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Future cybersleuths trained by experts as UD hosts U.S. Cyber Challenge Delaware Camp 2012
12:27 p.m., July 20, 2012--According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, cyber crime ranks as "the third greatest threat to national security," after nuclear war and weapons of mass destruction.
Yet employers across the nation are facing extreme shortages of cyber security experts with strong, hands-on technical skills. The shortage extends from the government to the U.S. defense industrial base, information systems contractors, utilities, telecommunications companies and most other segments of the critical infrastructure.
Campus Stories
From graduates, faculty
Doctoral hooding
Last week, 30 students from area universities and high schools immersed themselves in a specialized cyber security training camp to learn how to foil cyber threat attempts, a move that may ultimately propel them into cyber security careers.
Coordinated by the Delaware Coordinating Council for U.S. Cyber Challenge, which includes representatives from Delaware Technical Community College, University of Delaware, Wilmington University and the Delaware Department of Technology and Information, the U.S. Cyber Challenge Delaware Camp graduated its third class on the UD campus Friday, July 13.
"The Internet is a critical part of most Americans' everyday life and that's a good thing, but unfortunately it also means that our economy and critical infrastructure are vulnerable to attacks by hackers. That's where these bright students come in," said U.S. Sen. Tom Carper, who recognized the students, along with U.S. Congressman John Carney.
Students involved in the camp received training from world class experts on a range of topics, including penetration testing, wireless security, cyber ethics and digital forensics. A "capture-the-flag" competition at the end of the five-day camp tested the student's newly learned skills.
Winners of the competition were Team Shebang (named for a commonly known Linux sequence "#!"). Each team member received a $1,000 educational scholarship.
Team members included:
- Hristo Asenov, University of Delaware, Newark, Del.
- Alex Coffman, Wilmington University, Smyrna, Del.
- Kevin Kaminski, University of Delaware, Wilmington, Del.
- Scott Stevenson, Rowan University, Sparta, N.J.
- Yingbo Wang, University of Delaware, Newark, Del.
This year, an onsite career fair provided participants key opportunities to learn about scholarship, internships and employment opportunities at major technology companies and government agencies.
Parth Gadani, a 2012 Delmar High School graduate, called the experience a "jetpack on my back" that will propel him into college, while Hristo Asenov, a UD doctoral student studying computer and information sciences, said the "hands-on activities were important" and brought "greater knowledge" of the work ahead.
But it was Alex Coffman, a second career student at Wilmington University, who summed it up best. Coffman called it a "phenomenal week" in which he gained many new skills for his employment toolbox – skills that may ultimately play a factor in a student's marketability and job placement following graduation.
"All this week, these talented students have been getting a glimpse into the minds of the hackers and learning how to thwart their attacks. These camps serve as a way for us to help train and guide the future guardians of the Internet. I thank them for their hard work and urge them to consider government service both at the state and federal level as we work to protect against these Internet-based attacks," concluded Sen. Carper.
Local program sponsors of the cyber camp at UD include Swain Techs, Advantech, L-3 Communications, Verizon Delaware, Bayhealth Medical Center and Wilmington University.
Article by Karen B. Roberts
Photo by Evan Krape


