current information is available on the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science website.
The material on this archived website has been superseded, or served a purpose at a particular time. It may contain references to activities or policies that have no current application. As such, it is not necessarily up to date.
Content in the archive may link to web pages that have moved or no longer exist, or may refer to other documents that are no longer available. Links to external websites do not constitute an endorsement or a recommendation of material on those sites or of any products or services offered by, from or through those sites.
The Department accepts no responsibility or liability for any issues caused by you relying on any information stored on these websites.
The government has announced changes arising from a government review of the consultation and transparency requirements for offshore petroleum activities.
These will ensure the Australian public has a better understanding of the process used to decide where, when and how offshore petroleum activities take place and provide for more information about the environmental management to be made public.
The recommendations endorsed by the Minister include:
The department will implement these initiatives, working closely with all stakeholders during the drafting and implementation of the policy detail to ensure any subsequent regulatory changes address the concerns that have been raised during consultation.
If you are interested in receiving updates on this issue, including notification of public consultation periods, please register your interest via email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Email: email@example.com


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Unreasonable Behaviour
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Department of Transportation
Senate Dems Called Out for Obstruction of Nominee for Top Railroad Safety Post
U.S. to Allow Eight Airlines to Fly Nonstop to Cuba
Congressman Blasts DC Metro Chairman for Financial Mismanagement
Feds Ban E-Cigs on Planes Because They Look Like Cigarettes
Feds Want to Lower Legal Driving Limit to One Drink
Harrington Talks Obama Admin's Spending Habits: Climate Change, Streetcar Technology
Federal Government Pushes 'Road Diets' for Local Communities
Obama Admin Spends $21,000 on Basketball Equipment
Ever since the election of the Best Left-Handed Shameless Gunner-in-Chief, America's relationship with basketball has strengthened. The sport has a mystique. America has been hypnotized into thinking Obama Election Day pick-up games are somehow more competitive than MJ's Bulls vs. Isiah's Pistons.
At least the Oval Office just plays pick-up. The Departments of Interior and Transportation have caught the basketball fever so bad, they've dropped more than $20K on rebounding machines. Several rebounding machines. Meanwhile, the most the Department of Education spends on hoops is time wasted on Arne Duncan rebounding POTUS air balls.


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Celebrate Europe Day 2019 at the European institutions with the annual Open Day in Brussels on 4 May, in Luxembourg on 9 May and in Strasbourg on 19 May.
Local EU offices in Europe and all over the world also organise a variety of activities and events for all ages.
The Open Day is a unique opportunity for you to discover how the European institutions affect your life. Step inside the institutions' buildings and take part in special activities, such as public debates and guided tours.
In Brussels and Strasbourg this year's theme is about choosing your future. The European elections on 23-26 May are your chance to have a say on who makes big decisions that affect your daily life. Pledge to vote and take responsibility for the future at thistimeimvoting.eu.
Activities in Luxembourg:
Activities in Strasbourg:
Local offices of the European Commission and the European Parliament in the EU organise a variety of activities and events for all ages.
Find out what's happening in your country.
EU Delegations around the world will open their doors and organise a variety of activities and events.
Europe Day, held on 9 May every year, celebrates peace and unity in Europe. The date marks the anniversary of the historical 'Schuman declaration'. At a speech in Paris in 1950, Robert Schuman, the then French foreign minister, set out his idea for a new form of political cooperation in Europe, which would make war between Europe's nations unthinkable.
His vision was to create a European institution that would pool and manage coal and steel production. A treaty creating such a body was signed just under a year later. Schuman's proposal is considered to be the beginning of what is now the European Union.


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Holden Racing Team. Commodore. Bathurst '92. The Legend Lives on Poster.
On Sale
Another HUGE Dealer Sized Poster. Acquired from a HOLDEN DEALER in unused and never displayed condition.
Features great photo of Group A Commodore with team drivers, Win Percy, Allan Grice, Brad Jones and Tomas Mezera
Poster measures 1.1 metres wide and is 86 cms high.
The posters are so big I had to get tubes made up for postage.
Postage with tracking and tube is $13.50 and pick up is ok too.
I have 8 of these and likely to go quickly.
Will combine with other posters to save post costs.


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By Max Larrain
The full implementation of the European Monetary Union by putting into circulation the notes and coins of a single currency in twelve of the fifteen member states of the EU is perhaps the greatest symbolic achievement of an international organization.
