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Since 1996, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been ravaged by war. Over 3.9 million people have died either from direct conflict or indirect war-related causes, making it arguably the deadliest conflict since World War II. Approximately 1.5 million Congolese civilians remain internally displaced and another 400,000 have become refugees. Recent national elections and a series of broken peace treaties and ceasefires have ultimately failed to bring peace to the DRC, and today violent conflict continues, primarily in the easternmost regions of the country.
Armed rebel groups, political and military elites, and multinational corporations have reaped billions of dollars in profits from natural resource exploitation, small arms trafficking, and taxation. There is no doubt these groups and individuals have benefited from the continuation of the war, as the resulting political instability and violence have created conditions in which they are able to assert authority over minera-lrich territories and commit horrible atrocities against the Congolese people.
The link between conflict and resource exploitation in the DRC is complex, and rooted in a long history tracing back through numerous civil wars to the nation's colonial period. Networks of conflict involving local, regional, and international actors have produced the patterns of local and regional violence, as well as local resource extraction, which characterize what has become one of the most devastating humanitarian disasters of today.
The war in the DRC thus serves as an interesting case study to analyze the important role of trade in driving contemporary violent conflicts, and raises essential questions concerning the relationship between multinational corporations and war in an increasingly interconnected world. To allow for such an analysis, this paper will address several key questions: what is the role of conflict goods in perpetuating violence in the DRC? What other factors serve to perpetuate the violence, and to what extent do they do so relative to conflict trade? How have local, regional, and international dynamics facilitated this trade? Are multinational companies that profit either directly or indirectly from conflict complicit in the cycle of violence? What actions can be taken to reduce the trade in conflict goods?
The answers to these questions will reveal that natural resource exploitation has indeed been a key factor in perpetuating and prolonging the conflict in the DRC, first and foremost by providing the necessary revenue for rebel groups and the government to continue fighting. In addition, globalization and market liberalization have facilitated the rise in the trade of conflict goods, particularly natural resources, by providing outlets and access to global markets.
Multinational corporations have, for example, capitalized on the lack of state authority in the mining regions of the DRC to develop alliances with local militias to gain access to profitable mines. Local militias, in turn, have used the profits they reap from these relationships to buy weapons and further assert their authority over the local population through violence. It will be shown here that in this way, time and again, international companies and global markets have contributed to the continuation of the war in the DRC, and are therefore complicit, albeit indirectly, in the numerous and ongoing violent acts perpetrated against the people of the DRC. Only through the enforcement of international regulations regarding conflict trade and the promotion of corporate responsibility will multinational companies and other international actors be provided the incentives to reduce the global trade in conflict goods, and thus contribute to a sustainable peace in the DRC.
Defining Conflict Trade
Often, little or no distinction is made between legitimate and illegal trade. As a result, there are multiple definitions of conflict trade. Neil Cooper describes the phenomenon as "trade in nonmilitary goods that finance war, including both the export and import of goods to a war zone as well as extraterritorial trade." He goes on to describe conflict goods as "nonmilitary materials, knowledge, animals, or humans whose trade, taxation or protection is exploited to finance or otherwise maintain the war economies of contemporary conflicts." Global Witness similarly defines conflict trade goods as "natural resources whose systematic exploitation and trade in a context of conflict contribute to, benefit from, or result in the commission of serious violations of human rights or international law."
History of Conflict Trade in DRC
Unfortunately, economic exploitation for personal gain has a long history among the governing regimes of the DRC. The Belgians, who in 1867 began colonizing the territory that included the present day DRC, established a state based on resource extraction. Very little money was invested in the local economy or infrastructure, and forced labor programs were instituted at the expense of the local population. This practice continued under Mobutu Sese Seko, who seized control of the country in 1965, and only two years later nationalized the mining industry. Mobutu's failure to use revenue to benefit the population prompted enterprising civilians to establish clandestine national and regional trade networks. A kleptocratic political economy was thus established, which further undermined development, peace, and stability in the country. Indeed, ineffective state institutions and the virtual break down of law and order under Mobutu led to the creation of something of a shadow state. This term, coined by William Reno, refers to "a form of personal rule where the state's authority is based upon the decision and interests of an individual, as opposed to a set of codified laws and procedures even though these formal aspects of government may exist."
The pattern of illicit investment and a winner-takes-all approach in the region continued throughout Mobutu's rule and persists to the present day. Following the outbreak of the first Congo war in 1996, a coffee and gold smuggler by the name of Laurent Kabila, allied with the governments of Rwanda and Uganda to overthrow Mobutu. Each of these parties had mining interests in what was then known as Zaire; Rwanda and Uganda sought access to mineral resources in the border regions, and Kabila, allied with several mining companies, sought control of the Zaire's mineral wealth. Prior to the invasion, Kabila had negotiated contracts with several prominent international mining companies, including DeBeers Consolidated Mines and American Mineral Fields, both of which continued to operate in Zaire even as it became clear that there was no peace in sight. As Dena Montague notes, "by securing large mining deals with the Alliances des Forces Démocratiques de Libération du CongoZaïre (AFDL), Kabila's rebel force . . . international mining interests helped create a relationship that established legitimate mining operations in rebeloccupied territories and essentially provided revenues to the AFDL." Following the overthrow of Mobutu's government in September 1997, Kabila assumed nominal control over the country.
The second Congo war began in 1998 when Kabila's one time allies, Uganda and Rwanda, turned their troops against his regime. The regionalization of the conflict deepened when Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Sudan, and Chad began providing military support to the Kabila government in Kinshasa, and Uganda and Rwanda created their own alliances with rebel groups in the eastern part of the country. According to Tatiana Carayannis, "all parties received logistical, financial or other support from expatriate-owned businesses in the region, as well as from financial institutions, communications, transport and mining companies, and arms dealers from outside the region." The Kabila government raised money for its war effort through the sale of mining and foresting concessions to foreign companies.
This pattern of illegal resource extraction continued throughout the war and remained prevalent even after peace deals were brokered in 2003. To this day, successive leaders of the DRC have continuously allowed and even encouraged international mining companies to take advantage of strife to fill their own coffers, and various armed factions that depend on illicit trade to sustain their operations continue to operate above the law. The net effect has been the persistence of trade and monetary zones that effectively exist beyond the sphere of influence of the government in Kinshasa.
The Conflict Cycle: The Role of Trade in Perpetuating Violence
The political economy of conflict trade in the DRC has influenced post-conflict reconstruction through what can be referred to as the spoiler process, whereby the elites who benefit from war and instability have little or no incentive to work for peace, and indeed at times actively seek to disrupt or hinder the peace process. Furthermore, the persistence of armed conflict empowers belligerents and provides them with economic and political entitlements that they would not have access to in peacetime. These mutually reinforcing dynamics explain why the departure of foreign armies from the DRC in 2003 has done little to stop the violence stemming from conflicts over natural resource control.13 In fact, soldiers from the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) and Ugandan People's Defense Force (UPDF) remain in place today, and specialize in mining activities. Both armies also operate through local proxy forces such as the Rassemblement Congolaise pour la Démocratie-Goma (RCDG), a Rwandan-backed militia created to protect Tutsi interests, and Rassemblement Congolaise pour la Démocratie Mouvement Libération (RCDML), a Ugandan backed militia created to protect Uganda's interests in the DRC. In their spheres of operation, these groups monopolize production, commercial, and fiscal functions, and in some cases form front companies for their illicit activities. They have benefited from the lack of state authority in the eastern DRC, as well as from the state's porous borders. According to Mats Berdal, "the crossborder spillover of violence and the empowerment of borderlands as sanctuaries for combatants and nurseries for recruits are at the center of shadow state economic activity and the intra-regional commercial and other connections that make for prolonged and intractable conflict."
The abundance of minerals in the DRC, and the processes by which they are extracted, are well-suited to operate amid conflict. The extraction of diamonds, gold, cobalt, and cassiterite is fairly easy and not capital intensive; companies engaged in extraction thus do not require stability, state infrastructure, or local markets to do so profitably. And many firms are able to provide their own security by hiring local military units or foreign private security guards.15 Finally, the fact that the majority of resources are located beyond the physical reach of state authority and the capital facilitates their illegal extraction and makes them easier for armed groups to control. This fact, coupled with the DRC's porous borders, has allowed numerous actors to engage in illegal cross-border trade.
International competition for scarce resources has also been a significant factor in the persistence of political instability and the continuation of violent hostilities in the DRC. Both coltan and cassiterite (more commonly known as tin) have been illegally mined and sold in Western markets, with profits going to both internal rebel forces and the militaries of neighboring countries. In 2004, the elevated global demand for cassiterite corresponded with an escalation in violence in the provinces of North and South Kivu in eastern DRC. Demonstrating the scope of groups vying for these valuable resources, the fighting involved the RCDG, local defense groups, and the Forces Armées de la Républic Démocratique du Congo (FARDC).17 The continuation of fighting between groups that were supposedly integrated into the national army is a clear sign that demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration in the DRC has been met with limited success.
At present, armed hostilities in the DRC take place primarily between Rwandan-backed and Ugandan-backed militias, the national army, and local defense groups. Yet militias like FNI continue to operate within their own provinces, namely Ituri and the Kivus. The FARDC is supposedly in control of South Kivu, but the army receives low and erratic pay, and taxes miners to supplement income just like the rebel forces. In some instances, local diamond miners have demanded local protection when they felt threatened by the FARDC, and in others artisanal diamond diggers have been killed in shootouts between the military and mining guards hired to enforce security around the mines. Both facts suggest that the government is just as complicit in perpetuating the conflict as the local militias are.