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He was a beautiful man. —Robert Trivers
Niles Eldredge: I remember the English evolutionary geneticist
John Maynard Smith remarking to me that he was astonished to find out
that George Williams wasn't in our National Academy. Williams finally
got elected in 1993. When I visited him in Stony Brook in the mid 1980s,
he told me he was having a hard time getting grant support for his research,
and I couldn't believe that. The two thoughts converged, because George
really is the most important thinker in evolutionary biology in the United
States since the 1959 Darwin centennial. It's astonishing that he hasn't
gotten more credit and acclaim. He's a shy guy, but a very nice guy, and
a very deep and a very careful thinker. I admire him tremendously, even
though we've been arguing back and forth for years now.
[EDITOR'S NOTE: Images are bouncing around my head since I learned that George Williams had passed away...
A number of Edgies knew George Williams and many more have been influenced by his work. I am asking for your stories and recollections. It's time for an Edge conversation.
In the meantime, in George's memory, I am pleased to reprise the Introduction ("The Evolutionary Idea"), Chapter One ("George C. Williams: A Package of Information"), and comments Stephen Jay Gould, Richard Dawkins, Lynn Margulis, Steven Pinker, Niles Eldredge, Daniel C. Dennett, excerpted from The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution (Simon & Schuster, 1996).
(...Continue below to George C. Williams in The Third Culture)
THE REALITY CLUB: Robert Trivers, Richard Dawkins, Daniel C. Dennett, Niles Eldredge, Randoph Nesse, M.D., Carl Zimmer
Part 1
The universe is changing in time, and it has evolved from something simpler to something more complex. That is the lesson to be learned from recent advances in evolutionary theory; the emergence of order has colored biology since Darwin and twentieth-century cosmology alike.
In Darwin's day, the exact manner of the inheritance of characteristics was not known; Darwin himself believed that certain characteristics were acquired by an organism as a result of environmental change and could be passed to the organism's offspring, an idea popularized by the French naturalist Jean- Baptiste Lamarck. In 1900, the work done by Mendel some fifty years earlier was brought to light, and the gene, though its exact nature was unknown at the time, became a player in "the modern synthesis" of Mendel and Darwin. This synthesis, which reconciled genetics per se with Darwin's vision of natural selection, was carried out in the early 1930s by R.A. Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright, and augmented a few years later by the work of the paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson, the biologist Ernst Mayr, and the geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky, who expanded on this neo-Darwinian paradigm. Nevertheless, there is still discord in the ranks of evolutionary biologists. The principal debates are concerned with the mechanism of speciation; whether natural selection operates at the level of the gene, the organism, or the species, or all three; and also with the relative importance of other factors, such as natural catastrophes.
Among the evolutionary biologists, George C. Williams is the senior figure in the book. People outside the field who take an interest in evolution are much more likely to think of Stephen Jay Gould or the British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins; few laypeople have heard of Williams. Yet nearly all evolutionary biologists, even those who do not agree with him, admire him. Williams was the first to emphasize that it was the gene on which natural selection acted. In this regard, he precedes Richard Dawkins, with whom he shares a great many ideas, and he is in a different camp from Stephen Jay Gould, who has a hierarchical theory of selection processes, of which the gene is only one level. Williams' book Adaptation and Natural Selection, published in 1966, was a treatise on what has become known as ultra-Darwinism. In recent work, Williams describes the gene as having a "codical" as well as a physical character that is, he views the gene as a package of information, not an object.
Stephen Jay Gould is known among evolutionary biologists for three things: "punctuated equilibria," a theory he developed with Niles Eldredge which says that one species does not gradually turn into another but that species emerge suddenly; resuscitation of the study of relationships between embryology and evolution, as expressed in his landmark book Ontology and Phylogeny; and a famous paper, written with the population geneticist Richard Lewontin, titled "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm; A Critique of the Adaptationist Program." He is also widely read. His books (Wonderful Life, Bully for Brontosaurus) are on best-seller lists around the world.
Paleontologists study the fossil record. The questions they face concern such things as long-term patterns in the history of life, and the extinction of species over millions of years. In this regard, Gould carries forward the attitude of many paleontologists towards evolutionary biology: namely, skepticism regarding the domains and the powers of natural selection. He is often critical of the ultra-Darwinian views of mainstream evolutionists such as Williams and Dawkins.
Gould is attempting to weave together three themes in order to expand the current Darwinian model: the first is the hierarchical theory of natural selection; the second notes the limitations on evolution imposed by biological constraints on adaptation; the third concerns catastrophic events in geologic time, which can cause mass extinctions. Because Gould is a prolific and gifted popularizer, the educated public, at least in America, assumes that his approach to evolutionary biology is the mainstream position. Not so; he is a critic of the mainstream, which is dominated by Williams, the English evolutionary biologist John Maynard Smith, and Dawkins.
Richard Dawkins is considered by his peers to be the ultimate ultra-Darwinist. He is also a gifted writer, who is known for his popularization of Darwinian ideas as well as for original thinking on evolutionary theory. He has invented telling metaphors that illuminate the Darwinian debate: His book The Selfish Gene argues that genes molecules of DNA are the fundamental units of natural selection, the "replicators." Organisms, including ourselves, are "vehicles," the packaging for "replicators." The success or failure of replicators is based on their ability to build successful vehicles. There is a complementarity in the relationship: vehicles propagate their replicators, not themselves; replicators make vehicles. In The Extended Phenotype, he goes beyond the body to the family, the social group, the architecture, the environment that animals create, and sees these as part of the phenotype the embodiment of the genes. He also takes a Darwinian view of culture, exemplified in his invention of the "meme," the unit of cultural inheritance; memes are essentially ideas, and they, too, are operated on by natural selection.
Brian Goodwin looks on biology as an exact science, and sees the "new biology" less as a historical science than as an enterprise similar to physics in its emphasis on principles of order. He represents the structuralist approach, which resonates with the Scottish zoologist D'Arcy Thompson's idea that evolutionary variation is constrained by structural laws; not all forms are possible. Goodwin is passionately opposed to the reductionist view of the ultra-Darwinians, and much more comfortable with the complexity ideas of Stuart Kauffman and with Francisco Varela's holistic approach to biology.
Steve Jones is a highly regarded geneticist and snail biologist. He is interested in why so much diversity exists in animals and plants: why no two individuals are alike. Surely, it can be argued, natural selection should instead inevitably lead to the evolution of one perfect form for each species. He works on the striking variety of shell color and banding patterns in the land snail Cepaea nemoralis. Cepaea has been seen as an archetype of diversity since the nineteenth century. In the 1950s, the English biologists Arthur Cain and Phillip Sheppard argued that such apparently trivial differences were under the action of natural selection (in this case because birds would attack the conspicuous forms). Jones finds that climate is also involved and most important that differences in microclimate on the scale of a few inches can alter the behavior and survival of snails of different pattern. Ecologically complex habitats hence foster genetic diversity. Jones has been writing and lecturing about science to a general audience for ten years. His most recent book, The Language of the Genes, won the 1994 Science Book Prize.
Niles Eldredge, a paleontologist who is closely associated with Stephen Jay Gould, believes that species are information repositories; the theory of punctuated equilibria provides evidence that species, once they originate, tend to remain stable, while change occurs by rapid events of branching by small populations splitting off from ancestral species. Eldredge is known for his work on the hierarchical structure of biological systems and for his criticisms of the adaptationist program. Since the late 1960s, he and Gould, the "naturalists," have been locked in intellectual debate with George Williams, John Maynard Smith, and Richard Dawkins over such issues as where selection takes place. Eldredge believes that metaphors of competition, while appropriate at the level of reproductive biology, fail as an explanatory principle for large-scale biological systems. He also makes the point that while the ultra-Darwinians consider themselves reductionists, they go down only to the genes-within- populations level, and don't pay much attention to molecular biology.
Biologist Lynn Margulis would extend evolutionary studies nearly four billion years back in time. Her major work has been in cell evolution, in which the great event was the appearance of the eukaryotic, or nucleated, cell the cell upon which all larger life-forms are based. Nearly thirty years ago, she argued for its symbiotic origin: that it arose by associations of different kinds of bacteria. Her ideas were generally either ignored or ridiculed when she first proposed them; symbiosis in cell evolution is now considered one of the great scientific breakthroughs.
Margulis is also a champion of the Gaia hypothesis, an idea developed in the 1970s by the free lance British atmospheric chemist James E. Lovelock. The Gaia hypothesis states that the atmosphere and surface sediments of the planet Earth form a self- regulating physiological system Earth's surface is alive. The strong version of the hypothesis, which has been widely criticized by the biological establishment, holds that the earth itself is a self-regulating organism; Margulis subscribes to a weaker version, seeing the planet as an integrated self- regulating ecosystem. She has been criticized for succumbing to what George Williams calls the "God-is good" syndrome, as evidenced by her adoption of metaphors of symbiosis in nature. She is, in turn, an outspoken critic of mainstream evolutionary biologists for what she sees as a failure to adequately consider the importance of chemistry and microbiology in evolution.
Chapter 1
George C. Williams: Evolution, in the sense of long-term change in a sexually reproducing population, depends on the relative rates of survival of competing genes. Given that organisms may find themselves in an environment where there are close genealogical relatives, it follows that an organism is expected to react to cues of kinship in a certain way, so as to discriminate among the individuals it encounters on the basis of kinship, and be more benign and cooperative toward closer kin than more distant kin or nonrelatives.
My interest in evolution started in the summer of 1947, when I spent six weeks in the Painted Desert with a paleontologist named Sam Welles, who had a group of students there, officially in a summer course, but we spent most of the time swinging picks and shovels, digging fossils, as part of Welles' research project. He was a specialist in Triassic amphibians. Evenings were spent sitting around the campfire talking about things like evolution. For the first time in my life, people real biologists, real scholars were willing to sit and listen to my opinions. I was twenty one years old. I certainly became interested in many aspects of evolution then, and shortly after that I signed up at the University of California at Berkeley for a course in evolution with Ledyard Stebbins, who at the time, and for quite a while thereafter, was the world's primary expert in evolution with respect to things botanical. Stebbins' course introduced me to Theodosius Dobzhansky's Genetics and The Origin of Species. Stebbins was great, but Dobzhansky's book was what got me interested in natural selection as a process.
At the University of Chicago, my job was strictly teaching. I was in their early-entrant undergraduate program taught freshmen and sophomores biology. They had a great-books approach. We read Darwin, Mendel, and others. Also I attended seminars by people such as Alfred Emerson, the termite specialist and recognized authority on things evolutionary. I found his ideas absolutely unacceptable. That motivated me to do something. If it was biology Emerson was discussing, I would be better off selling insurance.
I remember especially his lecture on the role of death in evolution. He was all in favor of death, and said that the reason we grow old and die is to make room for successors, so that they can have a chance. This seemed so totally impossible, given that evolution proceeds by natural selection. There was absolutely no logical way you could reconcile his ideas with Darwinism, even though he claimed to be a Darwinist.
This initiated my first theoretical obsession: the evolution of senescence the decline in adaptive performance with age. You can't run as fast at sixty as you could at thirty. On the way home that evening, talking about the problem with my wife, I independently came up with an idea that Peter Medawar is chiefly responsible for and published in 1952, although he may have published something that foreshadowed it in the 1940s and that is that the effectiveness of selection in maintaining adaptation is essentially the product of reproductive value and survival.
The survival factor is easier to appreciate. If you're more likely to be alive at thirty than at sixty, then selection will be more effective at maintaining adaptation at thirty than at sixty. At an age you'd be extremely unlikely to survive to, such as one hundred years old, adaptation would be a lost cause, and selection wouldn't be concerned with it.
As the effectiveness of selection declines, the effectiveness of its products declines. This explains the rising mortality rate that comes with age. It seemed to me at the time, and still does, that this is an inevitable conclusion, arising from just the simple fact of mortality. If there's any possibility of dying, at any age, then you're less likely to be alive at a later age than you are at an earlier age.
Another one of Alfred Emerson's ideas was that evolution is much more concerned with cooperation than with competition. It seemed to me to be very much the other way around, and that there was something very special about the social insects which accounted for their extreme cooperativeness. That special thing was their kinship high levels of kinship within the colony. This was the focus of a theoretical paper I published in 1957. It was a model of natural selection between families; now I think that's a silly way to do it, but at the time I wasn't smart enough to think of the kin-selection idea, which was some years later worked out by William D. Hamilton. In extreme models, this kind of selection can lead to things like forgoing reproduction, if in so doing you can, for example, more than double the reproduction of a full sib. The full sib is half as good as you are genetically that is, from the standpoint of getting your genes into future generations. In the social insects, of course, sisters may have a three-quarter relationship, because if they share a father then all the genes they get from the father are exactly the same.
These early experiences kindled an interest that has never gone away, and resulted in Adaptation and Natural Selection, my first book-length publication on this and related matters. By then I had worked on the problem of senescence and on cooperation between relatives, but I had a long list of other problems that interested me.
At that time, group selection was not explicit. V.C. Wynne- Edwards' big book on group selection Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour came out in 1962, but I discovered it only after I was largely finished with Adaptation and Natural Selection. I submitted the manuscript in late 1963, and it referred to Wynne-Edwards' work, but I brought it in as a late revision of the manuscript.
There was some group-selection modeling prior to that, and explicit use of group-selection ideas by Alfred Emerson and A.H. Sturtevant, in a paper published in 1938. In 1945, Sewall Wright presented a group-selection model, in a book review of George Simpson's Tempo and Mode in Evolution. But the group-selection model wasn't easy to find if you didn't know about it already. Mostly, the group-selection idea was necessary to the way people were thinking about adaptation, although and I find this extremely strange they didn't realize it. They kept talking about things being for the good of the species. If it's for the good of something, and it's to arise by natural selection, it has to be produced by the natural selection of those somethings. In other words, one species survives as another one goes extinct. The basis of Wynne-Edwards' work on group selection was that you can't have things that work for the good of the group unless you have selection at the level of groups. What he was doing was looking for selection at the level of local breeding populations, and whether they could be called separate species wasn't particularly relevant.
To most people's satisfaction, Wynne-Edwards has been proved wrong. Not that there's no selection at levels higher than the individual or the family, but simply that his particular formulation isn't likely to be a very strong force in evolution. It's now generally conceded that the phenomena he was explaining by this mode of thought are much better explained by other processes: by selection at lower levels, selection among individuals.
For instance, any reproductive restraint anytime it looks as if individuals aren't reproducing at the maximum possible rate is explainable simply on the basis of an individual optimal-resource allocation model. You don't kill yourself trying to do something today if working at it a little bit more easily will enable you to try again tomorrow. Maybe you don't do it at all today, if conditions will be much better tomorrow. This kind of thinking explains the fact, for instance, that birds do not necessarily lay as many eggs in a breeding season as they demonstrably might. The allocation of their resources will be much more effective for reproduction with a lower-level expenditure on eggs, which will enable them later to spend more on feeding the young and later still, next year, having another breeding season.
There's a great conceptual deficiency in my earlier work, one that I shared with just about everybody else who was working at the time. I failed to realize what a tremendous problem the existence and prevalence of sexual reproduction is. I got interested in that in the early seventies, and I published a book in 1975 titled Sex and Evolution. There are a lot of complications that I didn't appreciate at the time, but John Maynard Smith and Bill Hamilton and many others have advanced our understanding tremendously in the last twenty years.
