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Not cool. You are like those guys that said that documentation sucks.
There are a few good points in that article, but some of the examples are horrid... they work against the author. Here an example of business logic from the article:
And then:
It is evident that duplicating that particular sort of business logic quoted above is a very, very bad idea. On the other hand, duplicating mere constraints such as the length of 7 chars for an attribute seems to be less of a problem. The idea that a text search " will generally reveal exactly what needs to be changed, and where", is absurd, especially with a team of developers.
* The Customers database table, with its Customer_Number (CHAR-13)... ==>> Just names not logic
* The subroutine that extends a ten-percent discount to first time customers: definitely business logic. And hopefully, not soft-coded. ==>> Business logic
* And the code that highlights past-due invoices in red: that's business logic, too. ==>> The past-due bit is business logic, the color you display it in is view not logic. The same fact can be displayed in many ways, change the definiton
Your comments on the DB layer remind me that OO business objects seem to overlook that most of what we do is *records* management, that we are not building a *project* object but a project record management object. So the record from the DB's project table is a valid sub object of the business object, responsibility is to store the data, while the BO is responisible for validating the record.
I don't buy the stuff about field lengths needing to be hardcoded from ahole to breakfast time.
A lot of the stuff you mentionjust sounds like bad design of objects, rather than a problem with the paradigm.
The current enterprise client/server system I work on has 1600 stored procs with little reuse and was developed with a lot of cut and paste. It has now become difficult to maintain and change and is a victim of its own success, as it is now required to grow and expand with the company's success. Its one strength however is that there isn't too much business logic in the front end.
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2007-10-02 12:21 • by wbrianwhite
Is it also apparent that attempting to generate client-side validation from some server side business object also has big pitfalls? If your business decides to switch to an AJAXified front end your framework is then going to be a big stumbling block in making that switch. The framework that can easily spit out some simple javascript cannot so easily spit out a webservice listening for requests, the stored procs that act on it, and the more complicated javascript feeding and reacting to it.
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2007-10-03 01:32 • by Spaghetti Code Western (unregistered)
From Wikipedia:
Fred, if wikipedia is right about CSLA (other sites contain similar descriptions of CSLA) then Rocky created a kludge and you bought it.
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2007-10-03 02:00 • by Fr (unregistered)
As others have said, if customer table and column names do not contain some amount of business logic then just name them table1,table2,... and column1, column2. While you could make the case for using the different data types to save space, is not going to use a BLOB type to store everything even if it saved space.
While the colour used is view at some point you have to tell the view which items to display as that color. Most tools make it really easy and readable to do conditional formating in the view. Do you go and replace one line of easily readable and changeable view code for 50 lines in the business logic to duplicate this?
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2007-10-04 03:13 • by Zygo (unregistered)
That's pretty much the same thing. The snapshot is DDL that goes directly from zero to the current database schema, as opposed to DDL that goes from each version to the next. It's sometimes useful to check the differences in the snapshots to ensure that the serial DDL revisions had the expected effects. We stress the RDBMS enough on some schemas to find bugs in the implementation (!) that show up this way.
To be honest, aside from Yahoo Stores and Orbitz, I don't know of anyone using LISP in real life (except Cadence, who dominates the EDA market, and uses LISP as the automation integration language in every product they sell).
I do know of one person in real life who runs a retail store on Prolog. Apparently it's really easy to write things like "orders under $250 must be charged for shipping" in Prolog.
LISP has abysmal third-party library support. I read a blog post the other month talking about some startup company's site which officially gave up on LISP because they were basically maintaining an entire web development platform by themselves.
Most of the interesting features of LISP have long since been copied to other languages. C++ templates are Turing complete, and if you can program in a functional language like LISP you can write and execute procedural code generators inside the C++ compiler. Perl has symbol table introspection, dynamic scoping, closures. PostScript is actually derived from Forth, not LISP, but I find that a lot of the concepts still work in both languages. Tcl borrows so many concepts from LISP (although alas absolutely nothing of the syntax) that some LISP code can be almost directly transliterated into Tcl.
These days the price of giving up some non-LISP language to use LISP is too high to be practical in many cases. Tcl has very easy support for cross-platform development and integration with C, so it appears embedded in robotics and it's endemic in EDA application automation. Perl has CPAN, it works on all interesting platforms, and it appears preinstalled on nearly every Linux system on the planet. C++ has ISO standardization behind it and its runtime appears on nearly every system on the planet, Linux or otherwise.
It's usually easier to implement the 5% of LISP you need for your project in some other language, than to implement 95% of the libraries your project depends on in LISP. So almost nobody uses LISP.
This depends on the nature of the changes to the queries. Purely syntactic changes are easy, you just change the code generator to emit queries with the new syntax (although if your code generator started out with ANSI compliant SQL syntax then there shouldn't be a problem unless the RDBMS vendor introduced a bug).
Changes to query performance are no different during an upgrade than the changes that occur as data sets and query load are already changing day to day. I find I need to tweak schemas a few times a year when a performance hot spot appears--e.g. move a growing index onto a different disk array, or repartition a table. Very rarely do I have to change application code to do this--nor would I want to, really, as most of these changes are not functional in nature, and they're usually specialized to the unique conditions of data content and server hardware on the server I'm running.