What is unique with EMU is the determination of a group of independent nations deliberately to relinquish de jure monetary autonomy by creating an EU central bank, the European Central Bank (ECB), which is independent of national and supranational governments in order to pursue price stability.
However, this grand-scale experiment not only has an economic significance but it is a major step towards the deepening of European political integration. The fact that these countries have been willing to replace one of their national symbols indicates that they expect that the economic and political benefits surpass the costs of switching over to a new currency not yet sufficiently proven.
The introduction of the euro was a move that pointed to at least two aims: to consolidate the single internal market in goods and services and to forge closer political union following the spillover theory.
Nevertheless, some member states of the EU have opted to stay out of the euro zone, namely the United Kingdom, Sweden and Denmark.
Our main subject in this paper will be a description of the EMU, its origins, its institutions and the costs and benefits of the introduction of the single currency.
However, we would like to complement this work with a short review of the situation of Denmark as the possible next EU member state to join the common European currency.
Ever since the creation of the European Economic Community in 1957 by six European nations, the idea of achieving economic coordination through stability of exchange rate has been present. Moreover, this objective had been an aim for Europe already at the end of the 19th century.
The first international system was the Gold Standard, developed around the British pound, which flourished from 1880 until 1914.
In 1944 a new system was agreed at Bretton Woods between the US, the UK and 43 other nations. This system, which pegged major currencies to gold and the dollar, functioned well until the American currency suffered chronic weakness in the late 1960s. However, the success of Bretton Woods in the post-war years prevented to pursue a closer currency arrangement in the early years of the EEC. It was only when serious strains emerged in the Bretton Woods system that European political ambitions turned definitively to monetary union.
2.1 The Werner Report
In 1969 a study group commissioned by the European Council and lead by the
Prime Minister of Luxembourg Pierre Werner investigated the possibility of a
European economic and monetary union. In 1971 the study group issued a report,
known as Werner Report, which envisaged such union in three stages. Its main
features were:
(1) The permanent fixing of exchange rates. (2) A single monetary authority to run monetary policy. (3) Unified capital markets. (4) Centralization of fiscal policy at the Community level. (5) Strengthening and coordination of structural and regional policies and (6) a closer cooperation between the 'social partners': industry, trade unions and governments.
The first major step towards implementation was the European currency 'snake' in 1972, as an attempt to restore stability to Europe's currencies following the Smithsonian Agreement in December 1971, which had severed the close link between the dollar and gold, and widened the margins of fluctuation around the American currency, permitting large movements between EEC's currencies. A variant of this arrangement was the so-called 'snake in the tunnel', that limited margins between the six EEC currencies to 2.25%. It was joined by UK, Ireland and Denmark, but later on it was abandoned by the French franc, the Italian lira and the British pound. Events in the foreign exchange markets overtook economic arrangements: the Smithsonian agreement collapsed in February 1973, and the dollar floated, leaving the 'snake in the lake' free to fluctuate against the dollar.
By the second half of the 1970s, the arrangement had shrunk to a 'minisnake',
consisting of Germany and its closest trading partners, the Benelux, as permanent
members. Like the Bretton Woods system, the snake arrangement (here with the
D-mark as its anchor) was asymmetrical, as the German central bank's low-inflation
monetary policy became the pace setter for the EC's narrow-margins arrangement.
The fragility of the snake was a reflection of the lack of convergence between Europe's major economies, underscored by the policy conflicts following the first oil crisis in 1973.
In view of the impossibility of its achievement, the Werner Plan was abandoned by 1975. Nevertheless, the initiative left an important legacy of ideas and practical measures.
2.2 European Monetary System (EMS)
Due to the deficit of the US balance of payments by 1977, the dollar fell sharply and the D-mark rose against European currencies, threatening German competitiveness and exports. German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing felt they had to act decisively to insulate Europe from the consequences of the unpredictable dollar. In the fall of 1977, Commission president Roy Jenkins suggested that Europe should revive the goal of monetary union. Drawing on Jenkins' proposal, the Chancellor and the President concluded that the time had come to create a regional but more pliant Bretton Woods-type exchange rate arrangement for the EC.
The result was the European Monetary System (EMS), launched in 1979 with the
declared objective of creating a 'zone of monetary stability in Europe'.