Richard Dawkins went in the right direction when he made the distinction between replicators and vehicles. David Hull's substitution of the term "interactor" for "vehicle" is a good idea, but that's a minor terminological matter. Dawkins didn't go nearly far enough in making that distinction, because he defines a replicator in a way that makes it a physical entity duplicating itself in a reproductive process. This is fine, but the important distinction lies at a still more basic level. He was misled by the fact that genes are always identified with DNA.
Evolutionary biologists have failed to realize that they work with two more or less incommensurable domains: that of information and that of matter. I address this problem in my 1992 book, Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges. These two domains will never be brought together in any kind of the sense usually implied by the term "reductionism." You can speak of galaxies and particles of dust in the same terms, because they both have mass and charge and length and width. You can't do that with information and matter. Information doesn't have mass or charge or length in millimeters. Likewise, matter doesn't have bytes. You can't measure so much gold in so many bytes. It doesn't have redundancy, or fidelity, or any of the other descriptors we apply to information. This dearth of shared descriptors makes matter and information two separate domains of existence, which have to be discussed separately, in their own terms.
The gene is a package of information, not an object. The pattern of base pairs in a DNA molecule specifies the gene. But the DNA molecule is the medium, it's not the message. Maintaining this distinction between the medium and the message is absolutely indispensable to clarity of thought about evolution.
Just the fact that fifteen years ago I started using a computer may have had something to do with my ideas here. The constant process of transferring information from one physical medium to another and then being able to recover that same information in the original medium brings home the separability of information and matter. In biology, when you're talking about things like genes and genotypes and gene pools, you're talking about information, not physical objective reality. They're patterns.
I was also influenced by Dawkins' "meme" concept, which refers to cultural information that influences people's behavior. Memes, unlike genes, don't have a single, archival kind of medium. Consider the book Don Quixote: a stack of paper with ink marks on the pages, but you could put it on a CD or a tape and turn it into sound waves for blind people. No matter what medium it's in, it's always the same book, the same information. This is true of everything else in the cultural realm. It can be recorded in many different media, but it's the same meme no matter what medium it's recorded in.
In cultural evolution, obviously, the idea of a coffee cup or a table is something that persists. The coffee cups and tables don't persist, they recur as a result of the persistence of the information that tells people how to make coffee cups and tables. It's the same way in biology: hands and feet and noses and so on don't persist, they recur as a result of genetic instructions for making hands and feet and noses. It's the information that lasts and evolves. Obviously, it's because of the physical manifestations of the information that we know about the information. Dawkins has had trouble in convincing people, and this stems from his thinking of the gene as an object of emphasizing the importance of replication rather than of proliferation of information.
Until you've made the distinction between information and matter, discussions of levels of selection will be muddled. Comparing a gene with an individual, for instance, in discussions of levels of selection, is inappropriate, if by "individual" you mean a material object and by "gene" you mean a package of information. It should be "gene" and "genotype." You have to look at levels of selection in both of these domains, and realize what you're doing. Comparisons of levels of selection should be within the same domain.
Having made the domain distinction, you then go to levels, and you find that in the two domains the levels do not correspond exactly. As a general rule, if we restrict our attention to sexually reproducing populations, there are only two possible levels of selection in the informational or what I call the codical domain: the gene and the gene pool. Selection can operate on alternative genes within a population; selection can act on alternative gene pools in a biota. Both of these are evolutionary factors that can produce interesting effects.
In the material domain, on the other hand, selection can operate at the level of alternative individuals, in the usual sense of "individual," or on groups of individuals such things as insect colonies, or families whether they form elaborate colonies or not. These temporary groupings of individuals give rise to what the biologist David Sloan Wilson calls "trait-group selection," and also to selection between alternative populations. That's the physical basis for selection between gene pools. But the physical levels of selection below that level for instance, between competing colonies of the same species of social insects don't have a corresponding level in the codical domain. The events in the competition between insect colonies are recorded at the level of a gene. There are no sufficiently persistent genetic differences among colonies for effective selection in the codical domain. I believe David Wilson agrees with that. He's interested in selection among the interactors in the material domain.
The main messages of my 1966 book are now generally accepted. This would have been the case whether I wrote that book or not. The ideas would have prevailed by today, because people like Hamilton, Dawkins, Robert Trivers, and others were doing work at the same time, more or less, and if there hadn't been a single book in the mid-sixties to deal with the idea of levels of selection, I think one of those people probably would have written it. Dawkins' book The Selfish Gene is very much a case in point. It advanced things a lot further than mine did.
My lasting contribution will be for a clarification of the problems of the two domains and the levels of natural selection. I'll also be known as one of the people who first became interested in explaining why there is such a thing as sexual reproduction, and why it's so widespread.
In the future, breakthroughs in evolutionary biology may come in the field of paleontology. Fieldwork now going on will be recognized several decades from now as having provided extremely important information. People I've never heard of are out there digging, looking for pollen grains in lake sediments, or dusting off trilobites from Paleozoic shales. Other important insights will come from people working in traditionally unrelated fields for instance, on things like conflict between genomes. The most immediately enlightening and convincing work that's going on now is in explanations being advanced for things like genetic imprinting that is, the fact that in early development the activity of the gene depends upon whether it came from the mother or the father. I'm most involved in a recent publication by the biologist David Haig on genetic conflict in human pregnancy. This may not in fact be the clearest example of genetic imprinting, and certainly it isn't going to be the one most easy to work with, but it's work of this nature that's likely to get people thinking seriously about levels and domains of selection.
My recent work concerns what I call Darwinian medicine the general applicability of evolutionary ideas in medical research, practice, and education. It arose in conversations with Randolph Nesse, a medical doctor and professor at Ann Arbor. Another important factor for me was a paper by Paul Ewald in 1980.
Ewald started life as an ornithologist and got interested in medicine one day when he got sick. It was an intestinal pathogen that got him not quite as dramatic as Alfred Russel Wallace getting his inspirations during an attack of malaria. Paul started thinking about the evolutionary interaction between hosts and parasites. That led to his paper on how to use evolutionary ideas to interpret the observations one makes in infectious diseases the symptoms and signs seen in the host. It struck me that these were extremely important ideas, which should be tremendously useful in medicine.
I had already been thinking about senescence and life histories in general, and certainly senescence is a medical problem. From general population genetics I knew something about inherited disorders. These are quite different kinds of medical problems, but all of them are susceptible to evolutionary interpretations, in ways that it seems to me would benefit the practice of medicine. The more I got to thinking about it, and talking to Randy Nesse about it, the more I realized that there is no kind of medical problem for which the theory of natural selection will not be relevant, for curing or preventing a disease.
One of Paul's most important insights is that AIDS is probably not a new disease, in the sense of HIV being a new pathogen. What we're dealing with is a pathogen that has rapidly evolved a much higher level of virulence because of its environmental circumstances. It may have been an organism that, prior to two or three decades ago, was transmitted primarily from parent to offspring and maybe rarely between sex partners and therefore the evolutionary factors acting on its virulence necessarily kept it very nonvirulent. Individuals with this virus had to survive long enough to reproduce, or the virus wouldn't be transmitted.
Now, take people with this virus and move them into a completely different social situation, in which families are disrupted and men are being served mainly by prostitutes who are dealing with hundreds of men per year. You now have a situation in which the opportunity for the transmission of the disease to another individual no longer depends upon the long-term survival of the individual that has it. Therefore the restraints on its virulence are removed. Within an individual, the more virulent the strain, the better it will do, because the more virulent the strain the more of that particular virus there will be for transmission to the next individual. We've shifted the balance of selection on this virus from mainly between individuals between hosts to within hosts. Within hosts, there's normally selection for increased virulence. Suddenly the virulence of the HIV went way up. This is just one example. There are many, many examples of human activities that influence the evolution of virulence in our pathogens.
There are many other ways in which evolutionary ideas can be brought to bear on medicine for instance, in dealing with the mismatch between our evolved adaptations and the environment in which we now find ourselves. This mismatch is probably the main source of medical problems today.
In twenty or thirty years, medical students will be learning about natural selection, about things like balance between unfavorable mutations and selection. They will be learning about the evolution of virulence, of resistance to antibiotics by microorganisms, they will be learning about human archaeology, about Stone Age life, and the conditions in the Stone Age that essentially put the finishing touches on human nature as we now have it. These same ideas then will be informing the work of practitioners of medicine, and the interactions between doctor and patient. They'll be guiding the medical research establishment in a fundamental way, which isn't true today. At the rate things are going, this is inevitable. These ideas ought to reach the people who are in charge the doctors and the medical researchers but it's even more important that they reach college students, especially future medical students, and patients who go to the doctor. They'll have questions to ask that doctor, who will have to have answers. I hope this set of ideas produces a certain amount of bottom-up influence on the medical community, via students and patients. But I hope also that there's some top-down influence that it will be influencing the faculties in medical schools and the researchers on human disease.
Stephen Jay Gould: George Williams is a very important man. He's a quiet, gentle man who has had enormous influence on evolutionary theory since the 1960s, particularly through Adaptation and Natural Selection, in 1966, which was largely a critique of the false logic in forms of group selectionism then current and a defense of a fairly hard-edged strict Darwinian view based on individual selection. It was a methodological argument; he didn't say that group selection is impossible in principle, he just said that the arguments heretofore adduced were fallacious, and in that context one must begin (and here I don't agree with him philosophically) at the reduced, or lowest, level namely, Darwinian competition among organisms and not claim that selection is operating among any higher-level entities, like groups or species, unless you have to. If everything can be explained by organisms, let it go by organisms. Very influential book. He's always been at the forefront of theoretical clarity in the field.
Richard Dawkins: I have enormous regard for George Williams; I see him as an immensely wise figure in my field. And he has been belatedly enormously influential. The essence of The Selfish Gene, which came out in 1976, is contained in a couple of paragraphs in Williams' Adaptation and Natural Selection. I had not read it when I independently realized the same thing. His book has been a colossal influence for the good in the development of evolutionary theory and is now widely looked up to as such; it wasn't looked up to so much to begin with, but it's one of those (I think you call them) slow burners, whose influence develops rather late. I have huge regard for him.
Lynn Margulis: The only book of his I have read is Adaptation and Natural Selection. He makes a contribution in enlightening those who don't understand the basic idea of evolution. Most people don't understand the consequences of a simple fact: reproduction in mammals is obligatorily sexual although, for life generally, no intrinsic requirement for reproduction to be correlated with sex exists. But human behavior with its sexual reproductive imperatives can be understood as a function of the evolutionary past. People didn't connect evolutionary thinking and mammalian behavior. Williams is credited for recognizing the importance of reproduction in mammalian behavior. He's communicating a scientific truth in a resistent cultural milieu. The fact that he has few articulate predecessors enhances the importance of his work.
Steven Pinker: In my mind, George Williams is one of the most brilliant writers in the history of science. His 1966 book Adaptation and Natural Selection was way ahead of its time. In the first part of his argument, Williams was castigating contemporary biologists, pointing out that many of their explanations were shoddy because they were invoking natural selection as an explanation for every beneficial trait in sight. No matter what they looked at in an organism, they could come up with a story as to why it was to the benefit of the organism, the species, the ecosystem, the community, or the planet. Williams carefully dissected the concept of natural selection, delineating where it should and should not be applied. He noted that not everything that's adaptive is an adaptation in the technical sense. If a fox's feet tamp down a path in the snow, and that helps the fox get to the henhouse, it doesn't mean that the feet of the fox are an adaptation to tamping down snow.
The second part of Williams' argument is that even though natural selection can't explain every trait, there are some traits for which it's the only scientific explanation. These are the traits that show signs of complex adaptive design. The hand, the eye, the heart, the skin all are extremely improbable arrangements of matter. General laws of growth or the accidents of genetic drift couldn't possibly explain the precise arrangements of muscles and bones and tendons that give us a usable hand or, for that matter, explain why something like the apple has seeds inside it as opposed to something else. For any biological structure that looks as if it's engineered for a purpose, natural selection is the only known scientific explanation, because it's the only physical process that can result in complex systems that achieve some improbable goal.
Williams presented both halves of the argument. Some traits you shouldn't use natural selection for; some traits you have to use natural selection for. A lot of the work of biology, the day- to-day work, is examining complex features of organisms and trying to figure out whether they could have arisen as a by- product of something else or show clear-cut signs of having been designed for some purpose. Dawkins' book The Blind Watchmaker is in large part a lucid extension and popularization of both halves of Williams' original idea. Much in the writings of Stephen Jay Gould and his colleague Richard Lewontin emphasizes the first half and ignore the second half.
Niles Eldredge: I remember the English evolutionary geneticist John Maynard Smith remarking to me that he was astonished to find out that George Williams wasn't in our National Academy. Williams finally got elected in 1993. When I visited him in Stony Brook in the mid 1980s, he told me he was having a hard time getting grant support for his research, and I couldn't believe that. The two thoughts converged, because George really is the most important thinker in evolutionary biology in the United States since the 1959 Darwin centennial. It's astonishing that he hasn't gotten more credit and acclaim. He's a shy guy, but a very nice guy, and a very deep and a very careful thinker. I admire him tremendously, even though we've been arguing back and forth for years now.
His best book was the 1966 Adaptation and Natural Selection. I have more problems with Sex and Evolution. He has misunderstood some of the things we're trying to say, in a way that sometimes I find frustrating, shall we say. I don't think it's so much that he's being perverse as that I'm having a hard time getting through to George on certain things right now. But nonetheless the respect that we all have in the field for George is there. The guy is solid gold.
Daniel C. Dennett: As other people have said, George Williams is the Abraham Lincoln of his field. He has a wonderful, laconic, pithy way of talking, and he seems to be an amazingly astute and clearheaded thinker. Reading George Williams showed me for the first time how hard it is to be a good evolutionary thinker, and how easy it is to make simple mistakes. Again and again, Williams issues his pithy little correctives to otherwise superficially good ideas and just calmly, firmly, wipes them out. Then you realize that this is a harder game to play than any of us realize, and George plays it better than anybody else in the world.
His main contribution, of course, was blowing the whistle loud and clear on the idea of "good for the species." In his 1966 book, he saw that Wynne-Edwards' and others' ideas, which were very familiar fare in the textbooks and popular treatments of evolution, had to be wrong. This was a wake-up call. Williams pointed out that it's not "What's good for the species is good for the organism (or vice versa)"; it's "What's good for the gene is good for the gene." Usually, other things being equal, what's good for the gene is good for the organism and thus, you might say, for the species. But the gene is in the driver's seat.
Excerpted from The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution by John Brockman (Simon & Schuster, 1995) . Copyright © 1995 by John Brockman. Back to Contents.
Robert Trivers, Richard Dawkins, Daniel C. Dennett, Niles Eldredge, Randoph Nesse, M.D., Carl Zimmer
John Brockman, Editor and Publisher
Russell Weinberger, Associate Publisher
contact: [email protected]
Copyright © 2010 By Edge Foundation, Inc
All Rights Reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


