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Idiopathic hypersomnia with and without long sleep time: a controlled series of 75 patients
Cyrille Vernet and Isabelle Arnulf
Et oui voici mon premier papier accepté dans le revue SLEEP
Objectif : Le but de cet article est de comparer les deux groupes de patients atteints d'hypersomnie idiopathique qui ont ou non un temps de sommeil allongé (plus de 11 heures).
Sujets : 75 patients atteints d'hypersomnie idiopathique, d'âge moyen 34±12 ans, ont été inclus dans cet étude ainsi que 30 témoins appariés.
interventions : Les patients et les témoins ont bénéficié d'un interrogatoire face à face, d'un génotypage HLA et d'un enregistrement polysomnographique de 48 heures incluant les tests itératifs de latence d'endormissement (TILE) et un enregistrement de longue durée.
Analyse : Les résultats cliniques et polysomnographiques sont comparés à ceux d'un groupe de témoins sains. C'est une nouveauté puisqu'habituellement les comparaisons sont faites entre patients (hypersomnie idiopathique, narcolepsie...).
Résultats : Par rapport aux témoins sains, les patients atteints d'hypersomnie idiopathique étaient plus fatigués, avaient un score d'anxiété et de dépression supérieur, avaient plus souvent des hallucinations hypnagogiques (24%), des paralysies du sommeil (28%), de l'ivresse de sommeil (36%) et des siestes non récupératrices (46%) que les témoins. Les patients étaient plus souvent du soir. Le génotype HLA DQB1*0602 était aussi fréquent chez les hypersomniaques (24.2%) que chez les contrôles (19.2%). Les patients atteints d'hypersomnie idiopathique avaient plus souvent du sommeil lent profond après 6 heures du matin que les contrôles.Pendant la polysomnographie de longue durée (24heures), l'intervalle de confiance à 95% du temps de sommeil total était de 493-558 min chez les contrôles contre 672-718 min chez les hypersomniaques.
Il y avait 40 hypersomniaques avec et 35 hypersomniaques sans long (>600 min) temps de sommeil. Les patients souffrant d'hypersomnie idiopathique avec long temps de sommeil étaient plus jeunes (29±10 vs 40±13 y, P=0.0002), maigres (indice de masse corporelle: 26±5 vs 23±4 kg/m2; P=0.005), avaient un score de Horne-Ostberg plus bas et de plus grandes efficacités de sommeil que les patients souffrants d'hypersomnie idiopathique sans allongement du temps de sommeil. Les latences moyennes d'endormissement aux TILE étaient normales (>8 min) chez 71% des hypersomniaques avec temps de sommeil allongé.
Conclusions : L'hypersomnie idiopathique, et spécifiquement avec un temps de sommeil allongé, est fréquemment associée avec un chronotype du soir et un age jeune. L'hypersomnie est mal diagnostiquée avec le TILE.
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Commentaires personnels :
La classification actuelle (avec ou sans allongement du temps de sommeil) n'a pas d'utilité ni clinique ni en recherche en dehors de montrer l'existence de deux formes de la maladie. Mais en réalité ces 2 formes sont les extrêmes d'un spectre continu de phénotypes hypersomniaques allant du patient somnolent jusqu'au patient non somnolent mais avec une durée de sommeil très longue associée à une ivresse de sommeil.
Résumé en anglais
Objective: To characterize the clinical, psychological, and sleep pattern of idiopathic hypersomnia with
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Idiopathic hypersomnia is characterized by chronic, daily excessive daytime sleepiness despite normal sleep. The diagnosis is difficult, as more common causes of sleepiness, including sleep deprivation, use of drugs or substances, psychiatric or medical disorders and genuine sleep disorders (sleep disordered breathing, narcolepsy, periodic leg movement disorders) should be first ruled out. Since it has been distinguished from narcolepsy,1 idiopathic hypersomnia has been defined according to small cases series, with various clinical forms. The alertness is continuously decreased during daytime, possibly culminating in irresistible needs for sleeping. Naps are either refreshing or, more typically, long and unrefreshing.2 Patients may also report prolonged difficulty waking with automatic behavior, confusion, and repeated returns to sleep, a symptom named "sleep drunkenness." Several clinical forms have been described,3 including patients with sleepiness alone (monosymptomatic), as opposed to patients with prolonged night sleep and sleep drunkenness upon awaking (polysymptomatic). Idiopathic hypersomnia is now divided in hypersomnia with or without long (>10 h) sleep time.2 The recent classification highlights the need for polygraphic criteria (in addition to the symptoms previously defined), including normal night-time sleep duration and structure, and decreased (<8 min) mean daytime sleep latency during multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), or a total sleep time typically >11-12 h during long-term sleep monitoring.2 Hypersomnia is idiopathic when the symptoms and polygraphic findings cannot be better explained by medical or psychiatric (mostly depression) disorders. Based on these evolving definitions, several series of patients have been published.4-14 They contain 10 to 77 patients. These series and the expert clinical opinion suggest that idiopathic hypersomnia is a rare disease, representing 8:10 to 1:10 patients with narcolepsy, with a prevalence approximating 0.005%.15 Most patients are young at disease onset. This is usually a lifelong disease, although recent series suggest that hypersomnia may spontaneously disappear in 14% to 25% patients.11,14,16
These rare series highlight the lack of information about idiopathic hypersomnia. There is no published systematic interview of hypersomniacs, hence a need for determining the frequency of narcolepsy-like symptoms, fatigue, anxiety, depressive mood, and the various circadian chronotypes. The criteria of hypersomnia fluctuate from a classification of sleep disorders to another. Although several authors recognize that night-time polysomnography followed by MSLT (a more "narcolepsy-oriented" procedure) is not sufficient to diagnose idiopathic hypersomnia, there is a lack of standardized procedure and normative data for long term sleep monitoring. Furthermore, there is no or scarce information on the sleep structure of hypersomniacs across the 24-h period. There is still no information on the demographic and clinical differences between patients with long or normal sleep time. We characterized the clinical, sleep and typed the HLA genes DR and DQ in 75 consecutive patients with idiopathic hypersomnia (with and without long sleep time) and 30 matched controls, using a face-to-face semi-standardized questionnaire, and a 48-h sleep monitoring. We also aimed to provide normative values for long-term sleep monitoring.
We prospectively selected patients with idiopathic hypersomnia among all patients referred to our sleep disorders unit (in a tertiary care university hospital with a biased over-recruitment of neurological cases, and recently recognized as national reference center for narcolepsy, hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin syndrome) for excessive daytime sleepiness between 2000 and 2007. Patients were included in the study if they met the following inclusion criteria: (1) complaining of excessive daytime sleepiness occurring daily for ≥3 months; (2) no improvement with an increase of the nighttime length for 15 days; (3) a mean sleep latency (MSL) during the MSLT lower than 8 minutes and no more than one sleep onset REM period, or a total sleep time > 660 min (i.e. 11/ 24 hours) on long-term sleep monitoring. Sleep monitoring and questionnaires were performed in untreated patients and controls. In the 15/75 hypersomniacs who had received stimulants (modafinil) or antidepressants in the past year, the psychotropic drugs were withdrawn for at least 10 half-lives before sleep tests. We excluded the patients with: (1) sleep disordered breathing, defined by a respiratory disturbance index >10 per hour or apnea-hypopnea index >5/hour (this index included apnea, hypopnea, and respiratory effort related arousal events, the flow limitation being measured on the nasal cannulae); (2) narcolepsy defined as the presence of a definite cataplexy or MSL <8 min and multiple sleep-onset REM periods during MSLT; in addition, patients with a REM sleep latency <20 min during nighttime or daytime monitoring (at more than one nap) were excluded; (3) hypersomnia due to a medical or psychiatric condition (e.g., Parkinson disease, hypothyroidism, genetic disease, depression); (4) hypersomnia due to drug or substance. We excluded 30 patients with clinical diagnoses of idiopathic hypersomnia, but who did not meet the international criteria.2 They had MSLs >8 min and slept between 490 and 659 min during the 24-h monitoring. Thus, 75 patients (48 women, of whom 5 were post-menopausal, and 27 men) completed the study.
Thirty healthy, paid subjects volunteered to take part as controls after recruitment by advertisement. They were selected after a medical interview for having no sleep complaint, no excessive daytime sleepiness (defined as absence of spontaneous or elicited complain and a score at the Epworth Sleepiness Scale <11), no chronic sleep deprivation (as checked using a questionnaire on sleep habit), no shift or night work, no severe medical illness, and no use of medications known to modify sleep and wakefulness. They were matched for age and sex with the patient group. Control subjects were able to comply adequately with the study requirements and signed an informed consent. The study was approved by the local ethics committee. Thus, 30 healthy subjects (15 women, of whom 2 were post-menopausal, and 15 men) completed the study. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants are summarized in Table 1.
Participants were instructed to follow a regular sleep-wake rhythm, with ≥8 h in bed during the week preceding the 48-h investigation in the sleep disorders unit. They underwent a face to face interview about sleep symptoms (cataplexy, sleep drunkenness, sleep paralysis, restorative naps) and completed a standardized comprehensive sleep questionnaire including the Epworth sleepiness scale,17 the Horne-Ostberg eveningness-morningness scale,18 the Pichot fatigue scale,19 and the hospital depression and anxiety (HAD) rating scale.20 The class-II human leukocyte antigen genotype was determined in all patients and controls. The sleep and wake monitoring procedure included: (i) a habituation night with sleep and respiratory monitoring from 23:00 to 06:30, followed the next day by (ii) 5 standard sleep latency tests (MSLT) at 08:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, and 16:00, which were terminated after 20 minutes if no sleep occurred, and after 15 min asleep if sleep occurred;21 (iii) followed the next evening by a long term (24-h) sleep monitoring. The aim of long-term sleep monitoring was to elicit the maximum spontaneous amount of sleep in relaxed, quiet but not totally abnormal conditions, while any sleep episode, whether at night or during daytime, should never be interrupted by the technicians. Controls and patients were already hooked in the sleep unit for 24 hours. They received dinner at 19:00. TV, computer, and visit from friends were forbidden, but books, newspapers, watches and daylight were allowed. The participants were then free to determine when they wanted to sleep and switch lights off in the evening, with a spontaneous awakening (and lights on) the next day. In addition, all subjects were proposed two naps during the morning and the afternoon, lying in the dark. The nap attempts were discontinued by the subjects after 30 min if they could not sleep, and were ad libitum continued when they fell asleep. Tests were stopped at 17:00. This procedure provided a 20-h opportunity for sleep. Subjects received a breakfast after waking up, and a lunch if they woke for it. This procedure was highly recommended in diagnosis criteria for idiopathic hypersomnia,2,15 but lacked of standardized values in healthy subjects. We determined normative values here.
Polysomnographic recordings included an electroencephalography (Fp1-A2, C3-A2, O1-A2), left and right electroculograms, levator menti and bilateral tibialis anterior surface electromyography, nasal pressure trough cannulae, respiratory efforts using thoracic and abdominal belts, position, tracheal sounds, pulse rate, and transcutaneous oximetry (Medatec Ltd, France) during the first night. The respiratory sensors were removed during the MSLT and the 24-h sleep monitoring. Sleep stages, arousals, periodic leg movements, and respiratory events were scored visually according to standard criteria.22-25 Total sleep time, total sleep period, sleep and REM sleep latencies, the durations and percentages of NREM sleep stage 1,2, 3-4, and REM sleep were determined during Night 1 and Night 2, and during the 24-h monitoring procedure. The indexes of sleep fragmentation (arousal index, periodic leg movements, periodic leg movement-associated arousal index, apnea-hypopnea index), and minimal oxygen saturation during sleep were measured during Night 1. In order to look if it was correlated with sleep drunkenness, we noted the time of offset of the last slow wave sleep (SWS) episode >5 min during the second night sleep.
Statistical Analysis
The patients with hypersomnia were first compared as a group to the control group. In a second analysis, the hypersomniac patients with long sleep time (defined as nighttime sleep >600 min during Night 2) were compared to the patients without long sleep time. After having checked the Gaussian distribution of variables, we analyzed between-groups dichotomous variables using chi-square test, and continuous variables using analysis of variance (Statistica 7.1, Stat Soft Inc, Tulsa, OK). A p value lower than 0.05 was considered as significant (with corrections for repeated measures). Values are presented as mean ± SD (otherwise specified). For normative values, we determined the 95% confidence interval in controls.
Clinical Differences Between Hypersomniacs and Controls
As expected by matching, patients and controls did not differ in age or sex distribution (Table 1). The body mass indexes were remarkably similar in hypersomniacs and controls. Patients with hypersomnia had higher Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores than controls. In the hypersomniac group, 89% patients had scores >10, and 42% had scores >15. They had no cataplexy and no more hallucinations than controls, but 28% of hypersomniacs had sleep paralysis, 36% had sleep drunkenness, and 46% had unrefreshing naps. All these symptoms were infrequent in normal controls (especially sleep drunkenness, which was never found in controls), suggesting they were poorly sensitive but highly specific. Hypersomniacs had higher fatigue scores than controls. In the patient group, there were no correlation between the subjective sleepiness (Epworth score) and the MSL (r = −0.02, P = 0.91) or the Pichot fatigue score (r = 0.15, P = 0.44). Using the HAD rating scale, patients scored themselves as slightly more anxious and depressed than controls, while 22% patients had abnormal scores (>11) for anxiety (vs 10% in controls, P = 0.3), and 19% had abnormal score (>11) for depression (vs 3%, P = 0.06). As for the chronotype, patients had lower Horne-Ostberg scores than controls, indicating a delayed sleep phase.