The main instrument within the EMS was the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), which
focused on the exchange-rate stabilization during the 1980s. With this system,
as with the Bretton Woods, the ERM members could let their currencies float
within a predetermined margin, ±2.25 percent, or ±6 percent if
they were not in the snake at the start of the EMS. Italy opted for the wider
margin while Britain joined the EMS from the beginning but stayed out of the
ERM until October 1990. However, unlike Bretton Woods system and the snake arrangements,
the ERM was to operate symmetrically for all members. A carefully crafted EMS/ERM
was to ensure this symmetry by making the European Currency Unit (ECU) -a composite
of participating currencies- the center of the system.
The ECU became the reference currency against which the member currencies would establish their central rates, rather than maintaining the bilateral grid of national currencies as the preceding systems. Any currency that moved either to the upper limit or to the lower limit had to take corrective actions, thus the burden of adjustment would no longer fall exclusively on the weaker currencies. An alarm mechanism ('rattlesnake') allowed currencies to be corrected each time they reached a 75 percent of the permissible divergence from their parity to the ECU. However, an error in the formula permitted a currency to reach the outer limits before making contact with the divergence indicator. A corrected reference system became a hybrid between the ECU and the bilateral grid.
With the time the ERM evolved to promoting convergence on inflation performance, taking Germany as reference, by virtue of its low-inflation record. The success of the ERM was demonstrated by the large and sustained fall in inflation among its participants, and by 1990 the system seemed to offer a powerful convergence discipline.
The new phase of stability in the EMS that started in 1987 lasted until the summer of 1992. During that period many investors considered that a kind of fixed rate was prevailing, thus high-interest countries became attractive.
2.3 Commissioner Delors Report
The progress on inflation and the coming into force of the Single European Act in January 1987 that included an agreement to complete the Single Market by 1992 provided the conditions and incentives for a further push to the EMU.
Political events at the end of the decade moved the process decisively forward. The collapse of the Soviet Union and its lost influence in Eastern Europe and the reunification of Germany after 1989 raised new anxieties about Germany's place in Europe. French President Miterrand and German Chancellor Kohl thought it vital to cement Germany in a united Europe with its centre of gravity in the west, and both saw EMU as crucial to that objective. The Hanover summit in 1988 appointed a committee under Commission President Jacques Delors, and comprising mainly EC central bank governors, to devise a blueprint for EMU
The Report on Economic and Monetary Union in the European Community (Commission, 1989) was written under different assumptions and circumstances than the Werner Report, for example, the Delors Report shows a disbelief in the employment/inflation trade-off. Nevertheless, the Commissioner's Report harked back to the Werner Plan and envisioned the implementation of EMU in three stages:
Stage 1 envisaged the completion of the internal market, the creation of a single financial area and the consolidation of the ERM, with all states joining the narrow band.
Stage 2 would comprise the transition to EMU, via a progressive hardening of the ERM, closer cooperation on economic policies, and the establishment of an embryo central bank to make the technical preparations for EMU.
Stage 3 would see the start of EMU proper, with permanently locked exchange rates, an independent central bank in charge of monetary policy, and in due course a single currency.
The Delors Report was endorsed by the Madrid summit in June 1989, which decided to start Stage 1 in July 1990 and convene an early Intergovernmental Conference on EMU.
3.1 Stage 1 of EMU
The Delors committee recommended mandatory limits on fiscal deficits, but warned against fixed deadlines and, unlike the Werner Report, avoided controversial calls for centralization of fiscal and structural policies.
After a year of intensive negotiation, the Treaty on European Union (TEU) was agreed by the Maastricht European Council in December 1991. Its ratification by national parliaments ran into unexpected difficulties and took nearly two years to complete, with Germany the last to ratify. On 1st of November 1993 the TEU came into force.
The treaty is essentially a set of amendments to the Rome Treaty. The EMU provisions are the most concrete, although two new policy areas –'defense and foreign affairs' and 'justice and home affairs'- are also covered.
3.2 Stage 2: the transition
The provisions for Stage 2 incorporate much of the proposals made by Delors, with some important additional features: (1) an elaborate selection process for EMU membership (2) a new body, the European Monetary Institute (EMI) (3) a deadline for the start of Stage 3.
(1) Selection process for EMU membership
The selection process for EMU membership was based on a set of quantitative convergence criteria measuring how far countries have converged in key financial respects. These main criteria were:
a. Price stability: a rate of consumer price inflation over the previous year
no more than 1.5 percentage points above that of the three best-performing states.
b. An interest rate not 2 percent greater than the average of the three best-performing countries (the assumption being that the countries with the lowest inflation would have the lowest interest rate).
c. Membership in the ERM, without devaluation during the two years before entry into EMU.
d. A deficit-to-GDP ratio not to exceed 3 percent.
e. A debt-to-GDP ratio (of all levels of government) not to exceed 60 percent.
