text:
- Research
- Open Access
Effects of rAAV-mediated FGF-2 gene transfer and overexpression upon the chondrogenic differentiation processes in human bone marrow aspirates
© The Author(s). 2016
- Received: 1 April 2016
- Accepted: 22 July 2016
- Published: 29 July 2016
Application of genetically modified bone marrow concentrates in articular cartilage lesions is a promising approach to enhance cartilage repair by stimulating the chondrogenic differentiation processes in sites of injury.
In the present study, we examined the potential benefits of transferring the proliferative and pro-chondrogenic basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) to human bone marrow aspirates in vitro using the clinically adapted recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors to monitor the biological and chondrogenic responses over time to the treatment compared with control (lacZ) gene application.
Effective, significant FGF-2 gene transfer and expression via rAAV was established in the aspirates relative to the lacZ condition (from ~ 97 to 36 pg rhFGF-2/mg total proteins over an extended period of 21 days). Administration of the candidate FGF-2 vector led to prolonged increases in cell proliferation, matrix synthesis, and chondrogenesis but also to hypertrophic and terminal differentiation in the aspirates.
The present evaluation shows the advantages of rAAV-mediated FGF-2 gene transfer to conveniently modify bone marrow concentrates as a future approach to directly treat articular cartilage lesions, provided that expression of the growth factor is tightly regulated to prevent premature hypertrophy in vivo.
- Cartilage repair
- Gene therapy
- Human bone marrow aspirates
- rAAV
The adult articular cartilage has a limited ability for self-repair (Buckwalter 1998) due to the absence of vascularization in this particular joint tissue that may be a potential source of chondrogenerative cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (Orth et al. 2014). While progenitor cells can be made accessible within sites of injury by procedures like marrow stimulation (Dewan et al. 2014; Madry et al. 2011), the outcomes of such techniques do not match the expected native hyaline cartilage and instead, a fibrocartilaginous repair tissue is formed in the lesions with mostly type-I versus type-II collagen and proteoglycans (Dewan et al. 2014). One-step administration of bone marrow concentrates containing chondrogenically competent MSCs (Anam and Davis 2013; Lennon et al. 2000) within cartilage defects rather than of isolated and/or expanded MSCs raised important attention as a new, convenient option to improve cartilage repair (Orth et al. 2014). Still, even when using such a straightforward approach (Enea et al. 2013; Gigante et al. 2012; Kim et al. 2014; Orozco et al. 2013; Skowronski et al. 2013; Slynarski et al. 2006; Wakitani et al. 2004), an original (structural and functional) articular cartilage repair tissue could not be regenerated in patients, demonstrating the necessity to develop improved therapeutic strategies to manage cartilage injuries.
The modification of bone marrow aspirates by gene transfer technologies is a promising, new avenue of translational research as a means to enhance the chondrogenic responses to injury by overexpressing target candidates with potential reparative activities (Cucchiarini et al. 2014; Frisch et al. 2015b). In this regard, a number of studies revealed the feasibility of applying adenoviral vectors at very high doses (1010-1011) to promote the expression of reporter genes (E. coli β-galactosidase, firefly luciferase, green fluorescent protein) (Pascher et al. 2004) or therapeutic sequences including the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) (Ivkovic et al. 2010), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) (Sieker et al. 2015), and Indian hedgehog (IHH) (Sieker et al. 2015) in marrow aspirates from rabbits and sheep but only for relatively short periods of time (some days). Instead, we recently provided evidence that recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are adapted gene vehicles to competently transduce human marrow concentrates over extended periods of time at very high efficiencies (~90 % for at least 125 days) using much lower vector doses (8 × 105) and without detrimental effect (Rey-Rico et al. 2015) compared with the more immunogenic adenoviral vectors (Frisch et al. 2015b). We showed for instance that effective rAAV-mediated overexpression of the transcription factor SOX9 (Rey-Rico et al. 2015) or of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) (Frisch et al. 2015a) was capable of activating the chondrogenic processes in freshly prepared human marrow samples. Here, we focused on delivering the basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) to human marrow aspirates in light of the proliferative and pro-chondrogenic activities of this agent in isolated human MSCs when applied as a recombinant molecule (Solchaga et al. 2010; Solchaga et al. 2005; Tsutsumi et al. 2001) or upon administration of the current rAAV FGF-2 vector (Cucchiarini et al. 2011). The present study reveals that delivery of rAAV allows for an effective and durable production of FGF-2 in human marrow concentrates, allowing for enhanced levels of cell proliferation, matrix synthesis, and chondrogenic differentiation in such samples. Processes of hypertrophic and terminal differentiation were also activated, suggesting that a critical regulation of transgene expression will be needed for FGF-2 using rAAV vectors prior to translation of the approach in vivo. Nevertheless, these findings reflect the value of rAAV gene transfer to modify marrow concentrates for future procedures of implantation in sites of cartilage damage.
All reagents were from Sigma (Munich, Germany), unless otherwise identified. Recombinant TGF-β (rTGF-β) was purchased at Peprotech (Hamburg, Germany) and the dimethylmethylene blue dye at Serva (Heidelberg, Germany). The anti-FGF-2 (C-18) and anti-SOX9 (C-20) antibodies were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Heidelberg, Germany), the anti-type-II collagen (II-II6B3) antibody from the NIH Hybridoma Bank (University of Iowa, Ames, USA), the anti-type-I collagen (AF-5610) antibody from Acris (Hiddenhausen, Germany), and the anti-type-X collagen (COL-10) antibody from Sigma. Biotinylated secondary antibodies and the ABC reagent were obtained from Vector Laboratories (Alexis Deutschland GmbH, Grünberg, Germany). The FGF-2 Quantikine ELISA (DFB50) was from R&D Systems (Wiesbaden, Germany) and the type-II, −I, and -X collagen ELISAs from Antibodies-Online (Aachen, Germany).
Plasmids and rAAV vectors
All plasmids are based on the same parental AAV-2 genomic clone, pSSV9 (Samulski et al. 1987; Samulski et al. 1989). rAAV-lacZ carries the lacZ gene encoding the E. coli β-galactosidase (β-gal) and rAAV-hFGF-2 a human basic fibroblast growth factor (hFGF-2) cDNA fragment (480 bp), both under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate-early (CMV-IE) promoter (Cucchiarini et al. 2011; Frisch et al. 2015a; Rey-Rico et al. 2015). Conventional (not self-complementary) rAAV vectors were packaged using the 293 adenovirus-transformed embryonic kidney cell line. Helper functions were provided by Adenovirus 5 in combination with rep and cap functions of a pAd8 helper plasmid as previously described (Cucchiarini et al. 2011; Frisch et al. 2015b). Purification, dialysis, and titration of the vector preparations via real-time PCR were performed, averaging 1010 transgene copies/ml with approximately 1/500 functional recombinant viral particles (Cucchiarini et al. 2011; Frisch et al. 2015b; Rey-Rico et al. 2015).
rAAV-mediated gene transfer
Bone marrow was aspirated from the distal femurs of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (~10 ml, n = 3). Aspirates were immediately aliquoted in a volume of 100 μl per well in 96-well plates and transduced with 40 μl vector (i.e. 8 × 105 functional recombinant viral particles, MOI = 10 ± 3) (Frisch et al. 2015b; Rey-Rico et al. 2015). Samples were incubated for up to 21 days with chondrogenic medium (4.5 g/l DMEM high glucose, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μl/ml streptomycin, 6.25 μg/ml insulin, 6.25 μg/ml transferrin, 6.25 μg/ml selenious acid, 5.35 μg/ml linoleic acid, 1.25 μg/ml BSA, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 37.5 μg/ml ascorbate 2-phosphate, 10−7 M dexamethasone, and 10 ng/ml TGF-β3) with careful weekly medium change as previously described (Cucchiarini et al. 2011; Frisch et al. 2015b).
Transgene expression
FGF-2 production was monitored by ELISA at the denoted time points by absorbance measurements on a GENios spectrophotometer/fluorometer (Tecan, Crailsheim, Germany) and by immunohistochemistry using a specific FGF-2 antibody, a biotinylated secondary antibody, and diaminobenzidine as a chromogen (ABC method) (Cucchiarini et al. 2011). A control condition with omission of the primary antibody was included to check for secondary immunoglobulins. All sections were examined under light microscopy (Olympus BX45, Olympus, Hamburg, Germany).
Biochemical analyses
The aspirates were resuspended in a total volume of 100 μl of fresh DMEM and digested with papain (final concentration 75 μg/ml) at 60 °C (Frisch et al. 2015b). The DNA contents were measured by fluorimetry using Hoechst 22358 and the proteoglycan contents by binding to dimethylmethylene blue dye (Frisch et al. 2015b). The type-II, −I, and -X collagen contents were determined by ELISA (Frisch et al. 2015a). Values were normalized to total cellular proteins monitored via Pierce Thermo Scientific Protein Assay (Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany). All measurements were performed on a GENios spectrophotometer/fluorometer (Tecan).
Histological and immunohistochemical analyses
Aspirates were collected and fixed in 4 % formalin with subsequent dehydration in graded alcohols, paraffin embedding and sectioning at 3 μm. Hematoxylin eosin (H&E) staining was performed to evaluate cellularity and toluidine blue and alizarin red staining for the detection of matrix proteoglycans and matrix mineralization, respectively (Frisch et al. 2015a; Rey-Rico et al. 2015). The expression of type-II, −I, and -X collagen and of SOX9 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using specific primary antibodies, biotinylated secondary antibodies and the ABC method (Frisch et al. 2015b; Rey-Rico et al. 2015). Control conditions were included by omitting the primary antibodies. All sections were examined under light microscopy (Olympus BX45).
Cell proliferation was evaluated by counting the total cells per standardized area on H&E-stained sections (Frisch et al. 2015b). The intensities of H&E, toluidine blue, and alizarin red staining and those of FGF-2, type-II, −I, and -X collagen, and SOX9 immunostaining were monitored at magnification ×20 by inverting the pictures to grayscale mode, adapting background DAB signal for comparable range, and measuring the mean gray value per total area covered with cells (mm2) (Frisch et al. 2015b; Rey-Rico et al. 2015). The data were recorded at three random standardized sites or with 10 serial histological and immunohistochemical sections for each parameter, test and replicate condition using the SIS analySIS program (Olympus) and Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Systems, Unterschleissheim, Germany) and are given as mean intensity of staining or immunostaining in pixels per mm2 of total cell area (Frisch et al. 2015b; Rey-Rico et al. 2015).
Real-time RT-PCR analyses
Primers used for real-time RT-PCR
Primer sequences (5'-3')
