text:
|The Java Explorer
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Overview | Packages | Class Internals | Collections | I-O | Network | Database
Like any object-oriented language worth its salt, Java wraps the data and the operations to manipulate that data into a class. A class is therefore the smallest free-standing unit in Java.
Class encapsulates data and methods that operate on the data. The data may be a scalar unit like a number or a string; it may also be a composite like a collection object such as a Vector or Hashtable. A good design does not expose the internals of a class: it keeps its data members private, and exposes methods that return processed data, but rarely the data member itself.
Java specifies access modifiers on data and methods via the reserved words: private, protected and public. The modifier indicates the accessibility of data or method of a class. The protected modifier ensures that the data or method it modifies is accessible only to the inherited derived classes in the same inheritance chain. To make a method available to classes outside the class in which it is defined, use public modifier. To use public modifier to data elements of a class is to invite disaster: it undermines the basic tenet of data encapsulation. Use private instead, or protected to allow accessibility to derived classes only.
public class DataHider {
private String data;
public String getData() {
String processedData;
// process data
return processedData;
The data string is held privately, and is returned only after necessary processing via a publicly declared method. This way the user of the class is unaware of how data is stored inside the class, but is concerned only with the returned data. If you declare a class as public, then it must be saved in a file of the same name.
To declare data members and operations without any access modifiers is to provide a package level access, meaning Java denotes what is called a default package, and allows indiscriminate access. All non-trivial programs provide proper access levels.
While the word class is a typical OO term, Java reserves two keywords Class and Interface to differentiate a class functionality. An interface is a class that has no data members, but only method declarations, and may or may not have defined constants. A class on the other hand may be an abstract class with partial functionality or a concrete class with full functionality. A concrete class may thus be a class that implements an interface or a derived class that provides the inherited functionality by extending an abstract class.
Classes form a hierarchy of an inheritance chain. While the lower classes provide increasing specialization, the upper level classes provide increasingly common functionality. Java allows only single inheritance, meaning that a class may have no more than one parent. The functionality you seek through multiple inheritance may be achieved through the use of interface. The inheritance mechanism has a created a few synonymous terms to refer to classes in the inheritance relationship:
parent class - child class
base class - derived class
super class - sub class.
Inheritance is the cornerstone of OO programming: it provides code re-use. You code a functionality in one class and re-use it in all its sub-classes. It also enables code partitioning in which you separate common functionality from specialized functionality. It provides extensibility, too, since you can derive new classes from the old ones with brand new functionality. This feature is largely responsible for the phenomenal growth of the Java language, without sacrificing the core functionality.
Inner class
A class may be embedded in another class. The embedded class may have a name, or it may be an anonymous inner class. The container class may or may not expose the functionality of embedded classes to the outside world. Inner classes are often used in Java programs. Event delivery in Java is often coded as inner classes.
Listing 1:
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class CloseableJFrame extends JFrame {
public CloseableJFrame() {
super("Closeable JFrame");
addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent evt) {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new CloseableJFrame();
WindowAdapter is an anonymous inner class in the above example. It is a built-in class from the awt.event package, so we could instantiate it here and implement the windowClosing event. Inner classes are not limited to Java events; you may write your own.
Class Reflection
You may reflect upon a class using the reflection mechanism. You reflect on a class in order to know its internals. The reflection API - classes in the java.lang and the java.lang.reflect packages - provide the means to reflect or introspect a class that is currently running in the Java Virtual Machine.
Why Reflection?
What do you want to know the class internals for? First, let us see what reflection or introspection of a class reveal to us. As we said before, introspection reveals the internals of a class, such as the names of the class fields, methods, and constructors.
If you wanted to write a class browser, then you would certainly need a way to inspect the classes at run time. You would probably want to keep a log or provide an explorer view of classes.
If you are developing an IDE for Java, you would give your users a debug option. Here again, you will need to look into the class internals.
How do I use the Reflection
The Class class represents the class reflected - does it sound like Voodoo?
We will see it by example. Let us apply some of the reflection API to Listing 1 above. Using java.lang.reflect package, you can retrieve information about a class at runtime. First, you create a class Class object for the target class in question. With the Class object so obtained, you gather information about the target's constructors, methods, fields and so on.
Listing 2:
import java.lang.reflect.*; // import the reflection package
public class ReflectCloseableJFrame {
public ReflectCloseableJFrame() {
// Get an instance of the Target class
CloseableJFrame frame = new CloseableJFrame();
// Get the Class object from the target class instance
Class cFrame = frame.getClass();
// Get the name of the class
String frameName = cFrame.getName();
System.out.println("Target Class Name: "+frameName);
// Get the parent super class from the target class instance
Class cFrameParent = cFrame.getSuperclass();
// Get the name of the parent class
String frameParentName = cFrameParent.getName();
System.out.println("Target's Parent Class Name: "+frameParentName);
// Get target class's modifier
System.out.print("Class Modifier: ");
int modifiers = cFrame.getModifiers();
if (Modifier.isPublic(modifiers))
if (Modifier.isAbstract(modifiers))
if (Modifier.isFinal(modifiers))
// Get the constructors of the target class
Constructor[] ctors = cFrame.getConstructors();
for (int i = 0; i < ctors.length; i++) {
System.out.print("Constructor: "+ctors[i].toString());
public static void main(String[] args) {
new ReflectCloseableJFrame();
The output is:
Target Class Name: CloseableJFrame
Target's Parent Class Name: javax.swing.JFrame
Class Modifier: public
Constructor: public CloseableJFrame()
The reflection package makes it quite simple to perform a kind of biopsy on a running instance of a class without modifying it in any way. You might think of it as a non-destructive examination of objects at run time.


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text:
February 2016 may have had an extra day this year, but that doesn't begin to account for the leap in Greater Vancouver home sales over the month, which rose more than 36 per cent year over year, according to Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver (REBGV) reported March 2.
Like January's figures, and like the Fraser Valley, the residential unit sales volume is the highest ever recorded for the month of February, said the board.
February's sales were 56.3 per cent above the 10-year sales average for the month and were also 65.6 per cent higher than January's figures, as the spring market got under way early.
The benchmark price of a home (composite property types) in the region raised the bar again in February, at $795,500. This is a bump of 22.2 per cent per cent over February 2015's typical home price, but that figure masks a month-over-month drop in condo prices.
The number of homes newly listed on the Greater Vancouver market rose 7.1 per cent compared with the 5,425 units listed in February 2015, up 30.8 per cent with January 2016, as sellers took advantage of the hot market.
Sales and Listings
Greater Vancouver home sales in February totalled 4,172, a 36.3 per cent rise compared with the 3,061 sales recorded in February 2015 and an increase of 65.6 per cent versus January 2016, when 2,519 homes sold.
Split by property type, there were 1,778 detached home sales in the region in February, a rise of 37.2 per cent from the 1,296 detached sales recorded in February 2015, and an increase of 69.8 per cent month over month..
Townhome and other attached property sales continued to grow, although they further slowed their rate of annual sales growth in February. The total of 604 sales was an increase of 15.9 over the 521 transactions in February 2015. This was also a jump of nearly 61 per cent over January.
Sales of condominium-apartments totalled 1,790 in February 2016, an increase of 43.9 per cent compared with the 1,244 sales in February 2015. This was once more the fastest annual sales growth of the three types, and again the property type with the highest total sales. It was also a 63 per cent leap over January's figures.
|Jan/Feb 2016
|Feb 2015/2016
|Overall Sales
|- Detached
|- Attached
|- Apartment
|New Listings
|Current Listings
Property inventory was still tight in February, although it continued its recovery compared with recent months. New listings for all home types in Metro Vancouver totalled 5,812 in February 2016, an increase of 7.1 per cent compared with the 5,425 units listed in February 2015, and a strong boost of 30.8 per cent compared with January 2016 when 4,442 properties were listed.
The total number of properties currently available for sale on Metro Vancouver's MLS® as of the end of February is 7,299. This is a 38.7 per cent drop compared with February 2015 (11,898) but an 8.9 per cent increase compared to January 2016 (6,635).
Greater Vancouver's sales-to-active listings ratio for February 2016 is 57.2 per cent, making it the 12th consecutive month that the sales-to-active-listings ratio has been above 30 per cent in Metro Vancouver, as the strong sellers' market retains its firm grip.
Benchmark Prices
Metro Vancouver's combined residential property type benchmark price predictably set another new record in February, at $795,500, a rise of 22.2 per cent compared with February 2015 and a 0.7 per cent rise over the previous month's price.
The area's typical detached home is now priced at $1,305,600, a rise of 27 per cent compared with the same month last year, and once more the sharpest rise in prices of all the property types. This was a rise of 0.9 per cent over January's $1,293,700.
The benchmark price of a townhome or other attached unit in Greater Vancouver increased 17 per cent over February 2015 to $569,600, up 1 per cent compared with January.
Condo-apartment benchmark prices continued to be the most volatile, in February slowing their annual growth somewhat, up 17.7 per cent from February 2015 to $454,600. This property type was the only one to record a month-over-month decline in benchmark price, down 0.4 per cent compared with January's $456,600, as high levels of new inventory eased demand and pressure on prices.
|Feb 2016
|Jan 2016
|Feb 2015
Home prices vary widely throughout the REBGV region. To get a good idea of home prices in a specific location, check the detailed MLS® Home Price Index in the REBGV full statistics package.


