text:
- Research article
- Open Access
Field transcriptome revealed critical developmental and physiological transitions involved in the expression of growth potential in japonicarice
- Yutaka Sato†1,
- Baltazar Antonio†1Email author,
- Nobukazu Namiki2,
- Ritsuko Motoyama1,
- Kazuhiko Sugimoto1,
- Hinako Takehisa1,
- Hiroshi Minami2,
- Kaori Kamatsuki2,
- Makoto Kusaba3,
- Hirohiko Hirochika1 and
- Yoshiaki Nagamura1
© Sato et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011
- Received: 29 September 2010
- Accepted: 12 January 2011
- Published: 12 January 2011
Plant growth depends on synergistic interactions between internal and external signals, and yield potential of crops is a manifestation of how these complex factors interact, particularly at critical stages of development. As an initial step towards developing a systems-level understanding of the biological processes underlying the expression of overall agronomic potential in cereal crops, a high-resolution transcriptome analysis of rice was conducted throughout life cycle of rice grown under natural field conditions.
A wide range of gene expression profiles based on 48 organs and tissues at various developmental stages identified 731 organ/tissue specific genes as well as 215 growth stage-specific expressed genes universally in leaf blade, leaf sheath, and root. Continuous transcriptome profiling of leaf from transplanting until harvesting further elucidated the growth-stage specificity of gene expression and uncovered two major drastic changes in the leaf transcriptional program. The first major change occurred before the panicle differentiation, accompanied by the expression of RFT1, a putative florigen gene in long day conditions, and the downregulation of the precursors of two microRNAs. This transcriptome change was also associated with physiological alterations including phosphate-homeostasis state as evident from the behavior of several key regulators such as miR399. The second major transcriptome change occurred just after flowering, and based on analysis of sterile mutant lines, we further revealed that the formation of strong sink, i.e., a developing grain, is not the major cause but is rather a promoter of this change.
Our study provides not only the genetic basis for functional genomics in rice but also new insight into understanding the critical physiological processes involved in flowering and seed development, that could lead to novel strategies for optimizing crop productivity.
- Gene Ontology
- Leaf Blade
- Shoot Apical Meristem
- Leaf Sheath
- Transcriptome Change
The high quality sequence of Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica cv. Nipponbare genome elucidated the entire genetic blueprint of a major cereal crop that provides food for almost half the world population [1]. Subsequently, complete annotation of every trancriptional unit has become an enormous challenge not only for a complete understanding of the biology of rice, but more importantly, for efficient utilization of that information for genomics-based crop improvement [2–4]. Gene expression profiling is an important strategy for obtaining knowledge on presumed function of genes that comprise an organism [5]. Microarray analyses of the rice transcriptome encompassing different cell types [6], tissues and organs [7], specific stages of growth and development [8, 9], and specific treatment conditions [10, 11] have generated a large amount of information that provides initial clues for understanding the function of genes based on their time, place and level of expression in the plant.
Although rapid progress has been made during the last decade in understanding genes involved in developmental transitions, particularly the vegetative transition (juvenile-to-adult) and the transition to flowering [12–14], the physiological changes associated with phase transition have been poorly defined. Recently, microarray analysis of the vegetative transition in maize revealed that photosynthesis related genes are upregulated in the juvenile phase [15]. The changes in physiological state of the plant triggered by internal or external stimuli under natural field condition are thought to be reflected as corresponding changes in the transcriptome. However, the global configuration and complexity of the transcriptome that underlies physiological processes has not been scrutinized in sufficient depth particularly in a cereal crop. In order to understand these transcriptional programs reflecting physiological states it is essential to monitor the expression profiles of a large number of genes, including uncharacterized ones, throughout the life cycle of the rice plant in the field and to do this at high resolution.
Here, we establish a field transcriptome profile of the model rice cultivar, Nipponbare, by spatiotemporal gene expression analysis of 48 tissues and organs at various stages of growth and by continuous gene expression profiling of leaves at weekly intervals from transplanting until harvesting. Our gene expression profiling provides baseline information for functional characterization of genes revealed by the complete sequencing of the rice genome and for more exhaustive annotation of the elucidated genome. More importantly, we uncovered two drastic changes of leaf transcriptional programs reflecting growth stage-specific gene expression signatures that not only confirmed previously known physiological processes but also established new insights into developmental plant physiology that were never before demonstrated by studies involving non-global or semi-global approaches.
Results and Discussion
Generation of gene expression profiles covering various tissues and organs
Samples used in spatiotemporal gene expression profiling
Sample ID
Sampling details
Leaf blade
27 days after transplanting_12:00
Leaf blade
27 days after transplanting_24:00
Leaf blade
76 days after transplanting_12:00
Leaf blade
76 days after transplanting_24:00
Leaf blade
125 days after transplanting_12:00
Leaf blade
125 days after transplanting_24:00
Leaf sheath
27 days after transplanting_12:00
Leaf sheath
27 days after transplanting_24:00
Leaf sheath
76 days after transplanting_12:00
Leaf sheath
76 days after transplanting_24:00
27 days after transplanting_12:00
27 days after transplanting_24:00
76 days after transplanting_12:00
76 days after transplanting_24:00
83 days after transplanting_12:00
83 days after transplanting_24:00
90 days after transplanting_12:00
90 days after transplanting_24:00
Inflorescence length 0.6-1.0 mm
Inflorescence length 3.0-4.0 mm
Inflorescence length 5.0-10.0 mm
Anther length 0.3-0.6 mm
Anther length 0.7-1.0 mm
Anther length 1.2-1.5 mm
Anther length 1.6-2.0 mm
Pistil from 05-10 cm inflorescence
Pistil from 10-14 cm inflorescence
Pistil from 14-18 cm inflorescence
Lemma from 1.5-2.0 mm floret
Palea from 1.5-2.0 mm floret
Lemma from 4.0-5.0 mm floret
Palea from 4.0-5.0 mm floret
Lemma from >7.0 mm floret
Palea from >7.0 mm floret
Ovary at 1 day after flowering_10:00
Ovary at 3 days after flowering_10:00
Ovary at 5 days after flowering_10:00
Ovary at 7 days after flowering_10:00
Embryo at 07 days after flowering_10:00
Embryo at 10 days after flowering_10:00
Embryo at 14 days after flowering_10:00
Embryo at 28 days after flowering_10:00
Embryo at 42 days after flowering_10:00
Endosperm at 07 days after flowering_10:00
Endosperm at 10 days after flowering_10:00
Endosperm at 14 days after flowering_10:00
Endosperm at 28 days after flowering_10:00
Endosperm at 42 days after flowering_10:00
Organ/tissue-specific gene expression
Many seed-specific genes (Cluster 3) were expressed in both the embryo and endosperm or in the endosperm alone, while only a small number of genes showed embryo-specific expression (Figure 2). In addition, most of the seed-specific genes were induced from 5 days after flowering, when the embryo sac cavities are fully filled with endosperm cells and starch accumulation has been initiated, suggesting that most seed-specific genes are involved in grain filling and seed maturation. Among the 41 transcription factors showing organ or tissue-specific expression, 29 genes were seed-specific. These genes include OsVP1, which is an ortholog of the Arabidopsis ABA insensitive 3 (ABI3), and a homologue of Leafy cotyledon 1 (LEC1) (See Additional file 4), transcription factors that function in seed maturation [17]. The 29 seed-specific transcription factors contain 3 MADS-, 4 NAC-, 5 AP2-EREBP-, and 7 CCAAT-family genes. MADS-, NAC-, and CCAAT- family genes tend to express mainly in endosperm, and the expression of MADS genes were induced at early stages of seed development (from 1 to 14 DAF) in contrast with NAC and CCAAT genes which were expressed at the later stages (from 5 to 42 DAF) (See Additional file 5). On the other hand, AP2-EREBP genes were expressed mainly in embryo throughout seed development. These results suggested that each family of transcription factor might have a distinct function in embryo/endosperm development and grain filling. The seed-specific genes expressed at the early developmental stage include SLRL2 [18], a repressor of gibberellin (GA) signaling, and OsETR2;2 [19], a putative ethylene receptor that negatively regulates ethylene signaling, suggesting that repression of GA and ethylene signaling might also play a role in seed development.
The inflorescence specific genes (cluster 7) include LAX PANICE (LAX) and FRIZZY PANICLE (FZP). LAX gene encodes a putative transcriptional regulator containing a helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain, which plays a role in axillary meristem formation [20, 21] whereas FZP, an ERF transcription factor, represses the formation of the axillary meristem and establishes the spikelet meristem identity [22]. Differentiation of floral organs is more complex than other parts of the plant. Among them, the anther showed a unique feature in which most of the anther-specific genes (Cluster 1) were expressed only in a particular developmental stage (Figure 2). These results indicate the complex regulation of gene expression in both the gametophytic and sporophytic tissues during anther development [9]. Pollen-specific genes contained 4 transcription factors, one of which encodes Tapetum Degeneration Retardation (TDR), a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor [23]. TDR is a putative ortholog in rice of ABORTED MICROSPORES (AMS) in Arabidopsis, which play a role in tapetal cell development and postmeiotic microspore formation [24], and has recently been reported to interact with two bHLH proteins, AtbHLH089 and AtbHLH091 [25]. Os04g0599300 encodes a close homolog of AtbHLH089 and AtbHLH091, and is also involved in pollen-specific expressed genes, implying that in rice TDR would interact with the bHLH protein encoded by Os04g0599300 as in Arabidopsis. These results suggest that a wide range of expression profiling can be very useful as well in elucidating the interactome in cereal crops. In comparison with the anther, only a few specific genes were identified in the pistil (Cluster 2), where megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis occur. This is probably because rice has a monocarpellary ovary with a single ovule and transcripts associated with such events may be masked.
To characterize the expression profile of lemma and palea, we performed a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; FDR < 0.05) using tissues (lemma/palea) and the sizes corresponding to the developmental stages as factors. The two-way ANOVA identified 23 genes that were differentially expressed between lemma and palea, irrespective of the developmental stages, while 20,007 genes showed differential expression among the stages, irrespective of the tissues. None of genes showed interaction between the two factors. The results implied that lemma and palea have similar transcriptome profile as predicted from the similar morphology and function. However, among the 23 genes, 13 genes encode transcription factors including DROOPING LEAF [26] and MOSAIC FLORAL ORGANS1/OsMADS6 [27] which were expressed specifically in the lemma and palea, respectively (See Additional file 6), suggesting that these transcription factors maybe key regulators in the differentiation of lemma and palea.
Diurnal and growth stage-specific gene expression
In the leaf blade, leaf sheath, and root, the expression of many genes also showed growth-stage specific signatures. We extracted 215 genes that universally showed changes in expression in all 3 of these tissues from vegetative to reproductive stages (Figure 3B; See Additional file 8). These genes included four MADS box transcription factors, OsMADS1, OsMADS14, OsMADS15, and OsMADS18, which were highly expressed in the reproductive phase. OsMADS14 and OsMADS15 are homologs to an Arabidopsis floral identity gene APETALA1, and were reported to be induced by Hd3a and RFT1, rice orthologs of Arabidopsis florigen gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) [30, 31]. Hd3a and RFT1 are synthesized in leaf blade and transported to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) through phloem as a florigen [31, 32]. Although the expression of OsMADS14 and OsMADS15 may not be directly affected by Hd3a and RFT1 particularly in roots, the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase may have induced the changes in the transcriptome of vegetative organs resulting in the expression of such reproductive organ identity genes. Among the universally downregulated genes going from the vegetative to reproductive phase, we also found a number of phosphate (Pi)-starvation induced genes which may be related to the physiological state transition associated with the reproductive phase change as discussed below.
Continuous gene expression profiling throughout the entire growth cycle in the field
First major transcriptome change associated with reproductive transition
We observed the reduction of miR169 precursors at the first transcriptome change (Figure 5C; See Additional file 10). The target of miR169 is the HAP2 type transcription factor (also as known as NF-YA), which is thought to be involved in various traits, e.g., flowering and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis [34, 35], and nodule development in Medicago truncatula [36]. Ten HAP2 genes have been identified in rice [37]. The expression of six HAP2 genes with the predicted miR169 target sites in their 3' UTRs (OsHAP2C, D, E, F, G, and H) increased in the first transcriptome change, but those of two HAP2 genes without a target site (OsHAP2A and OsHAP2B) did not change (See Additional file 10), suggesting the function of miR169 in the regulation of HAP2 expression in the first major transcriptome change. In Arabidopsis, CONSTANS (CO), which contains a CCT domain, is the key regulator of flowering genes [38, 39]. The CCT domain exhibits similarity to a domain of HAP2, which mediates the formation of the HAP trimeric complex, HAP2/HAP3/HAP5. It has been suggested that replacement of CO with AtHAP2 in the HAP trimeric complex by overexpression of AtHAP2 delays flowering via down-regulation of FT [34]. In SD-flowering rice plants, the CCT-domain containing proteins Hd1 and Ghd7 regulate flowering by repressing expression of the florigen genes in LD [40–42]. Wei et al. [43] has reported that DTH8 QTL for days-to-heading encodes a putative HAP3 subunit for the trimeric HAP2/HAP3/HAP5 complex and suppresses flowering in LD, and further speculated that the formation of the Hd1/DTH8/HAP5 and Ghd7/DTH8/HAP5 complex might be associated with the suppression of flowering by the downregulation of Ehd1 and Hd3a in LD. In this scenario, increased expression of OsHAP2 caused by miR169 reduction promotes reproductive transition in rice through functional inhibition of the CCT-domain containing proteins and the resultant induction of RFT1 expression, which was observed at the first major transcriptional change. Three of the six HAP2 genes were universally upregulated in root as well as leaf from vegetative to reproductive stages (See Additional file 8). In plant, HAP system has been thought to play diverged roles in gene transcription because each subunit in HAP complex, HAP2/HAP3/HAP5, represents a gene family [37, 44]. For example, it has been reported that NFYA5, a HAP2 type transcriptional factor regulated by miR169, is important for drought resistance in Arabidopsis [35]. Therefore, miR169-mediated HAP2 genes expression might synchronously regulate not only flowering time but also other agronomically important traits such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.