Account must also be taken of certain other factors, including progress in completing the Single Market, countries' external payment balances, the development of labor costs and countries must have made their central banks independent of political interference as required by Stage 3.
(2) The European Monetary Institute (EMI)
The EMI was intended to be the forerunner of the European Central Bank (ECB), with a remit to make the technical preparations for the single currency, but only an advisory capacity in the policy field. This limitation reflected German concern to keep monetary policy in national hands right up to the moment of exchange-rate locking. The EMI had the tasks of coordinating member states' monetary policies and supervising the proper functioning of the EMS.
(3) A deadline for start of Stage 3
The Delors Report did not specify how long Stage 2 would last, and a debate on the issue ensued at the IGC. Some member states wanted Stage 2 to be as short as possible or to be eliminated entirely, arguing that it was neither necessary nor desirable to prepare for the single currency. The outcome was a deadline fixed by the TEU designing 1st January 1999 for the start of Stage 3, in case it could not start at the first opportunity (1997). The deadline applies regardless of the number of states qualifying and on whether the economic conditions are appropriate. It was inserted at the last minute under a special deal between President Miterrand and Chancellor Kohl, to the surprise of other governments. EU ministers fell back on the deadline when it became clear in 1995 that the 1997 start could not be realized.
3.3 Stage 3: the completion of EMU
The Maastricht design for this stage also contains key features beyond the
Delors' proposals.
(1) Constitution of a European Central bank
The constitution of the ECB is based on a draft produced by the EC governor's committee in Basle. The ECB is the apex of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), to which all EU central banks belong. It has most of the customary powers of central banks to conduct monetary policy. Its primary objective is to maintain price stability, to which its support for the Community's other economic policies must be 'without prejudice'. In monetary matters the ECB and ESCB must be totally independent of outside interference, especially from governments.
The strength of the ECB's price stability mandate, and its political autonomy, mean that it is likely to be more single-minded in controlling inflation than any existing central bank –even the Bundesbank. Whereas the latter's basic objectives and powers are subject to amendment by the German parliament, in the ECB's case they could be changed only by amending the treaty, which would require the consent of all member states, a notably difficult hurdle.
(2) Exchange-rate strategy
While the main features of the ECB show the dominance of German 'monetarist' thinking in its design, in the exchange-rate strategy this thinking did not prevail. It was decided that exchange-rate strategy for the single currency will be determined by EMU finance ministers, under the ECOFIN umbrella, not by the ECB. Ministers will thus keep responsibility for choosing the 'exchange rate regime', or for setting 'general orientation' for the euro. But in doing so they will have to consult with the ECB and respect the objective of price stability. Thus although in principle there is scope for conflict between ministers and the central bank over the exchange rate, in practice the ECB is in a strong position to discourage ministers from choosing policies which cut across its monetary objectives.
(3) The Stability and Growth Pact
Under this Pact, agreed at the Dublin summit (December 1996), governments participating in EMU will be committed to balancing their budgets in the medium term, in order to give them headroom to operate within the treaty limit of 3% in any particular year. A government which exceeds that limit will be subject to financial penalties if it does not take appropriate corrective action, unless it is specifically exempted.
In setting limits to fiscal deficits, the treaty followed the advice of the Delors Committee, but it did little to strengthen the machinery of policy cooperation in EMU, which Delors had been keen to promote.
In insisting on the 3% limit for deficits except in very unusual circumstances, the Pact leaves little scope for discretionary use of fiscal policy to stabilize economies. This conservative approach to fiscal policy, as on monetary policy, represents largely a victory for German thinking in the design of EMU.
3.4 From the Ecu to the Euro
Initially, the treaty had called for the rapid introduction of the European
Currency Unit (ECU) as the single currency, but that proved unacceptable to
the German government, whose view had long been that the ECU was an insufficiently
strong currency to assume that challenge. Instead, the Council decided in 1995
that the single currency will be called the 'euro'. It would have
the same value as the ECU, bound to disappear at the start of Stage 3.