text:
|The Book of Common Prayer
THE Latin and Greek translations authorized by successive Acts of Uniformity were intended primarily for scholars and university men, and such of the Irish clergy and congregations as could neither read nor speak English. These translations were of no practical value for congregational worship. To the modern scholar they are essentially witnesses to the revival of classical learning in England.
For the non-English speaking population of Great Britain and Ireland and the surrounding isles translations of the Liturgy for congregational use were soon arranged.
Of the five languages into which the Prayer Book was thus translated
the French was considered of prime importance, and a translation for
the use of the King's subjects in Calais and the Channel Islands was
made first. Soon after the first Prayer Book had been issued in 1549
a French translation was made at the command of Sir Hugh Paulet (Poulet),
military commander and governor of Jersey. Sir Hugh was born after 1500
and died about 1572. On the accession of Edward VI he was, as a known
supporter of the Protestant cause, one of those charged by the executors
of Henry VIII "with the good order of the sheres near unto them
in the West"[1].
|[1] Strype, Memorials of Cranmer, Vol. III, p. 698. (Ecclesiastical History edition, 1854.)
According to Robert Watt, Bibliotheca Britannica, Vol. II (1824), p. 753 I, the first edition of the French translation was put out by Gualtier (Gaultier) in 1551, and was entitled: "Le Livre des Priers Communes, de l'Administration des Sacremens, et autres Ceremonies en l'Englishe d'Angleterre." Francis Philip is named as the translator. Watt's statement, however, has to be accepted with great caution, inasmuch as there is, to our knowledge, no copy extant of an edition of 1551. But that there was some kind of a translation into French of the First Prayer Book is generally admitted. Strype, Cranmer (Oxford, 1840), Vol. I, pp. 416, 417, etc.; II, p. 1,035.
When the second Edwardine Prayer Book appeared, care was taken to amend the translation, already made, with regard to all the alterations, additions and omissions of this second book, so that the French version should represent as accurately as possible the English Book of Common Prayer in its amended state. Copies of this revision are now exceedingly rare. Its title reads:
Griffiths 36:1
[2] Thomas Gaultier, Galtier or Gualtier, was a native of France. He came to England and took out letters of denization in 1544. He printed only between 1550 and 1553, and was appointed King's printer for French service books. His printing office was in the parish of St. Martin's, Ludgate, near Fleet Bridge.
Without pagination. Page, 4 x 6⅛; paper, 5¼ x 7⅝ inches. Sig. (preliminary matter), a—e, in fours; and, again, e1, e2, (reverse blank), the second signature e undoubtedly a printer's error for f; (text) A1 — Zz 4, in fours.
Francoys Philippe, the translator, calls himself "seruiteur de Monsieur le grand Chancelier d'Angleterre." This Lord High Chancellor was Thomas Goodrich, or Goodricke, formerly bishop of Ely. He was one of the commissioners that drew up the Bishop's Book of 1537 [3], and he assisted in the preparation of the First Book of Common Prayer[4]. He died in 1554.
The first five pages of this French translation, viz.,. sig. aij-bi, contain a dedicatory letter: "A tres reverend pere en Dieu Thomas Goodrik, Euesque d'Ely & Chancelier d'Angleterre, Francoys Philippe, treshumble salut." "Vn Almanach pour XIX. ans" (1552-70) is printed in black and red on sig. eiii (obverse). The last page of the book, Zz iv, verso, contains the colophon, Fin du liure de prieres Communes De l'administration des Sacremens & autres Ceremonies en l'Esglise [sic] d'Angleterre.
The border of the title-page is the same as that used in the Primer of 1557, known as Queen Mary's Primer, printed in London by Abraham Vele[5].
For a short time after Mary's accession to the English throne in 1553,
the history of the Prayer Book leads us to Frankfort-on-the-Main, in
Germany. Thither Valerand Poullain (Valerandus Pollanus, Flandrus) fled
with his French and Walloon companions, driven from their new home in
England. They formed at Frankfort a considerable congregation. But soon
great trouble and dissension arose here owing to the introduction of
the Prayer Book into the public worship of the exiled congregations.
The question naturally arises, Did the translator of the Second Edwardine
Liturgy accompany Poullain to Frankfort or did he go to another city?
A recent learned monograph by Dr. Friedrich Clemens Ebrard, relating
the history of the French reformed congregation at Frankfort, 1554-1904[6],
contains positive proof of the fact that Philippe went to Frankfort and
for the period of more than a year served the congregation as their pastor,
1560-1561. When, on August 28, 1561, the Frankfort authorities closed
the churches against the foreign congregations allotted to them in 1554,
François Philippi, then pastor of the French congregation,
defended himself and his people from the pulpit; whereupon he was imprisoned
and, later on, banished from the city. The following year he published
La Defense des eglises estrangieres de Francfort
en Allemagne, par François
Philippi, ministre de l'eglise françoise de Francfort. It
is a small octavo volume of 160 pages, without place of publication or
name of publisher, and is now extremely rare[7].
[3] * The institvtion of a christen man, conteynynge the Exposytion or Interpretation of the commune Crede, of the seuen Sacramentes, of the .X. commandementes, and of the Pater noster, and the Aue Maria, Justyfication & Purgatory . . . Colophon: Londini. In aedibvs Thomae Bertheleti. . . . An. M. D. XXXVII.
The "Confession of faith" was re-issued in 1543, entitled * A necessary doctrine and ervdition for any Christen man, set furthe by the kynges maiestie of England, etc .... Colophon: Imprinted at London in Fletestrete by Thomas Barthelet .... M.D. XLIII. This edition is known as the King's Book, it having a. preface by King Henry. Of this book there were printed thirteen distinct editions, four in quarto and the others in octavo.
[4] The commissioners for the preparation of the First Edwardine Prayer Book were Thomas Cranmer, Thomas Goodrich, Henry Rands or Holbeach, George Day, John Skip, Thomas Thirl(e)by and Nicholas Ridley, from the Upper House. From the Lower House, William May, Richard Cox, John Taylor, Simon Heynes, Thomas Robertson or Robinson and John Redman or Redmayne. They were all members of the Province of Canterbury. In what manner the Convocation of the Province of York participated in the revision we know not. But there can be no doubt that its co-operation was obtained in some way.
[5] * The Primer in Englishe and Latine, set out along after the vse of Sarum: with many godlie and deuoute praiers: as it apeareth in the table.
[6] Die Französisch-reformierte Gemeinde in Frankfurt am Main, 1554-1904. Frankfurt am Main, 1906; vii, 166 (1) pp. ; portraits; plates; 4to.
[7] See, in addition, Brunet, Manuel
du libraire, Vol. IV, col. 609.
A French translation of the Hampton Court Book of King James | (1603/4) was printed in 1616. It reads:
Without pagination. Page, (title) 4½ x 6¼, (text) 4⅝ x 7 ; paper, 6½ x 8½ inches. The title is surrounded by a woodcut border, Fides and Humilitas on either side, the symbolic representations of the four evangelists in the four corners, and the royal crest in the centre of the top. Sigs. A — E4 in fours, for the introductory matter; last page blank; A1, reverse, containing the table of contents. Text, A — Z, Aa — Rr 3 in fours; Rr 3, reverse, blank. Follows Part II, with title in same border as the main title: Le | Livre des | Pseavmes | de David. | A Londres, | Par Iehan Bill, | Imprimeur du Roy. | M. DC. XVI. | Auec priuilege de sa Majeste. This title is printed on sig. Rr 4, obverse; reverse blank. Text, A — Z 3 in fours; Z 4 blank. Throughout the book there are many initial woodcut letters.
This translation of the Liturgy as revised by the Hampton Court Conference is a book now seldom seen and comparatively unknown. It was never, indeed, much used by the French-speaking congregations in connection with the Church of England. Unlike its predecessor of 1553 and its well-known successor of 1665 it was published anonymously. It cannot be shown definitely that the translator made use of the translation of 1553, a fact indicating that, even at so early a date, that book had become a rarity. But it is evident that the translator made use of the Latin versions of Aless and Haddon, for he incorporated also into his own translation occasionally the mistakes made by these two men.
The translator was Pierre de Laune, second son of William de Laune, minister of the reformed church of France, a physician and refugee to England in or before the year 1582. Pierre was born at Larie in 1574, and following his father's profession as a minister of the Gospel, he was appointed pastor of the Walloon Church of Norwich in 1601. It is well known that these French Churches, as well as the Dutch, formed by refugees in England were superintended by the bishop of the diocese in which they were located, even though they all belonged to the Puritan branch of Protestantism. It is interesting to observe that occasionally, but not often, some of the ministers of the church of the Walloons at Norwich received Anglican ordination and preferment in the English Church, after giving up the charge of their Walloon congregation. Others again endeavoured to retain their standing in the Walloon Church and, at the same time, hold a cure in the Church of England. To this latter class belonged de Laune, who was pastor of the church at Norwich from 1601 to 1656. While John Jeggon (1550-1618) was bishop of Norwich (1602-1618), de Laune made his translation at the suggestion of Bishop John Williams, in order to acquaint the French at home with the character and nature of English religion and liturgy. In order to escape the stigma of proselytizing in the interest of another denomination while still pastor in a reformed Calvinistic congregation, the translator let his book be published anonymously, relying on the promise of King James to give him an English cure as a reward for his labour. This James failed to do. Twelve years later, in [June ?] 1628, de Laune petitioned King Charles I that he might be presented to the rectory of Stanford Rivers, which had been "granted him by Letters patent from his late Matie for recompense for translating the English Liturgie into French and hath noe other reward but the expectation of this, now living upon the small and uncertaine Benevolence. There being now two direcc'ons to the Clerke of the signett to present seu'all persons there vnto, hee humbly praies to stay all proceedings, that hee may be peaceably presented therevnto"[8]. The only reward, however, given the translator was the honorary degree of D.D. from Cambridge University by royal mandate, February 5, 1635/6. From the time of his petition to the king until the day of his death in October, 1657, de Laune had great trouble with his Walloon congregation, whose members objected to their pastor's holding at the same time a cure in the Church of England.
A second edition of de Laune's translation appeared
in 1661, shortly after the Restoration. It was used in the French
chapel at the Savoy from July 14, 1661, until a new translation had been
made. As late as 1666, John Crook printed at Dublin an edition of the
1616 translation, for use in the Church of Ireland; 140 pages, 12mo. First
three leaves not numbered; sig. A 4 is paged 7, 8; last page blank.
[8] Calendar of State Papers, Charles I, Vol. CVIII, No. 79.
Grifftihs 36:5
|Immediately after the completion of the revised
liturgy of 1662, Jean Durel prepared
a French translation for the use of the French churches which conformed
to the ritual of the Church of England. He prepared the translation very
hastily and made too much use of the version of 1616. A royal order of October
6, 1662, commanded the use of this new French translation, as soon as printed,
in all the parish churches of Jersey and Guernsey, in the French congregation
at the Savoy, and in all other French conforming congregations. At the same
time Durel received the exclusive license for printing the said translation[9].
The translation appeared in 1665, with the title:
[9] Ibid., Charles II, Vol. XLI, p. 12.
|Griffiths 36:4; Griffiths has this edition published in Geneva by Jean Antoine & Samuel de Tournes
|(15), 444 pages, 8vo. The sanction of George
Stradling, chaplain of the Bishop of London, is dated April 3, 1663. The
book became, thereupon, in accordance with the king's ordinance (October
6, 1662), the only authorized French version. A second edition appeared
in 1667. Durel's translation was reprinted very often during more
than a century after its first issue. The Benton collection contains two
editions, one of 1689 and another of 1695, both Imprimée par R. Everingham, & se
vent chez R. Bentley [& M. Magnes]. The edition of 1689 numbers (20),
432 pages. Printed in two columns. Page, 3⅞ x 6½ ; paper, 4¼ x 7 inches.
The 1695 issue has (36), 344 pages. Page, 2¾ x 5½; paper, 3¼ x 5¾ inches.
It is also printed in double columns. The 1695 edition has, in addition,
an engraved frontispiece. In both editions the Psalter is followed by (a)
Formulaires des prieres dont l'on usera sur la mer; (b) the state-services
in French; (c) Articles de la confession de foy de l'Église
Anglicane; (d) Le canon du synode de la Province de Cantorbury, tenu ã
Londres, 1603; explication du legitime usage de la Croix au Baptême. In
the 1689 edition follows (e) The Form of Prayer for September 2: the Fire
of London (in French), a form found in many English Prayer Books throughout
the end of the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. The edition of
1695 has, in its stead, with a special title-page: Les | Pseaumes | de
| David, | Mis en Rime | par | Clement Marot | et | Theodore de Beze, |
Les Notes de la Musique y sont âjustées à cha- | que mot des Pseaumes pour
en faciliter le chant. Then follows an exquisitely worked title-vignette
and beneath it, A Leyden, | Chez Philippe de Cro-Y . (4), 170 pages,
printed in double columns[10].
Griffiths 36:6
Griffiths 36:8 (1683, 1688, 1695); Griffiths 36:9 (1689)
Griffiths 36:12 (1703)
Two editions of Durel's translations
are known to have been issued for the use of the Church of Ireland. One
in 1704 and the other in 1715, the one printed by Andre Crook, Dublin,
the other by him pour Mr. Binauld. Pages unnumbered. Page, 2¾
x 5⅜; paper, 3½ x 6 inches. Sig. A — Z in eights, with
extra signature (a) of four leaves between A and B. The Almanack in the
edition of 1715, on folio C 1, reverse, extends from 1703 to 1740, and
has at the bottom of the page the note: Remarquez que l'Église
Anglicane commence la supputation de l'An de nôtre Seigneur
au vingt-cinquieme jour du Mars. An
edition containing French and English in parallel columns was published
in 1717 by Baskett. It reads:
[10] On Durel, see Chap. V, pp. 42-48; Vol. II of Les Églises du Refuge en Angleterre, par le baron F. de Schickler, passim, and Dowden, Further Studies in the Prayer Book, pp. 216, 217, who states that "as a matter of fact, an examination of the contents of the book shows that Dr. Stradling's certificate was not justified. The version is inaccurate in many places."
Irish ed.: Griffiths 36:13
Without pagination. Page, 31 x 7; paper, 41 x 7!- inches. Printed in double. columns. The introductory sections are wholly in English.
Griffiths 36:25, 1757 printing
|In 1794 the French text was revised by Wanostrocht
and printed in London by C. D. Piguenit; 24mo. It does not contain the
Occasional Offices, except the Catechism. Nicolas Wanostrocht, LL.D., was
born in Belgium and came to England about 1780 after a short previous residence
in France. He became French tutor in the family of Henry Bathurst, second
Earl of Bathurst. A few years after his arrival he founded a school known
as The Alfred House Academy, near Camberwell Green. He published numerous
compilations and translations, and died at Camberwell on November 19, 1812,
aged 63 years. Another revision was made by Theophile Abauzit, of which
the first edition appeared in 1815, London, 8vo.; and, again, it was revised
by the Rev. Jean Mudry, a former Roman Catholic priest, and printed in
London, 1819, 24mo.
Griffiths 36:31; 36:33 (1801); 36:38 (1806); 36:51 (1828 and many subsequent printings through 1865)
Griffiths 36:39 (1811), 36:40 (1814); 36:45 (1818); 36:48 (1823);
Mudry's translation: Griffiths 36:60 (1845, 1853, 1859); 36:69 (1863)
|Griffiths 36:42 (1815)
|In 1839 the foreign translation committee of
the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge published a revised text
for the use of the inhabitants of the Channel Islands and of France itself,
the main difference being in the State Prayers. The editions have often
been reprinted and revised by committees from time to time. The editions
for the Channel Islands have, as a rule, the following title: La liturgie,
c'est à dire le formulaire des prières publiques, de l'administration
des sacrements, et des autres cérémonies et coutumes de l'église,
selon l'usage de l'Église Anglicane; avec le Psautier,
ou les Psaumes de David, ponctués selon qu'ils doivent être,
ou chantés ou lus dans les églises; aussi que la forme et
la manière d'ordonner, et de consacrer les évêques,
les prêtres, et les diacres. Cette version, destinée a l'usage
des congregations dans les Iles de la Manche, a reçu l'approbation
de sa seigneurie, l'évêque de Winchester. La Société pour
la propagation des connaissances chrétiennes; Londres ... 1910.
340 pages. Paper, 3⅞ x 6¾ inches. Two columns to the page. L'ordre
à suivre chaque jour aux prières du Matin begins on p. 33 (sig. C1). Table
des fêtes mobiles, supputée pour vingt-sept ans (p. 29) extends
from 1900 to 1926.
Griffiths 36:56; 36:71 (1886)
The edition differs only in minor verbal
details from the editions put out for the use of French congregations
in Mauritius and other colonies with French-speaking congregations. The
main difference is the title, which reads: Le livre des prières publiques, de l'Administration
des sacrements, et des autres rites et cérémonies de l'église,
selon l'usage de l'église d'Angleterre: avec le
Psautier, ou les Psaumes de David, ponctués comme ils doivent être
chantés ou récités dans les églises; aussi
que la forme et la manière de faire, d'ordonner, et de consacrer
les évêques, les prêtres et les diacres. [Seal of the
Society.] Londres: La société pour la propagation des connaissances chrétiennes
... 1912. x, (26), 575, (13) pages. Paper, 3¼ x 5½ inches. Pp. 1-289 in
long lines; 290-336, L'ordre du baptême — Commination,
in double columns; 336-538, Les Psaumes de David, in long lines; 539 to
the end of the volume, double columns. The Table des fêtes mobiles,
etc., on p. (21), beginning with 1889 and extending to 1908, is rather
out of date in a 1912 edition.
Griffiths 36:69
[11] The J. P. Morgan library has the 1616 edition, the copy having belonged to Charles I when Prince of Wales. It also has the 1665 edition of Durel.— The General Theological Seminary library, New York, has the editions of 1616, 1667, and 1689, and later editions.— The John Carter Brown Library has the 1553, 1616, and 1683 editions.— The Boston Public Library has an edition of 1706.— The Whittingham Library, Baltimore, Md., has editions of 1689, 1739, etc.— The Boston Athenæum has the London editions of 1705 (288, 177 pp., 12mo) and of 1739 (XXXVI, 441, 162 pp., I2mo).— The collection of the custodian of the General Convention's standard book comprises the American editions of 1803, 1831, 1846, 1860 and 1897.— The Worcester, Mass., Antiquarian Society has a Dublin edition of 1775 (XLIX, (1), 438 pp., 16mo); also the American editions of 1831 and 1860.
|The Église françoise à la
Nouvelle York, which was founded in 1688 by a body of Huguenot refugees,
became in 1804 l'Église Protestante Episcopale française
du St. Esprit, conforming to the Episcopal Liturgy. From very early times
in the history of this congregation a strong disposition existed among
many members to conform to the Church of England. This was particularly
true of its ministers. Most of the earlier pastors had been episcopally
ordained before coming to New York, and all of them regarded with favour
the Church which had received so generously their exiled brethren in England.
In 1797 the Rev. Pierre Antoine Samuel Albert was elected minister, and
he was destined to become the first rector of the French church du Saint
Esprit. The absence of a French translation of the American Book of Common
Prayer was one of the principal difficulties in the way of an immediate
conformity to the Episcopal Church, and as there was no one then able to
make a new translation, it was resolved simply to adapt the Prayer Book
used in the French Episcopal churches of London, Jersey and Guernsey, to
American use. The changes were made by Mr. Albert, assisted, in the English
part of his work, by Mr. Jean Pintard, one of the trustees of the church.
The printing of the book began in December, 1802, and it seems to have
been finished in June, 1803. Its title reads: Livre | contenant les | Prieres
publiques, | l'administration | des Sacremens, | et les autres |
Rites et ceremonies de l'Église, | selon l'usage | de
l'Église Episcopale protestante | dans | les États
unis de l'Amérique: | Avec | le Pseautier, | ou | les Pseaumes
de David. | Pour l'usage de l'Église Protestante Française
du Saint-Esprit a la Nouvelle-York. | A la Nouvelle-York: De l'imprimerie
de Robert Wilson. | 1803. Printed in long lines. (36), 503 pages. Page,
3½ x 6½; paper, 5 x 8 inches.
|Mr. Albert was admitted to priest's orders
in Trinity Church, New York City, N.Y. He died in 1806. His second successor,
Antoine Verren, was elected in 1828. Eleven years before that time, in
1817, Bishop Hobart, who had made arrangements for causing the French translation
of the Book of Common Prayer to be examined[12], suggested to
the General Convention of 1817 a real translation of the Liturgy of the American
Church into French. Nothing, however, was done until after the installation
of Verren. Verren was born in 1807, and came to the United States in 1827.
He was called to the rectorship of l'Eglise du St. Esprit in 1828,
and remained its rector until his death in 1874. He was professor of French
literature in Columbia College, New York, from 1832.to 1844. The French
translation of the American Liturgy, made by Verren, was authorized by
the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United
States of America, held in New York in 1832[13]. The title reads:
Livre des prières publiques, de l'administration des Sacremens,
et des autres rites et cérémonies de l'Église,
selon l'usage de l'Église protestante épiscopale
dans les États unis d'Amérique; avec le Psautier, ou
les Psaumes de David. Nouvelle édition revue et corrigée,
d'après l'autorisation de la convention générale,
par Rev. A. Verren, A.M., New York: T. et J. Swords, 1831. (36), 464 pages,
12mo. Verren's book was republished in Paris, 1856, xxxvi, 560 pages,
16mo. The translation omits those occasional offices which were not likely
to be used or needed in French services.
[12) Journal of the Proceedings of the General Convention, 1817, P·45.
[13] Ibid., New York, 1832, pp. 37 and 84. The Rev. A. V. Wittmeyer, of New York, states in a letter. May 22, 1913: "Wanostrocht's translation has in my eyes great merit. Still, Verren improved it considerably."
Griffiths 36:65
|Title page of the 1831 French tramslation (Griffiths 36:52)
In 1844 a movement was begun to revise the translation of 1831[14]. As a result, a new edition appeared in 1846, published by the New York Bible and Prayer Book Society, xxxvi, 463, 232 pages, 18mo; printed in long lines. Part II contained the Psalms in metre. The revision was mainly the work of the Rev. Charles H. Williamson. (Journal of General Convention, 1844, pp. 21, 22, 123, 124.) This edition was reprinted in 1854, 1856, 1860 and later.
At right, the
1846 edition of the U. S. BCP in French (Griffiths 36:61)
Griffiths 36:61
|The edition now in use in the French churches of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States was prepared by the Rev. Alfred Victor Wittmeyer, the present rector of l'Église du St. Esprit, New York. It appeared in 1897, xxviii, 500 pages, 3½ x 6 inches. The book ends with the Psalter[15]. It is printed in long lines. Its title reads: Livre des prières publiques, de l'administration des Sacrements et des autres rites et cérémonies de l'Église, selon l'usage de l'Église protestante épiscopale des États-unis d'Amérique. Avec le Psautier, ou les Psaumes de David. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons. Mr. Witttmeyer took as a basis the Verren edition of 1856, and added to it the new matter which had been added to the standard Prayer Book of 1892. This edition is constantly being reprinted as needed, and to the forthcoming reprint (1913) is to be added a French translation of the Ordinal, prepared by Mr. Wittmeyer. This is to our knowledge the first translation of the Ordinal of the American church, and is made at the request of the Committee of the House of Bishops[16].
Griffiths 36:73, 36:74
[15] On this translation see ibid., 1898, p. 533, and 1904, p. 478.
[16] Letters of the translator of May 19 and 22, 1913.
Next Chapter
Return to the Book of Common Prayer among the Nations of the World
|Web author: Charles Wohlers
|U. S. England Scotland Ireland Wales Canada World