HLA Genotyping
The HLA DQB1*0602 genotype was found equally in hypersomniacs (24.2%) and controls (19.2%, P = 0.6). There were no difference for the frequency of the 122 various alleles of HLA DRB1 and DQB1 tested in patients (Table 2), compared to the 60 alleles tested in controls, except for the HLA DRB1*11, which was found at a twice lower frequency in patients than in controls than (P = 0.05), leading to an odd-ratio of 0.48. No specific haplotype could be identified, for the sample was too small to reach significance.
Clinical Differences Between Hypersomniacs with and without Long Sleep Time
There were 40 patients (53% of hypersomniacs) with long sleep time, and 35 patients (47%) without long sleep time (i.e., with a total sleep time <600 min and MSL <8 min). The patients with long sleep time were younger than the patients without long sleep time (29 ± 10 y vs 40 ± 13 y, P = 0.0002) and had lower body mass indexes (23 ± 4 vs 26 ± 5 kg/m²; P = 0.005) than those without long sleep time, with no gender difference (Table 3). As for the clinical symptoms (sleep drunkenness, sleepiness and fatigue scores) there was no difference between the patients with long and normal sleep time, except for lower Horne and Ostberg scores (44.0 ± 13.8 vs 52.7 ± 10.2, P = 0.04) in patients with vs without long sleep time. The frequency of HLA DQB1*0602 genotype was not different (26% and 22%, P = 0.78) between these two groups.
Normative Measures During Ad Libitum Sleep in Healthy Subjects
The controls slept 491 ± 77 min (range 265–642 min), during nighttime and 525 ± 87 min (range 286–690 min) during 24-h monitoring (Table 4). The median value for nighttime sleep was 491 min, with a 95% confidence interval of 462–520 min. During the 24-h period, the median sleep duration in controls was 522 min, with a 95% confidence interval of 493–558 min. Thus, sleep duration >558 min (9.3 h) on continuous 24-h monitoring may be considered as abnormal.
Polysomnographic Differences Between Hypersomniacs and Controls During Ad Libitum Sleep Monitoring
During the second night, patients had a longer total sleep time than controls but normal sleep efficiency, and sleep onset and REM sleep latencies (Table 4). While healthy volunteers were asleep 44% of the time recorded on a 24-h basis, hypersomniacs slept 58% of the time (P < 0.0001). There was a weak (r = −0.06) but significant (P = 0.03) negative correlation between the age of hypersomniacs and the time slept both at night and during 24 hours. As for sleep structure, there were no between-groups differences for NREM sleep stage 1-2 percentages. The SWS percentages were lower in hypersomniacs, a difference that disappeared when considering the raw duration of SWS (120 ± 51 min in hypersomniacs vs 121 ± 34 min in controls, P = 0.89). The REM sleep percentages and times during night-time were higher in hypersomniacs than in controls. Hypersomniacs had more frequent SWS episodes at the end of the night, as 61% hypersomniacs had a SWS episode after 06:00, vs 37% in controls. The time of the last SWS episode was 08:44 ± 1:40 in the hypersomniacs vs 06:11 ± 1:45 in the controls. While the duration of sleep cycles was similar in patients (102 ± 28 min) and in controls (93 ± 12 min, P = 0.11), patients had more sleep cycles (6.0 ± 0.8) than controls (5.5 ± 0.9, P = 0.02). There were no differences between groups for periodic legs movements and their related arousals. Among hypersomniacs, 15% had periodic leg movement indexes >15 (a value considered as abnormal in adults), vs 7% controls (P = 0.30). As for sleep-disordered breathing, there were no differences between groups regarding apnea-hypopnea index, apnea index, respiratory disturbance index, and minimal SpO2 (data not shown).
During daytime, hypersomniacs slept longer (116 ± 57 min) than controls (35 ± 33 min, P < 0.0001). They had higher REM sleep percentages (12.1% ± 12.3% vs 4.2% ± 10.0%, P = 0.003) and SWS percentages (13.3% ± 12.4% vs 5.4% ± 10.0%; P = 0.002) than controls. When considering the amount sleep during a 24-h period, hypersomniacs had much longer total sleep time than controls, with higher sleep stages 1-2 and REM sleep durations, and higher sleep stage 1-2 percentage (Table 4).
Polygraphic Differences Between Hypersomniac Patients with and without Long Sleep Time
By definition, the patients with long sleep time had longer total sleep time during Night 2 (Table 5). Compared to the patients without long sleep time, they had higher sleep efficiency (92.3% ± 5.6% vs 89.3% ± 6.7%, P = 0.04) during the night, and later SWS episode (09:27 ± 1:40 vs 08:08 ± 1:26, P = 0.02), with no other difference in sleep structure. Daytime sleep was also not different between groups. Total sleep time during the 24-h monitoring was higher (747 ± 82 min) in the group with long sleep time than without (635 ± 82 min, P < 0.0001).
Multiple sleep latency tests in hypersomniacs
As a group, hypersomniacs had twice shorter MSL than controls (Table 6), but the dynamic profile over time in the 5 tests was similar (not shown). Of note, MSL was 4.6 min in one healthy volunteer, in spite of normal Epworth sleepiness score of 7/24 and normal total sleep time over 24 hours. As many as 39% hypersomniacs had normal MSL (greater than 8 min), while 30% had MSL >10 min (still above the "gray zone" of 8-10 min). The number of sleep onset REM periods was similar in hypersomniacs and in controls. In hypersomniacs, longer MSL were associated with longer sleep durations during nighttime (r = 0.12, P = 0.005) and during a 24-h period (r = 0.12, P = 0.006). In hypersomniacs, the MSL was higher in the group with long sleep time than without (Table 6). In the subgroup of 40 patients with long sleep time, 71% had an MSL >8 min (vs 0% in the group without long sleep time, P = 0.0001), while 54% had an MSL >10 min (Table 6).
This is a large, prospective, controlled series of patients with idiopathic hypersomnia, bringing new information on several aspects of this rare disease. This includes clinical symptoms (particularly chronotype and psychological aspects in hypersomnia), differences between hypersomniacs with and without long sleep time, sensitivity of the MSLT and suggestion of normative data during long term sleep monitoring.
Clinical Features in Hypersomniacs
Notably, hypersomniacs are not overweighed in our series, suggesting a major difference with the overweight and even obesity described in around one third of patients with narcolepsy.26 It suggests that the hypothalamic area responsible for eating behavior and metabolism (including the orexin/hyocretin neurons) are not dysfunctional in hypersomnia. In addition, it suggests that oversleeping (and possibly being less active due to hypersomnolence) does not result, per se, in an increased weight. On the contrary, patients with long sleep time have a lower body mass index than those without long sleep time. The classical symptoms of hypersomnia (sleep drunkenness and unrefreshing naps) are found in only 36% and 54% patients, respectively, but almost never in controls, suggesting a poor sensitivity but a high specificity. The higher fatigue score and the slightly higher anxiety and depression scores in hypersomniacs could be a consequence of the difficulties of adapt to this disabling condition. Of interest, there are here several indications of delayed sleep phase in idiopathic hypersomnia, as Horne-Ostberg scores are lower than in controls, and hypersomniacs are more evening types. The sleep phase delay cannot be attributed to young age, as controls are matched with patients for age, but could be a long-term consequence of prolonged sleep in the morning/afternoon. In a single study, a delayed secretion of melatonin and cortisol was observed in 15 patients with idiopathic hypersomnia,27 also supporting a longer circadian period in these patients. If proved to be exact, this finding could support the evening use of melatonin in hypersomniacs, in order to advance the sleep phase.
Differences Between Hypersomniac Patients with and without Long Sleep Time
The distinction of hypersomnia with and without long sleep time is recent. As a result, there is no characterization of these two groups, to our knowledge. In our series, patients with long sleep time are younger, slimmer, have lower Horne-Ostberg scores, and would sleep longer on a 24-h basis, with higher sleep efficiency, than patients without long sleep time. We could not identify psychological profiles, symptoms, or sleep structure specific to this subgroup. As many as 71% patients with long sleep time have normal MSL during MSLT, reinforcing the idea that the latter test is poorly sensitive for diagnosing hypersomnia.11,15 As these patients are younger, they may suffer from a juvenile form of the same disease, later evolving toward less nighttime sleep. In favor of this hypothesis, total sleep time during nighttime and during 24 hours slightly decreases with increasing age at diagnosis time. A longitudinal follow-up of these patients using the same monitoring procedure would help to support this hypothesis.
MSLT vs 24-hour Sleep Monitoring for Diagnosing Hypersomnia
This study highlights the MSLT limitations for the diagnosis of hypersomnia, compared to the sensitivity of 24-hour monitoring. Indeed, although several authors point on normal or subnormal MSLT in hypersomniacs (nicely illustrated by the single case report of a man sleeping 19 hours over 24 hours despite a normal MSL of 11 min),15,28 they also underline the absence of standardization and normative values for 24-hour ad libitum monitoring.15 Here we provide for the first time normative values for the duration of sleep during an ad libitum 24-h continuous monitoring in 30 healthy volunteers. We followed the recommendations developed by Billiard and Dauvilliers and reported in the ICSD-2 International Classification of Sleep disorders-2005 revised. These recommendations specify to monitor patients after nighttime sleep monitoring followed by MSLT, and to allow the patients the opportunity to develop extended, uninterrupted sleep. The subjects receive the instruction of not fighting against sleep, and the technician of not interrupting sleep for whatever reason. Following these instructions, healthy volunteers sleep form 286 to 690 min (i.e., a maximum of 11.5 h), while the 95% confidence interval upper threshold is 558 min (9.3 h). This suggests that a longer time asleep is abnormal. These normative limits could be useful in the future for diagnosing hypersomniacs with normal MSLT, which is the case here in 71% hypersomniacs with long sleep time. Even the assertion that MSL may be in the "gray zone" of 8-10 min in central hypersomnia is not founded here, as more than half of the patients with long sleep time had MSL >10 min. On the contrary, the patients who have longer nighttime sleep have longer sleep latencies during MSLT in our series. These results support the idea that hypersomniacs would not fall asleep as quickly as narcoleptic patients (i.e., without rapid shift from wakefulness to sleep). In contrast, they would have difficulty waking spontaneously after sleep (i.e., difficulty shifting from sleep to wake), which could result in severe cases in sleep drunkenness.
Here, ad libitum night and day sleep is monitored after a habituation night followed by clinical MSLT. Despite this procedure was recommended,2 one may object that the amount of sleep obtained during the 5 MSLT naps may hamper subsequent sleep by consuming processus S (homeostatic sleep drive) in patients, while it would not be the case in controls (who usually sleep less often during the MSLT). In our procedure, the habituation night is however stopped at 06:30, mostly by forced awakening in these young subjects with frequently delayed sleep. This sleep curtailment may be compensated in part during the MSLT naps. Furthermore, shorter MSL are not associated with shorter nighttime sleep duration, while they are on the contrary associated with longer sleep duration on a 24-h basis. Eventually, each nap lasts 15 minutes, whatever the sleep onset latency, normalizing the total time slept during the MSLT naps. Another potential limitation during ad libitum procedure is the presence of zeitgebers (watches, daylight during lunch, meals), and the possibility to briefly walk at breakfast and lunch. We think however that these conditions are closer to the patient usual life when they are free of schedules and work (e.g., during vacations) than other artificial procedures (continuous bed rest, continuous darkness, absence of clock). These practical conditions are also easier to adapt in routine, clinical sleep disorders unit settings, allowing our normative data to be used by others.
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Je tiens juste a mentionner que le site 123people avait trouvé mon article soumis a sleep qui n'etait pas encore repertorié ni sur mon site ni sur la base de recherche médicale pubme. Un site interessant pour ceux qui cherchent des informations récentes.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Air Conditioners
Air conditioners are a tried-and-tested and extremely effective way of keeping rooms of all sizes cool on hot days. They use refrigerant gas to cool air down and powerful fans to blow the cooled air around a room. Air conditioners can be installed anywhere in a room, fixed to or inside floors, ceilings and walls and are a must-have for large homes, businesses and offices that get too hot in the summer. If you want something a little smaller, you can also look at portable air conditioners!
Why choose HSD for Your Air Conditioner?
We offer a wide range of quality air conditioners that won't let you down in the heat, no matter what your requirements are. Whether you're looking for an air conditioner for personal or business use, we have the right air conditioner for you at a low price within our range!
If you want a small, light air conditioner for home or office use, consider a portable air conditioner. They're small and light and can be wheeled around anywhere to keep your room cool. If you need something a little bigger for a larger room, you can look at mounted air conditioning units, which can be fitted to walls, floors and ceilings. Some of these units can be fitted inside ceilings, providing you with a subtle, hidden air conditioning solution that's ideal for customer-facing businesses like shops and restaurants.
Whether it's a recognised brand or a great value air conditioner, our entire range is covered by our price match guarantee, meaning we won't be beaten on price by anyone! If you aren't sure which air conditioner is right for you, just pick up the phone or click the live chat function at the bottom of the screen for expert advice from our UK-based customer service team.