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Skin Cancer Warning Signs You Should Never Ignore
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Cancer is the abnormal growth of cell and there are more than 100 types of cancers which include breast, skin and lung cancer. Among these types of cancers, skin cancer is the most common cancer and at least 40% of world population is suffering from skin cancer. there are various symptoms that signify skin cancer that is, changes in the skin that do not heal, uncaring in the skin, discolored skin, and changes in existing moles, such as jagged edges to the mole and enlargement of the mole. People with light skin are seen to be more prone to these types of skin diseases.
What Is Skin Cancer?
skin cancer is said to be those diseases that mainly arise from skin due to abnormal cell development and also have the intense ability to spread all over the body. There are three main types of skin cancer that is basal skin cancer (BCC), squamous cell skin cancer (SCC) and melanoma. The two skin cancers are normal but the skin cancer which is not very common is called nonmelanoma skin cancer.
3 Major Types of Skin Cancer
These three major skin cancers occur due skin exposed in sun more than necessary .basal cell skin cancer occurs on the face and rarely cause death. squamous cell skin cancer is also most commonly seen in people but melanoma is uncommon and savior and can result in death.
1. Basal Cell Carcinoma Signs and Symptoms
Basal cell skin cancer is raised, pearly bump on the sun-exposed skin of the head, neck, and shoulder. In basal skin cancer, frequent crusting and bleeding can be noticed within the tumor. It was mistakenly taken as a sore that does not heal. The bump on the sun-exposed skin becomes dark with the growth of it; some unusual skin hardening can be seen. This skin cancer is not deadly and can be treated if proper treatment is done.
2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma Signs and Symptoms
squamous cell skin cancer is mostly red, scaled, and thickened patch on the sun-exposed skin. ulteceration and bleeding can be seen on the affected part of the body. The main symptom of squamous cell skin cancer is a growing bump that may have rough, scaly surface. This skin cancer is more dangerous than basal cell skin cancer if squamous cell skin cancer is not treated properly and within a time limit than it can have serious effects and can bring a person to death.
3. Melanoma Signs and Symptoms
Melanoma cell skin cancer has various symptoms, and sign they can be red, fleshy or pink but these tend to be more aggressive than any other skin cancer. The most common symptom of melanoma skin cancer is an elevation in the size, shape, and color of a mole. The affected area can be itchy and redness around that area can be seen. This is the most dangerous skin cancer and can cause death if not treated properly.
5 Skin Cancer Warning Signs
1. An irregular mole: never ignore this sign because elevation in shape, size, and color of a mole can signify melanoma cell skin cancer. If you notice that any mole on your body differs from other moles then immediately consults a doctor.
2. A vertical dark streak on your nails: many people are unaware of the fact that skin cancer can happen on any part of your body which includes your finger and toenails too.
3. Vision problems: in melanoma cell skin cancer the vision problem is also seen as spot appears on the back of the eye which makes the vision to blur out.
4. A pimple that won't go away: people are generally seen irritated due to pimples on their skin but sometimes these pimples signify serious health condition because frequent pimples or old pimples which do not heal can be a symptom of skin cancer.
5. A mole on the sole of your feet: so many people have moles on their feet or palms of their hands but if you see a mole changing its shape or size or else see a new unusual mole on your palms or soles of feet that consult a doctor.
What are the Causes of Skin Cancer?
The major reason for skin cancer is more than sufficient exposure of skin to the sun which means exposure to ultraviolet rays which causes sunburn which results in skin diseases. Other reason includes repeated exposure to x-rays and exposure to certain chemicals which are harmful to skin.
Who is at Risk for Skin Cancer?
People who have fair skin, who sunburn easily are more prone to skin cancer and People with light blond or red hair are suspected to be more frequent to suffer from skin cancer and People who were born with numerous and/or unusual moles. Skin cancer can also be inherited. For instance, if any of the parents is dealing with skin cancer than it is possible that the offspring is more prone to skin cancer.
When to See a Doctor
If you notice any abnormality in your skin like bumps, redness on a particular area without any reason and variation in the size, shape, and color of the mole then do not ignore these signs and seek a doctor's advice immediately without wasting any other second.
Tips to Prevent Skin Cancer
There are various tips to prevent cancer
- Stay away from UV rays and if the work is important then go out after covering your whole body and never forget an umbrella.
- Before going out always apply sunscreen to protect your skin from ultraviolet rays.
- Try every method to protect your skin from damaging and keep yourself from tanning and sunburn.