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Wedding & Event Planning Tips
Relax, we're here to help!
Saturday, we had the pleasure of providing a photo booth rental for a fun 50th birthday party, at Don Dario's Cantina, in Austin, Texas. The family planned a fun surprise birthday party for Loretta and decided to book us for the photo booth. Not only to provide entertainment for those who did not dance, but for the favors to give their guests, too! We also always give the guest of honor a flash drive with all the photos taken at the event, too!
Don Dario's provided the space for 50 people, and the great food and drinks for this Fabulous & 50 party! The food was great and the guests had a blast dancing and taking pictures at the photo booth. Dario's actually already provides a DJ every Friday and Saturday, so this was a great way to save on the DJ cost for their event. Ironically, the DJ, Jimmy, is a DJ who is on the Austin's Best DJs team! :) So of course he did a great job keeping everyone moving and shaking, all night! Jason & Diana personally worked the photo booth, and kept everyone entertained at the photo booth, throughout the event, too! It was a great time and we're so glad to have been part of Loretta and her family's special celebration! Happy birthday, again, Loretta!
- Austin's Best DJs & Photo Booths
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DINERS have had their appetites sharpened thanks to this amazing catch of the day ... a 6ft swordfish.
The species is more familiar in the depths of the Mediterranean and Atlantic than the waters off Whitburn, but was hauled up by fishermen yesterday morning as they were off the coast near Souter Lighthouse.
Now it is being served up to customers of the village's fish shop, offering chefs the chance to have a fishy on a dishy with a difference.
It was caught by Ian Wakenshaw on the Beverley Ann, a catamaran fishing boat geared up to net wild salmon and sea trout.
He lands his fish at Caley Fisheries, North Shields Fish Quay, and was south of the Tyne, heading towards Whitburn, when he hauled up the fish along with his intended catch. Bosses at Caley Fisheries thought of Robert Latimer straight away, as his shop is a big supporter of local fisherman.
Mr Latimer said: "We are so proud of our local fisherman, they do an amazing job in very hard circumstances – not just wind, wave and tides but also in the politics that surround our industry too.
"This fish is a brilliant example of the unexpected from our local shores.
"The swordfish would have been following the mackerel and salmon on their summer migration.
"This year, we've also had local tuna fish landed too.
"This fish will make beautiful eating, perfect on the barbecue, and a good marinade would be lemon, coriander and chilli.
"I was just expecting 200 lobsters and half a tonne of crab, herring, mackerel, squid, hake and ling in the back of my van – the swordfish is a nice surprise."
Latimers are challenging customers to guess the weight of the swordfish on its Facebook and Twitter pages.
Last August, the shop in Bents Road took delivery of a 7ft porbeagle shark to serve to customers after it was caught in the North Sea.


