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Western Australia Overview
Western Australia is the largest of all the states in Australia and occupies around a third of the entire continent. It is bordered by the Indian & Southern Oceans and The Northern Territory and South Australia.
This resource rich state state is one of the most abundant mineral rich regions in the world.
Most of the population of Western Australia live in the south west, in and around the capital, Perth. The south west also has some well known wine regions, such as the Margaret River.
To the north west of the state are the rugged and remote Kimberleys which are considered Australia's last frontier. This majestic and unique region covers over 400 000 square kilometers and is punctuated with magnificent gorges, canyons and unique land forms, millions of years in the making.
The Capital, Perth, known as "The City of Lights," is situated on the Swan River, enjoys a Mediterranean climate and is surrounded by beautiful gardens and reserves.
Perth city centre appears to sit on the shores of a lake as the Swan River expands forming Perth Water which is almost 1 mile (1.5km) at its widest section. This expanse of water is dotted with ferries, cruise boats, wind surfers and yachts and is the perfect backdrop for the city on its north shore.
Perth is adjacent to Fremantle which is a bustling and quaint port famed for its restaurants, cafes and bars. More...
The Engine Room of Australia, & beyond.
The state of Western Australia has a diversity of sought after minerals deposits the state has in abundance. For example, WA has almost 15 - 20% of world wide production of alumina, industrial diamonds, iron ore and nickel.
The state also has huge reserves of oil and natural gas; there are currently over over 60 oil and natural gas fields operating with more to follow.
In addition, of the worlds known reserves, the state has around 40% of the uranium, over 50% of the Tantalum (an important mineral used in the production of electronic components), over 30 % of the zircon and over 25% of the rutile (both important industrial minerals).
It is no wonder that Western Australia is seen as the engine room not only of Australia but large parts of the world.
Margaret River
Margaret River is a popular wine region and its wines, resorts and cuisine are fast earning an enviable reputation internationally. Margaret River is 300km south of Perth.
Western Australian Accommodation
Please see our West Australian accommodation map to book resorts, hotels and self catering apartments throughout the state'.
Popular holiday locations include Perth and the Broome .
W.A At A Glance
Climate:: South-Mediterranean, long hot summers. North-Dry, tropical..
SIZE: 2 600 000 Sq Km
Land Form: Semi arid desert interior. Rich fertile southern region. Mountainous regions e.g Gibson and Stirling Ranges.
Driving in parts of Western Australia can be hazardous and is not recommended for the inexperienced or un prepared.
POPULATION: Circa 2.0 Million, approx 1.5 million live in and around Perth.
Western Australian Flag
Broome and the Kimberleys
Broome is situated on the Great Northern Highway, some 1400 miles from Perth. This modern town is an increasingly popular tourist destination since it is ideally located as a base for exploring the Kimberley region, home of the Bungle Bungles, and close to some wonderful coast-land and beaches.
Cable Beach is one of the most famous and beautiful beaches in Australia. The beach is close to the town and is a must if you visit Broome. Visitors become attached to the beach and often spend more time there than they expected.
Broome is also known as the gateway to the Kimberleys, a vast, largely uninhabited area of outstanding rugged natural beauty. In this region are the Bungle Bungles, unique domed rock formations unlike anything else in Australia or the World for that matter. They have only been discovered relatively recently by a pilot. More...
Fremantle is a bustling port town less than half an hour from Perth. It is famous for its night life, pubs and coffee strip centred around the quaint harbour complex. Fremantle was put on the map when it hosted the Americas Cup. More...


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Obligations in Roman law :past, present, and future
- Thomas A.J. McGinn (ed.)
- University of Michigan Press, 2012
- Find it in Pittcat ›
- Request this book by email ›
This volume investigates in detail the Roman law of obligations together with its subordinate fields, contacts and delicts (torts).
PittCat: KJA2512.C66 2008

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A federal judge was asked on Monday to dismiss a lawsuit by several Montgomery area voters, who say their vote was invalidated when Roy Moore was removed as chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court.
Deputy Attorney General Charles Campbell argued at a hearing in federal court that the lawsuit should be dismissed partly because Moore's case is still active in state courts. Campbell also argued that the state Court of Judiciary has been disciplining judges in Alabama for 30 years and did not violate the rights of voters when it ousted Moore.
The Court of the Judiciary voted unanimously to remove Moore from office because he refused U.S. District Judge Myron Thompson's order that he move a 5300 poud Ten Commandments monument from the rotunda of the Alabama Judicial Building. The granite monument was moved on order from the Supreme Court's eight associate justices after Moore refused to do it. Attorney for the voters, Brian Chavez-Ochoa, says Moore's case is separate from the lawsuit filed by his clients. He told U.S. District Judge Mark Fuller that Moore's appeal of his removal from office should not be tied to the voters' lawsuit.
Alabama Associated Press
12 East Delano Avenue
Montgomery, AL 36105
(334) 288-1212
FCC Public File
EEO Report
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Chicology® Florence Roller Shades
Item # WX2-225979
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This item is shipped directly from the factory. To see the expected shipping date, please add to your Shopping Cart. Sorry, no express shipping available. We are unable to ship factory direct items to Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico or APO or FPO addresses.
- Details & Specs
Chicology® Florence Roller Shades add a contemporary twist to a classic window treatment!
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GreatSchools Rating
Teacher quality
Principal leadership
Parent involvement
There is much tension amongst teachers, parents and administration. Under the leadership of Dr. Jessie there is not much room for improvement. Many administrators are beyond the retirement point.
I agree. Dr. Jesse is the best! My son started attending Cascade in the 1st Grade. He is now going to the 4th Grade. Dr. Jesse is very hands on and expects excellence from his teachers as well as his students. He really cares about each and every student and it shows. I am not surprised by the test scores of Cascade students and would expect nothing less. Way to go Dr. Jesse! Keep on doing what you're doing!
Cascade has a great Principal A. Jessie. He is very concerned about the students and the school's image. My son has been there since kindergarten and now in the third grade. He reads on a six grade level and a seventh grade math level this school allows him to be well round. Coach Wynn has an excellent physical education program. Mrs. Moorman teaches him the violin and he is able to take spanish. This school is truly the best in the community and it show. I am so proud to be apart of the Cascade Elem. family. We also, has one of the best PTSA in the city.
Community ratings and reviews do not represent the views of GreatSchools nor does GreatSchools check their accuracy or verify the reviewers' identities. Use your discretion when evaluating these reviews.
The Community Rating is the school's average rating from its community members (e.g., parents, students, and school staff). The highest possible rating is five stars; the lowest is one star.
2326 Venetian Dr SW
Atlanta, GA 30311
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La Quinta Inn & Suites Newark - Elkton
304 Belle Hill Road
Elkton, MD 21921
Phone: 1-410-620-9494
Fax: 1-410-620-9445
Driving Directions from the North :
Detailed Map and Driving Directions:
Directions from Local Airport(s):
Philadelphia Intl Airport
Head East on Belle Hill Rd; Turn right on RT279. Merge onto I-95N. Passing through DE entering PA. Take exit 13 and merge onto PA-291W. Left at Island Ave to Enterprise Ave. Turn right at Fort Muffin Rd
Baltimore/Washington Intl Airport
Head W on Belle Hill rd. Take right on Elkton Rd. Take R on Elkton Rd. Take exit 52 to merge onto MD295S.Take exit to I-95E toward BWI Airport. Continue on Elm Rd.


text:
Order in the next 1 hours 51 minutes for delivery TOMORROW
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This 100% recycled glass vase completes the flower product you have selected and gives the wow factor you are after.
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Delicious birthday fruit cake with a candle.
May contain traces of nuts and gluten. Suitable for vegetarians.
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Gorgeous teddy in classic style. 16cm sitting
A fashionable high quality clear glass vase guaranteed to provoke admiring glances.
height: 20cm
A perfect gift to celebrate the arrival of a baby girl. A pink, plush teddy bear with ribbon.
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A delicious selection of handmade truffles beautifully wrapped in gold giftwrap and finished elegantly with a pink bow.
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CD 3210 - Children and Families in Society
Credits: 3
Explores the major socializing forces in children's lives while identifying and applying processes that can serve to promote the development of socially responsible and culturally competent children as well as socially just environments. Special attention is paid to families, schools, community resources, media influences and literacy, and advocacy. Case study analysis and field experiences are essential parts of the course. Falls and Springs. Prerequisite(s): CD 2360.
