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|width4=900|height4=600| footer = From top-left to bottom-right or from top to bottom (mobile): various people laughing from Afghanistan, Tibet, Brazil, and Malaysia}}{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}Humour (British English), also spelt as humor (American English; see spelling differences), is the tendency of experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement. The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks, which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body, known as humours (Latin: humor, "body fluid"), controlled human health and emotion.People of all ages and cultures respond to humour. Most people are able to experience humourâbe amused, smile or laugh at something funnyâand thus are considered to have a sense of humour. The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour inducing it to be inexplicable, strange, or even irrational. Though ultimately decided by personal taste, the extent to which a person finds something humorous depends on a host of variables, including geographical location, culture, maturity, level of education, intelligence and (wikt:context|context). For example, young children may favour slapstick such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or the Tom and Jerry cartoons, whose physical nature makes it accessible to them. By contrast, more sophisticated forms of humour such as satire require an understanding of its social meaning and context, and thus tend to appeal to a more mature audience.
TheoriesMany theories exist about what humour is and what social function it serves. The prevailing types of theories attempting to account for the existence of humour include psychological theories, the vast majority of which consider humour-induced behaviour to be very healthy; spiritual theories, which may, for instance, consider humour to be a "gift from God"; and theories which consider humour to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a mystical experience.Raymond Smullyan, "The Planet Without Laughter", This Book Needs No TitleThe benign-violation theory, endorsed by Peter McGraw, attempts to explain humour's existence. The theory says 'humour only occurs when something seems wrong, unsettling, or threatening, but simultaneously seems okay, acceptable or safe'.Peter McGraw, "Too close for Comfort, or Too Far to care? Finding Humor in Distant Tragedies and Close Mishaps" Humour can be used as a method to easily engage in social interaction by taking away that awkward, uncomfortable, or uneasy feeling of social interactions.Others believe that 'the appropriate use of humour can facilitate social interactions'.Nicholas Kuiper, "Prudence and Racial Humor: Troubling Epithets"
ViewsSome claim that humour should not be explained. Author E.B. White once said, "Humor can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind."WEB,weblink The Quotations Page: Quote from E.B. White, 26 August 2018, Counter to this argument, protests against "offensive" cartoons invite the dissection of humour or its lack by aggrieved individuals and communities. This process of dissecting humour does not necessarily banish a sense of humour but begs attention towards its politics and assumed universality (Khanduri 2014).Ritu Gairola Khanduri. 2014. Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History of the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Arthur Schopenhauer lamented the misuse of humour (a German loanword from English) to mean any type of comedy. However, both humour and comic are often used when theorising about the subject. The connotations of humour as opposed to comic are said to be that of response versus stimulus. Additionally, humour was thought to include a combination of ridiculousness and wit in an individual; the paradigmatic case being Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff. The French were slow to adopt the term humour; in French, humeur and humour are still two different words, the former referring to a person's mood or to the archaic concept of the four humours.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}Non-satirical humour can be specifically termed droll humour or recreational drollery.Seth Benedict Graham A cultural analysis of the Russo-Soviet Anekdot 2003 p. 13Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World [1941, 1965]. Trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press p. 12
Sociological factorsAs with any art form, the acceptance of a particular style or incidence of humour depends on sociological factors and varies from person to person. Throughout history, comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the Western kings or the villages of the Far East. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm. Eighteenth-century German author Georg Lichtenberg said that "the more you know humour, the more you become demanding in fineness."{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}
Ancient GreeceWestern humour theory begins with Plato, who attributed to Socrates (as a semi-historical dialogue character) in the Philebus (p. 49b) the view that the essence of the ridiculous is an ignorance in the weak, who are thus unable to retaliate when ridiculed. Later, in Greek philosophy, Aristotle, in the Poetics (1449a, pp. 34â35), suggested that an ugliness that does not disgust is fundamental to humour.
IndiaIn ancient Sanskrit drama, Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra defined humour (hÄsyam) as one of the nine nava rasas, or principle rasas (emotional responses), which can be inspired in the audience by bhavas, the imitations of emotions that the actors perform. Each rasa was associated with a specific bhavas portrayed on stage.
In Arabic and Persian culturefile:Hadith imam baqir.svg|thumb|Muhammad al-Baqir's HadithHadithThe terms comedy and satire became synonymous after Aristotle's Poetics was translated into Arabic in the medieval Islamic world, where it was elaborated upon by Arabic writers and Islamic philosophers such as Abu Bischr, his pupil Al-Farabi, Persian Avicenna, and Averroes. Due to cultural differences, they disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation, and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms, such as hija (satirical poetry). They viewed comedy as simply the "art of reprehension" and made no reference to light and cheerful events or troublesome beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term comedy thus gained a new semantic meaning in Medieval literature.{{citation|title=Comedy as Satire in Hispano-Arabic Spain|first=Edwin J.|last=Webber|journal=Hispanic Review|volume=26|issue=1|date=January 1958|pages=1â11|doi=10.2307/470561|jstor=470561}}
CaribbeanMento star Lord Flea, stated in a 1957 interview that he thought that: "West Indians have the best sense of humour in the world. Even in the most solemn song, like Las Kean Fine ["Lost and Can Not Be Found"], which tells of a boiler explosion on a sugar plantation that killed several of the workers, their natural wit and humour shine though."WEB, Michael Garnice, 11 March 2012, 14 April 2013,weblink Mento Music Lord Flea,
ChinaConfucianist Neo-Confucian orthodoxy, with its emphasis on ritual and propriety, has traditionally looked down upon humour as subversive or unseemly. Humor was perceived as irony and sarcasm.JOURNAL, Xiao, Dong Yue, Exploration of Chinese humor: Historical review, empirical findings, and critical reflections, Humor, 23, 3, 10.1515/HUMR.2010.018, 2010, The Confucian "Analects" itself, however, depicts the Master as fond of humorous self-deprecation, once comparing his wanderings to the existence of a homeless dog.C. Harbsmeier, "Confucius-Ridens, Humor in the Analects." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 50. 1: 131â61. Early Daoist philosophical texts such as "Zhuangzi" pointedly make fun of Confucian seriousness and make Confucius himself a slow-witted figure of fun.Jocelyn Chey and Jessica Milner Davis, eds. "Humour in Chinese Life and Letters: Classical and Traditional Approaches" (HKUP, 2011) Joke books containing a mix of wordplay, puns, situational humour, and play with taboo subjects like sex and scatology, remained popular over the centuries. Local performing arts, storytelling, vernacular fiction, and poetry offer a wide variety of humorous styles and sensibilities.Famous Chinese humorists include the ancient jesters Chunyu Kun and Dongfang Shuo; writers of the Ming and Qing dynasties such as Feng Menglong, Li Yu,WEB,weblink The Invention of Li Yu â Patrick Hanan â Harvard University Press, www.hup.harvard.edu, 26 August 2018, and Wu Jingzi; and modern comic writers such as Lu Xun, Lin Yutang, Lao She, Qian Zhongshu, Wang Xiaobo, and Wang Shuo, and performers such as Ge You, Guo Degang, and Zhou Libo.Modern Chinese humor has been heavily influenced not only by indigenous traditions, but also by foreign humor, circulated via print culture, cinema, television, and the internet."Comic Visions of Modern China":weblink During the 1930s, the transliteration "youmo" (humour) caught on as a new term for humour, sparking a fad for humour literature, as well as impassioned debate about what type of humorous sensibility best suited China, a poor, weak country under partial foreign occupation.Christopher Rea, "The Age of Irreverence: A New History of Laughter in China" (University of California Press, 2015)WEB,weblink Archived copy, 2016-09-30, yes,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161002100340weblink">weblink 2016-10-02, WEB,weblink Archived copy, 2016-09-30, yes,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161002100338weblink">weblink 2016-10-02, While some types of comedy were officially sanctioned during the rule of Mao Zedong, the Party-state's approach towards humour was generally repressive.David Moser, "Stifled Laughter":weblink Social liberalisation in the 1980s, commercialisation of the cultural market in the 1990s, and the advent of the internet have eachâdespite an invasive state-sponsored censorship apparatusâenabled new forms of humour to flourish in China in recent decades.Jessica Milner Davis and Jocelyn Chey, eds. "Humour in Chinese Life and Culture: Resistance and Control in Modern Times" (HKUP, 2013):weblink
Social transformation modelThe social transformation model of humour predicts that specific characteristics, such as physical attractiveness, interact with humour.JOURNAL, Heterosexual romantic preferences: The importance of humor and physical attractiveness for different types of relationships, Lundy, Tan, Cunningham, 1998, Personal Relationships, 10.1111/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00174.x, 5, 3, 311â325, This model involves linkages between the humorist, an audience, and the subject matter of the humour. The two transformations associated with this particular model involves the subject matter of the humour, and the change in the audiences perception of the humorous person, therefore establishing a relationship between the humorous speaker and the audience. The social transformation model views humour as adaptive because it communicates the present desire to be humorous as well as future intentions of being humorous. This model is used with deliberate self-deprecating humour where one is communicating with desires to be accepted into someone elseâs specific social group. Although self-deprecating humour communicates weakness and fallibility in the bid to gain another's affection, it can be concluded from the model that this type of humour can increase romantic attraction towards the humorist when other variables are also favourable. The social transformation model can also be followed in teaching and lecturing where humour is used to improve the cognitive capabilities of the students. Humour could create a positive and informal classroom environment that triggers studentsâ enthusiasm and interest.JOURNAL, Higher Education Lecturing and Humor: From Perspectives to Strategies, Nasiri, F., Mafakheri, F., 2015, Higher Education Studies, 10.5539/hes.v5n5p26, 5, 5, 26â31,
Physical attractiveness90% of men and 81% of women, all college students, report having a sense of humour is a crucial characteristic looked for in a romantic partner.JOURNAL, Student perceptions of traits desired in themselves as dating and marriage partners, Hewitt, L, 1958, Marriage and Family Living, 10.2307/348256, 20, 4, 344â349, 348256, Humour and honesty were ranked as the two most important attributes in a significant other.JOURNAL, Sex differences among partner preferences: Are the sexes really very similar?, Goodwin, R, 1990, Sex Roles, 10.1007/bf00289765, 23, 9â10, 501â513, It has since been recorded that humour becomes more evident and significantly more important as the level of commitment in a romantic relationship increases.JOURNAL, Evolution, traits, and the stages of the parental investment model, Kenrick, Sadalla, Groth, Trost, 1990, Journal of Personality, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00909.x, 23750377, 58, 1, 97â116, Recent research suggests expressions of humour in relation to physical attractiveness are two major factors in the desire for future interaction. Women regard physical attractiveness less highly compared to men when it came to dating, a serious relationship, and sexual intercourse. However, women rate humorous men more desirable than nonhumorous individuals for a serious relationship or marriage, but only when these men were physically attractive.Furthermore, humorous people are perceived by others to be more cheerful but less intellectual than nonhumorous people. Self-deprecating humour has been found to increase the desirability of physically attractive others for committed relationships. The results of a study conducted by McMaster University suggest humour can positively affect oneâs desirability for a specific relationship partner, but this effect is only most likely to occur when men use humour and are evaluated by women.JOURNAL, The influence of humour on desirability, Bressler, Balshine, 2006, Evolution and Human Behavior, 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.06.002, 27, 29â39, No evidence was found to suggest men prefer women with a sense of humour as partners, nor women preferring other women with a sense of humour as potential partners. When women were given the forced-choice design in the study, they chose funny men as potential relationship partners even though they rated them as being less honest and intelligent. Post-Hoc analysis showed no relationship between humour quality and favourable judgments.
Psychological well-beingIt is generally known that humour contributes to higher subjective wellbeing (both physical and psychological).JOURNAL, Humor and self-concept, Kuiper & Martin, 1993, Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 10.1515/humr.19184.108.40.206, 6, 3, Previous research on humour and psychological well-being show that humour is in fact a major factor in achieving, and sustaining, higher psychological wellbeing.JOURNAL, Bos, E.H., Snippe, E., de Jonge, P., Jeronimus, B.F., 2016, Preserving Subjective Wellbeing in the Face of Psychopathology: Buffering Effects of Personal Strengths and Resources, PLOS ONE, 11, 3, e0150867, 10.1371/journal.pone.0150867, 26963923, 4786317, 2016PLoSO..1150867B, This hypothesis is known as general facilitative hypothesis for humour. That is, positive humour leads to positive health. Not all contemporary research, however, supports the previous assertion that humour is in fact a cause for healthier psychological wellbeing.JOURNAL, Laughter and stress in daily life: Relation to positive and negative affect, Kuiper & Martin, 1998, Motivation and Emotion, Some of the previous researchesâ limitations is that they tend to use a unidimensional approach to humour because it was always inferred that humour was deemed positive. They did not consider other types of humour, or humour styles. For example, self-defeating or aggressive humour.JOURNAL, Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the humor styles questionnaire, Martin, Puhlik-Doris, Larsen, Gray., & Weir, 2003, Journal of Research in Personality, 10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00534-2, 37, 48â75, Research has proposed 2 types of humour that each consist of 2 styles, making 4 styles in total. The two types are adaptive versus maladaptive humour. Adaptive humour consist of facilitative and self-enhancing humour, and maladaptive is self-defeating and aggressive humour. Each of these styles can have a different impact on psychological and individualsâ overall subjective wellbeing.