A code generator for queries assumes you actually have a need for non-trivial on-the-fly query generation. If you have something like the Bugzilla search page on your site, or if you're developing a product whose function is to generate other web sites, then you need such a query generator; otherwise, you can probably get by on a bunch of hand-coded queries, or stored procedures, or if you have a *lot* of similar tables, the occasional query string template which does simple string substitution for table and column names.
In my experience if you're generating completely arbitrary queries (like the Bugzilla search page) then there's not very much you can do to optimize the query before the RDBMS ends up doing a sequential table scan. At that point performance tuning doesn't matter, since it won't change the time required to read the entire table from disk.
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2007-10-04 11:31 • by wbrianwhite
Yes, that's exactly what you want to avoid.
I did work in Tcl back when it was the engine in Vignette. I found it to be too obscure a language as well. It was very hard to find anyone who knew either Vignette or Tcl, and with AOL nearby and using lots of Tcl they sucked up the available pool of developers experienced in Tcl. The online resources for Tcl were rather limited and seemed to be always shrinking, unlike those for Perl or other languages that were always growing. This was back in like 2000. It may have come back, I don't know. There was the same "maintain a platform" problem though to a lesser degree. When I needed to implement RC4 encryption using Vignette/Tcl, it was frustrating to find examples in ASP, Perl, and every other language under the sun except Tcl.
Ha ha, nice. And what is the probability of a major database platform upgrade not finding a few bugs in corner cases? Then when you do, it seems easier to make the fixes only in those corner cases, and not make changes globally via changing your generator. Also, I find it better to take full advantage of the enhancements to base sql syntax your database provider gives you than to stick to ANSI, though I know others disagree.
I see things the exact opposite. I think a code generator for your queries will only work on a small site, and will collapse when you get bigger. I have seen this happen in more than one company, and I'm talking fairly large companies here. If you have complex queries requiring temp tables and the like, it's far easier to write them directly than to try to generate them, and there are several times when temp tables are the most efficient answer.
Great article, Alex. Probaly one of your best, on a serious topic!
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2007-10-06 20:20 • by Zygo (unregistered)
One "problem" with Tcl is that it's so easy to integrate C code into Tcl that most people do exactly that, instead of providing a "native" Tcl implementation. Why translate RC4 into Tcl when you can just use a toolkit like SWIG, point it at a C implementation's "rc4.h", and have an instant Tcl API? The same thing happens with database libraries: AFAIK there's no database-agnostic interface librar for Tcl because it's about as easy to roll your own for Tcl as integrate one into C or C++ code (or just do all the DB stuff in C or C++ and export a domain-specific API in Tcl).
In 2007 we're finding that many of our suppliers, partners, and competitors are using Tcl somewhere in their products, even if the sales guys don't know it, or are reluctant to admit it. We'll find that buried deep in a technical reference manual there's a paragraph that says something like "by the way, if you enable a certain checkbox then you can telnet to TCP port 17337 and send Tcl scripts to control the robot."
I agree that it's hard to find Tcl developers. We have to grow all of our own. Managers seem to hate Tcl, but often we find sets of tools that have to speak to each other, and they often support multiple scripting languages each, but Tcl is the only one they have in common.
I think we've descended into violent agreement here.
By "ANSI compliant" I'm thinking more along the lines of ensuring that all your identifiers are properly quoted and qualified so that queries don't suddenly become ambiguous when there's a new table in the schema or a new reserved word in the RDBMS implementation. It's usually a pain to write code that way, so I'll use macros or write some C++ classes to ensure that things are quoted properly.
Even when I've used SQL code generators for most of a project, there are always some ad-hoc queries. Even the simplest project needs to tweak a few SQL settings at startup.
Ever seen the Bugzilla query page? ;-) There's no way to implement that without a query code generator. The page *is* a UI-driven query code generator, allowing arbitrary boolean expressions over just about every column of the Bugzilla SQL tables.
On the other hand, you hit the nail on the head about it not scaling--very large Bugzilla sites provide only a very restricted version of the query page. Once you deviate from simple search queries on indexed columns, queries degenerate into a full table scan--or even a multi-table full join--in the RDBMS. Using MySQL as a backend doesn't help performance much either.
I think we may have different notions of "large sites." When writing the above, I was thinking of sites which implement e.g. a retail store interface for clients in the thousands. In this situation clients are told what business rules are implemented in the software, not the other way around. As the site scales, performance problems can be addressed either in software, or by simply partitioning customers across more hardware. In this case most of the SQL code should be very similar from one site instance to the next, so it can (should!) be generated automatically, or ad-hoc queries can simply have different parameters mechanically substituted as required.
I think you are thinking of large sites with a single customer who dictates and changes the rules arbitrarily, and a lot of separately developed systems provide the implementation. In such cases I agree a code generator is futile, mostly because the requirements for integrating any two components of such a system are unique to the integration task. What language do you write the code generator in? What language does it output? Does a MS-SQL code generator written in C# help you with Oracle, C++, MySQL, Java, and PHP components? Do you use this generator for your new code, or do you replace all the existing code as well? Which of the half dozen design patterns does the code generator support? Can the code generator reliably do anything beyond declaring a struct type, accessor methods, and constraint checks (i.e. what the database already knows)? Does the code generator impose constraints on the runtime environment? Does the code generator work on all your implementation platforms? After answering just a few of these questions the whole idea seems ridiculous.
