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Editorial: Tax Freedom Day doesn't really help the pocketbook
April 11, 2014 It will happen this coming week. Americans will have to have their state and national tax returns filed by Tuesday. more »»
Speer: Giving has generational differences
April 11, 2014 Two times in the past week the topic of understanding the dynamics behind generational differences has come up in my world. more »»
Questions, Anyone?
April 11, 2014 Sanctuary visitors Q. A question asked is: "The Marine Sanctuary has many groups from out of town, such as researchers and divers, who stay and work on Lake Huron projects. more »»
Gray: A goal beyond the scale — an active life
April 11, 2014 I do not weigh myself very often. I use my clothes and my energy levels as a pretty simple gauge of where I am. more »»
Editorial: ACC's expansion good for college and our region
April 10, 2014 There are many ways one can judge the economic health of a community. more »»
Fletcher: Ukraine likely to become part of Russia
April 8, 2014 First, let me explain that I am writing this column on April 1. more »»
Krawczak: Not everyone has to be like you
April 7, 2014 While you are reading this, I am in China. more »»
Editorial: State athletes thrill at Winter Olympics
April 6, 2014 Every four years, elite athletes from across the globe gather together to share their prodigious talent and skill with a world audience through friendly competition. more »»
Editorial: We need to show SkyWest we want them to stay
April 4, 2014 Emplanement numbers at airports the size of Alpena's are like pieces of candy in a candy store to a small ki. more »»
Speer: Might we be headed toward con-con?
April 4, 2014 Could Michigan legislators be responsible for the calling of a national Constitutional Convention? Maybe yes. Maybe no. more »»
Editorial: Camp announcement creates chain reaction of election activities
April 3, 2014 Remember the board game Mouse Trap? You spend time building a contraption and once constructed, you start a ball rolling from its top. more »»
Fletcher: NLRB ruling creates transparency
April 1, 2014 Just this past week the National Labor Relations Board made a ruling that will change the landscape of college football for years to com. more »»
Stutzman: Building the tower of your life
March 31, 2014 People say your life experiences build character and the more experiences you have the more solid and grounded your character will be. more »»
Editorial: Keeping snowmobile route a progressive move by city
March 28, 2014 It would appear snowmobiling in part of Alpena's city limits will become permanent. more »»
Speer: Like a cruel April Fool's Day prank
March 28, 2014 Back when I was a young reporter covering news out of Martins Ferry, Ohio, for my newspaper I remember a page one photograph I took of a freakish April 1 dusting of snow. more »»
Murch: Hoping March's misery doesn't continue
March 28, 2014 April is the cruelest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing Memory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain. more »»
Questions, Anyone?
March 28, 2014 Besser House Q. A reader wondered, "What are some of the architectural features of the Besser House at 232 S. First Avenue in Alpena, and does it have historical recognition?" A. more »»
Editorial: City manager decision shows the process works
March 27, 2014 Democracy in action is a beautiful thing. Tuesday we were reminded of that from a Rogers City council meeting in which Joe Hefele was selected as a part-time city manager. more »»
Fletcher: Residency factor in retirement locations
March 25, 2014 Quite a long time ago, I attended a seminar about making profits. more »»
Krawczak: Removing those unwanted stigmas
March 24, 2014 I was in a city with a population of about 125,000 people last weekend. My hotel was a little further from downtown than I had hoped so I ended up taking several taxi ride. more »»
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Chasing Vermeer
Blue Balliett
Children's Fiction BALLIETT
Blue Balliett
Children's Fiction BALLIETT
Summary: When seemingly unrelated and strange events start to happen and a precious Vermeer painting disappears, eleven-year-olds Petra and Calder combine their talents to solve an international art scandal.
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Petra Andalee
Age: 11
Precocious; meets Calder during a museum trip with their class; when a thief steals a valuable work of art she and Calder decide to try and track him down themselves
Calder Pillay
Age: 11
Precocious, meets Petra during a class museum trip; he and Petra try to recover a stolen painting.

subset: commoncrawl


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CLASSIC T-SHIRT (6oz. – 100% cotton ) // SCREEN PRINTED PHOTO // PRINTED TYVEK LABEL
HUF is celebrating its 10-year anniversary as a brand with the limited edition HUF 10th Anniversary Photo Tee Series. For this project, HUF has teamed up with various photographers who have made a major impact on the world of skateboard photography over the years. Through the creative effort and critical eye of these select individuals, skateboarding has been documented in such a way as to provide a unique history of the rich culture and lifestyle that comprises it. Each month through 2012, HUF will release a new installment to the series featuring the work of one of these select photographers.
HUF releases the sixth installment of the series in collaboration with photographer Giovanni Reda. Born and raised in Brooklyn, NY, Reda's photographic vision was heavily influenced from the onset by the diverse environments of New York City's five boroughs. Photographing skateboarders throughout the cityscape, he quickly earned attention within the skateboarding industry and developed a respect amongst his peers that holds steadfast to this day. Throughout his career, Reda has shot for every major skateboarding publication, including Big Brother Magazine, where he worked as photo editor. On account of his appealing personality, Reda now hosts a weekly episodic blog on skateboarding's top content-producing website, The Berrics. Titled "Wednesdays with Reda," the series showcases his unique humor and quick wit as he travels the world documenting various professional skateboarders, actors, artists, and musicians. He currently resides in Los Angeles where he continues to photograph skateboarding and the scene that surrounds it.


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Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
This is a great change for Shadow Priests, no doubt.
This really blows for Holy and Disc Priests. This is a nerf for them, and they don't get any of the cool buffs. So be happy, Shadow Priests - you get a buff while the people who keep you alive are being nerfed yet again.
Meh. My good humor about the expac went bye bye when I read all of the healer mana nerfs today. Ugh.
MrJackSauce said...
I gotta say, my good mood doesn't rest on whether a class (even my main one) is nerfed/buffed.
Well, you'll probably vote this one down, too - because you don't like what I'm saying, not that anything that I'm saying is wrong.
Yes, Priest healing is boring right now - what isn't going to be boring when you have a 30% raid-wide buff? ICC is a joke, and RS isn't much better. Priest healers are currently shoved into tiny little roles as one trick ponies due to the current raid mechanics.
This continually seems to happen with players who are not raiding hard mode content "on level." I don't count people who started into hard modes with a 20-25% buff and are now cruising at a 30% buff - it would be ridiculous to judge ANY content based on that scenario. Judging a class or spec based off of the one-trick ponies that they currently are (Disc, tank heal? Ridiculous! Bubble bot, please. Holy do anything but Renew spam/CoH? Please.) is foolish at best.
If Priest healing is boring right now, it's because there's no challenging content, and Priests are weak in several areas (and ridiculously strong in one area in the case of Disc). Put out the challenging content, and everything changes. There is currently almost no reason to ever bring a Holy Priest unless you're short on Druids or Shamans, and even then, a Shaman is probably better.
Nerfing mana regen on a spec that is notorious for having poor mana efficiency as is is stupid. As a poster on the healing forums put it, "All I know is, if resource management was fun: DPS would be a lot more interested in that little bar under their health bar, but they aren't. And they aren't being forced into being interested about it, either. Because, guess what? It ISN'T fun." QFT.


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
|Autonomous region
|Name transcription(s)
|• Chinese
(Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū)
|• Abbreviation
|新 (Pinyin: Xīn)
|• Uyghur
|شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى
|• Uyghur transl.
|Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayoni
Map showing the location of
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
|Coordinates: 41°N 85°E / 41°N 85°ECoordinates: 41°N 85°E / 41°N 85°E
|Named for
|Largest city
|14 prefectures,
99 counties,
1005 townships
|• Secretary
|Zhang Chunxian (张春贤)
|• Governor
|Nur Bekri (نۇر بەكرى or 努尔·白克力)
|• Total
|1,664,900 km2 (642,800 sq mi)
|Area rank
|Population (2010)[2]
|• Total
|• Rank
|• Density
|13/km2 (30/sq mi)
|• Density rank
| • Ethnic
| • Languages
and dialects
|ISO 3166 code
|CNY 657.5 billion
US$ 101.7 billion (25th)
|- per capita
US$ 4,633 (19th)
|0.774 (medium) (21st)
|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
|Autonomous region
|Name transcription(s)
|• Chinese
(Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū)
|• Abbreviation
|新 (Pinyin: Xīn)
|• Uyghur
|شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى
|• Uyghur transl.
|Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayoni
Map showing the location of
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
|Coordinates: 41°N 85°E / 41°N 85°ECoordinates: 41°N 85°E / 41°N 85°E
|Named for
|Largest city
|14 prefectures,
99 counties,
1005 townships
|• Secretary
|Zhang Chunxian (张春贤)
|• Governor
|Nur Bekri (نۇر بەكرى or 努尔·白克力)
|• Total
|1,664,900 km2 (642,800 sq mi)
|Area rank
|Population (2010)[2]
|• Total
|• Rank
|• Density
|13/km2 (30/sq mi)
|• Density rank
| • Ethnic
| • Languages
and dialects
|ISO 3166 code
|CNY 657.5 billion
US$ 101.7 billion (25th)
|- per capita
US$ 4,633 (19th)
|0.774 (medium) (21st)
|Chinese name
|Postal Map
|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
|Simplified Chinese
|Traditional Chinese
|Mongolian name
|Mongolian script
ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩ ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ
|Uyghur name
شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى
|Kazakh name
|شينجياڭ ۇيعۇر اۆتونوميالى رايونى
Шыңжаң Ұйғыр аутономиялық ауданы
Şïnjyañ Uyğur avtonomyalı rayonı
|Kyrgyz name
|شئنجاڭ ۇيعۇر اپتونوم رايونۇ
Шинжаң-Уйгур автоном району
Şincañ Uyğur avtonom rayonu
|Oirat name
Xinjiang (Uyghur: شىنجاڭ, ULY: Shinjang; Mandarin pronunciation: [ɕíntɕjɑ́ŋ]; Chinese: 新疆; pinyin: Xīnjiāng), officially Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,[3] is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China in the northwest of the country. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2, as well as the 8th largest country subdivision in the world. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. It has abundant oil reserves and is China's largest natural gas-producing region.