Physiological effectsFile:Boris Yeltsin with Bill Clinton-1.jpg|thumbnail|Boris Yeltsin and Bill ClintonBill ClintonHumour is often used to make light of difficult or stressful situations and to brighten up a social atmosphere in general. It is regarded by many as an enjoyable and positive experience, so it would be reasonable to assume that it humour might have some positive physiological effects on the body.A study designed to test the positive physiological effects of humour, the relationship between being exposed to humour and pain tolerance in particular, was conducted in 1994 by Karen Zwyer, Barbara Velker, and Willibald Ruch. To test the effects of humour on pain tolerance the test subjects were first exposed to a short humorous video clip and then exposed to the Cold Press Test. To identify the aspects of humour which might contribute to an increase in pain tolerance the study separated its fifty six female participants into three groups, cheerfulness, exhilaration and humour production. The subjects were further separated into two groups, high Trait-Cheerfulness and high Trait-Seriousness according to the State-Trait-Cheerfulness-Inventory. The instructions for the three groups were as follows: the cheerfulness group were told to get excited about the movie without laughing or smiling, the exhilaration group was told to laugh and smile excessively, exaggerating their natural reactions, the humour production group was told to make humorous comments about the video clip as they watched. To ensure that the participants actually found the movie humorous and that it produced the desired effects the participants took a survey on the topic which resulted in a mean score of 3.64 out of 5. The results of the Cold Press Test showed that the participants in all three groups experienced a higher pain threshold, a higher pain tolerance and a lower pain tolerance than previous to the film. The results did not show a significant difference between the three groups."Do cheerfulness, exhilaration, and humor production moderate pain tolerance? A FACS study". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2015-08-11.There are also potential relationships between humour and having a healthy immune system. SIgA is a type of antibody that protects the body from infections. In a method similar to the previous experiment, the participants were shown a short humorous video clip and then tested for the effects. The participants showed a significant increase in SIgA levels.JOURNAL, Bennett, Mary Payne, Lengacher, Cecile, 2009, Humor and Laughter May Influence Health IV. Humor and Immune Function, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 6, 2, 159â164, 10.1093/ecam/nem149, 18955287, 2686627, There have been claims that laughter can be a supplement for cardiovascular exercise and might increase muscle tone.JOURNAL, Bennett, Mary Payne, Lengacher, Cecile, 2008, Humor and Laughter May Influence Health: III. Laughter and Health Outcomes, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 5, 1, 37â40, 10.1093/ecam/nem041, 18317546, 2249748, However an early study by Paskind J. showed that laughter can lead to a decrease in skeletal muscle tone because the short intense muscle contractions caused by laughter are followed by longer periods of muscle relaxation. The cardiovascular benefits of laughter also seem to be just a figment of imagination as a study that was designed to test oxygen saturation levels produced by laughter, showed that even though laughter creates sporadic episodes of deep breathing, oxygen saturation levels are not affected.JOURNAL, Fry, W.F., Stoft, P.E., 1971, Mirth and oxygen saturation levels of peripheral blood, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 19, 1, 76â84, 5146348, 10.1159/000286308, As humour is often used to ease tension, it might make sense that the same would be true for anxiety. A study by Yovetich N, Dale A, Hudak M. was designed to test the effects humour might have on relieving anxiety. The study subject were told that they would be given to an electric shock after a certain period of time. One group was exposed to humorous content, while the other was not. The anxiety levels were measured through self-report measures as well as the heart rate. Subjects which rated high on sense of humour reported less anxiety in both groups, while subjects which rated lower on sense of humour reported less anxiety in the group which was exposed to the humorous material. However, there was not a significant difference in the heart rate between the subjects.JOURNAL, Yovetich, N.A., Dale, J.A., Hudak, M.A., 1990, Benefits of humor in reduction of threat-induced anxiety, Psychological Reports, 66, 1, 51â58, 10.2466/pr0.19184.108.40.206, 2326429,
In the workplaceHumour is a ubiquitous, highly ingrained, and largely meaningful aspect of human experience and is therefore decidedly relevant in organisational contexts, such as the workplace.JOURNAL, Healthy humour: Using humour to cope at work, KÅtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 2009-01-01, 89â102, 4, 1, 10.1080/1177083X.2009.9522446, Barbara, Plester, The significant role that laughter and fun play in organisational life has been seen as a sociological phenomenon and has increasingly been recognised as also creating a sense of involvement among workers.JOURNAL, Are we having fun yet? A consideration of workplace fun and engagement, Employee Relations, 2009-10-02, 0142-5455, 556â568, 31, 6, 10.1108/01425450910991721, Bolton, Sharon C., Houlihan, Maeve, Sharing humour at work not only offers a relief from boredom, but canalso build relationships, improve camaraderie between colleagues andcreate positive affect. Humour in the workplace may also relieve tension and can be used as a coping strategy.In fact, one of the most agreed upon key impacts that workplace humourhas on peopleâs well being, is the use of humour as a coping strategy toaid in dealing with daily stresses, adversity or other difficultsituations.Sharing a laugh with a few colleagues may improve moods, which ispleasurable, and people perceive this as positively affecting theirability to cope.Fun and enjoyment are critical in people's lives and the ability forcolleagues to be able to laugh during work, through banter or other,promotes harmony and a sense of cohesiveness.Humour may also be used to offset negative feelings about aworkplace task or to mitigate the use of profanity, or other copingstrategies, that may not be otherwise tolerated.Not only can humour in the workplace assist with defusing negativeemotions, but it may also be used as an outlet to discuss personalpainful events, in a lighter context, thus ultimately reducing anxiety and allowing more happy, positive emotions to surface.Additionally, humour may be used as a tool to mitigate theauthoritative tone by managers when giving directives to subordinates.Managers may use self-deprecating humour as a way to be perceived asmore human and "real" by their employees. Furthermore, ethnography studies, carried out in a variety of workplace settings, confirmed the importance of a fun space in the workplace.The attachment to the notion of fun by contemporary companies hasresulted in workplace management coming to recognise the potentiallypositive effects of "workplay" and realise that it does not necessarilyundermine workersâ performance.Laughter and play can unleash creativity, thus raising morale,so in the interest of encouraging employee consent to the rigours ofthe labour process, management often ignore, tolerate and even activelyencourage playful practices, with the purpose of furtheringorganisational goals. Essentially, fun in the workplace is no longer being seen as frivolous.The most current approach of managed fun and laughter in the workplaceoriginated in North America, where it has taken off to such a degree,that it has humour consultants flourishing, as some states haveintroduced an official "fun at work" day. The results have carried claims of well-being benefits to workers, improved customer experiences and an increase in productivity that organisations can enjoy, as a result. Others examined results of this movement while focusing around the science of happinessâconcerned with mental health, motivation,community building and national well-beingâand drew attention to theability to achieve "flow" through playfulness and stimulate "outside thebox" thinking. Parallel to this movement is the "positive" scholarship that has emerged in psychology which seeks to empirically theorise the optimisation of human potential.This happiness movement suggests that investing in fun at theworkplace, by allowing for laughter and play, will not only create enjoyment and a greater sense of well-being, but it will also enhance energy, performance and commitment in workers.
LaughterOne of the main focuses of modern psychological humour theory and research is to establish and clarify the correlation between humour and laughter. The major empirical findings here are that laughter and humour do not always have a one-to-one association. While most previous theories assumed the connection between the two almost to the point of them being synonymous, psychology has been able to scientifically and empirically investigate the supposed connection, its implications, and significance.In 2009, Diana Szameitat conducted a study to examine the differentiation of emotions in laughter. They hired actors and told them to laugh with one of four different emotional associations by using auto-induction, where they would focus exclusively on the internal emotion and not on the expression of laughter itself. They found an overall recognition rate of 44%, with joy correctly classified at 44%, tickle 45%, schadenfreude 37%, and taunt 50%.Szameitat, Diana P., et al. Differentiation of Emotions in Laughter at the Behavioural Level. 2009 Emotion 9 (3).{{rp|399}} Their second experiment tested the behavioural recognition of laughter during an induced emotional state and they found that different laughter types did differ with respect to emotional dimensions.{{rp|401â402}} In addition, the four emotional states displayed a full range of high and low sender arousal and valence.{{rp|403}} This study showed that laughter can be correlated with both positive (joy and tickle) and negative (schadenfreude and taunt) emotions with varying degrees of arousal in the subject.This brings into question the definition of humour, then. If it is to be defined by the cognitive processes which display laughter, then humour itself can encompass a variety of negative as well as positive emotions. However, if humour is limited to positive emotions and things which cause positive affect, it must be delimited from laughter and their relationship should be further defined.
HealthHumour has shown to be effective for increasing resilience in dealing with distress and also effective in undoing negative affects.Madeljin Strick, Rob Holland, Rick van Baaren, and Ad van Knippenberg (2009) of Radboud University conducted a study that showed the distracting nature of a joke on bereaved individuals.JOURNAL, Strick, Madelijn, etal, 2009, Finding Comfort in a Joke: Consolatory Effects of Humor Through Cognitive Distraction, 10.1037/a0015951, 19653782, Emotion, 9, 4, 574â578, {{rp|574â578}} Subjects were presented with a wide range of negative pictures and sentences. Their findings showed that humorous therapy attenuated the negative emotions elicited after negative pictures and sentences were presented. In addition, the humour therapy was more effective in reducing negative affect as the degree of affect increased in intensity.{{rp|575â576}} Humour was immediately effective in helping to deal with distress. The escapist nature of humour as a coping mechanism suggests that it is most useful in dealing with momentary stresses. Stronger negative stimuli requires a different therapeutic approach. {{citation needed|date=April 2012}}Humour is an underlying character trait associated with the positive emotions used in the broaden-and-build theory of cognitive development.Studies, such as those testing the undoing hypothesis,JOURNAL, Fredrickson, Barbara L., 1998, What Good Are Positive Emotions?, 10.1037/1089-26220.127.116.110, Review of General Psychology, 2, 3, 300â319, 21850154, 3156001, {{rp|313}} have shown several positive outcomes of humour as an underlying positive trait in amusement and playfulness. Several studies have shown that positive emotions can restore autonomic quiescence after negative affect. For example, Frederickson and Levinson showed that individuals who expressed Duchenne smiles during the negative arousal of a sad and troubling event recovered from the negative affect approximately 20% faster than individuals who didnât smile.{{rp|314}}Using humour judiciously can have a positive influence on cancer treatment.WEB, 22 January 2017,weblink Humor in Cancer Treatment, Humour can serve as a strong distancing mechanism in coping with adversity. In 1997 Kelter and Bonanno found that Duchenne laughter correlated with reduced awareness of distress.JOURNAL, Keltner, D., Bonanno, G.A., 1997, A study of laughter and dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 4, 687â702, 10.1037/0022-35126.96.36.1997, 9325589, Positive emotion is able to loosen the grip of negative emotions on peoplesâ thinking. A distancing of thought leads to a distancing of the unilateral responses people often have to negative arousal. In parallel with the distancing role plays in coping with distress, it supports the broaden and build theory that positive emotions lead to increased multilateral cognitive pathway and social resource building.
AgeingHumour has been shown to improve and help the ageing process in three areas. The areas are improving physical health, improving social communications, and helping to achieve a sense of satisfaction in life.Studies have shown that constant humour in the ageing process gives health benefits to individuals. Such benefits as higher self-esteem, lower levels of depression, anxiety, and perceived stress, and a more positive self-concept as well as other health benefits which have been recorded and acknowledged through various studies.JOURNAL, Abel, M, 2002, Humor, stress, and coping strategies, International Journal of Humor Research, 15, 4, 365â381, 10.1515/humr.15.4.365, JOURNAL, Kupier, N.A., Martin, R.A., 1993, Humor and self-concept, International Journal of Humor Research, 6, 3, 251â270, Even patients with specific diseases have shown improvement with ageing using humour.JOURNAL, Crew Solomon, Jennifer, American Behavioral Scientist, Humor and Aging Well: A Laughing Matter or a Matter of Laughing?, January 1996, 39, 3, 3, 249â271, 10.1177/0002764296039003004, Overall there is a strong correlation through constant humour in ageing and better health in the individuals.Another way that research indicates that humour helps with the ageing process, is through helping the individual to create and maintain strong social relationship during transitory periods in their lives. One such example is when people are moved into nursing homes or other facilities of care. With this transition certain social interactions with friend and family may be limited forcing the individual to look else where for these social interactions. Humour has been shown to make transitions easier, as humour is shown reduce stress and facilitate socialisation and serves as a social bonding function.Shelley A. Crawford & Nerina J. Caltabiano (2011): Promoting emotional well-being through the use of humour, The Journal of Positive Psychology: Dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice, 6: 3, 237â252 Humour may also help the transition in helping the individual to maintain positive feelings towards those who are enforcing the changes in their lives. These new social interactions can be critical for these transitions in their lives and humour will help these new social interactions to take place making these transitions easier.Humour can also help ageing individuals maintain a sense of satisfaction in their lives. Through the ageing process many changes will occur, such as losing the right to drive a car. This can cause a decrease in satisfaction in the lives of the individual. Humour helps to alleviate this decrease of satisfaction by allowing the humour to release stress and anxiety caused by changes in the individuals life. Laughing and humour can be a substitute for the decrease in satisfaction by allowing individuals to feel better about their situations by alleviating the stress. This, in turn, can help them to maintain a sense of satisfaction towards their new and changing life style.
PhysiologyIn an article published in Nature Reviews Neuroscience, it is reported that a study's results indicate that humour is rooted in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. The study states, in part:"Humour seems to engage a core network of cortical and subcortical structures, including temporo-occipito-parietal areas involved in detecting and resolving incongruity (mismatch between expected and presented stimuli); and the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system and the amygdala, key structures for reward and salience processing."JOURNAL, Vrticka, Pascal, Black, Jessica M., Reiss, Allan L., The neural basis of humour processing, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 30 October 2013, 14, 12, 860â868, 10.1038/nrn3566, 24169937,
FormulaFile:Cyklisci dk ubt.JPG|thumb|Surprise is a component of humour.]]Humour can be verbal, visual, or physical. Non-verbal forms of communicationâfor example, music or visual artâcan also be humorous.
Root components
Behaviour, place and sizeFile:Europe 2007 Disk 1 340.jpg|thumb|upright|Forced perspective used for comic effect in front of the Leaning Tower of PisaLeaning Tower of PisaRowan Atkinson explains in his lecture in the documentary Funny BusinessRowan Atkinson/David Hinton, Funny Business (tv series), Episode 1 â aired 22 November 1992, UK, Tiger Television Productions that an object or a person can become funny in three ways:
ExaggerationSome theoreticians of the comic consider exaggeration to be a universal comic device.Emil Draitser, Techniques of Satire (1994) p. 135 It may take different forms in different genres, but all rely on the fact that the easiest way to make things laughable is to exaggerate to the point of absurdity their salient traits.M. Eastman/W. Fry, Enjoyment of Laughter (2008) p. 156
TaxonomyThere are many taxonomies of humor; the following is used to classify humorous tweets in (Rayz 2012).WEB, Automatic Humor Classification on Twitter,weblink 2012,
CultureDifferent cultures have different typical expectations of humour so comedy shows are not always successful when transplanted into another culture. For example, a 2004 BBC News article discusses a stereotype among British comedians that Americans and Germans do not understand irony, and therefore UK sitcoms are not appreciated by them.NEWS,weblink Do the Americans get irony?, BBC News, 27 January 2004, 2 April 2012,
See also{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
Further reading
External links{{Wiktionary|humor|humour}}{{Commons category|humor}}
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "Humour" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 6:28am EDT - Sun, May 19 2019
- "Humour" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 6:28am EDT - Sun, May 19 2019
[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
LATEST EDITS [ see all ]
M.R.M. Parrott