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2007-10-08 13:20 • by wbrianwhite
Wrong tool for the job probably. You do not want to use an RDBMS for this task. You would want to use a data warehouse approach to this task - a star schema with those columns as dimensions instead. RDBMSs are great for transaction systems. Data warehouses are great for arbitrary queries on large data sets.
I do not understand why there would be any different 'sites' involved in what you're talking about here. I've done this several places, on e-commerce sites that allowed affiliates to link in and change our layout, colors, text, etc. There was no need to go beyond a common codebase shared by all the sites. I'm not sure what you mean by ad hoc queries either. It is never necessary to pass sql strings to your db to just execute. If you absolutely positively have to have something like that, then you can do it with dynamic sql that is inside stored procedures. That at least keeps your interface with the db consistent and goes a long way to preventing sql injection.
I'm again confused by your use of 'customer'. Are you a contractor? I'm just thinking of the company I work for. And yes, rules do change frequently. One group here used code generators for quite a while. They had to give up eventually because they were spending 10x more time on developing new thing X than a group not using a code generator. Was their implementation wrong? Maybe. But in my view a correct implementation would require you to be able to see 5 years into the future with precise detail to know how you need to build it, and that is impossible.
I guess my definition of large is probably defined by my current company too. We have huge clients and are one of the top players in software as a service. We do complicated stuff that is best done directly in whatever tool you're using: sql, server side script, client side script, xsl, xml, webservices, .net, css, etc. Code generation would only be extra overhead in 95% of the cases. Why write a generator that can make code that launches 8 parallel processes to make xml requests and combine the results? That's hard enough to write directly, and you're never going to reuse it. There may be a certain domain where code generation is beneficial, I don't know. I do know it's never been actually needed in any of the environments I've worked in, from etailers to federal government, and that I've seen it hurt businesses using it.
Yep...and my dad can beat up your dad! That's what these endless debates remind of. I get a kick out of the OO guru's who turn spaghetti code into spaghetti models. What's the diff? You've just replaced the IF THEN ELSE mss with the inheritance mess. And what's worse, I have to open up 15 projects to see it in all of it's glory. Everything in moderation I always say...
Here's what I see when these OO craziness goes to far:
Manager: We need a system that allows us to update salaries for our employee table. Can you do that?
OO Guy: Well sure. I took an extra couple of weeks to abstract out the entire business layer so we can maintain it independently of the systems that use it. See, I designed the "this" to act on "that". And "that" acts on "something". I wanted to be careful not to hardcode the "something" because then I couldn't use "that" to act on "another thing". I don't know what the "another thing" is yet, but I'm sure there will be "another thing". And don't get me started on "something else". I know that "something else" is going to benefit from me creating "that". Make sense?
Manager: BTW, our employee table is going to be taken over by SAP. Does it work for "that"?
OO Guy: Uh... Oh...
I would like to define business logic as follows:
Business logic = all logic that affects the perceivable state of a business.
It defines how and when objects that are understood by people within the domain, are created, modified and communicated within well-defined business-oriented tasks.
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2008-03-01 21:48 • by Sanity (unregistered)
There are two ways of dealing with this:
First, not all cases of generated Javascript are WTF-worthy. There is no reason you can't at least avoid duplicating column constraints. It won't work 100% of the time, but it will work often enough to save you time.
And second, in some cases it's impossible to put the validation in the script, without some communication with the server. Picking a unique username, anyone?
In that case, some of the better ones will send an asynchronous request every few seconds as the user types, validating the data. (Call it AJAX if you must.)
Now, I do agree that "business logic" is perhaps a wrong term. "Application logic" might be better. But it is obvious that, at some point, a framework is needed -- at some points in the article, Alex seems to be telling us that we should not invent frameworks -- and he does indeed point to a strange one.
But then, what do you call a database server?
Certainly, not every app needs to build its own database server. And certainly, we should be honest about when we're building an app, and when we're building a framework. But at some point, someone had to come up with the idea of implementing a generic database server -- and I am not arrogant enough to think that such inventions are wholly behind us.
(Invention, not innovation -- there is a difference. Initech does innovation.)
I'll also say that I'm not entirely sure whether or not it's a good thing to try to abstract "business rules". Whether or not it's possible to do that and not end up on thedailywtf, I do think it's more important to make the job of updating and maintaining this logic easier on actual developers than to (try to) make it possible for non-programmers.
As for LISP, it's worth mentioning that many of the better ideas from LISP have been absorbed into other languages. JavaScript is basically "LISP in C's clothing." Just about every language now has closures...
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2008-03-12 11:35 • by Web Developer (unregistered)
In web development, the "persistence layer" is a database, and the "presentation layer" is a web browser. Thus two of the three layers are already built, and the "business logic layer" includes nearly everything a web developer will ever write.
Ok, that's not entirely accurate, because client-side JavaScript is usually considered part of the presentation layer, and database table definitions are part of the persistence layer. The point is that you should use standard building blocks when they fit the design. 20 years ago we built everything from scratch, but those days are gone.