It is home to a number of ethnic groups including the Uyghur, Han, Kazakh, Tajiks, Hui, Kyrgyz, and Mongol, with a majority of the population adhering to Islam.[4] More than a dozen autonomous prefectures and counties for minorities are in Xinjiang. Older English-language reference works often refer to the area as Chinese Turkestan.[5] Xinjiang is divided into the Dzungarian Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south by a mountain range. Only about 4.3% of Xinjiang's land area is fit for human habitation.[6]
With a documented history of at least 2,500 years, a succession of peoples and empires has vied for control over all or parts of this territory. Before the 21st century, all or part of the region has been ruled or controlled by the Tocharians, Yuezhi, Xiongnu Empire, Xianbei state, Kushan Empire, Rouran Khaganate, Han Empire, Former Liang, Former Qin, Later Liang, Western Liáng, Rouran Khaganate, Tang Dynasty, Tibetan Empire, Uyghur Khaganate, Kara-Khitan Khanate, Mongol Empire, Yuan Dynasty, Chagatai Khanate, Moghulistan, Qara Del, Northern Yuan, Yarkent Khanate, Dzungar Khanate, Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China and, since 1950, the People's Republic of China.
Under the Han Dynasty, which drove the Xiongnu empire out of the region in 60 BC, Xinjiang was previously known as Xiyu (西域) or Qurighar[citation needed] / Qarbi Diyâr" big|غەربىي دىيار, meaning "Western Region". This was in an effort to secure the profitable routes of the Silk Road.[7] It was known as Huijiang (回疆), meaning "Muslim Frontier," during the Qing Dynasty before becoming the province of Xinjiang, which literally means "New Frontier" or "New Border," in the 1880s. According to the Chinese statesman Zuo Zongtang's report to the Emperor of Qing, Xingjiang means "An old frontier which returns recently".
The general region of Xinjiang has been known by many names in earlier times including 西域 (Mandarin: xiyu) = 'Western Regions',[8] Khotan, Khotay, Chinese Tartary, High Tartary, East Chagatay, Mugholistan, Kashgaria, Altishahr ('the six cities' of the Tarim), Little Bokhara and Serindia.[9] The name "Xinjiang", which literally means "New Frontier," was given during the Qing Dynasty. Present-day Jinchuan County was known as "Jinchuan Xinjiang", etc. After 1821, the Qing changed the names of the other regained regions, and "Xinjiang" became the name specifically of present-day Xinjiang.[10]
In 1955, Xinjiang province was renamed Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The name that was originally proposed was simply "Xinjiang Autonomous Region". Saifuddin Azizi, the first chairman of Xinjiang, registered his strong objections to the proposed name with Mao Zedong arguing that "autonomy is not given to mountains and rivers. It is given to particular nationalities." Mao agreed and the administrative region was named "Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region" to recognize its significant ethnic Uyghur population.
Xinjiang is a large, sparsely populated area, spanning over 1.6 million km2 (comparable in size to Iran), which takes up about one sixth of the country's territory. Xinjiang borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and India's Leh District to the south and Qinghai and Gansu provinces to the southeast, Mongolia to the east, Russia to the north, and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India to the west.
The east-west chain of the Tian Shan separate Dzungaria in the north from the Tarim Basin in the south. Dzungaria is a dry steppe and the Tarim Basin contains the massive Taklamakan Desert, surrounded by oases. In the east is the Turpan Depression. In the west, the Tian Shan split, forming the Ili River valley.
According to J.P. Mallory and Victor H. Mair, the Chinese sources describe the existence of "white people with lightish hair" or the Bai people in the Shan Hai Jing, who lived beyond their northwestern border.[11]
The well-preserved Tarim mummies with reddish or blond hair, which today are displayed at the Ürümqi Museum and date back to the 3rd century BC, have been found in precisely the same area of the Tarim Basin.[13] Nomadic tribes such as the Yuezhi were part of the large migration of Indo-European speaking peoples who were settled in eastern Central Asia (possibly as far as Gansu). The Ordos in northern China east of the Yuezhi are another example.
Nomadic cultures such as the Yuezhi are documented in the area of Xinjiang where the first known reference to the Yuezhi was made in 645 BC by the Chinese Guan Zhong in his Guanzi 管子 (Guanzi Essays: 73: 78: 80: 81). He described the Yuzhi 禺氏, or Niuzhi 牛氏, as a people from the north-west who supplied jade to the Chinese from the nearby mountains of :Yushi 禺氏 at Gansu.[14] The supply of jade[15] from the Tarim Basin from ancient times is well documented archaeologically: "It is well known that ancient Chinese rulers had a strong attachment to jade. All of the jade items excavated from the tomb of Fuhao of the Shang dynasty, more than 750 pieces, were from Khotan in modern Xinjiang. As early as the mid-first millennium BC, the Yuezhi engaged in the jade trade, of which the major consumers were the rulers of agricultural China."[16]
The nomadic tribes of the Yuezhi are documented in detail in Chinese historical accounts, in particular the 2nd–1st century BC "Records of the Great Historian", or Shiji, by Sima Qian, which state that they "were flourishing" but regularly in conflict with the neighboring tribe of the Xiongnu to the northeast. According to these accounts:
The Yuezhi originally lived in the area between the Qilian and Dunhuang, but after they were defeated by the Huns they moved far away to the west, beyond Dayuan, where they attacked and conquered the people of Daxia and set up the court of their king on the northern bank of the Gui [= Oxus] River. A small number of their people who were unable to make the journey west sought refuge among the Qiang barbarians in the Southern Mountains, where they are known as the Lesser Yuezhi.[17]
Traversed by the Northern Silk Road,[18] the Tarim and Dzungaria regions were known as the Western Regions. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty (206 BC−AD 220), the region was subservient to the Xiongnu, a powerful nomadic people based in modern Mongolia.
In the 2nd century BC, Han China sent Zhang Qian as an envoy to the states in the region, beginning several decades of struggle between the Xiongnu and Han China over dominance of the region, eventually ending in Chinese success. In 60 BC Han China established the Protectorate of the Western Regions (西域都護府) at Wulei (烏壘; near modern Luntai) to oversee the entire region as far west as the Pamir. Tarim Basin was under the influence and control of the Han dynasty.
During the usurpation of Wang Mang in China, the dependent states of the protectorate rebelled and became independent from China in AD 13. Over the next century, Han China conducted several expeditions into the region, re-establishing the protectorate from 74 to 76, 91 to 107, and from 123 onward. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the Tarim Basin and Central Asia. This region was also ruled by the Kushan Empire between 114 and 168. After the fall of the Han Dynasty, the protectorate continued to be maintained by Cao Wei (until 265) and the Western Jin Dynasty (from 265 onward).
A summary of classical sources on the Seres (Greek and Roman name for Xinjiang) (essentially Pliny and Ptolemy) gives the following account:
The region of the Seres is a vast and populous country, touching on the east the Ocean and the limits of the habitable world, and extending west nearly to Imaus and the confines of Bactria. The people are civilised men, of mild, just, and frugal temper, eschewing collisions with their neighbours, and even shy of close intercourse, but not averse to dispose of their own products, of which raw silk is the staple, but which include also silk stuffs, furs, and iron of remarkable quality.
— Henry Yule, Cathey and the way thither
Ptolemy had good information on Xinjiang, taken from three accounts.[19]
The Western Jin dynasty succumbed to successive waves of invasions by nomads from the north at the beginning of the 4th century. The short-lived kingdoms that ruled northwestern China one after the other, including Former Liang, Former Qin, Later Liang, and Western Liáng, all attempted to maintain the protectorate, with varying degrees of success. After the final reunification of northern China under the Northern Wei empire, its protectorate controlled what is now the southeastern region of Xinjiang. Local states such as Shule, Yutian, Guizi and Qiemo controlled the western region, while the central region around Turpan was controlled by Gaochang, remnants of a state (Northern Liang) that once ruled part of what is now Gansu province in northwestern China.
During the Tang Dynasty, a series of expeditions were conducted against the Western Turkic Khaganate, and their vassals, the oasis states of southern Xinjiang.[20] campaigns against the oasis states began under Emperor Taizong with the annexation of Gaochang in 640.[21] The nearby kingdom of Karasahr was captured by the Tang in 644 and the kingdom of Kucha was conquered in 649.[22]
The expansion into Central Asia continued under Taizong's successor, Emperor Gaozong, who dispatched an army in 657 led by Su Dingfang against the Western Turk qaghan Ashina Helu. The military expedition included 10,000 horsemen supplied by the Uyghurs, who were close allies of the Tang.[22] The Uyghurs had allied with the Tang ever since the dynasty supported their revolt against the reign of the Xueyantuo, a tribe of Tiele people.[23] Ashina's defeat strengthened Tang rule in southern Xinjiang and brought the regions formerly controlled by the khaganate into the Tang empire.[22] Xinjiang was administered through the Anxi Protectorate (安西都護府; "Protectorate Pacifying the West") and the Four Garrisons of Anxi.
Tang hegemony beyond the Pamir Mountains in modern Tajikistan and Afghanistan ended with revolts by the Turks, but the Tang retained a military presence in Xinjiang. These holdings were later invaded by the Tibetan Empire to the south in 670. Xinjiang alternated between Tang and Tibetan rule as they competed for control of Central Asia.[24]
A significant milestone of the Tang period of Xinjiang was that it marked the end of Indo-European influence in Xinjiang.[21] This was partially spurred by Chinese policies, which unintentionally sped the turkification of Xinjiang,[24] rather than the sinification that had occurred in other territories conquered by the Tang.[25] The Tang Dynasty recruited a large number of Turkic soldiers and generals, and the Chinese garrisons of Xinjiang were for the most part staffed by Turks rather than those of the Han ethnicity. Xinjiang was beginning its transition into a region that is linguistically and culturally Turko-Mongolic, which it still is to this day.[24]
During the devastating Anshi Rebellion, which nearly led to the destruction of the Tang dynasty, Tibet invaded the Tang on a wide front, from Xinjiang to Yunnan. It occupied the Tang capital of Chang'an in 763 for 16 days, and took control of southern Xinjiang by the end of the century. At the same time, the Uyghur Khaganate took control of northern Xinjiang, as well as much of the rest of Central Asia, including Mongolia.