The dismantling of civil society, the degradation of state infrastructure, and a lack of basic social services as a result of the war have all exacerbated ethnic tensions in the DRC. In eastern DRC, the economies of conflict are intertwined with tribal and ethnic tension and disputes, social disintegration, high unemployment, poverty, and the presence of armed rebel groups backed by Rwanda and Uganda. Elites from the Ugandan People's Defense Force have succeeding in manipulating the ethnic conflict between the Hema and Lendu militias FNI, UPC, and PUSIC in Orientale and Ituri provinces, in order to maintain control over the gold-rich territory.
While the conflict in the DRC is highly concentrated in the mining regions of the east, other areas are also affected by the trade in conflict goods. A notable exception is the mineral-rich Katanga in the south, which has largely avoided the violence that has crippled the rest of the country. However, economic and social problems are widespread in Katanga, and unless something is done to address the situation and better distribute resources to the population, popular resentment could fuel violent conflict. In addition, there is the potential for a resurgence of historical secessionist sentiments that date back to independence. Despite the fact that the secessionist movement was quelled in the 1960s, it nonetheless contributed to weakening the state authority and ultimately enabled illicit mining to flourish. Global Witness claims that "present-day secessionist movements are driven by the perception that mining profits are not benefiting Katangans, but rather foreign companies and the Kinshasa powerbase."23 This illustrates that conflict trade goods cannot be viewed in solely in terms of its economic impact, and that there are political and social consequences as well.
According to another report by Global Witness, "the poverty, the hundreds of thousands of willingly exploited adults and children, and the volatility of the diamond fields make for a highly flammable social cocktail, one that has ignited several times in recent years, with tragic results." Unchecked resource exploitation puts a strain on the environment, increases the propensity for inter-group and intra-group violence, and creates an atmosphere in which violence is employed in an effort to achieve a vision of equitable economic justice. In the absence of physical and financial security, and with the lack of political channels for protest, it is not surprising that many individuals resort to violence.
Thus while trade in conflict goods has certainly been a key factor in promoting conflict in the DRC, it is not the sole factor. It is true that violence is linked to natural resource exploitation, and that resources provide the means for armed insurgents to perpetuate a cycle of violence. However, it is a double-sided process wherein grievance fuels greed and vice versa. Le Billion notes, "as the wealth and power gap between the ruling and the ruled increases, so does the frustration of marginalized groups seeing political change as the only avenue for satisfying their greed, aspirations, or expressing their grievances." Therefore it is necessary to view conflict trade in the DRC within the political, economic, and social context of the country and the region.
Local, Regional, and International Networks
Conflict trade in the DRC incorporates a combination of political, economic, military, and sociocultural factors that are linked to the international sphere. Armed groups seek to attain political legitimacy and develop and/or maintain external alliances. Trade depends on a group's ability to work with companies in, and gain access to, legitimate markets. This is usually done through the establishment of close ties with multinational corporations. Armed groups thus focus on war financing and natural resource extraction to achieve their economic and political goals.
There are two distinct networks operating in the DRC. Specifically, there are those with ties to the central government in Kinshasa that use their connections to benefit from resource trade, and those without ties to the central government who have no choice but to work through the informal economy. Both groups are part of larger regional and international networks and operate in much the same fashion. As Carayannis notes, "there is no neat dividing line between the external and internal dimensions of this conflict, because while they may be discrete systems of conflict, they contain financial, political, and ideological factors that cut across conflict boundaries and link them together in global networks of war."
Globalization and Market Liberalization
While state failure has certainly contributed to resource exploitation in the DRC, international changes have created the conditions that allow rebel groups to profit so gainfully. Shifting modes of state power and the increased importance of non-state actors have greatly expanded the number of international actors, thus facilitating the construction of new regional and international networks, both licit and illicit, which rebels have utilized to their advantage. The decline of superpower patronage and increased market liberalization has meant that trade in conflict goods has a particular salience in both contemporary conflicts and the process of state collapse. The deregulation of international financial markets, the opening up of new markets and the expansion of old markets, and advances in technology have led to a growing engagement between rebels, political elites, and international criminal networks. Global changes have brought in elites with ties to different networks, allowing them to develop links to states, companies, international organizations, and global markets as a means to assert claims over resources and authority. According to Neil Cooper,
In one sense, conflict trade is yet a further manifestation of the negative side of globalization as actors in contemporary conflict use global trading networks and diasporas to exploit their control over local resources to fund wealth acquisition and military campaigns. It also highlights the amoral side of global capitalism, with much of this trade ultimately dependent on purchases by companies or actors operating in the domain of the supposedly legitimate economy.
The same process that drove the liberal peace also drives the liberal war, in which violence is concentrated in the hands of armed militias and private military companies. The result is a whole new class of international and local entrepreneurs that profit from unregulated global networks of illegal resource extraction and arms trafficking.
Local and Regional Actors
Conflict trade in the DRC runs through a complex web of local and regional networks including states, private armies, businessmen, elites, organized criminal groups, and multinational corporations. As previously stated, Rwanda and Uganda have played a pivotal role in illegal resource extraction, and continue to play a role via proxy local militias. Due to the geographical location of the resources being exploited, trade networks generally link to the east, such that a large number of companies are linked to Rwandan military and government officials. Ties exist between Eugene Serufuli, the governor of North Kivu, and General Kabarebe, the chief of staff of the Rwandan army. In Rwandan proxy-controlled territory, rebels provide security around resource-rich areas and attack local defense groups who obstruct their commercial operations. These operations are organized by Eagle Wings Resources International and Rwandan Metals. Eagle Wings, a coltan exporter, is a subsidiary of Trinitech International, based in the United States.
Created to facilitate the extraction of minerals, Rwandan Metals is owned by Rwandan government elites and individuals with close ties to the government, and has a monopoly on coltan in much of the territory controlled by its proxy rebel force RCDG. Rather than allowing direct purchases between the Congolese and foreign companies in the RCDG–controlled territory, Rwandan Metals processes everything through what is referred to as the "Congo Desk," an office centrally located in a cell of the Ministry of Defense in Kigali. Minerals are transported by planes and trucks from eastern DRC to cities across the border for processing.
In government-controlled territory, Congolese and Zimbabwean political, military and economic elites control resource extraction. By transferring state assets to private companies and establishing joint ventures between the state mining companies and private enterprises, the elites continue to reap enormous financial gains. These elites have benefited from the instability of the DRC and have fueled tensions by supporting armed groups from Rwanda, namely exInterahamwe Hutus who perpetuated the 1994 genocide. Additionally, many high officials in the DRC government, including the national security minister, the minister of the presidency, the planning minister, and several directors of the state mining companies, have stakes in private companies. These elites have formed a joint business venture with George Forrest, a Belgian businessman, and the state mining company Gécamines. Forrest's other company makes and markets military equipment. Another company with rights to Gécamines concessions, Tremalt Ltd, provided the Congolese and Zimbabwean militaries with trucks, buses and cash payments.
In Ugandan proxy-controlled areas, UPDF officers, private businessmen, and rebel leaders have established their authority and use it to collect taxes from the local population. The rebels also steal cattle and participate in illegal logging. Most of the gold in Ituri is extracted through smallscale mining under the control of armed belligerents. The ongoing armed conflict in Ituri between Hema and Lendu tribes stems in part from the efforts of Hema businessmen and politicians to increase benefits from resource extraction.
International Actors
Local and regional groups would not be able to operate without access to international mineral markets. The role of multinational corporations has thus been extremely important in conflict trade in the DRC. As Carayannis points out,
International companies and global markets are deeply complicit in perpetuating war economies, as they are frequently key nodes in these networks. They supply goods and services and provide market outlets to warring government authorities, rebels and warlords who, without these companies, would have neither the foreign capital to finance a war nor the profit incentive to sustain one.
Multinational companies have provided arms, paid taxes and licensing fees, and provided armed security forces for a variety of actors in the DRC. International business has, through its contracts, deals, and provisions, served to finance and sustain those actors involved in the Central African conflict. International companies have also viewed rebel-held territory as de facto sovereign states and used local leaders as conduits for illicit trade. This practice not only violates the right of DRC sovereignty under international law, but has also served to bolster the rebel's control in certain areas.
Due to the large number of companies operating in the DRC and the complex organization of international networks, it would be almost impossible to study the role of each in conflict trade. A study of several companies, however, provides a general view of how international companies contribute to perpetuation and prolongation of conflict in the DRC.
American Mineral Fields (AMF) has operated in the DRC since Laurent Kabila's coup in 1996. AMF was at one point granted a billion dollar concession by Kabila to mine copper, cobalt, and zinc. It has been suggested that AMF had ties to business associates of President Clinton, who had been supporting the Kabila coup. According to a report by the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights,
American Mineral Fields directly benefited from America's initial covert military and intelligence support for Kabila. America's early support for Kabila, which was aided and abetted by U.S. allies Rwanda and Uganda, had less to do with getting rid of the Mobutu regime than it had to do with opening up Congo's vast mineral riches to North American-based and American-influenced mining companies.
Other such links have been shown to exist. Foreign-owned AngloGold Ashanti has been linked to the Ituri military group, Front Nationaliste et Intégrationiste (FNI), which has committed human rights abuses on a large scale.42 Anvil Mining supplied air and ground transport to the FARDC in October 2004 in response to rebel activity in Kilwa, and the FARDC went on to kill 100 civilians.
