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Posted: 18 September 2008 Updated: 11 May 2011: added some additional text.As always, this is my opinion. If you wish to communicate with me regarding this topic, use cdoswell # earthlink.net - either click on the email link or cut and paste the email address, replacing " # " with "@". Your correspondence with me, along with my response, might be added to this page as a result - if you're not willing to make your comments public, either don't send them in the first place or convince me I shouldn't make them part of this public discourse.
Having been involved with some recent discussions about introducing incorporating non-meteorological information into tornado warnings in order to improve service to the public, I offer the following thoughts about how this should be done.
There are certain things that must happen in order for weather information to be of value to users, even if the forecasts are perfect (which virtually never happens). I see these as:
If any of these links in the chain are broken, then the weather information is useless to the user even if it's perfectly accurate. The best forecasts can wind up having little or no value to most users.
With tornado (or severe thunderstorm) warnings, in general, a meteorologist issuing a warning has assessed the weather situation and reached some threshold at which s/he feels that a warning is necessary. Strictly speaking, this can be understood in terms of a threshold probability value - no weather forecast (and a warning is a forecast) should ever be considered absolutely certain. See here for a discussion of probabilities in this context. There's inevitable uncertainty in warnings, despite the fact that this uncertainty is (for the most part) not being conveyed to the public.
The issuance of a warning means that the meteorologist believes that the threat of a tornado is high enough that at least some people might need to respond to the tornado threat. Of course, in the weather office, it's impossible to know everyone's particular circumstances - some people might need to take action at a lower probability threshold than others (e.g., those living in mobile homes versus those who live in reinforced concrete bunkers). Since the person issuing the warning can't possibly know everyone's circumstances, it's essentially up to the user to decide what to do. I oppose warnings that include "call to action" statements for this reason. If forecasters are telling people what to do, it can't be on the basis of adequate information about everyone's situation. How can the warning forecaster know what each individual should do?
Since most people don't even own weather radios, it follows that most people don't get their information about weather hazards directly from the public weather service. Most people get their information via television, now, so they may choose the weather broadcaster they trust the most, and listen to that broadcaster for information. The level of trust that the general public has in the public weather services is not something I know anything about. The broadcasters measure their impact by ratings, which in a hazardous weather situation probably constitute a reasonable measure of the credibility of their broadcasters. Note that the perception of credibility may not be warranted by the actual accuracy of the information provided.
A challenge in getting people to take action is the "normalcy bias" - by far the majority of people have never experienced a devastating weather disaster, and it's understandable that they wouldn't believe that it's actually going to happen to them. They likely seek confirmation that the hazard is actually going to affect them this time. I don't believe this is an unreasonable or stupid viewpoint. Unfortunately, the time spent trying to confirm a threat to them personally is time lost if the need for action actually arises. Thus, a particularly important piece of information that could be of great help to users is for warnings to include time-of-arrival estimates, and the users need to know that the information is simply an estimate, and not always exactly correct. Some TV broadcasters do this very well. Others ... well ...
It should be evident to anyone reading this that weather forecasters are educated and trained about the dynamics of weather systems and how to use that knowledge to forecast the weather. We aren't educated or trained in psychology or sociology. We aren't even necessarily very adept at communicating what we know to other meteorologists, let alone to non-meteorologists. Hence, we traditionally have struggled with how to word our forecasts to convey weather information accurately. Words are notoriously unreliable at communicating information - some people interpret a given phrase a certain way whereas other people interpret the very same phrase in a very different way. Just what does "showers likely" mean? Although it's reasonable to ask forecasters to improve their communication skills, it's unrealistic to expect most forecasters to become communications experts. An important facet of warnings that's not yet being conveyed to the public is uncertainty - to the public, there either is or there isn't a warning in effect.
The dichotomous (i.e., binary) nature of warnings at present means that a warning forecaster has only two options - issue a warning or not issue a warning. However, the penalties for an error aren't symmetric. If a warning isn't issued and a killer tornado occurs, the forecast is "penalized" much more severely than if a warning is issued and no tornado occurs. Hence, there's a distinct bias toward overwarning - better safe than sorry (or, more pejoratively, C.Y.A.). The angst over whether or not to issue a warning could be mitigated significantly if the forecaster had the option of expressing warning uncertainty information via probability. At the moment, probabilistic warnings are being considered, but there's considerable concern about how best to convey that information in a warning.1 I should add that I have little idea of how best to convey that uncertainty - I'm not offering any magic formula for success in this. I don't know enough to be able to formulate a successful strategy for probabilistic warnings, despite my ultimate belief that we as meteorologists should move in this direction. Much more research needs to be done (e.g., national surveys) in order to develop probabilistic warnings in the most effective way possible. Implementing probabilistic warnings without this research and without a public education campaign to let users know what the probabilities mean and how to use them easily could do more harm than good!
Should forecasters alone take on the task of trying to produce a product that will be effective at communicating weather information? I don't think so. Forecasters haven't the knowledge, nor the inclination to go about acquiring that knowledge, needed to be effective at reaching "the public" - note that "the public" includes everyone from newborn babies to Ph.D.-level meteorologists. What we refer to as "the public" is quite diverse, not a monolithic block. What works for one segment of the public will fail completely with some other segment. Some segments of the public will be very unlikely to change their behavior no matter how sophisticated the communication of weather information becomes. Witness the death of the old man (Harry Truman - but not the late President) at Mount St. Helens in May of 1980; he was bound and determined to stay there at the foot of the volcano, no matter what anyone told him. He stayed ... and died, but his body was never found. It's unrealistic that forecasters could ever hope to be 100% effective at stimulating a particular set of reactions from the public to the weather information they're attempting to communicate.2
It's quite difficult to be a good warning forecaster. It requires all the education, training, and experience that a single human being can muster to become reasonably good at this challenging task. If our forecasters also have to be sociologists, psychologists, and communications experts in addition to the job they already have, I can guarantee that most of those responsibilities would wind up being substantially less than perfectly executed. Let the forecasters stay focused on what they can be good at - issuing weather forecasts. Forecasters should be freed from all other responsibilities other than forecasting, allowing them to pay close attention to the very challenging tasks they must master to be good at their job.
If I'm willing to absolve the forecaster of the sole responsibility for the value of the warnings, who then should be responsible? Certainly someone has to take this on! I propose that we introduce another link in the chain between the forecaster and the public (in addition to the media broadcasters, who already have the lion's share of the dissemination responsibility for warnings). There should be another, separate group of people, either employed by the same agency that employs the forecasters, or by some other group willing to invest in ensuring the value of the warnings. [Note added: I've just found out about the Disaster Prevention Research Institute at Kyoto University in Japan. See their "Integrated Arts and Sciences for Disaster Reduction" group. It turns out they have a division employing sociologists and psychologists to interact with their physical scientists. This concept is pretty close to what I have in mind! At least there's some people involved with disaster mitigation who grasp the importance of this concept.] Within this group, there should be communications experts, psychologists, sociologists, and whatever other disciplines might be able to contribute to the process of translating the information provided by the forecasters into appropriate products suited to various segments of the public. They would conduct the disciplinary research (including comprehensive surveys) needed to provide a factual basis for modifying forecast products to serve the public. They would also need to help with the public education process so that users can understand the weather information and can learn how best to use that information to make decisions based on it. And they would need to work closely with forecasters to ensure that their recommended version of the weather information to go to the public is an accurate reflection of the forecaster's intentions. If the interface between weather information and the public is important, and I believe it is, that interface is too important to leave entirely in the hands of weather forecasters!
And it's even more important that decisions about how best to serve the public are not made only by NWS and NOAA management! Frankly, NOAA / NWS management is dominated by people who know little or nothing about either forecasting or the other disciplines (sociology, psychology, communications, etc.) that are necessary to come up with improved warning products. These managers may have opinions, of course, but their opinions aren't typically fact-based. There's precious little information in existence about how "the public" perceives and uses weather information to make decisions - some studies have been done, but they're far from comprehensive enough to design a national plan for improving tornado warnings - and, especially, how to incorporate uncertainty information in the warnings. Studies done for other hazards, such as dam breaks or hurricanes, may not be perfectly compatible with the tornado hazard, in particular. We simply don't have enough information at this point to be confident in designing a tornado warning that conveys uncertainty, despite a general scientific consensus that forecast uncertainty information is a critical component of any forecast (repeat: a warning is a forecast, lest anyone think otherwise). The history of the NWS includes one noteworthy attempt to introduce uncertainty information - in precipitation forecasts - the probability of precipitation (or PoP). When the change to PoP was made in the 1960s, there was little or no effort to bring the public up to speed about its meaning or how to use it in decision-making. To this day, the public is confused and often scornful about the meaning of the PoP forecasts they receive. As I see it, it's a classic screw-up in public relations by the NWS and if the choice is made to move forward with probabilistic warnings without first doing our homework regarding its perception and impact on the public, and educating them beforehand about its meaning and use, we simply will have made the same stupid mistake all over again.
I've said all along that the time to develop a proper appreciation for the hazards posed by severe convective weather and to develop an action plan in case severe storms become imminent is not in the time between the issuance of the warning and the arrival of the event (which can be as a short as a few minutes). The time for careful consideration of how an individual should deal with the severe convective storm hazard is months and even years before a storm begins to be a potential threat. Some people might choose to invest in a "safe room" in the new house they're building or even retrofit a safe room into their existing home (much more expensive). Some people might consider evacuation routes. And so on ... everyone should develop a plan for what they would do in case severe storms approach, but the details of those plans would vary, depending on the specific circumstances of an individual's life. Those circumstances change over the years and as they change, the action plan may have to be modified. The intermediary group I'm recommending would need to take a very active stance in promoting storm-readiness on the part of the public - at least those segments of the public willing to invest some resources in becoming prepared. This group would also need to stay tuned to the public and as the world evolves, the details of how best to serve the public when it comes to conveying information about tornado hazards would have to change. We've seen an increasing urbanization, and in urban situations, people are less connected to the natural environment than those living in rural areas. This requires a different strategy for urban versus rural regions. Increasing numbers of non-English speaking citizens are not likely to be well-served by English-only warning products, but how many different languages should be accounted for in warnings? The technology of communication is changing incessantly. What works today might be obsolete tomorrow and the dissemination process might look very different in 30 years. The landscape in which weather information is created is also changing so the content of the weather information issued by forecasters about tornadoes could look quite a bit different in 30 years. My proposed intermediary group would need to coordinate all of this to provide the best possible value to the most people within the diverse user community. After the introduction of probabilistic warnings, there would be a continuing need for studies in public perception - the whole warning "landscape" (that includes the weather and non-weather sides) changes constantly. The job of understanding and accounting for that landscape in public tornado warnings would never end. Coordination between the weather side and the other elements would have to continue indefinitely. This isn't a job that can be done once, and be done with it.
An important question everyone needs to answer for themselves is what threat threshold would be appropriate for them to take action. If someone is physically handicapped in some way that increases the time needed to take shelter, a lower threshold would be needed than for someone who's physically able to reach their shelter quickly and easily. Hospitals might need a lower threshold, as might folks who live in mobile homes, or nursing homes, or day care centers. Given the relatively short lead times between the issuance of a warning and the arrival of a tornado, each person or group needs to decide for themselves the level at which action is needed. Waiting for someone to tell you what to do personally is a bad strategy! Therefore, another important role for the intermediate group I'm advocating is continuing public education and obtaining feedback from the public.
If we're going to improve responses to tornado warnings, I believe we need to address a perception that appears widespread in the public: that NWS warnings absolve the public of any responsibility for their own safety in tornado situations. Weather forecasting will always be uncertain to some degree, so people need to understand and accept their personal responsibility for the safety of themselves and their loved ones. We won't ever be able to tell individuals they're going to be hit (or not) by violent tornado winds. Personal responsibilities include taking some preparatory actions well before the impending arrival of a potentially tornadic storm. Of course, it may be that my belief about this is wrong - thus, the need for surveys and the acquisition of quantitative, factual information about public perceptions before we move ahead.
At the moment, tornado fatalities seem to have hit bottom. A historical perspective is provided by Brooks and Doswell (2002)3 - a general decline in tornado fatalities that began around 1925 has shown signs of leveling off and perhaps is now even increasing. At present, the majority of tornado fatalities every year are in mobile homes, and more and more people are living in mobile homes in tornado-prone areas, perhaps in part as a response to economic trends making a permanent home less affordable. Nevertheless, the annual fatality toll from tornadoes is now generally under 100. As always, the annual death toll reflects the fact that having a significant tornado interact with a large concentration of people is a relatively rare event. Rare doesn't equate to impossible, and it's clear to those aware of tornado history that large fatality counts are inevitable, if unlikely in any given year.4 Although it's possible to see the inevitability of tornado disasters in the future, doing something about it is much more difficult.