The Council endorsed plans for the phased introduction of the euro in the EMU area over a period of up to three and a half years after the start of Stage 3. From January 1999 to December 2001, the euro existed only as deposit money at banks, alongside national moneys, with which it was interchangeable at the permanently fixed conversion rates set for the start of Stage 3. Then in the first six months of 2002 national notes and coin were replaced by euro currency, and households and the government sector switched to euros for all purposes. Finally, on 1st July 2002, the old currencies ceased to be legal tender and the changeover was formally completed. In the case of Germany most of the households D-marks were already changed in the first two months of 2002.
3.5 Costs and Benefits of the EMU
For many member states one crucial, potential economic benefit of the EMU is the improvement in inflation performance. This is valid for governments which have political difficulties to control inflation via domestic policies. It will be easier for them to resist political pressure that might conduce to price instability by arguing compliance with a legally-binding treaty.
Another important benefit would result from eliminating exchange rate uncertainty
in cross-border trade and investment. The exchange stability is a desirable
but not easy feature to attain in the European trading environment, without
which the full advantages of the Single Market cannot be achieved. Sure enough,
there are some mechanisms to counteract exchange rate swings but a long period
of unpredictable swings can destroy the profitability of export facilities or
foreign manufacturing operations.
The differentials in interest rates that existed between strong and weak EU currencies are now eliminated. For former weak-currency economies it means a substantial and permanent reduction in their cost of capital by reducing real long-term interest rates associated to exchange-risk premiums.
There are economic benefits in saving transaction costs from removing the need to convert currencies in cross-border transactions within the EMU area. This is specially applicable for individual travelers using credit cards and other electronically-based money transfer systems.
The euro is already emerging as a global trading and investment currency comparable with the dollar and yen, thus it could have all the benefits associated with an international reserve currency. To the extent that the new currency is held more widely abroad than those it replaces, extra income will accrue to the governments that own the new central bank.
Further gains might arise from the possibly greater attractiveness to international investors of European securities denominated in euros, as compared with those in existing currencies. But this will also depend on the stability and credibility of the euro.
Last but not least, the trading markets become more transparent in that prices can be compared from country to country in the same currency.
Many of the costs that can be associated to the EMU are of political nature,
therefore they may be hard to quantify. Nevertheless, some economic costs can
be named like the expenses and dislocation involved in replacing national currencies
or the ones related to the production of new notes and coins and getting them
into circulation.
The main financial costs will be incurred by commercial banks, whose information and accounting systems need to be adjusted. The overall cost for EU banks has been estimated at around Ecu 10 billion, if the conversion occurred once and for all as it did the 1st of January 2002. Major cash handlers and inventory holders have also incurred in heavy costs.
The cost of abandoning exchange-rate as a tool to cope with major economic disturbances or deep-rooted international differences in economic structures and performance is something which has to be considered as both a political and economic limitation for individual countries. It has been feared that locking exchange rates could lead to heavy unemployment in countries hit by adverse shocks or experiencing below-average productivity growth.
Another major cost invoked by the skeptics is loss of sovereignty, coupled with the so- called 'democratic deficit' involved in regulation by 'bureaucrats' in Brussels or Frankfurt. But this is a subject difficult to assess which goes far beyond economics.
4.1 Rejection to adopt the euro
Denmark has not yet introduced the euro. This is a consequence of the Edinburgh
Decision which was drawn up after the rejection of the Maastricht Treaty at
the referendum held in Denmark in June 1992. Nevertheless, the Edinburgh Decision
was endorsed, together with the Maastricht Treaty, by a new Danish referendum
held in May 1993.
However, on 28 September 2000 a majority of the Danish electorate (53.1 %) rejected the adoption of the euro.
During the campaign that preceded the referendum, there were several arguments in favor and against the adoption of the European currency.
One of the prominent public figures that supported the idea of integrating Denmark to the common currency was the former president of the Danish Central Bank (Danmarks Nationalbank) Erik Hoffmeyer. He argued that Denmark's economic fate is closely linked to the European Union, whether it formally joins the European Monetary Union or not, and that to stay out of the single currency dooms Copenhagen to a diminished voice in Brussels.
The then Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen expressed that a yes could dramatically boost confidence in hard-pressed euro and ultimately would bring Britain and Sweden in as well. "The Danes, for once, have all Europe watching", he said.
Other arguments have pointed out that a two speed Europe, the 'ins' and the 'outs' could lead to some members to move ahead faster and deeper into European integration, while leaving others behind, a fate not desirable for Denmark.
The "no" campaign, led by a coalition of opposition parties and non-political groups argued that "It is a myth that Denmark will have influence in the EU if we join the EMU", as expressed by the Socialist MP Knud Erik Hansen.
