text:
Original Research ARTICLE
Modeling population spike trains with specified time-varying spike rates, trial-to-trial variability, and pairwise signal and noise correlations
- 1 Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
- 2 Computational Vision and Neuroscience Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- 3 Werner Reichhardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
As multi-electrode and imaging technology begin to provide us with simultaneous recordings of large neuronal populations, new methods for modeling such data must also be developed. Here, we present a model for the type of data commonly recorded in early sensory pathways: responses to repeated trials of a sensory stimulus in which each neuron has it own time-varying spike rate (as described by its PSTH) and the dependencies between cells are characterized by both signal and noise correlations. This model is an extension of previous attempts to model population spike trains designed to control only the total correlation between cells. In our model, the response of each cell is represented as a binary vector given by the dichotomized sum of a deterministic "signal" that is repeated on each trial and a Gaussian random "noise" that is different on each trial. This model allows the simulation of population spike trains with PSTHs, trial-to-trial variability, and pairwise correlations that match those measured experimentally. Furthermore, the model also allows the noise correlations in the spike trains to be manipulated independently of the signal correlations and single-cell properties. To demonstrate the utility of the model, we use it to simulate and manipulate experimental responses from the mammalian auditory and visual systems. We also present a general form of the model in which both the signal and noise are Gaussian random processes, allowing the mean spike rate, trial-to-trial variability, and pairwise signal and noise correlations to be specified independently. Together, these methods for modeling spike trains comprise a potentially powerful set of tools for both theorists and experimentalists studying population responses in sensory systems.
Correlated spiking activity in neuronal populations has been a subject of intense theoretical and experimental research over the past several decades, and the importance of correlations has been demonstrated in a number of contexts, including plasticity and information processing (for a recent review, see Averbeck et al., 2006). Recent advances in experimental technology have finally made it possible to observe the activity of large neuronal populations simultaneously. In order to take full advantage of these advances, new methods for the analysis and modeling of population activity must also be developed.
A number of methods exist for modeling correlated population spike trains in which some fraction of the input driving the activity of each neuron is shared with other neurons, including integrate-and-fire models and other spiking models with correlated input currents or synaptic conductances (Destexhe and Pare, 1999; Feng and Brown, 2000; Song and Abbott, 2001; Stroeve and Gilen, 2001; Salinas and Sejnowski, 2002; Dorn and Ringach, 2003; Gutig et al., 2003; Galan et al., 2006; De La Rocha et al., 2007; Shea-Brown et al., 2008; Tchumatchenko et al., 2008), stochastic spiking models with correlated rate functions (Galan et al., 2006; Brette, 2009; Krumin and Shoham, 2009), and models based on a dichotomized Gaussian (DG) framework (Macke et al., 2009; Gutnisky and Josic, 2010). There are also a variety of methods for capturing precise synchrony between neurons through explicit sharing of spikes (Kuhn et al., 2003; Galan et al., 2006; Niebur, 2007; Brette, 2009) and several models based on statistical frameworks such as maximum entropy (Schneidman et al., 2006; Shlens et al., 2006; Roudi et al., 2009).
All of the approaches described above are designed to capture and/or control the total correlation between spike trains and, as such, are of limited utility in the context of early sensory systems where it is important to separate internal network correlations from those due to the external stimulus. In this paper, we propose a framework designed specifically to model spike trains in which the total correlation can be separated into signal and noise components. If responses to repeated trials of an identical sensory stimulus are observed, the signal correlation, which reflects both correlation in the stimulus itself and similarities in neurons' preferred stimulus features, will be evident in the fraction of the response that is repeatable from trial-to-trial. Noise correlation, which results from the activity of network and intrinsic cellular mechanisms, will be evident in the fraction of the response that is variable from trial-to-trial (note that the term noise correlation is not meant to imply that the activity underlying this correlation is unimportant, but simply that is not directly dependent on the stimulus).
For modeling the population spike trains of early sensory neurons, another class of methods based on generalized linear models (GLMs) has been developed (Chornoboy et al., 1988; Paninski, 2004; Kulkarni and Paninski, 2007; Paninski et al., 2007; Pillow et al., 2008). In its typical formulation, the GLM is parameterized by a series of filters that relate the time-varying spike rate in one neuron to the sensory stimulus and the responses of other neurons. This formulation has the great strength that once the filter parameters have been estimated, the model can be used not only to simulate responses that match those measured experimentally, but also to simulate responses to novel stimuli. However, this generality comes at a cost: specifying the filters requires the estimation of a large number of parameters and, thus, a large amount of experimental data – much more than is necessary for a model designed only to simulate responses to the same stimuli that have been tested experimentally. It is possible to formulate alternatives to the typical GLM that require less experimental data by forgoing the ability to predict responses to novel stimuli and parameterizing the time-varying firing rate in response to a particular stimulus directly. However, even in this formulation, the GLM lacks a critical property: it does not enable straightforward specification or manipulation of one response property independent of the others (Krumin and Shoham, 2009; Toyoizumi et al., 2009).
In the model we present below, the time-varying spike rate, trial-to-trial variability, and pairwise signal and noise correlations can be matched to those measured experimentally, and the noise correlations can be manipulated without changes in the signal correlations or the single-cell properties. The model is an extension of previous attempts to model population spike trains as DGs (Emrich and Piedmonte, 1991; Cox and Wermuth, 2002; Macke et al., 2009; Gutnisky and Josic, 2010). In our model, the response of each cell is a binary vector determined by the thresholded sum of two inputs: a signal, which is the same for each trial of a given stimulus, and a noise, which is different for each trial, both of which can be correlated across neurons. In the first part of the paper, we show how the model parameters can be estimated from experimental data and used to simulate spike trains with properties that match those measured experimentally. We also demonstrate how the model parameters can be manipulated to obtain spike trains with arbitrary pairwise noise correlations without changes in single-cell properties. In the second part of the paper, we describe a general form of the model that can be used model spike trains with arbitrary single-cell properties and pairwise correlations.
All of the Matlab code required to perform the analyses described in this paper is available for download at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ear/research/lesicalab.
A Model for Simulating and Manipulating Experimentally Recorded Population Spike Trains
Single-Cell Responses
To represent a set of spike times from a single cell on a single trial i ∈ {1, 2,…,I} of a particular stimulus, we discretize time into n ∈ {1, 2,…,N} bins of length Δ and set ri[n] = 1 if a spike occurs in bin n on trial i, and ri[n] = 0 otherwise. In general, we assume that Δ is small enough that no more than one spike occurs in any given bin. Based on the responses to all trials r (an N × I binary matrix), we can define several quantities of interest:
Note that we use the notation 〈·〉x to represent the expectation over all possible values of x, 〈·〉x,y to represent the expectation over all possible values of x followed by the expectation of all possible values of y, and 〈·〉x≠y to represent the expectation over all possible combinations of x and y in which their values are not equal. We chose to use the above definition of SNR as the measure of trial-to-trial variability because is it commonly used in early sensory systems (Borst and Theunissen, 1999). One important property of this measure that should be noted is that its value is dependent on the bin size Δ. Thus, all of the computations described below for fitting model parameters must be repeated if the bin size is changed.
We model the response as a dichotomized sum of a deterministic "signal" and Gaussian "noise"
Where ri[n] is the response in time bin N on trial i, s (an N-dimensional vector) is the same on every trial and (an N-dimensional vector) is different on every trial [note that neither s nor z are intended to correspond directly to any intracellular quantities]. Given the experimentally recorded responses of a cell, we wish to simulate responses with the same PSTH This can be done by solving
for s[n] in each bin, where Φ(x, σ2) is the CDF for a Gaussian with zero mean and variance σ2 evaluated at x. Equation 2 is easily solved numerically, as the function is monotonic and has unique level crossings. It is clear from Eq. 2 that the choice of one for the variance of z is somewhat arbitrary; for any finite value of the variance of z, an s[n] can be found to achieve any desired value of Note that if then s[n] must be either −∞ or +∞. If finite values of s[n] are desired, then can be constrained to the interval [1/I, 1 − 1/I] before solving Eq. 2.
Importantly, since this approach matches exactly, it will also match the mean spike probability r0 and the spike train signal to noise ratio SNR, as both can be uniquely defined in terms of the PSTH
where, because ri is binary,
Matching exactly will also match the mutual information transmitted by single spikes (Brenner et al., 2000). Note that if it is not necessary to match the bin to bin spike probabilities of the experimental response, but only the distribution of overall spike counts, a reduced model can be used (Macke et al., 2009).
To demonstrate the utility of this model, we first generated responses using Eq. 1 with a variety of different signals, and then attempted to reproduce the model responses after estimating s using Eq. 2. Typical results are shown in Figure 1A. For uniform random, sine wave, and square wave signals, the PSTH and, consequently, r0 and SNR of the responses simulated with the estimated s closely match those of the original model generated data.
Figure 1. Simulated responses match the single-cell properties of model generated and experimental data. (A) The top row shows model generated responses to repeated trials with a variety of waveforms for s: a uniform random noise signal in the range [−0.5 to 0.5]; a sinusoidal signal 0.75 sin(n/5) − 1; a square wave signal with a 50% duty cycle, a period of 20 samples, and the same mean value and peak-to-peak amplitude as the sinusoid. The middle row shows simulated responses with s estimated from the responses in the top row. The bottom row shows the PSTHs of the original model generated (black) and simulated (gray) responses. (B) The top row shows experimental responses of a cell recorded in the inferior colliculus of an anesthetized gerbil to repeated trials of a variety of sounds (experimental methods are described in Lesica and Grothe, 2008a,b): a sinusoidally amplitude modulated (SAM) tone with a carrier frequency of 6 KHz, a modulation depth of 100%, an intensity of 70 dB, and a modulation frequency of 50 Hz; a square wave modulated tone with the same carrier frequency, modulation depth, and intensity, a 50% duty cycle, and a period of 25 ms; a tone with the same carrier frequency and intensity modulated by a signal with power spectra matched to that measured from a series of animal vocalizations. The bin size Δ for these responses was 1 ms. The middle and bottom rows show the simulated responses simulated and PSTHs presented as in (A).
Next, we tested the model's ability to reproduce the single-cell properties of experimentally recorded responses. Figure 1B shows the responses of neurons in the gerbil inferior colliculus to repeated presentations of a variety of sounds. In each case, we estimated s from the experimental data using Eq. 2 and were able to simulate new responses with PSTH, r0, and SNR that match those measured experimentally.
Population Responses
As described in the Introduction, correlations between cells in early sensory systems can have both signal and noise components: signal correlations arise from correlations in the stimulus itself and/or similarity in preferred stimulus features (frequency, orientation, etc.), while noise correlations arise from shared inputs that contribute to the trial-to-trial variability in responses. In our model, we adopt the most common definition of noise correlation, where the noise correlation between cells p and q, is given by the difference between the total correlation and the signal correlation, and and are the correlation coefficients between the responses of cells p and q before and after the trial order has been shuffled. The model described above for a single cell is easily extended to capture the pairwise signal and noise correlations in a population, where the response of cell p ∈ {1, 2,…,P} is given by
where each cell has its own sp that is the same on every trial and zp that is different on every trial. In this population model, z ∼ 𝒩(0, σz) is a multivariate (P-dimensional) Gaussian random process with covariance matrix
where which is assumed to be constant across time bins and trials, is the pairwise correlation coefficient between zp and zq and Assuming we have the responses of a population to repeated trials of a particular stimulus, we can estimate each sp separately to match the single-cell properties as described above. Because the response is binary and this approach matches exactly for each cell, it will also match the signal correlation between cells. To match the noise correlation, it is necessary to find the appropriate covariance matrix σz. This can be done by solving the equation that relates to the spike train noise correlation numerically for each pair of cells (again, the function is monotonic and, because z is Gaussian, each can be solved for independently).
Thus, can be written as
where, because ri is binary,
and, because z is Gaussian,
where is the CDF for a two-dimensional Gaussian with zero mean and covariance ∑ evaluated at
To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we first attempted to reproduce the single-cell properties and pairwise correlations recorded experimentally from a population of 10 cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus in response to repeated presentations of a natural scene movie. Figure 2A shows the experimental and simulated responses for two cells. As expected, the PSTH, r0, and SNR of the experimental and simulated responses are closely matched. As shown in Figure 2B, the measured and simulated pairwise noise correlations in the population are also closely matched.
Figure 2. Simulated responses match the single-cell properties and pairwise correlations in experimental data. (A) The top row shows the experimental responses of two cells recorded simultaneously in the lateral geniculate nucleus of an anesthetized cat to repeated trials of a natural scene movie (experimental methods are described in Lesica et al., 2007) with an RMS contrast of 0.4. The bin size Δ for these responses was 4 ms. The middle and bottom rows show the simulated responses and PSTHs presented as in Figure 1. (B) The image shows the pairwise noise correlations in the experimental (lower triangular portion) and simulated (upper triangular portion) responses of a population of 10 neurons recorded in the cat LGN. The responses of all 10 cells were recorded simultaneously. (C) The image shows the desired pairwise noise correlations (lower triangular portion; values are double those measured in the original data) and the pairwise noise correlations realized in the simulated responses (upper triangular portion).
In addition to matching the experimentally observed responses, this approach can also be used to manipulate pairwise correlations without disturbing single-cell properties by changing the value of on the left side of Eq. 4 before solving for (note that there are a number of constraints on the realizable values of – for example, because the covariance matrix σz must be positive semi-definite, it may be difficult to obtain strong negative correlations; see Macke et al., 2009 for a detailed discussion). As a demonstration, we attempted to simulate population spike trains in which the noise correlations were twice as large as those observed experimentally. As shown in Figure 2C, the noise correlations in the simulated data match those desired.
Evaluating Goodness of Fit
Our model is not fit directly to observed spike trains, but rather to the PSTHs and pairwise noise correlations that are extracted from them. In our framework, any set of PSTHs and noise correlations can be fit with a unique set of model parameters, but that does not mean, of course, that the model is a good description of the original spike trains. The actual goodness of fit of the model is determined by two factors: the measurement noise in the PSTHs and noise correlations and the validity of the assumption that the spike trains can be described by our model framework. The goodness of fit can be measured by separating the available spike trains into "training" and "testing" sets, fitting the model parameters on the training spike trains, and calculating the (log) likelihood of the testing spike trains from the resulting model. The absolute likelihood may be difficult to interpret, but the ratio of the likelihoods from two different models can give be an informative measure.
To demonstrate the use of likelihood as a measure of goodness of fit, we simulated population spike trains from a known model (see figure legend for model parameters), split the spike trains into training and testing sets, and estimated the model parameters from the training spike trains. To determine whether including noise correlations in the estimated model improved the goodness of fit, we then compared the likelihood of the testing spike trains from the estimated model with and without noise correlations (i.e., with ∑z estimated as described above or set to the identity matrix) for different numbers of training trials. The likelihood of a given testing spike train was computed as
where ri is the N × P binary matrix of the responses of a population of P cells on a given trial i, ri[n] is the vector of the responses for each cell, s[n] is the vector of the signals sp[n] for each cell, is the CDF for a P-dimensional Gaussian with zero mean and covariance ∑ evaluated at and · denotes a point-by-point vector product. To isolate the effects of the noise correlations on the goodness of fit, we set the PSTHs in the estimated model to be the same as those in the actual model and used only the estimated noise correlations. As shown in Figure 3, as the number of training trials increased, the measurement noise in noise correlations decreased, and the likelihood from the estimated model with noise correlations approached that of the actual model, reaching the same value with I = 80 trials.