As both Tibet and the Uyghur Khaganate declined in the mid-9th century, the Kara-Khanid Khanate, which was a confederation of Turkic tribes such as the Karluks, Chigils and Yaghmas,[26] took control of western Xinjiang in the 10th century and the 11th century. Meanwhile, after the Uyghur khanate in Mongolia had been smashed by the Kirghiz in 840, branches of the Uyghurs established themselves in Qocha (Karakhoja) and Beshbalik, near the modern cities of Turfan and Urumchi. This Uyghur state remained in eastern Xinjiang until the 13th century, though it was subject to foreign overlords during that time. The Kara-Khanids converted to Islam. The Uyghur state in eastern Xinjiang remained Manichaean, but later converted to Buddhism.
In 1132, remnants of the Khitan Empire from Manchuria entered Xinjiang, fleeing the rebellion of their neighbors, the Jurchens. They established an exile Chinese empire, the Western Liao, which ruled over both the Kara-Khanid-held and Uyghur-held parts of the Tarim Basin for the next century.
After Genghis Khan unified Mongolia and began his advance west, the Uyghur state in the Turpan-Urumchi area offered its allegiance to the Mongols in 1209, contributing taxes and troops to the Mongol imperial effort. In return, the Uyghur rulers retained control of their kingdom. By contrast, Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire conquered the Western Liao in 1218. During the era of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan dynasty vied with the Chagatai Khanate for rule over the area, with the latter taking control of most of this region. After the break-up of the Chagatai Khanate into smaller khanates in the mid-14th century, the region fractured and was ruled by numerous Persianized Mongol Khans simultaneously, including the ones of Mogholistan (with the assistance of the local Dughlat Emirs), Uigurstan (later Turpan), and Kashgaria. These leaders engaged in wars with each other and the Timurids of Transoxania to the west and the Western Mongols to the east, the successor Chagatai regime based in Mongolia and in China. Although the region did produce examples of high Persian culture during the period (e.g., the Dughlat historian Hamid-mirza), succession crises and internal divisions (Kashgaria split in two for centuries) meant that little was written about the region during the 16th and 17th centuries.[27] In the 17th century, the Mongolian Dzungars established an empire over much of the region.
The Mongolian Dzungar (also Jungar, Zunghar or Zungar; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) was the collective identity of several Oirat tribes that formed and maintained one of the last nomadic empires. The Dzungar Khanate covered the area called Dzungaria and stretched from the west end of the Great Wall of China to present-day eastern Kazakhstan, and from present-day northern Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia. Most of this area was only renamed "Xinjiang" by the Chinese after the fall of the Dzungar Empire. It existed from the early 17th century to the mid-18th century.
The Manchu Qing dynasty gained control over eastern Xinjiang as a result of a long struggle with the Dzunghars that began in the 17th century. In 1755, with the help of the Oirat nobel Amursana, the Qing attacked Ghulja and captured the Dzunghar khan. After Amursana's request to be declared Zunghar khan went unanswered, he led a revolt against the Qing. Over the next two years, Qing armies destroyed the remnants of the Dzunghar khanate and many Chinese Muslims (Hui) moved into the pacified areas.[28]
The native Dzungar Oirat Mongols suffered heavily from the brutal campaigns and a simultaneous smallpox epidemic. One writer, Wei Yuan, described the resulting desolation in what is now northern Xinjiang as: "an empty plain for several thousand li, with no Oirat yurt except those surrendered."[29] It has been estimated that 80% of the 600,000 or more Zunghars were destroyed by a combination of disease and warfare,[30] and it took generations for it to recover.[31]
After the defeat of the Dzungars, the Qing made members of a clan of Sufi shaykhs known as the Khojas, rulers in the western Tarim Basin, south of the Tianshan Mountains. In 1758–59, however, rebellions against this arrangement broke out both north and south of the Tian Shan mountains. The Qing were then forced, contrary to their initial intent, to establish a form of direct military rule over Dzungaria (northern Xinjiang) and the Tarim Basin (southern Xinjiang). The Manchus put the whole region under the rule of a general of Ili (Chinese: 伊犁将军) who established a center of government at the fort of Huiyuan (the so-called "Manchu Kuldja", or Yili), 30 km (19 mi) west of Ghulja (Yining).
After 1759 state farms were established, "especially in the vicinity of Urumchi, where there was fertile, well-watered land and few people." From 1760 to 1830 more state farms were opened and the Chinese population in Xinjiang grew rapidly to about 155,000.[32]
The Qing identified their state as "China" (Zhongguo), and referred to it as "Dulimbai Gurun" in Manchu. The Qing equated the lands of the Qing state (including present day Manchuria, Dzungaria in Xinjiang, Mongolia, and other areas as "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi ethnic state.[33] When the Qing conquered Dzungaria, they proclaimed that the new land was absorbed into "China".[34][35][36]
Xinjiang at this time did not exist as one unit. It consisted of the two seperate political entities of Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin (Eastern Turkestan).[37][38][39][40] Dzungharia or Ili was called Zhunbu 準部 (Dzungar region) Tianshan Beilu 天山北路 (Northern March), or "Xinjiang" 新疆 (New Frontier).[41] It was formerely the area of the Zunghar Khanate 準噶爾汗國, the land of the Dzungar people. The Tarim Basin was known as "Tianshan Nanlu 天山南路 (southern March), Huibu 回部 (Muslim region), Huijiang 回疆 (Muslim frontier), Chinese Turkestan, Kashgaria, Little Bukharia, East Turkestan", and the traditional Uyghur name for it was Altishahr (Uyghur: التى شهر, ULY: Altä-shähär).[42] It was formerly the area of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate 東察合台汗國, land of the Uyghur people before being conquered by the Dzungars.
After Qing dynasty defeated the Dzunghars Oirat Mongols and exterminated them from their native land of Dzungaria in a genocide, the Qing settled Han, Hui, Manchus, Xibe, and Taranchis (Uyghurs) from the Tarim Basin, into Dzungharia.
Taranchi was the name for Turki (Uyghur) agriculturalists who were resettled in Dzhungaria from the Tarim Basin oases ("East Turkestani cities") by the Qing dynasty, along with Manchus, Xibo, Han and other ethnic groups in the aftermath of the destruction of the Dzhunghars.[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] The Manchu garrisons were supplied and supported with grain cultivated by the Han soldiers and East Turkestani (Uyghurs) who were resettled in agricultural colonies in Zungharia.[42] The Manchu Qing policy of settling Chinese colonists and Taranchis from the Tarim Basin on the former Kalmucks (Dzungar) land was described as having the land "swarmed" with the settlers.[56][57] The amount of Uyghurs moved by the Qing from Altä-shähär (Tarim Basin) to depopulated Zunghar land in Ili numbered around 10,000 families.[58][59][60] The amount of Uyghurs moved by the Qing into Jungharia (Dzungaria) at this time has been described as "large".[61] The Qing settled in Dzungaria even more Turki-Taranchi (Uyghurs) numbering around 12,000 families originating from Kashgar in the aftermath of the Jahangir Khoja invasion in the 1820s.[62] Standard Uyghur is based on the Taranchi dialect, which was chosen by the Chinese government for this role.[63] Salar migrants from Amdo (Qinghai) came to settle the region as religious exiles, migrants, and as soldiers enlisted in the Chinese army to fight in Ili, offen following the Hui.[64]
The Qing resorted to incentives like issuing a subsidy which was paid to Han who were willing to migrate to northwest to Xinjiang, in a 1776 edict.[65][66] There were very little Uyghurs in Urumqi during the Qing dynasty, Urumqi was mostly Han and Hui, and Han and Hui settlers were concentraded in Northern Xinjiang (Beilu aka Dzungaria). Around 155,000 Han and Hui lived in Xinjiang, mostly in Dzungaria around 1803, and around 320,000 Uyghurs, living mostly in Southern Xinjiang (the Tarim Basin), as Han and Hui were allowed to settle in Dzungaria but forbidden to settle in the Tarim, while the small amount of Uyghurs living in Dzungaria and Urumqi was insignificant.[67][68][69] Hans were around one third of Xinjiang's population at 1800, during the time of the Qing Dynasty.[70]
Professor of Chinese and Central Asian History at Georgetown University, James A. Millward wrote that foreigners often mistakenly think that Urumqi was originally a Uyghur city and that the Chinese destroyed its Uyghur character and culture, however, Urumqi was founded as a Chinese city by Han and Hui (Tungans), and it is the Uyghurs who are new to the city.[71][72]
Han and Hui merchants were initially only allowed to trade in the Tarim Basin, while Han and Hui settlement in the Tarim Basin was banned, until the Muhammad Yusuf Khoja invasion, in 1830 when the Qing rewarded the merchants for fighting off Khoja by allowing them to settle down.[73] Robert Michell noted that as of 1870, there were many Chinese of all occupations living in Dzungaria and they were well settled in the area, while in Turkestan (Tarim Basin) there were only a few Chinese merchants and soldiers in several garrisons among the Muslim population.[37][38]
By the mid-19th century, the Russian Empire was encroaching upon Qing China along its entire northern frontier. The First and Second Opium Wars along with the Taiping and other rebellions had severely weakened the dynasty's ability to maintain its garrisons in distant Xinjiang. In 1864 both Chinese Muslims (Hui) and Uyghurs rebelled in Xinjiang cities, following on-going Chinese Muslim Rebellions in Gansu and Shaanxi provinces further east.[75] Yaqub Beg's Turkic Muslim troops also committed massacres upon the Chinese Muslims.[76] In 1865, Yaqub Beg, a warlord from the neighbouring Khanate of Kokand, entered Xinjiang via Kashgar and conquered nearly all of Xinjiang over the next six years.[77] At the Battle of Ürümqi (1870) Yaqub Beg's Turkic forces, allied with a Han Chinese militia, attacked and besieged Chinese Muslim forces in Urumqi. In 1871, Russia took advantage of the chaotic situation and seized the rich Ili River valley, including Gulja. At the end of this period, forces loyal to the Qing held onto only a few strongholds, including Tacheng.