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Josh Valentic of last year's BSA Nike 17 team, went off for 51 points in a two point OT win against Highlands. Valentic is averaging 31 points per game this season, as he has carried Trinity HS to some early season success.
Steve Limberiou of last years BSA Nike 17 teamdropped 24 points to lead Upper St. Clair to a 69-62 victory over Pittsburgh Central Catholic.
Junior, Mark Pilarski of last year's BSA 16 team had a double double for Hampton, with 18 points and 13 rebounds in a losing effort against North Hills in OT.


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More than 500 Orioles fans from the business community welcomed back the defending American League East Champion Baltimore Orioles on April 9, the eve of the team's home opener, at the Greater Baltimore Committee's Cocktail Reception with the Orioles.
Fans mingled with Orioles players and enjoyed autograph sessions and photo stations with players at the Hilton Baltimore. The program portion of the event featured interviews with Orioles Manager Buck Showalter and Dan Duquette, Orioles executive vice president of baseball operations, a game show format with players and a raffle of Orioles memorabilia.
The Greater Baltimore Committee, the most prominent organization of Baltimore-region business and civic leaders, has been hosting annual season-launching events since 1979, when the GBC hosted the first "Lunch with the Orioles."
The history of GBC's role in keeping major league baseball in Baltimore, supporting the Orioles and in building Oriole Park at Camden Yards is well documented. In 1979 the GBC, Mayor William Donald Schaefer and the Orioles coordinated the creation of a volunteer sales force, known as the "Designated Hitters," to promote season ticket sales.
In 1987, the GBC led business efforts to win legislative approval for construction of Oriole Park at Camden Yards and played a critical role in lease negotiations between the Orioles and the Maryland Stadium Authority that kept the team in Baltimore.
View photos from the event here.
Event sponsors are: Corporate Sponsor Horseshoe Casino; Ambassador Sponsor Baltimore Development Corporation; Signature Sponsors Legg Mason and LifeBridge Health; Double Sponsors Baltimore Business Journal, The Daily Record, KCI Technologies, Inc., McCormick & Company, Inc., T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and VPC, Inc.; and Single Sponsors Baltimore City Community College and Baltimore Life Companies.