It comes down to economics, as always. How much are we as a nation willing to invest in reducing the fatality counts from tornadoes in the future? Is this the most important problem facing the USA? No, not even close. But if it does merit some investment to prevent fatalities, can we justify increasing the existing investment? I've discussed this from a slightly different angle here, but given that my context within this essay is the creation of an intermediary group of diverse disciplines to act on the interface between warning forecasters and the public, the issue comes down to whether or not the NWS is going to back such an effort.
Again, my take on the situation is that NWS management has indicated a general unwillingness to address important issues. Apart from anything they might have to say about things, consider their actions as a more accurate reflection of the commitment than their words. In particular, consider the evolution of the surveys done after natural disasters (including tornadoes). There is clear evidence that these surveys are being "dumbed down" from a wide-ranging consideration of scientific and technical issues to a very narrow topic: did the killer tornadoes have NWS warnings in advance of them? If so, the service is deemed acceptable, no matter how superficial that assessment might be. NWS management doesn't show much more than superficial interest in learning from fatality-producing tornado events. A true "service assessment" would necessarily include surveys of the victims and non-victims in the vicinity to determine their perceptions, what actions they took and why they took them, how they perceived the warnings, and so on. It would also give the actions of the forecasters in the warning chain a much more comprehensive scrutiny, as well as a careful consideration of how science was applied to the problem, and the vulnerability of the structures in the tornado path (and how that related to fatalities).
I believe that NWS management isn't particularly committed to public service, unlike many of the warning forecasters. NWS management is more concerned with how things appear than how things really are. If there's no major hue and cry from the politicians and/or the media about NWS services, then not much of substance is likely to happen. Would the NWS be willing to work to increase their budget (which, in modern politics, means decreasing some other agency's budget!) to support a team of sociologists, psychologists, and communication experts to work with NWS forecasters to help design more effective forecast products? I suspect such a suggestion would be rejected without a moment's hesitation. NWS management is under intense pressure to reduce their budget, not increase it! About the only way my proposed intermediary group would ever come to be within the NWS would be for some other part of the NWS to be abolished and its budget allocated to the intermediary group. This obviously would be vehemently resisted by any agency whose budget would be sacrificed. How would NWS management convince their overseers to reverse that budget pressure, to support an increase in the NWS budget? Where's the political support for such an initiative? Where's the groundswell of public opinion? What powerful media have come out in favor of such a program? Without that sort of political clout, there's no chance to prevent the impact of future tornado disasters on the victims. We in the science community can see such things coming on the basis of the historical record of natural disasters, but are powerless to prevent them.
The current sort of tornado disasters, exemplified by the 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak, is apparently not effective in creating permanent change. Some minor things are done, but once the media feeding frenzy moves on to other things, it's back to business as usual. It seems that a few score fatalities are just not enough to cause any substantive change. Once the dust clears, public attention is drawn to other topics and the relatively small number of victims winds up mostly on their own to recover as best they can with existing institutional support (if any).
In the final analysis, I'm afraid, the public is getting about the level of service from the NWS they're willing to support. A few score people every year are killed by tornadoes - this toll falls disproportionately on the poor, the handicapped, the elderly. There apparently isn't much of a collective national concern about this relatively modest death toll to invest in new ways to prevent future fatalities. I suppose this might be described as "acceptable losses" by US society as a whole. I've argued elsewhere (here, too) that the existing warning system can be seen as doing a reasonably good job, especially for the tornadoes most likely to result in large numbers of fatalities. Is there a compelling need to improve on the existing warnings via increased NWS expenditures? Is there justification for costly new satellites and radars just to reduce tornado fatalities? As noted, I don't believe the public as a whole thinks so. Otherwise, there would be pressure on politicians to do something. I believe that the present system could be improved, and future fatalities reduced, but this will take much more effort in non-meteorological areas: sociology, psychology, communication, public education, acquisition of fact-based information about public perceptions and response to warnings, etc. This isn't very advantageous to the meteorological science community (which seeks to understand more about tornadoes, as opposed to public response to tornado warnings), but I believe it would be most advantageous to the public - and the future victims of tornado disasters.
If not the NWS, then who would be willing to find the resources for a center that would coordinate non-meteorological information with warning forecasters (and perhaps research meteorologists) to produce improved warning products? At this moment, I have no clue. Anyone willing to step up should speak up!
Update: 01 October 2008
I recently had the following email exchange (lightly edited) with NWS meteorologist Coleen Decker:
Your recent essay entitled, "How to improve tornado warnings" was brought to my attention by our WCM. Although I won't go into any detail about my personal opinions, I think that your essay brings up a good point that we should be considering some of the non-meteorological aspects of warnings. There are many in the field that would argue we need to stick to the meteorology. However, when I took the entire series of Fire Behavior courses for my IMET job, it was so that I would be able to understand the needs of the firefighters to do a better job…not so that I could become a fire fighter, but a basic understanding is so necessary.
Response: As I argued above, meteorologists should be allowed to be meteorologists, although broadening our perspectives to include some awareness of other disciplines is always of value.
To that end, there is a movement that is trying to integrate the Non-meteorological aspect of warnings that I want to bring to your attention. Although I have not been a participant in this program yet, I have expressed interest. Many of my fellow IMETs have participated and endorse this. At least it is a step in the right direction. Here's more information that I hope you will enjoy: http://www.sip.ucar.edu/wasis/
Response: I'm aware of WAS*IS - in fact, its leader, Eve Gruntfest, is currently occupying the office next to mine at the Intergalactic Weather Center and we chat frequently when she and I are both in town at the same time! That something is moving along these lines is a good thing and I certainly support it. But we're a loooooong way from having the information we need to make informed decisions about how to incorporate uncertainty into public severe weather warnings so as to be the most effective.
Given this exchange, it's also appropriate to mention the following NWS program which recently came to my attention:
This program is certainly attempting to deal with the thorny issue of inserting uncertainty information into public weather forecasts of all sorts. However, I see their effort as being focused on the admittedly non-trivial task of solving the meteorological issues, rather than paying attention to the challenge of conveying meteorological information to the public in a way that incorporates uncertainty and is effective - at least as effective as the current non-probabilistic forecasts and hopefully more so as a result of incorporating uncertainty. This latter challenge is much more important, as I see it, than the technical challenges from the meteorology side, for reasons explained above.
Update: 13 November 2008
I recently had the following email exchange (lightly edited) with { } meteorologist Roger Edwards (affiliation removed):
So-called "storm based" warnings, while far from the ideal end, have been a step in the right direction when performed the right way. Here's how: Reduce false-alarm area by fanning the warning ahead of the projected path of the severe storm (or for tornado warnings, the most probably tornadic subset of the storm). I've seen this done right, and when it is, it can eliminate hundreds to thousands of square miles (and in areas of dense populations, hundreds of thousands of people) from unnecessary warning. A natural future extension of this concept in time is probabilistic warning fans, analogous in some way to NHC probability fans for hurricanes. I've advocated this for well over a decade, and as you and commenters have alluded, there are some early efforts within parts of the Integrated Warning System to advance in this direction.
Response: Unfortunately, if we move too fast in this direction, BEFORE we've learned more about how 'the public' can best be informed about uncertainty in warnings, we might do more harm than good. I think NHC has had a lot of 'growing pains' with their probabilistic products - more so than the SPC's efforts - perhaps because of the huge societal impact of hurricanes and also perhaps because of the way the probabilities are generated. If we move prematurely into probabilistic severe convective storm warnings, we could wind up reducing the effectiveness of the product! We HAVE to do our 'homework' first and that includes a huge effort to educate the public about any new procedures before they're implemented.
Until we have probabilistic warnings, we've got "storm based" warnings. That's the reality. For background, it must be noted that warnings aren't supposed to be drawn yet across CWA borders; though this supposedly will change sometime in the next few years. This doesn't affect warnings entirely *within* a CWA, however.
We know how "storm based" warnings can be done best. One way "storm based" warnings are not done best is to draw them around county lines, as if a storm suddenly will become benevolent and merciful, and shut off its tornado or severe hail production on a political border. That this practice violates the very core principle of "storm based" warning is self-evident. It degrades service back to a county-based method, which the whole transition was meant to stop.
I've attached several graphical examples (see below), but I could have attached hundreds! County-based "storm based" warnings are rampant and violate each of these ideals you expressed:
1a. The information must reach the intended user
If a warning is drawn along county lines, this means someone on the "wrong" side is not an intended user. Except in the rare scenario where the danger area is projected to track parallel to, and one side of, a straight county line, how can this practice fail to either include or exclude folks who shouldn't be included or excluded?
2. Let the forecasters be forecasters**
**Compulsion of forecasters to draw warnings on county lines has nothing to do with forecasting, instead revolving around garbage such as jurisdictional politics and the failure of county code-based weather radio systems to be adapted *in advance*, before 2007, to the "storm based" warning format. It also provides inconsistent service to those on the "wrong" side of those lines, through no fault of those residents.
Fortunately, the solution on the forecaster end to this problem is stunningly simple: Ignore the county lines. Turn off the underlying map and draw for the *storm*. After all, it is supposed to be a "storm based" warning. Many forecasters and several WFOs do it the right way on a regular basis, and as such, set a good example. If they can, why not everyone?
Response: Since when in the NWS does the correctness or incorrectness of a set of actions have anything to do with how decisions are made at any level? In my decades of experience with the NWS, it's evident that even when management gets behind an idea that has real merit, the application of that idea in operational practice can be distorted by 'local initiative'. In fact, I think we occasionally applaud that very same 'local initiative' when the local practitioners follow some independent path with which we agree.
Put more succinctly - I don't see an easy way to accommodate the conflict between the need for uniformity in operations and the need for individual practice in local offices to depart from that uniformity when it isn't working the way it should. Some sort of middle ground is probably best, which likely will produce some abuses at both extremes.
On the national end, it's clear that sufficient foresight and planning would have resulted in tailoring the weather radio alarming to the geography of "storm based" warnings before their inception. [Foresight...what's that?] Yet, despite that inexcusable oversight, it's still not too late. This fix needs to be done, preferably using GIS and GPS based solutions where -- much as with modern cell phones -- receiving hardware can be fitted (and retrofitted) with GPS or other location-determining capability. This way, only those units in (or within a programmable distance near) a warning will be activated by said warning. Hence, no more involvement of county lines in warnings!
Response: I certainly agree with this ... but ... I'm not very confident I can influence how this is being done.
1 Whatever other challenges are associated with the use of probabilities, the interpretation of probability numbers is relatively unambiguous; a 90% probability is more certain than an 80% probability, which is in turn more certain than a 50% probability. The difficulty with interpreting probability numbers is not inherent in the numbers - rather, it's in the definition of the event being forecast. Does a 90% chance of a tornado mean that my house has a 90% probability of being hit in the next hour? Or does it mean that my county has a 90% probability of being hit? If the definition of the event being forecast is made clear, then the probability numbers are unambiguous at conveying the uncertainty.
2 In fact, even if my dream of an intermediate group between forecasters and the public becomes a reality, there always will be those who won't respond properly to tornado warnings and are more likely to come to harm as a result. I'm not even sure I know how to define a realistic "perfect" response - an unrealistic definition is that everyone would receive and understand the meaning of the warnings, and use them to make the proper action decisions. I'm confident we could do better than we are at the moment, but I have no factual information at the moment about how well we're doing in quantitative terms, so we need that information now to have a factual basis for evaluating future changes to the warning system.
3 Brooks, H.E., and C.A. Doswell III, 2002: Deaths in the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City tornado from a historical perspective. Wea. Forecasting. 17, 354-361. (available here)
4 For some discussion about the future disaster potential from tornadoes, see:
Wurman, J., C. Alexander, P. Robinson, and Y. Richardson, 2007: Low-level winds in tornadoes and potential catastrophic tornado impacts in urban areas. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 31–46.
with some cautionary thoughts about the estimates in the preceding:
Brooks, H.E., C.A. Doswell III, and D. Sutter, 2008: Comments on 'Low-level winds in tornadoes and potential catastrophic tornado impacts in urban areas'. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 87-90. (available here)
as well as the response from the authors:
Wurman, J., C. Alexander, P. Robinson, and Y. Richardson, 2008: Reply to comments on 'Low-level winds in tornadoes and potential catastrophic tornado impacts in urban areas'. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 90-94. (available here)
For some additional thoughts about potential tornado disasters associated with large-venue events, see here. This is another example of a challenge that confronts economics head-on. The costs associated with hazards to large-venue events (fall university football games in the tornado-prone plains, the Indianapolis 500, outdoor amusement parks, etc.) create a natural hesitancy to mitigation attempts - those putting on such events are very reluctant to cancel the event because of huge economic losses for false alarms. Event organizers want a yes-no decision from the weather community and a 100% guarantee that a "yes" answer means the facility will be struck - a meteorological impossibility. Having a tornado hit such an event has a relatively low probability, but the potential for extreme impacts: hundreds and possibly thousands of fatalities (and many lawsuits, of course). And even low-probability scenarios will occur eventually, if we wait long enough.