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Unlike the work of your different wedding distributors (music, flower preparations, cake), pictures aren't things you'll be able to hear, odor, style or even see at first—you do not actually know what you are getting until after the fact. Concern for Others — Job requires being sensitive to others' needs and feelings and being understanding and helpful on the job. In different phrases, the photographer can use them promotionally (on their website or weblog, submit them for publication and even use them in advertisements). Photographers who personal and operate their own business have further tasks.
That stated, a photographer utilizing a digital digicam can still capture this style with the appropriate gear and camera lens. She was especially intrigued by the peculiar problem confronted by these individuals whose job requires them to document horrible, horrific events without being able to immediately help their topics. If the photographer is already booked in your date, you may need to see if they have an affiliate or can recommend one other shooter with an identical style. At the higher end, Photographers who transfer into a Senior Photographer role can end up with a hefty increase in pay. Dependability — Job requires being reliable, responsible, and dependable, and fulfilling obligations. Social Orientation — Job requires preferring to work with others slightly than alone, and being personally related with others on the job.
Innovation — Job requires creativity and different considering to develop new concepts for and answers to work-related issues. A diploma just isn't strictly required to turn into a photographer; nevertheless, an affiliate's or bachelor's degree in images can dramatically increase employment alternatives.
With an in-constructed visible subject-of-view calculator, a classy elevation profiler, Google Street View, integration to TPE, and offline maps, Photo Transit has all the digital planning instruments the well-prepared photographer wants. You would often work in photographic studios, or you could work in numerous indoor or out of doors places, depending on the job (assignment).
NOTE: You ought to ask the questions on this record of whoever is going to be the first photographer at your occasion, and that photographer's name ought to be in your contract. Photographers usually start working as an assistant to a professional photographer.