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Big W has a huge sale on at the moment - according to the colour of the sticker stuck over the price tag you can get 40, 50 or even 60% off! If you haven't been already it's well worth a look!!
The sale rails were chaotic to say the least and I almost couldn't be bothered but luckily it was reasonably quiet so I just focused on looking for the hangers with the yellow size 2 on them and persevered. Tate doesn't really need any more clothes for this season so I was very selective in what I picked up although I have been keeping my eye out for warm stuff to take to Tasmania next week.
Here's what I bought - the 4 items came to approx $25.
Love the royal blue of this tee - makes my boy's beautiful eyes stand out even more!
What a funky shirt for our holiday to Tassie - soft, brushed flannelette to keep LMT warm but trendy too!
This is actually an age 3 jacket but it was $11 and I just couldn't leave it behind!! I'll pack it away for next year. I especially love the pleated detail along either side of the buttons.
Some pretty cool bargains huh?!


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In order to address that issue I have decided to write a series of How-To posts which are simple and usually address a specific requirement.
The how-to posts are categorized by common client side development tasks like CRM Form, CRM Fields, CRM IFRAME, CRM Lookup and so on. Each time something new comes up I'll simply update the relevant "Repository" How-To post. If you have a specific requirement that you don't see in my post and you feel that should be then comment on that and if it is missing I'll share that solution when I can.
This How-To post addresses CRM Form development tasks:
Addressing Form Type (crmForm.FormType) in script.
This should be the BASIC TEMPLATE for all your scripts. Since crmForm has more then 1 state (type) your code should always address that.
If for example the create and update Types share the same code than simply put your code in one method and call it from the other.
/* Form Types */
var FormTypes =
Undefined : 0,
Create : 1,
Update : 2,
ReadOnly : 3,
Disabled : 4,
QuickCreate : 5,
BulkEdit : 6
/* Script Entiry Point */
function OnCrmPageLoad()
switch( crmForm.FormType )
case FormTypes.Create:OnNewFormLoad();break;
case FormTypes.Update:OnUpdateFormLoad();break;
case FormTypes.ReadOnly:OnReadOnlyFormLoad();break;
case FormTypes.Disabled:OnDisabledFormLoad();break;
case FormTypes.QuickCreate:OnQuickCreateFormLoad();break;
case FormTypes.BulkEdit:OnBulkEditFormLoad();break;
case FormTypes.Undefined:alert("Error");break;
/* Implement each Form Type you wish to address */
function OnNewFormLoad(){}
function OnUpdateFormLoad(){}
function OnReadOnlyFormLoad(){}
function OnDisabledFormLoad(){}
function OnQuickCreateFormLoad(){}
function OnBulkEditFormLoad(){}
Change Field Required level
Parameter1 - Field scheme name
Parameter2 - is required
crmForm.SetFieldReqLevel( "<FieldId>" , true );
Check if the form has changed ( by user or code ) Since it was loaded
alert( crmForm.IsDirty() );
Binding to crmForm save event
This coding method is easier to manage and more productive then putting your code In the OnSave event box.
crmForm.attachEvent( "onsave" , OnCrmPageSave );
This relates to the former bullet.
The code checks the form validity. If its not valid then The returnValue is set to false and the form save does not fire.
function OnCrmPageSave()
var valid4Submit = true;
if( /* Form Is NOT Valid */ )
valid4Submit = false;
return (event.returnValue = valid4Submit);
Retrieve Entity Object Type Code
alert( crmForm.ObjectTypeCode );
Retrieve Entity Schema Name
alert( crmForm.ObjectTypeName );
Remove (detach) MS window close alert


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A Music Education Degree in the Westchester County, NY area
Do you have a passion for teaching? If the answer is yes, a Music Education Degree from Manhattanville College in the Westchester County area is your solution for personal and professional growth in the field of education. If you are a current teacher seeking additional qualifications, you'll be glad to know that you'll be led by faculty members who are experts in their fields and in touch with the dynamics of today's demanding classroom environment. For a unique educational experience that offers practical, convenient scheduling that fits your busy life, attend the School of Education at Manhattanville College. We provide the perfect balance of practical and theoretical knowledge you'll need to pursue your goals. It's the right time for you to choose Manhattanville College.
Situated conveniently in Westchester County, an easy 30 minutes from New York City, Manhattanville College enjoys one of the most diverse small campuses in the country. Having been repeatedly recognized as a leader in education training, and accredited by CAEP, we are well equipped to help you progress at any stage of your teaching career, or even to change paths and attain new goals. If you yearn for a traditional face-to-face classroom environment rather than an online program, Manhattanville College offers flexible schedules and a convenient location for busy working professionals.
Become a specialist in education with Manhattanville College
Request more information about Manhattanville College and the Music Education Degree in the Westchester County area you are interested in by phone, online or through social networking.
Take charge of the classroom as a Manhattanville College graduate. Manhattanville College puts your career progression in the fast lane. Send us an inquiry using our form above or fill out an online application for program-specific information today.
Music Education:
Manhattanville College offers programs in Music Education leading to initial/professional New York State certification in Music Education (all grades). Graduates from these programs are prepared to teach Music in all grades from pre-school through 12th grade.
Our Music Program in the Westchester County area:
- Workday evening class times
- Three seasonal study start times (Fall, Spring and Summer) with rolling admissions
- Faculty members who are experts in their respective fields
- The chance to network with faculty, guest speakers and alumni
- Personal attention aimed at promoting the individual success of each student
- Opportunities to increase your earning potential
- Effective career advancement
- Jump Start: our accelerated teacher certification program specially designed for teachers interested in changing career paths
Call us today at 914-517-3372
Other Location Served: Greater New York area Lower Fairfield County Purchase Tri-State area


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About the organization
We at Marinela Association decided to invest efforts in providing an equal start for all children, and brighter opportunities to those who demonstrate the required traits and diligence. Our event calendar includes forums inspired by our willingness to contribute to healthcare, environmental protection, encouragement of talented children, and of disadvantaged children.
Through a variety of initiatives we endeavour to promote respect for success achieved by talent and hard work, encourage development in various areas and motivate our young people pursue appropriate accomplishment. Furthermore, in our sport forums we aim to suppress aggression and divert destructive energy to the right direction.
- Discover and support talented children and youngsters in their efforts and endeavours to unlock their gifts and potential in culture, sport, science and technology, promote healthy lifestyle and environmental protection;
- Provide financial and moral support to the creative endeavours of young talents who have already had successful participations and awards from competitions, festivals, Olympiads and contests in their respective areas;
- Develop and apply efficient practices to encourage children and young people engage in systemic and consistent activities across various sport disciplines and art genres;
- Initiate, organize and engage in national campaigns designed to foster the physical, moral and intellectual development of adolescents, and educate them in the spirit of national traditions;
- Foster the social integration and personal accomplishment of disadvantaged children and adults;
- Support women and children with chronic or cancer diseases;
- Support the creation, construction and modernization of cultural and community centres, libraries, web-based repositories of knowledge with free access and open content;
- Support and foster donation and charity initiatives;
- Collaborate with government and municipal agencies and with local or international organization in the implementation of projects conducive to the objectives of the Association.
Angelina Angelova
CEO of Marinela Association
Angelina Angelova is a Bulgarian writer, playwright and journalist, born on 28 May 1988 in Varna.


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Remo Rhythm Club Tambourine with 4 Sets of Jingles
6 in.
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- Free Shipping (48 Contiguous U.S. States)
Vibrant, multicultural-themed covering that's bound to be appealing to future drummers of all backgrounds. 1-3/4"D x 6"W. 4 Sets of jinglesChildren l...Click To Read More About This Product
6-Month* financing available.
Great for learning the fundamentals of rhythm!
Vibrant, multicultural-themed covering that's bound to be appealing to future drummers of all backgrounds. 1-3/4"D x 6"W. 4 Sets of jingles
Children love to make music, and, since rhythm is the foundation of all music making, the Remo Kids Percussion and value-priced Rhythm Club Collections give children exciting ways to make music with their own instruments. Not only is playing music fun, research has found that music participation can have a beneficial and long-lasting impact on a child's self-discipline and self-confidence. Remo Kid's Percussion instruments have received the prestigious Oppenheim Gold Seal Toy Awards for product quality. Rhythm Club is a fun, healthy and positive avenue for children to be exposed to world music. These professional sounding, pretuned instruments are made with Remo's orchestra quality RENAISSANCE drumheads. They are decorated with bright, colorful images of children from around the world. The Bongos, Floor Tom, and Konga drums feature bright molded feet and bottoms that elevate them from the ground so even the smallest percussionist can get great sounds. And don't worry about durability, Rhythm Club instruments are made to handle the rigors of a classroom environment or the active exuberance of a 3-year-old.
- 1-3/4"D x 6"W
- 4 sets of jingles
Put this in a child's hands and watch the fun start! Order now.


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In a child's imagination, anything is possible - flying through the night time sky - Magic Does Exist! As a gift for your child's nursery or a new parent, it's perfectly magical!Made in U.S.A.Individually Gift-boxed
Weight: 1.50Dimensions: 5.00 x 4.50 x 2.00Composition: hand cast stone
Ship this piece for only $6.95 and just $1 in shipping for each additional piece sent to the same address. Average lead time is 5 - 7 working days (excluding engraves). However, expedited shipping is available at checkout. Applies to standard ground in the lower 48 states only. International customers call 800-225-1178.
1241 (Natural Stone) Price: $30.00
1241A (Aged Stone) Price: $30.00
Raising money for your organization? Try something new with Carruth Studio fundraisers. Earn 40% immediate profit. Free shipping, no hidden charges. It's easier than you think to sell a lasting piece of art from one of America's most collected sculptors...Read more
Take a moment to relax and step into our domain of American-made, hand-crafted sculptures that will plant a smile in your garden, give back to the community and leave you feeling inspired.