Statistical analysis
Each condition was performed in duplicate in two independent experiments for each patient. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of separate experiments. The t-test and Mann–Whitney Rank Sum Test were used where appropriate. Any P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Effective genetic modification of chondrogenically-induced human bone marrow aspirates to overexpress FGF-2 via rAAV gene transfer
Analysis of the levels of FGF-2 production in rAAV-transduced, chondrogenically-induced human bone marrow aspirates
Days post-transduction
23.6 (4.5)
96.7 (10.3)a
20.0 (1.5)
31.2 (2.4)a
22.2 (2.5)
36.2 (7.8)a
Effects of FGF-2 overexpression via rAAV upon the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow aspirates
Chondrogenically-induced aspirates were next transduced with rAAV-hFGF-2 relative to rAAV-lacZ in order to monitor the proliferative activities and differentiation events in the samples following FGF-2 overexpression. As we previously reported a lack of deleterious effects of rAAV gene transfer upon the potency of bone marrow aspirates (Rey-Rico et al. 2015), we did not test a condition lacking vector treatment in this study.
Effects of FGF-2 overexpression via rAAV upon the hypertrophic and terminal differentiation of human bone marrow aspirates
Chondrogenically-induced aspirates treated with rAAV-hFGF-2 versus rAAV-lacZ were finally processed to evidence possible effects of transgenic FGF-2 expression upon possible hypertrophic and terminal differentiation events in the samples.
Therapeutic gene transfer via clinically adapted rAAV vectors is an attractive strategy to effectively and durably enhance the chondrogenic processes in bone marrow concentrates prior to re-implantation in sites of cartilage injury (Cucchiarini et al. 2014; Frisch et al. 2015a). The goal of this study was to demonstrate the possibility of applying a functional rAAV construct carrying the sequence for the proliferative and pro-chondrogenic FGF-2 (Solchaga et al. 2010; Solchaga et al. 2005; Tsutsumi et al. 2001) to freshly prepared human marrow aspirates in light of our previous findings in isolated human MSCs (Cucchiarini et al. 2011) and of evidence showing the potential of using such an approach to deliver reporter genes and other candidate sequences (SOX9, IGF-I) (Frisch et al. 2015b; Rey-Rico et al. 2015).
The results demonstrate that significant levels of FGF-2 expression were achieved in the aspirates upon rAAV-mediated gene transfer compared with control (lacZ) transduction over the whole period of evaluation (21 days), probably due to a good maintenance of this vector class in these targets (Rey-Rico et al. 2015), in agreement with our previous findings using the same vector to target isolated human MSCs (Cucchiarini et al. 2011). The decrease in FGF-2 expression noted over time may be due to a dilution of the transgene sequences upon cell proliferation and expansion as the rAAV vectors are mostly kept under (stable) episomal forms in their targets. Interestingly, the amounts of factor produced in the aspirates over time following rAAV-hFGF-2 application (~36 pg rhFGF-2/mg total proteins/24 h after 21 days in chondrogenic medium) were lower than those reported in MSCs (~137 pg/ml/24 h using 2 × 105 cells in chondrogenically-induced aggregate cultures, i.e. ~ 360 pg rhFGF-2/mg total proteins/24 h and a 10-fold difference) (Cucchiarini et al. 2011), reflecting the presence of other cell subpopulations in the aspirates (hematopoietic progenitor cells, hematopoietic cells, fibroblasts) that may not be a source of FGF-2 expression after 21 days of continuous chondrogenic induction as mostly the MSCs specifically and extensively commit toward the chondrocyte phenotype in this environment (Anam and Davis 2013; Frisch et al. 2015b; Lennon et al. 2000), being the major contributor of production over time.
Such sustained levels of FGF-2 generated from rAAV gene delivery were capable of stimulating the proliferative, biosynthetic, and chondrogenic activities in the aspirates over time versus lacZ treatment, consistent with the effects of FGF-2 when used in a recombinant form (Solchaga et al. 2010; Solchaga et al. 2005; Tsutsumi et al. 2001) or following application of the candidate rAAV-hFGF-2 construct to isolated human MSCs (Cucchiarini et al. 2011). The levels of proliferation reached over time in the aspirates via FGF-2 gene transfer were higher than those observed in isolated MSCs (~2.3 μg versus ~ 1.1 ng DNA/mg total proteins after 21 days, respectively, i.e. an ~ 2.1 × 103-fold difference) (Cucchiarini et al. 2011), probably due to the presence of other mitogenic factors in the samples secreted by all marrow populations. Also, the levels of matrix biosynthesis in the aspirates mediated over time by FGF-2 overexpression were higher than those noted in isolated MSCs (~1087 versus ~ 170 pixels of standardized toluidine blue staining, ~ 66 versus ~ 0.9 ng proteoglycans/mg total proteins, and ~ 3.4 versus ~ 0.025 ng type-II collagen/mg total proteins on day 21, respectively, i.e. an up to 136-fold difference) (Cucchiarini et al. 2011), again possibly due to a more favorable biochemical and cellular environment for MSC chondrogenesis in heterogeneous aspirates or to an up-regulation of the levels of highly chondrogenic transcription factor SOX9 (Bell et al. 1997; Lefebvre et al. 1997) by FGF-2 in these samples versus isolated MSCs (Cucchiarini et al. 2011), concordant with the reported stimulating effects of the growth factor on the activity of the sox9 gene (Murakami et al. 2000).
Interestingly, the results also indicate that administration of the rAAV FGF-2 construct promoted the development of hypertrophic and terminal differentiation events in the aspirates in the particular conditions selected, with enhanced levels of MMP13, ALP, and RUNX2 (markers of terminal and osteogenic differentiation, transcription factor controlling the osteoblastic expression of COL1, COL10, and MMP13) as previously described with recombinant FGF-2 (Solchaga et al. 2010; Solchaga et al. 2005; Tsutsumi et al. 2001) but in contrast with our findings when applying the current vector to isolated MSCs (Cucchiarini et al. 2011). Such discrepancy may be due to pro-hypertrophic activities induced by other marrow subpopulations.
This study demonstrate the possibility of delivering a candidate FGF-2 sequence to human bone marrow concentrates via rAAV vectors as a means to expand the processes of chondrogenic differentiation in such samples in vitro. It remains to be seen whether prolonged FGF-2 secretion via rAAV may not lead to side (paracrine and autocrine) effects (activation of proliferation/differentiation of undesirable cell populations), even though we did not observe such problems when applying directly the current vector to focal experimental articular cartilage defects in vivo (Cucchiarini et al. 2005). Work is now ongoing to define the subpopulations participating in the chondrogenic events in order to investigate cell heterogeneity within the aspirates (Anam and Davis 2013; Jones et al. 2002; Lennon et al. 2000). We are also currently testing the feasibility of translating the approach in vivo by implanting genetically modified marrow aspirates within experimental models of articular cartilage defects to corroborate the observations in vitro (Cucchiarini et al. 2013; Ivkovic et al. 2010; Pascher et al. 2004; Sieker et al. 2015). As application of rAAV FGF-2 led to premature hypertrophy and terminal differentiation in the aspirates, controlled expression of this factor as afforded by using tissue-specific (type-II collagen, SOX9) or regulatable promoters (tetracycline-sensitive) may allow to restrain such possible, undesirable events in vivo. Alternatively, combined gene transfer using extra, anti-hypertrophic agents might be capable of circumventing these effects in vivo like by co-applying the SOX9 transcription factor (Cucchiarini et al. 2013; Rey-Rico et al. 2015). Overall, the present findings provide evidence on the benefits of conveniently modifiying marrow aspirates by rAAV gene transfer for future applications to treat articular cartilage defects.
Genetic modification of bone marrow aspirates is a promising avenue of translational research to treat cartilage defects in patients especially using clinically adapted therapeutic rAAV vectors. The current study provides evidence of the possibility to deliver the proliferative and pro-chondrogenic FGF-2 to primary human marrow aspirates via rAAV for the durable commitment of the samples toward chondrogenic differentiation. The occurrence of hypertrophic events in vitro suggests that controlled expression of the growth factor will be a prerequisite for future applications in vivo to effectively treat cartilage lesions in the affected human population.
This study was funded by the German Osteoarthritis Foundation (Deutsche Arthrose-Hilfe e.V.). We thank R. J. Samulski (The Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC), X. Xiao (The Gene Therapy Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA), and E. F. Terwilliger (Division of Experimental Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA) for providing genomic AAV-2 plasmid clones and the 293 cell line, and M. Seno (Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Japan) for the hFGF-2 cDNA.
Authors' contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: MC. Performed the experiments: JF JKV ARR AMZ GS. Analyzed the data: MC HM JF JKV ARR AMZ GS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MC JF JKV ARR AMZ GS. Wrote the paper: MC. Pre-submission manuscript review and correction: MC HM JF JKV ARR AMZ GS. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All patients included in the study provided informed consent and the procedures were in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Saarland Physicians Council (Nr. 06/08). The project was funded by German Osteoarthritis Foundation (Deutsche Arthrose-Hilfe e.V.).
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Authors' Affiliations
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Denali Backcountry Lodge
The Denali Backcountry Lodge has 42 comfortable cabins with private baths and is located at the very end of the Denali Park Road in Kantishna, a beautiful wilderness valley. Dining and lounge areas are located in a spacious creekside two-story main lodge. Daily activities include naturalist-led programs, guided hikes and walks, mountain biking, pavillions with camp fires, optional flightseeing and gold panning. Each cozy cedar cabin has 2 extra long double beds and a private bath. Cost includes the 90-mile bus ride from the Park entrance to the lodge and return, all meals and snacks, all guided activities, except flightseeing and all naturalist programs. There is no phone or cell phone service available due to the remote location. Complimentary WiFi is available in the main lodge. A minimum stay of two nights is required.
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A deposit equal to 30% of services reserved is due at the time of booking, with the balance due 45 days prior to your first day of travel. The following change and cancellation fees apply. Between 45 to 31 days prior to your first day of travel a 10% cancel/change fee will apply. Between 30 to 15 days prior to your first day of travel a 50% cancel/change fee will apply. Within 14 days of travel, your package is non-refundable and non-changeable. Because we cannot make exceptions to our cancellation or change policies for any reason, including family and medical emergencies, we STRONGLY encourage you to purchase travel insurance.