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Vibra Healthcare LLC is opening a third location, at Detroit Medical Center's Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan that will occupy two floors and 16,000 square feet at the downtown campus.
As a long-term acute care hospital, Vibra Hospital of Southeastern Michigan-DMC Campus will operate 28 beds that will include eight private rooms, 10 semi-private rooms and a rehabilitation therapy gym on the second floor.
An open house is scheduled for June 30, with patients admitted starting July 1.
"This partnership allows us to expand our footprint as a leader in the post acute continuum through added rehabilitative services that address the unique needs of those who require long-term acute care," RIM's CEO William Restum said in a statement. "This coordination of care will allow us to continue to deliver superior clinical outcomes and reach our goal of transitioning patients home with a full and efficient recovery."
Vibra's DMC Campus will share clinical programs, services and administration with Vibra Hospital of Southeastern Michigan in Lincoln Park. Vibra also operates a 40-bed long-term care unit at Beaumont Hospital in Taylor, the former Oakwood Heritage Hospital.
In a statement, Brad Hollinger, CEO of Vibra said: "We are delighted to be part of such a prestigious health care system. Detroit Medical Center Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan has an exceptional reputation, and our goal is to deliver the same level of service excellence while furthering a patient's journey back to a healthy and productive life."
Vibra's DMC campus location, which will employ about 60 health professionals, will specialize in the treatment of patients with a variety of complex medical needs, including those who are recovering from strokes, cardiac and respiratory diseases, neurological and spinal cord injuries, multiple traumas and wounds.
Vibra Healthcare is based in Mechanicsburg, Pa., and operates 92 specialty hospitals and other outpatient centers in 20 states. DMC's RIM is one of the largest rehabilitation hospitals in the nation, specializing in traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injuries.