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Over the years, I have noticed many sayings and questions that get repeated toward me. Thus, I have developed some clever responses. He are a few:
Do you have change for a dollar?
-I wouldn't change for any amount of money.
Do you have the time?
Did your mom drop you as a baby?
-No silly, when my mom was a baby, I wasn't born.
Dude you have no sense of humor!
-Yeah, it heightens my other senses.
Have you lost your mind?
-(Touch head to check) Nope!
That is the stupidest thing I have ever heard.
-Really? The stupidest thing I've ever heard is "blagalongoloo."
Ugh, don't you have any patience?
-No, why would I, I'm no doctor.
How do you get to [Insert location here]?
-You walk or drive, I suppose.
Times flies when your having fun.
-That's odd, a frog once told me times fun when your having flies.
You need to get some common sense!
-Do you have change for a dollar?
Which is your favorite? What responses would add? Tell me in the comments below.
-The Anon Blogger
Awesome Links:


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2009-07-16 43 -78
From Geo Hashing
Thu 16 Jul 2009 in Lockport:
The point was on a sidewalk in front of an unused store in Whitby, near the corner of Dundas (Hwy 2) and Anderson.
This was a real "hash 'n dash" (tm). I left work and drove "Em" to the point, snapped a couple shots, then drove into the city. I missed only a couple minutes of beach volleyball, but I blame that more on the parking.
The unused store was right beside a vibrant mechanic's shop, so I wonder why it was no longer in use? Perhaps a horrible accident? Rent must be cheap, it could make a good lab, depending on the electrical service amp rating. Hmmm...


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Château de Lartigolle
- Profile
32550 Pessan, Midi-Pyrénées
The Château de Lartigolle offers extremely elegant, stylish, comfortable bedrooms and beautiful lounges to escape to when it all gets too much. With two resident chefs we can serve delicious freshly made food every day, so you won't have to lift a finger. There is plenty of space to play within the beautiful grounds, and, with a tennis court, table tennis, trampoline and a 16m swimming pool, you won't have to worry about keeping everybody happy.
It's all here
* Sleeps up to 24 people
* 11 hectares of grounds
* 50 mins from Toulouse airport
* Event organization service
* Self-catering to fully catered
* Daily housekeeping
* Tennis court and table tennis
* 16m swimming pool
* Children's TV lounge
* Terrific local amenities
* Fabulous local markets
* Mountains one hour away
* Skiing in winter
* Open all year round
- Services:
Villa Rentals
- Service Areas:
Related Luxury Travel Companies:
Chateau Joncasses is a petite and unique 9 bedroomed chateau available for holiday rental and for private functions. It is set in 50 acres of private grounds nestling on a hillside in the Midi Pyrenees overlooking the Lot Valley. Built in the 'Perigordian' style the chateau has been created over [...]
La Cadenède is an antique fortified farm of the Templar period. The square Tower was already existing in 1289. La Cadenède combines charm of the past and current comfort. From this old house full of history, you will appreciate the panoramic view on the Larzac plate, the town of Millau and the [...]
Very luxurious renaissance chateau with all services (chef, maids etc.) located near Toulouse, France. Castle has 7 suites, farmhouse has 3 rooms and 2 bathrooms. We are available for vacation rentals, exclusive seminars, weddings and more. The area provides options for virtually all sports, plus [...]
Pyrenées Heliski offers A maximum of 12 people in 3 groups of 4 riders with 1 guide per group Possibility of booking the whole site exclusively for you and your friends Possibility of booking the whole site exclusively for you and your friends Hotel, restaurant and après-ski services [...]
Located in Bolquère, Chalet Lodge des Sens is 5 km from Font-Romeu and Pyrénées 2000 Ski Resort and offers a terrace. You can enjoy the Finnish sauna, the hot tub and the game room with a billiard table and a jukebox. With a panoramic mountain view, this luxury, wooden chalet is made up of 4 [...]


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The Real Greek Supporting World Encephalitis Day
Encephalitis is a very scary disease. It can start out as feeling generally unwell, and like having a cold or the flu, and soon progresses into a life threatening condition. It is technically an inflammation of the brain, caused by infection (often common everyday infections such as the flue or measles for example) or a… Continue reading The Real Greek Supporting World Encephalitis Day


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I also travelled quite a bit this summer. I attended a cousin's wedding back home in Carson City, Nevada where I grew up. I helped rescue a hawk with a broken wing there. (We called W.A.I.F. and they came and picked up the bird.) I stayed at a fire lookout tower in southern Oregon. I went to a family reunion in Bend. I did quite a bit of camping, and my garden is going gangbusters!
Now I'm back at home and ready to dig in and cook up some new recipes. Something to look forward to this autumn will be some really great information on how to make sourdough bread. I've been developing some recipes and new methods to create a sourdough starter in just a few days - rather than the typical way which takes a few weeks. I am really excited to share all the things I've learned! I'll also be working on creating some new recipes that will save time in the kitchen, like a quick and easy pie crust recipe.
I'll leave you with some photos of my summer. Come back and check in with me again soon to see my new recipes!
|At the fire lookout
|This is the hawk I helped to rescue. His right wing was broken.
|My first garden tomato of the year, July 10th
|Easy Pie Crust
|Some serious sourdough research going on


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Charisse Cabrera sat in the back pew of Holy Family Catholic Church in Mitchellville one spring Sunday as a priest tried to comfort a congregation of Filipino teachers caught in a bureaucratic maze.
The Prince George's County school system has brought them in by the hundreds in the past decade to comply with one federal law. Now they are at risk of being sent home because the school system failed to comply with another.
The result could mean as many as 957 foreign teachers — more than 10 percent of the county's teaching corps — would lose their visas by 2014. Such an exodus would mark a significant reversal after years in which many U.S. schools filled hard-to-staff positions with overseas instructors.
Cabrera, who teaches pre-kindergarten at Carole Highlands Elementary School in the Takoma Park area, would be among the first to go; her visa expires in June. She nodded as the priest suggested a divine reason for all of this.
"Sometimes when we're faced with a difficult situation, we ask, 'Why are we suffering? Why are they taking our visas away?' " the priest said, answering: The Lord "wants you to find that inner spirit — that strength deep down inside of you to help yourself, and to help others."
In April, the Labor Department ruled that Prince George's owed 1,044 foreign teachers, mostly Filipino, $4.2 million in back pay. The department fined the county schools $1.7 million and concluded that the system was a "willful violator" of federal labor law. If that finding stands, the system will be unable to renew any three-year visas for its foreign employees. Prince George's is appealing.
When the 2002 No Child Left Behind Act called for schools to find highly qualified teachers, Prince George's and several other systems facing a tough labor market got innovative: They hired from abroad. They also drew scrutiny from the Labor Department, which has has cited about 17 educational entities for shortchanging foreign workers. But only one other system — in Dayton, Ohio — has been found a willful violator.
Cabrera said she would rather keep her job than recoup the back pay, about $4,000 per teacher. She wants to become a permanent U.S. resident.
"A green card would make me feel like I accomplished something," she said. "It would feel so good to know that America thinks I benefit their country."
Single and ambitious, Cabrera said she came here nearly three years ago to soak up the best practices of American education, hoping to one day start a school back home. It brought her financial stability: She just bought a new Honda CR-V, and she helps pay her father's medical bills.
Cabrera said she has learned from other Filipino teachers who have come to Prince George's over the past decade. They live on the same street of Largo townhouses and pray the rosary with her each Friday.
In early 2008, a Prince George's schools recruiter had interviewed Cabrera in Manila for the job. It was arranged by Arrowhead Manpower Resources, one of many Filipino agencies that help U.S. schools find teachers with advanced degrees.
Ching Rodriguez, the company's president, told prospective recruits that she would arrange everything: signing them up for a Maryland certification test, processing a visa application, booking a furnished apartment in Largo.
In a country where the per-capita income amounts to less than $10 a day, Filipino teachers sold houses and took out loans to pay Arrowhead's fee, which exceeded $10,000.
In 2003, Arrowhead called Prince George's officials and offered interviews with its clients. The school system, which also searched for teachers in India, Jamaica and elsewhere, made at least four recruiting trips to the Philippines during the next several years. Recruiters were continually impressed with the teachers they met.
Prince George's officials said the Filipino teachers scored well on evaluations and were some of the county's best educated.
In 2007, Prince George's applied for more of the guest-worker visas, known as H-1Bs, than any school district in the country except New York, federal data show. Its visa applications for teachers exceeded Nintendo of America's for software designers and IBM's for software engineers.
"These were necessary steps,'' said Superintendent William R. Hite Jr., who has led the school system since late 2008. "We would have faced penalties if we didn't find good teachers somewhere."
Cabrera, who has a master's degree in early-childhood education, wasn't sure at first about taking a job halfway around the world. But as she watched her father recover from a heart attack and fret over the high cost of medicine, her decision became clear.
By August 2008, she was teaching at Carole Highlands.
On a recent Friday night at home, Cabrera tossed three pounds of shrimp into a skillet and searched her crowded kitchen for rice. Her colleagues were coming for dinner.
The doorbell rang. Jeffrey Garcia, a tall 29-year-old with shoulder-length hair tied in a bandanna, walked in. He works with autistic children at Isaac Gourdine Middle School in Fort Washington.
"And now, we're the faces of Filipinos losing their jobs," Cabrera said.
"And what beautiful faces we are," Garcia quipped.
Cabrera took off a shoe and playfully threw it at him. Laughter, she said, eases the tension.
In years past, it was customary for Prince George's to sponsor a visa renewal if the teacher had a good evaluation.
In April, all foreign teachers learned that their positions were in jeopardy because of the federal investigation. The heart of the problem was that Prince George's had failed to reimburse teachers for visa application fees.
"I was in shock," Cabrera said. "I thought everything was done correctly. Those fees were paid a long time ago. None of us knew the county was supposed to pay them."
Neither did the school system, officials said. When the Labor Department started its probe in 2007, school officials said they started to reimburse teachers for the mandatory portion of the application fees. It wasn't until 2009 that officials learned that Arrowhead had collected additional processing fees that were also supposed to be reimbursed.
Rodriguez, Arrowhead's president, told The Washington Post that she followed labor laws in the Philippines. No U.S. agency has accused Arrowhead of wrongdoing.
"What is happening to these teachers is sad," Rodriguez said, "but I don't have any regrets about what was done."
Prince George's schools officials maintain that the system did nothing wrong and blame the trouble on unclear federal rules. The Labor Department contends that the school system should have been more diligent about following laws stated clearly on its Web site.
Now, Cabrera is in the precarious position of trying to keep her job in a system with a significant budget shortage or find another elsewhere — all while her visa situation is up in the air.
Over dinner, she and Garcia talked about handing recruiters resumes at a job fair, only to have them handed back.
"If I leave, I guess I won't be sad, but I'd be disappointed if I didn't try," she said.
"We'll find something,'' Garcia said. "I hear there are jobs in North Carolina. Maybe somewhere in Canada."
Lita Kelly, the principal of Carole Highlands, praised Cabrera. "She's been a great teacher who cares about her students and has had tremendous growth here,'' Kelly said. "If I could keep her, I absolutely would."
One recent school day, Cabrera presided over a game in which students lined up and wriggled through a small cloth tube. Giggling, they ran to the back of the line to try again.
With a frown, Cabrera called a halt because too many kids were crowding the tube. The students began blaming one another for the tube's collapse. One was so distraught he started massaging his temples.
Cabrera shook her head.
"I know who did it," she said. "But there's no use in blaming anyone. We just have to deal with the consequences."