*All course information is from the 2013-2014 Catalog.


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KIIDs are subject to revision when material changes occur with an annual update within 35 business days after 31 December, regardless of the UCITS' year end. This annual update will increase the workload of the already stretched resources in legal, compliance, risk, fund accounting, sales and marketing, especially during the first quarter of the year. Hence, to ensure compliance, UCITS must start working on introducing new processes and procedures immediately to ensure readiness.
UCITS must also decide whether to produce a KIID for each available share class or whether a representative share class is available. This decision will have a significant impact on the production and dissemination requirements. Automation will be key as the implied volumes for medium and large UCITS managers will mean KIID production will become impractical to deal with on a manual basis in the longer term.
|• Consistency with fund prospectus
• Use of non-technical language
• Implementation of data flows with involved counterparties
• Availability of data
• Allocation of resources and scalability
• Signposting of content in other documents
• Coordination of material changes and regular revisions
• SRRI criticality
|• Limited to two pages of A4
• Follow pre-defined form, headings and content
• High volume of documents to produce – necessary technical and human resources assessment
• Translation issues
• Strong IT infrastructure required to manage all specificities
• Decide on KII share class
• Independent review of SRRI
• Impact on service model and controls environment as new internal processes are required
|• Large number of documents to multiple recipients with possible synergies
• Submission to foreign regulatory authorities depending on cross border registrations
• Consider automated solutions
• Durable medium vs website
• Timely dissemination with multiple instances
• Terms of grandfathering clause
• Request CSSF approval
• Maintenance of website and databases


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National Wetland Policies -- Uganda
The Republic of Uganda
National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources
Ministry of Natural Resources
7.1 Drainage of Wetlands
7.2 Environmenta1Iy sound management
7.3 Sustainable use of Wetlands
7.4 Conservation of Wetlands
7.5 Water supply and effluent treatment
7.6 Tenure and use
7.7 Recovery of previously drained wetlands
7.8 Environmenta1 Impact Assessment (EIA) arid Monitoring
7.9 Developing public awareness
7.10 Research and Inventory
7.11 Capacity Building
7.12 Promoting International actions
7.13 Wetlands legislation and Institutional arrangements
Annex 1: GUIDELINES FOR WETLAND RESOURCE DEVELOPERS
Wetlands, commonly known as swamps in Uganda, are a resource of considerable importance, just like forests, rangelands, arable land, and open water resources.
Wetland resources in Uganda have traditionally been utilized by the people as a source of materials for construction, crafts, furniture, and as hunting and fishing areas. Traditionally seasonal wetlands and margins of permanent wetlands have been used for grazing cattle, growing crops and as a source for domestic water. In addition, they are a major habitat for wildlife resources. Despite these values, wetlands have hitherto been regarded as "wastelands" and many have been reclaimed and degraded.
When the National Resistance Movement Government carne to power in 1986, it inherited a chaotic situation in the social, economic, political as well as in environmental spheres, including wetlands. However, within eight months after taking power, the Government took decisive steps to halt the destruction of wetlands. In September 1986, Government issued administrative guidelines to curtail the devastation of wetland resources. In particular, a ban on large-scale drainage schemes was imposed until such time that a more elaborate, scientifically proven and socially harmonious policy was put in place. The purpose of this was to provide the basis for environmentally sound management and rational utilisation of the wetlands resources.
Over the last few years, the Ministry of Natural Resources, in consultation with all stakeholders has prepared a National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources. The policy has now been approved by government. It is, therefore very gratifying that I present to you the National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources.
The policy aims at curtailing the rampant loss of wetland resources and ensuring that benefits from wetlands are sustainable and equitably distributed to all people of Uganda. In this respect, therefore, the wetlands policy calls for:
- no drainage of wetlands unless more important environmental management requirements supersede
- sustainable use to ensure that benefits of wetlands are maintained for the foreseeable future;
- environmentally sound management of wetlands to ensure that other aspects of the environment are not adversely affected;
- equitable distribution of wetland benefits;
- the application of environmental impact assessment procedures on all activities to be carried out in a wetland to ensure that wetland development is well planned and managed.
In order to put the policy goals and objectives into practice and to provide a legal framework for implementing the policy, wetland related issues have been adequately incorporated into the National Environmental Statute 1995. The Wetlands policy will be strengthened by a supplementary law specifically addressing wetland concerns.
The government of Uganda would like to extend her sincere thanks and appreciation to the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), the Government of the Netherlands and IUCN-the World Conservation Union for their financial and technical support which has facilitated the formulation of the wetlands policy. The government is further grateful to all the people of Uganda for their cooperation and participation in formulation of the policy.
With the Wetlands Policy now in place, Government wishes to assure all people of Uganda of her continued commitment to sustenance of wetlands for the present and future generations.
The onus is now on us to ensure that we conserve the wetland resources in the best way possible.
Henry Muganwa Kajura
Minister of Natural Resources
Wetlands cover about 10% of Ugandas total land surface area and provide a wide variety of bio-physical and socio-economic functions. However, these benefits are in jeopardy due to poor management practices. The importance of wetlands to national development and the threats to their continued existence were recognised in 1986, when the government banned further large scale drainage and instituted the National Wetlands Conservation and Management Programme within the Department of Environment Protection to analyse existing activities and assess the full range of functions and values provided by wetlands. In addition, the programme concurrently carried out a sensitisation and awareness campaign and consultations to enlighten the public on the values and functions of wetlands and the need for their conservation and sustainable use.
Government has adopted the National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources to promote their conservation in order to sustain their values for the present and future well being of the people
In support of this aim, the National Wetlands Policy sets five goals:
- to establish the principles by which wetland resources can be optimally used now and in the future;
- to end practices which reduce wetland productivity;
- to maintain the biological diversity of natural or semi-natural wetlands;
- to maintain wetland functions and values;
- to integrate wetland concerns into the planning and decision making of other sectors.
Three principles apply in pursuit of these goals
(a) Wetland resources form an integral part of the environment and their management must be pursued in the context of an interaction between conservation and the national development strategies and activities.
(b) Wetland conservation can only be achieved through a coordinated and cooperative approach involving all the concerned people and organisations in the country including the local communities.
(c) It is of vital importance for wetland conservation and management that the present attitudes and perceptions of Ugandans regarding wetlands be changed.
Thirty six specific policy statements are made on how the goals will be achieved, and a preliminary set of guidelines for wetland resource users is annexed.
In particular, the policy aims at:
- ensuring no drainage occurs unless more important environment management requirements supersede;
- ensuring that only non-destructive uses are carried out in and around wetlands;
- ensuring that wetland developments are subject to environmental impact assessment and audit;
- maintaining an optimum diversity of uses and users and consideration for other stakeholders when using a wetland.
The need for enacting a national law to regulate the management of wetlands resources is highlighted.
Finally, the role of the district authorities in controlling activities within wetlands is defined and procedures to be followed in dealing with applications from prospective wetland resource developers are outlined.
Wetlands, commonly known as swamps in Uganda, are a natural resource of considerable importance like forests, rangelands, arable land and fisheries.
The term "Wetlands" refers to an area where plants and animals have become adapted to temporary or permanent flooding by saline, brackish or fresh water.
For our purposes these include permanently flooded areas with sedge or grass swamp, swamp forest or high altitude mountain bog, as well as seasonal flood plains and depressions without flow (Mbuga or Dambos).
All wetlands are characterised by impeded drainage, but vary in detail depending on the period of flooding, depth of water, altitude, fertility of the surrounding soil and other environmental factors. They are nevertheless all characterized by having distinctive plants and animals which are adapted to flooding.
Ugandas rich endowment in wetlands, which accounts for about 10% of the land area, is mainly due to her geological past. Many wetlands originated with the upwarping of land associated with the formation of the Rift Valley. The warping was spread over a wide area impending and even reversing river flow.
The wide distribution of wetlands means a large proportion of the population have access to the utilization of wetlands, resulting in extensive degradation of the wetlands. This calls for particular urgency in their efficient management and sustainable utilization.
Wetland resources in Uganda have traditionally been used by the people as a source of building materials, for crafts, furniture and as hunting and fishing areas. Seasonal wetland margins have been used for grazing cattle, growing arable crops, and for domestic water. Wetlands provide important habitat for wildlife.