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Nothing gives us greater satisfaction here at ScreenAnarchy than championing the master filmmakers of tomorrow, the unsung artists and heroes whose work is still finding its way into the public consciousness.
The Dream Eater, as our headline reads, is a psychotronic short film project that brings together the creative minds behind some of our favourite shorts of recent years, including Yellow, Abdullah, Tokophobia and To My Mother And Father. It tells the story of a young man who discovers a jar of magic beans, leading to a mind-bending nightmare of untold proportions through unfathomable dimensions.
The film is the brainchild of Antoni Maiovvi, the British composer, DJ and producer whose unique musical stylings can be heard on, among other things, the score of Can Evrenol's Turkish horror feature, Housewife. Backed by talented British production outfit Ne'er Do Well Films, The Dream Eater promises violence, humour and weirdness galore …but only with your help!
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One of the basic goals of man on earth aside survival is to be a success or rather to become successful.
Success or been successful can be described as achieving of results wanted or hoped for; this may include getting things done, achieving varying goals and positions in the society.
To be a success is one drive every man has and actualizing success most times is……..


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The U.S. federal assistance program known as welfare began during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when the federal government responded to the needs of an enormous number of families who had little to no income. In 1996, Congress passed a welfare reform law that placed control of the welfare system with state governments. The state where you live will determine how much money you can make and still qualify for welfare.
Types of Welfare
The various welfare programs across the country all require certain income and other eligibility requirements to be met, to achieve and maintain assistance payments. For instance, as of July 2002, the average earned-income threshold (limit) for a three-member household applying to the TANF program, ranged from $205 in Alabama all the way up to $1,641 in Hawaii. Some common welfare programs include: TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families), which provides temporary cash assistance for households with little to no income; food assistance, such as California's CalFresh program which is the federal version of SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), formerly known as the Food Stamp Program; and assistance with child care, utility/energy expenses, medical expenses and job training.
Video of the Day
Eligibility Requirements
Your eligibility will be based on your gross and net household income and the total number of household members. For programs like SNAP (formerly Food Stamps), a family typically must meet both gross and net income tests to qualify. The gross income threshold ranges from $1,174 for a single-person household to $4,010 for an eight-member household, with another $406 for each additional person. The net income thresholds are $903 for a single person up to $3,085 for eight people, with a further $312 for each additional person.
Special circumstances are also taken into account, such as unemployment, homelessness, pregnancy or medical emergencies. When you apply for public assistance, a case worker or social worker is assigned to your case, and he will gather all necessary information to determine what type of benefits you qualify for, and how much assistance you are eligible to receive.
Other Criteria
To receive welfare benefits, you must commit to becoming self-sufficient within a specified time period, as welfare is meant to provide temporary assistance. All dependent family members must be living in the household, and all minor children must be attending school and be fully immunized. You must be at least 18 years of age, have a Social Security number and be a legal resident of the state in which you are applying for assistance. All sources of income must be disclosed, including cash, checking or savings accounts and other valuable assets like cars, jewelry or electronics.
Applying for Welfare
To apply for welfare, you can contact your local county welfare department or state's department of social services. In your local phone book, you can look in the government pages for the human services department, family services or something similar. You can make an appointment to see a case worker who will provide you with a list of all necessary documentation to bring to your appointment. A few documents you can expect to present, include proof of residency (utility bill), proof of income (check stubs, bank statements) and valid identification. Once your case worker reviews all documents and your application, she will determine how much money you can make and still qualify for welfare.


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James Welch, CPA, who currently serves on the Chamber Board of Directors and served as Chairman in 2002, has been elected to the Board of Directors of Randolph Savings Bank.
Welch, a Hingham resident, is a partner at BlumShapiro, New England's largest regional accounting, tax and business consulting firm. He recently joined BlumShapiro as a result of the merger with the regional accounting and business advisory firm of Needel, Welch & Stone which he joined in 1980 and where he served as Managing Princupal from 1994 - 2005.
Randolph Savings Bank President & CEO Jack Doyle announced Welch's election to the Board saying, "Jim brings a wealth of financial expertise to our Board as well as an outstanding record of community involvement. He also has significant board governance experience and a strong understanding of banking."
Visit Welch's Partner Profile on the BlumShapiro website: http://blumshapiro.com/profile/james-welch