We extracted 1,316 genes with different expression patterns at 41 DAT and 48 DAT. A total of 357 upregulated and 333 downregulated genes were then selected based on their similarity in expression patterns from the results of hierarchical cluster analysis (See Additional file 11 and 12). The upregulated genes comprised a large number of 'newly expressed' genes, which were hardly detectable at 34 and 41 DAT (See Additional file 11). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that the genes encoding protein kinase were significantly enriched among the upregulated genes (Figure 5D). The results indicated that many signal transduction pathways accompanied by protein phosphorylation processes participate in the transition between phase 1 and phase 2. A number of genes that are induced under Pi-starvation conditions were downregulated from 41 to 48 DAT [45, 46]. In Arabidopsis, regulation of miR399 and the ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme gene PHO2 plays a central role in the maintenance of Pi homeostasis [47, 48]. miR399 generated in shoots serves as a long-distance signal that represses PHO2 in roots under Pi-starvation conditions, resulting in activation of Pi uptake and translocation [49, 50]. Five precursors of miR399 were downregulated in leaves before the initiation of panicle development and the potential rice ortholog, OsPHO2 [47], was upregulated in roots, suggesting an alteration of Pi homeostasis at this stage (Figure 5E; See Additional file 13). MGD2 and MGD3 encode type-B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthase and are involved in Pi-starvation induced lipid remodeling for Pi-recycling, a typical response of Pi starvation [51]. Os08g0299400, a close homolog of MGD2 and MGD3 of Arabidopsis, was 225.4-fold downregulated from 41 DAT to 48 DAT, consistent with the relaxation of Pi demand described above. PHR1 is a key transcriptional activator in controlling Pi uptake and allocation, and the PHR1 binding motif is often found in the upstream regions of Arabidopsis genes induced by Pi-starvation [52]. The PHR1 binding motif was enriched in the 1-kb upstream regions of the 333 downregulated genes, further supporting the alteration of Pi homeostasis (See Additional file 14). The expression of many Pi-response genes was changed in leaf sheath and root as well as leaf blade in the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phases (See Additional file 8). These observations strongly suggest that the rice plant undergoes a change in Pi homeostasis at the vegetative-reproductive phase transition. Pi is an important nutrient for increasing the number of tillers, one of the components of grain yield. The high demand for Pi during vegetative stage may be vital for proper development of tillers and rice plants may not need much Pi after the reproductive-phase transition, when few tillers are produced.
Taken together, the first transcriptome change involves not only the initiation of panicle development but also various aspects of the physiological state, which might be prerequisite for proper flowering and later developmental stages. The drastic phase change in shoot apical meristem is initiated by long-distance transport of FT family protein synthesized in leaves. Our results suggest that changes in physiological state also occurred in other tissues and organs, at least at the same time of induction of FT-like gene expression in leaves under the natural field conditions, and revealed interesting trends suggesting the potential role of similar or related signaling events in mediating the transcriptome change. One possibility is that floral transition and the shift in Pi homeostasis are parallel consequences of the same signaling event. Another is that the transcriptomes associated with Pi homeostasis and floral transition were consequences of independent signaling that happened to be developmentally coincident of each other. Although plant development is thought to be a continuous process, the phase transition maybe characterized by a transcriptome which is distinguishable from both the vegetative and reproductive phases. Further studies using various growth conditions as well as various cultivars and mutant lines maybe necessary to clarify the machinery of phase change.
Second major transcriptome change associated with senescence
By spatiotemporal gene expression profiling, we were able to clarify organ/tissue-specific, diurnal, and growth stage-specific gene expression signatures throughout the entire growth cycle under natural field conditions. Our analysis also highlights the synchronized change of gene expression across separate organs and tissues suggesting the possible involvement of a long distance signaling mechanism in developmental and diurnal gene expression. Consistent with this, we found that rice florigen gene and miR399 expressed in leaves have direct effects on gene activity in other organs. More importantly, we have identified two major changes of leaf transcriptional programs reflecting growth stage-specific gene expression signatures. The drastic change in phosphate-homeostasis state before the panicle differentiation as evident from the behavior of several key regulators such as miR399 under the natural field conditions maybe associated with reproductive processes involved in expression of agronomic traits that determine crop yield. Taken together, a field transcriptome obtained by a wide range of gene expression profiling provided not only baseline information for functional characterization of genes but also revealed critical developmental and physiological transitions involved in the expression of growth potential under natural field conditions. With the accompanying gene expression profile database, RiceXPro [63]http://ricexpro.dna.affrc.go.jp/, our resources on gene expression profiling may contribute to innovative crop improvements that have not yet been tried in classical or molecular breeding.
Plant materials and sampling
Rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica cv. Nipponbare) seeds were sown in germinating boxes. At 30 days after germination, the seedlings were transplanted in a paddy field in Tsukuba, Japan (~36°N) and grown under normal conditions during the 2008 cultivation season. To clarify the effect of sink formation during leaf senescence, three sterile Tos17 insertion mutant lines http://tos.nias.affrc.go.jp/~miyao/pub/tos17/, namely, pair1 (ND0016) [55], pair2 (NC0122) [56, 57], and mel1-1 (NC0005) [58], were also grown in the field in 2009 for leaf sampling. Fertile plants (homozygous or heterozygous) derived from a segregating population were used for comparison. All samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until RNA isolation.
Microarray analysis
Total RNA was isolated from each plant sample using RNeasy plant mini kit (QIAGEN). For endosperm samples, total RNA was isolated by phenol extraction [64], and further purified using the mini spin column from the RNeasy plant mini kit. The extracted RNA was quantified using NanoDrop ND-1000 UV-VIS spectrophotometer (NanoDrop) and checked for quality using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). One-color spike-mix was added to the total RNA prior to the labeling reaction. Labeling was performed using a Quick Amp Labeling Kit, One-Color (Agilent Technologies) in the presence of cyanine-3 (Cy3)-CTP according to the manufacturer's protocol. For microarray hybridization, 1650 ng of Cy3-labeled cRNA (except for samples with low cRNA yield) was fragmented and hybridized on a slide of rice 4 × 44K microarray RAP-DB (Agilent; G2519F#15241) at 65°C for 17 hours. Hybridization and washing of the hybridized slides were performed according to the manufacturer's instruction. Slides were scanned on the Agilent G2505B DNA microarray scanner, and background correction of the Cy3 raw signals was performed using the Agilent Feature Extraction software (version 188.8.131.52).
Statistical analysis
The processed raw signal intensity of all probes (45,151) were subjected to 75 percentile normalization with GeneSpringGX11 for inter-array comparison (Agilent Technologies) and transformed to log2 scale. A total of 35,760 probes were extracted after the normalization and used for analysis of the gene expression profile of various organs/tissues from 143 microarray data. For comparison of expression patterns of each gene, we performed an additional normalization procedure. The median expression values across the data used for each analysis were subtracted for each gene. The gene-normalized values were assigned as relative expression values. Analysis of the continuous expression profiles comprising of 51 microarray data, was based on 29,119 probes with raw signal intensities above 100 in at least one sample. Unpaired t-test and PCA were performed with the GeneSpringGX11. In the t-test, the p values were adjusted for multiple testing by the Benjamine and Hochberg's method to correct the false discovery rate (FDR). For hierarchical cluster analyses in Additional file 11 and 16, we used the uncentered Pearson correlation and centroid linkage algorithm with relative expression values with the GeneSpringGX11. We performed statistical analysis of sterile and fertile lines using expression profiles of ND0016, NC0122, and NC0005 as three replicates. Analysis was based on 24,577 probes with raw signal intensities above 100 in at least one sample. The heat maps in Figure 2, 4, Additional file 3, and 5 were constructed using heatmap.2 in the "gplots" package of R program http://www.R-project.org. Clustering of fertile and sterile lines in Figure 6C were performed based on correlation distance and complete linkage with normalized signal intensities of 24,577 probes using the R program.
Extraction of organ/tissue-specific expressed genes
We used Shannon entropy to evaluate the organ and tissue specificity of gene expression [16]. The raw signal intensity values were applied to quantile normalization and transformed to log2 scale with GenespringGX11 prior to calculation of Shannon entropy. We selected a total of 731 organ/tissue-specific genes with entropy values below 4.5 and relative expression values above 8 in at least one sample. Transcription factors contained in the organ/tissue-specific genes were extracted based on the information in PlnTFDB [65]
Analysis of miRNA expression
In addition to the 35,760 probes, the rice 4x44K microarray RAP-DB contains 340 independent probes for the precursors of microRNAs with two different probes designed for each precursor. We used these probes to examine the expression of miR169 and miR399.
GO analysis
For the GO analysis, generic GO annotated in RAP-DB was converted to GO slim using map2slim.pl script available from the go-perl page at CPAN http://search.cpan.org/~cmungall/go-perl/. For analysis of significantly enriched GO categories, we used the BiNGO plugin http://www.psb.ugent.be/cbd/papers/BiNGO/ for Cytoscape http://www.cytoscape.org/ with the default setting [66].
Accession number
The data discussed in this study have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) [67], and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE21494.
We thank Dr. Junko Kyozuka and Dr. Naoko Yasuno (Tokyo University) for observation of the meristem, Dr. Jun Wasaki (Hiroshima University) and Dr. Takeshi Izawa (National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences) for valuable comments and discussions, Dr. Benjamin Burr for critical reading of the manuscript, and all members of the Genome Resource Center for preparation of the samples. The rice sterile mutant lines used in this study were supplied by the National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences and the National Institute of Genetics in conjunction with the National Bioresource Project of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan. This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) of Japan (Genomics for Agricultural Innovation, RTR0002).
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Sauce mirin
Japanese national cuisine has long belong to the category of ancient traditions of culinary art. It is believed that in order to cook dishes of this country, not enough to stick to the recipe or what is called "fill the hand" in the folding rolls. Japanese cuisine is a philosophy, which involves a special attitude to food and the observance of specific rituals. Probably this ancient magic food that is hidden in seemingly simple products, and attracting more and more fans from all over the world.
It should be said that the main priority in Japanese cuisine, as in the old days, and is currently the product use, which he can bring to human health. And almost all the lovers of Japanese dishes to celebrate a harmonious and balanced combination of the most unusual ingredients and flavors. This situation can be explained by the variety of sauces, seasonings and spices, which are available to the Japanese masters. With their help, the individual components are transformed into integral dish that no doubt can be called a culinary masterpiece.
The land of the Rising sun boasts not only rice dishes, seafood and seaweed, but another equally original product under the name mirin sauce. But first a little history. Approximately in the 15th and 16th centuries Continue reading
Features of the Japanese cuisine
Japanese cuisine is considered one of the most ancient. It was a reflection of religious traditions and geographical situation of the country. For many Japanese dishes are the epitome of healthy food since they make use of mainly rice, variety of vegetables and fruits, seafood and fish. The main tool of the Japanese chefs are not pots or pans, and a knife. The technique of slicing fish and vegetables are so polished that a Japanese chef can hit your art even the most experienced colleagues from other countries. The products can be cut into slices, stripes, fancy flowers and leaves, fans, cubes, geometric shapes – imagination has no limits.
For the Japanese table is not characterized by the presence of a main dish. here there is diversity. The portions are small, but there is always plenty to choose from. Products, usually used seasonally, the only constant element of Japanese meal is rice, which is eaten at any time of the year. Almost until the nineteenth century, the Japanese did not consume meat, the levels of proteins made of soy and products based on it. Today on the Japanese table you can find dishes of pork, chicken and high quality beef.
Traditional products of Japanese cuisine
Japanese cuisine is familiar to many by ginger, seaweed, soy sauce and a variety Continue reading
What to bring from Japan? Souvenirs and gifts. • Japan • Asia • Countries
Mysterious Oriental country, Japan will amaze you with not only unique culture but also a lot of interesting things, fully reflects the national character of that state.
Certainly every tourist staying in Japan, was wondering what to bring from this unusual country? Let's consider some options of gifts.
First, this is the famous netsuke, which are miniature sculptures. Most often it is the image of gods and men, and animals. Netsuke can serve as a keychain, or individual souvenir. If you would like to purchase netsuke, go to the nearest gift shop – such figures can be found in almost every.
Secondly, if you go to Japan, you should pay attention to the so-called maneki-neko. Under this name hides one of the most common Japanese Souvenirs that are made from ceramics or porcelain. The sculpture depicts a cat with the raised paw that symbolizes good fortune and luck in life. This souvenir can be found in almost any souvenir shop.
In addition, a good souvenir brought from Japan, will be a special bell called Purina. These bells are manufactured from glass or metal. Also used bamboo or ceramic. A bell attached to a piece of paper on which outlines the poetic texts. Most often you can find such bells is rounded, however, we can see the product in the form of sticks, various Continue reading