subset: commoncrawl


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There's a fire in your home. Or an intruder breaking in the back door. Maybe you've been carjacked in your driveway.
Obviously, these are not things we wish on any of you, but, unfortunately, these are things than can happen to any one of us. If any of these things do happen, or any other horribly-unfortunate incident, you are probably not going to be in a perfect frame of mind to relay a lot of pertinent information to your 911 dispatcher while you are calling in your emergency.
You could be confused. You could forget a small detail that might be important to your first responder. Or you could just not know what's important or isn't important when you call. It's not like these are situations the majority of us find ourselves in on a consistent basis.
Fortunately, Sussex County launched Smart911 last week, an online service that allows residents to fill out a safety profile for their households that could come in very handy in case of an emergency.
"Smart911 is a free service which will allow all residents and visitors to Sussex County to provide information about themselves and their families to 911 prior to an emergency," explained Sussex County Emergency Operations Center Director Joseph Thomas. "That's significant."
It is significant. By providing a layout of your home, and descriptions of the people who live in your home, firefighters can respond with much more information in hand as to where to look for people and how many people to be looking for when they get there. You can include if people have medical conditions that EMT personnel might need to know about or updated photos of your children if one happens to be missing one day.
And, yes, we had privacy concerns when we first heard of this service, but the company explained that third-party audits are done every year to ensure security, and there is a time limit on the information — forcing you to keep it updated, and reducing the risk of that information being out there longer than you intend.
To learn more, click the "Smart911" icon on the Sussex County website at www.sussexcountyde.gov.


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Thursday, February 1. 2007
Overshot? Or a complete miss?
Make that "complete flop."
A few days ago, I blogged about Vista being a complete miss. I may have been wrong. It might end up being a complete flop, instead. Scott Finnie, whom I quoted in the aforementioned post, put the final nail in the coffin that have been his reviews of W
Weblog: jjncj.com
Tracked: Feb 09, 14:32
Display comments as (Linear | Threaded)
Our Links
The Good Blogs
I'm giving this a trial run. Right now, I'm only promoting Tech, Business, Venture Capital, and Auto categories, so hopefully the content will be pretty clean. If you see something that would not be in line with my standards of "family friendly," please contact me at once, and send along the URL of the offending article.


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Aircraft ownership involves sizeable time and investment. As your aviation experience begins with the purchase of an aircraft, MyJetGuy Aviation offers expert guidance in the acquisition process to ensure your asset meets your needs and desires. Our services include:
• Aircraft selection (whole or fractional)
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Whether your needs are for the whole process of acquisition, operating and disposition of an aircraft, or a one-off basis, please contact MyJetGuy Aviation to assist you with your asset.


text: So, I am extremely picky about smells... I hate those freshers that you latch onto the vents.. They are sooo strong. I am looking for a soft lavender smell, does anyone know of a good company or air fresher? I dont want to put a tree or something - that would totally ruin the decor of the car. thanks


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Our contest network lets you get a chance to try your hand at numerous exploits that are commonly found in embedded electronics.
Prizes are limited! There will be only one first, second, and third place winner, and other prizes will be given while they last. To qualify for prizes you must score a minimum of 12,000 points.
|First Place
|Second Place
|Third Place
Identify and exploit a vulnerability:
Submit 0-Day overview and proof of responsible disclosure:
Demonstrate your exploit:
|Software/Firmware Version
|BlackDecker Wifi-Enabled Crock-Pot
|AIMOX Smart Electric Kettle
|Logitech POP Smart Button Kit
|Awair: Air Quality Monitor
|FREDI Baby Monitor Wireless WIFI IP Surveillance Camera
|Ecobee Smart Thermostat
|Belkin WeMo Mini Wi-Fi Smart Plug
|Anova Precision Cooker
|Google OnHub
|Google WiFi
|Amazon Echo
|Amazon Echo Dot
|WD My Cloud NAS
|Canary Device Canary CAN100USWT
|CUJO Smart Internet Security Firewall
|Apple Time Capsule
|FitBit Alta
|FitBit Blaze
|FitBit flex 2
|FitBit charge 2
|Fitbit Aria 2
|Fitbit Ionic
|Nest Cam: Outdoor
|Software/Firmware Version
|Nest Thermostat
|Nest Learning Thermostat 3rd gen
|Nest Thermostat E
|Nest Temperature Sensor
|Nest Protect 2nd gen
|Nest Cam IQ
|Nest Hello
|Nest Secure
|Nest Detect
|Nest Tag
Starbucks Mastrena II
Serial #41-000067
Software Version 1.67
Overview: This is a new expresso machine which is has internet connectivity to allow for telemetry data, recipe updates to help streamline the production process and help with trouble shooting machine wear and tear.
GE Wi-Fi Connect Built-In Washer
Model number is GTW750CSLWS
Geotab GO8
The Geotab GO8 is a small form-factor fleet management solution and vehicle tracking device that simply plugs directly into your vehicle's OBDII port.


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Meyer in Montreux: 22 years and counting
US/SWITZERLAND: Meyer Sound equipment is in evidence one more at the 2008 Montreux Jazz Festival, writes David Davies. Quincy Jones, Sheryl Crow, Joe Jackson, Yael Na_m, Jo_o Bosco and Gilberto Gil are among the performers at an event which marks the continuation of Meyer Sound's 22-year reign as the festival's official sound provider. Having previously debuted some of its most acclaimed products - including the MILO, MICA and M'elodie line array loudspeakers - at Montreux, Meyer is this year deploying the new UPQ-1P wide coverage loudspeaker at the festival for the first time.
The UPQ-1P is handling infill duties for the MILO and 700-HP subwoofer system at the flagship venue, Auditorium Stravinski, where MJF-212A stage monitors are supporting performers including Gnarls Barkley and Alicia Keys. The full Meyer specification in the Auditorium Stravinski comprises 18 MILO 100 line array loudspeakers, two MILO 120 line arrays, 17 M'elodie line arrays, three 600-HP subwoofers, 12 700-HP subwoofers, four UPQ-1P wide coverage loudspeakers, eight UM-1P stage monitors, two USM-1P stage monitors, eight MJF-212A stage monitors and the Galileo loudspeaker management system
MICA, CQ-1 and MSL-4 units dominate the system in the Miles Davis Hall, while Studio 41 is centred around a 16-unit-strong M'elodie line array loudspeaker system. Meyer equipment is also extensively specified in the MDH Club, Music in the Park and the Montreux Jazz Caf_.
Audio equipment suppliers for the festival are Swiss-based Skynight and LPS, with coordination by Niveau 2 Mediasystems SA. The systems were designed by Martin Reich of TonstudiosZ Audioconsulting, while the audio requirements are handled by sound coordinator Pierre-Andr_ Aebischer and Eddy Broquet. Audio Services' Pascal Menghini provides technical support.
"We have worked with Meyer Sound for more than 20 years and, needless to say, we have had much success with its equipment," said Aebischer. "The sound regulations in Switzerland are quite strict, and we have to constantly pay close attention to our levels. The Meyer arrays are very focused, and using the Galileo DSP allows us to achieve a very consistent and even coverage."
At the time of writing, the 2008 Montreux Jazz Festival has already hosted high-profile performances by artists such as Leonard Cohen, Gary Moore, Paul Simon and Joe Jackson. Interpol, The Ting Tings and reunited jazz fusion supergroup Return To Forever are among the acts still to play the festival before it winds up for this year on July 19th.