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2008-03-18 10:19 • by Michiel Trimpe (unregistered)
I think the article is pretty true; a pure busines-logic layer is simply impossible. I've written an article once on what I call the DED-project: Do Everything Dynamically.
What I think is missing from this critique however is that the code _doesn't_ need to be duplicated / triplicated or whatever. It needs to have a SPoD: Single Point of Definition.
Somewhere in the meta-data archives there should be a data-definition (e.g. RDF & OWL) for the "Client Name" which could say that it equals the "Name" field which has a 'Maximum-Length' property of 7.
This node should be referenced to create the Database Tables, the JavaScript Form Validation, the Controller's Validation and the Persistence API's Validation and from it the length of the form-field could be calculated.
The problem is in the naming. I use Data Layer (for swappable data storage to any db, file persistence etc), Activity or Action layer (fills entities, caching, conversions, validations, etc). Then API Facade with other facade services for JSON, web service, remoting, etc. The problem is only in naming. It is not a business layer, it is an activity or action layer. The usage is not required it could just be DAL and API with services and entities but the act layer helps to provide a platform for the api to simplify it and provide a cachign layer that the api can manipulate if you so deem in data caching.
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2008-07-16 11:06 • by PissedOffGorilla (unregistered)
I work for a State department and have been developing in various languages for nearly half my life. I was taught to make the code work in the simplest way possible without compromising functionality or integrity. Unfortunately, whenever we bring on consultants, simple gives way to ridiculous levels of complexity and "efficiency" in their code. What that means to me, is when they leave I'm going to have to take a week just to dig down through their code and see what the hell they're doing just to change a button click event. Thank you for providing an article I can read whenever they're b.s. gets me fired up. Somehow me making the same argument as you tends to get lost in a see of expletives when I try to explain it.
I like the suggestion of calling the layers:
but then again all of the layers do processing, No? Duplication of logic is not a good idea because of maintenance, however, it is worth mentioning that duplication of logic depends on how the software is developed. If a single developer is developing the UI, BusinessLayer and Database then, consider the account number example in this article, can be validated only at the UI layer and should not be validated anywhere else even if the column in database is Varchar(1000). However, if multiple developers are designing it then, DBAs have to do their validation, middle tier developers will do their validation and UI developers will do their validation. But even then the UI and business tier can call a centralized function to check for validation (centralized.IsAccountValid(string accountNumber)).
The best approach is to make your code readable, understandable and easy to follow. Do not try to be clever. Only be clever about finding the easiest solution possible.
So, this pretty much amounts to one of the worst programming articles I've ever read. Half of the respondents, and the author himself, obviously haven't written any systems more complex than "Let me put some data on a page, ayuck, ayuck".
I can't believe it was suggested, with a straight face, that people should duplicate code two and three times. Do you even know what the word "maintainability" means? Is this the new "retro" movement in programming, to go back to the "glory" days of the 80's when most software was a festering pile of crap because of the very attitudes displayed in articles like this? "Designing things right is hard, it's hard for me to understand, so I'm just going to half ass it and duplicate code all over the place".
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2009-04-15 23:17 • by TMG Hell (unregistered)
Hibernate is quite possibly the worst terror one could inflict upon a database. Pulling down an entire 'object graph' that spans 100+ columns over 10+ tables to update a single field (hello 27,000 character generated sql statement) is the most ridiculous thing I've ever seen in programming. Hibernate is a good example to show why Artificial Intelligence will never happen.
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TRWTF is that the business logic layer is supposed to contain the SPECIFIC DETAILS of a particular business function and is therefore not a "generic layer" as the author states.
"There are already enough tools out there; your application does not need a generic layer."
Before writing about a subject, maybe you should actually understand it.
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Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2010-02-23 17:45 • by numiniferous (unregistered)
Love this article, especially the bits about moving a problem from a layer only to create a bigger problem.
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2010-04-06 09:30 • by Mike (unregistered)
@Kindall Your response is excellent and well-thought.
I completely agree with the separation of concerns that a three-tier architecture provides. I also agree with other comments regarding soft vs. hard logic. Logic (program-flow and logical constructs) should always be implemented in code. Data (such as a specific percentage) should always exist in the data layer where it should be made available for change by a non-programmer (perhaps even via the application itself!).
At the same time, the "business logic layer" is really a bad name. I would call it the "control layer," since its purpose is really to do processing, and control communication between presentation and data layers.
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2010-04-13 06:24 • by dadinn (unregistered)
Agree. (+1)
Actually, I saw a bunch of derived tables being joined to each other in a stored procedure that updates other tables (that have triggers in them that fire extended stored procedures), but to each his own.
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"If Account_Number is a seven-digit required field, it should be declared as CHAR(7) NOT NULL"
Am I missing something here? Why would you declare a seven DIGIT field as char rather than a numeric type???
Disclaimer: I am NOT a programmer (and the question isn't rhetorical).
Re: The Mythical Business Layer
2011-12-14 17:27 • by Joe (unregistered)
Account Number though sounds like it should be a data type of a number, isnt a true number. its more of an identification number.. like Social Security Number.. Telephone Number.