The high productivity and economic potential of wetlands in Uganda has barely been tapped and experience so far shows it will not be easy. Many attempts at conversion to farmland have failed because fertility was dependant upon an inflow of organic matter and sediment or on retaining a high water table.
The functional aspects of wetlands can be divided into those which are natural i.e., those which would exist even with no human manipulation (referred to herein as ecological), and those which are created by human exploitation (referred to herein as socio-economic). These functions are itemised below and are not in order of importance because this varies depending on location and many of the functions are inter-related.
(i) Maintenance of the water table
The impeded drainage allows the water to stay in one place long enough to maximize infiltration This helps to recharge the water table. A high water table means that in the immediate surroundings of the wetland there is access to water supplies for plants.
(ii) Prevention of erosion
If it were not for the retarded flow of water, the region downstream of the wetland would receive the full erosive force of storm events, resulting in soil and stream bank degradation.
(iii) Reduction in extremes of flow
Wetlands act like leaky dams, ponding back water when they receive it and subsequently letting it flow through slowly. This results in maximizing the area of land which can be kept moist for productive purposes, as well as the lengths of time during the year for such activities.
(iv) Sediment traps
Material eroded from the surrounding catchment by rivers is sedimented out when the flow is slowed upon entering a wetland. Sediment retention prevents downstream resources of dams, farmland, rivers and lakes from being silted up.
(v) Wildlife habitats and centers of biological diversity
Wetlands provide habitat for a variety of plants and animals, some of which depend entirely on wetlands for their survival. They are natural habitats for the Sitatunga and the Shoe Bill, among other species. The Crowned Crane, Ugandas national bird breeds in wetlands with a preference for seasonal grass swamps.
(i) Plant products
Papyrus and similar plants have been traditionally harvested for everyday necessities such as thatching, mats, baskets while the palms and smaller-sized trees are used as structural building materials
(ii) Fishing
Wetlands harbor a substantial population of fish, which have traditionally been caught as an important food item in many parts of Uganda which are far away from the main lake fisheries.
(iii) Cattle grazing
The marginal parts of wetlands, where the soil is permanently or seasonally moist, have for long been used as grazing areas for livestock especially during the dry season.
(iv) Water supply
Wetland plants have the capacity to take out impurities from the water thus filtering it. Because of this function, it has been possible for rural communities to obtain a pure water supply at no cost.
(v) Nutrient and Toxin retention
Because wetland vegetation will strip out nutrients from the in-flowing water, this protects the quality of water down stream. They also have the ability to strip toxic substances from in-flowing water.
(vi) Tourism
The diversity of wetland biological communities have a potential for earning tourism income.
These problems derive from two sources. Firstly, there has been a traditional lack of recognition of wetlands as anything but unusable wastelands. In previous times when there was enough and easily cultivatable land, the extra work required to exploit waterlogged areas was too great to bother with. This has led to the second general problem, that the exploitation has often been unbalanced, excessive, and inappropriate for the resources. The results have frequently been an irretrievable loss of an important source for sustainable production.
It is important to appreciate that the problems do not arise because of development as such, but because of development which does not take all the requirements of a community into consideration.
The following are among others, the specific problems
(i) Water loss
Wetlands have commonly been drained to enlarge the area of farmland. But drainage of wetlands causes loss of valuable water which would otherwise be available for plant growth.
(ii) Reduced runoff control
If drained, the ability of wetlands to control water flow is lost, as is also the downstream erosion prevention, as well as the seasonal spread of the moist areas for fast-maturing crops and for grazing
(iii) Soil deterioration
Exposure of wetland soils to drying can frequently lead to their acidification, caused by the conversion of sulphide in the original wetland to sulphuric acid. The soil can shrink upon drying and become too thin and friable for good agriculture.
(iv) Traditional use loss
Traditional harvesting of natural vegetation or fishing and hunting as well as a good water supply will be lost if wetlands are completely converted to large-scale exploitation, such as cash crop farming which is a mono-culture activity.
(v) Restricted ownership of the resource
Although conversion to cash agriculture may yield a great amount in the short term, such production tends to be restricted to one or few investors, while reducing or eliminating the various type of production which previously went to many individuals in the community.
(vi) Reduced economic flexibility
Reducing the diversity of productive activity limits the options for adjusting to new economic conditions when they occur later on.
(vii) Crop pest risks
Large areas of monoculture, such as rice growing, are always susceptible to pest invasions. While this in principle might be dealt with by agricultural control methods, these can be expensive and difficult to manage, and beyond the capacity of the wetland developer.
(viii) Health problems
When people come into increased contact with static and unpurified water, as in rice-growing or many other farming practices, an increase in the incidence of bilharzia infections can be expected. This would have a grossly debilitating effect on the community using the wetland calling for unnecessarily heavy investment in health facilities that would have otherwise been avoided.
Although wetlands conservation and management is a shared responsibility for all Ugandans, Government has a leading role to play. The various functions and related problems of wetlands enumerated above are critical for their sustainable use and the general socio-economic development of the nation.
It is also an international responsibility of government to conserve wetlands and sustainably utilize them under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, of which Uganda is a signatory and Contracting Party.
To carry out these shared responsibilities with respect to the countrys wetlands, Government has outlined broad aims which are also supported by a number of specific goals. Further, guiding principles will be presented to govern the manner in which the National Policy for the conservation and management of wetland resources will be implemented.
The National Policy on the Conservation and Management of the Wetland Resources complements the goals and objectives of the National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) process and sectorial policies including those of fisheries, forestry, wildlife, water, land tenure and soils, among others, as well as the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat.
The overall aim is to promote the conservation of Ugandas wetlands in order to sustain their ecological and socio-economic functions for the present and future well being of the people.
In support of the above aim, government will strive to achieve the following goals.
(1) Establish the principles by which wetland resources can be optimally used, and their productivity can be maintained into the future.
(2) End existing unsustainable exploitative practices in wetlands to avert the decline in their productivity.
(3) Maintain a biological diversity in wetlands either in the natural community of plants and animals or in the multiplicity of agricultural activity.
(4) Maintain the functions and values derived from wetland resources throughout Uganda.
(5) Promote the recognition and integration of wetland functions in resource management and economic development decision making with regard to sector policies and programs such as forestry, agriculture, fisheries, wildlife and sound environmental management.
The National Wetland Conservation and Management Policy, in pursuance of the above goals, will be based on the following principles:
(a) Wetland resources form an integral part of the environment and their conservation must be pursued in the context of an interaction between conservation and the overall development strategies and activities.
(b) Wetland conservation can only be achieved through a co-ordinated and co-operative approach involving all the concerned people and organisations in the country, including the local communities.
(c) It is of vital importance for wetland conservation and management that the present attitudes and perceptions of Ugandans regarding wetland be changed.
These basic policy principles will be brought to bear through the strategies described herein below.
All the strategies herein are deemed to be of critical importance for the success of this policy and are therefore not taken in order of priority.
7.1 Drainage of Wetlands
Uganda has experienced massive drainage of wetlands for human development activities. The effects of this drainage are visible in many parts of the country.
i) There will be no drainage of wetlands unless more important environmental management requirements supersede.
Explanation: Artificial large-scale removal or exclusion of water from a wetland by whatever means constitutes drainage. This may be by pumping, by excavation of water channels and perhaps combined with excessive growing of trees. Other drainage means may include building of dams upstream of a wetland. Such modifications should be avoided.
7.2 Environmentally sound management
Wetlands, other natural resources and the environment are inter-related. Most users of wetland resources do not take into account other aspects of the environment, leading to adverse effects on the environment.
(i) Only those uses that have been proved to be non-destructive to wetlands and their surroundings will be allowed and/or encouraged. These include water supply, fisheries, wetland edge gardens and grazing.
Explanation: A key issue in the management of a natural resource is whether its use causes adverse effects on the environment. For example, the production of bricks from clay soil leads to deforestation around the brick-making kilns, which is environmentally degrading. However, the smoking of fish caught in a wetland, using papyrus (which could be sustainably harvested) for fuel may be environmentally sound and can reduce the exploitation of fuel wood supplies in the area.
7.3 Sustainable use of Wetlands
National economic and social prosperity depends on the maintenance of a high quality environment. There is therefore need to balance development with conservation of the environment.