Yaqub Beg's rule lasted until the Qing general Zuo Zongtang (also known as General Tso) reconquered the region between 1875 and 1877. In 1881, the Qing recovered the Gulja region through diplomatic negotiations, via the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881).
In 1884 – or, according to some sources,[78] 1882 – the Qing dynasty established Xinjiang ("new frontier") as a province, formally applying to it the political systems of the rest of China and dropping the old name of Huijiang, or "Muslimland."[79][80]
In 1912, the Qing Dynasty was replaced by the Republic of China. Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor of Xinjiang, fled. One of his subordinates, Yang Zengxin (杨增新), took control of the province and acceded in name to the Republic of China in March of the same year. Through Machiavellian politics and clever balancing of mixed ethnic constituencies, Yang maintained control over Xinjiang until his assassination in 1928.[81]
The Kumul Rebellion and other rebellions arose against his successor Jin Shuren (金树仁) in the early 1930s throughout Xinjiang, involving Uyghurs, other Turkic groups, and Hui (Muslim) Chinese. Jin drafted White Russians to crush the revolt. In the Kashgar region on November 12, 1933, the short-lived self-proclaimed East Turkistan Republic was declared, after some debate over whether the proposed independent state should be called "East Turkestan" or "Uyghuristan."[82][83] The region claimed by the ETR in theory encompassed Kashgar, Khotan and Aqsu prefectures in southwestern Xinjiang.[84] The Chinese Muslim Kuomintang 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) destroyed the army of the First East Turkestan Republic at the Battle of Kashgar (1934), bringing the Republic to an end after the Chinese Muslims executed the two Emirs of the Republic, Abdullah Bughra and Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra. The Soviet Union invaded the province in the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang. In the Xinjiang War (1937), the entire province was brought under the control of northeast Chinese warlord Sheng Shicai (盛世才), who ruled Xinjiang for the next decade with close support from the Soviet Union, many of whose ethnic and security policies Sheng instituted in Xinjiang. The Soviet Union maintained a military base in Xinjiang and had several military and economic advisors deployed in the region. Sheng invited a group of Chinese Communists to Xinjiang, including Mao Zedong's brother Mao Zemin, but in 1943, fearing a conspiracy, Sheng executed them all, including Mao Zemin.
A Second East Turkistan Republic (2nd ETR, also known as the Three Districts Revolution) existed, with Soviet support, from 1944 to 1949 in what is now Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture (Ili, Tarbagatay and Altay Districts) in northern Xinjiang.[82] The Second East Turkistan Republic came to an end when the People's Liberation Army entered Xinjiang in 1949.[83] Also, five ETR leaders, who would negotiate the final status of East Turkistan with the Chinese, died in an air crash in 1949 in Soviet airspace over the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.[85]
The Chinese Muslim General Bai Chongxi advocated swamping Xinjiang with disbanded Chinese soldiers to prevent the Soviet Union from seizing control during this time.[86]
According to the PRC interpretation, the 2nd ETR was Xinjiang's revolution, a positive part of the communist revolution in China; the 2nd ETR acceded to and welcomed the PLA when it entered Xinjiang, a process known as the Peaceful Liberation of Xinjiang. However, independence advocates view the ETR as an effort to establish an independent state, and the subsequent PLA entry as an invasion.[citation needed]
The autonomous region of the PRC was established on October 1, 1955, replacing the province.[83]
The PRC's first nuclear test was carried out at Lop Nur, Xinjiang, on October 16, 1964. A Japanese researcher known for prominently opposing the tests as "the Devil's conduct" speculated that between 100,000 and 200,000 people may have been killed due to the consequential radiation,[87] although the Lop Nur area has not been permanently inhabited since the 1920s,[88] being located between the Taklamakan and Kumtag deserts in Ruoqiang County, which has an area of almost 200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi) with a population density of only .16/km2. Chinese media challenged this conclusion without providing an alternate number.[89]
The People's Republic of China has directed the majority of Han migrants towards the sparsely populated Dzungaria (Junggar Basin), before 1953 most of Xinjiang's population (75%) lived in the Tarim Basin, so the new Han migrants resulted in the distribution of population between Dzungaria and the Tarim being changed.[90][91][92] Most new Chinese migrants ended up in the northern region, in Dzungaria.[93] Han and Hui made up the majority of the population in Dzungaria's cities while Uighurs made up most of the population in Kashgaria's cities.[94] Eastern and Central Dzungaria are the specific areas where these Han and Hui are concentrated.[95] China made sure that new Han migrants were settled in entirely new areas uninhabited by Uyghurs so as to not disturb the already existing Uyghur communities.[96] Lars-Erik Nyman noted that Kashgaria was the native land of the Uighurs, "but a migration has been in progress to Dzungaria since the 18th century".[97]
Both Han economic migrants from other parts of China and Uyghur economic migrants from southern Xinjiang have been flooding into northern Xinjiang since the 1980s.[98]
Southern Xinjiang is where the majority of the Uyghur population resides, while it is in Northern Xinjiang cities where the majority of the Han (90%) population of Xinjiang reside.[99] Southern Xinjiang is dominated by its nine million Uighur majority population, while northern Xinjiang is where the mostly urban Han population holds sway.[100] This situation has been followed by an imbalance in the economic situation between the two ethnic groups, since the Northern Junghar Basin (Dzungaria) has been more developed than the Uighur south.[101]
Beginning in the 1960s, the Soviet Union incited seperatist activities in Xinjiang through propaganda, encouraging Kazakhs to flee to the Soviet Union and attacking China. China responded by reinforcing the Xinjiang-Soviet border area specifically with Han Bingtuan militia and farmers.[102] The Soviets massively intensified their broadcasts inciting Uyghurs to revolt against the Chinese via Radio Tashkent since 1967 and directly harbored and supported seperatist guerilla fighters to attack the Chinese border, in 1966 the amount of Soviet sponsored seperatist attacks on China numbered 5,000.[103] The Soviets transmitted a radio broadcast from Radio Tashkent into Xinjiang on 14 May 1967, boasting of the fact that the Soviets had supported the Second East Turkestan Republic against China.[104]
The Soviet Union supported Uyghur nationalist propaganda and Uyghur seperatist movements against China. Soviet turcologists like D.I. Tikhonov wrote pro-independence works on Uyghur history and the Soviet supported Uyghur historian Tursun Rakhimov wrote more historical works supporting Uyghur independence and attacking the Chinese government, claiming that Xinjiang was an entity created by China made out of the different parts of East Turkestan and Zungharia.[105] These Soviet Uyghur historians were waging an "ideological war" against China, emphasizing the "national liberation movement" of Uyghurs throughout history.[106] The Soviet Communist Party supported the publication of works which glorified the Second East Turkestan Republic and the Ili Rebellion against China in its anti-China propaganda war.[107] Soviet propaganda writers wrote works claiming that Uyghurs lived better lives and were able to practice their culture only in Soviet Central Asia and not in Xinjiang.[108] In 1979 Soviet KGB agent Victor Louis wrote a thesis claiming that the Soviets should support a "war of liberation" against the "imperial" China to support Uighur, Tibetan, Mongol, and Manchu independence.[109]
Xinjiang's importance to China increased after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, leading to China's perception of being encircled by the Soviets.[110] The Chinese authorities viewed the Han migrants in Xinjiang as vital to defending the area against the Soviet Union.[111]
During the Great Chinese Famine (1958–1961), Xinjiang experienced a great emigration of residents both to the Soviet Union and to East China. After a number of student demonstrations in the 1980s, the Baren Township riot of April 1990 led to more than 20 deaths.[112] 1997 saw the Ghulja Incident and Urumqi bus bombs,[113] while police continue to battle with religious separatists from the East Turkestan Islamic Movement.
Han Youwen, a Salar general, once served as vice chairman of Xinjiang.
During the Cold War and the Sino-Soviet split, China stationed military forces in Xinjiang to guard against Soviet attack, and the Chinese used Xinjiang to supply and train anti-Soviet Islamic militants during the Islamic insurgency against the Soviet backed Afghan communists.
During the Sino-Soviet split, strained relations between China and Soviet Russia resulted in bloody border clashes and mutual backing for the opponents enemies. China and Afghanistan had neutral relations with each other during the King's rule. When the pro Soviet Afghan communists seized power in Afghanistan in 1978, relations between China and the Afghan communists quickly turned hostile. The Afghan pro-Soviet communists supported China's enemies in Vietnam and blamed China for supporting Afghan anti-communist militants. China responded to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by supporting the Afghan Mujahidin and ramping up their military presence near Afghanistan in Xinjiang. China acquired military equipment from America to defend itself from Soviet attack.[114]
The People's Liberation Army trained and supported the Afghan Mujahidin during the Soviet war in Afghanistan. China moved its training camps for the mujahideen from Pakistan into China. Hundreds of millions worth of anti-aircraft missiles, rocket launchers and machine guns were given to the Mujahidin by the Chinese. Chinese military advisors and army troops were present with the Mujahidin during training.[115]
In recent years, Xinjiang has been a focal point of ethnic and other tensions.[116][117]
Recent incidents include the 2007 Xinjiang raid,[118] a thwarted 2008 suicide bombing attempt on a China Southern Airlines flight,[119] and the 2008 Xinjiang attack which resulted in the deaths of sixteen police officers four days before the Beijing Olympics.[120][121] Further incidents include the July 2009 Ürümqi riots, the September 2009 Xinjiang unrest, and the 2010 Aksu bombing that led to the trials of 376 people.[122]
From 1949 to 2001, education has expanded greatly in the region, with 6,221 primary schools up from 1,335; 1,929 middle schools up from 9, and institutions of higher learning at 21, up from 1. The illiteracy rate for young and middle-age people has decreased to less than 2%. Agricultural science has made inroads into the region, as well as innovative methods of road construction in the desert.