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Re: The Mythical Business Layer
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text:
The Hair Drug Test
A Hair Drug Test is considered highly accurate at showing many medications, prescription drugs or drugs of abuse that have been used within a specified drug detection time. This drug detection time can vary from about 90 days to as long as several years, depending on your hair length and how the hair test is administered.
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There is a growing trend in major companies and law enforcement agencies to utilize hair analysis drug test because of its reputation as the gold standard when considering test accuracy, as well as its almost universal admissibility in a court of law. The hair test makes use of radioimmunoassay technology as the primary detection methodology and is often followed up with confirmation by mass spectrometry if there are legal ramifications to the test. Hair testing labs are regulated by CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988) or SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) and not the FDA (Food and Drug Administration).
A hair drug test primarily is intended to detect common drugs of abuse, but it also can detect prescription drugs and over the counter medications that the testers would like to know you are using. The hair drug test can also provide information as to when and how much of these substances were used although this is somewhat rare. The hair drug test requires a small sample of any body hair, but the testers usually take a sample of about 150 hair strands that are about 1 1/2 inches long from close to your scalp.
The "Hair Drug Test" is also known as a Hair Test, Hair Analysis Test, Hair Follicle Test, Hair Sample Test, Hair Screening Drug Test, Hair Strand Test, Forensic Hair Analysis or Hair Drug Screening. Don't be confused or fooled as are the exact same test.
Problems With The Hair Drug Test.
In recent years, hair testing has been the subject of a number of several successful law suits and many hair tests have been overturned in court. Some studies have shown that different ethnic groups have different hair structures potentially leading to a false positive drug test. A false positive drug test is often caused by hundreds of products that are wrongly identified as illegal drugs or other drugs of concern. Common prescriptions, over the counter medications and even foods can cause you to falsely test positive. Also, those of African origin, certain Orientals or Pacific Islanders might be more apt to test positive for marijuana based on their skin type. Dark skinned Caucasians such as those from the subcontinent of India could also read positive on a marijuana hair drug tests.
What Is A Hair Drug Test And How Does It Work?
How Contamination Takes Place: Medications, prescriptions and / or controlled substances of are ingested, smoked or injected into your body. Your body converts "metabolizes" these materials into "metabolites". These metabolites move through the blood stream and become entrapped in any hair growing on your body in amounts roughly proportional to the amount of the substance ingested.
Why Passing A Hair Drug Test Is So Difficult? The detectable metabolites are deep within the hair follicle itself. These metabolites remain in the strands as the hair grows and cannot be removed without destroying the hair strands themselves. Don't let anyone tell you they can get them out without destroying the hair follicle itself. You can not.
The Structure Of A Hair Follicle? All hair follicles are made up three layers. The inner layer is the medulla. The next layer is the cortex and the outer layer is the cuticle. The cortex makes up the majority of the follicle and is formed by tightly packed scales in an overlapping structure similar to roof shingles. The metabolites are deposited within the cortex layer as it feeds off the blood and grows.
How The Hair Drug Test Works. A hair sample can be obtained from any part of the body. This means shaving your head will not work as under arm or even pubic hair samples can be used. They will sometimes even combine hair sample taken from different location son the body to get the necessary quantity for a hair sample.
The hair sample is removed and cut it into very small pieces. This hair sample is soaked in a solvent that causes some of the metabolites to go into suspension. The solution is then placed in a centrifuge and separated. The sample is then subjected to a hair analysis test, any metabolites are identified and the results are read and a conclusion made. The hair collection usually is preformed by a trained agent. The hair sample must be sent to a lab for analysis and this can take from days to weeks. Omega Laboratories is popular group that provides hair drug testing to many of the companies and agencies that might test your hair. You can take a look at the hair drug test you face by CLICKING HERE.
The Three Ways To Successfully Pass A Hair Drug Test.
- Don't Consume Anything That Would Put You At Risk. If there is nothing to detect, you are fairly safe. About 5% of the hair tests come back with a false positive. There are hundreds of over the counter medications, prescriptions and foods that can falsely be identified as problem drugs. For a list of potential problem medications, drugs and foods CLICK HERE.
- Wait The Time. Most drug test samples are taken to look for use within the prior 90 days. You are fairly safe if your use was at least 90 days in the past.
- Use Ultra Clean Shampoo. There is only one product that works reliably to pass a hair drug test. Why? Ultra clean shampoo is a three-part system in which the second part cleans the surface of the hair follicle completely and then applies a sealer that is not only remains pliable, but can not be removed with the solvent used by the testers.
As the tester cuts the hair sample into small pieces, the cutting instrument seals the ends of the hair follicle it cuts with the pliable and proprietary sealant. The sealant completely covers the ends of the cut hair follicles.
When the hair is placed in the solvent, the metabolites are still sealed inside of the cut up hair follicles. Again, do not let anyone tell you they can remove the metabolites within the hair follicle It can not be done and Ultra Clean is the only product that can seal the metabolites in after the hairs have been cut up for testing.
How Long Are Drug Detection Times In Hair?