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June is National Homeownership MonthLeave a comment
June 7, 2016 by Jeff Blaine Lowen
Yet another National something month… 😉 Here's an infographic displaying some pretty cool tidbits! June is all about homeowners!
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Advances in Consumer Research Volume 22, 1995 Pages 373-380
Zhengyuan Wang, University of Arkansas
C.P. Rao, Old Dominion University
In recent years, one of the most dynamic areas of research in social science disciplines has been the measurement and functions of personal values (Kamakura and Mazzon 1991). Despite considerable empirical research on functions of values (Pitts and Woodside 1984), the measurement issue remains unresolved. There is disagreement among researchers concerning the conceptualization of values and the validity and reliability of various measures of values (e.g., Beatty et al. 1985; Miethe 1985; Munson 1984; Novak and MacEvoy 1990). Most previous research relies on exploratory factor analysis to assess the underlying dimensionality of values (e.g., Feather and Peay 1975; Maloney and Katz 1976; Munson and McQuarrie 1988; Valette-Florence and Jolibert 1990; Vinson et al. 1977). Many researchers regard values as consisting of independent dimensions which can be measured by single items (e.g., Rokeach 1973; Schopphoven 1991).
However, exploratory factor analysis and the use of single-item measures have shown to be inadequate in construct validation (Gerbing and Anderson 1988; Nunnally 1978). The present study attempts to overcome some of the weaknesses in previous research. Using confirmatory factor analysis via LISREL (J÷reskog and S÷rbom 1988), it examined the dimensionality of the most widely used value instrument, the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS), in the context of Chinese culture. Although developed in Western countries, the Rokeach Value Survey has shown to be largely consistent with the Chinese Value Survey (Bond 1988; Ralston et al. 1992).
Personal Values
Rokeach (1973) argues that values are separately organized into relatively enduring hierarchical structures of terminal and instrumental values. Terminal values are defined as a person's beliefs concerning desirable end-states of existence (ends) while instrumental values refer to a person's beliefs regarding desirable modes of conduct (means to achieve the ends). The Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) was developed by selecting 18 terminal and 18 instrumental values from a larger pool of several hundred values descriptors (Rokeach 1973). Earlier studies have provided some empirical evidence in support of the structure of terminal versus instrumental values (e.g., Feather and Peay 1975; Vinson et al. 1977).
The original version of the RVS consisted of 18 instrumental values and 18 terminal values that were rank ordered in terms of their importance as guiding principles of the respondent's life. The major limitations of the original RVS include: (1) subjects are forced to rank one value at the expense of another which may actually be equally important to them (Alwin and Krosnick 1985), (2) the presentation of the 36 value items may exceed the respondent's ability to accurately process information and thus distort the ranking procedure (Miller 1956), (3) the ranking nature of the data precludes the use of a wide variety of useful statistical analysis techniques that might otherwise be used (Rankin and Grube 1980).
To overcome these problems, researchers have modified the original RVS to yield an interval measure of value importance (Miethe 1985; Moore 1975; Munson and McIntyre 1979; Rankin and Grube 1980). Instead of ranking the values, respondents are required to assess the importance of each value item on a seven-point rating scale. Such a rating approach imposes fewer constraints on the data. Since the goal of value survey is to identify people's underlying value dimensions, the rating approach would seem to be preferred. The present study employed such a modified RVS. Since terminal and instrumental values are conceptually distinct constructs, the current study focused on instrumental values.
Structure of Instrumental Values
According to Rokeach (1973), both terminal and instrumental values are basically independent. In other words, each of the 36 value items represents a distinct personal value. Other researchers disagree with Rokeach and have sought to achieve a more parsimonious value structure (e.g., Beatty et al. 1985; McQuarrie and Langmeyer 1985; Munson and McQuarrie 1988; Prakash and Munson 1985). These researchers have noted that many of the Rokeach value items appeared to be largely irrelevant to consumption behavior. They argue that some value items can be dropped to make the measures of values more relevant to consumption. For example, Munson and McQuarrie (1988) developed their Value Instrumentality Inventory by retaining 24 value items out of the original 36 RVS items. One alternative measure of values, the List of Values (LOV), was developed by Kahle (1983) by modifying Rokeach's 18 terminal values into a smaller set of 9 values. In testing the causal model of value-attitude-behavior hierarchy, Homer and Kahle (1988) further reduced the nine values into three latent constructs: (1) individual internal values, (2) inter-personal internal values, and (3) external values.
A review of earlier studies that factor analyzed Rokeach's instrumental values suggests an internal versus external structure of instrumental values (Crosby et al. 1990; Feather and Peay 1975; Rokeach 1973; Vinson et al. 1977). Internal dimensions of Rokeach's instrumental values contain such value items as being ambitious, imaginative, independent, intellectual, etc. External dimensions reflect social conformity such as being forgiving, honest, polite or concern for others. The hypothesized structure of instrumental values is shown in Table 1. As noted by Crosby et al (1990), theoretical and empirical evidence of such internal and external dimensions can be found in a number of previous studies (e.g., Alwin and Jackson 1982; Lefcourt 1966; McGuire 1974).
The above theoretical arguments and empirical findings lead to the following two rival hypotheses:
H1: Rokeach instrumental values are independent with one another. H2: Rokeach instrumental values contain two latent dimensions. One is internal and the other external.
H1: Rokeach instrumental values are independent with one another. H2: Rokeach instrumental values contain two latent dimensions. One is internal and the other external.
H1: Rokeach instrumental values are independent with one another.
H2: Rokeach instrumental values contain two latent dimensions. One is internal and the other external.
Nomological Network of Instrumental Values
Previous research on RVS has called for further research that will examine the nomological network linking value dimensions to consumer behavior (e.g., Crosby et al. 1990). For a construct to have a real validity, it must be shown to be useful as an explanatory device. In other words, the construct must have nomological validity. The present study used two shopping behavior related constructs, shopping involvement and price sensitivity, to assess the nomological validity of instrumental values.
Earlier studies, both theoretical and empirical, have suggested linkages between instrumental values and shopping involvement and price sensitivity (e.g., Carman 1977; Darden et al. 1979; Petit et al. 1985). Figure 1 presents the hypothesized nomological network of instrumental values. Chinese consumers with externally focused values (conformity dimension) are likely to be more involved in shopping than those with internally focused values (self-direction dimension). In China, the traditional doctrine of Confucianism, which is the foundation of the Chinese value system (Kluckhohn and Strodbeck 1961), teaches the values of diligence and frugality (Yau 1988). In addition, the propaganda of the Chinese Communist Party, China's ruling party over the past four decades, has also been extolling the virtue of thrifty and persuading people to resist the so-called "bourgeois" way of life. Capitalism has often been portrayed in China as encouraging a hedonic life style that is self-indulgent and wasteful. As a result, it is socially desirable to save money and be a meticulous shopper in China. Since consumers with internally focused values (self-direction dimension) are less prone to normative compliance, they are expected to be less involved in shopping and less sensitive to price.
On the basis of the previous discussions, the following hypotheses are derived:
H3: There is a positive relationship between conformity dimension of instrumental values and the two constructs of shopping involvement and price sensitivity. H4: There is a negative relationship between self-direction dimension of instrumental values and the two constructs of shopping involvement and price sensitivity.
H3: There is a positive relationship between conformity dimension of instrumental values and the two constructs of shopping involvement and price sensitivity. H4: There is a negative relationship between self-direction dimension of instrumental values and the two constructs of shopping involvement and price sensitivity.
H3: There is a positive relationship between conformity dimension of instrumental values and the two constructs of shopping involvement and price sensitivity.
H4: There is a negative relationship between self-direction dimension of instrumental values and the two constructs of shopping involvement and price sensitivity.
Research Design
The data used to test the research hypotheses resulted from personal interviews with pre-designed questionnaires. Data collection was undertaken respectively in two major Chinese cities: Beijing and Shanghai. No attempt was made to select the sample on a purely random basis. Rather, care was exercised in collecting a representative cross-section of the target population, which is defined in this study as the urban population in these two cities. Altogether 196 usable questionnaires were obtained in which 101 came from Beijing and 95 obtained from Shanghai. The demographic characteristics of the sample were similar to those of the target population.
The questionnaire was translated into Chinese by a doctoral student from China who was studying business administration at a Western university. The translated questionnaire was then back translated into English by another Chinese doctoral student. This process resulted in a number of modifications that were necessary to make the Chinese version of the questionnaire as less ambiguous as possible.
Operational Measures
Personal values measures. The construct of personal values was measured by asking respondents how important each of the 18 Rokeach instrumental values was to them on a seven-point importance rating scale. As will be discussed later, Rokeach instrumental values were found to comprise two latent dimensions: self-direction dimension and conformity dimension. The self-direction dimension consists of the following four items: (1) ambitious, (2) imaginative, (3) intellectual, and (4) logical while the conformity dimension consists of six items: (1) forgiving, (2) helpful, (3) honest, (4) cheerful, (5) responsible, and (6) self-controlled.
Shopping involvement and price sensitivity. Shopping involvement is defined as the self-relevance of shopping activities to the individual. It was measured on a 7-point Likert scale using four items adapted from the purchasing involvement scale developed by Slama and Tashchian (1985). They were: (1) "Before going shopping, I sit down and make out a complete shopping list;" (2) "I consult with friends and/or experts before making a major purchase;" (3) "I am an impulse buyer;" and (4) "I am a meticulous shopper." Note that item three above was reverse worded. Price sensitivity was measured with three items on a 7-point Likert scale: (1) "I like to bargain for most of the things I buy;" (2) "I shop a lot for specials;" and (3) "A store's own brand is usually a better buy than a nationally advertised brand."
Results of Testing Hypotheses 1 and 2
Hypotheses 1 and 2 are rival hypotheses regarding the structure of Rokeach instrumental values. The efforts to test H1 and H2 followed the recommended procedures for confirmatory factor analysis (Gerbing and Anderson 1988). Since H1 states that Rokeach instrumental values are independent with one another, i.e., no factors underlie the observed Rokeach instrumental values, it constitutes the null or baseline model. Three hypothesized or comparison models were tested against the null model. To evaluate these competing models, chi-square differences and two incremental fit indices, namely, Bentler & Bonett's (1980) normed index, D1, and Bentler & Bonett's (1980) non-normed index, r2, were calculated. Table 2 presents values of chi-square and other goodness of fit indices for competing models of instrumental values.
As shown in Table 2, both the null model and one-factor model have very poor fit indices. The two- and three-factor models, on the other hand, have substantially improved fit indices. The hypothesized two-factor model, which corresponds to H2, is shown in Table 1. Crosby et al. (1990) suggest that the external dimension of the two-factor model may contain two sub-dimensions: conformity and virtuousness. Conformity contains four items: (1) cheerful, (2) clean, (3) obedient, and (4) polite, while virtuousness consists of six items: (1) forgiving, (2) helpful, (3) honest, (4) loving, (5) responsible, and (6) self-controlled. So the three-factor model tested in the current study includes the following three factors: self-direction, conformity, and virtuousness.
Fit indices shown in Table 2 indicate that the three-factor model has a slightly better fit than the two-factor model. However, the inter-factor correlation between virtuousness and conformity, f32, is 0.88, indicating a lack of discriminant validity between conformity and virtuousness. In the two-factor model, the inter-factor correlation, f21, is -0.16, while the average factor loading is 0.71. These results provide support for H2. It is also worth noting here that exploratory factor analysis using the criterion of eigenvalues greater than one also suggests a two-factor solution. The first two factors account for 57% of the total variance. Hence, it appears that Rokeach instrumental values contain two latent dimensions: internal and external values.
Results of Testing Hypotheses 3 and 4
Hypotheses 3 and 4 relate to the nomological network of instrumental values. As shown in Figure 1, two shopping behavior related constructs, shopping involvement and price sensitivity, were used to assess the nomological validity of instrumental values. Before a structural model assessing nomological validity is conducted, measurement models associated with instrumental values and shopping behaviors must first be examined (Anderson and Gerbing 1988). Following conventional scale development procedures (Nunnally 1978; Gerbing and Anderson 1988), the present study examined unidimensionality, reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity associated with each of the constructs shown in Figure 1.
Measurement Model for Instrumental Values. As recommended by Gerbing and Anderson (1988), confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess unidimensionality of instrumental values. As shown in Table 2, the initial two-factor confirmatory measurement model involving all 18 Rokeach instrumental value items resulted in a model fit that was not quite satisfactory (c2=279.88, df=134, p=0.000; GFI=0.869, AGFI=0.833, RMSR=0.074). An examination of corrected item-to-total correlations as well as modification indices suggested the deletion of eight items. The practice of dropping some value items is consistent with previous research that attempted to modify existing measures of values (e.g., Kahle 1983; Munson and McQuarrie 1988).
As indicated in Table 3, a measurement model of the remaining ten items loading onto the two dimensions of instrumental values (self-direction and conformity) resulted in a model of acceptable fit (c2=51.40, df=34, p=0.028; GFI=0.953, AGFI=0.924, RMSR=0.035). These results seem to indicate that unidimensionality has been achieved.
Since the establishment of acceptable unidimensionality alone is not sufficient to ensure the usefulness of a scale, the reliability of the scale should then be assessed (Gerbing and Anderson 1988). Both Cronbach's (1951) coefficient alpha and J÷reskog's (1971) construct reliability are computed in this study. Both the coefficient alpha and construct reliability are 0.83 for self-direction dimension and 0.87 for conformity dimension. These results indicate that both the four-item self-direction measure and the six-item conformity measure seem to be quite reliable.
After unidimensionality and reliability have been acceptably established, the convergent and discriminant validity should be assessed (Anderson and Gerbing 1988). Two approaches were used to assess convergent validity. One approach recommended by Anderson and Gerbing (1988) is to examine whether each indicator's pattern coefficient (loading) from the measurement model is statistically significant. Another approach is recommended by Fornell and Larcker (1981). According to this approach, the average variance extracted for each construct should be more than 0.5 in order to achieve convergent validity. As shown in Table 3, all the t tests for l's are statistically significant and the average variance extracted for self-direction and conformity are 0.56 and 0.53 respectively. These results suggest that convergent validity for both measures is achieved.
There are also two approaches that can be used to assess discriminant validity. Anderson and Gerbing (1988) suggest that discriminant validity can be assessed by constraining the phi value for a pair of constructs to unity and then estimating the resulting measurement model. In the current study, the c2 value for the constrained model is 148.02 with 35 degrees of freedom. Because the c2 difference between the constrained and nonconstrained models is 96.62, which for 1 degree of freedom is highly significant, discriminant validity seems to be indicated. Fornell and Larcker (1981) present another approach to assess discriminant validity. According to them, for any pair of constructs to demonstrate discriminant validity, the average variance extracted for each construct should be greater than the squared structural link (derived by LISREL) between the pair. As shown in Table 3, the average variances extracted for self-direction and for conformity are far greater than f212, indicating that discriminant validity is achieved.
Measurement Model for Shopping Involvement and Price Sensitivity. Following the same procedures as those for the measurement model of instrumental values, unidimensionality, reliability, convergent and discriminant validity were assessed. As shown in Table 4, the measurement model for shopping involvement and price sensitivity has a very good fit, indicating that unidimensionality is achieved.
Both coefficient alpha and construct reliability are 0.89 for shopping involvement and 0.90 for price sensitivity. These results indicate that both measures seem to be highly reliable. As shown in Table 4, all the t tests for l's are statistically significant and the average variances extracted for both measures are greater than 0.5, suggesting that convergent validity is achieved. The c2 value for the constrained model is 71.61 with 14 degrees of freedom. Because the c2 difference between the constrained and nonconstrained models is 57.87, which for 1 degree of freedom is highly significant, discriminant validity seems to be indicated. In addition, the average variances extracted for shopping involvement and for price sensitivity, as shown in Table 4, are far greater than f212, indicating also that discriminant validity is achieved.
Structural Equation Model for the Nomological Network. Figure 1 presents the hypothesized nomological network of instrumental values. Table 5 displays the results of the full structural equation model that simultaneously models measurement and structural relations. As summarized in Table 5, all the goodness of fit indices demonstrate that the data provide a good fit for the overall model. The gamma coefficients linking two dimensions of instrumental values and two shopping behavior related constructs are in the expected direction and statistically significant at the 0.05 level for two of the four paths, namely, g11 and g12. The path linking self-direction and price sensitivity (g21) is significant if tested with one-tail t test at the 0.10 level. These results provide some support to the hypothesized nomological network implied in H3 and H4.
Research on personal values has been gaining momentum during the past few years. Although considerable empirical research has examined various functions of values, the issue of how to measure values accurately remains unresolved. Following the "two-step" approach recommended by Anderson and Gerbing (1988), the present study assessed unidimensionality, reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and nomological validity of the Rokeach instrumental values.
Results suggest that the 18 Rokeach instrumental values are not independent with one another. Rather, there seem to be two latent dimensions measured by the RVS. One dimension identified in the current study was a four-item measure of self-direction and the other dimension was a six-item measure of conformity. Results of confirmatory factor analysis via LISREL provided support for the unidimensionality, reliability, convergent and discriminant validity associated with these two dimensions. Results of the full structural equation model that simultaneously models measurement and structural relations lend some support to the nomological network of instrumental values. Specifically, conformity dimension was found to be linked positively to shopping involvement while self-direction dimension had a negative relationship with shopping involvement. Although the relationships between price sensitivity and the two dimensions of instrumental values were not statistically significant at the 0.05 level, they were in the hypothesized direction.
Results of the study indicate an need for researchers to examine measures of personal values in a more rigorous manner. Structural equations with latent variables, as demonstrated in the current study, provide an appropriate way of assessing multi-item measurement scales. We believe research on personal values will benefit from further development of more valid and comprehensive value instruments.
Several limitations that could be explored in future studies are worth noting. First, the present study was based on a relatively small and nonprobability sample in China. Hence, caution must be exercised in generalizing the findings beyond the sample used. Second, a modified RVS instrument was used in the study that requires rating rather than ranking. Such scales have been found to be more susceptible to response styles and social desirability effects (Alwin and Krosnick 1985; Kamakura and Mazzon 1991; Rokeach 1973). Finally, this study has investigated only the Rokeach instrumental values. It would be interesting for future research to examine the Rokeach terminal values and other measures of personal values such as Kahle's (1983) List of Values (LOV).
Alwin, Duane F. and Jon A. Krosnick (1985), "The Measurement of Values in Surveys: A Comparison of Ratings and Rankings," Public Opinion Quarterly, 49 (Winter), 535-552.
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Beatty, Sharon E., Lynn R. Kahle, Pamela Homer, and Shekhar Misra (1985), "Alternative Measurement Approaches to Consumer Values: The List of Values and the Rokeach Value Survey," Psychology and Marketing, 2 (3), 181-200.
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Crosby, Lawrence A., Mary Jo Bitner, James D. Gill (1990), "Organizational Structure of Values," Journal of Business Research, 20, 123-134.
Darden, W.R., O. Erdem, D.K. Darden, and T. Powell (1979), "Consumer Values and Shopping Orientations," in Proceedings of the Southwestern Marketing Association, San Antonio, TX.
Feather, N.T. and E.R. Peay (1975), "The Structure of Terminal and Instrumental Values: Dimensions and Clusters," Australian Journal of Psychology, 27, 151-164.
Fornell, Claes and David F. Larcker (1981), "Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error," Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (February), 39-50.
Gerbing, David W. and James C. Anderson (1988), "An Updated Paradigm for Scale Development Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment," Journal of Marketing Research, 25 (May), 186-192.
Grunert, Susanne C. and Gerhard Scherhorn (1990), "Consumer Values in West Germany: Underlying Dimensions and Cross-Cultural Comparison with North America," Journal of Business Research, 20, 97-107.
Homer, Pamela M. and Lynn R. Kahle (1988), "A Structural Equation Test of the Value-Attitude-Behavior Hierarchy," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54 (4), 638-646.
J÷reskog, Karl G. (1971), "Statistical Analysis of Sets of Congeneric Tests," Psychometrika, 36 (June), 109-133.
Joreskog, Karl G. and Dag S÷rbom (1988), LISREL VII: Analysis of Linear Structural Relationships by Maximum Likelihood. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software.
Kahle, Lynn R. (1983), Social Values and Social Change: Adaptation to Life in America, New York: Praeger.
Kamakura, Wagner A. and Jose A. Mazzon (1991), "Value Segmentation: A Model for the Measurement of Values and Value Systems," Journal of Consumer Research, 18 (September), 208-218.
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McQuarrie, Edward F. and Daniel Langmeyer (1985), "Using Values to Measure Attitudes Toward Discontinuous Innovations," Psychology & Marketing, 2 (Winter), 239-252.
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Moore, Michael (1975), "Rating vs. Ranking in the Rokeach Value Survey: An Israeli Comparison," European Journal of Social Psychology, 5 (3), 405-408.
Munson, J. Michael and Shelby H. McIntyre (1979), "Developing Practical Procedures for the Measurement of Personal Values in Cross-Cultural Marketing," Journal of Marketing Research, 16 (February), 55-60.
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Munson, J. Michael and Edward F. McQuarrie (1988), "Shortening the Rokeach Value Survey for Use in Consumer Research, Advances in Consumer Research, 15, 381-386.
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Nunnally, Jum C. (1978), Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
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Pitts, Robert E., Jr. and Arch G. Woodside, eds. (1984), Personal Values and Consumer Psychology, M.A.: Lexington Books.
Prakash, Ved and J. Michael Munson (1985), "Values, Expectations from the Marketing System and Product Expectations," Psychology & Marketing, 2 (Winter), 279-296.
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Rokeach, Milton (1973), The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press.
Schopphoven, Iris (1991), "Values and Consumption Patterns: A Comparison between Rural and Urban Consumers in Western Germany," European Journal of Marketing, 25 (12), 20-35.
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Yau, Oliver H.M. (1988), "Chinese Cultural Values: Their Dimensions and Marketing Implications," European Journal of Marketing, 22 (5), 44-57.