Culturally, Xinjiang maintains 81 public libraries and 23 museums, compared to none of each in 1949, and Xinjiang has 98 newspapers in 44 languages, up from 4 newspapers in 1952. According to official statistics, the ratios of doctors, medical workers, medical clinics, and hospital beds to people surpass the national average, and immunization rates have reached 85%.[123]
Xinjiang is divided into two prefecture-level cities, seven prefectures, and five autonomous prefectures for Mongol, Kirgiz, Kazakh and Hui minorities. (Two of the seven prefectures are, in turn, part of Ili, an autonomous prefecture.) These are then divided into 11 districts, 22 county-level cities, 62 counties, and six autonomous counties. Seven of the county-level cities do not belong to any prefecture, and are de facto administered by the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. Sub-level divisions of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is shown in the picture to the right and described in the table below:
|Map #
|Administrative Seat
|Uyghur (UEY)
Uyghur Latin (ULY)
Hanyu pinyin
|Population (2010)
|Sub-Provincial Autonomous Prefecture
(for Kazakh)
|Yining (Gulja)
|ئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى
Ili Qazaq Aptonom Oblasti
Yīlí Hāsàkè Zìzhìzhōu
|2,482,627 [a]
|Prefecture-level city
|Karamay District
|قاراماي شەھرى
Qaramay Shehri
Kèlāmǎyī Shì
|Tianshan District
|ئۈرۈمچى شەھرى
Ürümchi Shehri
Wūlǔmùqí Shì
|— Prefecture —
subordinate to Ili (for Kazakh)
|ئالتاي ۋىلايىتى
Altay Wilayiti
Ālètài Dìqū
subordinate to Ili (for Kazakh)
|تارباغاتاي ۋىلايىتى
Tarbaghatay Wilayiti
Tǎchéng Dìqū
|تۇرپان ۋىلايىتى
Turpan Wilayiti
Tǔlǔfān Dìqū
|قۇمۇل ۋىلايىتى
Qumul Wilayiti
Hāmì Dìqū
|قەشقەر ۋىلايىتى
Qeshqer Wilayiti
Kāshí Dìqū
|ئاقسۇ ۋىلايىتى
Aqsu Wilayiti
Ākèsū Dìqū
|خوتەن ۋىلايىتى
Xoten Wilayiti
Hétián Dìqū
|— Autonomous prefectures —
(for Mongol)
|بۆرتالا موڭغۇل ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى
Börtala Mongghul Aptonom Oblasti
Bó'ěrtǎlā Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu
(for Hui)
|سانجى خۇيزۇ ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى
Sanji Xuyzu Aptonom Oblasti
Chāngjí Huízú Zìzhìzhōu
(for Kirgiz)
|قىزىلسۇ قىرغىز ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى
Qizilsu Qirghiz Aptonom Oblasti
Kèzīlèsū Kē'ěrkèzī Zìzhìzhōu
(for Mongol)
|بايىنغولىن موڭغۇل ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى
Bayingholin Mongghul Aptonom Oblasti
Bāyīnguōlèng Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu
|— County-level city —
(Directly administered by the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps)
|شىخەنزە شەھرى
Shixenze Shehri
Shíhézǐ Shì
|ئۇجاچۇ شەھرى
Wujachu Shehri
Wǔjiāqú Shì
|تۇمشۇق شەھرى
Tumshuq Shehri
Túmùshūkè Shì
|ئارال شەھرى
Aral Shehri
Ālā'ěr Shì
|بەيتۈن شەھىرى
Beatün Shehiri
Běitún Shì
|باشئەگىم شەھىرى
Bashegym Shehiri
Tiĕménguān Shì
|قوشئۆگۈز شەھىرى
Qoshögüz Shehiri
Shuānghé Shì
Xinjiang is the largest political subdivision of China—it accounts for more than one sixth of China's total territory and a quarter of its boundary length.
Xinjiang is split by the Tian Shan mountain range (Uyghur: تەڭرى تاغ, ULY: Tengri Tagh), which divides it into two large basins: the Dzungarian Basin in the north, and the Tarim Basin in the south. A small V-shaped wedge between these two major basins, limited by the Tian Shan's main range in the south and the Borohoro Mountains in the north, is the basin of the Ili River, which flows into Kazakhstan's Lake Balkhash; an even smaller wedge farther north is the Emin Valley.
Other major mountain ranges of Xinjiang include the Pamir Mountains and Karakoram in the southwest, the Kunlun Mountains in the south (along the border with Tibet), and the Altai Mountains in the northeast (shared with Mongolia). The region's highest point is the mountain K2, 8611 metres above sea level, in the Karakoram Mountains on the border with Pakistan.
Much of the Tarim Basin is dominated by the Taklamakan Desert. North of it is the Turpan Depression, which contains the lowest point in Xinjiang, and in the entire PRC, is the Turpan Depression, at 155 metres below sea level.
The Dzungarian Basin is slightly cooler, and receives somewhat more precipitation, than the Tarim Basin. Nonetheless, it, too, has a large Gurbantünggüt Desert (also known as Dzoosotoyn Elisen) in its center.
The Tian Shan mountain range marks the Xinjiang-Kyrgyzstan border at the Torugart Pass (3752 m). The Karakorum highway (KKH) links Islamabad, Pakistan with Kashgar over the Khunjerab Pass.
Most of Xinjiang is young geologically, having been formed from the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate, forming the Tian Shan, Kunlun Shan, and Pamir mountain ranges. Consequently, Xinjiang is a major earthquake zone. Older geological formations occur principally in the far north, where the Junggar Block is geologically part of Kazakhstan, and in the east, which is part of the North China Craton.
Xinjiang has within its borders, in the Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert, the location in Eurasia that is furthest from the sea in any direction (a continental pole of inaccessibility): 46°16.8′N 86°40.2′E / 46.2800°N 86.6700°E). It is at least 1,645 miles (2,647 km) (straight-line distance) from any coastline.
In 1992, local geographers determined another point within Xinjiang – 43°40′52″N 87°19′52″E / 43.68111°N 87.33111°E in the southwestern suburbs of Ürümqi, Ürümqi County – to be the "center point of Asia". A monument to this effect was then erected there and the site has become a local tourist attraction.[126]
Due to the hot summer and low precipitation, most of Xinjiang is endorheic, i.e. its rivers either disappear in the desert, or terminate in salt lakes (within Xinjiang itself, or in the neighboring Kazakhstan), instead of flowing toward an ocean. The only exception is the northernmost part of the region, where the Irtysh River, originating in the Altai Mountains, flows (via Kazakhstan and Russia) toward the Arctic Ocean. Even then, a significant part of this river's waters is now artificially diverted, via the Irtysh–Karamay–Ürümqi Canal, to the drier areas of southern Dzungarian Basin.
Elsewhere, most of Xinjiang's rivers are comparatively short streams fed by the snows of the several ranges of the Tian Shan. Once they enter the populated areas in the mountains' foothills, their waters are extensively used for irrigation, so that the river often disappears in the desert instead of reaching the lake to whose basin it nominally belongs. This is the case even with the main river of the Tarim Basin, the Tarim, which has been dammed at a number of locations along its course, and whose waters have been completely diverted before they can reach the Lop Lake. In the Dzungarian basin, a similar situation occurs with most rivers that historically flowed into Lake Manas. Some of the salt lakes, having lost much of their fresh water inflow, are now extensively use for the production of mineral salts (used e.g., in the manufacturing of potassium fertilizers); this includes the Lop Lake and the Manas Lake.
Officially, Xinjiang is on the same time zone as the rest of China, Beijing Time (UTC+8). However, being roughly two time zones west of the capital, some residents follow their own unofficial Xinjiang Time (UTC+6).[127] The division follows ethnic lines, with Han tending to use Beijing Time and Uighurs tending to use Xinjiang Time; this is seen as a form of resistance to the central government.[128] Regardless of the ethnicity of their proprietors, most businesses and schools open and close according to Xinjiang time, i.e. two hours later than their equivalents in other regions of China.[129]
Deserts include:
Due to the water situation, most of Xinjiang's population lives within fairly narrow belts that are stretched along the foothills of the region's mountain ranges, where irrigated agriculture can be practiced. It is in these belts where most the region's cities are found.
Generally, a semi-arid or desert climate (Köppen BSk or BWk, respectively) prevails in Xinjiang. The entire region is marked by great seasonal differences in temperature and cold winters. During the summer, the Turpan Depression usually records the hottest temperatures nationwide,[130] with air temperatures easily exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). In the far north, and at the highest mountain elevations, however, winter temperatures regularly drop below −20 °C (−4 °F).
Continuous permafrost is typically found in the Tian Shan starting at the elevation of about 3,500-3,700 m above the sea level. Discontinuous alpine permafrost usually occurs down to 2,700-3,300 m, but in certain locations, due to the peculiarity of the aspect and the microclimate, it can be found at elevations as low as 2,000 m.[131]
List of Secretaries of the CPC Xinjiang Committee:
List of Chairmen of the Xinjiang Government:
Chinese authorities shot dead several people in Xinjiang in the violent incident in February 2014.[132] Human Rights Watch has documented the denial of due legal process and fair trials and failure to hold genuinely open trials as mandated by law e.g. to suspects arrested in following ethnic violence in the city of Urumqi in Xinjiang in 2009.[133]
Traditionally an agricultural region, Xinjiang also has large deposits of minerals and oil.