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Where but NYC could you be invited to a "Drive In" with no expectation that you will actually drive to the event? As a part of the always much anticipated Tribeca Film Festival, moviegoers are invited to park their tuckuses at he World Financial Center for three outdoor screenings of the family-friendly variety. This year, the best of the bunch is Thriller Night, a screening of Michael Jackson's epic video and a behind-the-scenes look into just how the musical masterpiece was made. So pull up a lawn chair and veg out under the stars.
Tribeca Film Festival Drive-In takes place Thursday, April 24th through Saturday April 26th. Doors open at 6:30 p.m., with programs beginning at 7:30 and screenings at 8. Free.


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C$1,000 increase in the lottery prize causes a 2.4% rise in subsequent bankruptcies among the winners' close neighbors. We also provide evidence of conspicuous consumption as a mechanism for this causal relationship. The size of lottery prizes increases the value of visible assets (houses, cars, motorcycles), but not invisible assets (cash and pensions), appearing on the balance sheets of neighboring bankruptcy filers.Note: 2.4% rise doesn't mean that a $42K winnings made 100% of the neighbors bankrupt, but that they had 2x bigger chance to go bankrupt than the average.
The reason for the bankruptcies were buying conspicuous wares (new car, bike) from loans and then being unable to repay it. This could be determined as the bankruptcy papers list the assets of the victim, as they are to be auctioned away. The neighbors of winners owned more valuable conspicuous items than average bankruptcy victims. For example they had 3.6% more valuable car per C$1K of lottery winning, meaning if their was a C$28K lottery prize in the neighborhood, the bankruptcy victim had a twice as expensive car as average bankruptcy victims.
Once again we encountered evidence than being social: wishing peer acceptance and respect makes you a poor loser. Think about this when you see a ship you can't fly and feel urge to buy skill injectors! Or put all your assets into a super because your corpmate is bragging about dropping his on "noobs".
The most important: how to fight the little social devil sitting in your shoulder telling you to do stupid stuff? Don't try to rationalize the difference for other people. Don't tell them "I'm dropping T2 fit platinum insured dread instead of Nyx because of [reasons]", since not only they'll say "damage control", but the constant need to excuse yourself means that you have something to excuse, while you don't. Make peace with the fact: "I can't afford losing a Nyx like xXJonesXx" and people will leave you alone and you also made the day of xXJonesXx.
PS: Dropping bombers on PvE carriers is what the Joneses do nowadays. It doesn't mean RAZOR has to follow them.


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Restaurant Morso
The fresh pasta and small bites menu include signature creations like the Egg Yolk Raviolo and Welsh lamb Scottadito alongside more familiar recipes like the tagliatelle cacio e pepe and a pappardelle with shin ragu - all at under the £10 per plate mark.
On the bar front, the team is determined that their #grapprevolution will make every visitor a grappa-convert - with a line of over 20 different grappa bottles (including the famous Nonino Amaro, and a 3-litre grappa Storica magnum) and 12 grappa-based cocktails to match the food offer
Special Offers
1 Pasta and a cocktail for £10
From a set menu.
Terms and Conditions: Maximum of 8 diners. Includes Tax, excludes service.
Valid For: 1 - 8 people
Starts: 22 May 2019
Ends: 31 August 2019
Availability: Sun 15:00-18:00
Tue-Sat 15:00-18:00
2 courses for £14
From a set menu.
Terms and Conditions: Maximum of 8 diners. Includes Tax, excludes service.
Valid For: 1 - 8 people
Starts: 22 May 2019
Ends: 31 August 2019
Availability: Tue-Fri 12:00-15:00
1,000-Point Tables
See availability for 1,000 point tables
Tue - Thu 12:00PM - 10:00PM
Authentic Italian food with great service.
Portions could be bigger.
Food was okay, staff was super friendly.
Went early on a Tuesday evening so it was pretty quiet, but look forward to going back when it's busier and there's more atmosphere. Food and service were excellent!
This is my third visit to Morso and each time it has been perfect. I like getting 2 or 3 byte dishes folowed by a pasta course and then Tiramisu for dessert. I always get a Grappa cocktail to come when the pasta comes.
The night we went it was very busy, rather cramped and a bit noisy, but it was their first birthday. Nevertheless, service was prompt and the food was delicious. Beware the grappa menu - it's easy to get carried away!
Really enjoyed our meal. Staff were excellent and will definitely go back.
Delicious food, amazing small plates/pasta and great desert. Staff were very friendly. A local gem.
What a gem this restaurant is! The staff is friendly, helpful (without being unctuous), and they take pride in the quality of the food they prepare. The ingredients are fresh and high quality; the spicing is delicate and flavorful; the presentation is pleasing; the taste -- is terrific!
More than excellent
Absolutely delicious food with great service and good value fir money we will definitely be making a return trip!
Absolutely delicious food; the pasta is amazing! Lovely friendly attentive staff. Perfect restaurant for a relaxed date, or just to enjoy an authentic Italian small-plates meal.
Definitely a new favourite for us. We will be back very soon.
Also, I didn't think Grappa was for me, but I may be a convert!
Great Italian tapas. The pasta was excellent. We enjoyed the place very much and will return.
Amazing pasta
Loved the whole experience. Deliberately small portions so you can try lots - and all so so tasty. Relaxed, fun service too and very good value!
Amazing evening with great food, and ambiance. This is by far the best Italian restaurant I have ever been to.
Small and perfectly formed. Really good value for money and delicious menu. Going back tonight!
Food was excellent. Very friendly staff. Really enjoyable evening & great value.
Delicious fresh pasta main courses with a variety of really tasty small plates to start with.
Also really great grappa drinks to choose from.
Exceptionally friendly and helpful staff from the moment we entered the restaurant.
Nicely decorated, comfortable seating.
Would definitely recommend this restaurant
Outstanding food, great service and a good ambiance.
Great value for the foods but quite expensive and reduced wine list.
Had a fabulous time at Morso- great customer care and excellent food. Really good honest food.
The food was very good. It was a pleasant surprise and we will come back.
Very friendly atmosphere and, when we were there, very few other diners. (Not a fan of piped music though).This isn't a luxury dining experience but the food and natural friendliness of the waiters more than compensates. The informality of the experience suits us very well and the Tapas format is also effective: We particularly enjoyed sharing a large variety of dishes most of which were extremely tasty and well prepared. The fresh pasta is outstanding.
Excellent food and amazing service!
Amazing pasta especially the chocolate cake and great service every time
Food was delicious and staff very friendly.
Always great food and lovely service.
Lovely little restaurant . Food tasty and inventive . Very attentive staff . Will def visit again .
Great food and great service!!
Took my parents here for lunch during the week and we had a fantastic meal. The service was warm, efficient and knowledgeable, everything we ate was excellent- and incredibly good value. I will definitely return and have recommended this restaurant to several friends.
Lovely new place serving delicious Italian food in the form of sharing plates. Service was excellent. Much needed new restaurant in this area. Will be going back!
Food was exceptional, the wine was great and good value, and service was very personal and friendly
Lovely people and a great idea but the only Italian was the Chef! Need to improve the standard of the food before I would return. It seems to be focussed on grappa and grappa cocktails - a new one on me - probably will appeal to the younger generation
Morso is exactly what St John's Wood needed, finally
Very easy going place - Great home Made pasta, almost like being in italy! I will be back!
Loves the ricotta with bread and amazing grappa cocktail options. Great pastas and startets
Best pasta and grappa in town.
Amazing service.
St Johns Wood is not spoiled for good restaurants, so welcome Morso! A buzzy, friendly place with tasty food and charming service. I'm not always a fan of the small sharing plates trend, but Morso does it well, with reasonable size portions at very reasonable prices. With good food teamed with the grappa cocktails, we had a very enjoyable evening. The location on Boundary Road is a bit off the beaten track so would recommend that you find your way here and help this excellent restaurant to become a great success.