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In the week between Christmas and New Year Bathurst hosted the FX & FJ Holden National Rally.
It is held biennially and this year's was the biggest ever, with over 200 vehicles in attendance from every state and territory other than the Northern Territory. You get that when things are held in Bathurst. A certain Mt Panorama is a bit of a draw card.
I had seen a few cars in town on the Friday, but hadn't planned on going to town in the Saturday. However, Mick was in town, heading off on a bike ride with some mates, and called me to suggest that I'd better go and have a look. Good fellow, isn't he. Also, it's a bit back to front, don't you think, the husband telling the wife she should go and look at a car display? Anyway, I'm very glad that he did call and that I did go and have a little look.
Some friends were coming to our place for lunch, so I only had a bit over half an hour to have a look around. However, I kept running into people I knew and got talking – not like me at all, so time was getting away. I ended up making a phone call to say I'd be late and spending an hour and a half, and could have spent even more time.
So, this is what was on show. The original Holden was the FX. It has the long grille. By the way, they weren't known as an "FX" at the time.
Whereas, the FJ has the shorter grille. Mick and I very nearly bought a cream FJ ute, but discovered lots of rust and bog in it before we signed the deal, so it didn't happen. I must say that it was a lovely thing to ride along in. I digress……
There were sections for original restored vehicles, slight modifications: (by the way, most of this row were from Tasmania)
Street Custom.
Wild Custom
And finally, Radical Custom. I bet you've never seen an FJ look like these before.
It was truly amazing what people have done. Not everyone's cup of tea, but I'm glad that all the variations were included, not just those restored to original.
I don't know anything about engines, but look at this.
An original engine. – lots of room under the bonnet.
One of the many versions of updated engines – no room under the bonnet. There's just no comparison.
However, these were my favourites – just call it a girl thing.
Wouldn't it be fun heading off in one of those for a holiday.
The rally was a wonderful thing for Bathurst. There were old Holdens around town for a week, which was lovely to see. Our local Historic Car Club members were out in force having a look as well. It is a real treat for us to have the opportunity to see so many beautiful cars on our doorstep.