The U.K. based Afrimex continues to trade in minerals in a way that perpetuates the conflict in the DRC and is in clear breach of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Since 1998, Afrimex has paid annually to the RCDG a $15,000 licensing fee and a percentage of its total value of exports. In 2004 and 2005, Afrimex was the second largest exporter of tin and controlled 40 percent of all tin exports from South Kivu. By paying taxes to RCDG, the company directly contributed to funding armed rebel groups which in turn committed grave human rights abuses, including extortion, killing and forced mass displacement. The director of Afrimex has acknowledged these payments while simultaneously claiming to be ignorant of what the taxes were funding.
And yet, according to a UN Panel of Experts, "linkages between different actors and stakeholders are very well structured to the point that governments and large reputable companies operate in confidence. . . . The importing companies and facilitators are aware of the real origin of [a particular resource]."45 International companies therefore cannot claim ignorance. Despite assertions otherwise, it seems clear that multinational companies are not mere passive observers; rather often have an enormous impact on the political, economic, and social conditions in the areas in which they operate.
The exacerbation of the conflict in the DRC is also attributable to some degree to enduser countries who indirectly contribute to illegal exploitation by failing to accurately trace the origins of imports. Belgium, China, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, the Netherlands, Russia, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States all receive a substantial amount of minerals from the DRC.
Reducing the Trade: An International Effort
As evidenced by the case studies presented briefly above, numerous companies and states hold some responsibility for the persistence of conflict trade and thus the perpetuation of violence in the DRC. Precisely because of their involvement, however, these international actors also have the potential to contribute to promoting a sustainable peace in the DRC, by altering their actions and becoming more aware of their indirect complicity in the conflict there. These actors, along with the government of the DRC, regional actors, and the rest of the international community, must target war economies by raising the economic costs—and thus reducing the profitability—of war. Only in this way can the potential for international trade to promote good governance and economic stability, rather than war and violence, be realized.
Sustainable Development
The DRC must seek to address growing levels of inequity and poverty, which are most certainly due to a failure to reap the benefits of globalization. While it may seem ideal to obstruct trade in mineral resources and find alternative livelihoods for miners and rebels who currently profit from illicit resource extraction, doing so would present an enormous challenge an is probably an unrealistic option in the short term. The potential profit to be made from mineral resources is so great that it would be virtually impossible to discourage miners, rebels, and international corporations from continuing the trade.
While natural resources have been fundamental to continuing the war in the DRC, resource extraction can indeed be vital to aiding the country's recovery and reconciliation. Yet unless action is taken to control illicit mining, hopes of mining-aided development will be dashed. Alluvial diamond mines are centers of employment for young men, and the profits from these mines should be used to improve the lives of miners and their families. The international community should also aid the DRC in the conversion of this mining into part of the formal economy by establishing cooperatives and unions, and by regulating the global mineral trade. Multinational corporations operating in the DRC should make an effort to transfer such valueadded processes as smelting—most of which currently take place abroad—and the capital they require, to the DRC. Transferring these processes to the DRC would provide additional jobs for locals and help provide sustainable development solutions.
The DRC's development should also include restoration of roads and state infrastructure. Local economic growth in the Kivus, for example, is hampered by inaccessibility to other regions of the country. Formerly the breadbasket of the nation, Katanga province has been forced to abandon much of its agricultural activity due to its isolation from regional markets. The construction of roads and the establishment of infrastructure would allow the provinces to reconnect with the rest of the country, which would allow for more effective assertion of state authority in these areas. Multinational corporations also stand to benefit from improved infrastructure, and thus should be engaged to assist with financing the necessary construction.
International Regulations
Sustainable development initiatives, however, will not work unless the international community works to strengthen international regulations on natural resource trade. As Global Witness observes, "as long as companies, armed factions, and countries have unfettered access to the DRC's resources outside of any reasonable controls, the country will be deprived of revenues and riven with corruption and conflict." The goal should not be to obstruct trade, but rather to identify mechanisms and practices that will eliminate the profits of war and the loss human of life that occur as a result of trade in the DRC.
First and foremost, the international community needs to establish a consensus definition of conflict goods in order to better regulate them. The definition offered previously in this paper would be acceptable. Effective regulations would encourage corporate due diligence by providing a clear behavioral red flag, and thus encourage companies to be more conflict-sensitive. By blacklisting corporations or "naming and shaming" them, the international community could better deter trade in these resources and stem consequent human rights abuses.
It is also pertinent for the international community, via the United Nations, to establish and improve regulations on mining processes and mineral transfers. The Kimberley Process currently exists only for diamonds, but should be modified to include coltan, tin, and gold. There are indeed problems with the Kimberley Process, for example the current definition of conflict diamonds as "rough diamonds used by rebel movements or their allies to finance conflict aimed at undermining legitimate governments." As the DRC illustrates, a government can also be involved in the illegal exploitation of diamonds and other minerals. The process must therefore be updated to include states and the multinational corporations that do business with them. An additional and related shortfall of the Kimberly Process is that relies on states to implement regulations, and thus is dependent on the existence of effective internal controls. In the DRC, the process has been implemented on paper only. The central government created Service d'Assitance et d'Encadrement du Small Scale Mining (SAESSCAM) to organize and assist artisan mining initiatives, create cooperatives, and track the flow of diamonds from the mine to the point of sale. In a situation such as the conflict in the DRC, where the government is colluding in illegal diamond extraction, it is unlikely that the process will affect a change on the ground. Enforcement must come from elsewhere.
The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), launched by Tony Blair at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, could potentially play a key role in minimizing conflict trade. The initiative brings together governments, extractive companies, investors, and civil society group to work towards better economic governance. Under EITI, all groups involved in the flow of mineral goods are responsible for regulating the trade. The home governments of multinational companies—often the enduser nations of illegally extracted resources—must play a greater role in enforcing the OECD guidelines. According to the UN Panel of Experts, countries that have signed on to the OECD guidelines are
morally obliged to ensure that their business enterprises adhere to and act on the Guidelines. Home governments are complicit when they do not take remedial measure in cases where enterprises based in their jurisdiction abuse principles of conduct that they have adopted as a matter of law.
Enduser nations thus need to verify the countries of origin for all mineral imports, and enforce laws relating to corporate complicity in crimes against humanity.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Political Will
The most important element in halting illegal resource exploitation relates to the political will of those actors and entities that support, protect, and benefit from conflict trade. As has been argued here, multinational corporations profit a great deal from conflict trade and from allowing armed groups access to markets and resource wealth. From an international standpoint, these companies should be the frontline actors involved in reducing and regulating conflict trade, according to the rules of corporate social responsibility.
Using the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a starting point, multinational corporations should investigate how they directly and indirectly contribute to human rights abuses. Companies should be responsible for researching the conflict background and current situation of the country in which they wish to operate. Information and knowledge is essential to understanding their own operations in an effort to maintain transparency. These companies must familiarize themselves with the sociopolitical context of national and international human rights laws and treaties. If a company chooses to operate in a conflict area after becoming fully aware of the situation there, and the potential implications of doing so, it cannot claim ignorance as an excuse for indirect involvement in any crimes against humanity that may result.
Corporate accountability should be based on the OECD guidelines. According to these guidelines, companies must: respect the human rights of those affected by their activities; contribute to economic, social, and environmental progress with a view towards achieving sustainable development; encourage business partners to apply principles of corporate conduct compatible with the guidelines; and contribute to the abolition of all forms of compulsory labor.59 Codes of conduct should be implemented in accordance with international and national law, and companies should also seek external assistance as needed to oversee the implementation of labor, safety, and environmental regulations. By establishing favorable working conditions, companies can positively contribute to overall economic wellbeing, thus limiting one of the driving sources of conflict in the DRC and elsewhere.
The media can play a role in encouraging corporate social responsibility by increasing public awareness and encouraging a commitment to fair pricing on the part of miners, traders, government officials, and others involved in setting prices on the global market, including consumers. Though currently it does not have the mandate to monitor conflict goods, the UN peacekeeping force in the DRC (MONUC) could also potentially contribute by being an outlet for civil society monitoring.
While economic exploitation has long been a reality in the area that is now the DRC, globalization and accompanying trends such as market liberalization and privatization have made illegal resource exploitation more profitable for more actors than was previously the case. Armed rebel forces that established regional political authority by monopolizing violence and subjugating the population now collude with multinational corporations to profit from the trade in conflict goods. Certainly, international trade has provided rebels and the central government with the resources needed to continue war, and promoted the creation of regional and national networks that have perpetuated the violence in the DRC. Multinational corporations must acknowledge their complicity in perpetuating and prolonging conflict—even if only indirectly—and in concert with the international community, work to reduce and regulate the trade in conflict goods in the DRC. Only when armed groups are no longer able or inclined to profit from instability and conflict trade will there be prospects for a sustainable peace in the DRC.
Caitlin Dearing is a MA candidate in international affairs at The George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs, with a focus on conflict resolution and economic development in Francophone Africa. She will spend her final semester at Sciences Po in Paris researching FrancoAfrican relations.