Many feared that under EMU Denmark would lose the freedom to set its own policies in such areas as labor and social welfare.
4.2 The Exchange Rate Mechanism II (ERM II).
As a consequence of the referendum of September 2000 Denmark remains outside the Eurosystem along with Sweden and the United Kingdom. However, the Danish krone is linked closely to the euro via ERM II. In fact, since the 1st of January 1999 Denmark has participated in the ERM II.
The purpose of this mechanism is to ensure exchange-rate stability between the euro area and the EU member states which have not introduced the single currency. Participation in ERM II is voluntary. After Greece's full entry into the Eurosystem on 1 January 2001 Denmark is the only participant in this mechanism.
ERM II is a fixed-exchange-rate system. For each participating country's currency a central rate vis-à-vis the euro is fixed. The fluctuation band around the central rate allows the exchange rate to fluctuate against the central rate. Should a participating country's exchange rate reach one of the margins, the ECB and the central bank of the country in question are obliged to hold the exchange rate within the fluctuation band. This is ensured through intervention in the foreign-exchange market. In the event of acute speculative pressure against the Danish krone the ECB can provide liquidity support. This consists of short-term credit facilities in euro, to supplement Denmark's own foreign-exchange reserve. The intervention obligation may be suspended, however, should intervention be in conflict with the ECB's or the relevant central bank's primary object of price stability.
The standard fluctuation band in ERM II is +/- 15 percent. Should a country show a high degree of convergence, a narrower band may be agreed, as in Denmark's case. The Danish fluctuation band is +/- 2.25 percent. The central rate of the Danish krone is 746.038 per 100 euro. The upper and lower fluctuation limits are thereby respectively 762.824 per 100 euro and 729.252 per 100 euro. In practice Danmarks Nationalbank has chosen to stabilize the Danish krone close to the central rate, and the fluctuation band can therefore be regarded as a safety net.
4.3 Danish Foreign-exchange Policy
The foreign-exchange policy objective is to maintain a stable krone vis-à-vis the euro. It is determined by the government after negotiation with the Danmarks Nationalbank.
Participation in ERM II is a continuation of Denmark's longstanding tradition for the adoption of fixed-exchange-rate systems. This is related to the country's relatively small size and its considerable foreign trade. In this situation it is important that excessive fluctuation in the exchange rate vis-à-vis the country's most important trading partners' currencies is avoided. The exchange rate is kept stable by intervention in the foreign-exchange market, or by adjusting the official short-term interest rate.
As from 1979 up to the introduction of the euro on 1 January 1999 Denmark participated in the ERM of the EMS. Since 1982 adjustment of the exchange rate has not been used actively in economic policy, and the central rate with reference to the D-mark and other key European currencies was unchanged from January 1987 to the1st of January 1999.
The EMU is now a reality that will change life in most of the EU member states.
The framework for the joint monetary policy negotiated at Maastricht focused on medium-term price stability, which is to be assured by the ESCB –the Eurosystem- made as independent as possible from national and European political authorities.
However, there are elements that might undermine this framework, namely three potential sources of friction: national deviation in budgetary policies, obligations to intervene in defense of particular levels for the euro in external currency markets and prudential supervision of financial institutions. The first is addressed by upper limits of budget deficits. The second source is in the hands of the ESCB. The third, in change, remains as prerogative of national regulators.
Despite the Eurosystem's clear assignment of responsibilities, in opinion of some experts, this framework remains somewhat flawed. The euro area's cyclical weakness since early 2001, the external weakness of the euro, and the ongoing difficulties in harmonizing the framework for financial markets, might proof how problematic could be to establish pro-growth policies while keeping inflation down at the same time.
As for the Danish situation; boasting one of the highest incomes per capita the economic readiness of Denmark to join the euro zone is not the issue. It has a long standing tradition in maintaining price stability and has debt and deficit to GDP ratio well inside the allowed limits.
Danes have seen most of the benefits of euro-membership already, due to the Danish krone's unchanged link first to the deutsche mark, then to the euro, over the past 15 years. The close link to the euro through ERM II allows Denmark to enjoy all the benefits of the EMU without having to relinquish its own monetary policy.
Now, when twelve of the fifteen member states of the EU have joined the euro, the feared two speeds Europe with "ins" and "outs" countries will probably not occur since Denmark exercises a tight control over its own currency through the ERM II; Sweden and the United Kingdom are unlikely to let their monetary policies to escape out of control; and candidate countries of Eastern and Central Europe have to accept EMU as part of the EU's body of existing law, the acquis communautaire.