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thecompassedge.net is a web project maintained by Brian Jones to log his and others' experiences while traveling to and working in regions off the standard travel map.
To contact Brian write to email@example.com
there are plenty more photos on this site. please browse the archives
Beehive Tukel
Posted by Brian Jones
1 December 2003 –
There is a fantastic collection of huts or tukels in Ethiopia and every region has a distinctive style. In
The tukel houses a family, usually consisting of the head of the household (usually male) and his wife (or ONE of his wives in the case of Bolosso Sorie) and a range of children. It's not uncommon to find 2 or even three children below five in the house.
Each hit is divided inside with a distinct area for a cow or ox and a goat in the richer households. Chickens are also a common household occupant and are perch themselves in the rafters or in special nests attached to the walls.
[Previous entry: "Green famine"] [Main Index] [Next entry: "Inside a tukel"]
|Copyright notice: All textual and visual material found on compassedge.net is the copyright of the author, unless otherwise stated. Please do not mirror this site or reprint material from it without permission. This website is powered by Greymatter.


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As far as unique FPS experiences go, few evaluate to Workforce Fortress, particularly when you consider the huge dimension of the community that helps this game. With out armor, only some midsection pictures will convey even a totally wholesome participant down, and and not using a helmet, any headshot will. Once more, this will default to the highest amount a server will permit. Double-click on the "hltv.exe" file, located in the devoted server listing famous in Step 3. A new dialog field will emerge, and the proxy server will now be working. While you begin the game, all the time attempt to keep your pen in a position that your opponent can't take a straightforward shot in your pen. I might speak about this all day, but when Counter-Strike just isn't your recreation, don't play it. About Video :-Tips on how to Play Sounds in CSGO, Skype & Teamspeak Find out how to Play Sounds in CSGO, Skype & Teamspeak.From Here You'll be able to DownloadHow To Play Sounds in CSGO, Skype & TeamspeakFull Video Film Mp4 Mp3 3gp Flv Hd . Can earn money by killing enemies.
Some options can 'only' be turned on or off (Multicore-Rendering, FXAA, VSync & Motion Blur), while others may be adjusted at steps Very Low, Low, Medium, High and very High. There are higher choices accessible. All I'm saying is always keep your options open. This crap cannot go on, stop saying "it is alright" or "it's regular" get off your excessive horse lose your jobs and join us within the search that has been going on for more individuals for no less than 2 years. Concentrate on what's forward when dashing When you're dashing, once you near your target (say, a doorway or a corridor), it's best to get tunnel vision. Liberty Cell 5. I won't get into details. Everyone wants to observe this video from Adren. What else does TMCheats provide to reinforce your CS: Global Offensive experience? We offer the main record to one of the best csgo sites that provide eSports betting for CounterStrike: International Offensive.
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Bush's response was his first reaction to a report launched Wednesday by Charles Duelfer, the CIA's prime weapons inspector, that contradicted the White House's predominant argument for invading Iraq. Related Articles Kitchen Counter Supplies - What is Finest In your Kitchen? It offers engaging contact to Kitchen and a durable surface to work in kitchen. I emphasize brief time period because even the assignments would yield me outcomes in the form of grades but they are not to be acquired until the tip of the semester. Although basic, it is considered one of the most revolutionary on-line video games of all time. Having the suitable bend with best acceleration ensures you accept considerable carry. Gaming abilities have to be developed appropriately in order to win. Asthma can strike at any age. You can too compete with opponents throughout the globe by means of Web with the multi-participant mode. They currently number some 8.5 million and up till the early 1960s lived a fairly insular and comparatively politically free existence as a result of Xinjiangs geographical remoteness and its then apparent economic bareness.


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Swimming with the seals and flying with the birds was the prize I got after the long stage at Marathon Des Sables PERU, but do I really knew how it will end at the begging of it, definitely not.
If the simple marathon stage is hard, long one is even harder, but as once somebody told me – when the situation is tough, you must me tougher. This was my mantra the whole 68km through the swampy sand, with the front wind blowing straight from Pacific Ocean and with the solid elevation gain peaking at impressive 300m dune climb on the last kilometres. Though I wasn't hungry for victory and kept reminding myself that it is more adventure than race itself, adrenaline and testosterone did it's job and from minute one starveling beast inside me was unleashed.
It was just a perfect day in the desert and though many believe that placing is the most important thing in the races, it is not true at all. Time, which I spend alone or with friends on the trails matter more. Gained new life experiences drive me to do such a rad things. So, having all it in mind, super tired, depleted, but happy I managed to crawl to the campsite. The day was over, fatigue and satisfaction blurred away, but something still remained there – hunger.
#MDS is one of the toughest desert footstep races all around the world and definitely more extreme than overestimated Dakar Rally. It has several reasons being the one, but the cruellest part of it – self-sufficiency or I would say food sufficiency, as you must wisely choose calories and not to have super overloaded CamelBak IOT run light. Nutrition and proper fuelling are crucial parts of running, as no one can run on empty tank. Everyday runners become lighter and their glycogen storages are not the same as it used to be prior the race. Energy demand increase, food and glycogen storages decrease and the only way to deal with it, is either being hungry or full, but with heavy refrigerator breaking your spine on the course. Ideal weight of the running vest should be no more than 10% body mass, which became true for me just after 4th stage. However, together with diminishing food stash I was shrinking as well, so sadly I have never found this perfect balance.
In the past few days I figured out that raw cuisine is not my thing, as I couldn't pump myself with million nuts with no desire of something else. Food was the thing, which I could really think about at the lonely moments in my tent. It was not that I didn't have enough Kratos Sport – Biosophia srl supplies anymore, but I have just missed variety so much, that would certainly have committed the crime for just one mango or avocado fruit. Suddenly the sin of Eve and Adam in the Garden of Eden for just one apple didn't looked so meaningless anymore and the only thought, which I was obsessed while daydreaming in my runs was veggies and fruits, so terrible sexy dream with the real taste, feel and smell, but still empty stomach.


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Gor Mahia are set to depart for Kigali on Saturday at 7:20 am. Unlike the debacle that was the trip to South Africa, everything seems to be in place this time.
The last time K'Ogalo played a Rwandese side was in 2009. This was when a team full of schoolboys and recent form four leavers coached by James Sianga suffered stage fright and lost 0-5 at Nyayo stadium against a vastly experienced Rwanda APR side that had many internationals like Moses Odhiambo "Dube" as well as two Congolese internationals. They would later lose 0-1 in Kigali. The only person left from that team is George Odhiambo "Blackberry" who at the time had jus finished form four at Kamkunji secondary.
Gor Mahia played APR again at the 2014 CECAFA club cup in Rwanda. On that occasion, the match ended 2-2 with Walusimbi scoring a spectacular freekick.
Gor Mahia will be going to this match determined to put on a much better performance just as they did against Esperance this season .
Getting a point or three points away from home is going to be critical for Gor Mahia's chances of making it to the next stage in this tournament. Coach Dylan Kerr has already done some homework on the Rwandese side.
"I watched them play [Rayon Sports] and one thing I picked out is that they have a very good attack but their defense is not very mobile. We need to look at how we can take advantage of that but at the same time be careful with our defense on the counter attack,".
Though fatigue has been a factor for Gor Mahia, the same could be said for Rayon sports who played their least league match on Monday, drawing 1-1 with Kirehe.
Rayon Sport are coached by former AFC coach, Luc Minnaert. The Belgian tactician foresees a tough encounter.
"I have followed Gor Mahia and their progress and they are a very tough team. They have a squad that has been together for four or five seasons and they have become very solid. It will not be an easy match against them and I have told my players that. This is a battle of East African teams which have almost a similar style of football and it will make things even tougher." Minnaert told Capital Sport from his base in Kigali.


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Brand: Geekvape
Big things come in small packages has never been truer... Geekvape are consistently bringing amazing vape products into the world of vaping and the Griffin 25 Mini is yet another example of this. The Griffin 25 Mini has an improved velocity structure that provides a larger space of juice capacity, meaning less refilling, and more time for vaping. So not only does this tank have a fantastic aesthetic look, it also defies expectations in regards to its actual vaping performance.
The legendary, Geekvape Griffin 25 Mini is available in Black or Stainless Steel.
1 x Geekvape Griffin 25 mini
1 x Top Cap
1 x Bag of Spare Parts
1 x Ceramic Block
1 x Allen Key
1 x Replacement Glass Tube
Geekvape Griffin RTA Features:
Drip Tip Height: 10mm
Height: 36mm
Chimney Width: 10mm
Outside Diameter: 25mm
Capacity: 3ml
Top Airflow Set
Velocity Style Deck
Airflow Control Ring
Ceramic Blcok for Single Coil Option
This is a high-performance, 510 compatible tank that can be used on a range of mods and batteries.
For warranty information see our terms & conditions page.