Xinjiang's nominal GDP was approximately 220 billion RMB (US$28 billion) in 2004 and increased to 657.4 billion RMB (US$104.3 billion) in 2011, due to exploration of the regions abundant reserves of coal, crude oil and natural and the China Western Development policy introduced by the State Council to boost economic development in Western China.[134] Its per capita GDP for 2009 was 19,798 RMB (2,898 USD), with a growth rate of 1.7%.[134] Southern Xinjiang, with 95% non-Han population, has an average per capita income half that of Xinjiang as a whole.[135]
In July 2010, China Daily reported that:
Local governments in China's 19 provinces and municipalities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Liaoning, are engaged in the commitment of "pairing assistance" support projects in Xinjiang to promote the development of agriculture, industry, technology, education and health services in the region.[136]
Xinjiang has long been a major area of irrigated agriculture. Traditionally, wheat was the main staple crop of the region; maize was grown as well; millet was found in the south, while only a few area (in particular, Aksu) grew rice.[137]
By the late 19th century, cotton became an important crop in several oases, notably Khotan, Yarkand, and Turpan.[137] Sericulture, too, is practiced.[138]
Xinjiang is nationally known for its fruits and produce, including grapes, melons, pears, walnuts. Particularly famous are Hami melons and Turpan raisins.
The main livestock of the region have traditionally been sheep. Much of the region's pasture land is in its northern part, where more precipitation is available,[139] but there are mountain pastures throughout the region.
Due to the lack of access to the ocean, and limited amount of inland water, Xinjiang's fish resources are somewhat limited. Nonetheless, there is a significant amount of fishing in Lake Ulungur and Lake Bosten and in the Irtysh River. A large number of fish ponds have been constructed since the 1970s, their total surface exceeding 10,00 hectares by the 1990s. In 2000, the total of 58,835 tons of fish was produced in Xinjiang, 85% of which came from aquaculture.[140]
In the past, the Lop Lake was known for its fisheries, and the area residents, for their fishing culture; now, due to the diversion of the waters of the Tarim River, the lake has dried out.
In the late 19th century the region was noted for producing salt, soda, borax, gold, jade and coal.[141]
The oil and gas extraction industry in Aksu and Karamay is booming, with the West–East Gas Pipeline connecting to Shanghai. The oil and petrochemical sector account for 60% of Xinjiang's local economy.[142]
Xinjiang's exports amounted to 19.3 billion USD, while imports turned out to be 2.9 billion USD in 2008. Most of the overall import/export volume in Xinjiang was directed to and from Kazakhstan through Ala Pass. China's first border free trade zone (Horgos Free Trade Zone) was located at the Xinjiang-Kazakhstan border city of Horgos.[143] Horgos is the largest "land port" in China's western region and it has easy access to the Central Asian market. Xinjiang also opened its second border trade market to Kazakhstan in March 2006, the Jeminay Border Trade Zone.[144]
The earliest Tarim mummies, dated to 1800 BC, are of a Caucasoid physical type.[152] East Asian migrants arrived in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin about 3,000 years ago, while the Uighur peoples arrived after the collapse of the Orkon Uighur Kingdom, based in modern-day Mongolia, around the year 842.[153][154]
Muslim Turkic peoples in Xinjiang include Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tatars and the Kazakhs; Muslim Iranian peoples include Pamiris and the Sarikolis/Wakhis (often conflated as Pamiris); and Muslim Sino-Tibetan peoples such as the Hui. Other PRC ethnic groups in the region include Han, Mongols (Oirats, Dagur, Dongxiang), Russians, Xibes, and Manchus. As of 1945, there were up to 70,000 persons of Russian origin living in Xinjiang.[155]
The Han Chinese of Xinjiang arrived at different times, from different directions and social backgrounds: They are descendants of criminals and officials who had been exiled from China proper during the second half of the eighteenth and first half of the 19th centuries; descendants of families of military and civil officers from Hunan, Yunnan, Gansu and Manchuria; descendants of merchants from Shanxi, Tianjin, Hubei and Hunan and descendants of peasants who started immigrating into the region in 1776.[156]
Some Uighur scholars claim descent from both the Turkic Uighurs and the pre-Turkic Tocharians (or Tokharians, whose language was Indo-European), and relatively fair-skin, hair and eyes, as well as other so-called 'Caucasoid' physical traits, are not uncommon among them. In general Uyghurs resemble those peoples who live around them in Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Pakistan.
In 2002, there were 9,632,600 males (growth rate of 1.0%) and 9,419,300 females (growth rate of 2.2%). The population overall growth rate was 1.09%, with 1.63% of birth rate and 0.54% mortality rate.
The Qing began a process of settling Han, Hui, and Uyghur settlers into Northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria) starting in the 18th century. At the start of the 19th century, 40 years after the Qing reconquest, there were around 155,000 Han and Hui Chinese in northern Xinjiang and somewhat more than twice that number of Uyghurs in southern Xinjiang.[157] A census of the time tabulated ethnic shares of the population as 60% Turkic and 30% Han.[158] Before 1831, only a few hundred Chinese merchants lived in southern Xinjiang oases (Tarim Basin) and only a few Uyghurs lived in northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria).[159] After 1831 the Qing permitted and encouraged Han Chinese migration into the Tarim basin in southern Xinjiang, although with very little success, and stationed permanent troops on the land there as well.[160] Political killings and expulsions of non Uyghur populations in the uprisings of the 1860s[160] and 1930s saw them experience a sharp decline as a percentage of the total population[161] though they rose once again in the periods of stability following 1880 (which saw Xinjiang increase its population from 1.2 million)[162][163] and 1949. From a low of 7% in 1953, the Han began to return to Xinjiang between then and 1964, where they comprised 33% of the population (54% Uyghur), similarly to Qing times. A decade later, at the beginning of the Chinese economic reform in 1978, the demographic balance was 46% Uyghur and 40% Han;[158] this has not changed drastically until the last census in 2000, with the Uyghur population reduced to 42%.[164] Military personnel are not counted and national minorities are undercounted in the Chinese census, as in most censuses.[165] While some of the shift has be attributed to an increased Han presence,[166] Uyghurs have also emigrated to other parts of China, where their numbers have increased steadily. Uyghur independence activists express concern over the Han population changing the Uyghur character of the region, though the Han and Hui Chinese mostly live in northern Xinjiang Dzungaria, and are separated from areas of historical Uyghur dominance south of the Tian Shan mountains (southwestern Xinjiang), where Uyghurs account for about 90% of the population.[167]
In general, Uyghurs are the majority in southwestern Xinjiang, including the prefectures of Kashgar, Khotan, Kizilsu, and Aksu (about 80% of Xinjiang's Uyghurs live in those four prefectures), as well as Turpan prefecture in eastern Xinjiang. Han are the majority in eastern and northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria), including the cities of Urumqi, Karamay, Shihezi and the prefectures of Changjyi, Bortala, Bayin'gholin, Ili (especially the cities of Kuitun), and Kumul. Kazakhs are mostly concentrated in Ili prefecture in northern Xinjiang. Kazakhs are the majority in the northernmost part of Xinjiang.
|Ethnic groups in Xinjiang.
根据2009年底人口抽查统计 [168]
|Major ethnic groups in Xinjiang by region (2000 census)[notes 1]
P = Prefecture; AP = Autonomous prefecture; PLC = Prefecture-level city; DACLC = Directly administered county-level city.[169]
|Uyghurs (%)
|Han (%)
|Kazakhs (%)
|others (%)
|Ürümqi PLC
|Karamay PLC
|Turpan Prefecture
|< 0.1
|Kumul Prefecture
|Changji AP + Wujiaqu DACLC
|Bortala AP
|Bayin'gholin AP
|< 0.1
|Aksu Prefecture + Aral DACLC
|Kizilsu AP
|< 0.1
|Kashgar Prefecture + Tumushuke DACLC
|< 0.1
|Khotan Prefecture
|< 0.1
|Ili AP[notes 2]
|– Kuitun DACLC
|– former Ili Prefecture
|– Tacheng Prefecture
|– Altay Prefecture
|Shihezi DACLC
Xinjiang is home to several distinct ethnic groups of various religious traditions. A majority of the region's native population adhere to Sunni Islam of the Hanafi rites. A large minority of Shias, almost exclusively of the Ismaili (Seveners) rites are found in the higher mountains of Pamir and Tian Shan. In the western mountains (the Pamirs), almost the entire population of Pamirs, Sarikulis and Wakhis are Ismaili Shia. In the north, in the Tian Shan, it is the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs who practice Ismaili Shiism[4]
Afaq Khoja Mausoleum and Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar are among the most important Islamic sites in Xinjiang. Emin Minaret is a key Islamic site, in Turfan. Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves is a major Buddhist site.
The Xinjiang Networking Transmission Limited operates the Urumqi People Broadcasting Station and the Xinjiang People Broadcasting Station, broadcasting in Mandarin, Uyghur, Kazakh and Mongolian.
As of 1995[update], there were 50 minority-language newspapers published in Xinjiang, including the Qapqal News, the world's only Xibe-language newspaper.[170] The Xinjiang Economic Daily is considered one of China's most dynamic newspapers.[171]
For a time after the July 2009 riots, authorities placed restrictions on the internet and text messaging, gradually permitting access to websites like Xinhua's,[172] until restoring Internet to the same level as the rest of China on May 14, 2010.[173][174][175]
Xinjiang is home to the Xinjiang Guanghui Flying Tigers professional basketball team of the Chinese Basketball Association.
The capital, Urumqi, is home to the Xinjiang University baseball team, an integrated Uyghur and Han group profiled in the documentary film Diamond in the Dunes.
In 2008, according to the Xinjiang Transportation Network Plan, the government has focused construction on State Road 314, Alar-Hotan Desert Highway, State Road 218, Qingshui River Line-Yining Highway, and State Road 217, as well as other roads.