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I pass this house almost every day on my way to the job site, and there are many reason I like it. I like the combination of materials and textures in the walls (Stone, brick, stucco, timber), the leaded windows, the shingle roof, but more importantly I like the scale because though the house is certainly large, its proportions make it feel like a quaint French cottage.
|House in River Oaks. Houston, Texas


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To create an atmosphere that will inspire ACT students as we educate, train and prepare them for a successful career in construction.
Academy of Construction Technologies, Inc.
Nancy Merced, Executive Director
Phone: 407-851-7803
Fax: 407-851-7804
A copy of The Academy of Construction Technologies´ official registration and financial information may be obtained from the Division of Consumer Services by calling toll free 800-435-7352 within the State. Registration does not imply endorsement, approval or recommendation by the State.


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Athletes are always looking for ways to have their body in peak condition. They need their body to perform in critical moments. This means not being able to afford an off day. Injuries need to heal quickly. If you are an athlete, you want to always push yourself. There have been treatments over the years that have helped athletes and their health. One of the most popular is the Thai massage.
Athletes are beginning to go through Thai massage sessions both before and after physical activity. The reasons are due to the benefits they provide to the entire body.
Muscles can truly benefit from this type of massage. The Thai massage relies on a lot of various stretching movements. These movements can relieve aches and strains that you have in your muscles. These aches are the result of your muscle ligaments tightening up. If you have sore muscles, stretching them out with the motions that go along with a Thai massage can help.
Muscle pain is not always tied to an actual injury. What feels like a torn hamstring may just be a tweak in a certain area of the muscle. A Thai massage can target these action points on the muscles. The massages will work the muscle tissues deeply. This allows them to be worked in a more in-depth manner than standard stretching. This can greatly assist healing and speed up muscle recovery time.
A Thai massage can also help prevent injuries in athletes.
Flexibility is something that is gained from this type of massage. The flexibility that is gained can help the muscles fight off injuries down the line. If your muscles and your body in general are more flexible, you will be able to withstand instances where you are in these circumstances. If you are playing football and get rolled up on your leg, your flexibility can help your leg avoid injury.
Athletes constantly want to push themselves to new limits. This means lifting more weight in the gym, running faster, and improving every day. If you want to be a premier athlete, you need to train your muscles to constantly push forward. Athletes seek out the Thai massage to recover from injury, as well as to prepare for their physical activity. The massage encompasses incredible stretching which, as described above, will train your muscles in a positive way.
Understanding why the Thai massage is popular with athletes is simple; it helps them perform at a peak level consistently. The Thai massage is being offered all around the world. No matter where you live, you can find the best Thai massage in Singapore (See Healing-Touch Singapore), London, New York or other major city. Do your research and read the reviews here to find the best location available. The Thai massage is helping athletes strive for greatness, and it can help you too.
Thai Asian Body Massage Therapy How to, Legs & Lower Body Techniques, Jen HilmanRead More


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Resources - Back Issues, road tests and more!
A wealth of motorhome information at your fingertips...
Follow the links on the menu to find all of iMotorhome eMagazine's back issues plus all our road tests, technical articles, travel stories and more.
You can download them or read online, but please don't forget to Like them on Facebook so we can reach even more people.
Thanks and enjoy!


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Using blue has always frightened me as it doesn't particularly look great on me. It doesn't really do much for my eye colour or my undertones, even though I love the colour itself.
But I have SO many beautiful blue products that it would be a huge shame not to use them on myself every once in a while, right? Seeing as it's starting to turn frosty outside as Winter sets in, I couldn't think of a better time to play with these shadows!
This whole look was based around the stunning 'Berry Frost' iBatter Tart loose eyeshadow from Beauty Bakerie, but to make sure this look wasn't too overbearingly blue, I decided to throw in a little bit of my favourite purple eyeshadow from Concrete Minerals.
- Urban Decay Primer Potion in 'Eden'
- Beauty Bakerie iBatter Tart loose eyeshadow in 'Berry Frost' all over lid
- Concrete Minerals Pro Matte loose eyeshadow in 'Bulletproof' blended into crease
- Concrete Minerals Pro Matte loose eyeshadow in 'Queen' along lower lash line
- Urban Decay 'Yeyo' matte eyeshadow to highlight brow bone
- Urban Decay 'Virgin' eyeshadow around tear duct
- Motives by Loren Ridinger Khol Eyeliner pencil in 'Electric Blue' along lower waterline
- MAC 'Blacktrack' Fluidline to line eyes and upper waterline
- Urban Decay Heavy Metal Glitter Liner in 'Spandex' to detail eyeliner
- Beauty Bakerie iLash Icing mascara
- Girls With Attitude 'Burlesque Beauty' false lashes (from the 'Glamour' collection)
- Anastasia Beverly Hills Brow Wiz in 'Caramel'
- Anastasia Beverly Hills Tinted Brow Gel in 'Caramel'