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Bible Belt Outfitters and it's a line of Christian T-shirts and baby clothes. I'm still writing for Citylinkmix.com and I also recently started a new purse blog! Check it out at Karibagshaw.blogspot.com. Oh, and this year...I finally met Joan Jett! Life is good, God is great, family is everything and all that matters in life is waking up each day and taking a moment to be thankful for all the blessings and the chaos in between. Love the life you're living right at this moment. There are lessons in every moment, around every corner. Be kind to others. It will all come back to you...eventually.
Thanks for keeping up with me,
Thursday, May 17, 2012
Where have I been lol?
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On Saturday, 01/16/2016, I gave a lecture on behalf of ABUL association as part of the "Samedi du Libre" at the library in Merignac.
Tutorial – Make a Studio for Electric Guitar with my computer (on Linux)
I am a very amateur guitarist (ie not great), but I wanted some fun with my computer and my guitar so I decided to use my computer as an amplifier and a sound effect's box.
Free Culture in music
The music is surely one of the first domain to have adopted free licenses. Read More


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How many more Iraqis must die before the politicians and decision makers in the western democracies firmly condemn and start prosecuting the leaders of the US and the UK governments for their crimes against humanity and genocide in Iraq?
Their hypocrisy and "great principles" make me sick. They pretend to defend Human Rights everywhere in the world... but what about Iraq, Palestine and Afghanistan?
I am disgusted with their "deux poids deux mesures" when they decide about genocides and holocausts...
What concrete and immediate measures and resolutions are they taking to stop the GENOCIDE which is taking place in Iraq TODAY?
On Thursday the U.S. terrorists killed 34 people including 6 women and 9 children in the Lake Tharthar region in Iraq. Sadly, this is just one among many other "incidents" in the past few days in Iraq…
Who cares that Iraqis are living in perpetual fear, danger and misery because of the occupation? Who cares that well over one million Iraqis have died of a violent death since the illegal and brutal invasion of their country in March 2003? Who cares that Iraqis must live without water, electricity, fuel, medications and that over one third of the population goes hungry every day?
Who cares that over 4 million Iraqis have been forced to leave their homes ...
And you leaders of the Arab world, what are YOU doing to stop the massacre of your brothers and sisters in Iraq? Have you any conscience left?
This is a day to remember the dead and visit their graves, so just try to imagine how many have died of a violent death in Iraq since the occupation in March 2003: well over one million ! Will you remember them?
Will you remember your sisters and brothers who are being tortured and who are dying in American and Kurdish-run jails in Iraq today?
Will you remember the orphans, the widows and the elderly who are barely surviving, who are humiliated and who live in constant fear in occupied Iraq today?
vendredi 12 octobre 2007
Who will stop the GENOCIDE OF THE IRAQI PEOPLE BY THE US-UK TERRORISTS?
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What is Host Coaching?
-Partnering with the host
-have to engage and communicate with the host
Why is it important?
-higher party sales
What is my role?
-Teaching her how to BE a hostess
4 Key factors to hostess coaching:
COMFORT: Get to know you, grow a relationship, New BFF ;), comfortable to ask questions, confidence in YOU and the PRODUCT (We are the BRAND AMBASSADOR)
MOTIVATION: Keep her motivated with messages, wish lists, ways to share
GUIDANCE!! Looking to YOU to know what she has to do, what to say, when to invite who to invite – you know all the answers
APPRECIATION!! Show her what she deserves! Thank you, shout out, sample, doesn't have to be gifts
1: First Impressions are EVERYTHING!!! Getting the booking is ok but follow up with the booking is what counts! Hostess Packets (Catalogs, Hostess Bingo, Party Tips, Outside order instructions, Recruiting info, Business Card, Personal Note, Sample)
2: Keep It Simple Sister: keep it duplicatable, make sure its easy and fun so she thinks she can do it too,
3: Motivation – dream big…. motivate her that her friends and family will order, encourage her to get the party booked and we make the party interesting
4: Build a Wish List together – spend time with her and get to know her preferences common interests, if her desire for product rewards is higher, her investment in the party will be higher!!
For Friends:
For Family:
For Gifts/Just Because:
For You:
5: Guide your host – (Remember what is feels like to be a host) Share your expectations. Teach how to properly invite, don't just tell her in a post… teach her why its done this way and make sure she understands before setting the party up
6: What can she expect from you – Layout of the party, what happens in a party, how will the party run, how long it is, how people order, how can people order that aren't on Facebook, When will the party close, FAQ sheet? (What are the rewards, How they pay for rewards, website information)
7: Share how to be a Jam-Tastic Hostess picture and discuss with host before the party
8: What you expect of HER: 9 out of 12 hosts feel their consultnat does not adequately contact her!!! OUCH!!


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Two Amarnath pilgrims including a saint died on way to the 3,880-metre high holy cave shrine of Amarnath in south Kashmir Himalayas, taking the death toll in the ongoing pilgrimage to five, officials said.
With the latest deaths, the number of pilgrims who died since the start of the 44-day yatra on June 28 has gone up to five.
ALSO READ: Amarnath Yatra begins from Baltal route amid tight security
An unidentified 'sadhu' died after being hit by a vehicle at Qazigund, 80 kms from here, on Srinagar-Jammu national highway, the officials said.
They said the saint was on way to Baltal base camp.
Rattan Gulati (59), a resident of Haryana, complained of breathlessness on reaching Baltal base camp in Ganderbal district and was taken to a hospital where he breathed his last, the officials said.
On Sunday, while two pilgrims died near the cave shrine after being hit by shooting stones rolling down from a hillock, another pilgrim died of heart attack en route the cave shrine.