Usually About 90 Days. A Hair Drug Test not only can detect specific drug usage, but also can provide information of quantity of drug consumed and even the historic pattern of drug use. Drug use can be detected for many months or even years in the future under ideal circumstances. As An Example: Head hair grows at about 1/2 inch per month. If your follicles are over 12 inches long and you used drugs when the root end was growing, the Hair Drug Test would detect the usage that happened over 6 months ago.
The good news is most Hair Drug Tests restrict the sample to a 1 1/2 inch sample closest to the scalp or a drug detection time of about the previous 90 days. As far as where the sample must be collected on your body, a bald head will not save you. The sample can be collected from any sample on your body. Also beware, body follicles grows slower than head follicles and this can lead to longer detection times. Most Hair Drug Tests are not concerned with the duration and time frame of any usage.
In some cases Hair Drug Tests may be unable to detect the marijuana metabolite due to the fact that the metabolite was unable to bind with the hair follicle. This can be caused by the type, quality or quantity of the marijuana smoked or ingested or it is sometimes caused by what marijuana has been mixed with, i.e. tobacco. In this case the result for marijuana may be negative. WARNING: this is only the case with marijuana and not with the other drugs (Cocaine, Heroin Opiates .etc) and as it is a rare occurrence, you should not bet on it.
Questions On For Hair Drug Testing.
We have been providing solutions to pass a hair drug test for over 10 years and during that time our customers have asked us literally thousand of questions. Most the questions on how to pass a hair drug test boils down to a few major concerns. We have collected these questions and have provided what we hope are nontechnical answers that will be of great benefit to you.
Take The Time Out To Learn Tee Hair Drug Test.
Knowledge Is Power. If you study the following questions and answers, you will know more about the hair drug test than most of the people giving the tests. The knowledge will also do much to put your mind at easy concerning the hair drug test and its potential outcome.
- Why Use A Hair Drug Test In Place Of A Urine Test?
The most serious challenge to an effective pre-employment drug testing program is the limited detection time of drugs in urine. Amphetamine, opiate, PCP and cocaine have average limits of detection of less than one week for a urine test. Marijuana Hair Drug Test is detectable for 4 – 5 days in a casual user and up to several weeks from a heavy (chronic user) on a urine test.
However, drug deposits remain as long as the follicle is left uncut. Hair Drug Testing typically tests for drugs deposited over a period of approximately 90 days.
Urine appears to be more susceptible to adulteration, hydration and switching. The applicant has ample time while searching for employment to plan a method to avoid a positive result in urine. Adulterants are common and easily obtained. Hair analysis provides a greater challenge to these applicants for a number of reasons:
- The applicant cannot replace their hair with someone else's.
- The applicant cannot adulterate hair by placing anything in or on the sample while in the specimen collection area.
- The collector takes the hair directly from the applicant and the sample is never out of sight.
- The applicant cannot eat or drink anything that will dilute a sample.
- How Accurate Is Hair Analysis Testing?
Very Accurate. A correctly administered Hair Analysis Testing is deadly accurate. However, Hair Analysis Testing is as susceptible to errors in administration and as many false positive drug detection signals as any other drug test. This should scare you as about 5% of all drug tests given today have false results due to inadequate training of personnel or this false positive reaction. There are hundreds of prescription drugs and over the counter medications that contain substances that can cause a false positive result in Hair Analysis.
In recent years, Hair Drug Testing has been the subject of a number of law suits. Some studies have shown that different ethnic groups have different structures potentially leading to a false positive. Those of African origin, certain Orientals or Pacific Islanders might be more apt to test positive for a Marijuana Hair Drug Test based on their type. Dark skinned Caucasians such as those from the subcontinent of India could also read positive on a Marijuana Hair Drug Test.
The most common example of a false positive Hair Drug Test is the pseudoephedrine in many over-the-counter sinus and cold medications that will cause a positive result for methamphetamines. Another example is the poppy seeds in a bagel. They contain enough opium to cause a positive drug test for opium. Don't let anyone tell you trying to pass a hair drug test will not be affected by false positives like other drug tests. It's just not true.
- How Long Are Drug Detection Times In Hair
Usually About 90 Days. A Hair Drug Test not only can detect specific drug usage, but also can provide information of quantity of drug consumed and even the historic pattern of drug use. Drug use can be detected for many months or even years in the future under ideal circumstances. An Example: Head hair grows at about 1/2 inch per month. If your follicles are over 12 inches long and you used drugs when the root end was growing, the Hair Drug Test would detect the usage that happened over 6 months ago.
The good news is most Hair Drug Tests restrict the sample to a 1 1/2 inch sample closest to the scalp or a drug detection time of about the previous 90 days. As far as where the sample must be collected on your body, a bald head will not save you. The sample can be collected from any sample on your body. Also beware, body follicles grows slower than head follicles and this can lead to longer detection times. Most Hair Drug Tests are not concerned with the duration and time frame of any usage.
In some cases any Hair Drug Test may be unable to detect the marijuana metabolite due to the fact that the metabolite was unable to bind with the hair follicle. This can be caused by the type, quality or quantity of the marijuana smoked or ingested or it is sometimes caused by what marijuana has been mixed with, i.e. tobacco. In this case the result for marijuana may be negative. WARNING: this is only the case with marijuana and not with the other drugs (Cocaine, Heroin Opiates .etc) and as it is a rare occurrence, you should not bet on it.