subset: commoncrawl


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Friday, March 4, 2011
That's basically what happened. Went in, got x-rays, was examined...x-ray showed no cavity, but picture of tooth suggested otherwise. So got some stuff put on my front tooth again (so it feels like I have a tooth? Granted having the composite on the front tooth; it may have to be replaced again...so I've found out)
My tooth in question-did have a cavity under the filling. So it was re-filled.
I'm finally getting feeling back in my mouth. I really do not want to go to the bank and do banky things with a weird mouth going on. :P
I'm pleased with this dentist. He seems very nice.
Only downside is I hadn't eaten breakfast before hand, so I was very hungry afterwards and couldn't eat because my mouth was all like :\
Yup. :\
Got the dentist bill sent in to the HRA-getting a massage tonight, and that should be reimbursed also.
Cordelia is being a little shit today. She's really wanting to pick on Bella badly, as in wanting to tackle her down, etc.
My box basically collapsed last night due to rain...so I found a tote, and that is out there now for the kitty or whatever, that is eating cat food. A mini-hut.
Bella Mae is now on the stove...looking down at Cordelia and calling her 'a little shit'...I know that is exactly what she's saying.
1 comment:
Ugh to the tooth refilling. At least it's over and done with, though. I hate...dread...going to the dentist. As probably most of us do.ReplyDelete
Oh, kitty dynamics...I miss Annie desperately, but I don't miss the fighting. Even if it weren't financial suicide to adopt again (which it would be), I really don't think I could go through the daily hissing/growling/bullying again.
Here's to peaceful co-existence!
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May 13, 2018
State Senators Howard Stephenson and Todd Weiler talk with State Senator Lyle Hillyard. Hillyard discusses the evolution of the legislative interim meetings over the past four decades.
Stephenson and Weiler then talk with State Senator Ann Millner. Millner discusses education issues that will be addressed during this year's Education Interim Committee.
We appreciate Red Meat Radio's generous sponsor, Gastronomy, and their delicious Market Street Grill restaurants.


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Rotted Shark Is Only Half as Bad as You Might Think/
By Judy
Hákarl, or rotted shark, our Icelandic host told us, is best eaten in the dark of winter with copious amounts of vodka. I imagine that the vodka is to kill ones taste buds (and/or senses) and the December setting in the dark of daytime is because what else do you have to do?
This is August, when the sun sets at around 9 PM and all of our vodka was back at the apartment we were staying in. So all I had was water, and strangely enough, hot dogs.
Hákarl is made of Greenland sharks, which by themselves are poisonous. In order to make them edible (which really, is only technically true), they are buried in their own urine for months, and then salted and hung to dry for several more months. This results in a chewy texture with a taste mostly of, well, shark urine.
Why go through this for a fish that is first of all, poisonous, and second of all foul-tasting? I suppose it is because there aren't a lot of other things to eat in Iceland. Not many vegetables grow naturally and the lack of forests mean a lack of much wildlife. Maybe the bigger question is, why would the Vikings have settled there in the first place?
When I first took a bite, I thought, hey, this really is not as bad as I thought it would be. But in the video you can see that I go from considering it "not great" to "pretty bad" as I chew. I think that if it were easier to chew and therefore didn't have to be in your mouth so long, it would be easier to swallow.