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8 trends that will change the game in 2018
By Annie Peachman
As last year wrapped up, we predicted the trends that might dominate our conversations in 2017. Many of those turned out to be true — artificial intelligence crept into our homes and 'experiential' marketing was the tactic of choice for big and small brands alike. Of course, not everything was on the money and thankfully, our predicted buzzwords were less accurate (anyone want to try and make 'practivation' a thing in 2018?).
In addition, there were plenty of things that we didn't see coming, with 2017 likely to be remembered largely as the year of reckoning for powerful male celebrities. But it wasn't all bad news. We kicked off the year with powerful images from the Women's March, which became the biggest global show of solidarity ever. And just this past month, Australia voted a resounding 'YES' for marriage equality, which is now officially law.
Australia votes YES 🏳🌈 #MarriageEquality pic.twitter.com/rN3aQRExOz
— Sydney Opera House (@SydOperaHouse) November 15, 2017
This year, we're once again considering what will – and won't – happen in the next 12 months. Are robots really coming for our jobs? Will we finally get hoverboards? Is the rapture coming for us, or has it already happened?
Folks, I think we need to start coming to terms with the idea that the rapture happened and only David Bowie and Prince made the cut.
— Andrew Thaler (@DrAndrewThaler) December 2, 2017
Here's what we think will be the big 2018 trends.
Ben Shipley, Managing Director
True one-to-one marketing will become a real possibility.
This year will see hyper-relevant communications take off, as artificial intelligence enables brands to literally talk to audience members on a true 1:1 basis. Having a clear single message will no longer be as important as connecting with different perspectives and opinions across a fragmented audience online. At the same time, augmented reality will unify the physical and digital worlds to offer even bigger audience pools for engagement. This presents huge opportunities but also the challenge of effective audience engagement in these different spaces.
Beatrice Hayward, Senior Account Executive
The line between social media and news will become more blurred.
The aftermath of the US election and claims of 'echo chambers' saw us all question the diversity of perspectives in our news feeds. And this year we saw Twitter admit it takes 'newsworthiness' into account when assessing whether to remove tweets or not, making a huge statement about how social media controls and curates what we see. The monetisation of social media platforms like Instagram and Snapchat will continue to blur the line between user-generated content and branded content.
Rachel York, General Manager
We'll no longer control our personal data.
I predict that Google Home will be the most popular Christmas present this year. This makes 2018 the year that Google collects all the personal data that it doesn't already have and uses it to deliver a tailored life experience we never thought possible. At the same time, we'll see more of Elon Musk and the rise of other entrepreneurs who want to compete in the same space, achieving technology advancements that once seemed like science fiction.
Charlotte Marsh, Junior Content Producer
E-sports in Australia will continue to grow.
Virtual and augmented reality are becoming more sophisticated, and this will lower the barrier to entry for gamers. There'll be greater interest and opportunities for e-sports to take shape as a legitimate sport as more technology companies get on board to sponsor and support it.
Michael Frier, Senior Account Manager
Customers will tell brands' stories for them.
PR has always been about storytelling. In 2018 it will move from telling the right story to getting other people to share your story. The consumer will be at the centre of the storytelling process, as brands realise the power of activations that allow audiences to participate in an experience and then share their perspective on it.
This year will also see PR and communications agencies become increasingly multi-service, to solve business challenges with whatever channel and approach works – be it traditional media relations, events, social media or virtual reality. Brands will begin to understand that an audience-led strategy is the best solution to all communications challenges.
Annie Peachman, Content Strategist
Brands will use creative content and data to increase relevance.
As the Internet of Things brings brands into every facet of our lives, the importance of 'microcopy' will grow. Every tiny experience with a brand will need to be useful, dynamic and hyper-relevant, whether it's an error page, an appointment notification, or interacting with a voice assistant. At the same time, consumers will grow impatient with blatant sponsored content on social media or brands offering thinly-veiled sales pitches as content. There'll be a backlash and a return to more authentic, real-life experiences on social media.
On the retail front, Amazon's Australian arrival will force local businesses to reconsider how they use customer data. Bricks-and-mortar stores that offer an experience or service tailored specifically to a local community's interests and habits will flourish. But digital businesses that fail to offer a straightforward and engaging online journey will struggle.
Cheryl Tan, Country Manager
It will be the year for start-ups to take the reins.
2017 was the year direct-to-consumer marketing really took off. Anyone with a mobile phone and social media account would have come close to buying that amazing new face mask or exercise program promising instant results. We'll see more of this in 2018, with brands having the ability to target audiences with scary accuracy. Soon, all we'll need is to simply think of something before it appears on our news feeds! Coupled with the ability to collect and process data about our customers, it's an exciting time for start-ups. They can now compete in a world traditionally dominated by huge corporations.
Kerrie Murphy, Editorial and Content Director
Artificial intelligence will become part of our everyday lives.
Organisations will stop dipping their toes into the content marketing water as they realise that without strategy and measurement, content is hard to successfully execute. As testing and targeting become more refined, they'll think harder about what they're trying to achieve.
As consumers, we'll get increasingly used to the convenience AI delivers. This will erode some of our fears about a Terminator-style scenario. We'll also see more of the bad that comes with the good. So there will be job losses as industries change or vanish, imperfections in autonomous driving and security breaches.
So, that's what we think will happen this year. Here are a few things we think definitely won't happen in 2018.
- Ben – Trump won't step out of the spotlight (no matter how much we might want him to)
- Mike – Neither Australia or England will win the football/soccer/only-one-that-matters World Cup
- Annie – Self-driving cars won't become mainstream, as they still try to navigate around kangaroos and allay consumer concerns about safety.
- Kerrie – The US President won't stop tweeting. We'll still hold our collective breath every time he has a tantrum on Twitter that could have massive global repercussions.
- Beatrice – Sadly, hoverboards that actually hover.
What do you think? Let us know in the comments below.


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Get ahead, get a thesaurus
I don't usually use my blog to 'plug' products I've worked on, but a couple of things lately have prompted me to think again about a book I was involved with a few years back. During my recent trip to Munich, a teacher came up to me in the break and asked if I ever recommend a thesaurus to my students. I started to tell her about the Oxford Learner's Thesaurus … only to find that she was already a convert and couldn't understand why it doesn't have a higher profile.
The OLT has the usual sets of synonyms you'd expect in a thesaurus, but it also has lots of information for learners to help them understand what each of the words means and, more importantly, where their meanings overlap and how they're different. It was one of my favourite ever projects to work on – I spent months and months poring over sets of synonyms and trying to tease out all the subtle differences … language nerd paradise!
Anyway, I think it's a great book, especially for more advanced learners, like the EAP students I teach. They really need to vary their vocabulary, especially when they're writing longer pieces, to avoid just repeating the same old words and expressions time and again. Letting them loose on an ordinary NS thesaurus though can be a bit of a recipe for disaster as they come up with all kinds of inappropriate substitutions!
I generally try to introduce my classes to the OLT, usually via an example that's cropped up in class, and encourage them to try it out as a resource. I even managed to squeeze it into my most recent project; OxfordEAP C1/Advanced in a module on synonyms (p. 070 if you've got a copy).
But I also use it quite a bit as a reference myself both when I'm teaching and when I'm writing. Which brings me onto the second prompt for this blog post … I've read a few interesting things on hedging in EAP lately (from Nathan Hall and Ken Paterson - looking forward to his webinar on hedging tomorrow), which for those of you not familiar with the term, is the way we use language to show how confident (or otherwise) we are about what we're saying, or to be more EAP about it, to moderate the strength of the claims we're making. A lot of work on hedging tends to focus on modals (could, might, would), so-called hedging verbs (appear, seem, tend), adverbs (possibly, perhaps, relatively, significantly) and a few other adverbial expressions (to some extent, on balance). But writers also convey a lot about their stance and evaluation of ideas through their choice of other vocabulary too.
Consider the difference between:
The effectiveness of the programme has been queried/questioned/disputed/criticized/attacked.
It's an area that you'd probably only tackle explicitly with pretty advanced students, but it's worth being aware of and picking up on when it crops up (as is the nature of much language work in EAP). Anyway, when I wanted to include some work on this in Oxford EAP, it was OLT I turned to in search of ideas for the practice exercises (p. 143). Lots of sets of synonyms vary in strength, so when you're deciding which word to use to express a particular idea, you might make your choice based on how confident or tentative you want to come across as … that's hedging too.
I'd be interested to hear whether other people use a thesaurus (or the thesaurus facility of some of the learner's dictionaries) - either with their students or for their own reference?
Labels: EAP, hedging, Oxford EAP, Oxford Learner's Thesaurus, synonyms