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"Blue Yonder Chapter 1: Page 45"
A Webcomic by Diego, Richard and Luke
Mary (Guest), January 4th, 2012, 6:52 pm
And -- the tide turns again!
skythorn, January 6th, 2012, 2:30 am
what are their powers
well, if we knew that we would not ever consider reading the comic as all the answers would be given out all of a sudden.
I Heart Artists, January 9th, 2012, 10:05 pm
Super professional job - great work!
g0dswilll, December 5th, 2012, 10:00 am
hi there, loving the comic so far!

subset: commoncrawl


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Bibliotheque McLean® was established by Will McLean in 2008, as an independent publisher of art, architecture and technology. The first publication was Quik Build: Adam Kalkin's ABC of Container Architecture (2008), which documents Kalkin's remarkable dictionary of modular buildings. Other publications include Sabbioneta: Cryptic City by James Madge (2011), and Building With Air by Dante Bini (2014), the first English language book on the Italian architect and inventor of the Binishell.
The Bibliotheque McLean® website also includes details and links to additional publications that have been co-authored by Will McLean and teaching colleague Pete Silver. Will McLean teaches in the Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment at the University of Westminster where he jointly coordinates the technical teaching across the Department of Architecture.


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Fall Garden Mums. Fall mums give your landscape a showy burst of color from mid to late autumn. Plant mums in full sun and in soil that has been amended with organic material.
Fall Asters. Asters produce masses of late season color from August to October. Very hardy in Colorado, colorful Asters should be planted in full sun in well-drained garden soil.
Plant Spring Bulbs. Now is the perfect time to plant your tulip, daffodil, crocus and other Fall planted, Spring blooming bulbs. You can't wait until Spring to plant these bulbs, they need 8 - 1a0 weeks of cooling before blooming takes place. Plant bulbs 3 times the height of the bulb, in full sun, well-drained location. Add bone meal or bulb food at planting and cover well with bark mulch. Water in thoroughly now and during Winter drought. Then wait for your rainbow of Spring color!
Winter Hardy Pansies. Plant Winter hardy pansies over top of your tulip and daffodil bulbs. Pansies enjoy cool weather and can be caught blooming during Winter months. "Winter Water" pansies means water your pansies and other plants when winter temperatures warm up and no moisture has been produced. Pansies blooming at the feet of tulips and daffodils create a spectacular Spring time show!


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WOW! Its been since October that I was at a meeting. Shiver me timbers! Way too long.
Here is the pattern that I forgot to add that Sherry showed everyone. Such cute bags.
Kate's Block of the Month
If you have missed meetings, the blocks come from the book, Around The Block, by Judy Hopkins. If you would like to join in, by all means, buy the book and jump in.
The first block was the Ohio Star.
The second block was the Sawtooth Star.
The third is the Simplex Star.
The newest one, for the month of March is on page 106, its called Sarah's Choice.
Quilt 5
Rules of the game:
- You have to be a member of our guild. But you folks out on the internet can certainly participate.
- Enter 5 projects, officially at the meeting that you will quilt. These are basically tops that you have already completed. You just need to quilt them.
- The cost to enter is 5 fat quarters. In January of 2017, there will be a drawing from the people who joined. The winner (s) will receive fat quarters.
- The size of the project doesn't matter (a bit reluctant about writing that down). Wall hangings on up.
- If you have a quilt top laying around that just needs borders, you can finish that up and then quilt that.
- All quilts must be done by December 31st, 2016. They must be quilted, bound and labeled. No rules about the quilting other than you have to do it yourself
Show and Tell Time!


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A role for classification: the organization of resources on the Internet
Matveyeva, Susan J.
MetadataShow full item record
Matveyeva, Susan J. (2002) A Role for Classification: The Organization of Resources on the Internet. MLA Forum, no.1:2.
The author explores a number of theoretical and practical issues concerning classification of remote electronic resources. The necessity to catalog electronic resources has raised questions regarding including and classifying them in library catalogs. Analysis of current cataloging decisions indicates that there is no single standard that has been formed. Some libraries assign classification numbers to remote electronic resources and others do not. Theoretical discussions of cataloging librarians show that there are a number of important issues related to using classification for the cataloging of electronic materials. The traditional purpose of classification for locating physical objects on the shelves loses its function in the case of remote electronic resources. The other function of classification, categorization, is more useful in the case of electronic resources, as it promotes the role of classification as a subject-organizing tool. Attempts at using library classification schemes in order to organize electronic resources has moved beyond the realm of libraries and their catalogs. Information scientists, database developers, and specialists in information retrieval have explored library classification abilities in organizing information on the Internet, in order to improve browsing and subject searching. Several projects have proven that such classification systems as Dewey Decimal Classification, Universal Decimal Classification, and Library of Congress Classification can be useful in describing, organizing, and retrieving electronic resources.
- UL Faculty Research [37]
- Susan J. Matveyeva [36]
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Bathtubs have been in use from ancient time, but with change in time, many changes have come in their style, designing, water outlet systems and especially in material. Material is one of the most important things that you need to look while buying bathtub as its durability depends on its material. There are a number of bathtubs that you can opt for your bathroom depending on your requirement and use. It should be such in which you can relax freely and enjoy your bath. Some of their popular types are:
- Walk in tubs
- Whirlpool bathtubs
- Jacuzzis
- Soaking bathtub
- Oval bathtub
- Freestanding bathtub
- Drop in bathtub
Benefits of bathtubs
There are many benefits of owning a bathtub such as you get a better place where you can relax or can sit. Many of them have water jets attached in them due to which it helps in healing your body pain and soreness. In fact, many of them come with colorful lightings and other features due to which you get an extraordinary bathing experience. They are versatile and most importantly help in redefining your bathing. Bathtubs give an impressive look to your bathroom due to which it looks more pleasing and modified. If you want to know more about bathtubs and its features, then you can visit the mentioned link http://www.bathingguide.com/. Here you will get all the necessary information regarding bathtubs and their uses.
Materials used for making bathtubs
Fiberglass: This is one of the least expensive materials used for making bathtub. For making bathtub several layers of fiberglass are placed and then it is given a desired look. Once it is done, then coating of gel coat resin is put on it. They are very durable, light weighted and most importantly are easy to maintain and clean.
Acrylic: While working with this material fiberglass layers are reinforced under vacuum sheets of the colored acrylic. They are highly versatile as they are available in a number of colors, size, and shape and even you can have your own customized bathtub. They are affordable, non porous and can be repaired easily.
Porcelain steel: They are also known as enameled sheet and are made of steel sheets. Tubs are made by cutting a thin steel sheet and for finishing, porcelain enamel is coated on it. They are chemical resistant and most importantly, they do not fade for years. They are not expensive, easy to maintain and have an opening of 5 foot.


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Visit our website: http://www.nafbpo.org
Foreign News Report
The National Association of Former Border Patrol Officers (NAFBPO) extracts and condenses the material that follows from Mexican and Central and South American on-line media sources on a daily basis. You are free to disseminate this information, but we request that you credit NAFBPO as being the provider.
El Universal (Mexico City) 1/27/09
Jose Luis Soberanes, ombudsman for the Mexican National Commission for Human Rights (CNDH) is concerned that armed citizen groups are beginning to form for their own protection and to take justice against organized criminals. He says that this is due to the government's failure to carry out its duty to protect the people. He considers that the citizens' groups violate the Constitution, since Article 17 establishes that no one may take justice into his own hands. Although the groups are formed because of the inability of the State to protect them, they should not be permitted to continue, he said. "We have to demand that the State comply and look after the public security, because, if not, we would also be privatizing public security."
In the past 24 hours, 21 men have been executed by organized crime in Mexico, bringing the total of such murders to 400 so far in January.
El Universal's editorial, Mexico and the "Lucifer effect," takes a look at the country's surge of violence from a different angle:
"Why does a person destroy another without any thought, with fury, even without motives? We see it in the streets, in the news, nearly every day: people with signs of torture, dismembered, decapitated, dissolved in acid. An addiction can cause this behavior. Nevertheless, aside from a merely individual psychiatric problem, it has a social component that is more worrisome. When crime destroys the rules of coexistence, it creates an ideal breeding ground for the perpetuation of violence."
The editorial continues comparing such violence to an addiction that gives the killer a rush of adrenaline and becomes a physical need.
El Financiero (Mexico City) 1/27/09
The possibility of a dialogue with the major guerrilla groups in Colombia has been renewed in the favorable international climate of a possible political end to conflict, according to expert observers in Bogota. "There is an international climate ever more favorable for attempting dialogue with FARC [Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia] and ELN [National Liberation Army]," indicated a spokesman for the Peace Assembly that has members from diverse social organizations in the country.
-end of report-


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Grant Consultants, Ltd. is a boutique employee recruitment search firm serving the interiors industry since 1978. We pride ourselves in conducting prompt, confidential and tactical searches for the finest manufacturers and wholesalers throughout the United States and Canada.
We are selective regarding our clients. We will not take on a search if we feel we cannot realistically fill the position. We put forth sincere effort in assisting in helping to make the best hiring decision. We pride ourselves in connecting the right candidates with the needs of our clients. Both parties have to be excited or we have not done our job. Client satisfaction is our first priority.
Grant Consultants Ltd. is proud of our over 30 year trusted relationships and friendships in all categories and segments of the industry. The hallmark of our success is the respect, trust and repeat business weve earned from all our clients.
Our client base has expanded to include manufacturers of products from all segments of the interiors industry, including Commercial, Hospitality and High End Luxury Residential.
We exercise strict confidentiality, never a breach. No nonsense. No excuses. That is why the best applicants come to us and why our clients trust us and continue to rely on our capabilities. The quality of our service represents a cost effective investment in your company's future saving you valuable time.
We are helping companies plan and build for the future. We have the expertise in finding the best performers you need to meet the challenges faced in todays highly competitive market.