In my opinion, the Danish electorate has been reluctant to come into a closer union -that could be a step on the road to federalism- because they resist a possible dismantling of a complex net of social securities and collective benefits. However, this sentiment may be surpassed by the fear of isolation. In other words, the joining of Denmark to the euro area is only a matter of time.
Heidelberg Center
Santiago, October 2.002
Dinan, Desmond Economic and Monetary Union (EMU): Political Issues.
Encyclopedia of the European Union. London 1998.
Delors, Jacques The Delors Report: A strategy for Monetary Union.
Fontaine, Pascal Diez lecciones sobre Europa.
Kaufman, Hugo M. Economic and Monetary Union (EMU): Toward a Single Currency.
Diverse material in the reader: Understanding Global Issues, European Monetary Union.
Publications by the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs downloaded from web site.
The Taipei Times Online: After the euro, what comes next for euroland?
By Niels Thygesen. 2002.01.30
The Detroit News : Danish rejection of euro cloud be the beginning of 'two-speed
Europe' By Jeffrey Ulbrich/AP. 2000.09.30
Businessweek Online : Denmark: The vote That Could Roar. By Ariane Sains.
Copenhagen. 2000.10.02
FT. Com : Euro- Danish referendum. Analysis: Downdraft for the euro.
London. 2000.09.29


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Vacant Land (0-10 Acres)
6 Pictures
80' x 125' building lot in beautiful Port Charlotte. Charlotte Sports Park (home of the Tampa Bay Ray's Spring Training) is just less than 3 miles away. With Port Charlotte Town Center (2.6 miles from the property) where you will find all your shopping, dining and entertainment needs with schools...
Vacant Land
24 Pictures
This centrally located lot in North West Port Charlotte is not in a flood zone or scrub jay area as of 05/01/2018. Many activities in the area for everyone, Gulf Coast Beaches, swimming, boating, fishing, golfing, shopping, schools are a few available to you. Make this your new address today.
Vacant Land (0-10 Acres)
5 Pictures
Located in a country setting less than 3 miles to new shopping and restaurants located at North Port's Cocoplum Village Shops and 5 miles to Port Charlotte Town Center Mall shopping with 5 major name brand department stores, 16 movie theaters, and over 100 specialty stores and restaurants. Close...
Vacant Land
8 Pictures
80 X 125 building lot with city water in beautiful southwest Florida!! Port Charlotte is located midway between Ft. Myers and Sarasota, just off the interstate 75. Port Charlotte and Charlotte Harbor is best known for: excellent golfing, fishing and boating, with pristine gulf beaches close by!...
Vacant Land (0-10 Acres)
5 Pictures
LOCATED IN A COUNTRY SETTING only minutes from shopping, medical facilities, and the new Rays baseball stadium. Close to the Myakka River and only 25 minutes to the beautiful "blue water" beaches of Manasota Key on the Gulf of Mexico and 12 minutes to Port Charlotte Town Center Mall shopping with 5...
Vacant Land (0-10 Acres)
5 Pictures
If you want your privacy but also want the convenience of being near everything then this lot is for you! Conveniently located near shopping, Murdock Circle, Charlotte Town Center, movie theatre, Tamiami Trail, Myakka River yet secluded enough for plenty of privacy. Come build your dream home and...
Courtesy of: Schmidt, Realtors
Office Phone: +19415752502
Listing Agent: Mary Sampiere
Updated: 23rd May, 2019 11:00 PM.
15501 WYANDOTTE AVENUE Port Charlotte, FL


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According to him, "We need to build the connection and the time is now. No Igbo man has ruled this country since Aguiyi Ironsi led regime. Since that time, no Igbo man has played good politics. We should not miss this opportunity.
"Politics is a serious game. If the Igbo do not play politics well, they will die. The shortest distance to Igbo presidency is APC. By 2023, a northerner, President Buhari would have completed his eight years and an Igbo man will easily come in.
Igbokwe also faulted the notion in some quarters that his party was only trying to buy over Igbos ahead of the 2019 presidential election with the recent visit of President Buhari to the region.
"APC will zone the presidency to the Southeast. We need to give the Igbo a sense of belonging. Every group is important, especially the three ethnic groups. We (Igbo) marginalized ourselves. When in 2009, Jonathan took over, we expected him to step down by 2011, but he did not. Our people went behind and supported him and he won, which made the North not to complete their tenure. APC is the epicentre of Igbo politics.''