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You can power up marketing and sales teamwork by integrating Microsoft Dynamics CRM with SharePoint. That's because it makes everything in SharePoint easily accessible from your customer relationship management (CRM) system and vice versa.
As sales, marketing and customer service work to attract, retain, convert, and up-sell customers, they share much of the same data—price lists, product data sheets, sales presentations, forecasts, customer information and more.
But when communication breaks down it gets ugly.
The sales people don't have the latest information on new products; prices are out of date, and product data sheets don't reflect up-to-the-minute changes. At the same time marketing associates are blindsided by large orders that the sales people have not kept them in the loop on so forecasts are inaccurate and production is unprepared. The 'team' point fingers at each other when results stagnate and team spirit erodes.
So when the finger pointing starts, it's time to bring everyone back together, and experience remarkable results, by creating a system that integrates SharePoint and Microsoft Dynamics CRM.
This integration will make collaboration easy because sales and marketing documents are easily gathered and shared with the team, accessible from both your CRM and SharePoint systems. The benefits are numerous:
Imagine if sales and marketing are working together on a proposal. Of course, you don't want different people working on the same parts of a document, but in SharePoint you can create zones. Each of the authors can work on their part of the proposal at the same time, enabling it to come together that in a fraction of the usual time.
So this integration spurs communication and is surprisingly affordable compares to a completely customized solution. Perfect for small and mid-sized businesses who are ready to level the playing field with the big boys.
Call us at 484-892-5713 or Contact Us today for a free consultation on integrating Microsoft Dynamics CRM with SharePoint.
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Sunil Jagani
Because he believes processes
and systems grease the engine that creates business prosperity, Sunil Jagani founded
AllianceTek in 2004. The inspiration for AllianceTek came as he ascended from technician
to Senior Technical Lead in companies from Bisys to Advanta. He discovered that
companies struggle to reap maximum benefits from information technology due to gaps
in development teams' skill sets. AllianceTek is now that ideal team.
Sunil is an avid golfer—and, yes, he has a system to assure his weekend tee-time
is booked before anything else. Read More>>
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Epi proColon® Publications
|Song L. and Li Y. Progress on the clinical application of the SEPT9 gene methylation assay in the past 5 years. Biomark. Med (doi:10.2217/bmm-2017-0091)
|Song L et. Al. The performance of the SEPT9 gene methylation assay and a comparison with other CRC screening tests: A meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017 Jun 8;7(1):3032. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03321-8.
|Song L et. al. The performance of the mSEPT9 assay is influenced by algorithm, cancer stage and age, but not sex and cancer location Journal of Cancer Research in Clinical Oncology DOI 10.1007/s00432-017-2363-0
|deVos T, Molnar B. Screening for Colorectal Cancer Based on the Promoter Methylation Status of the Septin 9 Gene in Plasma Cell Free DNA. J Clin Epigenet. 2017, 3:1. doi: 10.21767/2472-1158.100040
|Song, L. et al. The performance of the mSEPT9 assay is influenced by algorithm, cancer stage and age, but not sex and cancer location. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol (2017) 143: 1093. doi:10.1007/s00432-017-2363-0
|Inadomi J. Screening for Colorectal Neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:149-156
|Nian J. et. al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Methylated SEPT9 for Blood-based Colorectal Cancer Detection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan 19;8(1):e216. doi: 10.1038/ctg.2016.66
|Liles E. et. al. Uptake of a colorectal cancer screening blood test is higher than of a fecal test offered in clinic: A randomized trial. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctarc.2016.12.004
|Toth K. et. al. Circadian Rhythm of Methylated Septin 9, Cell-Free DNA Amount and Tumor Markers in Colorectal Cancer Patients Pathol Oncol Res. 2016 Dec 30. doi: 10.1007/s12253-016-0174-2
|Johnson D et. al. Plasma Septin9 versus fecal immunochemical testing for colorectal cancer screening: a prospective multicenter study. PLOS ONE. 9(6):1-8. e98238
|Potter N et. al. Validation of a real-time PCR-based qualitative assay for the detection of methylated SEPT9 DNA in human plasma. Clinical Chemistry. 60(9):1183-1191
|deVos T et al. Blood-based tests for colorectal cancer screening. Clin Lab Int. Oct. 2014:18-20
|Pratt V. Are we ready for a blood-based test to detect colon cancer? (editorial). Clinical Chemistry. 60(9):1141-1142
|Laudabaum U et. al. Colorectal cancer screening with blood-based biomarkers: cost-effectiveness of methylated Septin9 DNA vs. current strategies. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Jun 24. PMID:23796793
|Heichman K. Blood-based testing for colorectal cancer screening. Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy. DOI 10.1007/s40291-013-0074-z
|Church T et. al. Prospective evaluation of methylated SEPT9 in plasma for detection of asymptomatic colorectal cancer. Gut. 63:317-325. Doi10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304149
|Lofton-Day C et. al. Opportunities and limitations of blood-based CRC screening tests. Practical Gastroenterology. 36(7):29-34
|Warren J et. al. Septin9 methylated DNA is a sensitive and specific blood test for colorectal cancer. BMC Medicine. 9:133
|Payne S et. al. From discovery to the clinic: the novel DNA methylation biomarker mSEPT9 for the detection of colorectal cancer in blood. Epigenomics. 2(4):575–585
|deVos T et. al. Circulating methylated SEPT9 DNA in plasma is a biomarker for colorectal cancer. Clinical Chemistry. 55(7):1337-1346
|Lofton-Day C et. al. DNA methylation biomarkers for blood-based colorectal cancer screening. Clinical Chemistry. (54)2:414-423


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Sydney Legal Agents is a business that finds its foundation on the recognition of the need for expedient service and open, reliable access to staff.
These ideas centre on the provision of a holistic and personal service to our clients, which in turn, relates back to their individual clients.
But it's our ethos that sets us apart from others, and when you need to speak to someone, we will be there!


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« Back to events
Sat, December 8, 2:00 PM - 4:00 PM
Saturday, December 8
Salt Fork Center, Homer Lake Forest Preserve, 2-4 p.m.
There's no place like Homer for the holidays! Join us at Homer Lake for our natural approach to creating unique holiday gifts. Stations will be set up for children to make and take home presents and decorations for their families and friends. We'll also create treats to decorate the trees outside as our gift to the wildlife that call this preserve home. Come and go at your convenience during program hours. All ages. FREE. For more info: (217) 896-2455 or firstname.lastname@example.com
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"This album is exactly what makes Memphis proud."
One of Memphis' busiest musicians is Nick Black. Whether he's backing up Victor Wainwright on tour, playing guitar at South by Southwest with Eleanor Tallie in Austin, or working on his latest studio album, he hustles.
His latest studio effort is "Deep Blue" and it blends the rhythm and blues feel of Stax with the modern pop arrangements reminiscent of Justin Timberlake's "20/20 Experience." This album is exactly what makes Memphis proud. If you haven't had a chance to see him perform, you need to do so.
The first track on "Deep Blue" is appropriately titled Oceans, a great blend of soulful horns and modern guitar. You need to check out the piano tie-in with Pachelbel's Canon in D. As a bass player, I love the syncopated bass lines in the chorus; so I'm a little bit partial to this track.
Another favorite on this album is Falling in Life. I especially like the trade off between electric organ and piano in this track. The organ on this track, working with the horns, provide a soulful sound while the piano adds an upbeat feel in the verses. This might not be what he was aiming for, but it reminds me of Steve Winwood or Bruce Hornsby.
This collection of songs is definitely recommended for fans of Memphis soul or modern rhythm and blues. It's also recommended if you're cruising down I-240 with the windows rolled down.
- Justin Jaggers www.facebook.com/JJaggersWMC


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Book release day was a blast, the party was more than I could have imagined. The hours leading up to the party felt so slow (longest day ever!) and then when party time arrived it was the fastest two hours ever! The event started out with some meet and greet time, just hanging out with everyone as they arrived. Then my sweet husband, Kyle, and my friend Sarah hosted the giveaways. I have to admit I wanted to put my name in the drawing because I was in love with every single prize. I didn't though, for the record. After the giveaways I spoke about my background for a little bit and the reason why I wrote the book. Then I sang two of my originals, Legacy and This is Not Goodbye. I literally had a cheat sheet with me, made and ready for the ten minuets I was speaking, but when I got up there I set it aside and I guess I decided to just not use it. Apparently, I felt I had it under control on the whim?? Because of that, I forgot to read the introduction of the book to everyone, but it still went well!
I just want to say a huge thank you to some people, because this party would not have happened without a team! Thank you to my brainstorming team, Kyle, Sarah, Michelle (and for being my stylist), Cody (and for taking photos), Kelsee, and Kim. Thank you Hoot Owl for hosting us, Nick for sound set up, all the cup cake bakers (everything was delcious), everyone who helped set up and clean, and to everyone who came!
This handsome guy (my husband) was a major help!
A huge thank you to the local artists and stores who contributed to the giveaways! Darby & Dash, Ascent, The Threaded Fox, and Prairie Letter Shop.
The talented graphic designer, Katie O'Toole