text:
Thursday, March 22, 2012
Modern Spanish Urban House Design | Single-family house | Sant Andreu I | Barcelona | Spain | Ferrolan Lab
This house is probably situated in one of the narrowest spaces around the neighborhood, as it measures only 3,7m wide. The plot is very long and connects two streets.
The dimensions of the plot (3.7 m wide x 25m long), its location (between neighbouring walls) and its orientation (N-S) dictated the development of this housing......more
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Rising Wolf
The original RP about a high school for martial arts
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Rising Wolf
Rules and Information
Student Guidebook
Leonard V Wolf
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Character Sheet
Chi: 2400 Strength: 550 Defense: 540 Speed: 490 Energy: 320 Resistance: 500
Student Info Card:
Name: Leonard V Wolf Class Year: School Founder Fighter Class: Siphoner Chi Color: Blue, Brown, Crystal, & Illusion Rank: Master
Subject: Werewolves
Tue Jun 27, 2017 7:21 pm
Overview & History
Werewolves (also called Lycanthropes, Loup Garou, Beasts, or even just Wolves for short) are a near-extinct supernatural shapeshifting species of individuals who transform into large, fearsome, and extremely hostile wolves. Even in their human form, werewolves possess superhuman physical prowess. Once transformed, however, their abilities are extremely powerful in comparison. These creatures are the most dangerous enemies vampires have due to werewolf bites being lethal to them. Werewolves are also hardwired to kill vampires on sight in their wolf form, though they still hunt human prey whenever there are no vampires to kill.
Werewolves have been around for over 2,500 years and predate vampires and the first generation of human chi users by a few hundred years. The werewolves are a direct descendant of the creature known as the Chi Wolf an inhabitant of the spirit world. Chi Wolves are rather peaceful animals until provoked and forced to defend themselves, which is what the humans of that time did. Whenever a Chi Wolf would go to the human world they had an 80% chance of not returning home, especially if they went into the area inhabited by the fearsome Azula Tribe. The tribe was known for hunting the most dangerous animals, and their favorite prey was the Chi Wolf. The wolf's blood was used by the tribe and all they sold it to as a sort of "medicine" unlike ones that cure sickness. It made people faster, stronger, and more durable similar to the animal.
After a few years the wolves grew tired of being hunted, and so they decided to ask the behemoths for help. The behemoths heard the wolves plea and decided to cast a curse on the Azula Tribe, a curse that would turn them all into beasts. The curse didn't take effect until the first full moon after it had been placed. The tribe leader became the Alpha wolf and everyone else became Betas. Many years went by wherein the Azula Tribe turned into wolves under the light of the full moon, loving the power it gave them. A curse meant to make them hate life made them enjoy it that much more, although they did hate that they could only transform once a month.
After about 60 more years the members of the Azula Tribe who were cursed died, causing everyone to think that werewolves were now extinct. However, this was false as the curse was a marker inside one's genes. And when the new generation of the Azula tribe picked an Alpha, he used his bite to create more of their kind...
Lycanthropy is an inherited condition/species, a person can be a werewolf if they are born to at least one werewolf parent; werewolves can also be turned by bite of an Alpha wolf. Furthermore, the werewolf gene must be "triggered" by taking the life of a human, either intentionally or by accident, in order to gain access to their enhanced abilities. It does not matter if the kill was accidental or intentional, premeditated or out of self-defense-- if a werewolf causes the death of a human, their werewolf gene will still be activated. Because difficult-to-control anger and aggression are common personality traits in even those werewolves who have not activated their lycanthropy, the likelihood of them losing control of their rage and inadvertently triggering their werewolf gene by accidentally killing someone is quite high; it is even speculated that the anger and aggression inherent in werewolves is intended to increase the likelihood that a werewolf will activate their lycanthropy. Werewolves turned from the bite of an Alpha do not have to trigger their gene as it is already activated upon bite. However there isn't a 100% chance you will survive the bite.
After the gene is triggered, the werewolf's eyes will turn black and gold, and their latent powers (such as increased strength and accelerated healing) will activate instantly. A werewolf who has yet to trigger his or her curse only exhibits one characteristic of lycanthropy: increased aggression and anger on a general basis. After they trigger their gene, werewolves are forced to turn on the 15th day of every month which is when the moon is full.
Physiology & Nature
Like normal humans, werewolves can eat human food if they wish. However, because they turn into ferocious beasts, they are carnivores. When in wolf form, they can feed on human or vampire body parts and organs, but they are not required to ingest them in order to prolong their existence, like vampires must do with chi. There are no known consequences from abstaining from human or vampire flesh while in werewolf form. It seems that most werewolves do not get to feed on humanoid flesh because most tend to not transform around people, or are scared or distracted away from their victim before they can eat them. Werewolves have not been seen to attack each other in human or lupine form, but have been known to hunt both human and vampire prey while transformed.
Werewolves in their wolf form are quite similar to natural wolves, although unlike natural wolves, werewolves have glowing yellow or orange eyes(red if they are an alpha), wicked fangs, and a much more feral and predatory appearance. They can also be distinguished from regular wolves by their displays of supernatural strength, blurred speed, and size which is comparable to fully grown humans. The fur color of wolf forms differs from one to the other. Werewolves appear the same as any other human when not transformed, aside from their enhanced abilities of speed, strength, and healing.
A werewolf is forced to turn on the 15th day of every month when the full moon rises. However through immense training(7500 word training topic) or by being an alpha, the wolf can learn to transform at will. The first transformation is quite slow, and the person is subjected to at least five or six hours of intense, bone-breaking pain before the actual transformation. After the first transformation, the experience does not last nearly as long, but it is still painful and something many werewolves come to dread. During the transformation, the body of the person is twisted in an unnatural manner as bones reshape and shift to form a wolf's skeleton, causing the person immense physical and psychological pain. Later, the werewolf grows excessive body hair and becomes feral. Their irises turn golden-yellow, their sclera turn black, and their teeth elongate into canines before they finally transform into their wolf shape. A werewolf returns to their human form after a few minutes, sometimes sooner, sometimes later. After the first transformation, the werewolf will experience muscle aches. Older werewolves can control themselves to some extent when transformed.
Werewolves are known to be aggressive, strong and fast, even in human form. Those with the werewolf curse still latent can exhibit some supernatural traits which can be triggered by aggression, along with unusual physical strength for the person's given size and age, but they cannot fully transform, and they also have a tendency to black out when they become overwhelmed in fits of rage. Werewolves seem to have a strong sense of duty and loyalty to protect their own and feel a responsibility to help their fellow werewolves whenever they can. Also, werewolves have a higher body temperature than humans. Once a werewolf has triggered their gene, their eyes turn yellow (the eyes of a wolf) while enraged, or when feeling threatened. Activating the curse is also painful, as werewolves have been seen to double over in pain before their eyes change for the first time.
While some werewolves prefer to keep to themselves and keep their beastly natures hidden, most seem to aggregate themselves into packs and residing in areas isolated from general human society so they can run free without fear of hurting or killing anyone. Unlike vampires, werewolves have an unwavering sense of loyalty, and will often bond with other werewolves they meet. They form packs and work with each other as sort of an extended family. The bond of loyalty between werewolves is so strong that while transformed under full moons, the only beings they do not attack are other werewolves (regardless of whether or not they have activated their werewolf gene).
Beta Werewolf Powers and Abilities
Beta werewolves are werewolves who are turned from the bite of an Alpha, or are born with the werewolf gene. Below is a list of the powers they hold, organized by combat abilities and noncombat.
Super Strength- Werewolves possess supernatural strength that makes them far stronger than humans. There have been several occasions to suggest that untriggered werewolves possess more strength than any average humans, which would indicate some form of enhanced strength even before the activation of their curse. However, werewolves in their human form are not as strong as a vampire, and have even been shown to be far weaker on several occasions. But they've also shown to be strong enough to at least defend themselves. When they are in their wolf form, their powers amplify to a degree that excels that of the non-Original vampires, making them more powerful than non-Original vampires. In wolf form, a werewolf can overpower and kill any non-original vampire with ease. They can also defeat an Original vampire in small groups. In human form you gain a permanent plus 10 to strength. They gain an additional +5 when in wolf form.
Super Speed- Werewolves are much faster than humans. They possess this ability both in and out of transformation with an animalistic quickness. However, the power is faster at night than in the day, due to the moon's presence, and their speed increases greatly when the werewolf is transformed. Some werewolves are shown to become nearly a blur like their vampire enemies; others have not. In wolf form, however, while under the influence of the full moon, they can use their speed to swiftly chase down their choice of prey; even vampires, as their speed rivals that of most vampires or possibly even exceeds it. When in human form they gain a permanent +10 to speed. They gain an additional +5 when in wolf form.
Super Durability- Werewolves can take far more trauma than humans without nearly as much discomfort or injury, however, not as much as vampires. They can also exert themselves for longer periods without tiring. When in human form adds +10 to defense. They gain an additional +5 when in wolf form.
Superhuman Senses: Werewolves have the extremely keen and heightened senses of smell, sight, taste, hearing and touch inherent in all canines. Because they are supernatural and have powers that exceeds their wolf counterparts, they can hear, see, and smell better than that of regular canines.
Werewolf Bite: A werewolf's venom is extremely lethal to non-original vampires. While an Original vampire cannot die from the venom, they are not wholly immune to the effects of the bite. For non-Original vampires, the venom acts as a poison of sorts that will enter the bloodstream and deliver the toxin throughout the body, producing discomfort and weakness. All vampires who are bitten will ultimately develop uncontrollable hunger that progresses to delusions, hallucinations, rabid rage, and dementia. After that point, non-Original vampires will finally die, though many are "mercy-killed" before that point.
Werewolf Claws: Werewolves have claws which can deal damage equal to the rank of the wolf wielding them. Meaning if a rookie werewolf uses his claws the damage would be equal to a one-star weapon.
Werewolf Weaknesses
Werewolves are still mortals, and thus can be killed or incapacitated in various ways
Wolfsbane: When ingested, Wolfsbane causes a werewolf to become severely weak and feverish. Also, if a werewolf's skin is exposed to Wolfsbane, it will burn them.
Silver Weapons: Although these weapons are normally weak against humans, being a rank lower when used due to the metal's lack of combat properties, this is not the case when it comes to werewolves. Silver is actually quite potent against them in both human and wolf form, dealing two ranks higher damage than the weapon's rank to Beta werewolves but only one rank higher damage against Alpha werewolves. In addition to this, damage caused by silver weapons to werewolves cannot be healed normally; chi must be used to repair the wound using a technique. This means that the wound will continue to bleed, and can be fatal if not healed quickly.
Transformation: Werewolves are forced to transform on the 15th day of every month. The only way a wolf can avoid transformation is if they own a moonlight ring, are an alpha, or have learned to not shift.
Alpha Werewolf Powers
Alpha Werewolves are the leader of werewolf packs. Unlike their Beta counterparts, their eyes glow red instead of gold/yellow. The way one becomes an Alpha is by stealing the power from a wolf who is already an Alpha by killing them, or by being showered by the blessing of the wolf god. Aside from the ability to turn others into werewolves the alpha has the power to calm and rally his pack. The alpha also doesnt turn feral and predatory during the full moon as they dont shift. All alphas can transform at will and unlike betas their wolf form is monstrous and bipedal. Finally alphas gain a permanent +5 to all stats.
For those who become a werewolf through the bite of an alpha, you must roll a die to see if you live or not. The chance of you surviving is 70% however 10% of that 70 is the chance for one lucky person to become a true alpha. The die you roll is 10 sided and if you roll a number between 1 and 3 you will die from the bite. If you roll a number between 4 and 9 you are successfully turned. If you roll a 10 you become a true alpha. After someone has become a true alpha through this method any number between 4 and 10 will get you a normal turning. During the thread in which you are bitten after the bite has occurred you roll the die on your next post.
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The trailer for Hitchcock, which is set for release on November 23, has already catapulted Anthony Hopkins into the Best Actor conversation along with Joaquin Phoenix and Daniel-Day Lewis. Starring alongside Helen Mirren and Scarlett Johansson, Hopkins looks like the perfect choice to play the most famous director of all-time. The movie takes place 1960, after Hitchcock had already achieved success with movies like North By Northwest and Vertigo but had turned controversial by taking a violent step with Psycho. SPOILER ALERT: That movie ended up doing just fine.
Official 'Hitchcock' trailer already has Anthony Hopkins earning Oscar talk
This entry was posted in Movies and tagged Alfred Hitchcock, Movie Trailers, Movies, Psycho. Bookmark the permalink.