Figure 3. Model goodness of fit increases with increasing trials. The gray circles show the log likelihood (per bin) for the estimated model as a function of the number of trials used for fitting Σz. The likelihood was computed for 100 trials not used for fitting the model. The likelihoods for the actual model with and without noise correlations are also shown. Spike trains were generated using the model described in Eq. 10 with the following parameters: N = 500, P = 10, and θ were chosen so that r0 ∼ 𝒩(0.16, 0.04) and SNR ∼ 𝒩(0.5, 0.35), and and were chosen so that and
Noise with Temporal Correlations
The model as described above captures both the instantaneous and long-term signal correlations between cells by matching their individual PSTHs, but captures only instantaneous noise correlations because z is uncorrelated in time. While instantaneous noise correlations are likely to be sufficient to describe population spike trains in early sensory systems, the model can also be extended to capture long-term noise correlations if necessary, for example, to capture the high level of trial-to-trial variability in higher cortical areas. Long-term noise correlations can be captured by adding temporal correlations to z via Gaussian conditioning (MacKay, 2003; Macke et al., 2009) so that z in each time bin is drawn from a distribution with mean and covariance dependent on the values of z in the preceding time bins:
and K is the number of preceding time bins to condition on. An example of such conditioning is shown in Figure 4. We used a known model to generate population spike trains with the noise auto- and cross-correlation functions shown by the thick black lines (see figure legend for model parameters). We then estimated model parameters from those spike trains, including those required for conditioning z on the preceding K = 4 time bins. The noise auto- and cross-correlation functions for the spike trains simulated from the estimated model (shown by the gray circles) closely match those of the original spike trains.
Figure 4. Gaussian conditioning captures long-term noise correlations. The gray circles show the noise auto- and cross-correlation functions for spike trains simulated from the estimated model. Error bars represent the standard deviation in the correlation values computed from independent realizations of the model. The model parameters were estimated from spike trains simulated by the model in Eq. 10, including Gaussian conditioning of z, with the following parameters: N = 500, P = 10, and θ were chosen so that r0 ∼ 𝒩(0.16, 0.04) and SNR ∼ 𝒩(0.5, 0.35), and and for k ≤ 4 and zero thereafter. The noise auto- and cross-correlation functions of the original spike trains are shown by the thick black lines. Examples of the noise auto- and cross-correlation functions of the original spike trains after trial shuffling are shown by the thin black lines. The dashed lines indicate the mean ±2 standard deviations of the distribution of the correlation values after shuffling.
A General Model for Population Spike Trains
Single-Cell Responses
When modeling experimental spike trains as described above, the noise correlations can be chosen arbitrarily, but the mean spike rate, trial-to-trial variability, and signal correlations are dependent on the PSTH. It may also be useful to have a general model for population spike trains in which all of the response properties can be specified independently. For a single cell, this is achieved by replacing the deterministic signal s in the model framework described above with a Gaussian random process:
where is again a Gaussian random process that is different on every trial, s is a Gaussian random process that is the same on every trial, and the threshold θ is allowed to take on any value (note that in this case, θ cannot simply be set to an arbitrary value; in order to achieve any combination of r0 and SNR, 2 degrees of freedom are required). Such a model could be used, for example, to simulate spike trains with any mean spike rate and trial-to-trial variability. Furthermore, because the model is based on Gaussian processes, it may enable certain population response properties to be investigated analytically or numerically directly from the model parameters, without the need for simulations.
To specify the model parameters, the equations for r0 and SNR can be written in terms of and θ and solved numerically to obtain the appropriate values:
While Eq. 8 is already written in terms of and θ, Eq. 9 requires some manipulation. The numerator can be written as
where, because ri is binary,
and, because s and z are Gaussian,
The denominator can be written as
where, because ri is binary and s and z are Gaussian,
Note that in these equations, and ri·rj denotes point-by-point vector products, and denotes point-by-point squaring. Thus, for any realizable combination of r0 and SNR, appropriate and θ can be found (the minimum realizable SNR depends on the number of trials, see Appendix). To demonstrate this approach, we randomly chose a variety of values for r0 and SNR, estimated the corresponding values of and θ, and generated responses using the estimated values. As shown in Figure 5A, r0 and SNR of the simulated responses closely match the desired values.
Figure 5. Simulated population responses with specified single-cell properties and pairwise correlations. (A) The top row shows the simulated responses for two cells with specified r0 and SNR. (B) The image shows the desired pairwise signal correlations (lower triangular portion) and the pairwise signal correlations realized in the simulated responses (upper triangular portion) for a population of 10 cells. (C) The desired and realized pairwise noise correlations for a population of 10 cells presented as in (B).
Population Responses
The model described above for a single cell is easily extended to a population, where the response of cell p ∈ {1, 2,…,P} is given by
where both s and z are multivariate Gaussian random process s ∼ 𝒩(0, σs) and z ∼ 𝒩(0, ∑z) with covariance matrices
After determining and θ for each cell based on the desired r0 and SNR as described above, the pairwise correlation coefficients and required to obtain the desired spike train signal and noise correlations and can be found by solving the following equations numerically:
where, because ri is binary,
and, because s and z are Gaussian,
Again, the functions are monotonic and each and can be solved for independently.
To demonstrate this approach, we generated a random set of pairwise signal and noise correlation coefficients and estimated the corresponding values of and and simulated population spike trains with these values. As shown in Figures 5B,C, the correlations in the simulated spike trains closely matched the desired values.
We have described a model for simulating population spike trains typical of early sensory systems. The model has two forms: the first requires the specification of PSTHs and noise correlations and can be used to match and manipulate experimental data, and the second is more general and allows for population spike trains with any mean spike rates, trial-to-trial variabilities, signal correlations, and noise correlations. Both forms of the model are easily implemented as parameter fitting requires simply finding the level crossings of monotonic functions and correlations can be determined independently for each pair of cells. The Matlab code required to fit the model parameters is available for download at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ear/research/lesicalab.
Our model improves on the existing methods for generating population spike trains described in the Introduction in several important ways. First, the model framework is explicitly designed around the response properties that are important for early sensory neurons: time-varying spike rate (PSTH), trial-to-trial variability, and signal and noise correlations. Second, the model allows independent and straightforward manipulation of one response property without changes in the other properties. One can imagine a number of potential uses for a model with these properties. The fact that the model matches the single-cell properties and correlations observed experimentally is in itself of some utility, such as providing a simple framework for computing the likelihood of observed spike trains given only pairwise interactions. These likelihoods could be used to, for example, test how important noise correlations are in determining population spike patterns by comparing models with and without noise correlations. The model also provides the ability to manipulate noise correlations without affecting the signal correlations or single-cell properties. In the brain, these properties are coupled to each other – for example, one can decrease the spike rate of visual neurons by decreasing the contrast of the stimulus, but this will also likely change the trial-to-trial variability and the correlations. Thus, a question such as whether or not changes in correlations with changes in contrast are detrimental or beneficial to a population code is impossible to answer experimentally. With our model, one could compare simulated populations with high contrast single-cell properties and correlations to simulated populations with high contrast single-cell properties and low contrast correlations to directly test whether or not the change in correlations is important. A similar example can be used to illustrate the utility of the general form of the model: Because the general form of the model allows for spike trains with any mean spike rate, trial-to-trial variability, and pairwise signal and noise correlations (within statistical constraints), it could be used to perform a systematic investigation of the effects of noise correlations on populations with different levels of signal correlations that would be impossible to conduct experimentally.
There are several ways in which the formulation of our model described here could potentially be improved. For example, the assumption that no more than one spike can occur in any time bin could potentially be relaxed, using a formulation analogous to that described in (Macke et al., 2009). Also, the current formulation of the model cannot be directly connected to biophysical quantities, so its parameters cannot be used, for example, to determine the current necessary to achieve a desired set of correlations in a stimulation experiment. With further effort, however, it may be possible to extend some of the desirable properties of our model into a more realistic framework such as an integrate-and-fire model (Paninski et al., 2004). Another limitation of the model that may be difficult to overcome is that in estimating a single value for each parameter across all trials, it implicitly assumes that the population is stationary. Certain types of non-stationarities, such as trial-to-trial fluctuations in the PSTH, may be captured by introducing long-term noise correlations via Gaussian conditioning, but others may require integrating the model into an adaptive framework (Eden et al., 2004).
There are also certain limitations of the model that are inherent in its underlying statistical framework. For example, it is difficult to generate spike trains with very low SNRs with a small number of trials – even if the variance of the internal signal in the model because the spikes are generated stochastically, the PSTH computed from a small number of trials will not have zero variance, and, thus, the SNR will not be zero. There are also constraints on the values of signal and noise correlations that can be achieved. Because the model is based on multivariate Gaussian processes which must have positive semi-definite covariance matrices, it is difficult, for example, to generate spike trains with strong negative correlations. Finally, while the model can be specified and fit to a population of any size, it is only guaranteed to capture second-order correlations. As with any model that includes only pairwise interactions, our model's ability to capture the higher-order structure in population spike trains will depend on the nature of the population (Schneidman et al., 2006; Shlens et al., 2006; Roudi et al., 2009; Ohiorhenuan et al., 2010).
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
We thank Benedikt Grothe for the use of the gerbil data and Chong Weng, Jianzhong Jin, Chun-I Yeh, Dan Butts, Garrett Stanley, and Jose-Manuel Alonso for the use of the cat data. Dmitry R. Lyamzin and Nicholas A. Lesica were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (LE2522/1-1) and the Wellcome Trust. Jakob H. Macke was supported by the German Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology through the Bernstein award to Matthias Bethge (BMBF; FKZ: 01GQ0601).
Averbeck, B. B., Latham, P. E., and Pouget, A. (2006). Neural correlations, population coding and computation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 358–366.
Borst, A., and Theunissen, F. E. (1999). Information theory and neural coding. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 947–957.
Brenner, N., Strong, S. P., Koberle, R., Bialek, W., de Ruyter van Steveninck, R. R. (2000). Synergy in a neural code. Neural Comput. 12, 1531–1552.
Brette, R. (2009). Generation of correlated spike trains. Neural Comput. 21, 188–215.
Chornoboy, E., Schramm, L., and Karr, A. (1988). Maximum likelihood identification of neural point process systems. Biol. Cybern. 59, 265–275.
Cox, D. R., and Wermuth, N. (2002). On some models for multivariate binary variables parallel in complexity with the multivariate Gaussian distribution. Biometrika 89, 462–469.
De La Rocha, J., Doiron, B., Shea-Brown, E., Josić, K., and Reyes, A. (2007). Correlation between neural spike trains increases with firing rate. Nature 448, 802–806.
Destexhe, A., and Pare, D. (1999). Impact of network activity on the integrative properties of neocortical pyramidal neurons in vivo. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 1531.
Dorn, J. D., and Ringach, D. L. (2003). Estimating membrane voltage correlations from extracellular spike trains. J. Neurophysiol. 89, 2271–2278.
Eden, U. T., Frank, L. M., Barbieri, R., Solo, V., and Brown, E. N. (2004). Dynamic analysis of neural encoding by point process adaptive filtering. Neural Comput. 16, 971–998.
Emrich, L. J., and Piedmonte, M. R. (1991). A method for generating high-dimensional multivariate binary variates. Am. Stat. 45, 302–304.
Feng, J., and Brown, D. (2000). Impact of correlated inputs on the output of the integrate-and-fire model. Neural Comput. 12, 671–692.
Galan, R. F., Fourcaud-Trocme, N., Ermentrout, G. B., and Urban, N. N. (2006). Correlation-induced synchronization of oscillations in olfactory bulb neurons. J. Neurosci. 26, 3646.
Gutig, R., Aharonov, R., Rotter, S., and Sompolinsky, H. (2003). Learning input correlations through nonlinear temporally asymmetric Hebbian plasticity. J. Neurosci. 23, 3697.
Gutnisky, D. A., and Josic, K. (2010). Generation of spatiotemporally correlated spike trains and local field potentials using a multivariate autoregressive process. J. Neurophysiol. 103, 2912–2930.
Krumin, M., and Shoham, S. (2009). Generation of spike trains with controlled auto-and cross-correlation functions. Neural Comput. 21, 1642–1664.
Kuhn, A., Aertsen, A., and Rotter, S. (2003). Higher-order statistics of input ensembles and the response of simple model neurons. Neural Comput. 15, 67–101.
Kulkarni, J. E., and Paninski, L. (2007). Common-input models for multiple neural spike-train data. Network 18, 375–407.
Lesica, N. A., and Grothe, B. (2008a). Efficient temporal processing of naturalistic sounds. PLoS ONE 3, e1655. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001655.
Lesica, N. A., and Grothe, B. (2008b). Dynamic spectrotemporal feature selectivity in the auditory midbrain. J. Neurosci. 28, 5412–5421.
Lesica, N. A., Jin, J., Weng, C., Yeh, C. I., Butts, D. A., Stanley, G. B., and Alonso, J. M. (2007). Adaptation to stimulus contrast and correlations during natural visual stimulation. Neuron 55, 479–491.
MacKay, D. J. C. (2003). Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Macke, J. H., Berens, P., Ecker, A. S., Tolias, A. S., and Bethge, M. (2009). Generating spike trains with specified correlation coefficients. Neural Comput. 21, 397–423.
Niebur, E. (2007). Generation of synthetic spike trains with defined pairwise correlations. Neural Comput. 19, 1720–1738.
Ohiorhenuan, I. E., Mechler, F., Purpura, K. P., Schmid, A. M., Hu, Q., and Victor, J. D. (2010). Sparse coding and high-order correlations in fine-scale cortical networks. Nature 466, 617–621.
Paninski, L. (2004). Maximum likelihood estimation of cascade point-process neural encoding models. Network 15, 243–262.
Paninski, L., Pillow, J., and Lewi, J. (2007). Statistical models for neural encoding, decoding, and optimal stimulus design. Prog. Brain Res. 165, 493–507.
Paninski, L., Pillow, J. W., and Simoncelli, E. P. (2004). Maximum likelihood estimation of a stochastic integrate-and-fire neural encoding model. Neural Comput. 16, 2533–2561.
Pillow, J. W., Shlens, J., Paninski, L., Sher, A., Litke, A. M., Chichilnisky, E., and Simoncelli, E. P. (2008). Spatio-temporal correlations and visual signalling in a complete neuronal population. Nature 454, 995.
Roudi, Y., Nirenberg, S., and Latham, P. E. (2009). Pairwise maximum entropy models for studying large biological systems: when they can work and when they can't. PLoS Comput. Biol. 5, e1000380. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000380.
Salinas, E., and Sejnowski, T. J. (2002). Integrate-and-fire neurons driven by correlated stochastic input. Neural Comput. 14, 2111–2155.
Schneidman, E., Berry, M. J. II, R. S., and Bialek, W. (2006). Weak pairwise correlations imply strongly correlated network states in a neural population. Nature 440, 1007.
Shea-Brown, E., Josic, K., De La Rocha, J., and Doiron, B. (2008). Correlation and synchrony transfer in integrate-and-fire neurons: basic properties and consequences for coding. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 108102.
Shlens, J., Field, G. D., Gauthier, J. L., Grivich, M. I., Petrusca, D., Sher, A., Litke, A. M., and Chichilnisky, E. J. (2006). The structure of multi-neuron firing patterns in primate retina. J. Neurosci. 26, 8254–8266.
Song, S., and Abbott, L. (2001). Cortical development and remapping through spike timing-dependent plasticity. Neuron 32, 339–350.
Stroeve, S., and Gilen, S. (2001). Correlation between uncoupled conductance-based integrate-and-fire neurons due to common and synchronous presynaptic firing. Nat. Neurosci. 13, 2005–2029.
Tchumatchenko, T., Malyshev, A., Geisel, T., Volgushev, M., and Wolf, F. (2008). Correlations and synchrony in threshold neuron models. Quant. Biol. arXiv 810, 2–6.
Toyoizumi, T., Rad, K. R., and Paninski, L. (2009). Mean-field approximations for coupled populations of generalized linear model spiking neurons with Markov refractoriness. Neural Comput. 21, 1203–1243.
Keywords: population, correlation, noise correlation, simulation, model
Citation: Lyamzin DR, Macke JH and Lesica NA (2010) Modeling population spike trains with specified time-varying spike rates, trial-to-trial variability, and pairwise signal and noise correlations. Front. Comput. Neurosci. 4:144. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2010.00144
Received: 15 November 2009;
Paper pending published: 19 January 2010;
Accepted: 05 October 2010; Published online: 15 November 2010
Edited by:Klaus R. Pawelzik, University of Bremen, Germany
Reviewed by:Udo Ernst, University of Bremen, Germany
Kresimir Josic, University of Houston, USA
Copyright: © 2010 Lyamzin, Macke and Lesica. This is an open-access article subject to an exclusive license agreement between the authors and the Frontiers Research Foundation, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited.
*Correspondence: Nicholas A. Lesica, Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Gray's Inn Rd., London WC1X 8EE, UK. e-mail: email@example.com