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Hermione de Paula ~ 'Darlingtonia's Obsession' S/S '12
~ With a poetic beauty reminiscent of a Pre-Raphaelite painting, Hermione de Paula's spring/summer 2012 collection is a natural progression from her previous work. Feminine silhouettes constructed out of gossamer-light fabrics are covered with intricate floral prints hand-drawn to look as if they have wrapped themselves around the designs. "Darlingtonia's Obsession", is an ode to the kingdom of plants, as illustrated by images of the Cobra Lily plant in the collection's prints. Meanwhile, the maxi and mini-dresses, suits and ensembles are evocative of bohemia chanelled via Brooke Shields during her Pretty Baby era.
De Paula has been dubbed the print prodigy of British fashion. Before launching her label in 2008, the Central Saint Martins alumnus cultivated her sensibility while working for John Galliano and Alexander McQueen. Having recently caught the imagination of a number of independent boutiques, from Tokyo to Riyadh, the Devon native has earned particular applause for her unconventional prints, which have been sported by singer Florence Welch, who embodies the spirit of the clothes.
So what next for the designer? After coveted collaborations with Nicholas Kirkwood and ASOS, de Paula is in the process of introducing a luxury element to her line via embellishments and embroideries. Given her unusual take on flora, there is little doubt these ethereal pieces will become equally sought after. ~
From Tank zine || text by Tania Al-Farouki