(i) Wetlands may be utilized in such a way that they do not lose traditional benefits presently obtained from them.
(ii) Any decision to use wetlands must consider the requirements of all other users in the community.
Explanation: Sustainable use of a wetland is defined to mean utilization which ensures that the products or services derived from that use are available at the same level for the foreseeable future. For example, yields from fishing or harvesting of papyrus should be set at a level that can be maintained for the foreseeable future.
7.4 Conservation of Wetlands
Wetlands are important habitats for a variety of biological resources, some of which depend entirely on wetlands for their survival
(i) Government will establish fully "Protected Wetlands Areas" of important biological diversity.
(ii) Government may also establish certain wetlands which will be used for partial exploitation such as research.
(iii) No modification, drainage or other impacts will be entertained for the so-protected wetlands.
(iv) Parts of utilized wetlands will be set aside for conservation activities and/or protected from modification, drainage or exploitation
Explanation: Conservation of some wetlands to protect indigenous species of plants and animals is essential for the future biodiversity of Uganda. Many attributes of wetlands remain to be discovered and therefore, complete protection of certain ecologically important wetlands is necessary. Uganda already has an internationally important wetland at Lake George, and also other important wetlands outside the reserves, e.g. the edges of Lake Victoria need to be protected.
7.5 Water supply and effluent treatment
Rapid population growth and the increasing rate of development require sufficient and steady amount of water supply and discharge of effluent at an affordable cost. Many urban settlements including Kampala City are dependent on wetlands for water supply, treatment arid discharge of effluent.
(i) Any wetland serving as a source of water supply or receiving effluent as part of a designated service to any human settlement shall be declared a fully protected wetland from any encroachment, drainage or modification.
Explanation: Wetlands can preserve the purity of water by their filtration capacity. One of the important reasons for this policy arises from extensive draining of wetlands for horticulture where these areas also serve as water purification centres. Such drainage has led to a dangerous situation where farmers and members of the community may come into bodily contact with raw sewage during farming and domestic activities.
7.6 Tenure and use
Wetlands have in many instances been referred to as "wastelands". In order to elevate wetlands from this status and to recognise them as a useful resource, there is need for the Government to continue having control over their management, until such a time that developers have understood the role and importance of wetlands in the environment.
(i) All wetlands are a public resource to be controlled by the Government on behalf of the public. There shall be no leasing of any wetland to any person or organisation in Uganda at any given moment and for whatever reason.
(ii) However, communal use will be permitted, but only if environmental conservation and sustainable use principles and strategies of this policy are adhered to. This communal use may be terminated by the Government if it is found that the community or any person has not adhered to the environmental obligations, principles and strategies of this policy.
(iii) All future land tenure documents including maps and layouts will indicate whether the area contains a wetland and will accordingly exclude these wetlands from tenure.
(iv) The layout will further be advertised in the parish where land is to be given out for a period of 30 days.
(v) Government will include wetland conservation considerations in its national land use plan so as to maintain the ecological character of wetlands.
(vi) Government will issue permits for wetland developers and users. It also reserves the right, for the national and public good, to issue a permit to a single authority for the management of an entire wetland on behalf of the community.
Explanation: Wetlands belong to the public but contrary to what might be expected from this ownership status, the Uganda Land Commission has often leased wetlands. Government consequently lost control of any protective or conservatory requirements. The maps used for the leasing inadequately distinguished wetlands from the surrounding dry land and the layouts were not widely advertized. While there is a necessity to prevent the sequestering of wetland resources into the hands of a few private lessees, this has to be balanced against the legitimate needs of users who will not be encouraged to use long term environmentally sound practices unless guarantees of long term occupation exist and consequently there is freedom from interference by conflicting users.
7.7 Recovery of previously drained wetlands
Many wetlands have been drained or modified especially in South west and eastern Uganda. This has led to loss of many would-be valuable resources before a full assessment has been carried out.
(i) Government may require that some wetlands which have already been drained, should be allowed to regenerate. For this purpose, Government aims at restoring the soil hydration so as to re-establish the wetlands vegetation as far as is ecologically possible. Such an operation may range from rehabilitation of wetlands along distance channels in the case of lease holder, to full rehabilitation after the lease has been cancelled or eviction in case of users with no leases.
Explanation: Previous Government policies, especially in the colonial and immediate post-colonial eras, allowed utilization of wetlands in a "planned" way. However, no guidelines were given and in the process that policy has been found to be unsustainable and led to massive drainage especially in Kabale, Bushenyi and Iganga. New schemes (rice) have tended to make people copy such massive drainage and this has led to adverse effects.
7.8 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Monitoring
Development activities in general tend to impact upon natural resources and the environment in various ways. Assessment and evaluation of such impacts helps to minimize the economic and social costs of preventing damage before occurrence as compared to restoring a degraded wetland.
(i) There will be a requirement that all proposed modifications and restorations on wetlands be subject to an EIA, the result of which will determine whether such restoration or modification should proceed and if so to what extent.
(ii) All planned new wetland developments will be subjected to an EIA process to determine the required environmental controls.
(iii) Those which have been subjected to EIAs will continuously be monitored to assess their impact on the environment and where the impact is detrimental, Government will require that such a development be halted.
Explanation: An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a detailed technical document which determines the legally binding environmental management measures to be incorporated into an economic development programme. EIAs are an essential management tool of any environmentally sound development planning in any society.
7.9 Developing public awareness
Very often wetlands are degraded because the public is either not fully aware or do not appreciate the diversity of values and functions of wetlands. Public awareness is therefore essential in creating a commitment and positive attitude towards conservation and sustainable utilisation of wetland resources.
Government will promote public awareness and understanding of wetland resources and actively encourage participation of the public, local government authorities and institutions. This recognises that implementation of this policy depends on whether it is realistic in terms of social acceptability and technical feasibility. In this regard the following measures and strategies will be taken:
(i) Design and deliver a National Public Awareness campaign on wetlands resources in cooperation with other natural resource sectors of the country and target such awareness at the wetland resource users.
(ii) Ensure that the public awareness campaign is integrated with other resources users campaigns both at district and national levels.
(iii) Disseminate awareness on the importance of wetlands through leaflets, posters, radio, television and other media.
(iv) Ensure wide circulation of guidelines for wetlands developers.
(v) Develop specific rural wetland development demonstration projects with the aim of giving local communities better management capabilities of wetland resources.
(vi) Periodically monitor the public response on the need to conserve wetlands in Uganda.
7.10 Research and Inventory
Demand-driven research is critical for understanding natural resources such as wetlands. The fact that wetlands account for about 10% of the total land area justifies the need for research and inventories to be conducted. In addition, not enough research has been carried out on the viability of wetland resources.
(i) Carry out research into wetland values and functions so as to determine their capacity to perform their various functions.
(ii) Carry out a full inventory of wetlands to determine their location, status and human values.
7.11 Capacity Building
One of the reasons for the unabated degradation of wetlands has been the inadequate human capacity to manage, understand and give appropriate advice on wetland management. There are indeed very few cadres knowledgeable in the efficient management of wetland resources.
(i) Government will re-train extension staff of relevant line ministries at District level to equip them with knowledge and skills to facilitate their supervisory role.
(ii) Government will also establish a mechanism and develop capacity for carrying out Environment Impact Assessments on proposed wetland development projects.
7.12 Promoting International actions
Wetland resources have trans-boundary significance. They serve as habitats for migratory waterfowl and other fauna, and therefore inevitably require regional and global approaches.
(i) Government will promote and actively participate in regional and international efforts to conserve and sustainably utilize wetlands and encourage the involvement of other Countries in the conservation of wetland resources.
(ii) Government will continue to promote her participation in the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar, 1971) and other conventions and treaties which are related to wetlands conservation including designating more areas as wetlands of International Importance.
(iii) In addition, Government will endeavor to promote the conservation and maintenance of the ecological character of Lake George as a wetland of International Importance.
7.13 Wetlands legislation and Institutional arrangements
Wetlands have been marginalised and regarded as wastelands. They therefore, need a strong government institutional arrangement and a sectoral national legislation in order to reverse the high rate of degradation and ensure sustainable management. Since wetlands are a multi-sectoral resource, there is need to create and establish an appropriate institutional arrangement for their management.