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Explore Australia in this open-world racer that embraces player freedom, and isn't afraid to bang up cars or send them flying
At any given time, the environment is stimulating and loaded with variety. Around one turn, sunbeams bounce serenely off waves at The Twelve Apostles. Around the next, the landscape can look like a horror movie with rain affecting visibility in a darkened forest
A nice selection of radio stations ranging from rock to club. Classics like "Ride of the Valkyries" are used in clever ways to heighten the excitement in specific events. Some songs also bring gameplay bonuses, like additional XP - giving players reason to listen to every station for the chance to hear these tracks
Forza Horizon 3 is an arcade racer at heart, catering to anyone with its flexible difficulty scale and races that can be completed with any car
The Horizon series has been fun up to this point, but this entry stands above the others with its excellent open world and rewarding customization. It's easily the best racer of this generation
After exploring the rocky terrain of Colorado and the scenic street racing of Mediterranean Europe, the Horizon Festival has moved to Australia. As much as developer Playground Games tries to sell its appreciation of this country and its unique destinations (like the kangaroo-infested outback and pristine beaches of Surfers Paradise), this location was chosen with chaos in mind. The development philosophy behind Forza Horizon 3 must have been "What would Vin Diesel's character in Fast and the Furious do in this situation?"
For an arcade racer of this variety, focusing on over-the-top track designs and stunts was the right call. Not only does this approach further distinguish this series from sister series Forza Motorsport, it creates more racing variables and a hell of a lot more excitement for the people behind the wheel.
Forza Horizon has always delivered unconventional racing, such as a car taking on a biplane, but this sequel ups the insanity tenfold. I was shocked if a race didn't send cars roaring over jumps, through white-picket fences, into vast pools of water, or onto unexpected dirt paths. One race pits a buggy against a jeep, but the jeep is dangling precariously from an army helicopter flying dangerously through a forest. Another race has a Lamborghini racing a fleet of speedboats - and the Lamborghini actually races on the water at one point. Other activities include launching expensive sports cars as far as you can, drifting like a bat out of hell on busy streets, and tearing up farmers' fields or wetlands to hunt for hidden cars. Most of these activities are fun, and the world has nice variety as you bounce from event to event.
Most races are awesome adrenaline rushes, and you can play them however you see fit. Outside of set Bucket List Challenges, which force you into driving one car for a fun one-off challenge, you can bring almost any ride into races and championship series. If you don't like the weather conditions or number of laps, you can change them using the new Blueprint feature to sculpt the scenario that best suits your needs. There is no penalty for this, and you still reap all of the rewards. You can experience this game however you want, and that's a smart move by Playground. I was able to use the car I saved up for as much as I wanted in the conditions that made sense for it, and I could almost tweak my favorite events to make them feel somewhat new again.
See more of the review at Game Informer
You're in charge of the Horizon Festival. Customize everything, hire and fire your friends, and explore Australia in over 350 of the world's greatest cars. Make your Horizon the ultimate celebration of cars, music, and freedom of the open road. How you get there is up to you.
With the new Horizon Blueprint, create and instantly share your own custom race events, championships, and Bucket List challenges.
Select your driver character, customize your car, your license plate, even your own car horn sound. Drive to the music you love with eight diverse radio stations, or stream your own music collection.
Hire friends to star in your festival and win you more fans. If they're not winning you fans, fire them!
Explore the Horizon Festival's largest, most beautiful and diverse open world ever. Choose from an incredible selection of over 350 of the world's greatest cars, all in unrivalled ForzaVista detail.
Danger Sign Jumps, Convoys, Drift Zones, and many other thrilling new driving experiences await you.
Gaming is better with Xbox Live Gold. Join the best community of gamers on the most advanced multiplayer network. Get free games every month, worth up to $700 a year, and save up to 50-75% in the Xbox Store.
* Free Games Offer: For paid Gold members only. Includes games for Xbox One and Xbox 360, with up to $350 value on Xbox One and up to $350 value on Xbox 360. On Xbox One, active Gold membership required to play free games you've redeemed. Restrictions Apply. Savings based on retail value of game. Games, including [LIST NON-GAMES WITH GOLD TITLES PER VISUAL NOTE ABOVE] sold separately. Requirements and available features vary across consoles; Multiplayer between Xbox One and Xbox 360 supported for select titles. Download required. https://www.xbox.com/backcompat.
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*PC hardware requirements may vary for games on Windows 10. Purchase includes access to the game on Xbox One and Windows 10. Access is only available via the digital version of this game
Features may vary between Xbox One and Windows 10 versions of game. Xbox One game disc for use only with Xbox One systems. Xbox Live Gold membership (sold separately) required for online multiplayer on Xbox One. Cross-device play only in Xbox Live-supported countries, see xbox.com/live/countries. Some music features may not be available in some countries. See forzamotorsport.net.
Go to Xbox.com or Microsoft.com to redeem win 10 codes and the content will be associated with your Microsoft sign in account. If you want to use a location different from Xbox, microsoft.com/redeem and enter code. Codes entered from your Xbox or XBL account will show up on your Win10 PC via the Xbox App.
If you are a fan of the Forza franchise, check out all of the latest Forza Horizon 3 games and accessories available for Xbox One now.
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Lincoln funeral car road-trippers raise over £10k in 2,400 mile voyage
A group of six friends from Lincoln have completed a Top Gear style challenge, driving 2,400 miles in an ex-funeral car around the UK.
The journey lasted four days and the group raised nearly £11,000 for charity.
Nigel Bottom, Nigel Laing, Ian Sheldon, Paul Thompson, Darren Gourley and Adam Cox, all from Lincoln, aimed to reach the highest and lowest, most easterly, westerly, northerly and southerly points of the UK in an old Rover limousine.
They set off from Lincoln at 5am on Thursday, September 8 and then drove to Lowestoft, Holme Fen, Lands End, St David's, Ben Nevis and John O'Groats, before returning to Lincoln on Sunday, September 11.
After a promising start, the Rover limousine suffered a series of breakdowns and unfortunately died a death in the Welsh Hills after the head gasket blew up.
The group of friends were determined to get to the finish line and used the support vehicle for the rest of the journey.
The Great British Road Trip team completed the course in less than 96 hours and raised nearly £11,000 for six charities close to their families, colleagues or friends and funded all by themselves.
The charities are:
- Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire Air Ambulance
- St Barnabas Lincolnshire Hospice
- Cancer Research UK
- The National Autistic Society
- RFU Injured Players Foundation
- Royal National Lifeboat Institution
Nigel Bottom, one of the organisers and drivers of the trip, said: "It was gruelling and disappointing that the car didn't make it.
"We completed the challenge in the support car, had some great fun and are delighted that we have raised so much money for the six charities".


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This post is a guest contribution by Rachel.
1) International space stations, sent up into space to carry out research, orbit the earth at around 350km high. Passenger aeroplanes only reach around 9km high.
2) We have achieved much in space research: putting a man on the Moon, and exploring Mars. However, there is still a very long way to go, and more to explore than we could ever imagine. We've yet to reach any of the stars: the nearest, Proxima Centurai, would take tens of thousands of years to reach with current technology.
3) Space satellites and research missions help us understand the earth and its climate, as well as the world beyond it. It gives us the ability to observe our climate and weather, and see how we are being affected by global warming.
4) Space research has many spin-offs that are useful down here on Earth. These have included barcodes, smoke detectors and heart pacemakers. Space research pushes the boundaries of what can be done so frequently, that it is always likely to lead to innovation in many fields.
5) Space may be vast and largely unexplored, but spacecraft have explored huge areas of our solar system, and travelled further and faster than we could ever have believed possible a few decades ago. Much of this exploration has been done by robots: they are the most useful tool space researchers have, as sending humans long distances is not often possible. They have been to most of the planets and moons in our solar system, and some are making their way out of it to explore the universe beyond.
6) Space-based imaging technology uses x-rays and electromagnetics that can only work outside the Earth's atmosphere in order to create images of space. The images they create open the door on a magical, mysterious work of incredible energy. We can now see colliding galaxies and exploding stars in all their amazing glory.
7) Space research has found that all particles have a negative version of themselves: like a parallel universe. This is what is known as anti-matter. When matter and anti-matter collide, they explode, destroying each other.
8) Space is thought to be full of radiation that was created by the Big Bang, 13.7 billion years ago. This is known as cosmic microwave background, and is one of the most compelling pieces of evidence we have for the Big Bang theory.
9) Space researchers think that the universe might be made up mainly of a mysterious substance called 'dark matter'. Dark matter cannot be seen, and cannot be detected with any of the scientific research instruments we have available, and its nature remains uncertain. It could make up invisible black holes.
10) While NASA may dominate space research, they're not the only players: here in the UK we have a new space innovation centre at Harwell Oxford. It's the first of its kind in Europe.
Rachel is a keen blogger with a particular interest in space exploration and the science of the universe. Personal heroes include Sir Patrick Moore and Professor Stephen Hawking.


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A Distant Solar System (Artist's Concept)
This artist's concept depicts a distant hypothetical solar system, similar in age to our own. Looking inward from the system's outer fringes, a ring of dusty debris can be seen, and within it, planets circling a star the size of our Sun.
This debris is all that remains of the planet-forming disc from which the planets evolved. Planets are formed when dusty material in a large disc surrounding a young star clumps together. Leftover material is eventually blown out by solar wind or pushed out by gravitational interactions with planets. Billions of years later, only an outer disc of debris remains.
These outer debris discs are too faint to be imaged by visible-light telescopes. They are washed out by the glare of the Sun. However, NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope can detect their heat, or excess thermal emission, in infrared light. This allows astronomers to study the aftermath of planet building in distant solar systems like our own.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle/ssc


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Take the complexity and uncertainty out of asset maintenance and repair with GE Healthcare's CompreCare and CompreCare Access. Our unique blend of maintenance services, technology, and informatics can help you:
Eliminate the headache of juggling multiple service contracts, multiple vendors, and varying terms and conditions with CompreCare. GE Healthcare's scale, technology, and expertise help simplify the process of managing clinical assets. By offering a single point of accountability and resources to properly manage the lifecycle of your clinical assets, we enable your team to focus on providing outstanding patient care.
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Asset Optimization from GE Healthcare allows you to create an inventory that is sized to your patient base and deployed so the right assets are available at the right place, the right time, and in the right condition.
Our goal is to help you improve asset availability across the hospital while increasing staff efficiency and satisfaction.


text: BBO Report post Posted January 3, 2018 Good Morning, Picked up this 97 Hewes 20 LT last season up on Cape Cod from the original owner that fished the Brewster flats. I'm a guide in Buzzards Bay which is just south of the cape in the Northeast. I have had my eyes on these for a while as I do a lot of backwater and flats fly fishing / light tackle trips In the spring time. The boat has been nothing but a joy so far. Going through her this offseason with the addition of a power pole, new electronics and going through all the electrical on the boat. I'm looking to purchase some new cushions as well. Maverick mentioned Sorite Cushions down In Florida who would be the best for the old style cushions. This boat has the old style flip up back rest which I do not really care for so I would like to go with the new style cushions they are using on the 18 currently. The mentioned the best bet would be contacting a dealer to get pricing and purchase this. Living up in the Northeast its pretty thin with dealers. Does anyone have a good dealer that they have used for sourcing parts like this down south ? Appreciate any help. Tight Lines, Jamie Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Renewal information
- VisitorSecure insurance can be renewed online for minimum of 5 days up to maximum of 364 days.
- There is a $5 renewal fee every time you renew the policy.
- It is highly recommended to renew your policy a day before the policy expiration date.
- Once the policy has expired, you no longer have the option for renewal. In such cases you may apply for a new policy.
- Premium may increase at renewal:
- Based on applicants age at the time of renewals.
- Rates are subject to change at underwriters discretion.
- Benefits may change based on the applicants age at the time of renewal.
Have the following information handy
- Current I.D./Certificate number(Make sure you enter the certificate number as it is including the dash).
- Primary Insured's Date of Birth.
(Date of birth should be entered as mm/dd/yyyy)
- Credit Card Information.