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RocketIAQ.com reviewsIs this your business?
Tel: 1-855-765-8427
2 Reviews From Our Community
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They will take your money and close the business. Here is their latest venture where they hope to rip off more people. http://www.rocketcl.com/
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After asking both my credit card company and the BBB to intervene, RocketIAQ suddenly refunded my money. I received no correspondence, no apology, no information other than the money would be refunded. I need to check with my credit card to make certain that they did it - but I have a good card with great service and they already provisionally credited me the funds.
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Like many of the other people who have submitted recent reviews and complaints, I ordered a product -a socket wrench set - In September 2017. On October 10, when I contacted them I got an immediate response from Greg. He promised that the item would be shipped very soon. He stated ( this is copied and paste it from his email):
Thank you for your recent inquiry with RocketIAQ.com, This is Greg just giving you an update. We've cut away at a significant portion of the Backlog, and several of our systems from a server outage are coming back into service. I thank you greatly for your patience in this matter. Our developers had to quite literally rebuild our inventory management and order process integration.
This will help greatly in determining when your order can go out. My last correspondence with fulfillment was this week. I will still be aiming to get this order out as soon as possible. In many cases I've heard from customers claiming they've received their order prior to Tracking update. So, please advise if you have. It is likely to have already shipped.
I hope this assists you.
I have sent three more inquiries, and have heard nothing back. This morning I contacted my credit card company and cancel the transaction.
I wish that I had looked on the Better Business Bureau website for reviews. I did look to see if they were well rated, and saw what others had seen: a series of 4 to 5 star ratings. I did not dig deeper, and wish I had. Most positive ratings on the web are 1-2 word ratings and appear to have been copied repeatedly.
It seems that this is a pattern, and every effort should be made to alert others to this companys business practices.
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text:
Jupiter sextile Saturn
Putting your back into it
In terms of your career, you've got it down: You're a hard worker; you're practical, serious and industrious; but you've also got the inspiration and creativity it takes to bring something special to your work. But best of all, you can bring all of these strengths to your love life. You're able to be serious about commitment and to treat your lover with the respect they deserve because responsibility is important to you.
You don't mind putting hard work into upholding your end of the relationship, because you recognize that your efforts strengthen your bond with that special someone. And you're optimistic about love. Relationships are a learning experience for you; you're not afraid of bumps in the road, because to you, they don't automatically mean the long, slow and painful death of the affair. You're happy to learn a new way of relating with your sweetie, if the way that you're used to relating doesn't work with them. You're confident in your abilities as a long-term partner, because you know the strengths you have to bring to a relationship: your optimism; your discipline; your sense of commitment and responsibility.
Jupiter sextile Saturn in the Natal Chart
Jupiter sextile Saturn in the Compatibility Chart
Jupiter sextile Saturn in the Transit Chart
Jupiter sextile Saturn in the Composite Chart