Although there are sectoral laws that refer to some aspects of wetlands such as water, or land or prevention of pollution, there is no comprehensive law for management of wetlands as an ecological entity.
(i) Enact a national law for regulating the management of wetland resources
(ii) Encourage district authorities to make bye-laws for the proper management of wetlands
(iii) Disseminate the broad guidelines provided herein, to district and urban authorities, as well as wetland users, researchers, academic institutions etc.
(iv) Establish an inter-ministerial policy implementation institution.
These guidelines are intended for persons proposing to use wetlands, for purposes of increasing the production of food and other goods and services. All users of wetlands are reminded that wetlands are a national resource and that the principles of environmentally sound management and sustainable use, as declared in the National Policy for Wetland Resource Management, must be applied to such use, and as defined herein.
No Drainage of wetlands
Drainage may be defined as the artificial large scale removal or exclusion of water from a wetland, which lowers the water table so that it does not rise to the soil surface. This practice radically alters the potential of the wetland and destroys its function as a natural regulator of water flow and storage. It is recognised that in the interest of the other principles listed, some modifications of water may be necessary.
Definition of Sustainable Use of Wetlands
Sustainable use is defined as the practice of wetland utilisation which will ensure that the production of goods or services derived from that use, are available at the same level in perpetuity. For example, yields from a fishing activity should be set at a level that can be maintained for the foreseeable future, i.e. sustainably.
Environmentally sound Management
A key issue in the management of any resource is whether that management causes adverse effects on the environment.
For example, the production of bricks from clay soil in a wetland leads to destruction and deforestation around the brick-making kilns, which is environmentally damaging and therefore unsound. However, the smoking of fish caught near a wetland, using papyrus briquettes or in semi-dried form, for fuel may be environmentally sound and will avoid the depletion of wood fuel supplies in the area.
Optimum diversity of use and users
Maintaining a diversity of traditional uses, and perhaps adding new uses where appropriate, means that the diversity of fauna and flora are retained in the wetland. This in turn will optimise the harvestable yield and ensure flexibility for later adaptations to changing circumstances.
Development through Environment Impact Assessment.
An Environment Impact Assessment (FIA) is a detailed technical document which determines the legally binding environmental management measures to be incorporated into an economic development programme. EIAs will be carried out by people knowledgeable in practical aspects of wetland management and the relevant economic and sociological aspects of the development. The administration of EIAs will be an important activity of environmental management.
It should be understood that these guidelines are an on-going process and they will be supplemented as more information becomes available.
People living adjacent to a wetland may have been deriving benefits from that wetland for many years. These benefits may include cutting of trees, reeds, water supply, fishing, grazing etc. Any change of use of a wetland must allow those traditional uses to continue, without loss or hindrance of any other user.
(a) Users of a wetland must ensure that the overall water balance is maintained so that the surface does not dry out.
Ridging and trenching may be performed within the wetland, allowing the growth of crops requiring drier soils, as long as the water level does not fail below about 0.5 metres from the top of the ridges.
A wetland shall under no circumstances be drained.
b) Bunding of fields to control the water level within the wetland must similarly ensure that the water table does not fall below about 0.5 metres of the soil surface.
Harvesting papyrus is a traditional usage which should always be catered for in the planning of multi-purpose use of wetlands. The frequency of harvesting one area should not be greater than once in every 15 months, otherwise the rate of growth and the amount which can be harvested will decline
Separate areas should be set aside to be harvested in sequence, so that a continuous supply of papyrus can be maintained.
On no account should papyrus be burnt, as doing so reduces the amount which can be harvested.
The catching of those species of fish which normally inhabit wetlands should be encouraged. However, to prevent the fish stocks from being over fished, the mesh size of gill nets should not be less than 2 inches (stretch dimension). Traditional catching methods using traps and spears need not be restricted.
It is allowed that the populations of these fish can be increased by constructing channels at the edges of wetlands and by excavating ponds.
(a) Fish ponds constructed within a wetland should be constructed on the sloping sides of the wetland. The recommended practice is to make use of gravity flow of water from the spring line which often arises from the soils at the edges of wetlands. Waste water from the ponds may be allowed to flow into the wetland. It is unwise to site a fish pond low in a wetland, as seasonal flooding can cause loss of stock and damage to bunding.
(b) No fish species may be cultured that is not indigenous to the wetland without specific permission in writing from the Commissioner of Fisheries in consultation with the Department of Environment Protection (DEP).
(c) Wetland vegetation may only be cleared under approval from the District authorities. Excavation of fish ponds into a wetland must preserve a favourable ratio of surface area to perimeter of vegetation. Individual ponds should not exceed a size of 1000 square metres (0.1 hectares), and there should be sufficient uncleared vegetation separating the ponds for use by other activities.
(a) Grazing of cattle in wetlands, particularly seasonal wetlands, is permitted but this should be considered as a public amenity to all those who require it, and fencing should not be erected to exclude any user or group of users.
(b) Notwithstanding paragraph 6 a, above, there will be a maximum total number of cattle which will be able to use the productivity of the wetland sustainably. This number will vary from place to place, and so planners should seek specialist advice from the ministry responsible for advice on the best numbers to be kept in any particular wetland. They should also undertake to obtain the cooperation of the cattle owners in this regard.
(c) The practice of annual burning of wetlands is banned unless beneficial management from such activity is demonstrated to the District authorities and is approved.
It must be ensured that all areas upstream of a wetland are properly managed to prevent wetland degradation. Wetland plants should also be encouraged to grow at the edges of river banks.
The District authorities will control all activities in wetlands by regulating brick-making, requiring that the brick-makers form a voluntary society and be licensed in accordance with the National Policy on the Management of Wetland Resources.
Unless the total area to be developed is less than 0.25 hectares, or as may be determined by the authorities, any developer shall provide an appropriate Environmental Impact Assessment based on the following:
(a) Identify the wetland on a map at a scale of 1:50,000 and describe the current use of the wetland.
(b) Describe the intended use of the wetland development by:
(i) Stating whether the use is for the benefit of an individual, a private company, cooperative society or a community organisation.
(ii) Providing a detailed description of the proposed activity e.g. farming, fishing.
(iii) Demonstrating that the proposed activity benefits the community, the economy and that it is both environmentally sound and sustainable.
(c) The completed application and the E.I.A. should be sent to the District authorities, and copied to the Department of Environment Protection, after approval by the RC1 ,RC2, RC3 committees in the area concerned.
(d) Any costs involved will be borne by the Developer.
The District Resistance Council (DRC) should satisfy itself that the application has been properly considered by the lower RCs and should consult with the District Development Committee (DDC) on the appropriateness of the application The DRC will as far as possible follow the guidelines herein provided.
(a) Inspect the proposed site and assess the likely impact of the development upon the environment, other users and the surrounding communities.
(b) Evaluate the environment impact assessment.
(c) Consult relevant Government departments for their advice.
(d) Upon receipt of advice, the DDC may come to a decision and recommend to the DRC that the proposal be accepted, modified or rejected.
(e) The DRC may direct as to whom will bear the cost of the approval or rejection of the proposal.
(f) The DRC may impose any other conditions as may be appropriate.
(1) At no one time should the entire area of a wetland be fully developed.
(2) There should not be "too many" developments within a wetland.
(3) Some representative wetlands or parts thereof should be left intact in a given area.
The local authorities will exercise reasonable discretion on the exact area of wetlands to be developed in accordance with the National Wetlands Policy and other prevailing policies on natural resources and the environment.
Ministry of Natural Resources


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After a brief hiatus from the industry due to a vocal cord injury back in 2010, John Mayer has returned to the stage for his first television performance in years. But the ailment didn't set him back, as the singer breezed through his 2006 hit "Waiting On The World To Change" and his latest single "Paper Doll," from his upcoming album Paradise Valley.
Mayer said that he knew he would return to singing back, but his voice isn't the same. "It's different now, just because the Botox is sort of clearing out," he said. "It's a gift that keeps unwrapping itself every month. I go, 'Oh, I can sing this song now!' So it looks as if there's certain songs I won't play. It's just I can't (yet)."
View his performance of "Waiting On the World to Change" up top, and watch the rest below.
John Mayer interview on the Today Show
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text: I bought this Lanvin x H&M jacket when it first came out and I've only worn it once so my friend could take a photo for a project, and its never left my house. I'm pretty sure it actually still has the tags on it. Regardless, at this point, its just taking up space in my closet, so I wanna sell it. Its a size 40, albeit it fits a bit slim. Someone buy it off me. I'm thinking around $200, based on what I've seen them going for online.