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Try Your First Stitch Fix for FREENo Longer AvailableExpired: Feb 6, 2018 1:59pm | Comments 3 | This page may contain sponsored content. Read the full Disclosure
Stitch Fix: Try Your First Month for Women or Men for FREE (a $20 Value) - Never have anything to wear? Don't have time to go clothes shopping or just dread doing it because you never know what will look good together? Put your closet on auto-pilot with Stitch Fix, the online personal styling service for women and men, and get 5 hand-selected pieces of clothing delivered to your door—no subscription required! They carry women's sizes 0-24W and XS-3X, maternity sizes and men's sizes XS-XXL. AND, for a very limited time, you can try the service absolutely FREE (normally a $20 style fee). Since they are completely waiving the $20 styling fee when you join through the link in our post, now's the perfect time to try the service out without spending a dime!
How this works is you first take this style quiz to help your stylist find clothing tailored to your taste, budget, shape & lifestyle. Next, decide how often you want them to send you new clothes/outfits/accessories to try. Finally choose the cost for each item (I chose "cheaper the better" because I'm thrifty, of course). Once your shipment arrives, you have 3 days to try the pieces and decide what you want to keep (if any). If you decide to keep anything, your $20 style fee will be applied towards it. If you decide to keep all 5 pieces, you'll get a 25% off discount too! Keep in mind if you send everything back, you lose your style fee but since the fee is currently waived, you won't lose a thing! Don't forget that you must send the items back within the return window or you will be charged for all 5 items. Please note that since the $20 fee waived on your first "Fix" during this risk-free promotion, you will not have a $20 credit to apply if you decide to purchase anything from your first shipment.
About Stich Fix
Now you can have your own personal stylist. Stitch Fix is the first fashion retailer to blend expert styling, proprietary technology and unique product to deliver a shopping experience that is truly personalized for you. Fill out the Stitch Fix Style Profile and our personal stylists will handpick a "Fix" of five clothing items and accessories unique to your taste, budget and lifestyle. Simply buy what you like and return the rest.
Everything arrives neatly packed and includes a postage paid return envelope so it doesn't cost you a cent to return the items you don't absolutely love.
These are the 5 adorable items that I received in my first Stitch Fix "Fix" box!
Y'all know how much we like getting stuff for free so be sure to check out the Stitch Fix referral program. For every friend that signs up through your link and schedules a fix, you'll get a $25 credit! If you've already received a Fix, your friend will receive a waived styling fee valid for one month after signing up for their first Fix which means your friends won't have a to pay anything to try their first "Fix" too and you could rack up some massive credit and score some free clothes! After you sign up and receive your fix (must have received your fix or your link won't have the waived styling fee promo), share your link every where you can and let every one know they won't have to pay the $20 styling for their first month! Tweet it, Facebook it, Pin it, Instagram it, etc. The more places you share your link, the better your chance of it getting used. The links in this post contain our referral link. Thank you for signing up if you do!
Feel free to share your referral link in the comments below! To do so, simply click on register or log in at the top right of this page (rotate screen if on mobile) then post your comment with your referral link.
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December 6, 2017 11:00 am
November 30, 2017 11:11 am
Please use my referral link: https://www.stitchfix.com/referral/13586483?sod=w
November 30, 2017 9:48 am


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Public Health
Council Environmental Health Officers work under the Public Health Act 1997 to monitor, maintain, protect and promote the health and well being of the community.
Notifiable Diseases
What is a notifiable disease?
Notifiable diseases are identified by the Director of Public Health as those with wide public health significance. Upon advice from the Director, the officers from Council's Environmental Health section investigate the possible sources and causes of the disease and, where possible, carry out appropriate preventative action.
Where can I get more information on Notifiable Diseases?
The Department of Health and Human Services have put together some fact sheets including important information regarding notifiable diseases. To find this information easily, click on the links below.
Sharps Disposal Service
Council provides a free service for disposal of sharps containers for diabetic and home-care patients. Sharps include needles, syringes and other sharp objects of a medical nature.
Sharps can be dangerous and must not be disposed of with household or kerbside waste, at Refuse Disposal Sites, in public bins, left on the ground or flushed down toilets or drains. Ensure sharps are disposed of correctly into approved sharps containers and kept out of reach of children.
Council can only accept sharps in approved containers, available from Reception in 3 different sizes: 7.8 litres, 3.1 litres and 1.4 litres.
To dispose of a sharps container, secure the lid of the container and place the container in a plastic bag, tie the plastic bag before handing it to Council staff for disposal.
Rainwater Tanks
Rainwater Tanks are utilised by many Meander Valley residents. This is a fantastic step towards sustainability, especially during times of drought as we have experienced in the last few years. To maintain the quality and integrity of the water, there are a few simple steps you need to follow, especially if you are using the rainwater for drinking or cooking. A helpful resource on maintaining your rainwater tank has been put together by the Australian Government Environmental Health Authority: Guidance on use of Rainwater Tanks.
Who do I contact for any further information or should I have a complaint of an environmental or public health nature?
Contact Council's Environmental Health Office between 8.30am and 5.00pm weekdays on 6393 5300.


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Wayuu Clutch - Talata - Orange
Our ethnic clutch is brought to life by Wayuu women in the La Guajira peninsula in northern Colombia. It takes up to 10 days to weave by hand with just a single strand of thread, making a very tight and strong weave. The pattern is a symbol of the Wayuu culture and a fine example of their ethnic lifestyle.
Social Impact :
> Support ethical clothing, handmade, eco clothing, fair trade clothing, wayuu craftsmanship and sustainable fashion.
> Empowering Wayuu women to develop their weaving skills.
>Through CASTELLANO's products, the cultural heritage and internationally renowned weaving skills are being preserved.
Features and material:
Crocheted polyester. Zipped top closure with gold Castellano hardware.
Typical dimensions (approx.): H: 22 cm, W: 35 cm, D:1 cm.
Please note that we support the finest crochet technique unique to the Wayuu people. The quality speaks for itself and it will last for years
Color: various
Made In: Colombia
Shipped From: United States
Lead Time: 1 - 2 Days


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Get Up Again – Tony Frates
This instrumental piece started just over the past few weeks (in October of 2014) and was just recorded for the first time a few days ago in early November. Frustrated by several things that didn't go the way I would have liked, its working title was "Bulldozed" but as I started to play with it more, it morphed into something more positive and hopeful than that and more in the category of "don't give up" and hence the title ("Get Up Again") and I made a few slight melodic changes to go with the title. Then I just happened to see this site today and it seemed to fit.
I have been playing the piano and vibraphone for a long time and most of the things I play/practice relate to my own "compositions" (although everything is based on something else!) and I incorporate many things into what I play. My grandmother Edith died at a very early age of breast cancer (and later her husband i.e. my grandfather of colon cancer), and my mother is currently in remission, and so I dedicate this submission to them.


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NOTE: The reason why there are two articles from the Washington Post is one is from Reuters and the other is from the Associated Press. As such, facts from both have been woven into this post and it would be unwieldy to cite each one seperately. You're probably going to read them both anyway.
The Japanese government reported today that people 65 and over constitute 21% of their population. They now surpass Italy (20%) as the country with the highest proportion of elderly citizens. Also reported was that only 13.6% of Japan's population is under 15, passing Bulgaria (13.6%) for first in that category. Finally and most alarmingly, the fertility rate hit a new low of 1.25/woman. That is well below the 2.1 rate necessary to maintain a stable population.


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St Paul St Louis Church/
There's just something special about Paris, though I am not the first to note that. Maybe the second. ;-) But I just found so many wonderful things to photograph there, and I crammed in as much as I could in 5 days.
This church is in the Marais district and was near the apartment we rented. We would walk to the Metro station, and I kept seeing this church, although it was difficult to ascertain much about it as only the front facade is exposed to the street. But it's a grand facade, so I felt sure the inside would be worth a look. Finally curiosity got the best of me one day, and I walked in.
I'm really glad that I did, because it is incredible. Although I took a couple of snaps on that visit, I vowed to come back and do it justice when I had a little more time. It was on our last day in Paris that I took this shot. Finally I had found the church mostly empty, and I fired away. I'm glad I did.
By the way, the name of the church is St Paul St Louis and I have it listed here on the blog in my list of Top Photo Spots in Paris.