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The name says it all. This powerful sun protectant stays on in and out of the water, and doesn't leave a greasy residue.


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Mission accomplished. I completed my first major European tour. The experience that I achieved is unbelievable.
My highlights:
Getting fifth in the prologue. It was technical, and hard, truly European. Ladies, my second trip to Europe, and I can ride my bike fast, or something like that. Watch out next time when I don't break into every corner. I will just ride fast.
Taking that confidence from the prologue and trying to apply it to the next race. Getting scared being at the very back, getting up to the very front, attacking, and staying off the front for 60k. From the back, to the front, to off the front.
Blasting though small French towns, lined with fans, completely by myself. Flying. Actually thinking for a moment that I could win the bike race. I could really win. I didn't, but that feeling that I could, I will never forget. In my head, I was on a campaign for champagne. Welcome to Europe. Next time, maybe I few more girls will come with me, take that challenge…and I could win.
Feeling my body give everything last ounce of energy it had. Suddenly, I needed to be in the draft. I couldn't survive without the draft. Cramping. Having a feeling of complete failure turn into a "consolation" prize. I got to podium. I got to experience the unanticipated reward for taking great risk, although it wasn't the reward I wanted…such as winning the bike race…it was a reward. The respect of attack, riding your bike hard. Suicidal? Possibly. Kamikaze? Absolutely. Would I do it again? Definitely.
Getting back into the bike race after a hard crash. It was so hard mentally to try to force myself to care about a bike race when I went into survival mode. I was there, turning the pedals, but I wasn't in the race. However, in this moment of somewhat helplessness, I reflected on why I was there. Why do this? I love it. Yes. I have potential. I am made for this sport. Through this, I got stronger, mentally, and of course physically. Looking at the other women involved, as I joined the society of bandages, bruises, the dull expression of pain, at dinner, I thought…what I tough group of women. I guess that means that I am tough too.
Racing for the USA. That is cool, right? Team America. Strong women, great camaraderie, and we won our first European stage of the year…who would have thought? Something about racing for your country, bolsters you with pride.
There are so many experiences from this that I never want to forget. I will use these experiences as building blocks to continue to grow on my development. Cascade. Nationals. Italy. France.
It was so good to be back in France. Lucca was nice, but it wasn't France. Racing on those roads in France made me feel at home. I don't know what it is about that country that I love, but I do. The pastries are good, the coffee is decent, but it is the people, the language, the fashion that I can't have, the roads, the vibe, the true good life…and they know how to put on a bike race. Flowers. Fans. Support. Tres Bien. Even though that country carries more history and knowledge within its depths, more then I will ever know, but even though so many people have experience, lived, and studied there…there should be no mystery. Yet, the country reveals a hidden gem to me. Something I feel is just our secret, between me and France. Don't tell Italy. J'adore. It will be a secret I will always have close to my heart.
I will be back. See you next year.


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NZH has always said the Italians don't just make great food and fast cars, they also make great pumps. And now we are about to launch a new pump range from the land of pasta and olives.
Called the Fox-400 series, it is the latest in a line of bent-axis piston pumps made by Hydrocar of Modena, just down the road from the Ferrari factory, in Italy. The new Fox pumps will replace the PAI bent-axis pumps that have proved very popular in a number of applications in New Zealand.
The good news for those who require even more performance is that the Fox delivers significant increases in speeds and maximum working pressures. RPM limits have risen by more than 40% on all models, which will make a great contribution towards combating the issue of over-running pumps. And thanks to the heavy duty cast construction, the maximum pressure has risen to 450 bar, enabling the Fox to handle heavier workloads.
Hydrocar has also taken the opportunity of extending the range, with the introduction of several smaller models. The Fox range will have a very comprehensive coverage of displacements, starting at 12cc and going up to 108cc. Bent-axis piston pumps have become increasingly popular as engineers look to these compact pumps to provide solutions to reduced space in various applications and also to lower weight. Major uses for bent-axis pumps are cranes, walking floors, hooklifts on trucks and other high pressure applications. To allow for close coupling to smaller vehicle Power Take Off's the 12cc to 25cc range will be available with a standard 3-bolt UNI mounting arrangement.
The larger capacity units, up to 108cc, are standard with a heavy-duty DIN5462 mounting for increased torque requirements. Special attention has been given to keep pumps compact in size, which assists in minimising obstruction problems and reducing the weight of the hydraulic system.
Pumps will be supplied in dedicated packaging including suction fitting. An optional pump-mounted 12 or 24 volt solenoid dump valve will also available for live drive applications.