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Immune Boost Effervescent - Orange Flavour (6 PACK) - Principle (Expiry Feb 2019)
Code: GB210416
Orange Flavour
✔ Dissolve Quickly
✔ Great, Refreshing tasting
✔ Provides Immune Support
Principle Immune Boost Effervescent Tablets (6 x 20 Tablets)
Principle Immune Boost is formulated with a high level of Vitamin C for all-year round support, to help maintain the normal function of the immune system.
These effervescent tablets are a great way of taking vitamins as they are easily absorbed by the body and the great taste makes them easy to consume. They are a great option for those who struggle swallowing tablets.
What are the benefits?
Vitamin C is an antioxidant which protects cells from oxidative stress and has many functions within the body including:
> Immune Health: Vitamin C contributes to the normal function of the immune system.
> Reduces Tiredness & Fatigue: Vitamin C contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.
> Immune Protection After Exercise: Vitamin C helps maintain the normal function of the immune system during and after intense physical exercise.
*NRV= Nutritional reference value.
Adults and children over 12: Dissolve one tablet in a 200ml glass of water daily, to make a refreshing drink. Do not exceed the stated daily intake.
Citric Acid, Ascorbic Acid, Acidity Regulator (Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate), Bulking Agent (Sorbitol), Polyethylene Glycol, Maltodextrin, Sweeteners (Aspartame*, Acesulfame K), Flavouring, Acacia Gum, Colour (Riboflavin).
* Contains a source of phenylalanine.
Store in a cool, dry place not exceeding 25°C and out of sight and reach of children.
Do not use if cap seal is broken. Keep out of sight and reach of children. Food supplements should not be used as a substitute for a varied diet and healthy lifestyle. Excessive consumption may produce laxative effects. Desiccant grains are enclosed in the cap to keep the tablets dry.


text: 2014 Counselor Awards Get Complete Breakdown Here Jul 16, 2014 – by Michele Bell, Joan Chaykin, Andy Cohen, Joe Haley & C.J. Mittica Tweet We honor 10 winners of the 2014 Counselor Awards, the most exclusive accolades given in the ad specialty market. Check out their stories. Person of the Year - Norman Hullinger A name change for any company is major change. But how about for one that's the largest in the industry? One that has had the same name for decades? And one that has integrated acquisitions and other brand names into its operation? . >>Read more about Norman Hullinger here. International Person of the Year - Suzanne Worwood Suzanne Worwood, vice president of merchandising for Counselor Top 40 distributor 4imprint (asi/197045), got her start – considering the magnitude of what she's responsible for now – in the most fortuitous of ways.>>Read more about Suzanne Worwood here. Distributor Entrepreneur of the Year - HDS No. It's a defeating word – one that Howard Schwartz has encountered too many times in the two-decade lifespan of HDS (asi/216807). >>Read more about HDS here. Supplier Entrepreneur of the Year - Admints & Zagabor Brett Hersh and Steve Weissman were partners of a company in the health-care field before selling it off in 1999. In their search for another venture, they hatched a small-but-powerful idea: a branded box of mints. >>Read more about Amints & Zagabor here. Marvin Spike Lifetime Achievement Award - Gary Hellinger Gary Hellinger, CEO of Gary Plastic Packaging Corp. (asi/55990), could have been milking cows for a living, but changed course after he decided the life of a dairy farmer wasn't for him. >>Read more about Gary here. Bess Cohn Humanitarian Award - Raman Agarwal There are some people who are driven to give. Their goal is not to simply have a prosperous business, but to reach within their depths to elevate those in extreme poverty. Raman Agarwal is one of these people. >>Read more about Raman here. Supplier Woman of Distinction - Billie Staton Mentors are often a major topic of discussion for award winners, and with Billie Staton, owner of Top 40 supplier Staton Corporate & Casual, there was no hesitation when asked who her mentor was: mom. >>Read more about Billie here. Distributor Woman of Distinction - Cindy Jorgenson You would think – considering that she's climbed Mount Kilimanjaro, swam with whales, cage-dived with great white sharks and repelled through cavernous waterfalls – Cindy Jorgenson is a charter member of the Justice League. >>Read more about Cindy here. Distributor Family Business of the Year - Grossman Marketing Group Few family businesses reach the century mark. But count Grossman Marketing Group (asi/215205) among that elite circle. >>Read more about Grossman Marketing Group here. Supplier Family Business of the Year - Lion Circle It was 1984 when Phil Carollo saw the first of his four children, Philip Jr. (Jay), join Lion Circle. Like his father, Jay also started in the shipping department, learning the business from the ground up. >>Read more about Lion Circle here. Supplier Top 40 Get a complete list of every Top 40 Supplier in the industry, including 2013 sales revenues. >>Get the list here. Distributor Top 40 Get a complete list of every Top 40 Distributor in the industry, including 2013 sales revenues. >>Get the list here.


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UK Clothing Haul: TK Maxx, H&M, Topshop,..14.6.17
Hey babes! I went to the UK again last month and as you might know from my previous UK hauls, I always go crazy there, stocking up on beauty products and shopping at some of my favorite stores, today I'm sharing the clothes and accessories I bought with you! The red top featured in some of these posts is from Forever 21 and isn't part of the haul!
One store that I have to go to if I get the opportunity is TK Maxx, they always have great brands and awesome items at very affordable prices! If you have time to look through everything, you'll definitely find some amazing things. This first skirt I picked up if from a brand called Patrons Of Peace, it looks like a wrap skirt but it has an elastic band. I absolutely love the flower pattern!
I also picked up this skirt from the same brand, I love the buttons that go all the way down, it's also the perfect length for me and I can't wait to wear it this summer!
I was on a mission to find some jeans because the last few months I've had to throw out at least 3 pairs of jeans because they were worn down and getting too big for me because I've lost some weight. I managed to find 3 pairs! These ripped and stained ones from Kancan LA are super skinny and I love the pattern of the rips.
This pair is more basic which I definitely needed, I don't have many good pairs of regular jeans left! They're from Wrangler which can be a pricy brand so it's great to find them at TK Maxx for a more affordable price.
And the last pair of jeans I found at TK Maxx is one that zips in the back, I love this look and I've been looking for something affordable like this for ages (compared to the expensive ones from Acne for example!), it's from Noisy May which I have another pair of, that I bought on Zalando.
I also picked out this flowy dress from the brand Mandi, and I absolutely adore it, I'll definitely wear this on holiday this summer when we eat out because I just love how extravagant it is while still being classic.
The detailing on the bottom is so cute as well, with a strip of pink lace!
I also picked out some great basic, relaxed items from Tesco, I think it's crazy that convenience stores have so many great clothes in the UK! I picked up these loose flower trousers, which are great to wear to work if I combine them right.
Then I got these jogging/yoga pants, which are seriously the most comfortable pants ever, besides the ones I got in Valencia. I have a little bit of an obsession with loungewear because I usually don't want to wear my jeans or dresses when I come home!
These pants are the same model but a different fabric, these will be great on holiday when it gets a little colder at night, I just love the tropical print!
I also found this dress on sale, I love little basic dresses like this to combine with a jeans jacket and sneakers on a lazy day.
Lastly from Tesco, I picked up these cute sunglasses! I now wear prescription sunglasses but I needed some cheaper ones that I could just throw in my bag when I don't need my prescriptions glasses!
I quickly went to H&M because I needed some basic jackets and I know they always have awesome ones. I picked out this light grey vest, it's so soft!
And then I also picked out this simple hoodie, because my hoodies are usually in the laundry all the time because I wear them to the gym, oops!
I also found this amazing tote bag on sale, my mom actually got the same one as well because we both loved it so much! It's great to fit in binders or books because it's basically A4 paper size!
Since losing weight I've also lost a cup size and I wanted to invest in some cute bralettes, H&M actually has an amazing collection of bralettes right now, I was very impressed! I got this matching bralette and panty set, in a tan colour, I love the detailing!
And then I also got two sets of bralettes, two lace and two regular ones. These are super comfortable and so cute!
These socks came in a pack and I've been looking for cheap ones like this for a while, I love wearing long socks in low sneakers and these are perfect!
And the last thing from H&M are these tennis shoes, usually I can't buy shoes there but these were a half size bigger on the label and they fit me perfectly so I was super happy to find these!
Then at Debenhams I found this super cute backpack, which is very sturdy and I hadn't been able to find an affordable backpack that didn't slouch!
Also at Debenhams I got this cute handbag on sale! Isn't the little lock so cute!
I went to Topshop looking for bikini's and I also found this amazing hologram watermelon phone case, perfect timing because I had just busted my old case and the replacement I bought was super ugly and felt too cheap! This one is great! It's by a brand called Skinny Dip.
I picked out two bikini sets, Topshop is great because they sell bikini tops and bottoms separately, which I definitely need with my small boobs and big butt! This first one has a sponge texture and cute crossed detailing, the coral color makes me look a little tan already!
And to stick with the orange/colour theme, I picked up this zig zag bikini with blue straps that cross in the back!
Hope you enjoyed seeing my summer picks from the UK, have you bought any new swimwear yet?
Thanks for reading!
xoxo Christine
3 comments
I really like the flower skirts You bought <3!ReplyDelete
- Wennie15/06/2017, 10:57
That Mandi dress looks sooooo good on you! You already know I really like your cute phonecase. And I think we'll have to go swimming together in the summer, those bikinis look amazing!ReplyDelete
Ik hou echt zoveel van jouw stijl. Zeker al die bloemenprints zijn zo leuk!ReplyDelete