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Eagleman 70.3
"Perseverance is not a long race; it is many short races one after another"
- Walter Elliot
Back in 2013 I started my journey racing as a professional triathlete with the ultimate goal of consistently placing on the podiums in prestigious races and possibly even winning one. Reaching the pro podium proved to be quite the challenge! While I've never finished out of the top 10, I consistently finish between 6th and 10th place. After two years of doing things the same way and getting the same results, I decided to mix things up. I hired a coach, I got a new bike, and I got to work.
At the end of May, I raced a 70.3 in Chattanooga, and recorded a less-than-mediocre 10th place finish. I knew I was capable of more, I just didn't put it together on the day. So three weeks later I found myself wading in the Choptank River with 20 other pros ready to start Eagleman 70.3.
On paper the pro field wasn't nearly as accomplished as the one I had raced against in Chattanooga, but if there's anything I've learned from racing over the past 20 years, it's never to underestimate anyone. Each pro on that starting line has accumulated a deep list of strong race results, and only the foolish would discount any professional who has earned the right to be there.
Having said that, the swim played out perfectly for me. There weren't any super swimmers in the field, so while two guys jumped off the front about 90 seconds in front of the group, the lead group of 10-12 racers stayed together the entire way. I was able to stay in contact in the opening minutes (and believe me, there was a lot of contact), and then just kept my eyes on the group the entire way around the course. I felt steady and comfortable, and if someone started to pull off the front, I was absolutely ready to throw in a surge to close it down. That never happened, and I decided to stay tucked in to the group and come out as comfortably as possible. (11th OA, 28:04)
Transition took a little more time than usual- I decided to roll my sleeved top down during the swim to increase some shoulder mobility, but getting the wet top on while running to my bike proved to be challenging. I believe I lost one spot in the race here, and hopped on the bike in 12th place, right at the tail end of the main group.
It was such a relief to be heading out on the bike with others, but I quickly realized that the riders that came out in the front of the group were creating a gap to some of us in the rear, so I put my head down and went to work. The Diamondback felt incredible. I think the biggest thing for me is the ride quality. The Serios is so responsive. That was the one thing that I never felt my old bike could do. I always felt like I was riding a Mack Truck when I rode it, and on technical courses I never felt like I could keep any sort of momentum. That has never been the case with the Serios – when I want to go, it goes! I steadily moved up through the field over the first hour. Around that time, I reached my old college teammate Kyle Pawlaczyk. He was riding well, and it took me about 10 minutes before I was ready to move past and set the pace on my own. Fortunately, once I moved past him, I almost immediately saw another small group up the road, which turned out to be the lead chase group. Once I bridged the gap to the group, I sat up and weighed my options. I was sitting in 5th on the road, but I knew all three of the guys in that group, and I knew they were all strong runners. So I decided to push the pace for the next 15 miles and see if I could break them a bit. Turns out that the only guy willing/able to come with me was Thomas Gerlach, who I had ridden the final miles with in Chattanooga. He was intent on keeping the pace hot, so over the final 10 miles we took turns at the front trying to create as large of a gap on the rest as we could. I set a new 70.3 bike split PR by just about 3 minutes on similar power as I've ridden in previous races. Cheers to Diamondback and Rudy Project for getting me through that bike course as efficiently as possible! (2nd fastest bike split on the day, 2:06:52)
Rolling into transition, Gerlach had put about 5-10 seconds into me. I knew I was currently in third, and I was pumped to be starting the run that far up in the race. I threw on a running singlet (for the first time ever in a tri, but hey, it was hot!) and got on with it. As I was heading out onto the run course, Kyle came in with the two others from that initial chase group in tow. So I had somewhere around 10 seconds to Gerlach and close to 45 seconds over fourth. The big change was that this time around, unlike in Chattanooga, I felt good! Finally I had my legs and I was ready to race aggressively, not reactively. I took over second place within a half mile, and then focused on pressing on the best I could. At the first mile I received a time gap to Cody Beals, who was running way up ahead in first place: 4:30. Woof. That's a lot of time, and Cody is no slouch on the run. So I stayed relaxed, controlled my core temperature with water and ice through the aid stations, and told myself if I got another split halfway through the run and I was gaining on him, that I would take some risks on the back half. Honestly I was still concerned with having at least four guys charging behind me within a minute, and protecting second was still very important to me. Unfortunately I never did receive any additional time splits to the lead, but I did continue to gain on third. With a few miles to go third was well behind out of sight, so I was able to focus on finishing well and in control. (2nd fastest run, 1:18:38)
Coming down the finishing chute to finish second was exhilarating. I set a new personal record for the distance: 3:56:38, lopping off two and a half minutes from my previous best time. The recent changes in equipment, technique, and approach to the sport served me well, and I was finally able to meet that goal. I was still disappointed that I couldn't put myself in position to challenge for the win, but that will have to come another day. The key takeaways for me are that I am still improving year over year, and I now have the knowledge that I do have what it takes in training and in racing to become a perennial podium placer in long course triathlon.
Big thanks to my family for their constant support, my coach Dave Luscan for his guidance and expertise, the Snapple Triathlon Team, Xterra Wetsuits, Diamondback Bikes, Rudy Project, First Endurance, LG, and Sweatvac. Without just one of those crucial pieces, I am an incomplete puzzle who would still be searching for his first IM 70.3 Pro Podium.
2 cups Maple + Brown Sugar Oatmeal (360 kcal)
1 bottle EFS PRO Lemon Water (120 kcal)
1 banana (100 kcal)
1 gel + water
On the bike:
2 bottles containing 4 scoops EFS Pro Lemon Water + 1.5 servings of EFS Vanilla Liquid Shot (620 kcal)
1 large bottle of water
+ a couple sips of some Gatorade Endurance at an aid station (20 kcal)
On the run:
1 flask w/ 1 serving of EFS Liquid shot + 1 serving of EFS Pro Lemon Water (140 kcal)
Coke @ every 4 aid stations (100 kcal)
Water and Ice at every aid station


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Bitcoin, the digital currency maintained by no national government or corporation but only by an online community that envisions it as the international, democratic future of money, has increased sharply in value over the past few weeks:
In the United States, this mysterious money has become the darling of antigovernment libertarians and computer wizards prospecting in the virtual mines of cyberspace. In Europe, meanwhile, it has found its niche as the coinage of anarchic youth. . .
Two years ago, one bitcoin was worth less than $1. Two months ago, the price for one unit surged above $20 on a proliferation of cyber-exchanges from Tokyo to Moscow. A sudden burst of new interest sent its value soaring to a record $147 on Wednesday. . .
Some call it the purest form of capitalism: a version totally unfettered by monetary policy and politically driven economics. (Read the full story here.)
Brad Plumer explains how bitcoins are acquired and traded:
Bitcoins are a virtual currency in which new coins are created by a slow, complex computer process known as "mining." Once a person acquires a Bitcoin, he or she can trade it online to anyone who will accept it as payment for goods or services. . . The currency isn't regulated by any central bank.
The most recent fluctuation in the currency's value began during the financial crisis in Cyprus, when depositors began looking for other ways of saving money than in the country's troubled banks:
Bitcoin has become a new safe haven for investors similar to the way gold has historically been the favorite refuge of panicked investors during a financial crisis. Bitcoin has become so mainstream that worried Spaniards (many of whom see themselves as potentially the next victims in a financial contagion scenario) are downloading Bitcoin apps to their mobile devices at a rapid pace. There's even a plan to install the first-ever Bitcoin ATM in Cyprus so individual investors can exchange their "real" currency for Bitcoins without the need for suddenly unreliable bank intermediaries. (Read the rest of the story here.)
Despite all the excitement around the currency, Emi Kolawole warns that buying bitcoins is risky:
Before you rush out and convert every dollar in your possession into Bitcoins, stop. Seriously, don't do it...
Bitcoin is an incredibly risky place to put your hard-earned cash. Just Wednesday, the largest Bitcoin trading market, Mt. Gox, crashed. And the "crypto-currency," the legality of which is still murky, is accepted by a very limited pool of vendors. That means, if you have Bitcoins, there are very few places to spend them. And, yes, the Bitcoin market is still susceptible to disruption by a smarter-than-the-average-bear hacker and attractive to those looking for a way to launder money. (Read her article here.)


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Steps to become an expert in Digital Marketing:
Read everything.
Sites stay up-to-date on the latest happenings. Reading and understanding the content of what is posted is very necessary and important. You can find your way to thousands of amazing blogs that cover the ins and outs of all things digital marketing.
Implement the things you learned.
It's all about execution with digital marketing. It's not enough to know the theory of a potential marketing strategy, you have to actualize it to genuinely know the utilization of the thought. You'll discover the most difficult way possible what truly works, assets required and how to complete things.
Find a mentor
Connect with your most loved promoting blogger and make inquiries. Be particular as could reasonably be expected so you can genuinely gain from their experience. A guide is additionally exceptionally supportive when you get stuck or hit a divider with advanced advertising.
Evaluate Yourself
Take some an opportunity to assess your organization's present status. Perhaps you as of now have a Facebook page with a couple fans or possibly you just have an organization site.
Survey your image's present nearness in the computerized world and contrast it with your rivals'. For instance, in the event that you have a Facebook page, take note of the quantity of preferences and watch the level of engagement with your substance. It's likewise helpful to investigate your rivals' destinations too. Note the present advertising patterns identified with your image and those took after by your rivals. Check what sort of computerized exercises are most captivating among clients in your industry. Attempt to make sense of what makes you emerge from your rivals and what you could do any other way. Rather than taking after patterns, begin setting them.
Identify Your Customers
In the event that you've been maintaining your business for some time, you ought to definitely know who your clients are. Be that as it may, with regards to advanced advertising, specifics are a need. For instance, realizing that the objective for your style business sector is just "youthful females" is not adequate. You have to know points of interest, for example, age, interests, occupations, areas and conjugal status with a specific end goal to effectively achieve a potential client.
A "persona" is an anecdotal character speaking to an arrangement of potential clients with comparable demographics and interests. An organization can have various personas and these can be utilized to customize advertisements and battles – also called hyper focusing on. In order to create successful personas, you can follow these simple steps:
- Gather data on your existing customers. Simple data collection methods such as online surveys, interviews and even talking to your sales or customers service teams all help.
- Categorise your customers according to similarities in their demographics and interests. The number of categories can vary depending on how diverse your customer base is. But it should not be so large that you're unable to devote individual attention to each of them.
- Give each category an appropriate name and treat your personas as if they are individual customers.
- Now you can use these personas to communicate with your customers on a personal level – instead of diluting your message by trying to please the crowd.
Choose the Right Platforms
Advanced advertising depends on multi-stage content conveyance. Having no less than three online networking channels, through which you can adequately convey your substance and connect with clients, is exceptionally suggested. In any case, it's key to pick the stages suitable for your organization – not only the most famous ones.
Selecting the right stage depends intensely on the sort of item or administration that you offer and also the personas of your clients. For instance, a stage, for example, Pinterest would be perfect for a style planning organization however less so for an instructive foundation. Also, Twitter is not extremely famous in certain creating nations, so it would be not as much as perfect to organize Twitter if your objective clients are based there.
Notwithstanding, interpersonal organizations are by all account not the only stages you ought to choose. With a specific end goal to screen and examine the action of your picked interpersonal organizations, site and email battles, certain investigative devices will be fundamental. Cloud advertising instruments, for example, Hub Spot,Formstack, Infusionsoft, Act-on and Moz top the rundown. Pick what fits your organization's needs.
Set Goals
Setting objectives or key performance indicator (KPIs) can propel and offer reason to the procedure itself. It will likewise help you to organize and concentrate on the imperative parts of the system. To take advantage of your computerized showcasing methodology, attempt to be as particular as could be expected under the circumstances by setting the accompanying objectives:
- The number of page likes, followers, and subscribers that you hope to attract
- The number of engagements such as likes, comments, retweets, favourites, and mentions that you would like to gain
- The number of positive reviews or comments left behind by your customers
- The number of conversions you hope to gain from your website traffic
- The number of newsletters, email campaigns or other promotions you successfully implement
- The amount of content you publish and share through your networks, such as blogs and whitepapers
Fix a budget
On the off chance that you have a showcasing spending plan, computerized promoting ought to be apportioned an adequate sum. This financial plan relies on upon your prerequisites however ought to be utilized to advance your social pages and posts, give energizing showcasing offers through battles and put resources into some important diagnostic devices. Most online networking systems charge for engagements, which implies you will just pay if the advertisement you set or the post you advanced was tapped on. This is known by the acronyms CPE and CPC, which stand for Cost per Engagement and Cost per Click. The informal communities themselves and any outsider expository apparatuses that you utilize will keep a nearby track of your financial plan and return of investment (ROI).
Engage Yourself
Once your digital marketing takes off, you need to keep building a continuos repo. Social media networks are fast moving and require constant and consistent attention. You should interact with your fans and followers by doing the following:
- Reply to any questions or messages from viewers
- Respond to any likes, mentions or retweets from viewers, or even rival companies, in an appropriate and friendly manner
- Engage yourself by sharing, retweeting, liking, commenting on or favouring useful content
- Respond to any feedback comments, whether good or bad
Above all, the content that is created should be engaging and entertaining, while meeting your Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) requirements. To succeed at this, you need to follow the latest trends, keep an eye on the news and always be creative.
Evaluate the Results
An essential part of any procedure is analysis. Toward the end of each campaign and towards the end of each monetary year, the numbers ought to be crunched and the crusade's adequacy ought to be measured. Client and inward criticism ought to both be considered, alongside the measurements gathered from the different explanatory devices you've depended on. Your advanced advertising procedure for the next year can then be modified with the data you've gathered. This assessment cycle will help you to constantly enhance your future procedures, until you've idealized them.