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Unilever: "Marketing needs to be noble again"
Unilever wants to make marketing a "noble" profession again by driving social progress as well as business growth after decades of "selling for selling's sake".
Marc Mathieu, senior vice-president of marketing at Unilever and the architect of its recently introduced "crafting brands for life" marketing strategy, believes that marketers should get back to the origins of the discipline as a way to drive social progress as well as sales.
He says: "We want to make people believe that marketing is a wonderful profession again and make it noble as a way of serving the progress of people's lives in a good way. In the last few decades of the 20th century marketing has become selling for the sake of selling, but at its inception, marketing was inspired by the Henry Fords, the William Levers of the world – people with a vision to bring products to people that could create progress and improve lives."
Unilever has set out its "crafting brands for life" strategy as the marketing equivalent of Unilever CEO Paul Polman's sustainable business strategy to double the size of the business without increasing its environmental footprint, and hopes that it can help "reinvent" the way businesses approach marketing.
It is based on the idea that marketing should balance "logic and magic" and become less about the process of marketing and more about creating a brand strategy that puts real people's lives at the centre of everything, rather than consumers.
Mathieu adds: "I really believe that marketing is a wonderful profession and necessary tool of the way the world needs to work in the future. If we really believe that corporations have a key role to play in driving social economic and environmental progress, marketing has a big role to play."
I believe that marketing done well is an amazing profession. some people do it more as a job, and some people do it more as a craft. Marketing can be seen as a process but brands are the reason we do it, what people buy and buy into – that's where thinking about marketing brings us on the path of the process, but when you think about brands you elevate the vision of marketing to a higher level."
"It's not just a process or succession of steps … marketing is at its best and much more interesting when you are thinking about real people you can improve the lives of."


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Over at PostEverything.
Over at PostEverything.
Sorry, but Steve Roth's critique of my Inequality and Growth paper for CAP is misleading and inaccurate. Moreover, he had to work pretty hard to miss my points linking inequality to macro-instability and thus persistent periods of weak growth. Not only does Roth somehow miss my emphasis on what I think are critically important linkages… Read more
They're out and I've got an extensive analysis up at PostEverything. For here, some highlights. –The poverty rate fell more than I expected last year–down half-a-percentage point from 15% in 2012 to 14.5% in 2013. It was fully driven by a sharp decline in child poverty rate, which fell almost two percentage points, from 21.8%… Read more
IE, tomorrow AM the Census Bureau will host a webinar wherein they release poverty and household income results for 2013. I've got some speculation as to what we might see over at the Upshot. As you'll see, it looks to me like inequality and fiscal drag have dampened gains in poverty and median household incomes,… Read more
Robert Samuelson covers some useful ground this morning, reviewing income and net worth trends from the recent Survey of Consumer Finances, a triennial (it comes out every three years) survey of family income and wealth. I wanted to add a few points regarding timing of the trends he cites. First, Samuelson notes that if you… Read more


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View our offices, meet our people, understand our services, enter the world of MicroSourcing.
Learn how our Managed Operations model provides the perfect middle ground between outsourcing and incorporating.
Explore the opportunities with us.Contact Us
by: Sarah Joson
Thursday, February 13, 2014 | Outsourcing News |
The Philippines has been maintaining a stable balance of payments (BOP) surplus since 2005, but over the years, its depletion has been closely observed. In 2013, it amounted to $5 billion, a huge drop from 2012's $9.2 billion.
The BSP explained that surplus continues to drop this 2014 and reach nearly $3 billion. One of the reasons is the rise in the country's imports of energy and raw materials for manufacturing operations.
Over the next three years, the BPO industry is anticipated to create 120,000 employment opportunities, producing a total of 1.3 million jobs. Revenue is seen to grow twice as much from 2013 and reach $27 billion this year.
We can help you understand the possibilities. Reach out to us today.


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Everyone likes a pat on the pack for a job well done, which is one of the primary reasons associations have been so successful across the decades.
Let us explain; an association's mission is to help their members excel in their industry and careers. Being recognized by a legitimate, well-known and well-respected organization is one way people can set themselves apart from the pack, which can lead to a job, a promotion, better salary, improved working conditions or any number of different benefits. This is why association services like award programs, professional designations and committees are popular. They give members a chance to be recognized and gain prestige.
So, if recognition is valuable to your members, and thus for your association, incorporating the concept into other areas of your organization can yield some great results. Fortunately, recognizing members on social media is fairly easy to do. Here are some ideas for how your association can shine the spotlight on members through online platforms, from simple to out-of-the-box.
Give Them A Shout Out
Recognizing members on social media can be as simple as mentioning them and their accomplishments on your association's platforms. Make sure to keep track of the achievements of members, big or small, and highlight them. For example, if a member has cut their carbon footprint, congratulate them and their success with a tweet. If a member published a book or an article in a professional journal or was invited to talk at the local post-secondary school, include this information in a Facebook post.
Singling these members out for the small achievements they earn will not only make them feel appreciated, but will also go a long way to helping them show the world how accomplished they how much dedication they have for their job, which helps them in their careers. Giving your members a quick shout out on social media allows your association to give them this valuable exposure while saving resources to highlight the major accomplishments members attain.
Publish An Interview With Them
Conducting an in-depth interview with a member and incorporating it into your association's social media is a great way to draw attention to your organization's brand ambassador's and their achievements. Their will always be special members, those ones who have been loyal to the association and have made a name for themselves in the industry. These are the members who win awards or get other major accolades. Recognize them by filming an interview and posting it to your YouTube channel or create a blog post featuring your discussion with this member.
The members who you are likely to focus on with this strategy are those who are either very experienced, are trailblazers or obviously stand out from their peers. Regardless of the reason for their success, they are role models for the rest in the industry. This is why profiling them in such a prominent way will not only make it obvious that your association appreciates them, but will let others in the industry know that part of being successful is being an active member of the association.
Create An Online Hall Of Fame
One of the highest honour athletes can receive is to be inducted into their sport's hall of fame. Incorporating this concept into your association's social media strategy can have the same effect on members. Create a "Hall of Fame" board on your association's Pinterest account and profile a different member weekly, bi-weekly or monthly. Use Instagram to accomplish the same thing, profiling a new member every so often and including a photo and description of their accomplishment, such as being one of the organization's longest-serving members.
Other than having the moniker "Hall of Fame" next to their name, members will appreciate the relative permanence of this strategy. They are in elite company and will be able to enjoy that exclusivity for a while. This is particularly relevant on Pinterest where boards are featured prominently at all times, whereas tweets drift out of the public eye as time goes on.
Let Them Be Social Media Moderator For A Day
With great accomplishments come great power. This is what you're saying to members who have achieved something great when you make them a social media moderator for a day. They can give their own insights, expertise and perspective when in charge of social media accounts, which boosts awareness of their own personal brand among those in the industry. For example, recruit your major award winner to lead a Twitter chat from your association's account or take over your association's Instagram account for the day to document a 'day in the life' of an award winner.
Not only does this strategy encourage engagement between members and one of their high-profile colleagues, but it also rewards a member who has done something extraordinary with the power to highlight the things that make them exceptional. In the era of increased personalization, this is a unique way to give members a chance to recognize themselves in their own way. This is truly something they can point to as not only an exciting experience, but one that raised their stock in the eyes of others.