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We draw clothed and costumed models about 3 times monthly at a local frame shop and Gallery.
The session's featured model will be Lavish Lace. Lavish Lace AKA Lacey
This will be Lavish Lace's first Figure Sketch session.
Monday, October 6th - 6-9pm CR Framing, 700 Harvest Park Dr. Brentwood, CA 94513
Model will take a variety of poses from 4 minutes up to 20 minutes or more.
Drawing fee - $15-20. Depending on attendance. Student fee - $10.
RSVP on Facebook - October 6th Figure Sketch
Check out the results of previous Figure Sketch Sessions at http://www.pinupshow.com/


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Trump has faced the wrath of journalists, reporters, and social media users over his remarks.' In fact, he even got a name as an "enemy of progress" This year in February on the seventeen had an issue with the American media where he told them to change their attitude and articulate problems affecting the people of the United States.
On his Twitter handle, most of the tweets are negative and had an attack primarily on with the North Koreans when they tied to show their might using The nuclear missiles. While at the oceanfront estate he accused the media as fake merely because they negatively portrayed his action and leadership in the running of the US economy.
In fact, in reply to a follower, he told one black man, "you can follow you black President wherever he is" This is about the former US who was a black. There was an outburst among his Twitter followers of which most of them condemned him for being a blatant racist. The resignation of a nominee in his the government was a clear indication of the extent to which some of his leadership skills have on the public servants.
Something uncommon with the media, they took to their platforms to condemn some of his weird actions. In his defense, he just said that the media blow simple things out of proportion to serve their masters. People now ask, which are our masters, do they now expect him to do wrong things and the media keeps quiet about them?
Online users took to the social networks to applaud the media for their unbiased reports. The press is supposed to be independent and say things as they are with no addition or subtraction to fulfill a political agenda.
Trump also came in to accuse the same media that they gain mileage by spreading malice. Of course, that is not the case, all he does is just to try and become relevant to substantiate some of his actions which have received negative publicity.
This was the time when Trump was seen to be emotional when giving a state of the nation address about his remarks. It was the news coming from Washington DC in a bid for the great president to show his might in a smart way of gaining control over the media. In his speech, he never spares the bloggers some online magazines and intelligence personnel who he accused of being behind leakage of some crucial information to the media
Trump said, how could these people have access to such top-level secret."
This is one President who is very active on Twitter and does not hesitate to publicly burst anyone who stands in his way or does not support his ideologies.
This is the day Trump came face to face with the wrath of mainstream media as well as online users. Although this is not a surprise, Trump, right from the campaign rallies, he had an arrogant attitude, and he never minced his words when he attacked his primary opponent, Hillary Clinton.


text: Looking for something close to town - well it doesn't get much closer than this. Situated on the edge of the CBD this property is within the councils business zoning and is only a few doors from the Tourist Information Centre and Town Hall. Neat and tidy with loads of potential. Two bedrooms.