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How to DIY a Party Dress
Step 1: I love the simple, flirty design of this dress combined with the textured gold fabric. It has just enough flash to be fun and party perfect without being over the top.
Step 2: This dress is a very straight shape with a flounced hem. Although not an exact match, the design is similar in quality to Butterick B5211. If you want to make an exact match to the inspiration dress, just cut off the sleeves and make a flounce for the hem, using the same technique as the sleeves. The flounce is made with just a big rectangle, folded in half and gathered with the fold at the bottom hem.
Step 3: For the fabric, I found this great toffee crinkled taffeta from Mood. I just love the texture and the color of this fabric.
DIY Outfit Posts


text: Hey all, just a brief post to say that I will be doing an update to all the guides over the next few days. The UI for Docker was updated so the order of the guides doesn't always tally up. I will mark the guide with an updated date once each one is done.


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North Is Far From Being United Says Yerima
In a way, I have to agree with the Yerima standing that the north isn't united, but have the north ever united? The straight answer is no. North have always have different views to political issues in the terrain of the country as far as I have known. Read the Vanguard write and tell me what is your own stake about the north of Nigeria north united according to Yerima.
What is your position on the proposed national conference?
I have always been part of those clamouring for Sovereign National Conference (SNC) since the dark days of military rule. I was also part of those into the agitation when I was a young student. We formed PRONACO then to continue to agitate for SNC until we had the PRONACO conference.
It is not for those in power to decide how Nigeria should be. So, to some extent, we feel we need a SNC but we are also mindful of the fact that no nation of the world allows for SNC but that the people forced it on governments or they come up and do it against the government. But no sitting government will allow for that.
So if you look at this call for National Dialogue or whatever nomenclature the federal government calls it, some of us have our reservations.
Yes, it is a welcome development but to me, I see it more of buying time by the incumbent government to say since there is this clamouring going on, there is tension everywhere and the issue of insecurity is gradually becoming overwhelming let us engage Nigerians with activities because Nigeria government has a way of buying time.
Let us organise a conference where people will sit down and discuss so that by the time we take one year three months, already we will be at the electioneering time so that nobody will be talking about anything, rather, everyone will be looking at which way to secure power, so at the end of the day it becomes a total diversionary calculation.
Otherwise, for the president to look at the faces of Nigerians and say boldly that whatever you discuss will be subjected to the National Assembly, this is not the kind of conference we are looking for and it is really not fair.
The fear among some people is that an SNC may lead to the disintegration of the country, don't you think so?
I do not think so. Rather, the way the government is going, one day we would wake up and there are those possibilities that we might end up falling into the prediction by America that by 2015 there might be no Nigeria because people need to talk. But the moment you silence the people and deprive them from talking about issues relating to Nigeria itself; I do not think anybody in any section of the country truly wants to go out of the country.
But if this question of second class citizen is being addressed too, certainly these agitation will go down drastically and other people who are also yearning for breaking out – once there is that spirit of justice, fairness and equity where all Nigerians are given that sense of belonging – where everybody are being treated equally nobody wants to leave a country because this is one beautiful country I have seen in all my travels all over the world. However, one of the major problems we have is with leadership and also style of leadership.
Some Yoruba groups have said that if there is a national dialogue, they would rather push for a regional autonomy, how would you see it?
I agree with that. That is my opinion too. Because if we do not decentralise the central government; if we allow them to hold on to power the way they do – where a criminal will come from nowhere; that is not even popular within his constituency, would just go to Abuja and receive the blessing of one godfather and suddenly becomes a local government chairman, House of Representatives member, senator or governor then something is wrong somewhere. But if we have regional autonomy where people decide who goes to represent that region at the central government cannot do that when you have a parliamentary system of government in place.
Do you agree that the famed unity once associated with the north is gone?
It is true that the north is divided, the north no longer speaks with one voice simply because a lot of things have actually happened.
In the north, do not forget that we have people who are Christians and if you look very well, you will discover that a northern Christian will prefer a southern Christian to a northern Muslim. That is how God wants it.
If you say the north will speak with one voice at the conference, it is really not going to work. You have a situation where there is that suspicion between the Hausa-Fulani speaking person from the north and other tribes in the region. There is that division and that division is very obvious because an average northerner does not see others from the region as a northerner.
It is either on political party differences or tribal differences. Those are major issues that nobody will pretend are not visible.
This was not what obtained during the likes of Ahmadu Bello and early northern leaders. During the days of the Sarduana, Sir Ahmadu Bello, you do not see a Christian northerner, a non Fulani or non Hausa speaking person from the north as an outcast.
Perhaps, if he had alienated people, the present crop of northern leaders would not have been able to come on board and become prominent. The Sarduana carried everybody along, he never cared whether you were a Muslim or Christian. You would not have had the Awoniyis of this world. Now how many of the present crop of northern leaders think that way?
If we are going to have a president who would only take care of the interest if the north, I do not want to be part of that. I look forward to a president who has the interest of Nigerians at heart.
But the moment we begin to have this agitation for northern or southern presidency, we will fall into more problem and then, it will be obvious that the country will break up. I do not want to live in a society where one day I will wake up and there will be no Nigeria.
– See more at: http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/12/re-longer-united-north-yerima/#sthash.mgdP05eu.dpuf


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Blog Archive
- ► 2010 (37)
- Concealment Holsters from DeSantis
- Finding a Concealed Carry Holster for the Bersa Th...
- What's An IWB Holster?
- Don Hume 001 Front Pocket Holster
- The Perfect CCW Weapon?
- Concealed Carry With the Taurus PT Millennium Pro
- Milt Sparks 55BN Holster
- Does The Kel-Tec P11 Work for Concealment?
- Mitch Rosen Holsters - Are They Worth The Money?
- Introduction to Blade-Tech Holsters
- How to Care for a Leather Holster
- Guide to Shoulder Holsters
- Gould & Goodrich Holsters
- Beretta 9000S - Perfect For Concealed Carry
- Selecting The Best Concealed Carry Holster For You...
- ▼ December (15)
Beretta 9000S - Perfect For Concealed Carry
Introduced into the market in 2001, the Beretta 9000S pistol was a number of "firsts" for Beretta. It was the first pistol that they had specifically designed for the U.S. concealed carry market. It was also the first polymer frame pistol that Beretta had ever produced. Finally, it was the first pistol that Beretta had ever designed that would operate and fire as a single or double action weapon.
Past Beretta handguns had been constructed from steel, but Beretta knew that they would have to reduce the weight on the 9000S to make it a viable concealed carry weapon. They did that by producing the frame from a lightweight technopolymer that was reinforced with fiberglass. To further strengthen the frame, it also features two special steel alloy rail inserts that guarantees slide-to-frame fit.
In 2001, the .40 caliber S&W version was released to the market, and the 9mm model was released the following year. The .40 cal. model carries 10+1 while the 9mm model carries 12+1. In order to be attractive to existing Beretta pistol owners, the 9000S will also accept a 9mm or .40 cal mag from the larger Beretta 92 or 96 using a special grip sleeve adapter insert from Beretta. The 9000S magazines also feature a proprietary lip design that incorporates a extending lever into the magazine floor. This will allow shooters with larger hands the option of extending the mag with the flip of a switch.
Originally, the 9000S was produced in a double action only configuration. This model is commonly called the 9000S-D version. In 2004, Beretta released a new variant of the 9000S that would function in both a single and double action mode. This model was called the "F" version. The F model could be carried and fired in the hammer down position or the cocked and locked position that was commonly found on Browning weapons like the Hi-Power or 1911. The F model was equipped with a decocker/thumb safety that allowed the pistol to be carried with the hammer back, and also allowed the hammer to be decocked. All 9000S models are built with a block in the firing pin that prevents a discharge without the trigger being activated.
Like many other handguns on the market, the 9000S is easy to field strip and breaks down into 4 components. All the components are large so the shooter won't lose any parts or have to be concerned with any small springs. Reassembly takes a matter of seconds and the weapon is battle ready again.
1 comments:
- Donald rou said...
The contents has provide meaningful information thanks for sharing info for concealed carry holsters.
- June 16, 2015 at 1:05 AM
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