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Ashley Sieh
April 10, 2016 Dear Editor, Not wanting to cause controversy or issues, there is something that as a student at GR, I would like to shar. more »»
Pattie Bailey
March 20, 2016 Dear Editor Sometimes when I'm out-and-about people ask me about G-R and how things are going with the commission. more »»
James Stone
March 6, 2016 Surprise in Oregon I was teaching Avionics in an F101 Squadron. A Commander from a mountainside Radar site called me and asked if I taught Transistors. more »»
James Stone
February 14, 2016 Dear Editor, Wonders never cease and Frank Fackel and Leroy Moser in the heavens are as surprised as m. more »»
Bob Hemesath
January 17, 2016 Dear Editor, Every four years, Iowa has the unique opportunity to be the first in the nation caucus. more »»
John Thompson
January 3, 2016 Dear Editor, I'm not really the type of person to get hung up on dates but January 3rd is difficult. more »»
Roark Horn
November 1, 2015 Dear Editor We appreciate that the importance of school leadership has been recognized by the State of Iowa with a proclamation signed by Gov. Branstad declaring October as Principals Mont. more »»
Herman Lenz
October 11, 2015 Dear Editor, Its too easy to be seat belted, legal and DEAD because of some other drivers action. more »»
Pattie Bailey
September 27, 2015 Dear Editor and G-R Fans, When I'm working in the den and Bruce is watching football in the living room, I can usually tell how the Bears are doing. more »»
Ann Rae Billerbeck
September 27, 2015 Dear Editor, I want to put into writing how proud everyone should feel for the fantastic turnout we had supporting our students, that's what this is all about. more »»
LaVerne Johnson
September 27, 2015 Dear Editor, Over a year ago my attorney notified "Energy Transfer Partners, LP, DBA Bakken Pipeline, LLC, DBA Dakota Access LLC, by letter that I was NOT interested in having a pipeline on my... more »»
Linda Reardon-Lowry
September 20, 2015 This letter is to express my heartfelt appreciation to the voters of the Gladbrook-Reinbeck school district for their belief in voting for a Gladbrook voice on the school board. more »»
Sue (Weiss) Green
September 13, 2015 Dear Editor, In last week's newspaper, Linda Reardon-Lowry made reference to Superintendent Mathis allocating 40% of his time (16 hours per week) to the GR distric. more »»
Mrs. Bailey
September 6, 2015 Dear Editor and G-R Fans, As I write this letter, I'm making plans for the 4-B Tollbooth Ticket for Friday, the last day of a great first week of school. more »»
Marion Boyer
September 6, 2015 Dear Editor, We are indeed G-R. I think there are a great many reasons why we should vote to support the Gladbrook Reinbeck School District. more »»
Linda Reardon-Lowry
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3 Trips Thursday #62
3 Trips Thursday
Yes it's that time of the week for 3 Trips Thursday where I share my favourite links that I've saved from RSS feeds. Some are new some are old but they're all good in my opinion. Get yourself comfortable and start clicking through for some outdoors inspiration. This week we have some more bothies and snow as well as a week long trip and a great photograph to draw you in.
The Links
As always; hit me up on Twitter, send me an email through the contact page, leave a comment in the comments box. Happy to answer any question or share a link of your outdoor adventure.
Thanks for stopping by.


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Look Mom, No Hands!
This post is dedicated to my brother, Mike. Riding on the back of his 5-Speed Schwinn Sting Ray while he went free handed down Rogers Avenue in South St. Louis seemed so scary at the time. But those far-away, … Continue reading


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I agree the economy is important but I wish to gently question its place on the foremost pedestal of Singaporean life, to the extent that it throws our very existences out of whack.
Economy = money = high quality of life? Does that make sense?
How can that make sense when dual income couples work 12 hour days everyday in order to get an 'A' grade on that performance appraisal... in order to get the next promotion... in order to earn enough money.
Singapore has come to a point where it chases dreams and forgets that quality living is all about basics. We went after the YOG... set up a wonderful sports school... groom our talent at MIT, and we forget that all honour and glory starts from within the warm beating heart of the family. Could we not see that the Swiss people have a high quality of living because they have work-life balance? They live graciously because they have time. They treat each other graciously because they have time.
What time do shops close in Switzerland?
But you see, in Singapore we are so afraid that the economy will stop humming that we feed it what it wants. Women are given maternity leave, but my friend was sacked shortly after she gave birth. MOM said that there was little recourse for her because it is difficult to point the fault at maternity leave. Working hours are long... very long, far longer than 40 hours if you are middle management. It has become the norm to put in those hours or one would not have a good appraisal, nor get promoted fast enough. In essence, unless you are very rich, you have no time for a very basic act of quality living - spend time with your family.
Over time, Singaporeans began to push back. Employees tried to negotiate better deals for themselves. They didn't want such long hours. They wanted more flexibility. And they wanted to be paid enough so that they could buy time with the children without having to worry about money.
Again, employers pouted and the government brought in foreign talent to feed the insatiable economy. Foreign talent know that when they've had enough, they can go home and have all the time they want with their families because we pay them enough that they have a lifetime's worth of earnings in a few years. And in a single wave of immigration, Singaporeans' bargaining chips for use in employer-employee negotiations vaporised into ether. "If you won't work 12 to 18 hour days, that's fine, we'll hire the foreign talent. Easy for me... tough luck for you."
Left alone, the Singapore population may have reached a natural negotiated equilibrium with businesses and employers for better working conditions. Businesses that don't provide productivity tools... and don't learn to be productive... and don't treat workers well, won't survive because they can neither keep staff nor get work done productively enough. The economy will learn to discipline its hunger in order to remain alive.
And as a nation, people would have higher quality of life.
As it is, we have an ineffectual Ministry exhorting people to be filial, to exercise, to spend time eating with their families... but these are words only. No one dares to say anything to employers who sack women who take maternity leave. No one dares to say anything to employers who pooh-pooh these non-profit generating values - family, filial piety, kindness, graciousness. Only the very rich have time to be kind. Everyone else is busy feeding their own lives to the economy one 12 hour day at a time. And every Singaporean knows that when you hit 40, few will hire you. Even if you want to work, it's hard to find a job. That Ministry has no power. The economy is all boss.
The economy is important. It nourishes us. But when the balance is tipped such that the economy devours more than it nourishes, then the solution is NOT to feed it with easy meat (i.e., foreign talent). Feed a monster and it only gets bigger. Businesses who won't respect workers will LEARN to if there were no easy access to foreign talent. Businesses who aren't family friendly will LEARN to be. Businesses who won't hire people above 40 will LEARN to do so too. Otherwise, it's all TALK... and ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS.
It's time to let the economy learn discipline so that Singaporeans can live higher quality lives. And when people are not stressed out, they'll find time to get married. They'll want to have babies. They won't divorce because each of the other ended up married to the job. But well, it may well be that the government wants more spouses and more babies to feed to the economy too, eh?
I'm not saying the economy is un-important, but things are just a little imbalanced... is all.
At the end of the day, I think we have a government who cares... who wants to do a good job, and honestly too. It just does not have the courage to tell the economy to devour less and nourish us more.


text:
You are not logged in.
I generated a client response Gallery, then edited the index page by embedding a Google YouTube video.
Looks fine on a desktop browser. When I try to load it on an iPhone, it doesn't show the embedded YouTube video. Not in Safari when I request the desktop version, and not even when I've regenerated and uploaded the gallery with unchecking iPhone thumbs, which I'd like to turn off.
Is there way that I can get the embedded YouTube video to show and run on a smart phone? I'm hoping to set things up so that images on displaying can be linked to my website for additional sales through scanning a QR code.
I added the code you to video in the mobile.php file, and it works, but only when you tap the right menu at the top on the iPhone. Is there way of having it displayed by default?
Last edited by reidthaler (2017-03-16 08:45:18)
I've tried to disable the mobile.php file by giving it a different extension, but it seems as though the iPhone either creates or somehow generates one to use.
Again, is there a way to disable the iPhone with you being created in client response gallery CE3? Do I need to try to dig up an older version of the client response gallery that won't create smart phone friendly galleries?
You need to put YouTube's embed code into the visible area of the desired HTML document, in this case mobile.php. Into the copy area would be the most effective place, I'd guess.
Campagna Pictures, http://campagnapictures.com
The Turning Gate, http://theturninggate.net
It is in the visible area and I can't see it, it's just that I have to press the left justified hamburger menu on the upper right side to have it be visible. Is there way of disabling that, or disabling the mobile version and going back to the desktop view. I tried turning off rendering Mobile thumbnails but my phone keeps pulling up a mobile.PHP page
... it's just that I have to press the left justified hamburger menu on the upper right side to have it be visible ...
I don't know; I haven't looked at CE3 in years, and I'm not about to dig it out of whatever hole it's buried in. We're not providing active support for CE3 at this point. But it sounds like you need to move the embed outside of the collapsible area. That might involve putting into a DIV element between the copy and a gallery, and styling that element yourself, insofar as providing margin, padding, etc. But you're already hacking the gallery anyway, so a little more hacking shouldn't put you off.
Campagna Pictures, http://campagnapictures.com
The Turning Gate, http://theturninggate.net