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Boards, Commissions and Authorities
The Spalding County Board of Commissioners believes all citizens should have the opportunity to participate in governmental decisions. In order include citizens in decisions being made by their local government, the Board of Commissioners is assisted by a number of boards, commissions and authorities. These groups are comprised of county residents and report directly to either the Board of Commissioners or to individual county departments. The groups vary in size and responsibility. Membership terms vary depending on the particular boards, commissions and authorities.
The Board's goal is to appoint qualified, knowledgeable and dedicated people to serve on the boards, commissions and authorities. Commissioners usually make a large number of appointments during the first business meeting of the year, but will also make other appointments throughout the year to fill expired terms and/or vacancies as needed. Certain qualifications may be required to hold positions on some boards, commissions and authorities. These qualifications are stipulated in either the Spalding County Code or the Georgia Code.
A complete list of the Spalding County's Boards, Commissions and Authorities.
For more information, contact the County Manager's Office at (770) 467-4280.


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'92-93 Penguins impressed by Blue Jackets streak
Jaromir Jagr, Joe Mullen have praise for Columbus, who could tie record for consecutive winsby Adam Kimelman @NHLAdamK / NHL.com Deputy Managing Editor
Jaromir Jagr was a member of the 1992-93 Pittsburgh Penguins team that won an NHL-record 17 games in a row.
The 44-year-old Florida Panthers forward wouldn't mind being on the team that ends the longest streak since then.
The Columbus Blue Jackets have a chance to match the Penguins' streak when they play at the Washington Capitals on Thursday (7 p.m. ET; CSN-DC, FS-O, NHL.TV). If the Blue Jackets win, they can pass Pittsburgh by defeating the New York Rangers at home on Saturday.
Jagr, who was in his third NHL season when the Penguins set the record, said he hopes the Blue Jackets' streak is still going when they come to Florida on Jan. 14. The streak would be at 21 games.
"If they break it, then our team is going to have extra motivation to beat it," Jagr said Wednesday. "We're just waiting for them, that's all. See how long they can do it."
The Panthers were the last team to defeat the Blue Jackets, 2-1 in a shootout on Nov. 26. Since then, Columbus has won 16 in a row, joining the 1992-93 Penguins as the only NHL teams to do so.
Video: 16 great plays from the Blue Jackets' historic streak
That Penguins team had won the Stanley Cup in each of the previous two seasons and was led by four future Hockey Hall of Fame members in Mario Lemieux, Ron Francis, Joe Mullen and Larry Murphy, plus Jagr.
During their streak, which ran from March 14 to April 9, 1993, they outscored their opponents 96-48, including two games with 10 goals.
"On that team, our first line was Mario and [Rick] Tocchet and [Kevin] Stevens," said Arizona Coyotes coach Dave Tippett, who as a Penguins left wing had 11 points during the 17-game streak. "And then there was Jagr, Francis and Joey Mullen. So it was like you could go out and play an average game and have a chance to win. It was a lot of fun."
Mullen, now an assistant coach with the Philadelphia Flyers, said the goaltending the Penguins got from Tom Barrasso and Ken Wregget also was important. Barrasso had a .929 save percentage in 11 games during the streak.
"We had a pretty strong team," Mullen said. "We were scoring a lot of goals during that [streak]. … You get a lot of confidence from that. I don't think our team ever lacked any confidence."
Jagr said he's been impressed by the Blue Jackets' mindset during their streak.
"With a streak like that, it's kind of impressive," he said. "With a long schedule like that, 82 games, it's a long schedule and they kind of find extra motivation to play like in the [Stanley Cup] Playoffs. That's their advantage. They're treating it as a Game 7 in the Stanley Cup Final every game. That's the way it should be all the time, but with the long schedule it's kind of tough. I think it's helping them, the extra motivation they've got to beat that [Penguins record] streak."
Mullen said he's proud of what his 1992-93 Penguins accomplished but didn't mind sharing the spotlight.
"It's a record that lasted for a while and those are made to be broken," he said. "Columbus is doing a great job so far this year. If they do it, they do it."


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A Gilded Age mountainside manor set against pristine slopes? Sign us up. Aspen's most coveted address is the place to be at any time of year, and with an internationally acclaimed restaurant and award-winning spa, this postcard destination never ceases to please. Perfect for romantic getaways and family vacations alike, the list of activities and amenities is endless...think ski and snowboard clinics, snowmobiling, winter fly fishing, horse-drawn carriage rides through town, and naturally, the ultimate après ski experience with fireside s'mores. Work up an appetite for an evening out at Chefs Club, FOOD & WINE Magazine's original location and sister to the New York outpost -- both beautifully curated and home to the country's most celebrated culinary talent.
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Embarrassing Interview
You are an embarrassment. The interview with Miss Keum in The Tech on Friday, April 2 [ěMissiní Koreaî] makes you sound like a bigot. Letís see how well you do being interviewed by a racist in a language you speak poorly. I wouldnít be surprised if she decides to attend Harvard if she gets wind of this interview and the true motive behind it ó to make her look like a fool because you are threatened by her somehow.
Your article is nothing but self-indulgent, sexist, and xenophobic, and Iím really unimpressed with The Tech for printing it.
I suggest you write an apology to Miss Keum and the MIT community and have it published in The Tech.
Dan Roy '04
Editorís Response: At no point during the interview or writing of the column was it my intention to make fun of Na Na Keum. I printed the text of our conversation verbatim with no changes because I do not feel entitled to change other people's words
Akshay Patil
Features Editor
Fruitful Abortion Debate
I read Adam Kolasinskiís editorial [ěUntenable Unborn Child Dichotomy,î April 2]. He spoke more articulately and rationally than I usually hear when people talk about these issues. He is right ó normal people are outraged when a wanted unborn baby is killed. They have a disconnect when it is an unwanted child. I wish that the discussion of abortion could be more about this sort of thing than about fruitless arguments about whose ěrightsî should prevail. Thanks for the editorial.
Steve Savage
Mischaracterization of Pro-Choice Position
I was dismayed by Adam Kolasinkiís gross mischaracterization of the pro-choice position in ěUntenable Unborn Child Dichotomyî [April 2]. Although I agree with Kolasinskiís claim that the Unborn Victims of Violence Act sets a precedent which opponents of abortion will use to argue for the personhood of the fetus, I cannot agree with his subsequent conclusions. Kolasinski accuses pro-choice advocates of ěignoringî the question of the moral status of the fetus, but this misses the thrust of our argument. Supporters of the right to choose properly focus on the substantial burden that pregnancy imposes on a woman because this is a burden that everyone must acknowledge. We do not ignore the moral status of the fetus; we believe that there is no compelling reason to think the claims of the fetus outweigh the claims of the mother, at least until the fetus develops certain characteristics that are undeniable prerequisites for having rights.
Judith Jarvis Thomson has argued that a severe constraint on liberty ought not to be imposed on grounds that a woman is not unreasonable in rejecting, and a woman is surely not unreasonable in rejecting the claim that life begins at conception in favor of the very plausible claim that having rights presupposes having interests (a view which separates late-term fetuses from newborn babies). It is ironic that Kolasinski believes that the personhood of the fetus becomes ěmore apparentî from fetal imaging technology ěeven in the first trimesterî when most laypeople cannot distinguish between an ape fetus and a human fetus well into third trimester. The question of when a being acquires rights calls for careful moral inquiry, and most supporters of the right to choose draw the line well before birth, but positions grounded only in impulsive responses to 3-D graphics or clouded by an instinctive revulsion to violent crimes are not justifiable to the women whose freedom they would restrict.
Jason Abaluck
President, Perspective, Harvard Liberal Monthly Magazine
Imaginary Dichotomy
The recent column ěUntenable Unborn Child Dichotomyî [April 2] states that there is a logical fallacy in new federal legislation treating feticide as murder when the mother does not consent, but allowing it in the case of consensual abortion. However, there is actually nothing inconsistent about this dichotomy, either in the way the law currently is applied nor even in the way it should be applied.
A fetus may not be a legal person, but this does not mean the law cannot seek to protect its interests when those interests are not outweighed by other concerns. Animals are not legal persons, and yet anti-cruelty statutes prohibit people from intentionally harming animals unless it is for some socially sanctioned purpose.
Further, the psychological harm inflicted on the mother by a criminal who kills her fetus without her consent sufficiently justifies a category of offense that punishes such an act, even if the fetus itself is not capable of feeling pain at the point at which it is killed.
In the case of abortion, the rights of the mother outweigh the interests of the fetus (if any), so there is no logical fallacy there. The real question is why our legal system permits truly trivial human interests ó such as wearing fur garments for instance ó to win against animalsí interests in not being trapped, gassed or anally electrocuted.
The same logic that allows feticide to be punished when there is no competing constitutional interest at stake should also apply to criminalize extreme suffering inflicted upon animals to satisfy relatively miniscule human cravings.
Bryan Pease
Offensive Generalization
April 2ís ěSex and the SafeRideî [ěDonít Fly Solo: Wingman Tipsî] was objectionable in its entirety for its objectification of women and glorification of their ěconquest.î Particularly disgusting, though, was its use of the term ěhosî to refer generically to women. I donít usually support wholesale censorship of every politically incorrect term that might offend someoneís sensibilities, but to refer to all women as ěwhoresî (which ěhosî is short for, if Iím not mistaken) is possibly the worst kind of degrading generalization of a class of people that one can utter. It doesnít matter if it is part of an ěold adageî because it rhymes with ěbrosî; it is unacceptable, and The Tech owes all of MITís women and men an apology for printing it.
Isaac Moses G
Crossword Inaccuracy
Just to let you know (and whoever you get the crossword puzzles from), the answer to 1 Down in the March 30 puzzle is incorrect -- not because the letters were wrong or didn't fit, but because Sikhs are NOT Hindus. Sikhism is a distinct religion from both Hinduism and Islam, and is the fifth largest world religion.
I hope the fact-checkers will do a better job in future puzzles. Thanks!
Gurukarm Khalsa
[Editorís Note: Our crosswords come to us through KRT Campus, a national wire service for college papers, which receives them through the Chicago Tribune. While we have reported the error to KRT and they are discussing the puzzle with the Tribune, we will continue to remain at the mercy of their fact-checkers.]