The construction of the first expressway in the mountainous area of Xinjiang began a new stage in its construction on July 24, 2007. The 56 km (35 mi) highway linking Sayram Lake and Guozi Valley in Northern Xinjiang area had cost 2.39 billion yuan. The expressway is designed to improve the speed of national highway 312 in northern Xinjiang. The project started in August 2006 and several stages have been fully operational since March 2007. Over 3,000 construction workers have been involved. The 700 m-long Guozi Valley Cable Bridge over the expressway is now currently being constructed, with the 24 main pile foundations already completed. Highway 312 national highway Xinjiang section, connects Xinjiang with China's east coast, central and western Asia, plus some parts of Europe. It is a key factor in Xinjiang's economic development. The population it covers is around 40 percent of the overall in Xinjiang, who contribute half of the GDP in the area.
Xinjiang is linked to the rest of China by a single railway, the Lanzhou-Xinjiang (Lanxin) Railway, which runs from Ürümqi to Lanzhou through the Hexi Corridor in Gansu. This railway connects the regional capital, Ürümqi, with Turpan and Hami in eastern Xinjiang. West of Ürümqi, the Northern Xinjiang (Beijiang) Railway runs along the northern footslopes of the Tian Shan range through Changji, Shihezi, Kuytun and Jinghe to the Kazakh border at Alashankou, where it links up with the Turkestan-Siberia Railway of Central Asia. The Lanxin and Beijiang lines form part of the Trans-Eurasian Continental Railway, which extends from Rotterdam, on the North Sea, to Lianyungang, on the East China Sea.
The Second Ürümqi-Jinghe Railway opened in 2009 to supplement rail transport capacity on the Northern Xinjiang Railway between Ürümqi and Jinghe. From Jinghe, the Jinghe-Yining-Horgos Railway heads southwest into the Ili River Valley to Yining, Huocheng, and Khorgos, a second rail border crossing with Kazakhstan. From Kuytun, the Kuytun-Beitun Railway runs north into the Junggar Basin to Karamay and Beitun, near Altay in northern Xinjiang. The Ürümqi-Dzungaria Railway connects Ürümqi with coal fields in the eastern Junggar Basin.
The Southern Xinjiang (Nanjiang) Railway branches off of the Lanxin Line at Turpan and heads southwest along the southern footslopes of the Tian Shan into the Tarim Basin, with stops at Yanqi, Korla, Kuqa, Aksu, Maralbexi (Bachu), Artux, and Kashgar. From Kashgar, the Kashgar-Hotan Railway, follows the southern rim of the Tarim to Hotan, with stops at Shule, Akto, Yengisar, Shache (Yarkant), Yecheng (Karghilik), Moyu (Karakax).
A high-speed railway between Urumqi and Lanzhou is under construction.
Some people in Xinjiang province of Uyghur ethnicity are struggling to be an independent country which has caused tension and ethnic strife in Xinjiang province.[176][177][178][179] Xinjiang conflict[180] is an ongoing[181] separatist struggle in the northwestern part of today's China. The separatist movement claim that the region, which they view as their fatherland and refer to as East Turkestan, is not part of China, but was invaded by China in 1949 and is since under Chinese occupation. China claims that the region has been part of China since ancient times, and nowadays calls it Xinjiang ("New Territory" or, officially, "old territory returned to the motherland")[182] province. The separatist movement is led by ethnically Uighur Muslim underground organizations, most notably the East Turkestan independence movement, against the Chinese government. According to the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, the two main sources for separatism in the Xinjiang Province are religion and ethnicity. Religiously, the inhabitants of Xinjiang (often known as Uyghurs) are Muslim, while in the large cities of Han China, the primary religion is Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, or a combination of the three. Their other major difference -and source of friction- with Eastern China is ethnicity. Culturally, the Uyghurs bear a strong resemblance to Pakistan or India, while physically they may seem even Russian or European. This stark, easily visible, difference helps to create a sense of uniting against a common foe. Because of this unity, groups can rapidly merge or reform after being destroyed. In retaliation to separatists, China has engaged in "strike hard" campaigns since 1996.[183]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xinjiang.
|Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Xinjiang.
|Tibet Autonomous Region


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The senior captured the individual girls title at Saturday's Baltimore County cross country championships at Dulaney, coming across in 18 minutes, 47.2 seconds. Ruppel, the defending Class 1A state champion, established a fast pace and was able to fend off Dulaney sophomore Isabel Griffith (18:59.2) to come away with the win. In doing so, she took off more than one minute from her time in last year's county championship race, in which she finished second. This year, Ruppel also won the small schools race at the Bull Run Invitational at Hereford and the Barnhart Invitational at Dulaney. She's also is an accomplished distance runner for the Raiders' track and field teams.
Others considered: Mary Claire Abbott, Hereford, field hockey; Samantha Carter, Fallston, field hockey; Alex Hamer, River Hill, soccer; Amber Wiswell, River Hill, volleyball.
Girls Athlete of the Week: Emily Ruppel, Loch Raven, cross country
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cisco certification 640-802 ccna exam preparation with practice questions and Answers
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Refer to the exhibit. "Cell A" at IP address 10.0.0.34 has established an IP session with "IP Phone 1″ at IP address 172.16.1.103. Based upon the graphic, which device type best describes the function of wireless device "Cell A?"Refer to the exhibit. "Cell A" at IP address 10.0.0.34 has established an IP session with "IP Phone 1″ at IP address 172.16.1.103. Base...
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Refer to the exhibit. Which term correctly identifies the device type that is included in the area B?source end transfer intermediary


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This Sleeping IT Stock is Back on Track
Ranu is a member of The Motley Fool Blog Network -- entries represent the personal opinion of the blogger and are not formally edited.
The Indian Blue chip firm Infosys Technologies (NYSE: INFY) has discarded its sluggishness by announcing remarkable growth in its Q3 FY13 earnings and by beating analysts' expectations. The company reported net income of $434 million against $431 million in the last quarter. Revenue, including Lodestone, rose by 5.8% from a year ago to $1,911 million, and excluding Lodestone revenues posted a 3.7% year-over-year growth at $1,872 million. In spite of the increased operating expenses, Infosys was able to maintain margins through efficiency improvements by focusing on making the right investments for profitable and sustainable growth in the long term. But the significant drivers of robust growth, which attracted my affinity towards this stock, are:
1) 8 big outsourcing deals
With the shift in market share and rising competition from the lower margin vendors, Infosys has changed its strategy in the past few quarters. The company traded off margins to regain market share by chasing large deal flows. Infosys closed 8 large deals (4 in the US, 3 in Europe, and 1 in India) in the quarter (TCV on US $731 million), which further enhances its strong presence in various geographies of the world. North America reported tepid growth of only 1.6% in constant currency, India grew by 44.7% sequentially, and rest of the world grew by 7.4% in constant currency. Europe grew by 14.4% in constant currency because of the Lodestone integration, which strengthens its EMEA and SAP vertical presence. I believe Infosys will gain from learning the IDEA approach of Lodestone in achieving business transformation across the project life cycle.
The major catalyst for winning the 8 deals was its consulting and systems integration business, which grew by 8.1% organically quarter-over-quarter and by 15% when including Lodestone. The Lodestone deal helped ithe company inrease its revenue to 32.6% of the total revenue in 3Q, in comparison to 30.0% in the second quarter. The total contract value of the products and platforms business has touched $600 million, of which over $100 million came in the third quarter. In addition, the company's Product and Platform Space also had 14 wins across industries and geographies, which are widely adopted by 70 global clients. Pricing has also gone up by 1.8% this quarter due to the faster increase in this business.
The company has signed ~20 transformational deals over the last three quarters and will witness more in the upcoming quarters.
2) Ignition of recovery phase
In my view, the first step towards recovery was made when the company signed deals to improve its US presence – with Harley Davidson and Marsh BPO, which reflects greater willingness by the company for deals that include asset and people transfer as heavier onsite component of revenue. In addition, the closer account management model will also help the company to recoup revenue shares from top 50 accounts. As this model has already worked well for Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation (NASDAQ: CTSH) and Accenture, I believe that if Infosys is able to replicate the same, it would definitely put the company back on track.
3) Strong Client addition
Another point of attraction- Infosys added 89 clients during the last quarter, and the number of active clients grew to 776 up from 715 in Q2 FY13. This point seems pretty impressive in maintaining the growth momentum of the company.
Peer Performance
In spite of the robust Q3 earnings, Infosys is still lagging behind its strongest Indian competitor, Tata Consultancy Services, in many aspects, like Client addition in higher revenue brackets. This area slowed down for Infosys in the past years, whereas TCS added two more $100 million clients, taking the total to 16. TCS' revenue, in dollar terms, rose 3.3% quarter over quarter in comparison with a 6.3% rise at Infosys. Employee count of Infosys -155,629- is also lower than TCS-243,545. In addition to this, attrition rate of employees is also high in the case of Infosys-7,045 (average of the last four quarters). TCS also enjoyed a robust Q3 FY13, reporting a 23% rise in quarterly profit, driven by strong demand for outsourcing services and stable fees. It added 35 new clients during the quarter. I believe that the company will continue to give better results because of the sustained efforts from all operating teams to focus on growth with profitability in the long run. If you are an investor looking for a position in TCS, you can invest in EGShares Technology GEMS ETF (NYSEMKT: QGEM). TCS represents a substantial portion of this fund.
Another industry player, Cognizant, reported strong Q3 earnings. Its net income rose by 22% because of the broad-based revenue growth across its services and geographies. Revenue from North America, Europe, and the rest of the world also rose and positioned the company nicely for long term growth for its investors. The company has signed a few large deals in the last quarter. With Horizon 3, the company is continuously developing offerings in 3 arenas – new technologies, new delivery models, and new markets. Cognizant is expanding its ITIS capability through the creation of a data center cloud services organization, which will offer private and multitenant cloud offerings. Both Infosys and TCS are in the race to bridge the revenue growth rate gap, which in my opinion will surely hinder growth prospects of the company in the years to come. What I like about Cognizant is that it has zero debt on its balance sheet and has accumulated $2.6 billion in cash. While Infosys has seen a significant shuffle in its top management due to the growth concerns, Cognizant has excellent management, which has been leading the company for a long time. Its deeper engagement with its clients is a big threat for its peers to sustain their market shares.