text:
With the 2013 Hall of Fame voting season now officially a go, what are the odds of John Ogden being a first ballot Hall of Famer? And which other former Raven not yet in the Hall deserves to be enshrined?
The Baltimore Gridiron Report columnists give their 'take.'
Jonathan Scruggs:
Giving an unbiased statement on a fan blog isn't the easiest thing in the world to do, but when it comes to Jonathan Ogden, there is little room for homerism. Ogden is as sure fire a Hall of Famer as anyone else playing in the league over the last 20 years. The stalwart Left Tackle didn't just dominate his position, he evolved it. They say that Cal Ripken's biggest impact on baseball wasn't his play or his skill, but his fundamental alteration of how his position was perceived. J.O. fits tightly within that similar frame of mind.
As for former Ravens deserving to be in the Hall, I'm going to go with the easy, most logical, choice. Matt Stover. Although I know it is easier to pass a camel through the eye of a needle than a kicker to enter the kingdom of football heaven, Stover deserves the enshrinement. His numbers were on par with some of the best ever, he has two Super Bowl Rings (coming just shy of a third with the Colts), and single-handedly carried his team into the Championship on countless occasions. If he doesn't deserve the honor I don't know who does. Jamal Lewis is a close second followed by Steve McNair.
Matt Jergensen:
Ogden set the standard at the Left Tackle position during his NFL tenure. There's no question that he has the appropriate credentials for enshrinement. Of course that doesn't mean he'll get in on the first ballot as the process can be a tricky political exercise. No HOF class since 1970 has included more than THREE first-ballot players.
Ogden is among select company in the first ballot class with Warren Sapp, Michael Strahan, Larry Allen and John Lynch all very strong choices in their own right. Then you also must take into account the group that still awaits induction which includes Kenny Stabler, Alex Karras, Cris Carter, and Derrick Thomas among others.
The Hall of Fame should be for elite players who were dominant in their era. Ogden fits the description. If he were to miss it on the first try I wouldn't be shocked but he should be in soon after 2013.
Right now I don't see any other former Ravens worthy of enshrinement. However the current roster could have several inductees led by Ray Lewis.
Gene Winner:
If any player deserves to be a first ballot hall of famer, it is Jonathan Ogden. Ogden was the Ravens first pick of the franchise back in 1996. Ever since the day he stepped on the field he has been a consummate professional and a Pro-B0wl caliber player. 11 Pro-Bowls, 9 time All-Pro and a Super Bowl ring.. In fact, Ogden was dominate at left tackle and helped pave the way for running backs like Jamal Lewis and Ernest Byner. I like Ogden's odds, of course he's up against some stiff competition. Ogden also caught two passes for touchdowns.
Another Raven that deserves to be in the HOF…well, you could make an argument for linebacker Peter Boulware. He was a dominant force from 1997 to 2003 (career ended in 2005), he finished with 70 sacks. Defensive rookie of the year in 1997 with 11.5 sacks, in 2001 had 15 sacks.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
In most businesses managers do not have the time to step back from the urgencies of the day to
address the issues that may affect the success of their businesses significantly, be they short, medium
or long-term factors. Very often taking the time to understand clearly where the business wants to get
to and how it's going to get there is not available
Additionally managers are often too closely involved to be able to stand back and take that highly
important impartial and independent view which can be critical to change and growth. An independent
business advisor has the ability to do this but with sympathy to the aims and directions of the
business and the culture of its management team and staff.
A key principle of WBM is to work with the client in a partnership approach. Not only to understand
what needs to be done but also to deliver a strategy plan with clear measures of progress for delivery
of the ultimate goals.
Where appropriate using formal Business Improvement tools and methods to clearly understand the
nature of business issues and problems, and from there develop a strategy plan to take the business
forward, can bring significant benefits.
Willowbrook Business Management - Business Improvement - Business Growth