text: Ava and Star Nature-loving Ava and her unicorn, Star, are in danger! They've gone to the the remote, unfriendly mountains to search for sky berries, the enchanted fruit that strengthens Star's magic. Something has caused the main crops to fail. But what? And can they get back to Unicorn Academy safely? More info


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Decorating your house can satisfy a great deal of your imaginative urges. Simply locate the parts that show your individual type. A better hunting residence will be yours soon after reading through this report.
Excellent household furniture is generally expensive. That is one particular reason that utilised home furniture may possibly be a much better solution. Used furniture is frequently in wonderful issue and offered at secondhand shops, garage sales, and on-line classifieds. If you acquire a solidly made piece of used household furniture, you can reupholster it if required. Income will be saved this way.
Search in nearby thrift shops. It may possibly have been a while considering that you have frequented a thrift store, or it might be your first excursion. Often, you can find wonderful offers there. You can generally get modest parts, but at times they have greater items like couches that will perform for your demands.
Households who dine often at the table should contemplate a table with a tiled leading. Messes are simple to thoroughly clean and you can disinfect the desk. There are a great deal of diverse selections with this kind of desk, which includes individual chairs or bench seating, generating them ideal for a hectic loved ones.
Always examination out your furniture completely if you might be pondering of purchasing it. Even though one thing may well look wonderful online, in person an item this kind of as a sofa may well be extremely awkward, and that will direct to you becoming really disappointed when it arrives at your doorstep. You might not like it as much when you truly see it. Make positive you love it prior to you dedicate money to it or you will regret it for several years.
You just have to use these suggestions minor by minor to make alterations to your residence. You can get a gorgeous appear if you are prepared to function for it. Will not impulse purchase when you are household furniture searching, do your analysis and get the greatest purchase for your funds.


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Entertain your guests in style with the Dartmore. Enjoy casual and formal gathering spaces with both an eat-in kitchen and formal dining room, and move the party outdoors to the covered balcony off the great room. The spacious Owner's Suite is a luxurious retreat, and features an oversized owners bath, with his & hers walk-in closets.
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Dartmore At Highcrest at Meadow Walk - Condominium Collection
22 Farmstead Lane #109, gps 528 Boston Post rd, Sudbury, Massachusetts, 01776
- $469,995 Starting From
- $2,729/mo Starting From
- 2 Bedrooms
- 2 Bathrooms
- 1312 Sq. Ft.
Community Association and golf fees may be required. Prices, promotions, incentives, features, options, amenities, floor plans, elevations, designs, materials, and dimensions are subject to change without notice. Square footage and dimensions are estimated and may vary in actual construction. Community improvements and recreational features and amenities described are based upon current development plans which are subject to change and which are under no obligation to be completed. Actual position of house on lot will be determined by the site plan and plot plan. Floor plans, interiors and elevations are artist's conception or model renderings and are not intended to show specific detailing. Floor plans are the property of PulteGroup, Inc. and its affiliates and are protected by U.S. copyright laws. For further information, see our terms of use. This is not an offering to residents of NY, NJ, CA or CT or where otherwise prohibited by law. Pulte Home Corporation is a licensed California real estate broker (Lic. # 00876003).
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Home Features
- Prefinished Engineered Hardwood Flooring, per plan
- Ample Storage
- Washer and Dryer
- Large Owners Suite
- Whirlpool® Appliances
- Granite Vanity Tops
- Ceramic tile floors in main & master bath
- Granite Kitchen Countertops
- Kitchen cabinets with 36" upper wall cabinets & brushed nickel knobs
- 10 Year Protection Plan
- Central Air Conditioning
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Home / Collections / All Blankets / New Wool Knee Blanket in Lindsay Tartan
New Wool Knee Blanket in Lindsay TartanTNNLIN01
The Lindsay tartan features a rich wine base with a navy blue and forest greens used to highlight the pattern.
Woven in Britain, our new wool tartan knee blankets are a chunkier, thicker weave, cut smaller along the width. This makes them ideal for wrapping around your shoulders or, as the name suggests, over your knees. Perfect for when there's a nip in the air!
• 100% New Wool
• Measures approx. 70cm x 180cm
• Fringing measures approx. 8cm at each end
• Woven in Britain
• Dry clean only