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Line Magnetic Rings
The line magnetic ring is also known as the flat magnetic ring; Some call it the runway magnetic ring because it looks like a runway. This product model is the most recognizable mainly used in the line in the magnetic ring series. Since the line and its shape are both flat, thus creating a peak effect.
On the introduction
The most important function of the line magnetic ring is to eliminate and reduce electromagnetic interference. Since the electromagnetic interference from the computer equipment is large, especially in computer rooms. Therefore, most of the high-class peripheral signal lines have magnetic rings to reduce the influence of electromagnetic interference on data transmission. In addition, the use of the signal line with a magnetic ring on the end of the connection with the PC creates the best effect.
On the effects
The line magnetic ring reduces the effect of electromagnetic interference. The line magnetic ring is a common anti-interference element in electronic circuits. It has certain impedance characteristics, which has a good inhibitory effect on high-frequency noise and an anti-radiation function. The line magnetic ring is a common anti-interference element in electronic circuits, which has a good inhibitory effect on reducing high-frequency noise. Generally, the anti-interference magnetic ring has different impedance characteristics at different frequencies. In the general, the impedance is small at the low frequency; The higher the frequency is, the stronger the anti-interference performance will be.
On the choices
Most of them are nickel zinc magnetic rings and FS flat magnetic rings. The outer diameter of the magnetic ring allows being larger. The longer length of teh diameter as close as possible to the outer diameter of the data line permits the anti-jamming performance to achieve the best effects. As the volume is certain, the longer and thinner the ring is and the better the inhibitory effect is, the inhibition result is better.
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text: Hey friends! Happy Friday! We've been having a great time in Cape May this week. We got to spend a few days with various family members and had a great time, but the rest of the trip is just the two of us. Yesterday we went to the zoo, did some driving (aka my husband's… Continue reading What's in my makeup bag?


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Developing a solid foundation in English will not only help you to increase your knowledge but will also help you to score better in the exam. English is a major section in exams which candidate fears a lot. To boost your preparation, MahendraGuru is providing English Quiz for SBI Clerk, RBI Assistant, IBPS Clerk and IBPS SO Exams exams
With Mahendra Guru, be the first to know the changes in Grammar which keep you updated through its Practice sets.These practice sets will give you power in building your bright career.
Read each part of the sentence to find out if there is any error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, mark your answer as (5).
Q1. Freight rates for nine-tonne pay (1)/ load section for select centres (2)/ moves up by Rs 1,000 at the local truck (3)/ transport market in the national capital. (4)/ No error (5)
Q2. Jharkhand Chief Minister hailed Prime Minister (1)/ address to the nation and (2)/ said his works would be supported (3)/ by the state government and the people. (4)/ No error (5)
Q3. The US intelligence community in a new declassified file (1)/ accused Russian President of ordering an "influence campaign" to (2)/ help American President win the White House and denigrate his Democratic (3)/ rival in a bid to undermine public faith in the American democratic process. (4)/ No error (5)
Q4. It was a rain-soaked morning (1)/ in the national capital with the (2)/ minimum temperature recorded on 13.5 degrees Celsius, (3)/ six notches above the season's average. (4)/ No error (5)
Q5. Around a hundred women have gathered in a community centre in Peshawar,(1)/ the heart of Pakistan's fabled northwest - but (2)/ they are conversing in a dialect incomprehensible to the Pashtun (3)/ ethnic group that dominates the region. (4)/ No error (5)
Q6. The hunt for missing flight MH370 (1)/ will be end in two weeks, Malaysia's transport minister (2)/ said as relatives of passengers demanded (3)/ authorities push on with the search. (4)/ No error (5)
Q7. A public interest litigation has been filed in the (1)/ Bombay High Court by a head constable alleging rampant corruption in the police's traffic (2)/ department and seeking registration of a FIR besides a (3)/ departmental inquiry against the corrupt officials. (4)/ No error (5)
Q8. With less than a month remaining (1)/ for budget presentation, (2)/ Finance Ministry invited suggestions from Twitterati on (3)/ why should be the focus of the Budget. (4)/ No error (5)
Q9. Telecom regulator Trai will soon form (1)/ a joints committee with telecom operators to (2)/ review tariff rules, telephone numbering plan and (3)/ work towards making its monitoring more transparent. (4)/ No error (5)
Q10. Hectic schedules can (1)/ take a toll on anybody and (2)/ the solutions to this is (3)/ a quick holiday to some exotic location. (4)/ No error (5).
Q1. (3) use 'moved' instead of 'moves'
Q2. (1) use "Prime Minister's"
Q3. (5) No error
Q4. (3) use 'at' instead of 'on'
Q5. (5) No error
Q6. (2) remove 'be'
Q7. (3) use 'an' before 'FIR'
Q8. (4) use 'what' instead of 'why'
Q9. (2) use 'joint' instead of 'joints'
Q10. (5) No error


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Cell phones are excellent gift of technology that bring forth a number of significant features. You can find large number of smart phones with excellent battery backup and android applications but the major problems, which users have to face while carrying any type of cell phone is "bad network" or "poor signal". Hence to sort these issues, mobile phone repeaters are available at different shops and online stores that tremendously boost up signal quality of cell phones.
So, if you are also suffering from mobile signals problems then switch to mobile phone repeaters, which is certainly the most reliable and effective solution. People looking to buy this must remember that before purchasing mobile repeaters people need to purchase a mobile repeater kit. Mobile phone repeaters consist of an antenna and signal amplifier. The antenna is fixed outside or inside your place to ensure that your phone attracts a very powerful signal. These can be mounted easily on building as well as car, trucks, RV etc. to improve signal of cell phone.
Due to poor or weak signal you may suffer missing important business or other personal calls. Hence mobile phone repeaters work to amplify weak signals of your phone into a faster speed reception, which in turn can increase your networking speed or data transfer using a high storage memory card. You would also feel happy to know that these repeaters work on all types of networks all over the world and also on 4G, 3G and CDMA connections. But if you operate your cell phone through a repeater, its receiver picks up signals of your phone into input frequency and then re-transmits into an output frequency and you still have poor signal, then you phone is the problem. Not all phones are good quality, and not all have good reception. If you don't want to have issues with the signal on your cell phone you should always look for which phone has the strongest signal receptions first.
In order to fulfill your demands, some companies are offering mobile phone repeaters in different specifications, which can also be customized as per your requirements. These repeaters come in very low prices so anybody can purchase it. It also comes for android phones, i phones and other window phones. External antenna, which is fitted in mobile phones catches signals from outside, whereas amplifiers in turn ensure to amplify the coverage signals. Also, you can use these repeaters in rural or hilly areas, which have problems of poor signal. One of the best advantages, which it offers is that it helps in decreasing the level of harmful radiations that comes from mobile phones hence safeguarding your health too by providing better signals.


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Ace High's trainer is confident the Victoria Derby winner has never been better ahead of the first of his major spring targets in the $5 million Caulfield Cup.
Four-year-old Ace High arrived in Melbourne from Sydney last Thursday to prepare for Saturday's Group One Caulfield Cup (2400m).
He will have a gallop on the course proper at Caulfield on Tuesday morning in in company with fellow Caulfield Cup entry Mighty Boss.
Champion jockey Damien Oliver picked up the ride on Ace High with the horse's regular rider Tye Angland to miss the Caulfield Cup because of suspension.
Oliver, whose most recent of four Caulfield Cup wins was on Sky Heights in 1999, will jump aboard Ace High for the first time in Tuesday's work-out.
David Payne is confident everything is spot-on with the stayer who signalled he was on target for both the Caulfield and Melbourne Cups with his strong win in the Group Two weight-for-age Hill Stakes (2000m) in Sydney last start.
"He's never been better so I'm happy," Payne said.
"With a little bit of luck he'll be thereabouts.
"We're going to give him a gallop tomorrow. Ollie will take him around and just get him used to it.
"He'll be fine. He's a versatile horse. He puts himself in the race which is good."
Ace High is considered one of the leading local contenders for this year's Cups and has been stabled at Caulfield since he arrived in Melbourne last week.
He was at $11 in Caulfield Cup betting on Monday, a day before the declaration of the final field.
The Aidan O'Brien-trained international visitor Yucatan was the $4.50 favourite after his arrogant win in Saturday's Herbert Power Stakes.
Another of the leading local hopes, the Chris Waller-trained Youngstar, was on the second line of betting at $5.50.
Youngstar is scheduled to get her first look around Caulfield on Tuesday morning in a gallop with her jockey Kerrin McEvoy aboard.
Along with his Group One Victoria Derby win at Flemington last spring over 2500m, the only other time Ace High has raced beyond 2000m was when beaten a nose by Levendi in the Group One Australian Derby (2400m) at Randwick in April when they put a space on the rest of the field.
Payne is looking forward to Ace High getting to 2400m again on Saturday.
"He's a Derby winner so he'll be even more comfortable," he said.
"I'm very happy with him. He's never gone better. He's spot-on."
Want more racing news? Cups Betting delivers you the latest horse racing news from all the major thoroughbred cups and feature races.