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Two big name multimedia programs are making their way to the Android platform and recently released betas. MediaMonkey is music library manager similar to iTunes but in my opinion, much better. XBMC is a media center designed to make your computer into the ultimate entertainment hub. Starting off on the Xbox, it has found a special place in the heart of cordcutters, especially on home theater PCs attached to large TVs, giving you easy access to your media collection.
Now, both of these programs are on their way to Android. It's a great sign of the platform maturing to offer more robust, formal applications. Remember they're in early betas still, so be a little forgiving on them and provide feedback if you are able to test them out.
MediaMonkey for Android
I wrote about MediaMonkey way back in 2008, as one of the first articles on the site. I'm not a huge music person but when I do want to listen to some tunes, I prefer it to be straight forward yet flexible and complementing the music instead of getting in the way. That's why I prefered MediaMonkey. Since then, a lot has changed. With Amazon and Google both offering their own music cloud, the world of music has changed.
MediaMonkey's Android app is an advanced media player. It allows wireless syncing with your library to make music management between your Windows PC and your Android device easier. It brings much of the functionality of MediaMonkey with playlists and navigation to the Android experience. One thing I remain optimistic for is its organization when it comes to audiobooks. I've tried many times with MP3 players and smartphones to get them to play audiobooks in the proper order only to have them jump around because it would sort the tracks a different way.
For more information on MediaMonkey Android, check out these links:
- MediaMonkey for Android Announcement thread
- MediaMonkey for Android FAQ
- MediaMonkey for Android test builds
- MediaMonkey for Windows test builds (needed for the syncing counterpart)
- MediaMonkey homepage
XBMC for Android
XBMC received a relatively more recent write-up over at Freewaregenius from me. I was really looking into the options for cordcutting then and considered getting an HTPC. Instead, I ended up with the WDTV Live set top boxes and I'd say I'm content.
XBMC 12 is in the second beta release and included the first beta of XBMC for Android support. It is to be a full port of XBMC, not a thin client or lite version of the software nor just a remote. For more information about XBMC on Android, check out these links:


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Over deze norm
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1.1 This practice covers three immersion oils to be used as replacements for ASTM No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 immersion oils as called for in Test Method D471. The immersion oils will be designated as IRM 901 as a replacement for ASTM No. 1 oil, IRM 902 as a replacement for ASTM No. 2 oil, and IRM 903 as a replacement for ASTM No. 3 oil. The new reference oils have been developed under a new Committee D11 policy on reference materials (see Practice D4678 for background on the new policy and procedures).
1.2 The oils, IRM 901, IRM 902, and IRM 903, are similar but not fully equivalent to ASTM No.1, ASTM No. 2, and ASTM No. 3 oil, respectively. Refer to Table 1 for a description of the typical properties and specifications for these oils.
1.3 This practice gives the necessary background and details on the changeover from the previous oils to the new oils. See Annex A1 for additional information on the commercial oils selected to replace ASTM No. 2 and No. 3 oil and the test program conducted for this selection process. The changeover from ASTM to IRM oils is proposed in two steps:
1.3.1 Step 1—A transition phase that makes use of the Equivalent Volume Swell (EVS) for each of the two replacement oils. EVS(902) is the ASTM No. 2 percent volume swell value calculated from the measured percent volume swell value using IRM 902 as the immersion liquid. A similar calculation can be used to calculate the analogous EVS(903) and EVS(903) values. The EVS value is obtained as a correction of the measured IRM 901, 902, or 903 percent volume swell value. The EVS values may be used to determine if volume swell specifications are met when the specifications are expressed in terms of ASTM No. 1, No. 2, or No. 3 limits, and
1.3.2 Step 2—A longer term policy change or conversion of specifications from ASTM No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 values to IRM 901, 902, and 903 values.
1.4 The EVS values are calculated on the basis of "correction equations" derived from one of two sources.
1.4.1 Correction equations derived from the results of the comprehensive evaluation program conducted to select each of the two replacement oils from a group of three candidate oils for ASTM No. 2 and No. 3 oils. This program is described in Annex A1.
1.4.2 Correction equations derived from in-house customized or specific testing programs to make direct comparisons of the volume swell (and other important properties) of the IRM and ASTM oils. These programs should be conducted in each laboratory of those organizations that engage in producer-user specification testing for rubber immersion performance.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
|Engelse titel
|Standard Practice for Rubber IRM 901, IRM 902, and IRM 903 Replacement Oils for ASTM No. 1, ASTM No. 2, and ASTM No. 3 Oils
|Vervangen door


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NOTE: Raymark is now part of the Mi9 Retail team
Raymark is thrilled to announce that Crumpler, the iconic Australian bag maker and Official Supplier of Luggage to the 2016 Australian Olympic Team, has selected Raymark's cloud-based store management software suite for deployment in their stores worldwide. The software initiative is aimed at supporting Crumpler's international growth, improving the omni-channel customer experience and modernizing IT operations. Raymark Point of Sale, Clienteling, Repairs, Order Management, CRM, Inventory Management and Analytics will be deployed in all stores and at headquarters, and will be integrated with Crumpler's online store and ERP solution, enabling the organization to enrich relationships with its customers globally, and improve productivity in all areas of its retail operations.
As a cloud-based suite, Raymark's solutions will untether Crumpler from the expense and burden of managing servers and physical IT infrastructure, freeing their team to focus resources on refining retail processes and improving consumer engagement. "Our concept of what a retail solution can actually do was challenged from the first time we met with the Raymark team. The solution will enable Crumpler to revolutionize the way we do business," said the Global Head of ICT at Crumpler. He continued, "Since Crumpler operates stores around the globe, it was important that we select a retail technology partner with international expertise. After an exhaustive review process, we determined that Raymark was the only vendor that could provide local experience in all our operating markets, along with the international capabilities and centralized architecture we need for streamlined operations. During the selection process, we connected with several current Raymark customers, and each one spoke very highly of the flexibility, functional strength, stability, and ease of use of the system. We're particularly excited to see our strategy come to life with Raymark's Clienteling and CRM solutions, which will enable Crumpler to better understand our consumer and analyze omni-channel habits in ways we've never done before."
"We are so excited to partner with Crumpler, a global company who shares in our values of quality and service. This partnership also marks an important strategic milestone for Raymark as we broaden our market share in the Asia Pacific region. We look forward to a long and successful future with Crumpler," said Marc Chriqui, President at Raymark.
About Crumpler
Crumpler is an iconic Australian bag maker celebrating their 20th anniversary this year. Founded in Melbourne in 1995 by Dave Roper and Will Miller, and sculptor / furniture maker / bike courier Stuart Crumpler, they have now expanded across the globe. Their approach is simple – make bags, make them good looking, make them useful and make them great. Each of their products is purpose designed, constructed with quality materials and have a lifetime warranty. Known for great looking and indestructible technology carrying and camera bags, Crumpler also now produces luggage that has met an equally thrilled audience. www.crumpler.com.


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We want to do what we can to make college as affordable as possible, so we created a guide to help!
After you are admitted to HSU, you will then be eligible to be considered for scholarships! When awarding scholarships, Hardin-Simmons creates an equal opportunity for all students by considering your academic performance, test scores, co-curricular involvement, enrollment status, and your anticipated major. Usually, there are no additional applications for these scholarships, unless it is noted otherwise.
About Institutional Scholarships
- Your admission application and FAFSA can both be used in determining your eligibility for scholarships.
- Requirements and/or evaluation criteria for scholarships are subject to change.
- Institutional scholarships are applied to fall and spring semesters only.
- Some scholarships are awarded on an annual basis only.
- All awards funded by HSU are tuition-specific.
- Students in the Intercollegiate Program, Study Abroad (beyond one semester), and Physical Therapy programs are not eligible for institutional scholarships.
- Students must apply for institutional scholarships through Scholarship Central.
Learn more about HSU's institutional scholarships.
Outside Scholarship Guide
Outside scholarships are scholarships that can be used for any university and comes from a source not connected to a specific university. Most of the time, you can apply for these scholarships online but there are some that still want a paper application. Of course, all of them have qualifications and a deadline.
You might be asked to provide some personal information or to write about your financial need, but scholarship agencies should never request your bank account or credit card number. If a scholarship agency requests personal bank information, do not apply for that scholarship. Also, when searching for outside scholarships, check the URL address for https:// which tells you it is a secure site. If the site is unsecured, do not apply for that scholarship.


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Samsung recently posted a teaser video for the Galaxy S 4, as it gears up to launch its new flagship phone later this month.
We first spotted the clip over on The Verge.
The video features a young boy who receives a "top secret" package. When he opens it, his eyes light up, and then he excitedly runs home with it.
As Aaron Souppouris of The Verge notes, it's "frustratingly bad."
Check out the teaser below.