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Swarn Malini Basant Ras (BRI.)
Swarna Malini Basant Ras is one of the effective and multi-purposes medicines that are extensively used for treating various health issues. It is used to cure your several health issues from the roots as well as to make you a healthy person. This ayurvedic medicine is available in the tablet form in the marker. Many of you people might have heard the name of this ayurvedic medicine at some point in your life. It is effective due to the presence of powerful natural herbs and ingredients. The medicinal proprieties of these herbs make it a potent ayurvedic medicine. In this article, we are going to tell you the astonishing health benefits of Swarna Malini Basant Ras.
Before going to the medicine, first of all, let's discuss some of the important facts of our one of the ancient or oldest treatment options known as Ayurveda. In the ancient times,Due to the lack of technology, there were no hospitals, health cares and medicines to annihilate and ameliorate myriad well-being issues. People used natural herbs and ingredients to cure the mild to severe health issues. They use nature as a healing system of treatment. The good thing was that the natural herbs are side effects free as well as capable to cure the health issues from the roots.
Can you imagine the relation between- Ayurveda and nature? Ayurveda is one of the natural and safe treatment options which use everything that nature gift us as free. Ayurveda uses natural ingredients and herbs to make ayurvedic medicines and they are side effects free. Our ancestors used Ayurveda for healing their body and to get a good health and Ayurveda is the only secret of their long and healthy life. Ayurveda is not only a treatment option but it teaches us the way of living a healthy life. Ayurveda helps to maintain a perfect balance between three energies (vata, pitta and kapha) in the body.
To make your healthy and prevent from the unwanted side effects of allopathic medicines, today, we have come here with an astonishing ayurvedic medicine, Swarna Malini Basant Ras and its innumerable health benefits. As I told you above that ayurvedic medicines are prepared of natural herbs, so let's take a look at its composition of Swarna Malini Basant Ras.
Composition and Preparation Method of Swarna Malini Basant Ras
As the name (Swarna Malini Basant Ras) suggesting, one of the main ingredients of Swarna Malini Basant Ras is swarna bhasma. Other natural ingredients used in the preparation of Swarna Malini Basant Ras are mukta pishti, safed mirch, yasad, butter, shuddha hingula and lemon juice. These ingredients are highly powerful and play a vital role in keeping you disease-free and preventing the body from the deteriorating. These natural herbs have beneficial medicinal properties such as antibacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, carminative, soothing,Digestive stimulant, aphrodisiac, alternative, antioxidant and anti-tubercular properties. These medicinal values are highly beneficial for the overall health.
Now, let's come to the preparation method of the Swarna Malini Basant Ras. It is prepared by grounded above all ingredients with kantakari rasa,Dhattura rasa and katuki rasa. So, this was the composition and the preparation method of the Swarna Malini Basant Ras. Now, let's come to the next part that is the health benefits of Swarna Malini Basant Ras.
Health Benefits of Swarna Malini Basant Ras
Swarna Malini Basant Ras is an ayurvedic formulation that is used to treat innumerable health issues. It is an immunity enhancer as well as antibiotic medicine that is used for the treatment of chronic fever, infirmity, weakness after fever, anemia, typhoid, cold, cough, asthma, tuberculosis and heart diseases. It has also great curative action in spleen enlargement, liver enlargement, hepatitis A, B, C as well as for malaria and other uterus infection and chronic headache.
Swarna Malini Basant Ras is mainly effective in these three health issues -:
- Lymphatic system and lymph node infections.
- Diseases of liver and spleen.
- Disease of uterus especially infections.
Let's discuss the health benefits of Swarna Malini Basant Ras in detail.
Chronic fever -: Swarna Malini Basant Ras has a great effect in chronic fever. If your body temperature is 99 degree or lower than 99 degree Celsius,Doctor will not reckon it as fever but you can feel weakness and tiredness during this. In this case, Swarna Malini Basant Ras is the best option for you. Swarna Malini Basant Ras helps to increase the stamina and strength as well as combat weakness in the body. In the case of chronic fever or physical weakness, you can take this with praval pishti and sitopaladi churna.
Swarna Malini Basant Ras has antibiotic effects that help to kill bacteria and also stop their growth in the body. If you take allopathic medicine in case of fever, it will only reduce your body temperature not increase the physical strength but Swarna Malini Basant Ras helps to alleviate the weakness after fever.
Anemia -: You will be familiar with this word-anemia. Anemia is a common health issue that is immensely common in women. Deficiency of red blood cells in the blood can cause anemia. Swarna Malini Basant Ras is used to cure anemia associated with excessive uterine bleeding or any internal loss due to any underlying cause. Anemia can attack any person regardless of age and Swarna Malini Basant Ras is beneficial for all women, children and even for pregnant women.
Swarna Malini Basant Ras contain zinc as it vital component. Zinc is one of the essential minerals for the stimulation of red blood cell formulation. Swarna Malini Basant Ras is an effective ayurvedic medicine for anemia, which is untreated under conventional treatment. In the case of chronic anemia, you can take this ayurvedic medicine with mandoor bhasma and Indian gooseberry.
Tuberculosis -: Swarna Malini Basant Ras is a great immunity enhancer that helps to boost the immunity of the body. It is extremely beneficial in the treatment of tuberculosis as it helps to boost the immunity and thus fight off infections. Resistance tuberculosis can also be well treated with the help of Swarna Malini Basant Ras.
Here, I want to tell you Swarna Malini Basant Ras may increase your body temperature during first few days. So, it is recommended to decrease the dosage of Swarna Malini Basant Ras from 150mg to 50 or 100mg twice a day. Praval pishti and mukta pishti should be given with this medicine to lower the temperature.
Infirmity -: One of the common health benefits of Swarna Malini Basant Ras are combating infirmity or general debility. Sometimes, people complain that they feel fever like symptoms. However, they are not suffering from fever clinically. In this case, Swarna Malini Basant Ras is a good option to deal with the infirmity and to increase the strength in the body. Some detoxifying medicine should be used such as ginger, vacha and trikatu etc.
Apart from these health benefits, Swarna Malini Basant Ras is also beneficial for your heart, for goiter treatment, typhoid fever, liver problems and respiratory problems. So, this was a long list of the health benefits of Swarna Malini Basant Ras. Now, let's take a look at the dosage part of the Swarna Malini Basant Ras.
Always try to consult an ayurvedic doctor before starting any ayurvedic medicine to avoid side effects. Well, the recommended dosage of the Swarna Malini Basant Ras is depend on the age-factor.
- For children -: the recommended dosage is 2.5mg per kg weight but maximum 65 mg twice daily.
- For Adults -: 65 to 150 mg
- Maximum possible dosage -: 300 mg per day
You can take this ayurvedic medicine before meal or 2 hours after meals. In the case of weakens and infirmity, you can take this ayurvedic medicine with stiphaladi churna, honey and ashwangandha. In the case of lung diseases, take this with pippali churna and honey. In the case of tuberculosis, take Swarna Malini Basant Ras with abhrak bhasma and honey. Well, it can be generally used with water.
Cautionary Note
Swarna Malini Basant Ras is completely safe for your health but still, you need to take care of some these points. Take this medicine under strict supervision and should be avoided in pregnant women, children and in lactating mother. Strictly follow the dosage as over dosage may cause hyperacidity and numerous effects.
Ayurvedic medicine online store
Above, we have discussed the composition, ingredients and all possible health benefits of Swarna Malini Basant Ras. Swarna Malini Basant Ras is really beneficial for your overall health as it cures these health issues from the roots as well as helps in maintaining a healthy body. Many of you people want to try this ayurvedic medicine but the question that may be disturbing you is- from where to buy ayurvedic medicine? So, I have an amazing solution for this.
Paramanand Ayurveda is an ayurvedic medicine online store. It is providing all types of ayurvedic medicines, churna, bhasma and oils at an affordable prices. Paramanand Ayurveda is providing the online service of ayurvedic medicines which you want to buy. It not allows any type of shipment charge from you. Yes, you understand right, Paramanand Ayurveda is giving you the facility of home free delivery. So, your wait is ended now. Hurry up and buy your ayurvedic medicine online from Paramanand Ayurveda readily.
Ayurveda will surely give you good results. Give a try to Ayurveda and you will forget to use allopathic medicines. Ayurveda will enhance your overall well-being. Living a healthy life with Ayurveda is much better than dealing with the side effects of allopathic medicines. I hope, now you will choose the effective and right treatment option for you.
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Want to make your hunt for a home a little easier? …No Problem I have you covered, Sign up for my FREE Email Alerts so you can get daily updates on homes that interest you once they hit the Real Estate Market.
You have more then likely bounced from one website to another… Searching for that perfect home or Looking for answers and information on selling your current home, DON'T YOU THINKS IS ABOUT TIME WE TALK?