Seeing the growth momentum driven by improving the large deals, strong addition of clients and flexibility to deal structuring, I am highly inclined towards an investment in Infosys, followed by TCS. Additionally, Infosys had reported cash and equivalents of Rs. 15 billion (US $2.7 billion), which it can use in its future financial activities. I see huge potential growth in Infosys, as it is focused on acquiring new clients in new industries, which will further boost its market share.
Futuristics has no position in any stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy. Is this post wrong? Click here. Think you can do better? Join us and write your own!


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On Shelley, secrets and weaving fact with fiction in 'A Treacherous Likeness'….
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One of my favourite reads of 2012 was Tom All Alone's by Lynn Shepherd. The grim realities of Victorian Britain were brought to life for a 21st century audience and the fictional worlds of Charles Dickens and Wilkie Collins (often … Continue reading →
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This glossary includes some of the most commonly-used terms in collision and casualty reporting, used throughout the data and research section of this website. Clicking on a term below will reveal an explanation of that term.
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Riders |
Severity |
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Vehicles are classified according to their structural type and not according to their use or category of licence at the time of a collision.


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The SENSE is one way to measure student behaviors in the earliest weeks of college and the insitutional practices that affect students during this critical time. Data from the survey is used by staff to implement continual improvement intiatives to better serve students. Visit the SENSE website to view national and state data at: http://www.ccsse.org/sense/aboutsense/
According to the website, "the Survey of Entering Student Engagement (SENSE) helps community and technical colleges focus on the "front door" of the college experience. Grounded in research about what works in retaining and supporting entering students, SENSE collects and analyzes data about institutional practices and student behaviors in the earliest weeks of college. These data can help colleges understand students' critical early experiences and improve institutional practices that affect student success in the first college year."
The SENSE is administered every third year during the fall term starting in 2009. Survey results are generally available on the website in spring following the survey year.


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Paris, 18 January 2009 - His Highness the Aga Khan on Sunday hosted a lunch in Paris for Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs, George Yeo. During the lunch, the Aga Khan announced his decision to establish an Ismaili Centre and regional representative office of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) in Singapore.
Minister Yeo warmly welcomed this decision and assured the Aga Khan of Singapore's support for tHis Highness the Aga Khan meeting Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs, George Yeo.his initiative. Minister Yeo and His Highness also discussed ways to strengthen mutually beneficial collaboration between Singapore and the AKDN.
The Aga Khan took the opportunity to thank Singapore for its contribution to the Dental Team of the Bamyan Provincial Hospital in Afghanistan, which is funded by the AKDN.
The lunch was a follow-up to the Aga Khan's visit in Singapore last December as part of his Golden Jubilee celebrations.
Quick links
What's new
18 September 2014
Aga Khan Museum Opens to Public with Inaugural Exhibitions and Performing Arts Programme
12 September 2014
Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Aga Khan Open the Ismaili Centre Toronto and Aga Khan Museum
18 August 2014
Aga Khan Museum in Toronto to Open on 18 September 2014
14 August 2014
Aga Khan University's Chancellor and Trustees decide to expand in Tanzania
05 August 2014
University of Central Asia to Help Strengthen Good Governance in Afghanistan through Training for District Governors
© 2007 The Aga Khan Development Network. This is the only authorised Website of the Aga Khan Development Network.


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Wichita State professor looks for meaning in communication
May 1, 2014 3:26 PM | Print
After years of traveling the United States, Jennifer Tiernan said the opportunity to work with her husband at a highly respected school led her to Wichita.
Tiernan joined Wichita State's Elliott School of Communication (ESC) in 2013 as an assistant professor. Her husband, Matthew Cecil, came to WSU at the same time to take over as ESC director.
In her year at Wichita State, Tiernan has been busy. Her expertise is in critical and cultural studies; visual communication; and technology. She teaches undergraduate and graduate media studies courses on topics of gender and communication, film studies and mass communication.
Recently, Tiernan presented a paper about when women in online mothering support groups create real friendships. And she and ESC assistant professor Jessica Bertapelle are conducting interviews about communication among families in which grandparents are the primary caregivers.
"Ultimately, I study how we as media consumers and citizens make meaning," Tiernan says. "I tend to focus on visual communication, but I am also interested in how we use technology to make meaning and form communities of practice."
A broader perspective
Born and raised in Torrance, Calif., until age 10, she and her family then moved to New Jersey when her dad took a job in New York City.
"I wouldn't change a thing," she says. "It was great to grow up 25 miles outside of Manhattan."
After high school, Tiernan got her undergraduate degree at Eugene Lang College of the New School for Social Research in New York City and then headed to the Midwest and the University of Iowa. She knew she wanted to be a professor, but wasn't set on the discipline. She majored in American studies for her bachelor's and master's degrees and loved the combination of history, popular culture and theory.
Tiernan's focus turned toward communication as she worked on her thesis: an ethnographic study of Vietnam veterans who took snapshots during their time at war. She was interested in how veterans used their photographs to make sense of their wartime experiences, and how their images compared to those of professional photojournalists.
That work continued as Tiernan pursued her Ph.D. and became the primary reason she pursued mass communication as a career.
During her last year of college and for a few years after, Tiernan headed back to the East Coast. She lived in New York City and was assistant to the director of development at The Jewish Museum, as well as an assistant photographer for a big wedding photography company.
After her stint in New York, Tiernan went to graduate school at the University of Wyoming and then headed back to the University of Iowa. She even spent time as a radio deejay while there before heading into the teaching world.
Tiernan has since worked at Purdue University in Indiana, the University of Oklahoma, and most recently at South Dakota State University.
"Aside from getting to know many different people, I feel like living in so many different parts of the country has given me a broader perspective on American culture," Tiernan says.
Tiernan is excited about her future in Wichita, which also includes her 9-year-old son, Owen.
"There are many exciting things going on at WSU, so I think it's a great time to be here and be a part of the change and development," she said. "It's been a great move for my family, and I am really enjoying Wichita."
This story has been tagged Faculty/Staff, Elliott School of Communication, Fairmount College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. See all RSS feeds here
Created on May 1, 2014 3:26 PM; Last modified on May 12, 2014 12:15 PM
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and found 16 items
1803cc, 75bhp, 105mph, Insurance group 17
A bike for the kind of people who want to customise their Harley but want someone to do all the thinking and work for them. Ride it down any street and you can see people's heads turning and mouthing the word Harley as you chug past, legs wide astride, hunkered down low in the custom seat watching passers by look ...
1584cc, bhp, 115mph, Insurance group
The Street Glide tries hard to bridge the gap between full-on tourer and custom street bike. The bike is based on Harley's spine frame touring chassis but is 'slammed' for a low mean look. The twin cam 96 cubic inch (1584cc) engine hauls the bike briskly to a comfortable 80mph cruising speed with just the right amount of vibes. As ...
1250cc, 109.2bhp, 145.1mph, Insurance group 16
Harley's cruiser V-Rod has been about since 2001, and the new Muscle is… is just another styling exercise to bolster what is arguably a tired range. The Muscle is essentially a reworked V-Rod with design touches (muscular, flowing lines) to front it up as a serious boulevard traffic light blaster. Except it isn't that muscular – 12.25sec standing quarters anyone?
1584cc, 75bhp, 90mph, Insurance group 15
Harley's Cross Bones is the perfect antidote to a tough week at work. It's so comfortable, thanks to its wide, beautifully padded, hand-stitched sprung seat and rubber-topped footboards that you could almost fall asleep on it; something the whisper-quiet exhausts would unfortunately let you do, if you weren't careful. It looks the part and the 'Springer' front end adds to ...
1202cc, 90bhp, 125mph, Insurance group 14
Basically, perhaps very basically, the Harley-Davidson XR1200R is a good bike. Dynamically the XR1200R performs and handles better than any Harley before. It's brisk (if not exactly fast), fun to throw around and looks good, too. The main disappointment is that it's finish and spec is pretty crude and the XR1200R looks like its engineering came out of a Polish ...
1130cc, 120bhp, 144mph, Insurance group 17
'Designed for Europe' Harley-Davidson Street Rod is a sports version of the Harley-Davidson V-Rod. So while the engine remains the same as its cruiser cousin, the Harley-Davidson Street Rod's chassis has been modified to turn it into a handler. It works, too, delivering a much more invigorating ride – still no Suzuki GSX-R1000, not by a long chalk.
1580cc, 67bhp, 118mph, Insurance group 16
One of Harley's whackier 'image bikes', in a similar vein to the Harley-Davidson Bad Boy, Street Bob and Night Rod. The Harley-Davidson Night Train is a Europe-only model based on the Softail. It's lean, mean and very black and it goes pretty much as it looks. If you like the style of the Harley-Davidson Night Train you won't be disappointed.
1130cc, 115bhp, 144mph, Insurance group 17
The Harley-Davidson Night Rod is the third derivative of the controversial (but undeniably modern) Harley-Davidson VRSC V-Rod family is for those who like their bikes hot-rod style – and black. In practical terms it's halfway between the laid back Harley-Davidson V-Rod and semi-sporty roadster Harley-Davidson Street Rod. And that's no bad thing: a modern Harley with style and ability.
1580cc, 67bhp, 115mph, Insurance group 15
The Harley-Davidson Dyna Wide Glide is the Harley motorcycle for the real Easy Rider/Chopper fans. Basic Hog architecture (big twin mill, twin shock 'Dyna' rear end) gets the full-on 'bro' treatment with raked out, widely-splayed (hence the Wide moniker) forks, 21-inch wire front wheels, pull-back Ape-hangers, 'bobtail' rear fender and forward-mounted 'highway' pegs. As a motorcycle, ponderous. As a style statement, the ...
1450cc, 65bhp, 115mph, Insurance group 15
Basically the Harley-Davidson Dyna Super Glide Sport is as per the stock Harley-Davidson Dyna Super Glide but with a touch more hard edged sporting attitude courtesy of flat bars, a different seat, twin disc brakes and a touch more mean and moody matt black paint.
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