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UPDATE 8 a.m., May 14: The City of Homestead reports voters overwhelmingly approved bond referendums Tuesday.
On paper, Homestead's special election this Tuesday is for a bond referendum: the city is asking voters to approve $26 million in bonds to fund renovations of the Seminole theater and to build a new police headquarters. But in reality, the election is about more than money.
Homestead's last mayor, Steve Bateman, was one of three South Florida mayors arrested last August on corruption charges.
That arrest was not related to the theater. But millions of dollars have been spent on the Seminole, which remains closed and vacant. Much of that money came through the city's community redevelopment agency, which was criticized in a 2010 county audit for making questionable deals with former elected officials.
Current Homestead Mayor Jeff Porter says this history is part of the reason the city is holding the special election: "We could have just started building and just increased taxes, but the choice was not to do that. The choice was to include the voter in the process."
Mayor Porter hopes the referendum will provide enough political support to ensure that the theater and police headquarters are completed, even if Homestead's leadership changes.
Located in Homestead's historic downtown district, the Seminole theater has been closed since 1979, and it has been under renovation for more than 15 years. Porter says the delay is partly because the theater hasn't always been a priority with each administration.
"Over time political ideas changed," explains Porter, "and it's on the table, off the table, on the table, off the table. If we can get the money appropriated with the support of the taxpayer, I believe that gives a political structure the ability to stay behind the project."
Homestead's mayoral term is two years.
The city is asking for $5 million for the theater, $18 million for the new police headquarters, and $3 million for a temporary police office while the new one is under construction.


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Renewing materials, new lives
MarketPlace's Chindi collection makes scraps stylish while training new artisans. The chindi, small fabric pieces left over from cutting garments, are recycled into new clothing, accessories and embellishments in a variety of ways. After being cut into uniform pieces, the chindi are sewn together by trainees learning to sew straight and accurate seams on the sewing machines. Look for the C sign next to products to see the creative ways the artisans have incorporated chindis.
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The body of an FBI agent feared to be suicidal appears to have been found in the foothills above Burbank, police said this morning.
Stephan Ivans was a 35-year-old L.A.-based lawman said to be despondent when he went for a walk in the Verdugo Mountains in spring. KNX 1070 Newsradio reported that a law enforcement "service revolver" was found next to the body.
The discovery was made ...
... Monday night after two hikers in the area smelled the remains in the 3600 block of Scott Road, according to a Burbank police statement. That's an area near a church.
View Larger Map
According to Burbank police:
Investigators responded to the area and noted consistencies with the physical description of missing FBI Agent Stephen Ivens.
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Family members have been told of the find. The coroner's office has been called in to ID the body and determine the cause of death.
At the time he went missing, in May, Burbank police said, "There is a handgun unaccounted for from inside his residence."
He went missing the weekend of May 12 from his residence on the same street, in the 1700 block of Scott Road.


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Atlanta Peach: makeup maven Tracy Ewell
A recent double-spread Peach Patrol for Atlanta Peach Magazine's May issue on local makeup maven Tracy Ewell...
Title: Face time
Time and tide wait for no one, but for Inman Park makeup and skincare maven Tracy Ewell, bad luck and worse weather were just a hiccup on the road to a thriving business. Her upscale makeup boutique in New Orleans had just expanded to meet the demands of a burgeoning clientele when Hurricane Katrina hit a mere three weeks later, forcing her to abandon her grand opening and the city to the elements.
After ten days, Ewell returned to get her cats – "I broke into the city with guys and guns" – and tried to see what she could recover from the wreckage of her boutique. With no money from insurance, she was forced to ask one of her suppliers for a job. "Caudalie, the French skincare line, put me in Atlanta as an account executive," she says. "But six months later I decided to go back to doing what I love, somehow, someway."
Ewell pulled some money together and opened up a capsule makeup boutique inside Rockit Salon on the outskirts of Little Five Points. Nine months later she'd been voted best beauty boutique in Atlanta, but a bad fairy seemed to be presiding over the timing: her award went to press just as Rockit closed. Sure of her calling, Ewell persuaded her best friend to join her in Atlanta. Natalie Essaied packed up her belongings and left her job as a social worker in crumbling New Orleans. After a year and a half of working with children and displaced families, her friend's plea to freelance as a makeup artist made her "the happiest person in the entire world."
The partnership was a match made in heaven (or at least junior high): Ewell and Essaied have been best friends since the sixth grade, as evidenced by the school yearbook currently sitting on one of the store's shelves. "I was the hippie girl who never wore makeup but always had been interested in the aesthetics of beauty, fashion and style," says Essaied. "Tracy was my muse, and she would dress me and put makeup on me and write speeches for me in high school."
The two found the perfect space to grow their fast-growing, word-of-mouth business in a charming rehabbed cottage in the heart of Inman Park. The calm, sunlit boutique's beaded-board ceilings and whitewashed walls contrast with rugged wood shelves made from wood brought from New Orleans.
With hot-selling cocktail rings and pendants by Charles Albert, exclusive perfumes and lamps by Lampe Berger, and unique semiprecious jewelry by Lexi Lu and June Shin, business is booming, but it's the makeup that's the star, and Ewell and Essaied are their own best advertisement -- all clichés about dewy skin and enhancing natural beauty apply. The duo advises women on makeup, skincare, and brow shaping with a yin/yang tag-team style that feels as comfy as a slumber party, an approach that has nabbed celeb customers such as Dawn Robinson from En Vogue, indie actress Jennifer Coolidge and Rhianna.
And the lines Ewell carries – Caudalie's Vinotherapie skincare line, developed from grape extracts and created on the site of a centuries-old vintner, plus makeup lines by Susan Posnick and Face Stockholm -- are more than mere inventory, and you won't find them in a department store, says Ewell. "None of these lines is corporate America – they're more of an underground cult." She unearths her faves in each line, citing her commitment to buying the most natural, skin-friendly products out there, such as Caudalie's chemical preservative-free serums and Susan Posnick's mineral makeup with SPF ground into the pigment. "We really believe in what we sell. We're very picky as to what we use."
Essaied chimes in. "Everything that's here -- we'd love and marry it."
In a natural disaster, I'd grab...
Ewell: Tola, my cat. The makeup kit. My portfolio, computer, phone, camera. Grandma's jewelry and Tiffany lamp. My Lampe Berger, my buppy (childhood stuffed animal) plus water food gas and friends.
Essaied: Mimi,my cat. My iPod, old pictures, and important documents. Yaya's holy water, my gratitude stone and my favorite vintage pieces which cannot be replaced and my crystal collection.
What makeup trend is overrated?
Ewell: All of them! I think trends were originally designed so that woman didn't get bored with their look, giving them options. Now I think the majority of trends are for marketing purposes. My advice, try new things but make the look...you!
Essaied: I think the only good thing about trends is that they can be a source of inspiration. The problem lies within the translation to mainstream fashion: often haute couture appears contrived when taken to the "street", and the same philosophy remains true with makeup trends. Best advice: On a daily basis enhance, not mask; and when you want to look your best, don't be afraid to take chances; play with color and technique, because if you rock it with confidence and finesse, there are no rules, just infinite possibilities.
In high school, my style would best be described as...
Ewell: Artsy, fun, flirty, colorful, and classic.
Essaied: Eclectic. I was more cerebral than stylish.
People are surprised to learn that I...
Ewell: Used to sing and secretly wish I was in a band! Also that before makeup I was a ceramicist, a photographer, and a graphic artist.
Essaied: Have a Master of Social Work and practiced clinical therapy and interventions with children for five years. I was also influential in changing a law, lobbying both Senators and Representatives in Louisiana, by removing the spousal exemption from the Sexual Battery and Simple Rape laws, allowing the spouse to be prosecuted and sentenced.
What makeup item can you not do without?
Ewell: Susan Posnick Mineral Blush in Camellia, which can be worn on eyes, cheeks and lips! An instant transformation.
Essaied: Face Stockholm's Medium Quad Correcter Kit. It conceals imperfections, neutralizes redness and blue undertones, and provides flawless coverage without feeling masked.
My favorite place in Atlanta is...
Ewell: Little Five Points, sitting outside watching the people go by -- it's like being in the French Quarter in New Orleans!
Essaied: Inman Park. It was the first place Tracy brought me when I visited Atlanta, it has an old historical feel, which is important to me. I think the area and the people represent the best of what it means to be a community. And not to mention it's absolutely beautiful.