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Win Win
Win Win (2011)
★★★ / ★★★★
Mike (Paul Giamatti), a lawyer, does not want to shut down his practice, but money is quickly becoming an issue. Despite being a part-time wrestling coach at the local high school, it isn't enough to cover what needs to be paid. When his assistant tells him that whoever ends up with their most recent client, Leo (Burt Young), who suffers early stages of dementia, will receive $1,500 of commission per month, Mike is more than willing to volunteer. Despite promising the court that he will take care of the gentleman, Mike sends him to an elderly home anyway. The very same day he does, Leo's troubled grandson, Kyle (Alex Shaffer), enters the picture.
Based on the screenplay and directed by Thomas McCarthy, "Win Win" is a light-hearted comedy with quirky characters who sometimes make not the best of decisions yet we still cannot help but care for them. It works because we understand why the characters feel the need to take up certain courses of action. For instance, Mike's decision to take advantage of the old man is not only deceptive, it is also unethical. He knows that his actions are wrong and he sees that taking in Kyle, a young man without a sturdy parental figure, is some sort of a redemptive element to balance his karma. We can relate to him because a lot of us tend to think similarly: a good action can make up for a bad one.
Mike and Kyle's father-son-like relationship has complexity. Notice that the first half of the film consists of scenes that barely last a minute. Once a comedic or dramatic punchline is delivered, it moves onto the next. The jokes are amusing but they also highlight the lack of real communication between the characters. It is almost like watching a comic strip. As Mike and Kyle's bond grow stronger, scenes become longer because they learn to be more open in discussing certain aspects of their lives.
Kyle, as it turns out, is a pretty talented wrestler. Being a wrestler back in the day, Mike sees himself in Kyle so he provides the quiet teen some direction and hopefully Kyle can get a scholarship to college. Eventually, Mike's redemption angle is coupled with the theme of making up for lost opportunities.
Another interesting strand of the story is Kyle's relationship with Jackie (Amy Ryan), Mike's protective, no-nonsense wife. I wished they had more scenes together. Since Kyle is detached from his biological mother (Melanie Lynskey), although he does not say it, his actions suggest he craves for a mother figure in his life. Even when Kyle and Jackie do simple things like shopping for groceries, the material manages to say lot without using words. The way their relationship is portrayed is delicately resonant.
When we are with someone we care deeply about (and vice-versa), words do not carry as much weight. We feel happy between the silences because we are on the same wavelength as that other person. "Win Win" is very in touch with humanity, especially in terms of the flaws embedded within each character, and it leaves us with hope. Even though not all of us might be convinced of it, it reminds us that we have a lot of love to give. But only if we choose to.


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Perverts Again - "Our Big Party" LP
****NON COMMERCIAL RECORDS release!****This record will truly stand the test the time as the fine line between rudimentary punk rock and brain-fried demented sing-a-longs. A more monotonous MENTALLY ILL vibe on this record as Alex more so explains the lyrics at you rather than sings them to you. Primal beats lay the foundation for these perverts to spill their gooey riffs all over you. Not your standard punk album, but THE standard punk album.


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Saving Francesca by Melina Marchetta
Synopsis: Francesca is starting a new school, a former school for boys. the equality between boys and the 30girls who just started there is not the greatest. Francesca really miss her old school and old friends, and among all that her mother have also fallen ill.
Thoughts: I was really hype to read this because Melina is one of my favourite author. I knew this book was probably going be great. And it was. Though it had some slow moments. had some trouble getting through them but yeah I did and then later on the fast reading moments came back.
I had some mixed feeling about the main character Francesca under the reading. sometimes she could be funny and in some situations I could sympathise with her. and sometimes she was just annoying. but in the end she ended up to be awesome, and I wouldn't mind to be her friend if she came to this world. The relationship between her and her brother Luca is just adorable. they're so cute, supporting each other.
you don't get to know the others characters so much, which I think is a bit of shame because there were some character I really wanted to get to know more.
The environment was okay, I pictured a school when they're were in school, a street etc.but I couldn't see the details. maybe because it takes place in Australia. were I never been to.
I read the green cover the Swedish cover with of course Swedish translation.
Its so beautiful ;-; I really want this book because it would look great on my shelf.
but it cost like 36dollar here in the book store.


text: James Gibson is a native east Tennessean, born and raised around the Great Smoky Mountain area. With a passion and love for the outdoors, he has studied and practiced bushcraft skills most of his life. James is the co-host of the Clinch River Knap-in and has been a flintknapper for 22 years. He is also a knife maker and obtained his Journeymen Smith Rating with the American Bladesmith Society (A.B.S.) in 2003.


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text: Chaser is a playfully tasteful yet daring collection with a micro net front pouch with fully functional detachable and adjustable buckles. The Chaser Brief backseat is done is a see-through black mesh with an inner elastic at center front for style and for holding the front waistband in place. Gregg Homme logo is at center front of waistband and the butt lifter effect is an added bonus for this brief


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I've seen social media explained with donuts, but Social MEowDIA — pretty much says it all! So here is your Monday funnies! C'mon! Laugh! It is hilarious! And SOOOO true!
That's my daughter Jo's cat, Chester, sitting on my desk. He looks like he is perusing my laptop screen, but he's really just trying to get my attention.
I stumbled on the infographic below when I opened my Hootsuite. See what fun little goodies and nuggets you can find when you start using tools you keep recommending to others to use? LOLz
I laughed so hard because EVERY single social media network is perfectly summed up … by a CAT! And being the cat person that I am, of course I have to share this! Enjoy!
Infographic brought to you by Avalaunch Media – http://avalaunchmedia.com/infographic-portfolio/
How many of these are you guilty of?


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Innovest's April 2010 Market Commentary
Please click here to read this month's market commentary in its entirety.
The Economy
The U.S. economy continued its recovery from the deep recession as the fi rst quarter's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew at an annualized pace of 3.2%. Unlike prior quarters when the growth was led by inventories and government related spending, the fi rst quarter number was led by strong growth from the U.S. consumer. Consumer spending rose the most in three years, according to a report released by the U.S. Department of Commerce. Additionally, the Consumer Confidence Index increased to 57.9 in April, from 52.3 in March, an increase to the highest level since September 2008. However, the index still remains well below pre-recession levels, and many economists remain cautious about the stability of the U.S. consumer with unemployment at 9.9%. Over the past two years, the U.S. economy has lost 8.5 million jobs.
To continue reading, please click here.