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Browsing all posts tagged with king of hip hop.
Eminem: King of Hip Hop
Thursday, August 18th, 2011
Rolling Stone Magazine is practically the ruler of all things music, right? So they must have the power to name the "King of Hip Hop," right? Well, they've named him! And "him" is Eminem! They say he's the most successful rapper after evaluating record sales, social media hits and critical acclaim for the past two […]


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Rocky Governor GORE-TEX® Composite Toe Work Boot
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The Rocky® Governor GORE-TEX® Composite Toe Work Shoe is a safety shoe that's also comfortable and waterproof, just the boot you need to support you on the job.
The Governor has a composite toe. A composite toe is lighter than steel, yet fully meets the ASTM standard for protective toe and CSA requirements for impact and compression resistance. This shoe also meets the ASTM standard for electrical hazard. So what does "œelectrical hazard " mean? Electrical hazard shoes are a secondary source of protection in an electrical hazard environment. They are designed to impede the flow of electricity through the shoe and to ground, reducing the possibility of electrocution.
Obviously, safety is a priority with these shoes; so you can think about the job at hand rather than about your feet.
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This waterproof work shoe is made of heavy-duty full-grain leather with 900 denier nylon that withstands tears and abrasions.
A Terra Suspension footbed provides all-day comfort as you walk, stand and do your job in the Governor.
- Goodyear Welt Construction
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- Durably Waterproof and Breathable GORE-TEX® fabric
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Our passion at Purely Products runs a twin track. We are focused on meeting the unstoppable groundswell for responsible products for responsible living as we fulfill our heart's mission to help children in need.
Pure and simple, small actions with the right heart can make big changes.
Purely Products White Pocket Purifier Handheld Germ-Eliminating UV-C Light & Flashlight
Clean, healthy living can be like running a germ gauntlet. Purely Products' Pocket Purifier Handheld Germ-Eliminating UV-C Light puts a wall of defense in your hands with its handheld germicidal light. Lightweight and convenient, Purely Products' Pocket Purifier Handheld Germ-Eliminating UV-C Light sanitizes surfaces and objects with the same UV-C light that hospitals use to sterilize surgical instruments. Purely Products' Pocket Purifier Handheld Germ-Eliminating UV-C Light is perfect for mom's to use on kid's toys destroying germs collected at daycare, play dates and more. Purely Products' Pocket Purifier Handheld Germ-Eliminating UV-C Light's ultraviolet light and nanotechnology eliminate 99.9% of germs that cause colds and flu, e-coli, salmonella, mold, fungus and MRSA (staph). Purely Products' Pocket Purifier Handheld Germ-Eliminating UV-C Light is a safe and non-toxic way to eliminate germs at home, on airplanes and in public areas--- where frequent exposure and contact to germs occurs. Purely Products' Pocket Purifier Handheld Germ-Eliminating UV-C Light is the most environmentally responsible way to kill germs without chemicals --hands-down.
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How It Works:
Desktops have almost 21,000 germs per square inch and cell phones have more than 25,000 per square inch (compared to only 49 per square inch on toilet seats). Pocket Purifier has a built-in germicidal UV-C light bulb that deactivates the DNA of bacteria, viruses and other pathogens, destroying their ability to multiply.
UV-C light can be used to eliminate any biological contaminant. Different organisms require varying intensities of UV-C light to sterilize, but any biological microorganism can be eliminated with UV-C, including SARs and MRSA (staph). UV-C light is particularly effective on medicinally resistant microorganisms, because mutations that increase drug resistance do not make the microorganism more resistant to UV-C sterilization.
Frequently Asked Questions:
Can this unit be used on your hands?
No. The Pocket Purifier is strictly for use on hard surfaces and objects and is not intended or safe to use on your skin or clothes. Also, you should never expose your eyes to the UV-C light.
How long will the bulb last?
The bulb in the Pocket Purifier is equipped to last 9,000 hours. Because the UV-C light only needs to scan a hard surface or object for 15-30 seconds, you can expect this unit to have a very long shelf life. However, if you need to replace the 4 Watt Germicidal Ultraviolet bulb, you can purchase replacements bulbs.
How does the Pocket Purifier actually work?
The UV-C light penetrates the membranes of viruses, bacteria, mold, and dust mites—attacking their DNA—terminating them and their ability to spread. The UV-C light is strong enough to kill 99.9% of all germs and bacteria. This is the same UV-C technology used in hospitals, food processing facilities, water treatment, and HVAC systems to eliminate biological contaminants and germs.
How do I know if it's working?
Most contaminants are microscopic, so you won't be visibly able see the effects of the UV-C light on hard surfaces--as is the case when you spray household cleaners in your home. However, because of the powerful strength of UV-C light, it can kill and destroy 99.9% of all organisms, germs and bacteria. In many cases, consumers who regularly wash their hands and use Pocket Purifier to disinfect and sanitize their home have experienced less cold and flu-like symptoms.
How close to the surface does the Pocket Purifier need to be?
Simply hold the Pocket Purifier face down so the UV-C light is about one inch away from the desired surface, counter top, or computer keyboard. Slowly scan the desired surface for approximately 15 to 30 seconds, and it will instantly sanitize and eliminate any germs or super bugs.
To use the UV-C light, slide the Pocket Purifier to the "Purifier" position and the UV-C light will appear. Slowly glide the unit with UV-C light faced down on an object for 15-30 seconds. The light will disinfect and sterilize any hard surface or object, killing any germs. Always make sure the UV-C light is turned to the off position when not in use. Lifespan of UV-C bulb is approximately 9,000 hours.
Uses 4 AA batteries (not included).
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The Team Jacob/ Team Edward Treaty.
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Hi everyone.I got this from a Yikes magazine.I hope you enjoy this.Taylor Lautner's absWhen do we get our own spinoff?less than 30 seconds ago from the web.Yo @ JustinBieberAbsYikes!Quit trying to…Continue
Started by Tracy Sauerbry. Last reply by Gabby May 30. 4 Replies 2 Likes
Hi everyone.I got this from a TigerBeat magazine.I hope you Like it.1 Cake Or Ice CreamOn a rough day,you know you could always cheer up you crush Tay by bringing him some of his fave guilty pleasure…Continue
Started by Alba Solorzano. Last reply by JJ Apr 11. 1 Reply 0 Likes
Ahhh!! It's been years since I've been here! I feel so lost but I wanted to find a fanfic I loved back in 2011 only to find it was removed... Has anyone been here this long? If you have please reply…Continue
Tags: fanfiction
Started by Official Team Jacob Captain. Last reply by Juli'Anna Page Feb 6. 21 Replies 1 Like
This is a group to just hang out and talk and chat:)
@ Catherine
Hey there, girl. I haven't heard from you on this group for a while.
Trunk Full of Broken Hearts is now updated ! :)
i cant wait to see Jacob and Rennesmee!!!!
@ Sarah
I love Jacob as well. I'm waiting for the last Breaking Dawn movie to come out. More Jacob to see!
Jacob is my perfect guy i love him...... <3
Jacob all the way
Abused and Loved chapter 14 is finally up guys! I'm so excited because I'm back. Here's the link:
Hey there all! I was wondering if anyone out there would like to join me and write a fan fiction involving Jack and Nessie with me? If you would like to write, please email me at email@example.com or YIM at boogsmom09. Thanks!
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Cost of 9/11 and its aftermath: $5 trillion
Beyond the human toll, the financial impact to the nation has been huge. Add up spending on the Iraq and Afghan wars and domestic security, long-term care for veterans and the impact on the deficit, and the total is expected to be staggering.
By Merrill Goozner, The Fiscal Times
The U.S. launched a global war on terror after the 9/11 terror attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the most deadly strikes against domestic targets by foreigners in U.S. history. Beyond the incalculable human cost of nearly 3,000 civilian lives and the subsequent deaths of more than 6,000 soldiers, 2,300 contractors and hundreds of thousands of Afghan and Iraqi soldiers, policemen and civilians, the fateful choices made after the attacks had profound ramifications for the U.S. government and continue to be a major contributor to its fiscal woes.