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About Us
Trading Flora is a wholesale distributor that has grown to be the Chicago's largest complete source for quality cut flowers and greens, pre-made bouquets, blooming and foliage plants, along with a complete line of floral supplies, one stop shopping for your needs and convenience. Our commitment is to provide unsurpassed service and excellent quality products.
Purchasing flowers from us gives you a guarantee of freshness and a superior quality like no other. We offer a vast range of wholesale flowers online, even letting you pick your delivery day so you know exactly when they will arrive with you. Ordering wholesale flowers online with Trading Flora gives you peace of mind that the flowers you receive are going to be in perfect condition, packed with love and delivered with care.
Whether you are looking for wholesale wedding flowers, ready made bouquets or floral supplies, you will find it all here at Trading Flora.
At Trading Flora, your satisfaction is our goal. A Sales Representative will be happy to discuss quantity discounts with you. Many products at Trading Flora have very volatile pricing, so please check it online or call us for current prices. If you don't see the product you need, be sure to check with one of our Sales Representatives. We may have the product in stock or we can order the item for you. We will meet or beat any of our competitors published prices on any product. We want to be your supplier of choice for all your floral needs.
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Online Orders:
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For my final project on digital storytelling, I am hoping to take a few pictures during our New Media Studies class today. Dr. Campbell has given his permission, but said that we'll need to see how the rest of the class feels. If the class agrees, I will have permission forms to pass around. Here is a copy of the form for advance consideration.
Permission for Photography
For valuable consideration received, I grant to Elizabeth Downey, a student at the University of Mary Washington (UMW), Class of 2008, and his/her legal representatives and assigns, the irrevocable and unrestricted right to use and publish photographs of me, or in which I may be included, taken at UMW on April 10, 2008, individually or in connection with other material, in any and all media now or hereafter known, including the internet, and for any purpose whatsoever, specifically including illustration, promotion, art, editorial, advertising, and trade, without restriction as to alteration.
o I understand that my name will not be published.
o I am a legally competent adult and have the right to contract in my own name. I have read this document and fully understand its contents.
o I hereby release Elizabeth Downey and his/her legal representatives and assigns from all claims and liability relating to said photographs.
Signature Date
Print Name
Original post by eliz1


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Dental crowns have one thing in common when performing this treatment and that is that the tooth is damaged due to a hole in the tooth (caries) or it has broken (fracture). The dentist must slip (prepare) the teeth with drill for the dental crown to fit later. The preparation results in the dental technician getting enough space to create a dental crown with sufficient material that is cemented (glued) to the sanded teeth.
The teeth are important for people's everyday lives in terms of social interaction such as kissing and laughing as well as chewing and decomposing food. Many realize quickly after loss of their teeth what quality of life it means with a bite that works. A dental crown should look as natural as possible to restore a nice smile, but the dental crown must also work practically practically.
What is a dental crown?
A dental crown is an artificial porcelain stand that is placed on the injured tooth like a cap. The damaged tooth is ground (prepared) in advance for the dental crown to fit.
Causes to treat a dental crown:
The main reason that the dentist wants to use a dental crown is that the tooth has lost very much tooth substance as a result of:
- Caries: Hole in the tooth. Big holes must be treated with a dental crown for best results
- Fracture: A large piece of dentifrice has broken, which prevents the forecast for a normal fill. The tooth crown has a good long-term forecast
- Fill fracture: Large Fill / plomb which has broken or fallen away. The tooth crown lasts longer and becomes nicer a new big fix
- Enamel or denture: Some have teeth that break apart spontaneously due to an injury that occurs in the formation of teeth. The tooth crown protects the internal tooth decay
These patients usually have major problems with anxiety and you need to treat crowns to reduce the symptoms.
Patients with major amalgam fillings are at greater risk of fractures.
Advantages of a dental crown:
The tooth crown has a better long-term forecast than large fillings.
It looks finer and more aesthetic than layering.
The material does not shrink over time as plastic fillings do. Less risk of caries under the material.
The tooth crown can be easier to keep clean compared to a large toothpaste
Disadvantages of a dental crown:
You need to brush off the tooth subtend to get the dental crown.
The treatment time is longer for a dental crown than a toothbrush
Treatment for a dental crown: Performed by a dentist
Before initiating treatment with the dental crown, a thorough examination must be performed by the X-ray and control teeth. It is important to ensure that the tooth in the vicinity of the crown is healthy.
- Full investigation of the bite. Important before treatment with dental crown
- Complementary X-ray examination of the jaw bone and teeth adjacent to the tooth to be treated.
- Slip (prepare) on the teeth / teeth (chamfer preparation). The tooth crown must have a certain thickness of the material to hold
- Imprint of the sanded tooth with Sillikon material. This allows the technician to manufacture the dental crown.
- Temporary plastic chandelier is manufactured at the clinic to protect the dentifrice, maintain chewing ability and aesthetics.
- Impressions are sent to technicians who manufacture the dental crown.
- The tooth crown is cemented (glued) to the ground (groomed) tooth.
When the dental crown or facade is properly seated, it is important to clean the teeth at least as carefully as normal teeth. It is important to understand that the risk of a hole under the dental crown is and increases in poor oral hygiene. It is easier for bacterial coatings to attach to the transition between the dental crown and dental substance. To keep clean around a dental crown you should use a toothbrush with toothpaste and also supplement with dental floss at least once a day. Some may also need to use spacer brushes. It is difficult to make holes under a dental crown. Most dental crowns must be removed and replaced if there is a hole below the dental crown.


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Commodity ETFs again showed their divergence with other risk assets last week: during the market selloff last week. The broadbase commodity index like Powershares commodity index (DBC) actually registered a 0.78% gain. Natural gas (UNG) had a big jump, gaining 6.83% while gold (GLD) was steady. Silver had the biggest drop of 2.17%. Fore more detailed performance, please refer to here.
From the following trend score table, one can see the broadbase commodity index (DBC) actually had its trend score increased in last week.Assets Class Symbols 03/18 Trend Score 03/11 Trend Score Direction Silver SLV 40.11% 47.09% v Energy DBE 16.53% 14.75% ^ Commodity DBC 14.15% 12.94% ^ Precious Metals DBP 14.15% 15.87% v Agriculture DBA 12.09% 14.21% v US Oil USO 10.34% 8.1% ^ Gold GLD 8.86% 9.46% v Base Metals DBB 6.53% 4.5% ^ Natural Gas UNG -5.95% -13.75% ^
The trend score is defined as the average of 1,4,13,26 and 52 week total returns (including dividend reinvested).
Amid the somewhat severe and volatile market correction last week, it is relevant to review several commodity themes again here:
- Agriculture commodities (DBA): world food price has risen in the past several years and the demand from emerging middle classes outstripped the supply. See Commodities Trends: Food Prices Rose More Than Normal CPIs for more analysis.
- Precious metals (gold, silver) (DBP): governments around the globe pumped money to stimulate the economy, let alone the quantitative easing 1-2 by the U.S. central bank would surely make paper currencies less valuable and thus precious metals (Gold and Silver) become the defacto hard currencies. We also pointed out that Silver plays dual roles (as a proxy to hard currency and a proxy to general industrial activities being a metal of practical use).
- Energy (Oil (USO) or natural gas (UNG)) (DBE): Amid the middle east political unrests and recent Libyan's upheaval (Libya has the ninth largest oil reserve in the world), oil production is in danger of sudden disruption.
- Broadbase commodities (DBC) (GSG): Along with the mentioned factors, recent natural disaster in Japan, the third largest economy in the world, will only add more government supported stimulus, commodity hoarding will only get worse.
Though strong fundmentals are supporting commodity investing for now, we should point out that commodities are notorious volatile: geopolitical events and general economic activities (and expectation, such as inflation expection) can change the direction of commodities dramatically. It is thus important to properly allocate in one's portfolios and actively manage a portfolio's asset allocation. Interested readers are referred to several previous articles on the role of commodities in portfolio management:
- Commodity Investing: Long/Short (S&P Commodity Trend Indicators) vs. Long-Only
- Commodity ETFs: Does Everyone Need Energy in Their Portfolio?
- Energy Commodities and Gold ETFs Are Strong: Gold's Role in Asset Allocation?
- Correction in Commodities: The Role of Volatile Commodities in Asset Allocation
- Gold and Silver Corrected, Agriculture Commodities Strong
Symbols: SLV, DBP, GLD, DBB, DBA, DBC, DBE, USO, UNG, SPY, QQQQ, IWM, MDY, EFA, VEU, EEM, VWO, IYR, ICF, VNQ, GSG, LQD, CSJ, CIU, HYG, JNK, PHB, TLT, IEF, SHY, SHV, BND, AGG, MUB,MBB ,
Exchange Symbols: (NASDAQ: SLV), (NASDAQ: DBP), (NASDAQ: GLD), (NASDAQ: DBB), (NASDAQ: DBA), (NASDAQ: DBC), (NASDAQ: DBE), (NASDAQ: USO), (NASDAQ: UNG), (NASDAQ: SPY), (NASDAQ: QQQQ), (NASDAQ: IWM), (NASDAQ: MDY), (NASDAQ: EFA), (NASDAQ: VEU), (NASDAQ: EEM), (NASDAQ: VWO), (NASDAQ: IYR), (NASDAQ: ICF), (NASDAQ: VNQ), (NASDAQ: GSG), (NASDAQ: LQD), (NASDAQ: CSJ), (NASDAQ: CIU), (NASDAQ: HYG), (NASDAQ: JNK), (NASDAQ: PHB), (NASDAQ: TLT), (NASDAQ: IEF), (NASDAQ: SHY), (NASDAQ: SHV), (NASDAQ: BND), (NASDAQ: AGG), (NASDAQ: MUB), (NASDAQ: MBB)
MyPlanIQ does not have any business relationship with the company or companies mentioned in this article. It does not set up their retirement plans. The performance data of portfolios mentioned above are obtained through historical simulation and are hypothetical.