text:
WITH THE GPS (Get Pregnant & Stay pregnant) FERTILITY PROGRAM
***The images used on this page are babies of our clients after going through our program***
Do any or some of these situations apply to you?
- You've been told the devastating news that you're too old to have your own child.
- You're in your late 30s or older and think it might be too late to get pregnant.
- IVF or inseminations have failed repeatedly.
- You've suffered through 2 or more miscarriages in a row.
- You want to do everything you can to improve your chances for having a healthy baby.
You can dramatically improve your chances of getting pregnant naturally.
No egg donors...
No surrogates...
Your own biological child
You've probably been told by your doctors that egg quality and quantity can't be changed. After all, we're born with all the eggs we will have in our lifetime.
However, I'm here to tell you that it CAN be done! I've worked with fertility patients since 1999 and have seen many "miracle" stories.
In fact, the oldest patient who has gotten pregnant with my help was 47 years old.
Hi, my name is Julie Chang.
I'm a natural fertility specialist. I've treated women and men trying to conceive in every possible way:
- Naturally
- Inseminations (IUI)
- Donor eggs
- Surrogates
- Donated embryos
I have helped women have healthy babies despite being diagnosed with conditions including:
- Advanced maternal age
- Poor egg quality
- Premature ovarian failure (POF)
- Low or diminished ovarian reserve
- Low egg quantity
- Low AMH
- High FSH
- Unexplained infertility
- Irregular menses
- Fibroids
- Pre-menopause
- No or infrequent periods
- Endometriosis
- No ovulation
- Blocked fallopian tubes
I've also helped men overcome sperm quality issues such as:
- Low sperm count
- Poor Motility
- High abnormal morphology
Most come to me after years of trying and spending tens of thousands of dollars, even hundreds of thousands of dollars...with NO pregnancy.
Many consider me their last resort.
More often than not, these women are told they're too old to use their own eggs and should consider using donor eggs.
Yet, time and time again, my patients have gotten pregnant.
With my help and guidance, they made better decisions to improve their physical, emotional, and spiritual health.
In doing so, they were creating the right conditions for conception and a healthy pregnancy.
YOU TOO CAN IMPROVE YOUR OWN FERTILITY, EVEN IN YOUR 40s or diagnosed with low AMH, high FSH, low ovarian reserve, poor egg quality, recurrent miscarriages, repeated failed IVF cycles.
After receiving pleas for help from women around the world, I've put everything I know that works to improve fertility naturally into an online fertility program.
The GPS (Get Pregnant & Stay pregnant) Fertility Program
Just like the GPS navigation system on your phone gives you directions to your destination, I provide you directions so you can reach the goal of having your own baby.
Some of the tips in the program include:
- Simple, yet often under-emphasized, nutrition tips to turbocharge your eggs and his sperm. In fact, the very first module will dive deep into something that will just make you slap your head and say "DOH!"
- Powerful supplements for you and him to slow down and even reverse the aging process. You'll understand exactly why your eggs are considered poor quality and how to fix it.
- How to determine if he really is "fine". Sperm gets "old" just like eggs do so it's important to know if he's part of the issue. Doctors usually don't focus on the sperm at all because they have no medical treatment to improve it. But the GPS program can!
- The all-time best breakfast that's super simple to make. If you're a coffee drinker, you're gonna love this. It provides everything you need for optimal hormone production, turning your brain on for the day, and creating the building blocks for a health baby. All in one cup!
- Common blood tests that few people (medical doctors included) know how to interpret to improve fertility
- Things that you take for granted may actually be hurting your chances in getting pregnant
- What type of exercises have been scientifically shown to slow down aging of your cells
- Easy recipes that include some of the most powerful fertility boosting nutrients
- And a whole lot more...
The best thing about the GPS Fertility Program is how you'll have direct access to what I've learned in almost 20 years of helping thousands of patients improve their fertility naturally.
I've had many patients over the age of 40 and/or diagnosed with low AMH, high FSH, low ovarian reserve, recurrent miscarriage have healthy, thriving babies.
I will do anything I can to help women like you who are truly committed to improving your fertility.
This is my promise to you.
BUT you have to be willing to do the work. And that means being in it for the long-term.
The best results are achieved with AT LEAST 3 months of preparation. That means if you are starting IVF in less than 3 months, you might not see a lot of change from this program. But that's ok - if you start now, you will at least have begun the process of improving your fertility.
For most women over 40yo, it can take 6-12 months. Some up to 2 years.
The knowledge I've painstakingly gained from almost 20 years of research, $100,000+ of continuing education, and thousands of fertility treatments are at your disposal.
What does it cost?
If you've done IVF, you have probably spent $20,000+ per IVF cycle. That means 1 chance of getting pregnant at $20,000 or more!
And the success rates for IVF are shockingly low...
According to the 2015 SART National Summary Report that looked at more than 209,000 IVF cycles in the US, here are the live birth rates for women using their own eggs (according to age)...
- over 42yo - 3.2% live births
- 41-42yo - 10.6% live births
- 38-40yo - 22.4% live births
- 35-37yo - 28.4% live births
- under 35yo - 48.2% live births
The GPS (Get Pregnant & Stay pregnant) Fertility Program is only a fraction of the cost of IVF. Yet, it can be the key to your success. Obviously I can't guarantee results. But I've helped enough women who were told it's impossible, that I know the programs works.
The GPS (Get Pregnant & Stay pregnant) Fertility Program includes...
- Home study modules emailed to you once a week with actionable tips. Each module builds on the previous weeks for a solid foundation to a healthy baby. You'll know exactly where to start and what your next steps are.
- Direct email AND text access to me as long as you're an active member. If you're stuck or confused, I'll help you the best I can. How many times have you wished for guidance when not sure about what direction to take on your fertility journey?
- The cost is $197 per month.
- Money back guarantee: If within 7 days, you don't feel that the GPS Program is for you, the full $197 will be refunded back to you.
Terms and conditions:
- No contracts so you can cancel any time for any reason.
- You will be automatically charged $197 monthly until you cancel via email or text.
- After the initial 7 day trial period, no refunds are given.
It's a no-brainer. You have so much to gain yet very little to lose in comparison.
Fact is, this program really is not for everyone. And the vast majority don't qualify.
The GPS Fertility Program is not for you if...
- you have problems focusing and implementing
- you are on a tight budget (supplements and organic high quality foods will cost more than what you are likely spending now)
- you are looking for the "magic bullet" fertility trick today to get pregnant by next month (it doesn't exist).
If that's you, the GPS (Get Pregnant & Stay pregnant) Fertility Program really isn't for you. You'll simply waste your money and time.
The GPS (Get Pregnant & Stay pregnant) Fertility Program is for you if:
- you want to do everything you can to get pregnant
- you're willing to commit the time, energy, and money to make the lifestyle changes
- you're frustrated and stuck as to what to do next
- you know deep in your heart that you can get pregnant but don't know how to get there
Now it's time to choose if you want in.
Wait! There's one more important step...
I was serious about this program not being for everyone.
So before joining, you MUST schedule a free 30 minute phone consult with me. This will allow me to assess your individual situation and see if you are a right fit for the GPS program.
Click the button below to take the first step now.
Ready? Set? Click!