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There are lots of people you meet every day that has horrible and so strong body odder that you cannot stand with them, but what if you are one of those too ? Do you tell them that they have order and they need help? No! What if you have and they don't tell you that too? Let's try some simple tips to get rid of these smells and once they work for you, get some courage and share them with your friends too and the best way to do that is sit with all of your friends and tell them that you have been using some tips to get rid of body odder and you want to know if they are working or not, you would love the answers;) and that would be the good way to tell them without embarrassing them and they might start using these tips too.
Take a bath everyday and if possible three or two times a day and if its summer then try to take a shower whenever it is possible, and use a loofah to scrub off the mountains of salt and bad germs your body stored during the day, you need to dip your loofah in a mixture of water and baby shampoo and rub it on your body specially on problem areas, spend extra time scrubbing your underarms and use nice perfumed shampoo.
Use deodorant and try different brands and different types of deodorant and keep switching then and make sure you know which one work for longer time of period and then start that brand and buy different smells of that brand.
Check your laundry washing habits, do you think that you are a neat and clean persona and do you think that you have good hygiene in all aspects? Do you get dirty smell in your washed cloths? If you do then change your deterging right now, it may be contributing to your body odor problem and if you change it you should buy the best detergent possible and try to get some fabric softener and conditioner too.
Change your diet, eat healthy and good food, try to avoid garlic, curry and some other strong-smelling foods for a while and see if this is the reason of your body odder or not and if it is then you should minimize the use and try to drink more water than usual when you eat these food and you can eat them twice a month and that will help your odder issues.
Now one of the best things that I got for body odder is alum, yes! You just need to make fine powder of alum and keep it in your bathroom and one finely shaped alum bar now when you take bath just scrub your under arm and your issues areas with the small amount of powder and then wash it off with running water and then when you don't with your bath just take the bar and rub over your skin and let it get dry and then sprinkle some talcum powder or some baking powder and you will see the drastic difference.


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The Nature's Co
Kiwi Hand & Nail Cream
Soft, supple hands need the natural goodness of Kiwi. Rich in vitamin C and a natural antioxidant, you will feel its moisturizing effects almost immediately. How to Use: Pat it on, massage gently into hands and nails then luxuriate in it. Ingredients: Kiwi extract, Shea butter, Kokum butter, Olive oil, Wheat germ oil, Apricot kernel oil, Sweet almond oil, Avocado oil, Jojoba oil, Vitamin – E, Coconut oil, Grape seed oil, Vegetable Glycerin. Returns would ONLY be accepted in case of a Defect or Damage. For more, please visit the Returns & Cancellation Policy section in the Menu.


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We visited The Lanes health club in Rustington and we were so disappointed to find that they have the same 'cold' pool as Virgin Active had.
They always had an answer when we, and many other members, complained about this fact!
On our visit we chatted to other swimmers and found that it is still a problem. So much money had been spent everywhere else, but the pool was just the same. As we mainly like to use the pool, it has put us off rejoining.
Chris and Mike Merry
Worthing Road, Rustington


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I'd like to know, what do you think will be the biggest news for employers in the new year?
BONUS SURVEY SAYS: An Expedia study indicates that American workers are likely to not use all of their allotted vacation days. How many vacation days are you leaving on the table this year?
Answer either question, or both, by 6 p.m. today at https://www.research.net/s/JQHZRVK.


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Warning! Midnight Scribbles is a SLASH site!Slash is Males (or Females *rarely here*) in sexual relationship. Stories here range from PG - NC-17. So if you are not of age in your country of origin, or this does not interest you Leave Or come on in for some smutty fun.
TagsAmras/Amrod Amrod Anya/Draco Ares/Joxer Behind Closed Doors Bound Buffy/Spike Celebrian Clark/Lex Cupid/Strife Dick/Bruce Elladan/Elrohir Elrohir/Legolas/Elladan Elrond/Celebrian Elrond/Glorfindel Elrond/Thranduil Erestor Erestor/Elrond Erestor/Glorfindel Erestor/Thranduil Fairy's Dreaming Faith Fan Fic 100 - Hercules/Xena Giles Haldir/Melpomean Icons Legolas/Aragorn Legolas/Boromir Lindir/Melpomaen Mani Marte NaNoWriMo 2007 Never Never Land OFC OMC Rain Raising Mischief Regret and False Pretense Slash 100 - LotR Spike/Xander Strife Tangled Web Thranduil Turin/Laieth Willow/Tara Xander
Tag Archives: Erestor/Elrond
A Dolls Skin pt1
Elrond clutched Gil-Galdad's spear close as he stood in command. The battle had been won at a high price. So many were lost and it was no where near done yet. Mustering up his courage and pushing back his grief he commanded the men.
"We must see if any of the ones he captured survived. Glorfindel I leave that to you. Isildur! Come with me," Elrond said leading the king of men to Mt. Doom.
"Come Glorfindel said leading a few of the high Kings elves, a few humans and a few Mirkwood elves. They all had a vested interest in finding some survivors. They entered the dark palace and killed the few skurring orcs.
Continue reading
Posted under Lord of the Rings
Tagged A Dolls Skin, Erestor/Elrond
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Tagged A Dolls Skin, Erestor/Elrond
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(Durational performance for vocal ensemble).
Premiered in Milano, Spazio O', July 2013.
Duration: 5 hours.
With : Alessandro Bosetti, Martina Scienza, Alberto Prezzati, Alessandra Tempesti, Marco Secondin, Marianna Venticinque, Gianmaria di Pasquale, Patrizia Oliva, Mary Zurigo, Alessandro Cevasco, Bruno Kleinefeld
Performative conversation work delving into the music/language divide where a simple conversation is modulated through musical, sonorous and geometric parameters and that the public is invited to access like a living installation whose references range from the conductions of Butch Morris, the traditional animated Italian nativity scenes and the constructed situations of Tino Sehgal.


text: Asthma attack is a serious medical condition that affects all individuals both young and old. All asthmatic individuals are advised to have an inhaler wherever they are going as it will help to break an asthma attack. The advantage is that the inhaler are very light in weight in that http://ztndz.com/story5513878/click-for-source


text: Probate and Wills E J Lavery Solicitors – Probate and Wills Working with you for the best outcome in property and assets. Preparation of wills and the administration of a persons estate. Services Offered Family Law Residential Property Commercial Property Litigation Conveyancing Probate and Wills Licensing Law Employment Law Debt Recovery Criminal Law Bankruptcy


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Hunter Snow - Agent
- NameHunter Snow
- Cell801-529-6525
- Office801-416-2919
- E-mail Me
- PositionAgent/Licensee
About Hunter
Hunter Snow joins the RE/MAX Associates team as an up and coming Realtor. Hunter has grown up around the business as his dad, Ron Snow, is the broker of RE/MAX Metro. Hunter loves the people and admires what the RE/MAX brand represents.
After Snow graduated from Clearfield High School he served a two year LDS mission for the people of Kumasi, Ghana. After returning home he met, and is newly married to his wife, Annjelica. When he's not busy in the real estate world he loves to spend time with his family. He also enjoys working on cars, playing soccer, and outdoor activities like camping, boating at Lake Powell, hunting and fishing.