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Posted by : Unknown Friday, 25 May 2012
DISCLAIMER: This is a work of revisionist fanfiction for my personal entertainment (and maybe yours). Dragon Age II and all related characters and locations are the property of Bioware Inc. RATING: Grown ups.
"I cannot allow you to live."
"I know," Anders said quietly.
"But death is too easy an escape. For now, I need you."
Sebastian expressed his passionate disapproval, but Caleya promised him that she would deal with Anders appropriately later. The warning look in her eyes seemed to be enough to appease him for the moment, but it wouldn't last. Merrill thought Caleya was allowing Anders a chance for reparation as she'd done for the elf after Mardelle had exiled her, but Caleya's reasoning was far more practical than that. They were wading into battle and she needed all the assets she could get to make it through this battle and ensure that Kirkwall survived the war that would not be far behind.
She stood in the Viscount's office. Her office. Knight-Captain Cullen was there, along with Guard Captain Aveline. And Anders.
"I suppose you could thank me for this," Anders said bitterly. "You could have just killed me for what I'd done, but instead, you're using me to cement your new position."
"You don't like the idea of betraying friendship and trust to make a political statement?" Caleya said with her usual sarcastic sweetness. "You're right, though. Your actions made me realize my purpose here in Kirkwall. And yes, your trial will be a part of that."
"It's a farce, Hawke! My guilt is determined. Why go through with this performance?"
Aveline stepped forward, "Because it's long past time Kirkwall actually respected its laws."
"And," Cullen added, "because we aren't going to allow you to get off that easily, Anders. Death isn't good enough after what you've done."
"Well, you can't just lock me up. You know how that works out," he pouted, until realization dawned on him and his eyes went wide in fear. "No! You wouldn't! You can't! After all we've just fought for!? How could you even consider this??"
"The Divine demands it," said Cullen. "Her emissaries will be here soon. Her eyes were already on Kirkwall because of this unrest, but the destruction of the Chantry ... she will want more than your ... blood..."
"I will not allow this!" Vengeance shouted, menacing his staff at Caleya.
"You know, if it didn't require blood magic or a stable Dalish mage, of which we are short, we could have had this little chat in the Fade, instead."
It was enough to give Vengeance pause. "You ... you do not intend to make us Tranquil, do you. You angered me on purpose."
"I wanted to see for myself who was truly in charge."
Vengeance lowered the staff and cocked his head in curious suspicion, but said nothing.
"You know that your crimes must be punished. Your actions killed innocents and served to further incite a war that killed more innocents and murdered the one person who could have helped your cause. You know this. I wouldn't consider you a very good spirit of Justice if you didn't. You had already accepted death as your atonement. But justice is not as black and white as you pretend, is it? If you truly want your actions to have meaning, then you will hear me and understand that I will not allow you to simply die and become a martyr in this. I won't allow you to escape. If you want to see freedom for mages, then Anders' part in this war is far from over. But Vengeance. Your part is done."
His skin still glowed with the etchings of the spirit, but it was Anders' voice that responded, resigned to his fate now that he realized Caleya had seen through him. "What is it you ask of me?"
Caleya unfolded her arms and took Anders' hands in her own. "I need your trust. And your silence."
- Back to Home »
- anders , aveline , caleya , chantry , cullen , dragon age 2 , fanfic , fic , hawke , headcanon , kirkwall , mage-templar war , mages »
- Justice


text:
|Art Deco Mirrors Browse All Art Deco Mirrors Rectangle/Square Art Deco Mirrors Round/Oval Art Deco Mirrors Shaped Art Deco Mirrors Decorative Mirrors Browse All Decorative Mirrors Large Decorative Mirrors Round/Oval Decorative Mirrors Shaped Decorative Mirrors Square/Rectangle Decorative Mirrors Feature Mirrors Browse All Feature Mirrors Art Deco Feature Mirrors Contemporary Feature Mirrors Decorative Feature Mirrors Leaning Mirrors Multi Faceted Mirrors Round/Oval Mirrors Framed Mirrors
|Browse All Framed Mirrors Decorative Framed Mirrors Large Framed Mirrors Plain Framed Mirrors Round/Oval Framed Mirrors Multi Facet Mirrors Round/Oval Mirrors Browse All Round/Oval Mirrors Art Deco Round/Oval Mirrors Decorative Round/Oval Mirrors Modern Round/Oval Mirrors Shaped Mirrors
|Cheval/Floor Mirrors Framed Mirrors Rectangular Framed Mirrors Round/Oval Framed Mirrors Shaped Framed Mirrors Swept Framed Mirrors Frameless Mirrors Browse All Frameless Mirrors Large Frameless Mirrors Overmantle Frameless Mirrors Rectangle Frameless Mirrors Round/Oval Frameless Mirrors Shaped Frameless Mirrors Large Mirrors Browse All Large Mirrors Large Art Deco Mirrors Large Framed Mirrors Large Round/Oval Mirrors Mirrored Furniture Overmantle Mirrors
|Browse All Overmantle Mirrors Decorative Overmantle Mirrors Large Overmantle Mirrors Modern Overmantle Mirrors Plain Overmantle Mirrors Round/Oval Mirrors Browse All Round/Oval Mirrors Framed Oval/Round Mirrors Frameless Oval/Round Mirrors Large Oval/Round Mirrors Shaped Mirrors
This metallic round framed mirror is finished with silver leaf and warm copper touches. The wavy lined frame swirls around a circular mirror and has a natural texture to it which echoes ripples in the sand.
This mirror would work well in a wide range of interior styles from a contemporary to a retro look or an industrial to a natural rustic look.The rippled texture and the round port hole shape frame would also suit a coastal themed space.
Measuring 104 cm diameter and ready to hang.
Products qualify for Free UK Delivery on orders over £150. Orders below £100 are usually sent via Royal Mail. Normally a First Class service which usually takes a few days. When ordering please give us as much information as possible. For example: a suitable delivery date, if the items can be left with a neighbour or even some directions if its difficult to find. If we are using a courier then we prefer to delivery on a day which is suitable to you, we may contact you to confirm delivery date. Most of our items available are 'In Stock' but due to many factors we can run out and delivery from our suppliers is 2 - 5 weeks depending on availability. If the item is displayed as 'Available to Order' it will be available in the 2-5 week bracket and we will confirm availability within 24 hours or placing order. If you are unavailable when our delivery partner tries to deliver your order, they will usually try to deliver again the next working day or they will post a card to offer you a collection from a local collection point. If you should refuse delivery of goods, or are not available to accept the delivery on both delivery attempts, you will be required to cover any extra costs incurred.
All quoted delivery prices are for most UK addresses. Northern Ireland (BT), Isle of Wight (PO30-37), Isle of Man (IM), Scottish Highlands and Orkney Isles (KA, IV, KW), Outer Hebrides and the Shetland Isles (HS, ZE) will incur additional charges and may also experience delivery delays; morning and Saturday deliveries are optional and will also incur additional charges.
When receiving your parcel please mark the item as 'UNCHECKED' in case of any internal damage or if there is any apparent damage to the outside of the parcel.
**If the contents are damaged, please notify us within 2 days** Otherwise we will be unable to claim from our carriers and you will be left with a broken or damaged item.
If you have a problem or if the item is damaged, please contact us as soon as possible by Telephone: 01592 643227 or email email@example.com
All parcels are sent fully insured.
When ordering please contact us to ask if the item is in stock - our stock changes daily and some items which are out of stock can have a 4-6 week lead time.
Before contacting us to see where your order is please bear the indicative dispatch timelines below in mind and if you want further details please email email@example.com
Naturally we will try and get your order to you as soon as possible. Dates below relate to 'In Stock' items.
|Small Sized Mirrors
|Sent on a next day service and wrapped appropriately. Please allow for extra fragile items to be wrapped and despatched.
|1 - 2 working days
|Medium sized Mirrors
|We may use a fragile carrier for these items which can take a little longer to get to you. Please allow for extra fragile items to be wrapped and despatched.
|2-5 working days
|Large and Fragile Mirrors
|Large and fragile mirrors are always sent using our fragile carrier. In most cases it may take up to 5-10 working days. Our fragile carrier collects from us on a Monday or Tuesday and delivered to you the same week or the following depending on where you are located.
|5+ working days
You can upgrade your delivery service at the checkout and this will mean that we give your item our special attention, rush it to the top of the pile and put it on our Courier Next Day service. This doesn't guarantee you will have it the day after you order but we will do everything we can to make it happen. You can also add a Saturday delivery to your order if preferable. Should you have more specific postage requirements please give us a call on 01592 643227
We will endeavour to meet all special requests for deliveries however it may not always be possible due to our Couriers own policies
Any orders placed before 12pm Monday to Friday will be sent as soon as possible and items ordered after that time or at the weekend will usually be sent at the beginning of the next working day. We will try our best to get your items out sooner but this depends on how busy we are.
PLEASE READ Do not sign for goods if you are unsure of the condition of the goods inside. When receiving your order please check the goods on delivery or mark the consignment note as **goods unchecked**
If an item looks damaged then it should be refused. DO NOT SIGN FOR DAMAGED BOXES OR MAIL BAGS. Failure to follow these instructions could mean that you end up with a damaged item and be unable to claim for them. The signature box that the driver will be asking you to sign confirms that you are happy with the condition. Please mark it as DAMAGED PACKAGE if there is any sign of damage to the outer packaging at all. Goods should always be checked in front of the delivery representative.
Returns are accepted and must be reported within 5 days of reciept of goods. Returns can only be accepted if the item has been unopened and have not been used or hung on the wall.
Damages must be reported within 2 days of reciept of goods.
Once you have reported the damage or return and have agreed a collection day and whether you would like a refund or replacement, we will uplift it using our courier on the day requested. If the item is damaged please use the original packaging to re-package the item and address it to our main gallery address:
27 St Clair Street
We will then do the rest and refund your funds or replace the item, which will be confirmed by either email or telephone. We do not charge a re-stocking fee but do kindly ask for the return postage cost. If your item is faulty we will provide an uplift and replacement free of charge.
**Please note that if you destroy or throw out the original packaging then we cannot collect the mirror from you and therefore you will have to arrange the return shipping yourself and you will be liable for any return costs and also liable for any damages which may occur due to damage in transit. We use a special packing method and materials to reduve the chance of damage in transit and if you throw out the packaging then it will be very difficult to get it back to us in one piece.
Any unwanted items must be sent back at the customer's expense in original packaging and condition. If you wish us to give you a quote for this please send us an e-mail, otherwise return the goods to:
The Enid Hutt Gallery
27 St.Clair Street
Telephone: 01592 643227
If you are unhappy with the goods received we will refund them if they are sent back at the customer's expense in new resaleable condition within 7 working days along with the original receipt.
We suggest for your own protection you use 1st class registered post.
Any refunds will be issued once we have received the goods, in their original condition. This refund only includes the total of goods sent not the delivery charge.
We will not charge a restocking fee for returned items.
Any goods with manufacturing faults on arrival will be replaced or refunded.
This does not affect your statutory rights.
Security (SagePay formerly Protx)
We use the industry leading internet payment company SagePay to protect your card details and protect us from fraud. The following security systems are used.
Transaction security: All transaction information passed between merchant sites and the SagePay VSP Systems is encrypted using 128-bit SSL certificates. No cardholder information is ever passed unencrypted and any messages sent to your servers from SagePay are signed using MD5 hashing to prevent tampering. You can be completely secure in the knowledge that nothing you pass to the SagePay servers can be examined, used or modified by any third parties attempting to gain access to sensitive information.
Encryption and Data Storage: All sensitive data is secured on SagePay using the same internationally recognised 256-bit encryption standards used by, among others, the US Government. The encryption keys are held on state-of-the-art, tamper proof systems in the same family as those used to secure VeriSign's Global Root certificate, making them all but impossible to extract. The data we hold is extremely secure and we are regularly audited by the banks and banking authorities to ensure it remains so.
Links to banks: SagePay has multiple private links into the banking network that are completely separate from the Internet and which do not cross any publicly accessible networks. Any cardholder information sent to the banks and any authorisation message coming back is secure and cannot be tampered with.
Employee access: No individuals within The Mirror Shop or SagePay are able to decrypt transaction information or cardholder data. Our systems only allow access to our most senior staff and only in extenuating circumstances (such as investigations of Card Fraud by the Police). Your transaction information and customer card information is secure even form our own employees because our systems never display the full card numbers, even on administration screens.
Security (PayPal)
We use the industry leading internet payment company PayPal to protect your card details and protect from fraud. PayPal are more secure than direct online payment with credit cards with an industry-leading loss rate is less than 0.5%. With PayPal, you also have extensive protection against fraudulent transactions from your account. For example:
Industry-leading fraud prevention expertise is just one of the reasons PayPal is a safe way to pay online. PayPal uses proprietary technology and constantly innovates to monitor transactions and maintain a secure payment system.
To help you keep track of your account activity, PayPal sends an email confirmation of every account transaction.
Privacy: PayPal keep your information safe. We will never actually see your bank or credit card details, they are passed in a highly secure way directly to PayPal for processing.
For more information visit www.paypal.co.uk