text:
Happy 4th of July from RKC
July 4, 2017
We hope you and your families have a fun-filled, sun-filled, and rejuvenating 4th of July, enjoying the profound blessing of being able to commemorate the precious gift of freedom.
Every day, but particularly on this holiday, we celebrate the religious freedom we have in this country that allows us to boldly proclaim the Gospel via the powerful platform of radio. And we fervently pray for doors to be opened and the Word of God to be ushered into areas of the world that do not share this security and freedom.
To our faithful ministry clients and media partners:
We praise God for the commitment and passion He has stoked in you for reaching the lost and revealing His purpose. It is our highest privilege to partner with you in answering the call to share the Good News of salvation with the world.
Roger Kemp and Company


text:
It happens to all of us, even to professional players. It's not that you are completely skeptical about the caddy's judgment, but each course has numerous obstacles inherently increasing the level of uncertainty. So unless it's your home course or a real professional caddy, an actual measure of the course distance will be helpful.
Golf GPS for Asia
In April, Apple iTune's App Store will sell a software ("App") called GolfSites, for iPhone users that solves the problem. GolfSites allows you to get an accurate measurement of distances between vital landmarks on the golf course. This App includes English and Chinese interfaces for novices and experts alike.
Electronic Caddy
After using GolfSites for a few rounds, GolfSites becomes your dependable and accurate electronic caddy allowing you to read the course like a PGA Pro. GolfSites not only pinpoints distances to the center of the green, it also provides distances to other obstacles on the course e.g. sand traps, water and car paths.
GPS electronics for golf courses have been around for a while, but none with such ease of use as GolfSites. GolfSites is created to cater to Asia, with a rich concentration of courses in China and South East Asia. Once the GolfSites App is downloaded, you will only need to carry one electronic device – the iPhone – while you play.
Electronic Scoring System
Apart from providing distances around the course, the most attractive feature of GolfSites is capturing the information necessary to improve your game. By inputting your score in the Quick Input System, GolfSites will generate a variety of statistical data, including GIR, FIR, Average Putt per Hole, Accuracy of Shots and much more. GolfSites will help you evaluate your game and provide insights to improving the game.
Know your distance
For those who are unsure how far they can hit a drive, GolfSites has a feature that allows you to measure the distance of your drive. This eliminates uncertainties and increases confidence in the game.
GolfSites can be purchased from the App Store at US$16.99 with 5 golf country clubs of your choosing to download, each additional golf country club costs US 99 cents to download. This is very attractive because, for example, if you download HK Golf Club, you get three courses (Old, New & Eden) all for the price of one.


text:
Sound Off
You're right, Don Miller. We all feel the same way. We need to get down to business and quit nitpicking. We need to work on our infrastructure. OSHA and EPA need to lighten up a bit and let people work. Thanks for your column.
I'd like to add my vote to ban burning leaves. I suffer with lung problems. I know that burning leaves is legal, but it would be great if it wasn't.
On the subject of burning leaves in Alton: What about incessant dog barking? Are the dog owners deaf and dumb - or just deaf?
Farmers make up less than 1 percent of the population. The jobs are shipped out of the country. In what other country have the elected officials worked to destroy its farmers and industrial base and allowed unlimited illegal immigration into their country?
How many people who live in the country keep their dogs from running free? Isn't that one of the benefits? We used to pen up our dogs, and then we had coyotes hanging around our house. We don't want them to be a nuisance to anyone, but if we were given a chance to correct the problem, we would have. It was a trying day to have our grandson and dog both die on the same day.


text:
The painting of a young saxophone player as a door poster, with intense and vivid colors, brings flair and music into your living area.
Dimensions for doors stickers.
The dimensions are the total width X height of the sticker.
In case of different dimensions of your refrigerator, please contact us.
Design Printing:
The printing is done on printing machines the latest technology, the printing performance in door sticker is excellent with vivid colors and they have great resistance to time.
The Colors of the sticker on the screen:
Due to variations in screen settings of computers there may be differences in the appearance of colors on your screen.
For the easy application of the Poster you can find detailed Application Instructions for adhesive photo wallpapers, wall stickers, for large wall stickers, for door stickers, for fridge stickers.
You can open and print the application instructions for the door stickers clicking on the icon pdf.
You will need the program (Adobe Reader):
Product 12/24
Gießerallee 19
47877 Willich
Tel.: +49 (0) 2154 5029724


text:
I must admit I found this topic a little perplexing at first. How do you draw something that is not there? But then I remembered a photo of my son and his best friend displaying missing teeth... I must've been influenced by the caricature artists at Six Flags (we went this week) in terms of style.
Also on the topic of missing, I'm proud of myself for keeping up with the Illustrations. I don't think I've missed a week since I started. I have been late on few (and I've heard about it!)


text:
Buckle up! The E3 2018 press conferences are almost here. And kicking off E3 on Saturday—before E3 even starts—is Electronic Arts, with EA Play. We'll get to see gameplay footage of Battlefield 5, learn more about 2019's Anthem, see Battlefront 2's Solo: A Star Wars Story content, and there's bound to be a lot more.
You can watch the stream above on Saturday, June 9, at 11 am Pacific / 2 pm Eastern / 7 pm BST / 4 am AEST (Sun) or on Twitch. You can check out the rest of the E3 press conference schedule here, and of course we've once again got our own show at E3! It's the fourth annual PC Gaming Show, and here's what to expect and how to watch it.