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Troutdale, Oregon: The teenage gunman who killed a classmate at an Oregon high school on Tuesday was armed with a military-style rifle and a semiautomatic pistol obtained from his home and lacked any known connection to his victim, police said on Wednesday.
Police said an autopsy of the suspect, Jared Michael Padgett, 15, confirmed that he died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound after exchanging fire with police inside Reynolds High School in Troutdale, a Portland suburb.
The shooting, which ended with Padgett's body being found in a bathroom stall of the gymnasium building, marked the third outbreak of deadly gun violence to shake a U.S. high school or college campus in less than three weeks.
Troutdale Police Chief Scott Anderson declined at a news conference to offer any explanation for what may have driven Padgett to walk into a boy's locker room at the school and shoot a fellow freshman, 14-year-old Emilio Hoffman.
"We have not established any link between the student and shooter," Anderson said. "At this time it would be inappropriate to discuss a motive."
But he credited a school gym teacher, Todd Rispler, with preventing further loss of life. Rispler was grazed by gunfire as he encountered Padgett but made his way to the school office to warn administrators of the attack and initiate a lockdown, Anderson said.
Anderson said Padgett opened fire with an AR-15-style rifle and also was carrying a semiautomatic handgun that he did not use, as well as a large knife and nine loaded ammunition magazines with a capacity for several hundred rounds.
The youth arrived at the school on Tuesday morning by school bus, carrying a guitar case and a duffel bag. When confronted in the locker room by the teacher, the boy wore a vest used for carrying ammunition and other items and a camouflage-colored athletic helmet, Anderson said.
"The shooter obtained the weapons from his family home," the chief said. "The weapons had been secured, but he defeated the security measures."
Police have not said whether the firearms were legally owned or registered by family members.
President Barack Obama expressed deep frustration on Tuesday at the inability of Washington lawmakers to tighten gun control measures in the wake of a recent wave of U.S. shootings in public places. [ID:nL2N0OR2FU]
© Thomson Reuters 2014


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The basics for Assistance work
Although there is no such thing as an "ideal breed" for assistance dogs, there are qualities that potential assistance dogs must have......
~ they must be physically fit and in good health ~
~ they must be confident and curios ~
~ have a gentle co-operative nature ~
~ have a strong desire to be with people ~
~ have a steady temperament ~
~ be de-sensitized to strange sights, sounds, odors etc ~
~ recover quickly from disturbance/when startled ~
~ they must not be aggressive toward other dogs/animals/people ~
~ be obedient in public responding to voice and/or hand signals for sitting/stay/down ~
~ they must walk in a controlled position near the owner ~
~ come to owner when called ~
~ and most importantly they must enjoy their work ~
Another basic requirement from most organisations is they must be spayed or neutered.
All assistance dogs, either in training or fully qualified, are regularly assessed for emotional soundness and working ability. They are also physically screened for the highest degree of good health and physical soundness to be able to carry out their work.
Once dogs have reached a level where they are training or working in public, there are guidelines to behaviors that MUST NOT be displayed in public to prove they are not a menace/danger to public.
~No soliciting food or petting from other people while on duty ~
~ No biting, snapping, snarling, growling or lunging and barking ~
~ No sniffing merchandise or people ~
~ No intruding into another dog's space while on duty ~
~ Ignore food on the floor or dropped in the dog's vicinity while working ~
~ Work calmly on lead ~
~ No unruly behavior or unnecessary barking in public ~
~ No urinating or defecating in public unless given a specific command ~
This may all sound like alot of rules and guidelines but they are essential to have in place for the safety of all involved.
The particular type of training I am doing with Bella, all of the training is carried out by myself under the guidance of specialist dog trainer.
Something which I think is important in setting the foundation for assistance work is, as mentioned above, basic obedience work. Im not talking on a competition level but the basics, such as sit, down, stand, stay, recall, heel, wait etc.
Bella is doing her Kennel Club Good Citizen Dog Scheme which are a great way to work with the basics, you dont have to complete all four levels but for Bella and her assistance work we will be hoping completing all levels. So far Bella has passed her -
KCGCDS Puppy Foundation
KCGCDS Bronze award
KCGCDS Silver award
and we are working towards the gold!


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I eliminated yeast from my diet last October and have not tried to bring it back...until now. You see, my girls still like to have sandwiches for lunch, and because they are on a very similar diet to my own, I've been buying those bricks that masquerade as loaves of gluten-free bread in the freezer section of the grocery store. (And they cost almost as much as a gold brick.) Well, this weekend we happened to run out of bread and money at the same time, so I decided to finally attempt the recipe I had purchased the ingredients for months ago but had yet to make: this Everyday Sandwich Bread that is gluten-free, wheat-free, dairy-free, egg-free, corn-free and soy-free. I was literally scared to try it, mainly because it does have yeast in it. I don't have much experience baking with yeast and for some reason that intimidated me to my core. I had to have one of those out-loud pep talks with myself just to get up the guts to try it...mainly because of my fear of failure! Finally my husband - ever the voice of reason - reminded me that the worst that could happen is I'd have to throw it away and start over. Oh...so you mean...the sky won't fall on me? Okay.
So I made it.
And Oh. My. Word. I mean, seriously. I have not had bread since October. So, you might imagine I was going nuts as I could smell this bread baking in my own house. Then I pull it out of the oven and it. is. perfect.
So, I decided at that moment: "Hmm, today seems like a really good day to re-introduce yeast into my diet and see if my body has an intolerance to it." (After doing an elimination diet, if you choose to try and re-introduce a food into your system, you eat it three days in a row.)
I HIGHLY ENJOYED this delicious bread.
My body, alas, did not.
Oh, the PAIN. I finally (after only two days of eating a little of this bread) had to wave the white flag and surrender. Yeast is not for me. Sigh. Double sigh. Triple sigh. Because this bread is GOOD.
But honestly, there is a part of me that's okay with it. You know why? Bread was a food that I always over-indulged on in the past. Knowing what I do now about the little fact that it was making me so ILL kind of helps with my self-control. I mean, I need to have self-control anyway, but...I have a history of not regulating myself when it comes to portion control. You want a piece of bread? Great! You want three or four pieces? Okay! With butter and cinnamon and sugar on top? Why not! But now, I can officially scratch "yeast" off the list of foods that are okay for me to eat.
So while I wipe away a little tear (figuratively), I also do a little happy dance. Because yeast is a slippery slope that leads to bread, which leads to lots of bread, which leads to being sick and overweight and miserable.
And I don't want to go there again.
P.S. And since baking this bread for my family earned me their coveted "best mother on the planet" title, I will now have to torture myself by making the afore-mentioned bread once a week for my children. Ah, a mother's love. Wish me luck. ;-)
P.P.S. please like Whole & Free on Facebook! :-)