If you include both the next decade's interest payments on the debt-financed wars and future veterans' benefits, the total cost of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan is now estimated to reach more than $5 trillion.
The human and emotional costs of 9/11 can never be measured. What price does one put on the nearly 3,000 innocent lives lost, or the hundreds of thousands of soldiers, contractors and civilians who died or were maimed during a decade of war triggered by the suicidal assaults by 19 Al-Qaeda terrorists, who bore nothing more deadly than box cutters?
Then there are the intangible costs. What monetary value does one put on the erosion of national confidence, the restrictions on civil liberties or the psychic dread of a seemingly endless war on terror? What would you pay for the right to board an airplane in peace?
Post continues below video:
The price of a war on terror
But some costs can be measured. They are largely government costs, the ones that flowed directly from the policy decisions made in the weeks and months after the most deadly foreign-led assault on U.S. soil in the nation's history. They included the decision to halt the police-like action in the mountains of Tora Bora that might have immediately captured or killed Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaeda's ringleader.
The decision to launch a wider war on terror, which included the claim that Iraq's dictator, Saddam Hussein, harbored hidden Al-Qaeda cells and was building weapons of mass destruction, entailed huge social and economic costs. That illusory accusation led to an eight-year war that is only now coming to a close.
The unleashing of the U.S. military abroad also triggered a tidal wave of funding for the traditional military-industrial complex. Before 9/11, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld had promised a leaner, meaner war-fighting machine, with fewer soldiers bearing better high-tech weapons at lower cost. That vision was replaced quickly with the biggest buildup of military hardware since the 1980s as the Pentagon's budget more than doubled to nearly $700 billion -- about as much as it spends on Social Security -- in less than a decade.
The expansive overseas war on terror was coupled with its domestic equivalent -- an explosion in domestic spending on anti-terror activities. It included beefed-up federal bureaucracies to protect homeland security and massive spending on contractors to provide services such as protecting computers from hackers, protecting ports from smugglers and protecting air travelers from hijackers. It also included, at least for a time, hefty grants to state and local governments for first responders in local police and fire departments, which was doled out, as federal grants often are, to every congressional district in the country, with only passing regard to the ones most likely to face a terrorist threat.
The deficit impact
The final and more enduring cost of the war on terror was the decision to put the entire enterprise on the national credit card. Not only did the Bush administration and Republican Congress reject raising taxes to pay for the new war spending, but it pushed for and won huge tax breaks for the well-to-do and the middle class. The Bush administration even had its own version of guns and butter, successfully giving Medicare beneficiaries an unfunded drug benefit that helped cement President George W. Bush's re-election victory in 2004.
In the last four budget years of President Bill Clinton's term in office (fiscal years 1998 through 2001), the U.S. ran a $559.3 billion surplus. In the succeeding eight years (fiscal years 2002 through 2009), the U.S. ran a $3.5 trillion deficit. Even if you exclude the $1.4 trillion deficit of 2009, when the economy was in free fall from the financial crisis, the Bush administration racked up more than $2 trillion in deficits despite unemployment's falling below 5%, thanks to the housing bubble.
About the time President Bush was declaring "mission accomplished" and Rumsfeld was estimating the war in Iraq would cost $60 billion at most, Columbia University economics professor Joseph Stiglitz, who later won the Nobel Prize, estimated the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan would eventually cost more than $1 trillion. Although he was vilified by the administration, Stiglitz vastly underestimated the eventual toll.
Pentagon spending, including special appropriations for wars, went from $305 billion in 2001 to $694 billion in 2010. If you take that 2001 spending and hold it steady (allowing for increases in inflation and economic growth so the military stayed at the same share of the national economy as before 9/11), there would have been $1.6 trillion less in military spending in the past decade. As it was, military spending of all federal outlays over the decade rose from 15.6% to 19.3%.
The total costs
Looking only at the past in calculating the costs of 9/11 and not the future costs of the ongoing conflicts, especially in terms of veteran support and benefits, is a myopic view. Three years ago, Stiglitz estimated the wars' final costs at $3 trillion to $5 trillion. Last week, he wrote that latter estimate was probably substantially underestimated.
"With almost 50% of returning troops eligible to receive some level of disability payment, and more than 600,000 treated so far in veterans medical facilities, we now estimate that future disability payments and health care costs" will total $600 billion to $900 billion, he wrote. "But the social costs reflected in veteran suicides (which have topped 18 per day in recent years) and family breakups are incalculable."
Stiglitz's estimates were recently corroborated by a study conducted by the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University, which concluded the total cost of the two wars to date at $3.2 trillion to $4 trillion, including future veteran benefits. However, it didn't include an estimated half trillion dollars in additional war spending over the next few years, or another $1 trillion in interest payments on the increase in the national debt.
The cost-of-war authors also cautioned that future veteran benefits may be underestimated. Beyond the 6,000 U.S. troops and 2,300 contractors who have died in Afghanistan and Iraq, nearly 70,000 allied troops have been wounded.
While the high ratio of wounded soldiers to deaths is testimony to the remarkable battlefield medicine capabilities of the U.S. military, those successes have also left behind large populations of severely disabled veterans who will likely need special medical, psychological and social support throughout their lives. As of fall 2010, there had already been 550,000 disability claims registered with the Veterans Administration, and a recent RAND study found 26% of returning troops had mental health problems.
The costs are already skyrocketing. Claims for veteran benefits and health care have more than tripled in the past decade, rising to an estimated $141 billion this year. The rate of increase -- 9.7% per year on average -- compares with just a 4.2% annual average increase in the 1990s, when government agencies had to deal with the aftermath of the much shorter and less deadly first Iraq war.
Homeland security budgets have seen a similar increase, more than tripling in the past decade to an estimated $48.1 billion this year. This includes $5.5 billion for the Transportation Security Administration, which didn't exist before 9/11. The U.S. has spent more than $600 billion on homeland security in the past decade, according to Chris Hellman of the National Priorities Project.
International aid and humanitarian assistance have also jumped sharply in the past decade, reaching $19 billion in 2010, or nearly three times the level spent during Clinton's last years in office. Some of the increased spending can be attributed to the Bush administration's stepped-up efforts to combat deadly diseases in the developing world, such as AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. But the government, including the Obama administration, also spent more than $5 billion in economic assistance to Afghanistan last year and plans to spend even more this year as the U.S. seeks to wind down its military presence.
"The choice the U.S. walked through after 9/11 was the door to war," said Neta Crawford, a professor of political science at Boston University, who coordinated the war cost project. "The U.S. saw it as an act of war. But international law sees it as a crime. To treat terrorism as a crime would have entailed a much more intensified law enforcement response.
"It wouldn't have been cheap," Crawford said. "But it would not have cost as much in dollars, and certainly not in lives."
More from The Fiscal Times


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This product smells wonderful (grape scent?) and does an ok job as a primer. It helps set the foundation but doesn't really do anything in terms of brightening. It also doesn't fill in pores and lines like what you'd expect from a "primer". Other cheaper products work better.
My co worker swear by this product for giving her an even palette for her powder foundation. I tried it, and I felt like it didn't really add anything to my look. Some have said this makes their bronzers "pop" when added on top of this product, but I didn't experience that. I am NW15-20, and this didn't do anything for me, unlike MAC's Prep and Prime in Adjust, which is a peachy shade that seems very similar to this product.
I love the smell of this product, it smells absolutely delicious. And the packaging is genius, easy to apply and small enough to carry around without it getting lost.
Sometimes i wear this alone (or over POREfessional) and i love the warm glow finish.
On the downside, it doesn't seem to last very long in the summer weather since i sweat and my t-zone gets really oily after a few hours. Also the price is a bit high.
I had a sample size of this product to try so I can't comment on the packaging but overall this was a decent product in my opinion. I wouldn't purchase it again because when I am super pale or not that tan the color can make my face look a tad bit pink or orange so I think I would like this product better if it was clear or not pigmented. I have only tried a few primers in the past and have found that they don't work at all but this one really did make my makeup last all day...and I sweat alot when I work somedays! I just wish it wasn't pigmented....I'm not sure dry skin would like this but combination to oily is probably ideal. I will say that this did not luminate my skin at all. It did before I put on foundation but after that all shimmer/ luminating qualities were gone. This primer has made me want to try other primers out there.