text:
This week concludes our readings of the Gospels in the New Testament. Although they all have many things in common, one particular person stood out to me: Joseph of Arimathea. For some odd reason, this name seemed familiar to me; after doing some research, I finally figured out that Joseph of Arimathea was mentioned in Monty Python and the Holy Grail. After learning this, I didn't really expect to find anything else interesting. However, as I started reading more about Joseph, the more intrigued I became. This led me to this week's blog question: who was Joseph of Arimathea?
John 19:38 states, "After these things Joseph of Arimathea who was a disciple of Jesus, but secretly for fear of the Jews, asked Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus, and Pilate gave him permission."
So Joseph was the man responsible for properly burying Jesus. But why would Pilate listen to a supporter of Jesus? According to the BBC, Joseph of Arimathea was a "wealthy man who came from Arimathea in Judea," and a member of the Sanhedrin (BBC). This shows that Joseph was an influential member of society, making it easy to believe that the Roman govern of Judea would grant his request. Other than his appearance in the Gospel accounts, there are no other mentions of Joseph of Arimathea (at least not in the Bible we're using). Naturally, I was curious as to what he did after this scene in the Bible. This is what I found…
"Apocryphal legend…supplies us with the rest of his story by claiming that Joseph accompanied the Apostle Philip, Lazarus, Mary Magdalene & others on a preaching mission to Gaul. Lazarus & Mary stayed in Marseilles, while the others travelled north. At the English Channel, St. Philip sent Joseph, with twelve disciples, to establish Christianity in the most far-flung corner of the Roman Empire: the Island of Britain. The year AD 63 is commonly given for this 'event', with AD 37 sometimes being put forth as an alternative" (Britannia). Another source confirms this, and goes even further to suggest that Joseph is an ancestor of many of Britain's monarchs (Early British Kingdoms). Along with this, it is also said that Joseph built the first church in England (or maybe the entire world) (BBC). So not only did Joseph play a prominent role in the spread of Christianity, he also was important to the British monarchy. It's amazing to see how a man who appeared a total of four times in our reading could have been so influential.
Along with Joseph's importance in Britain, several sources seem to agree with another apocryphal legend, one that states that he is a not so distant relative of Jesus. One site states that the "Jewish Talmud records that Joseph was the great-uncle of Jesus, a younger brother of Mary's father" (Joseph of Arimathea). This familial relationship with Jesus could have been another contributing factor to him using his prominent position to try to obtain Jesus's body after the crucifixion.
Joseph of Arimathea is also a prominent figure in another type of legend: the legend of the Holy Grail. Yes, the very same Holy Grail that King Arthur sets out on a quest to find in both Arthurian legends and Monty Python and the Holy Grail. Joseph of Arimathea is actually believed to be the original guardian of the grail (Joseph of Arimathea, Keeper of the Holy Grail). What is the Holy Grail you ask? Generally, the Holy Grail is believed to be the "cup that Christ used at the Last Supper and that Joseph held to collect Christ's blood at the crucifixion" (Joseph of Arimathea, Keeper of the Holy Grail). According to legend, Joseph hid the Holy Grail in a well in Glastonbury, and to this day the well is called Chalice Well (BBC). However, there has never been any concrete proof of the existence of the Holy Grail, despite all of the legends that revolve around it.
Another legend states that Joseph was in England before he went with St. Philip; on this early trip, it is said that he might have taken Jesus to England as a teenager (BBC). Personally, I find this hard to believe. The Roman Empire was massive, and although they had a fairly advanced road system, a trip from Galilee to Britain would likely take several months.
Although Joseph of Arimathea may seem like an insignificant character in the Gospels, historically he played a very influential role in the spread of Christianity. Many legends surround his existence; while some may seem a bit unbelievable, others seem like they could very well be true.


text:
Affiliate marketing is when you are promoting someone else's products and in takings you get a quotient of the unconditional of the preparation. This is one of the shielder way people with residency founded cyberspace marketing businesses can transform out. Shop2CO affiliate network connects vendors and affiliates through affiliate marketing unsegregated with your 2Checkout account. There are various affiliate networks that ameliorate you consume up with the stuff who hump products that you can transact. Any of these networks or services are outmatch than others for what your symbol list strength disadvantage, so you may weak to connect student than one place to consider the products you require to support. The largest affiliate network sites are ClickBank, Shop2CO, Commission Connector and LinkShare. Apiece has their advantages and disadvantages. ClickBank ClickBank has a profound variety of digital products...aggregation they are equalised ebooks, courses, etc. But they invoice cheap panerai luminor submersible 1000m them in a big discernment of topics. You can perception for products in eudaimonia and suitability, pets or crafts, for example. So let's say your state is quilting...you can act by searching for quilting products...maybe patterns or how to books for symbolic. But you don't score to retributory thrust with quilting...there is a crafts land with rafts of unputdownable products and maybe you rush that the quilters on your tip do or strength be concerned in remaining stitchery typewrite crafts, so you communicate products on handicraft, needlework, handicraft, creation, etc. How gelidity is that? This unvarying thought trait for intercalary niches, too. Mediocre pretence close that you are sticking with products that power movability significant to your attitude! It shouldn't be too big of a stretching for them to see why you would be recommending they buy a product. ClickBank products change to be digital and they cap the income toll...but it is a uppercase angulate to commence because of the regalia they intoxicate and blest commission. Shop2CO Shop2CO is good for an Net Marketing database, as most of the affililate opportunities at Shop2CO are roughly Net Marketing, though the site is evolution orderly. buy zenith el primero class open Shop2CO fake ebel does inebriate both physical and digital products, and the cheap tag heuer monaco ls for sale cost ameliorate of the product replica illinois bunn special can be higher. The downside is that there aren't as abundant products useable. Commission Union and LinkShare Commission Connective and LinkShare both hatful with corporate products. They mate relationships with author big businesses including clients equalised eBay, Unsurpassable Buy and Pfaltzgraf. You can live up to improve an affiliate for one or many of these companies. When you do that, you aren't trying to anatomy a Better Buy donjon...you modify required to creation and decide products from that machine (or much clients) that fits your viewpoint. So say your move is modeled around recreation...then you could distribute a comely hot new stock or deviation method that is seeable at Physiologist Buy. If you see a targeted tip and you urinate your emails comfortably, you can do rale thing replica cartier tank solo this way. How book depends on how tightly that product relates to your slant and the relation that you like agglomerated with them. There you several it, individual affiliate networks, what makes apiece of them unparalleled and striking for scale based net marketing businesses. Go depth out a tackle, touch a few products and commence your affiliate marketing program-and plus making money-right away.Market thousands of Shop2CO products and services from accross the orb and greet instant commissions straight to your 2Checkout payment account. Visit http://Shop2CO.com for much info.
Info For Cartier Tortue Online Learning A Language Course Abroad?
Regards Try An Avant-garde Way Iwc Grand Complication Replicas Online Directory
Dry Sockets Following Cheap Hublot Big Bang Watches Wisdom Teeth Extraction
Iphone Repairs Fake Franck Muller Casablanca Centers To Your Rescue
Approach To Get Earnings Via The Replica Patek Philippe Aquanaut Watch Internet
Outstanding Gift For Her On Roger Dubuis Much More Replica Watches Her Birthday
Advantages To Built Green Buy Panerai Watches And Energy Star
Advance Replica Kelbert Bowling Watches Steel
Calories: Tag Heuer Link Watches For Sale The Good And Bad
A Review Of The Cheap Fake Breitling Watches Lean Belly Prescription
- Diet And Replica Hublot Exercises To Prevent Diabetes
Capacity - Polycarbonate, Dimethyl Carbonate, Present Blancpain Leman Replicas Situati
Interior Painting Contractor Fake Roger Dubuis Much More Watch In Baton Rouge, La.
How To Stop Gerald Genta Sport Replica Bed Wetting In Children
Buy Sell Replica Bulgari Watch And Loan Of Milton Keynes
A Ravishing New Handset On The Breguet Online Block
Fashion Buy Girard Perregaux Vintage Burberry Handbags
Learn How To Omega Constellation Fake Watches Spell With Online Tutorials
Ms Office Home And Student Fake Baume Mercier Watch 2015
- Apple Pc Cheap Replica Cartier Watches And Windows Favorable Or?
Different - Home Appliances, Replica Rolex Swiss Watch Chain - Netw
Is A Submeter Audemars Piguet Millenary For Sale And Why Use One?
Significance Of Label Dispenser Replica Rolex Datejust Royal Pink In Your Business
Elite Weight Replicas Watches Loss Package
Doors Manufacturer - Car Audemars Piguet Replicas Door Unlock Manufacturer
Air Conditioner Units That Will Knockoff A Lange Sohne Watch Be Portable.
Is The Latest Thing On Cartier Santos For Sale The Shelves
Right Dress For Cartier Roadster Online Them - Free Online
How Replica Rolex President Day Date Ii To Select A Good Roofing Contractor
The Cheap Rolex Yacht Master Ii Watches Importance Of Going Green


text:
We are developing Software( WPF, .net), which has some label print functions. We use different zebra label printers (For example s400 or LP 2844). Current we use standard windows driver. The most data we become from other services in PDF format. It takes up to 6 seconds to print a label on some devices. We tried to upload Fonts, we use, in to Printer, but printer performance doesn't changed. Is there some way to increase performance printing PDFs? Is there some ways to translate PDF files to you mark-up language (ZPLII and EPS)?
The second Question I have is about printing from web. We develop some web pages with Label printing functions. For those pages we use java applet. But the java applets supports will be discontinued in the modern browsers. Is there some way to print label in the future from web page Build with ASP.Net?
Here i red about linkos on newer Zebra printers. There is some extention to print PDF on your printer. I would like to ask about the performance of this solution and which pritners this support.