- How Short Of Hair Can Be Used For A Hair Drug Test?
About 1/4 Inch Of Head Hair. The Hair Drug Test requires a specific amount of a sample. This sample can be taken from any part of the body and combined with samples taken else where on the body to come up with the required amount for the analysis.
If the testers are following standard procedures, the head sample will be taken as close to the scalp as possible. If head follicles grow at about 1/2″ per month then it would be tough to cut close enough to the scalp to sample the hair growing less than one week prior to passing a Hair Drug Test. More than likely a minimum sample would be at least two weeks old or longer. The Hair Drug Test detection time might be even longer if follicles other than head hair is used as body hair typically grows somewhat slower than that on the head.
- How Much Hair Is Required For The Hair Drug Test Sample?
Not Much. About 90 strands all about 1 1/2 inch long or about the diameter of a shoe lace tip. This can vary somewhat based upon the type and thickness of the persons follicles being tested. Many times the sample is taken from various locations on the head to make up a single sample.
- Can Treatments Or Coloring Affect The Results Of Hair Drug Test For Weed?
No. Treatments causing effect on a Hair Drug Test For Weed is an urban legend. It just does hot happen. Commonly used products (shampoos, conditioners, sprays, mousse and gels) usually have no significant effect on the Hair Drug Test For Weed as the metabolites are now inside of the dead follicle itself.
- Can Second Hand Smoke Cause You To Fail Your Hair Follicle Test
Yes – No – Probably Not. This is a question that has had a long history and there is no scientifically tested answer to this one. One can say it all depends on the drug and your time of exposure, but this is just the answer to be safe. Our best advice is probably not, but you should not take the chance. Remember, the Hair Follicle Test looks for metabolites in the hair and not on the hair so environmental issues and time of exposure are relevant in coming to a conclusion on this one.
It has been shown that it is possible to have minute detectable levels of THC from passive inhalation, although with the standard DOT/SAMHSA screening cutoff (50 ng/ml) this is not possible. The controversy came from studies that showed that it is possible to produce a positive hair follicle test when an initial cutoff of 20 ng/ml is used. There are numerous scientific articles that validate this point; however, exposure conditions were so unrealistic that they were characterized as nearly intolerable certainly not passive but active participation. Since all certified labs must use the 50 ng/ml for federally covered workers, a positive due to second-hand smoke is not possible for a hair follicle test.
- Can Hair Collected From A Hair Brush, Hair Salon or Other Source Be Used?
Yes And No. Depends on ones objective.
No: A sample from a brush or any other source (e.g. pillow, clothing, salon) may be cross contaminated and there is no guarantee that the specific sample is from the specific person being tested. This destroys any legal validity of the test results as proper chain of custody can not be established.
Yes: If the test is solely for informational purposes only and not intended to be used legally (parent testing their child) any follicles taken from a hairbrush or other source may be tested as long as the sample quantity and length requirement is achieved.
- How Long Will The Hair Sample Remain Clean After Detox?
Indefinitely. After use of Ultra Clean the hair sample will remain "clean" indefinitely after being removed and placed in storage. Even years after using Ultra Clean a hair sample will remain clean.
- How Can One Be Tested For 180 Days With The Hair Drug Test?
Will Be Two Separate Hair Drug Tests Administered. Two separate testing kits would have to be used and two separate follicle samples would have to be submitted to a laboratory for processing. The length of the follicles would have to start out at a minimum of 3 inches in length from the root end. The first would be from the scalp to 1 1/2 inches and the second sample representing the remaining length be submitted for the period from 90 days to 180 days.
- How Fast Does Head Hair Grow?
Head Hair Is About 1/2 Inch Per Month. Typical head follicles grow on average of 0.5 inches (1.3cm) per month. This growth rate varies slightly (estimated at ± 0.2 cm per month), consequently there is some (± 1 week) time variation possible. Head and body follicles do not grow at the same rate as body follicles grows at a much slower rate.
- How Soon After Use Can A Drug Be Detected In Hair For Drug Testing?
4 -5 Days. It takes approximately 5 – 7 days from the time of drug use for the affected follicles to grow above the scalp. Body hair growth rates are generally slower and cannot be utilized to determine a specific time frame of drug use. Therefore any positive result from body hair would only correlate to drug use at some indeterminable time (generally within one year).
- Will Poppy Seeds Cause A False Positive Hair Drug Test?
Yes. Poppy seeds will cause a true positive test for opiates, more specifically, morphine. The explanation is easy. Where do poppies come from? They come from poppy seeds. Since poppies contain morphine then poppy seeds should also contain morphine and they do and it doesn't take much to make a test positive.
- How Are Hair Samples Collected?
Little Known Fact: In order to be fair to the donor, the lab must have enough follicles to repeat the Hair Drug Test if necessary.
If ones hair is over 1 1/2 inches long, then the lab requires approximately 120 follicles. If placed side by side this quantity of hairs would equal about 1/2 inch on a ruler. If the hair is shorter than 1 1/2 inches in length, more follicles are required (1 inch length requires 240 follicles, 1/2 inch length requires 360 follicles . The reason for this is that although the laboratory describes the sample quantity in numbers of hairs for collectors, the test requirements are actually 120 mg of hair by weight. Hair weight varies among individuals. Since collectors do not have access to sensitive scales, it is easier to over sample the amount of the hair sample.