I am majorly disappointed with this product. It is way overpriced and has actually made my foundation run more than if I didnt use it. And judging by the reviews on here, I am not the only person to think this. How can they still sell it when it is clearly substandard? Laura Mercier is by far the best primer. It has made me want to steer clear of all Benefit products as I feel cheated.
received this as a sample with a magazine so im relieved i didnt pay the high end price for it.
there is nothing about this product that i can even rave about.... at a push i would have to say the consistency feels good but thats where it ends. it does nothing to prime AT ALL and there is no highlighting property to this product either. heavens only knows how this is meant to prime....have benefit even seen a primer from mac or any of the other goodies to see what a primer is actually meant to do??? judging by this product i would say NO.
i dont even particularly like the overly girly packaging. it reminds me of barbie makeup and thats just not for me...in fact, the majority of the benefit products are packaged rather "childlike" IMO and i would appreciate some more sophisticated, practical packaging from benefit. anyway, avoid this product, its just not worth anything!!
I'm really not impressed with this AT ALL. The only thing I like about it is the scent because it's a nice pick-me-up in the morning. But after a month, I didn't notice a change in the look or feel of my skin or the wear of any foundations. I actually believe it made 2 of my foundations slide more than they would have without it. I don't recommend this product and would not repurchase it.
I received a small tube sample of this, so it was squeezed out of a tube instead of what the full size product is like. I felt this was just like a normal moisturiser; it does nothing to prime my skin for makeup, and doesn't brighten my skin. Sometimes I put it on and I wonder why I'm even bothering! It really doesn't make any difference to my makeup, whether I put it on or not... so I won't be buying this!!
I love BeneFit products and they are always packaged so pretty and girly. This was the first primer I had ever bought. It runs on the expensive side, I paid about $30 at Ulta, but I think you're paying more for the packaging than the product itself. It says it's a brightening face primer. It made my makeup last all day but I didn't really notice a brighten effect. It smells like strawberries and fades as soon as my foundation is applied. I am still on the hunt for a face primer that will make my foundation stay all day and brighten my face as well. I will finish this primer, as it was $30. I will not repurchase.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
I was shocked to see this listed as a primer/corrector as I really use it for it's highlighting/dewy sheen creating properties. OK, so it is technically a primer and sometimes I do use it this way but I almost feel it's nicer (and more cost effective) on the cheekbones and cupids bow for some sheen. It's very light, easily blendable and looks great on pale skins like myself, although it could maybe turn a bit ashy on darker skin tones I imagine. As with everything from benefit it is overpriced but used correctly it'll last you well over a year and the packaging is great, you can easily get out a small or large amount without any wastage. I'll buy it again for sure, although they have a more pearlescent one I want to try first.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No


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"Firewalls have become more central to our infrastructure" than they were just eight years ago, he notes. In one Crossbeam chassis, it's now possible to run 6 independent firewalls, cordoning off internal networks. This configuration also helps cut down on "tap sprawl" related to network ports, reduce risk and not create additional latency, says McCullough. But he acknowledges the multi-application Crossbeam platform, which requires support from three members of the security team, does take time to learn and troubleshoot.
Security through the mainframe
Another older technology, the mainframe, which industry pundits in the 1990s said would be "dead" in five years, is not only still very much alive, but a foundation element in security at many places. Just ask Bridget Dancy, chief information officer at the Cook County Circuit Court in Illinois.
"We do all data entry into the mainframe," says Dancy, discussing how almost 2,000 employees in the circuit court system in Illinois rely on thin-client technology provided by HP that makes use of a Citrix farm to host XP-embedded applications related to the court's electronic filing system. This has resulted in a useful "lockdown" that not only prevents users from getting to the Internet, but also from opening harmful files that could be viruses, says Dancy. All data is entered into electronic records stored centrally in the IBM mainframe, and it can be accessed by authorized staffers at the various court locations.
This mainframe/thin client setup has meant the county court system has managed to avoid virus outbreaks known to hit other parts of Illinois government over the years, she adds. The mainframe/thin client arrangement has worked so well for the needs of the court system over the years, the same type of configuration has put in place as terminals for the public visitors for information and document review purposes only.
Ellen Messmer is senior editor at Network World, an IDG publication and website, where she covers news and technology trends related to information security.
Read more about wide area network in Network World's Wide Area Network section.


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Beautiful Fall morning up at Mid Station. http://t.co/3YuT2sGxHK14 hours ago
We would LOVE to be able to help support our Adaptive Ski Program at our Fall Festival next month so we will be... http://t.co/qBbshj9hoK14 hours ago
You know it's getting cooler when ghosts and scarecrows appear on the slopes..... http://t.co/i2EuffQHZm9/22
HAPPY FIRST DAY OF FALL! (Well as of 10:30pm...) And in honor of that, we just want to remind everyone of our... http://t.co/PAQxHm3PJ59/22
Preparations are underway for the Loon Echo Trek on Saturday!!!!! http://t.co/1MCG2xw8je9/18
Not long now before this bad boy is covered in snow... http://t.co/0DRtTtl5pL9/17
We will be out & about town today distributing our amazing Fall Festival posters and registrations forms for the... http://t.co/lwSV6FGxWN9/12
Come and enjoy a day of family fun at our first Pleasant Mountain MusicFest! We've got BlueGrass and Country bands performing "mountainside" to entertain you for the full 5 hours!
Bands will be playing from 11am-4pm. A list of bands will be coming.
Your Donation, and . . .
The Loon Echo Trek benefits the Loon Echo Land Trust, which preserves 4,000 acres of land and maintains 22 miles of trails in the northern Sebago lake region. The trek is the single biggest fundraiser for the land trust each . . .
Enjoy a day on the Mountain during beautiful Fall Foliage.
Join us rain or shine from 12-4pm.
We're having a Chili cook-off with categories for both amateurs and experts. There will be live music, a beer garden and fun festive activites for the whole family including a . . .
The third annual Moose Pond Half Marathon and 5K will be held Saturday, Nov. 1, 2014, at Shawnee Peak. Online registration is now open.


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Smith Rock
© atlantis, May 2008
Route: Spiderman Buttress
Climbers: Atlantis, Steve
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Ambassador Kåre Aas's distinguished career with the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs began in 1983. He left his position in Oslo as Political Director in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to...
Strong historical ties link Norway and the United States. Read more
Individuals at the Embassy can be reached by telephone, fax or e-mail: Telephone: (202) 333-6000 Fax: (202) 469-3990 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Ambassador Kåre R. Aas Ambassador of Norway to the United States Ms. Lajla Brandt Jakhelln Minister (Deputy Chief of Mission and Head of Administration) Ms. Storm Horncastle Chief Scheduler and Personal Assistan Read more
Stay in touch with the Norwegian Embassy in Washington, D.C. on Facebook and Twitter. Read more
Are you moving to the Washington, D.C. area and are looking for a Norwegian community? Use this list to get in touch with Norwegian-American organizations in the national capital region. Read more
Services to the business community. Both in Norwegian and English.
Following is a list of all Ambassadors of Norway to the United States, 1905-present. Read more
Since its establishment in 1999, the Friends of Norway Caucus has worked to strengthen the relationship, and open dialogue, between the two nations on a variety of issues that have both bilateral and global impacts. Read more
This video, produced by the American Embassy in Oslo, gives a brief look into what it is like to live and study in Norway. Read more
Royal Norwegian Embassy2720 34th Street NWWashington, DC 20008Tel: (202) 333-6000Fax: (202) 469-3990E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Royal Norwegian Embassy in Washington2720 34th Street NWWashington, DC 20008Tel: (202) 333-6000Fax: (202) 469-3990E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com information and visiting hours
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25 U.S. Code § 461 - Allotment of land on Indian reservations
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On and after June 18, 1934, no land of any Indian reservation, created or set apart by treaty or agreement with the Indians, Act of Congress, Executive order, purchase, or otherwise, shall be allotted in severalty to any Indian.
Source(June 18, 1934, ch. 576, § 1,48 Stat. 984.)
Short Title of 2004 Amendment
Pub. L. 108–204, § 1(a),Mar. 2, 2004, 118 Stat. 542, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 476, 640d–24, and 712e of this title and provisions set out as notes under section 301 of Title 7, Agriculture, section 7420 of Title 10, Armed Forces, and section 431 of Title 16, Conservation] may be cited as the 'Native American Technical Corrections Act of 2004'."
Short Title
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