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Generally when you hear calls for tax reforms, they involve lowering tax rates and broadening the tax base. That's the type of tax reform that was done to some extent by Reagan, that was called for by the bipartisan Simpson Bowles commission, and that Romney talks about. But what exactly does that mean?
Well, here's an example. It's a family of four with an adjusted gross income of about $93,069 in 2011, about the average - mean, not median - for married couples in the U.S.
This particular return has a federal taxable income of $54,158, and paid $4835 in federal taxes. That's at a marginal tax rate of 15%, and an average tax rate of 13%. You don't think 13% of $54,158 comes out to $4835? The difference is due to tax credits, which further narrow the tax base.
The family's Massachusetts state taxable income, in contrast, is $70,119; Massachusetts is fairly generous with deductions, but not as generous as the federal government. The Massachusetts tax paid is $3731 at at 5.3% rate - more than 3/4 of the taxes at only about a third of the marginal tax rate. The tax revenue could be increased to equal the federal tax revenue while still leaving the tax rate at only half the federal rate.
That's what it means to lower the tax rate and broaden the base. Reduce the tax rates, and remove deductions and credits to make up for it. The federal government still gets just as much revenue, and with lower marginal tax rates, people can keep more of every extra dollar earned, providing an incentive - or rather reducing the disincentive - to work hard and make more money. And with more people working harder and making more money, the economy grows as well.
Average married household income was $92,839 in 2010:
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On September 12th, 2012 07:34 pm (UTC), (Anonymous) commented:
I don't think that's right. To broaden the base means to increase the percentage of people that actually pay taxes. Currently, only (roughly) 50% of Americans pay taxes. If that number goes higher (i.e. more people paying taxes) and lower the rates (less tax revenue per person), it could theoretically get you to the same net tax revenue.
I could be wrong but I think that's what it means to broaden the base and lower the rate.
On September 12th, 2012 11:27 pm (UTC), psychohist replied:
Broadening the base means increasing the total amount of income that is taxes. That can be done either by increasing the number of people subject to income tax, or by increasing the amount of income subject to tax from existing taxpayers, or both.
In this example, the family in question would pay taxes on more income. For the roughly 50% of people who don't currently pay income taxes, they would also pay taxes on more income - on some positive amount of income, versus zero now.
And you're absolutely right that this can result in equal revenue with lower tax rates.


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I've ordered from this guy twice now. He communicates very well along with excellent customer service.
12 Volt Led Lights/Sovereign Control also has an EBay store. I've use these lights with regular incandescent bulbs on two teardrops and will use them on my current build. At $12 a piece it's a reasonably priced adjustable light with a built in switch, great for reading when ceiling mounted. Danny


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Funny Cadillac Joke
A man and his wife were driving through country on his way from New York to California. Looking at his fuel gauge, he decided to stop at the next ...
View - Funny Cadillac Joke
Views: 6340
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(2 Votes)
Doctors Appointment
One night, as a couple lies down for bed, the husband gently taps his wife on the shoulder and starts rubbing her arm.
The wife turns over ...
View - Doctors Appointment
Views: 3823
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(0 Votes)
Stick of Dynamite
A large, powerfully-built guy meets a woman at a bar. After a number of drinks, they agree to go back to his place. As they are making out in the ...
View - Stick of Dynamite
Views: 2283
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(2 Votes)
Dead Penis
Mr. Jones was an old man with Alzheimer's who lived in a nursing home. One day he came out of his room, tracked down the nearest nurse, and said, "My ...
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Views: 3696
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(1 Votes)
A hit and run case.
A very successful lawyer parked his brand-new Lexus in front of his office, ready to show it off to his colleagues. As he got out, a truck passed too ...
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Views: 2484
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Damned If I know, but this morning...
A kindergarten class had a homework assignment to find out about something exciting and relate it to the class the next day. When the time came to ...
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Views: 1917
Shared: 2 times
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Three Women: pagers, mobile phones and faxes. Very Funny!!
Three women, two younger, and one senior citizen, were sitting naked in a sauna.
Suddenly there was a beeping sound. The young woman pressed ...
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Lie Clocks
When you are DOWN to nothing....
God is UP to something.
When there is nothing left but God that is when you find out that God is ...
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Girl, I didn't even recognize you
A middle aged woman had a heart attack and was taken to the hospital.
While on the operating table, she had a near death ...
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Horse racing
This bloke is sitting reading his tabloid when the wife sneaks up behind him and whacks him on the head with a frying pan.
"What was that ...
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Views: 2092
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How about the bad musician foreign minister?
A politician who takes over entire countries by playing terribly on his english flute. He just visits the desired country, wanders around and annoys the living hell out of everyone, all while being granted diplomatic immunity, till the entire population leaves the country slightly irritaed.


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I guess it is completely fitting that the only holiday that Witt has never been in the hospital for is Thanksgiving! There has been no other life that God has used like Witt's to make me bow in thankfulness. Maybe its because in the first few hours of Witt's life we were told he would only be with us a few days. God not only taught me to be thankful for each day He has given me with Witt but to simply be thankful for each day. Somehow He even filled me with thankfulness at the end of some very very difficult days in the hospital. Someone might look at Witt's life...what he has been through and even the day to day circumstances and think that surely there is anger, resentment and bitterness. I tell you the truth, Witt's life exudes peace, joy and thankfulness all to the glory of our God!!!
Today, I shout to Lord, "Thank You! Thank You, Lord that You are Lord, that You are Sovereign and thank You for another day with Witt! Thank You for another day to share Witt, to share Witt's story, to share Your story!!!"
Witt continues to grow and learn...he is learning to clap!!!


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Although the Samsung Galaxy S9 is not even a year old, Best Buy is right now hosting a crazy deal for it. You can purchase one for a grand total of $216. That's insane, but there are a couple of caveats as you'd expect.
First off, you need to either be a new Sprint customer or an existing one who adds a new line. Then, you're going to have to purchase the phone on the carrier's installment plan.
That's it, however. If you don't mind any of those, then you'll pay only $9 per month for the Galaxy S9 over two years, adding up to that $216 sum we mentioned. There's no telling how long this amazing deal is going to last, so if you're interested in grabbing a Galaxy S9 for cheap, then act fast.


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Payment For Books
Some of my print titles are available as e-books on Kindle and other digital downloads. Two e-books have been put together for direct sale through my website.
Common Nuk Tessli Mountain Flowers,
Windowsill Salads: Growing Sprouts and Microgreens
Print Books
Scroll to the bottom of the list for more details.
Harry: A Wilderness Dog Saga (to be published September 2017.)
And The River Still Sings
Lonesome – 10th Anniversary Edition
A Wilderness Dweller's Cookbook
Lonesome: Memoirs of a Wilderness Dog (See also the 10th Anniversary Edition.)
Nuk Tessli: The Life of a Wilderness Dweller
Harry: A wilderness Dog Saga
To be published September 2017
Harbour Publishing.
In the tradition of Lonesome, Harry and his sidekick, Badger, tell the stories of all the dogs in Chris's pack from Lonesome to the present day.
And The River Still Sings
Soft Cover, 251 pages
Caitlin Press, September 2014
The author's life from childhood and through her international travels, showing how she ended up in Canada and became a wilderness dweller.
Lonesome 10th Anniversary Edition
Hard Cover, 245 pages
Touchwood Editions, September 2014
Because the original Lonesome was such a good seller, the publisher issued this special anniversary edition. Content is much the same except for an introduction by Harry.
Ginty's Ghost
Soft Cover, 296 pages
Harbour Publishing, September 2012
Chris's "retirement" home on a remote, derelict homestead in British Columbia, Canada.
A Wilderness Dweller's Cookbook
Soft Cover, 96 pages
Harbour Publishing, October 2010
The Best Bread in the World and other food dissertations and recipes from Nuk Tessli, a remote, fly-in Lake high in British Columbia's mountains.
A Mountain Year
Hard Cover, 184 pages
Harbour Publishing, October 2008
Nature journal full of colour drawings from Nuk Tessli, a remote fly-in lake high in British Columbia's mountains.
Wildfire in the Wilderness
Soft Cover, 224 pages
Harbour Publishing, August 2006
The dramatic account of the Lonesome Lake Fire of 2004 in British Columbia's mountains.
Lonesome: Memoirs of a Wilderness Dog
Soft Cover, 240 pages
Touchwood Editions, October 2004
Years of wilderness living in British Columbia's mountains as seen through the eyes of a dog. It will make you laugh and cry.
Snowshoes and Spotted Dick
Soft Cover, 304 pages
Harbour Publishing, May 2003
Building a cabin on an off-road, high-altitude lake in British Columbia's mountains.
Nuk Tessli: The Life of a Wilderness Dweller
Soft Cover, 180 pages
Orca Book Publishers, May 1999
Reissued by Harbour Publishing October 2008
Life of a single woman in British columbia's mountains on a high-altitude lake 2-days walk from a road.
Diary of a Wilderness Dweller
Soft Cover, 209 pages
Orca Book Publishers, October 1996
Reissued by Harbour Publishing October 2008
A woman builds two cabins alone on a high altitude lake 2 days' walk from a road in British Columbia's mountains.
Cabin at Singing River
Soft Cover 176 pages
Camden House September 1991
Reissued Raincoast Books, January 2008
A woman builds a cabin 2 days' walk from a road in the Tweedsmuir Provincial Park, British Columbia.
Blockhaus am Singenden Fluss
Soft cover
National Geographic Adventure Press, May 2006
Reissued Piper Verlag GmbH, January 2010
German translation of Cabin at Singing River (see above.)
To Stalk the Oomingmak
Aquarelle Press, 1990
An artist's summer in the Canadian arctic.