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Cranbrook Paintball Site's Listing
Paintball Maidstone - Sittingbourne10
41 minute drive from Cranbrook
Maidstone - Sittingbourne is the closest Paintball site to Cranbrook
The action flies thick and fast at our brilliant Sittingbourne venue.
With paintballs in your gun and adrenaline in your veins, you'll engage in gripping team battles, each one different to the last. Our 200 acre site boasts a range of amazing game zones, combining the natural countryside terrain with plenty of purpose-built fortifications. There's woodland, trenches, inflatable barricades and even a village.
Our site is located around Sittingbourne, Kent, and is well serviced by both road and rail. Just an hour from London.
Further directions printed on your receipt.
Alternative Venues Near Cranbrook
Paintball Sidcup
Sidcup is the closest Paintball site to Cranbrook
46 minute drive from Cranbrook
A 10 acre site with 5 brilliant game zones to do battle over, including our exceptional attack and defend field. A woodland warzone with plenty of purpose built fortifications to navigate around while completing tactical team missions.
100 FREE Paintballs!
Paintball Gravesend
48 minute drive from Cranbrook
At our brilliant Gravesend site the action unfolds in a spectacular 30 acres of paintball battleground. You'll go head to head with your mates in exciting team games like Bunker Hill, Prisoner of War, Tank and the The General Game.
100 FREE Paintballs!
Paintball Canterbury
50 minute drive from Cranbrook
40 acres of dense woodland with 6 amazing game zones for you and your friends to conquer. All the classic paintball scenarios are here. Attack and defend the fort, capture the flag, rescue the VIP and more. Your chance to be a military hero, or at least pelt your friends with paint.
100 FREE Paintballs!
Paintball Copthorne
51 minute drive from Cranbrook
100 FREE Paintballs!
Paintball East Grinstead - Lingfield
51 minute drive from Cranbrook
With 30 acres of mixed woodland war zone and 9 top class game zones, the action never stops at our Dormansland site. Tackle the Zombie Crypt, Wild West Town and even re-enact the D-day Landings for your chance to be the hero of your own battle story!
Paintball Horsham
63 minute drive from Cranbrook
For an unforgettable adventure, leave reality behind and head to Horsham, with 12 amazing game zones to choose from, each expertly designed and stunningly brought to life. Lose yourself in action packed battles through a variety of Hollywood-style settings.
Paintball Dorking, Surrey
65 minute drive from Cranbrook
For an all out action paintballing extravaganza you need look no further than our awesome Dorking venue which will provide this and much more besides! We have some fantastic Game Zones and unbelievably exhilarating paintballing scenario's that will completely blow you away with their high octane action....definitely one not to be missed!
100 FREE Paintballs!
Indoor Paintball Docklands, Greater London
68 minute drive from Cranbrook
A state of the art indoor paintball facility on the site of a decommissioned cold war nuclear shelter. This sci-fi themed war zone features hundreds of feet of playing area and all of it is stunningly realised to transport you from reality into a world of futuristic combat with the fate of the planet at stake.
Paintball Wickford
70 minute drive from Cranbrook
An authentic military experience awaits you as you battle your way through an array of military-themed game modes on our treacherous warlike battlefield!
Distances and drive times have been collated using third party software.
They are approximate and meant only as a guide.


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Submitted by Clint
May 27, 2018
Below are a few recommendations of important things to make a part of your survival prep. I don't sell any of these items except the 120 mm tubes. I already have my marketing established elsewhere for this item. So, I am not making this recommendation to make sales. And, even if I did, that would be OK. I spend hundreds of dollars in travel costs every year investigating survival groups and contributing to different survival groups at different stages of maturity. Also, I spend hundreds of hours each year writing for Terral's newsletter mainly about survival subjects. I would be better off financially and time wise, if I did nothing like most folks. But that is not me. I love the survival subject and try to help anyone that is willing to take serious steps towards saving their own hide and the hides of their family.
Here are a few items that will become pretty important for your survival situation that most would not typically think of adding to their survival prep.
Sawyer Bite Kit: The Sawyer Bite Kit costs around $15 now. 15 years ago, it cost $11. It still is worth every penny that you pay for it. It saved me a lot of money not having to sign into the emergency room years ago. It allowed me to pull a lot of poison from my right leg after a copperhead snake struck. It saved me a lot of money at the emergency room and from rotting flesh or possibly worse. If something has injected poison into you, the best thing to do is get it out as fast as possible. This is no longer the common-sense approach of most of the medical establishment. They can make a lot more money injecting anti-venom and treating rotting flesh. The medical establishment is pretty much eaten up with money corruption in so many ways it is quite scary. Yet, at times they are most needed and helpful. But not during the first 10 minutes after you are bit by a very bad critter like a poisonous snake, wasp, bee, spider, scorpion, etc. You don't have to have a doctor's degree to figure out the best thing to do is to get that poison out as fast as possible. Buy a Sawyer Bite Kit for each of your vehicles. Place one in the glove compartment of each vehicle as well as one at home. This is good insurance for you and yours especially as the medical care becomes more and more corrupt or even not available for more folks.
Vinegar: Buy at least 4 gallons of vinegar (5% acetic acid). Or if you are trying to save space buy one gallon of 30% acetic acid. You are not going to save much money over buying the cheapest vinegar you can find at WalMart or other retailer. But if you don't have a lot of space you can store 6 gallons of 30% acetic acid in a one-gallon space. You can make 6 gallons of vinegar (5% acetic acid) from that 1 gallon of 30% acetic acid.
Vinegar will help kill out fungus growing on your skin. It is great for killing out athlete's foot and dissolving plantar warts (viral) on feet. You will need to soak your affected foot or feet for at least 30 minutes each day in vinegar to kill out either of these skin problems. Usually, within a week you will see a marked improvement even in the worse of situations. Warts can also be addressed by placing a 40% salicylic acid patch over the wart. I have not tried the patches which I found and bought at WalMart recently. I know the vinegar works through practical experience. I am also pretty sure the salicylic acid patch will help. I just don't know which will work better since I don't have any experience with the acid patch. If you have a lot of planar warts or other it will most likely be easier and more effective to soak the entire area in vinegar for around 30 minutes at a time.
55 Gallon (or smaller) Steel Drums with a removable lid that can be sealed: Rodents can and will gnaw through plastic containers, like 5-gallon plastic buckets. If you are depending upon plastic to keep rodents out, you may be in for a surprise when you need your food supply the most. Store food and any products with associated smell in steel drums. The cheapest and most available are the 55-gallon drums. Make sure these drums are clean of any nasty chemicals. It is best to buy drums that only stored food in the past. You can easily find 55-gallon drums with lids for $15 to $25 each in most locations. Make sure the lids fit round on the top the drum and will tighten down to form a continuous seal.
Canik TP9SA: This 9 mm hand gun has been the best for my small handed wife. It is quite a bit cheaper than other 9 mm hand guns. We have run 1000's of rounds through my wife's TP9SA without any misfires or jams. I spent 3 months on the range at least once each week shooting with my spouse before she selected this gun as her favorite. After comparing over a dozen handguns on the range, the Canik TP9SA was the best for her small hands regardless of the price. And it had one of the lowest price tags too. This is a great 9 mm handgun. And for the money you can't go wrong, especially if you have smaller hands.
120 mm Military tubes: The shells for the M1 tank are 120 mm. Each one of these shells is protected in a separate steel tube. These water tight tubes are great for storing and/or hiding rifles, guns, ammo, etc since they form a water tight seal. You really don't want to be storing expensive guns and ammo and other in a storage unit that could be broken in while you are not there. Store your expensive items at an underground location you are well aware of and can find after burying. Let a few others in your family that you trust know where that location is so if you are not around, they can retrieve your cache. The 120 mm tubes are the best I have found for storing small items underground. Cover the top with plastic bags to keep the dirt out of the lever-lock mechanism of this great underground storage container before you bury it.
Concentrated Permethrin: Concentrated Permethrin can easily be diluted with water to a 1% solution. Or you can just buy the 1% solution from Sawyer or other. Spray your socks, shoes, pants legs to repel pests like ticks, fleas, and chiggers. Allow your shoes and clothes to dry before putting them on. This will help to repel these nasty pests. You can buy 36.8% Permethrin on Amazon or other that will allow you to make 36.7 times the volume at a much cheaper price than buying 1% solutions. Of course, you are going to need to take precautions when you dilute your concentrated solution down. You can buy clothes that are already treated with Permethrin. But eventually you will wash away the permethrin after enough washings. Having such clothes is great for now and at the beginning of a catastrophic event. Having concentrated permethrin to extend your bug protection as long as possible is recommended.
Food Grade Activated Charcoal: Food grade activated charcoal is a tremendous absorbent for poison. My son-in-law is an emergency room doctor. He uses activated charcoal to flush patients that have or may have swallowed certain poisons. You may not hear much about the tremendous ability of activated charcoal to help save the lives of those who have been poisoned. I guess this is because it is so cheap to make and buy, at least in bulk. I bought a 25 pounds of food grade activated charcoal years ago at very reasonable costs. Anytime any in my family, including myself, have the runs or vomiting (after the vomiting stops), I insist they take a teaspoon or more of activated charcoal. Such will quickly absorb poisons in your GI tract. Depending upon the poison and how much of the poison, such rather inexpensive therapy could save a life. Well, the emergency room doctors believe in it. And they are right about its use. Nothing better is to be found to absorb poison either on the skin or in the GI tract.
Gun and Ammo info: I have been hunting and toting a rifle or other firearm now for over 50 years. I don't know how many times I have been to Front Sight in Nevada for firearm training. Each class is 4 days of day long and sometime nightlong training. I try to learn everything I can about guns and ammo as well as improve my skill. There is a massive amount to learn and to consider. Recently, I subscribed to a monthly magazine called Gun Tests. I know enough to know they are on the right tract to bringing you the real nuts and bolts about different firearms, accessories, and ammo. So, I am recommending this magazine for you to read and to learn what you can while you still can about the many firearms, accessories and ammo. You can contact Gun Tests at email@example.com I recently, paid $20 for a yearly subscription. It is well worth the $20 for the information you will be getting from Gun Tests. This will be money well spent if you are serious about improving your arms and skill-at-arms situation.
Terral's Newsletter and Survival Group: Terral uses good logic in his approach of determining what is going on with the Earth. Just recently volcanic activity went up worldwide just as Terral logically predicted months before such actually happened. Terral was a little off on the date, but not by much. Complete accuracy does not really matter if you are preparing before the dates that Terral is proposing. We are going to be looking at another near-side-alignment next May 2019. My plan is to continue to monitor what Terral has to say each week. He is right enough and close enough to the dates when seismic and volcanic activity increased tremendously twice each year. Being aware of Terral's proposed dates helps me in my survival prep. Developing a schedule of preparation to be as ready as possible by the end of every April for geographic catastrophes is certainly worthwhile. It is well worth while to subscribe both to Terral's newsletter and survival group. I have found valuable associations within Terral's survival group which have been very worthwhile for my survival prep.
Each of these 9 items is part of my survival prep. In certain survival situations they can and will be of great help, perhaps even critical, to you and your family. I hope this short article can be of help to you in your survival prep.
This article is posted in Terral's 2018 Newsletter 22.
Complimentary link: https://goo.gl/i2AdP7
Get more information, support the research and subscribe to the Newsletter-Survival Group Programs at https://www.terral03.com.
Contact Terral: firstname.lastname@example.com
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Our NHS Complaints Advocates are there to help you understand and support you through the NHS complaints process.
Our service provides you with the information you need so that you, or someone you know, can pursue a complaint by yourself or with the support of an experienced advocate.If you have particular needs, please let us know what these are and we will do our best to meet them.
The NHS has a specific complaints procedure for when you wish to complain about your healthcare. An NHS complaint might be about an issue or incident with:
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Advocates aim to enable you to have the information, confidence and skills to make your complaint.
Advocates can help you explore your options at the different complaint stages and can give you information that can help you to decide what you want to do.
What does an Advocate do?
- Throughout the complaints process an Advocate might also do some or all of the following:
- Give you information about different NHS complaints processes
- Help you to put together the issues you want to raise in your complaint
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- Support you during the complaints process by writing letters, attending meetings and supporting you to decide what to do at each stage
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NHS Complaints Advocacy is free, confidential and independent of the NHS
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You can complain on behalf of a child less than 18 years old. The organisation you are complaining to must be confident the child cannot complain themselves before they consider the complaint. You can also make a complaint on behalf of a friend or relative but they will need to agree to this in writing. If the person may lack mental capacity, the NHS may need confirmation to respond.
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Not everyone needs the support of an Advocate to make their complaint. For example, some people just want to know how the complaint system works or know who they should send a letter of complaint to.