text:
Hostels - Large
Barrier Reef
Upcoming events
Learn to Dive
Your complete guide
to Cairns Backpackers Hostels and the Great Barrier Reef.
Unless credited otherwise,
the contents of this web site are copyrighted
Copyright © 2003 DTR Services, LLC,
all rights reserved.
The Perfect Hostel!
Find yours using this complete listing of all the
backpacker and budget lodging in the area. Quickly and easily choose
the place that suits you best, then contact them directly to make
your booking without a middleman.
Use these handy indexes:
Hostels in the City
Hostels in Town
Hostels on the Esplanade
Large Hostels
Small Hostels
Hostels Near Dive Schools
About Cairns:
is a vibrant city, of 120,000 with a unique lifestyle that celebrates
the incredible natural bounty that surrounds it. Reminders of the
Great Barrier Reef, the local tropical rainforest, and the outback
that lies just over the coastal mountains are all over town.
The Great Barrier Reef
Cairns is the most popular gateway to the Great Barrier Reef. The
reef here is close by. In just an hours' boat ride. you can be in
the water and seeing it for yourself. Trips range from 1-12 days.
Our Local
Rain Forests
The tropical rainforests that surround Cairns are unique, beautiful,
and filled with plants and animals found nowhere else on earth.
Here you can find kangaroos that live in trees, mammals that lay
eggs, huge flightless birds, colorful orchids and countless other
species of plants and animals.
You can't come to Australia and not head out bush and experience
the outback. Cairns is a great starting point for outback exploration,
especially during the June- November dry season, when temperatures
are comfortable and rainfall is rare in the outback regions.
Coming Events: It's a hot
summer, with lots of things happening in February and March, Check
it out!


text:
JIBC supports student-centred mobile learning at the Universidad de Guadalajara
JIBC's Centre for Teaching, Learning and Innovation (CTLI) is delivering a customized professional development program for more than 300 professors in Mexico
One of two groups of professors at the Universidad de Guadalajara participating in the professional development program co-developed with JIBC (Flickr photo by Alan Levine under a Creative Commons license)
Helping university professors in Mexico integrate student-centred mobile learning strategies into their courses is the goal of a customized professional development program delivered by the Justice Institute of British Columbia (JIBC).
In July, 315 professors from Mexico's Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG) began a six-month program co-developed between UdeG and JIBC's Centre for Teaching, Learning and Innovation (CTLI).
Through the program, professors will learn about leading practices in student-centred learning and have a hands-on opportunity to experiment and creatively use various technologies and applications they feel would be applicable in the courses they teach.
JIBC was approached by UdeG to create the program at the recommendation of Dr. Tony Bates, an international leader in the planning and management of e-learning and distance education.
"It's exciting for us to be developing and implementing this kind of program that really draws on JIBC's strengths in developing and applying technology to enhance student access to post-secondary education," said Tannis Morgan, Associate Dean of JIBC's CTLI. "It's wonderful to partner with the staff in the CIEP at the Universidad de Guadalajara, who are committed to innovation at their large public university comprised of 15 campuses and over 100,000 students."
(Flickr photo by Alan Levine under a Creative Commons license)
Participants started the program with a week of face-to-face sessions in July at UdeG's Center for Arts, Architecture and Design. From mid-August to October, they will be challenged to integrate into their courses some of the strategies and tools they've learned with the support of JIBC facilitators. They will also gather student feedback that will be shared with other participants in the program when they meet face-to-face again in December to showcase what they have developed.
For the duration of the program, UdeG professors will be participating in various challenges and interacting with other project participants through various media, including the program's website: The UDG Agora.
While UdeG professors will advance their own skills and knowledge through the program, one of the additional goals of the initiative is to develop open educational resources available for other faculty in other institutions.
To follow the developments in the program, visit the project's website or follow @AgoraUdG on Twitter or use the hashtag #UdGAgora.
About Justice Institute of British Columbia
Justice Institute of British Columbia (JIBC) is Canada's leading public safety educator with a mission to develop dynamic justice and public safety professionals through its exceptional applied education, training and research. JIBC offers internationally recognized education that leads to certificates, diplomas, bachelor's degrees and graduate certificates; exceptional continuing education for work and career-related learning and development; and customized contract training to government agencies and private organizations worldwide. Our education provides professionals with the knowledge, skills, and abilities to excel at every stage of their careercontributing to safer communities and a more just society.
Last updated January 12, 2016