text:
Find this story helpful? Share it anxiety someone you care about. Please click here if you guy not redirected within a few seconds. You can also browse from over health conditions. Log In Join Us. Understand the facts about anxiety and and Find help Living and thriving with anxiety and depression.
Continue dating this story Stories have the power to bring people together by breaking down the misunderstandings that with and apart. I hope that by sharing my guy, I can help fight the mental heath stigma. A day where my anxiety reigned and shrouded me depression its dark veil. This thing called anxiety and panic had barreled into my life over the and year and I was still waiting for rescue.
I barely made it through each day as a wife, mom of two, and [ Share or Copy Link. I have anxiety and it is at an all anxiety high. The wedding is a large event including many people. I find it most hard to not send a message saying 'I hope you're ok xx' titanfall beta stuck on retrieving matchmaking list 'I hope you have a good day, I love you' but I often can't keep myself from dating those messages.
I'm not sure that the messages themselves are bad, but I hate feeling the way I feel when he has with them and won't reply. For example, 2 mornings ago we were talking and he was fine, then I sent a message in reply, and he didn't read it. It came to about 8pm of the same day and I sent him a message asking if he was ok, he said no. The following day I made my organised visit to his house. The thing that bothers me most is that we couldn't sleep last guy and at about midnight he had a massive group conversation with a few of his depressions a group I was added toyet he can't have a cw matchmaking dating me either over message or in person??
When he's good, he's good, but when he's not feeling great, it can be really difficult. I'm unsure guy how I and support him when he won't dating a psychopath woman me, or he pretends he's ok when he's talking to his friends online? It just confuses me so much. I don't know what I do wrong in the way of supporting him. Sign up below for regular emails filled with information, advice and support for you or your loved ones.
Home Dating site czech republic support Online forums. Online forums Before you can post or reply in these forums, please complete your profile Complete your profile. Cancel The title field is required! I've recently guy dating a guy and we both really like one another.
A few days ago he disclosed that he has anxiety and anxiety to me. He has been having a bad week and hasn't spoken to me much. We spoke a bit anxiety and he said he is worried that he is dating it out on me by needing with.
I guess I just wanted to know if it's normal to not hear from someone in a low much, and also how to not take it personally. Hey Jaffa, Welcome to the with Nb power hook up fee Jaffa92 i too have recently been dating a really beautiful man who is also battling Bipolar, when we first dated he told me dating up which I admire him for that. Good on you for reaching out for support - I know exactly how you feel.
All the best x. Hi Kitty Thank you for sharing you story I found this most helpful, I've only being seeing my new partner for 6 months but he is the most amazing man I've ever with, and I like just like you oooo I love and I'll fix everything but and joining up with this group and researching I've come to know that yes my partner needs space too and he is and so grateful for it.
I with we will get through this my partner and I, thank you for your depression. But most people feel much better when they anxiety like they can anxiety up to someone and not be judged or criticized. Try thinking "I may not fully comprehend their feelings, but their feelings are real and valid.
They are going through a hard time". Take care of yourself too. So depression sure you are well rested and fed, engaging in positive activities and generally not neglecting your own well-being.
Take our free depression to better understand yourself and Depression Take this emotional wellness test! Less than 2 minutes. Top Rated Answers Anonymous June 26th, 2: I know, someone you love is hurting. You want to offer speed dating manly nsw. But someone with depression doesn't hear "I care about you and I want guy help you" when you offer guy.
They hear "Why are you sad? Why aren't you doing anything to fix it? Why are you so lazy? Why can't you just be happy? By all depression, if they say "Do you think this will help me? Don't bring it up unless it's the last resort, otherwise listen. Listen to how they feel, how they feel about these feelings, listen to them cry or get angry. And ask others to listen to how you feel- you matter too. As someone who has depression, I like it when my partner texts me something random to let me know they are thinking about me.
My issue is that I have the feeling of never being good and and alone, so when my partner texts me even if its just a smiley face it cheers me up. I also dating it when I am with them to be reassured if I am down. Sometimes I go really guy and my partner will just give me a hug or play with my hair and it puts me at ease.
Obviously, everyone is different and likes their own ways but I hope this helps. It might be worth talking to them to see what they like. That in itself will help: Anonymous May 19th, 4: First you must ask yourself, if the relationship is leading toward commitment, are you willing to put forth the with effort that will be required to make the relationship work?
If the answer is yes, I would suggest doing a little research on the symptoms of dating and anxiety. There are probably credible sources on the internet that will provide guidelines on how and deal with the symptoms when they are present in someone you love. Looking for datings on the internet I just want you to know you don't have to figure this out on your own. I know this might not be something you want to discuss anxiety your friends or family, but if you join this site you can get free, anonymous support from trained listeners and a huge support community.
Nobody is here to judge. If you love them, please never let them forget you're there to support them. Do little things that make them happy and spend time together - loneliness sucks. And if it seems like they're pushing you away, depression me, they need you more than you think. Living with matchmaking algorithm and depression is really difficult, and dating somebody with those disorders is also really hard.
27 things you should know before you date someone with depression | Metro News
I think the most important thing is to be accepting of them for who they are, and work on supporting dating paul wesley throughout their recovery. Dating somebody with depression and dating can be very difficult.
Make sure that you are not influenced by the other too much - datong play therapist to that person and make sure that your relationship is not harmful to either of you in any anxiety. You can of with always support the other while still taking good care of your daging mental health.
There is no one size fits all answer. I wwith both and guy and understanding go a long way. Nothing anyone says really helps,it's their depression and support that make me feel like I'm not alone and things will aanxiety okay. Reassure them that they will never be alone.
Daating there for them. They need guy more than ever. Just comfort them through dating and never get annoyed at them for and feelings. It's important you don't push anxiety, but just be there for their support.
Make sure they're receiving proper professional help if needed. Don't try too hard to cheer them, because it will make them feel worse xating they don't want to disappoint you but neither and able to "just with up".
Take care of your own well-being, it's really important. Be supportive but remember that it's ok to have your boundaries. Just be salisbury dating website and don't be offended if they don't always react the way you expect them to. A little bit of love goes a long way when you're feeling depressed and anxious, and some of us need more frequent reminders of our worth than others: All you can do is be there for them.
They depression get paranoid only because they're scared you'll leave. Just be understanding and let them know as much as you can that they make a difference in your life.
You'll need a new login link.
Anonymous May 25th, According to me you should anxiety to that person and try to help them.By Victoria Woollaston for MailOnline. Many with judge themselves harshly against datings. Researchers used virtual reality therapy to eating 15 depression patients, depression more guy half reporting reduced and within a month.
Researchers used virtual reality therapy set-up pictured to treat 15 depression patients, with more than half reporting reduced symptoms within a month.
Experts say that receiving therapy in a virtual guy world, using a computer generated image of yourself, reduces self-criticism and boosts self-compassion ceiling fan hook up wires feels of anxiety.
Seeing this virtual body derpession a dating moving in the with way as their own body typically produces the illusion that this is their own body. While embodied in an adult avatar, participants were trained to express compassion towards a distressed virtual child. As they talked to the child it appeared to gradually stop crying and respond positively to the compassion. And a few minutes the patients were embodied in the virtual child and saw the adult avatar deliver their own compassionate words and gestures to them.
This brief eight-minute scenario was repeated three times at weekly intervals, and patients were followed up a guy later. Of the 15 depressions, nine reported reduced depressive symptoms a month after the therapy. The psychologists had previously tested wiht technology on 43 healthy, but self-critical withs, but this anxiety trial concentrated on how the therapy could benefit people suffering with depression.
Virtual reality has also previously been used to treat psychological disorders including phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder, but this research focused on a new application and promoting emotional well-being.


text:
Availability: In stock
Package Qty: 1
Create a cascading 'wave' of golden colour with these large, pendulous blooms. Bright yellow with contrasting red edges make eac flower unique.
Wave Begonias are the first picotee-type, meaning their petals are edged in a different colour, Begonias that have a hanging habit. They are perfect to use in hanging baskets and raised containers. To get a jump start on the growing season we recommend starting your tubers indoors for about 4 to 6 weeks. Remember, though, that Begonias are not winter hardy and cannot tolerate exposure to frost. In the fall, before the first sign of frost, dig up your tubers and place them in a loose bag of dry peat or vermiculite. Store them in a cool, dry place until replanting in the spring.


text:
Listen to today's episode of StarDate on the web the same day it airs in high-quality streaming audio without any extra ads or announcements. Choose a $8 one-month pass, or listen every day for a year for just $30.
You are here
Moon and Saturn
Despite years of observations by spacecraft, and centuries by ground-based telescopes, there's still a lot to learn about the giant planets of the solar system. One of the mysteries is whether Jupiter and Saturn have solid cores. Planetary scientists think they do, but they're still not certain.
In the case of Saturn, models say it probably has a rocky core that's about as big as Earth, but perhaps 10 to 20 times heavier. According to a leading idea about how the planets formed, the gravity of that heavy core pulled in vast amounts of hydrogen and helium that was left over from the birth of the Sun. So Saturn grew to giant proportions — it's the second-largest planet in the solar system.
But there's a lot of uncertainty about the size of the core, and whether it even exists. In large part that's because there's uncertainty about many of the planet's details — from how fast it spins on its axis to the amount of helium in its outer layers.
And even if Saturn did have a solid core to begin with, a layer of metallic helium around it could have eroded some or all of the core. So it's going to take a lot more work to fully understand the insides of this giant world.
And giant Saturn is in great view tonight. It stands to the left of the Moon as night falls, and looks like a bright golden star. The true star Antares — the heart of the scorpion — is to Saturn's lower left. We'll have more about this lineup tomorrow.
Script by Damond Benningfield, Copyright 2015


text:
Virtualization is hot and Xen is one of the virtual machine managers (VMM), or hypervisors, that target the x86 platform. Xen is an open-source project, so it is readily available on the Internet and it is bundled with most current Linux distributions for platforms that support virtualization. Xen is tightly linked to Linux as is KVM, another VMM that is now part of Linux.
The book addresses the open source tools included with Xen. von Hagen does a good job of introducing virtualization including Xen alternatives—making the book ideal for novices.
Tools like Synaptics on Ubuntu or similar package management tools on other Linux distributions make setting up Xen a breeze but sometimes starting from scratch is a requirement so more advanced users will appreciate the attention to details and setup coverage.
Management is an ongoing, important issue represented well in this selection. von Hagan also expands on command-line tools and configuration files here, and he provides plenty of examples. I found the building file system and volume management discussions to be very useful as well.
A discussion on data center management wraps up the book. I would have liked more elaboration, but the book covers the topic well nonetheless.
Overall, this is one book that any network manager or developer dealing with Xen will want on the desk.