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If there was any doubt Khloe & Tristan have put the whole "cheating and embarrassing her in front the world" thing behind them, we have video of the couple doing something they'd never do if they were fighting.
Working out together.
Khloe just had baby True a couple months ago, and Tristan is trying to keep his world-class NBA physique in peak second-place form, so they hit a session together and posted the whole thing.
The couple's been seen all over town recently, hitting up hot spots and showing off a united front for the paparazzi, letting everyone know it's all good, so the joint sweat session shouldn't be a surprise.
As for the workout ... KK opted for cardio with light resistance, while TT went for strength.
Let's hope he's stronger than he was last year.


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Their new knowledge and skills were gained at the "Through Our Lens" workshop, brought to Rarotonga last week by New Zealand Maori film maker and director Libby Hakaraia and the team at Maoriland CharitableTrust and Film Festival.
The workshop ran from Friday September 29 to Monday October 2, and was attended by 14 aspiring young filmmakers.
Hakaria said the "Through Our Lens" workshop began in New Zealand through Maoriland Film Festival. It was developed with the aim of growing and developing the next generation of film makers in the South Pacific.
Organised through locally-based Motone Productions, the workshop provided an excellent opportunity for young Cook Islanders to learn film-making skills and develop their own creative concepts.
Motone directors Mo Newport and his wife Glenda Tuaine said the project had been "a wonderful experience" for everybody involved.
"We are especially grateful to the Maoriland Charitable Trust for bringing over a project like this and working with Motone to pull it together," Tuaine said.
She added that it's not common for such skilled individuals to share their abilities freely with others and thought it was a wonderful experience to see film makers wanting to share their knowledge with young people.
"Sometimes film-making skills can be 'locked in' and some people prefer not to give of their time, but this workshop was an example of how we can help build into the next generation by providing a path for potential film makers.
The workshop allowed young Cook Islanders to connect creatively and Tuaine said as it progressed, a positive environment was quickly established.
"Over a very short period of time, the participants were able to share ideas and concepts and broke out of their shyness and timidity."
The workshop also reinforced the fact that there is plenty of creative and artistic talent among Cook Islanders. Tuiane said local talent simply needed to be fostered and further developed, and workshops were a good way to make it happen.
Emerging out of New Zealand is a community of creative people who know each other through festivals, films, theatre and music, and that's how Tuaine and Hakaraia have become long-time friends.
"There is a cluster of likeminded people spread out throughout the Pacific who really want to see projects developed and that have commitment sustainable creativity," Tuaine said.
"It's about sharing and letting other people enjoy learning and assisting young people to get on their desired career path in creativity."
Hakaraia said she was particularly impressed with the strength of the story-telling skills among the young people she worked with.
"I thought they had very clear ideas and were able to articulate them.
"It isn't an easy thing to do, to come in and be creative and follow through all the way, but they all did."
On the last day of the workshop - Libby called it the "grunt day", she was surprised to see all 14 students stick around until the very end.
"Usually we get a few drop-offs on the third day normally. But when I looked around on Monday morning, all the participants were well involved."
Maoriland Film Festival began five years ago and every year in March films are played to over 10,000 people in Otaki, New Zealand.
The three films created during the workshop will be played at the film festival in March 2018, which previewed on Monday night at Club Raro resort.
Motone Productions and the 14 aspiring film makers are thankful to the Maoriland team -Libby Hakaraia, Tutamure Nikora, Te Awarangi Puna, Madeline De Young, Patch and Tania Hakaraia and Kaia Hakaraia.
They also thank Island Car and Bike Hire, Vaima Water, Captain Tama's, New Zealand High Commissioner Peter Marshall, and Titikaveka College for their support.


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As an avid sky watcher I follow the night sky from season to season. The constellations of the zodiac are as familiar as old friends, always in the same place on the same month each year.
I have made several mandalas using the symbols of the zodiac as design elements. But this fern mandala had natural "windows" in it that invited me to draw the constellations as well as the corresponding symbols.
Thursday, October 28, 2010
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72 Cranbrook Ht Se, Calgary
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DRASTICALLY BELOW REPLACEMENT COST, this gorgeous home has it all!! Timeless elegance & luxury is yours in this classic masterpiece with unobstructed views of the river valley & mountains! Custom built, situated on the top of the ridge & the end of a cul de sac. This home showcases gorgeous curb appeal with professional landscaping IN EXCESS OF $100,000! The quality craftsmanship of this Albi Home is shown in the abundance of luxurious upgrades & finishing...10' ceilings on the main; 9' ceilings on the upper level; huge gourmet kitchen with designer full height cabinetry, enormous island with dual sinks & prep station, granite counters, high end appliances & a large walk-thru pantry; beautiful hardwood flooring; huge windows with unobstructed views & custom window coverings...just to name a few! The main level, with it's open & spacious floorplan is perfect for entertaining...plus opens to the huge MAINTENANCE FREE DECK! Completing this level is a private den & large mudroom. **CONTINUES... Completing this level is a private den & large mudroom. The upper level features a refined Master Suite with a vestibule to welcome you in. The lavish ensuite offers His & Hers sinks, custom cabinetry, large soaker tub, oversized tiled shower with 10mm glass and a customized walk-in closet that is a dream! There are 2 additional generous sized bedrooms, a huge bonus room with a 10' ceiling & built-in bookshelf, full bathroom plus convenient upper laundry room. Professionally finished by the Builder, the walkout basement offers a charming family room with 2nd fireplace, huge rec room, 4th bedroom & 3pc bathroom (with large tiled shower with 10mm glass)...with 9' ceilings! You will love the SOUTH FACING BACKYARD...synthetic grass, covered patio, amazing custom stone work, play structure with rubber playground tiles, trees, shrubs, drip irrigation, wired outdoor lighting...plus HUGE SIDE YARD with room for a garden! OVERSIZED TRIPLE GARAGE with EPOXY FLOOR, exposed aggregate driveway, A/C. AMAZING VALUE!
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Cul-De-Sac, Environmental Reserve, Estate Property, Fenced, Landscaped, Low Maintenance Landscape, No Back Lane, No Through Road, Park/Reserve, Playground Nearby, Private Setting, Schools, See Remarks, Shopping Nearby, View, River Valley View
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MLS® # C4254953 - 5 Beds, 3 Baths, 3,185 Sf
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MLS® # C4253420 - 5 Beds, 4 Baths, 3,044 Sf
Disclaimer: Information herein deemed reliable but not guaranteed by CREB®.
Listing information last updated on June 25th, 2019 at 12:30pm MDT.


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Aptly named, the square is located right in the town square, in the heart of copenhagen. Its excellent location makes shopping and sightseeing hassle-free. The entrance to the famous tivoli garden is just metres away and the hotel looks over to the main shopping street. The square is the first 'designer' hotel to open in copenhagen, its contemporary and fashionable design in both rooms and public areas has proved very popular with visitors to the city, since opening their doors in may 2003. Fashionable, sleek and hip - the square is the place to be seen in copenhagen.
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