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People lost their s*%t for Karl Lagerfeld. They stampeded to get a piece of Viktor & Rolf. And they made sacrifices for Lanvin (you know a few of you didn't show up to work that day). With such tremendous success of all these collections, I can't help but wonder how H&M will outdo themselves the next time. Who will be the next designer to collaborate with H&M?
While we can day dream about who we would love to see launch a collection with the Swedish retailer (and my imagination does indeed run wild), we'll just have to wait and see. Until then, I thought why not take a trip down memory lane and admire the best of the past H&M designer collabs. We you lucky enough to snag a piece of these collections?
Karl Lagerfeld circa 2004
The first collection in collaboration with H&M included 30 pieces that sold out in just one hour. The first 200 customers were lucky enough to get a free breakfast and a limited edition Karl Lagerfeld t-shirt.
Stella McCartney circa 2005
The collection included 40 pieces that exuded Stella McCartney's signature style. Here's something you may have not known, 25% of sales from the collection's organic t-shirts were donated to a number of animal welfare organizations. Well done, Miss McCartney!
Viktor and Rolf circa 2006
The first collaboration to attract both men and women, the Viktor and Rolf collection included 60 pieces. The collaboration also marked the very first wedding dress available at H&M.
Roberto Cavalli circa 2007
Roberto Cavalli launched his H&M collaboration with a beautiful campaign shot by Terry Richardson at the designer's home in Florence.
Comme des garçons circa 2008
The collection of 50 pieces was first launched in Japan before being released worldwide. Another way this collection was unique? It was the first to release a fragrance sold exclusively at H&M.
Matthew Williamson circa 2009
Whereas past collections were only available in selected stores, the Matthew Williamson collection was the first designer collaboration to be sold in each and every H&M store.
Jimmy Choo circa 2009
H&M's first collaboration with an accessories designer boasted 80 pieces. With prices averaged at $130 per item, for many it brought us one step closer to our dream shoe closet.
Lanvin circa 2010
Alber Elbaz once said that he would never take on any collaboration. Lucky for us, he changed his mind. For Elbaz, he viewed his collaboration as a way for H&M to go luxury rather than Lanvin going public.
Versace circa 2011 & 2012
During the launch of the first collection in 2011, Donatella Versace took the time to visit the London flagship store and greet the hundreds of fans that had been waiting for hours for the doors to open. Her collection was also the first to introduce home decor items.
Marni circa 2012
With a beautiful campaign film directed by the incomparable Sofia Coppola, the Marni collection hits stores with its signature fabrics and prints. Like many other designer collabs, it only took a mere 10 minutes before items began popping up on eBay for double the price.
Maison Martin Margiela circa 2012
A unique collection that remade items left over from past H&M collections. Each of the 103 pieces from the collection included a tag detailing which collection it had originally been a part of.
Isabel Marant circa 2013
My personal favourite of all the H&M designer collaborations, the Isabel Marant collection was a perfect representation of the designer's most iconic pieces. It also marked the first menswear collection for the designer.
Alexander Wang circa 2014
The collection of 85 pieces exuded an athletic feel that Wang is known for. Funny considering that he was once quoted saying that he isn't an athlete himself and barely goes to the gym.
Balmain circa 2015
The latest collaboration is all about super-womanly silhouettes, strong-shouldered tailoring and rich embellishments. It also marked our chance to join the ranks of Kim Kardashian, Gigi Hadid, Kendall Jenner and the rest of the #BalmainArmy.
Who would you like to see in the next H&M designer collaboration?


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The Killing Clip: About That Photo...Matt Richenthal at . Comments
The action has slowed down considerably on The Killing. This week's episode was evidence of that.
But there's action-based hope on the horizon, as a photo of Rosie and her connection to a suspicious website will play a vital role on Sunday's new installment, "Beau Soleil."
Elsewhere, Mitch learns a few secrets about her daughter. Check out a clip from the upcoming hour now:
Matt Richenthal is the Editor in Chief of TV Fanatic. Follow him on Twitter and on Google+.


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Check out these "Teal" events!
Which event would you like more information about?
Click the event below to learn more.
January – Cervical Cancer Awareness Month
January is Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, we encourage women across the country to get screened for cervical cancer and receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine if they're eligible.
February – World Cancer Day
Held yearly on February 4th, World Cancer Day is truly a global event! World Cancer Day unites the world's population in the fight against cancer. It aims to save millions of preventable deaths each year by raising awareness and education about the disease, pressing governments and individuals across the world to take action!
March – Endometriosis Awareness Month
March is Endometriosis Awareness Month! A time dedicated to drawing worldwide attention to this condition. Take the challenge to WEAR yellow to show your support for the women that live with endometriosis.
May – World Ovarian Cancer Day
Held annually each year on May 8th, this day is dedicated to creating and raising awareness about ovarian cancer, the women's cancer with the lowest survival rate for which there is little awareness and no cure.
June – National Cancer Survivors Day
Observed each year on the first Sunday in June. National Cancer Survivors Day is an annual, treasured Celebration of Life that is held in hundreds of communities nationwide, and around the world! It is a CELEBRATION for those who have survived, an INSPIRATION for those recently diagnosed, a gathering of SUPPORT for families, and an OUTREACH to the community.
September – Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month
September is Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month. A time dedicated to raising awareness of ovarian cancer–the deadliest gynecologic cancer.
With our partners at Ovarian Cancer National Alliance, we invite you to take action in September with 30 Days of Teal. The 30 Days of Teal campaign gives you easy ways to share information about ovarian cancer, call on our nation's leaders to fund medical research and deck yourself in teal from top to bottom! Your participation in 30 Days of Teal helps the Alliance raise funds and awareness of this deadly disease. Please visit the Ovarian Cancer National alliance for more information. http://www.ovariancancer.org
Turn The Towns Teal
Turn The Towns Teal® is a national campaign to promote awareness of ovarian cancer and its silent symptoms. Volunteers tie ribbons throughout town centers and hand out symptom cards during the month of September. Please visit Turn The Towns Teal for more information. http://www.turnthetownsteal.org/


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Reuters is reporting that Google are investing over $1 billion in its new UK headquarters.
The company has purchased a 2.4 acre plot of land at Kings Cross Central development in London. Google plans to build a 1-million-square-foot office.
Once the building is complete, the office is estimated to be worth $1.6 billion, according to sources' close to the company.
The news comes as technology giant Sony announced it would be selling its headquarters in New York for a reported $1.1 billion.


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Cleaning your mouse
Some of the offices I clean have been neglected. Not only are phones very dirty, but the computer mice are filthy!
The problem is that people leave their computers on at night and you do not want to activate or change anything on people's computers. The problem is lessened if you pick up the mouse in your hand off the desk to clean it. Make sure that you are not touching the bottom of the mouse. Keep it off any surfaces. Watch the monitor to see if you are affecting anything. It is safer if the computer is powered off of course.
I use a damp microfiber cloth to rub clean the surface. You may want to use a small toothbrush for crevices.
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Ask Mrs Clean
Just my thoughts on cleaning and other more important things.
Office Cleaning Services in Spartanburg SC
January 2019
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