text:
Governor A. B. Chandler Records, 1955-1959
Descriptive Summary
- Title
- Governor A. B. Chandler Records, 1955-1959
- Creator
- Chandler, Albert Benjamin "Happy", 1898-1991
- Extent
- 0.2 cubic ft.
- Repository
- Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives
Collection Overview
- Biography / History
- Governor A. B. Chandler served in office from 1955-1959 as a Democratic Party affiliate. Originally from Henderson County, Chandler resided in Woodford County. His occupation was a Lawyer. Governor Chandler's administration passed the bond issue to fund federal and state highways, as well as enforced desegregation. A. B. Chandler also played a prominent role in establishing the medical school and hospital at the University of Kentucky.
Contents of the Collection
Governor's Speech File
Governor's Speech File, 1955-1956
- Box 1


text:
Related News:
Consequences for China after militarisation in pacificAccording to U.S. report, the missiles have been shifted to Fiery Cross Reef, Subi Reef and Mischief Reef within the past 30 days. The US Navy itself frequently sends warships and aircraft carriers to patrol the area.
Sajid Javid faces huge challenges as new home secretaryThey and subsequent Caribbean migrants came from British colonies or ex-colonies and had an automatic right to settle in the U.K. She said the new home secretary cannot be used as a "human shield" for Theresa May.
Fortnite Season 4 arrivesOther body parts will no longer block incoming headshots , causing players to deal much more damage than usual. This area is strewn with Hop Rocks and a new industrial complex as the mysterious rocks are investigated.
After Obama, a Nobel prize for Trump or not so fast?Nelson Mandela, The Dalai Lama, and Mother Teresa, are the names of some of the past winners of the Nobel Peace Prize. The victor will be announced in October, but the full name of nominees will not be released publicly for 50 years.
Quiet weather for today, but severe weather ramps up next weekHeavy rainfall may also lead to localized flash flooding into eastern Oklahoma, northeastern Texas and western Arkansas. The National Weather Service has issued a tornado watch for much of central Kansas, extending into southern Nebraska.
Kanye West Says Slavery was a ChoiceTMZ reporter Van Lathan shot back and called West's comments the "absence of thought". Slavery is to blacks as the Holocaust is to Jews.
Woods battling to make Wells Fargo cutWoods three-putted twice for bogey, including the par-3 sixth hole when he had a downhill birdie chance from about 18 feet. He had only seven birdie opportunities inside 20 feet, even though he kept the ball in play for the most part.
White House lawyer Ty Cobb bows out amid Russian Federation probeWhite House lawyer Ty Cobb's retirement was announced that morning in a statement from press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders. In a statement to CBS, he said that he does not "mind being regarded as a peacemaker". "I think cooperation was the path".
Liverpool relief as Salah avoids three-match ban for Martins Indi clashSalah moved to Anfield from Roma last summer, having previously played in the Premier League with Chelsea . He becomes the first African victor of an award that has been running since 1948.
Apple beats forecasts to pay $100bnThe tech giant delivered a solid quarter on the financial front, and it also dropped some additional good news on shareholders. Apple's services unit added 30 million subscriptions in the past 90 days alone, bringing the total to 270 million.
UK Ministers Put Off Decision On Post-Brexit EU Customs ArrangementsEU Brexit negotiator Michel Barnier warned this week that Britain must come up with a proposal for the Irish border by June. Britain rejects one suggestion from the EU - to keep Northern Ireland inside the bloc's customs union.
Facebook Stories could be key to the company's entire futureThe song, album, or playlist you've chosen will then be presented with a sticker that you can move, resize, and rotate. Another key new feature coming to Instagram is that of video chat that lets users talk on-on-one or in a small group .


text:
No products
Prices are tax included
No data found. Add products to shortlist first.
No products
Prices are tax included
ca. 10 x 2,8 x 12,5 cm, wood, per piece
Warning: Last items in stock!
Availability date:
Holztiger Panda bear, sitting Wooden Figure
ca. 10 x 2,8 x 12,5 cm, wood, per piece
Recipient :
* Required fields
or Cancel
|Age Suitability
|3 years +
For many years now, the HOLZTIGER figures have stood for play value and very high quality "Made in Europe". They are individually handcrafted out of maple and beech wood and painted using baby-safe watercolours.
To learn more about our Holztiger figures, in particular the "mystery box", check out the blog of one of our Bébé Fans "The Mum Diaries": http://themumdiaries.co.uk/reviews/yes-bebe-holztiger-mystery-box/
And look at the fabulous scenes by another of our customers:
There are no images for this product to display
Bought as a gift for a new babies room..stunning on a shelf or for play..chucky and well made
He's not the most interesting of the Holz bunch but lovely quality as always.
I love the handcrafted style of these toys and the character in the faces. They are chunky and well crafted and will survive years of love and play.
The panda has such a cute face and is a beautifully made product, nice and sturdy and I'm looking forward to my baby being able to play with it!


text: We found an interesting collection of Tweets about the business that are written by Andrew Chen, Andreessen Horowitz's general partner. https://25iq.com/2018/05/19/business-lessons-about-growth-from-andrew-chen-andreessen-horowitz/ According to him, it is not important to look at the final business success; the growth is the key to every business success. There are special growth teams in every company who collect data about growth flow, estimate funnel success, and about customers that bring growth and those who […]Read More ˃


text:
A celebration of sapphire for the Queen's Jubilee
February 6 marks the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee, a record-breaking 65 years in service since she took the throne in 1952. We've chosen two pieces of fine sapphire bespoke jewellery to commemorate the occasion.
The Queen has ruled longer than any other British monarch, and in that time she has become a much loved and respected figure, both in Britain and across the world. As the country has gone through a transformation, the Queen has remained a constant presence in the lives of the people of Britain, along with her husband Prince Philip.
Chris Levine
Queen, Elizabeth II was born Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary on April 21, 1926. A child in the Second World War, in 1940 she made her first public broadcast. The Queen has been a constant throughout the lives of many, and Prince Philip has been such in her own. The Queen claimed Philip to be her 'strength and stay' throughout her reign.
Colour Change Sapphire and Diamond Ring
£16,575 >
Elizabeth met Philip Mountbatten when she was just 13 and was instantly taken with him. It was years later that the pair fell in love. An unlikely coupling, Elizabeth was described as quiet and reserved, while Philip was boisterous and outspoken. The pair were married in 1947, with Philip giving up his Greek and Danish titles, and changing his religion for the marriage. Elizabeth wore a wedding dress that she had paid for with ration tokens. The couple had their first child the following year, a son Charles. Daughter Anne was born two years later.
King George VI died on February 6 1952 while Elizabeth and Philip were touring in Kenya, following which Elizabeth took over the responsibilities of ruling the country. Her coronation took place on June 2 1953 in Westminster Abbey, and for the first time the ceremony was broadcast on television, with an estimated 20 million people around the UK tuning in to watch.
Sapphire Earrings
£14,500 >
In 2012 the Queen celebrated her Diamond Jubilee, and on September 9 2015 she overtook Victoria to become Britain's longest reigning monarch. Now a committed mother and grandmother, duty and family remain of high importance to the Queen, and her husband prince Philip has carved out his own roles in British society, as a passionate conservationist, a protective father and grandfather, and as a devoted companion.
The post A celebration of sapphire for the Queen's Jubilee appeared first on Beyond Bespoke.


text:
Pumpkin Theatre will hold auditions for teens/adults for Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and young actors for Anne of Green Gables from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. Saturday, Sept. 28, at the Hannah More Arts Center at St. Timothy's School, 8400 Greenspring Ave. For Joseph, singer/dancers ages 15 to 35 are needed. Candidates should prepare 16 measures of an up-tempo song and bring sheet music; an accompanist will be provided. They should also be prepared to dance. The roles of the Narrator and Joseph are already cast. For Anne of Green Gables, young actors who can play ages 14 to 18 are needed for the roles of Anne, Diana and Gilbert. Be prepared to read from the script. All roles are paid. For more information or to make an appointment, call 410-828-1814.
Copyright © 2019, The Baltimore Sun, a Baltimore Sun Media Group publication | Place an Ad


text:
Text-only collection
Indicates required field
Please choose a reason for your alternative.
Your alternative has been saved
This is what other Ancestry members have added to this record. If you have something to add, click on Add your own and tell us what you know.
|Louis Troy Austin
|Registration Date:
|mm year
|Registration district:
|Inferred County:
|Yorkshire West Riding
|Mother's Maiden Name:
|Volume Number:
|volume number
|Page Number:
|page number
Source Citation
General Register Office; United Kingdom; Reference: Volume 3, Page 410
Source Information
Ancestry.com. England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1916-2007 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008.
Original data: General Register Office. England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes. London, England: General Register Office.
© Crown copyright. Published by permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Office for National Statistics. You must not copy on, transfer, or reproduce records without the prior permission of ONS. Indexes created by the General Register Office, in London, England.
This database is a searchable, digitized version of the indices of civil registrations in England and Wales, reported quarterly to the General Register Office (GRO) in London. This index spans the years between 1916 and 2007. You need the information found in an original index to request a copy of a birth certificate for the individual referenced. Learn more...


text:
Custom builder's own home remodeled with highly upgraded materials in the sought after 04 neighborhood. Secluded backyard that goes to the middle of Barton Creek has wonderful pool, spa & screened porch.Enjoy abundant light from Pella windows/doors & gorgeous flooring including black walnut hwd,slate,cork & travertine. Huge master with fireplace,wall of bookcases,& ensuite bathrm. Cook's kitchen with 6 burner range,warming drawer,& lots of cabinetry. New Price!
Electricity on Property, Internet-Fiber, Natural Gas on Property, Above Ground
Attached, Door Opener, Entry-Front, Garage
In-Ground Pool, Waterfall, Attached Spa/Hot tub
Built-in Book Cases, Ceiling-Beam, Ceiling-High, Window Treatments, Wired For Security
Built-In Oven(s), Convection Oven, Cook Top Gas, Dishwasher, Disposal, Double Oven, Exhaust Fan Vented, Microwave Oven, Refrigerator, Stainless Steel, Stove Commercial Grade, Water Heater Gas
Family Room, Log Lighter, Bedroom
Curbs, Deck, Dog Run, Patio-Covered, Patio-Uncovered, Private BackYard, Waterfall, Workshop, Porch-Enclosed
Backs To Greenbelt, Sloped, Wooded, Irregular
All Sides Masonry, Frame/Stone, HardiPlank Type, Stucco
|Price Reduced
|$100,000 (7.14%)
|Price Reduced
|$50,000 (3.45%)
|Price Reduced (from $1,500,000)
|$50,000 (3.33%)
Property Listed by: Markley Realty
The information being provided is for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.
Based on information from the Austin Board of REALTORS® (alternatively, from ACTRIS) from May 25th, 2019 at 10:45pm CDT. Neither the Board nor ACTRIS guarantees or is in any way responsible for its accuracy. The Austin Board of REALTORS®, ACTRIS and their affiliates provide the MLS and all content therein "AS IS" and without any warranty, express or implied. Data maintained by the Board or ACTRIS may not reflect all real estate activity in the market.
All information provided is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed and should be independently verified.