Many people have tried to fool the testers by extensions, false dreads, wigs and hair pieces. This will not work as the hair sample is most often taken very near the scalp. In order to approximate time of use (prior 90+ days), the laboratory will cut and use about 1 1/2 inch from the root end.
If the donor has no head hair, the collector may use underarm, chest or leg hair. If underarm, chest or leg hair is collected they tend to collect as much as possible to obtain the minimum quantity of hair as this hair is usually lighter in weight and therefore more hair is needed for testing.
Adulteration and switching are not an issue for the collector since the hair is cut directly from the donor. and the policy is the donor and the sample are never out of the view of the collector.
- Can Your Racial Origin Affect The Out Come Of Hair Drug Testing?
Probably. It has long been thought that the drugs (mainly cocaine) bind to melanin, the dark pigment containing material of hair. If this is true, then darker hair would take up more drugs than non-pigmented hair. Thus the idea formed that the testing is racially biased since African-Americans, Hispanic, Oriental and Native Americans and many other ethnic groups have predominantly dark hair. This preference has been shown in scientific tests in the lab to be true. Studies have shown that dark hair placed in a solution of cocaine in a test tube soaked up more drug than non-pigmented hair. Also, dark rat hair was shown to contain more drug than white rat hair for animals given the same amount of drug.
Does this translate into a racial preference or more specifically a hair color bias in humans? The main study (T. Mieczkowski and R. Newel, An evaluation of patterns of racial bias in hair assays for cocaine: black and white arrestees compared, Forensic Science International 63: 85- 98 (1993) showed equal findings to pass a hair drug test, passing urine tests, and self-reported data.
Hair Urine Self-Report
- % Whites Positive (Cocaine) 36.15 16.5 7.3
- % Blacks positive (Cocaine) 62.50 35.9 15.0
- Ratio (Black/white) 1.73 2.18 2.05
If only the hair data were presented, it would clearly suggest a bias. However, there is almost the same ratio whether it is hair or urine or self admission. Thus, there appears to be a drug of choice preference for cocaine of black vs. white. Based on one laboratory's data, there may be a preference for methamphetamine in the white population compared to black. Clearly much work needs to be done in this area.
Hair Drug Test | Ultra Clean Shampoo | You Pass.

subset: commoncrawl


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Simulation Lab
The Nursing Simulation Labs, located in Room 1410 in the main Academic building, provide a wide range of instructional resources. Each of the four simulation rooms contains an anatomically correct adult or child simulator for observations and practice of clinical skills and testing. A Community Simulation Room is available enabling students to identify problems and solutions within a realistic home setting. A large laboratory area can be divided into two classrooms or practice areas. For debriefing and individual testing a conference room is provided. The Control Room enables faculty to observe students in the Simulation labs and is the electronic hub of the lab.


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Product DescriptionThe successor to the legendary 355 650b, the ZTR Crest 650b rim leads the way in stiffness-to-weight ratio thanks to the innovative internal arch design. Wider inside cavity lends more stability to tires run at low pressures as well as the perfect compliment to larger volume tires.
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Product Information
- G.I. JOE: Retaliation COBRA Fang Boat with Torpedo Launcher from Hasbro
- Part of the G.I. JOE: Retaliation brand
- We recommend this product for ages 4 and up
What It Is
The new movie G.I. JOE: Retaliation has inspired imaginative play, and kids can get into the action now with action figures and vehicles based on the movie. Based on the boat from the movie, the COBRA Fang Boat with Torpedo Launcher represents the most technologically advanced vehicles in the G.I. JOE vs. COBRA arsenal. The vehicle's opening canopy and spinning propeller make it feel like a real combat boat, while the rotating gun turret pivots so that the included Swamp Viper action figure can attack from a secret COBRA hideout. With just the push of a button, kids can fire the plastic torpedo projectile from the vehicle's launcher.
Is It Fun?
While we loved the torpedo launcher on this boat, it was a little hard to remove and replace the Swamp Viper action figure in the cockpit, and it was also hard to turn the machine gun on its turret. Younger kids are probably going to have trouble manipulating those moving pieces on this vehicle. Older kids and older G.I. JOE fans will find the moving parts slightly easier to move and will enjoy recreating the storyline from the new movie and creating all-new adventures with this vehicle.
Who It's For
The G.I. JOE: Retaliation Cobra Fang Boat with Torpedo Launcher is for G.I. JOE fans ages 4 and up.
What To Be Aware Of
This boat is intended for pretend play and does not actually float in water.
This vehicle took us 10 minutes to assemble.
The movie is rated PG-13 because of violence, so it may not be appropriate for all children even if the violence is very cartoon-like. This is always a challenge with toys based on these types of movies. Collectors and G.I. JOE fans want plenty of non-stop action and insist on at least a PG-13 rating. As always, parents need to determine what's appropriate for their family and their individual kids. For kids who love G.I. JOE and action figures, though, there's plenty of play built into these action figures even if the kids don't see the movie.
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