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History of Kentucky
The history of Kentucky spans hundreds of years, and has been influenced by the state's diverse geography and central location.
- 1 Origin of the name
- 2 Settlement
- 3 Separation from Virginia
- 4 The antebellum period
- 5 Civil War period
- 6 Reconstruction
- 7 Assassination of Governor Goebel
- 8 The early twentieth century
- 9 World War I and 1920s
- 10 The Great Depression
- 11 World War II
- 12 1945–1980
- 13 Since 1980
- 14 References and bibliography
- 15 See also
- 16 External links
Origin of the name[edit]
The name "Kentucky" derived from an Iroquois name for the area south of the Ohio River. There were many variations of the word during early pioneer times, including " Kentucke", "Kaintuckee" and "Cantuckey." The meaning of the Iroquois name is disputed by historians, but it is believed to mean "meadowland." They used the Ohio Valley for a hunting ground.
The state's official nickname is the "Bluegrass State," which is derived from the famed species of grass grown in central Kentucky, Bluegrass, or Poa. "The nickname also recognizes the role that the Bluegrass region has played in Kentucky's economy and history."[1]
The area of Kentucky was inhabited by Native Americans in prehistoric times, and French explorers in the 17th century documented numerous tribes living there up until the Beaver Wars in the 1670s. By the time settlers began entering Kentucky in the mid-18th century, there were no permanent Native American settlements in the region. Instead, the country was used as common hunting grounds by Shawnee from the north and Cherokee from the south. Western tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy also hunted there until 1768.
British exploration of the area that would become Kentucky was made in 1750 by a scouting party led by Dr. Thomas Walker.[2] The Iroquois claim to much of what is now Kentucky was purchased by the British in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768); that of the Shawnee and Mingo at the Treaty of Camp Charlotte concluding Dunmore's War (1774), and that of the Cherokee at the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals (1775). However, this last treaty (The "Transylvania Purchase") was not recognized by the renegade Cherokee chief, Dragging Canoe. During the American Revolution, settlers soon began pouring into the region; Dragging Canoe responded by leading his faction into the Chickamauga Wars (1776-1794), especially along the Holston River, at the height of the American Revolutionary War. The Shawnees north of the Ohio River were also unhappy about the settlement of Kentucky, and allied themselves with the British against rebel colonists.
After 1775, Kentucky grew rapidly as the first settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains were founded, with settlers migrating primarily from Virginia, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania; they entered the region via the Cumberland Gap and the Ohio River. The most famous of these early explorers and settlers was Daniel Boone, one of the founders of the state. During this period, the settlers introduced agriculture to the area. Tobacco, corn, and hemp were the major commodity crops of Kentucky, and the hunting stage of frontier life faded away. Due to the ongoing violence however, by 1776 there were fewer than 200 settlers in Kentucky.
Kentucky's second largest city, and former capital Lexington, is named for Lexington, Massachusetts, site of one of the first battles of the Revolution. Bryan's Station is the fort built there during the last year of the war for defense against the British and their Native American allies. Kentucky was a battleground during the war; the Battle of Blue Licks, one of the last major battles of the Revolution, was fought in Kentucky.
The westernmost part of Kentucky, west of the Tennessee River, was recognized as hunting ground belonging to the Chickasaw by the 1786 Treaty of Hopewell, and remained so until they sold it to the U.S. in 1818, albeit under pressure. This region is still sometimes known as the Jackson Purchase.
Militia officers[edit]
After Kentucky County was legislatively created on December 6, 1776 (effective 1777), the county militia was organized as follows:[3]
- George Rogers Clark – Brig General Northwestern Frontier 01/1781
- John Bowman – Colonel – County Lieutenant of Kentucky County, Virginia 12/1776 & 11/1779
- Anthony Bledsoe – Lieutenant Colonel
- John Todd – Captain – Virginia
- Benjamin Logan – Captain – Kentucky County, Virginia
- Daniel Boone – Captain – Boonesborough, Kentucky
- James Harrod – Captain – Harrodsburg, Kentucky
- David Robinson – appointed County Lieutenant but office was never filled.
In November 1780, Virginia divided Kentucky County into three: Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties. Militia officers of these counties included:
- Fayette County
- John Todd – county lieutenant and colonel (killed at Blue Licks in 1782)
- Daniel Boone b – lieutenant colonel
- Jefferson County
- John Floyd – county lieutenant and colonel (killed 1783)
- Lincoln County
- Benjamin Logan – county lieutenant and colonel
- Stephen Trigg – lieutenant colonel (killed at Blue Licks in 1782)
In January 1781, Governor Thomas Jefferson appointed George Rogers Clark as brigadier general, a special position created for an expedition against British and Native Americans at Detroit, but this was not developed. As a general, Clark was the highest-ranking militia officer in Kentucky and supervised the work of the three Kentucky County colonels.[4]
Separation from Virginia[edit]
Several factors contributed to the desire of the residents of Kentucky to separate from Virginia. First, traveling to the state capital was long and dangerous. Second, offensive use of local militia against Indian raids required authorization from the governor of Virginia. Last, Virginia refused to recognize the importance of trade along the Mississippi River to Kentucky's economy. Trade with the Spanish colony of New Orleans, which controlled the mouth of the Mississippi, was forbidden.[5]
The magnitude of these problems increased with the population of Kentucky, leading Colonel Benjamin Logan to call a constitutional convention in Danville in 1784. Over the next six years, nine more conventions were held. During one, General James Wilkinson proposed secession from both Virginia and the United States to become a ward of Spain, but the idea was defeated. Finally, on June 1, 1792, with Virginia consenting to the separation, the United States Congress accepted the Kentucky Constitution and admitted it as the 15th state,[5] without creating a territory first.
The antebellum period[edit]
Land speculation was an important source of income as the first settlers sold out their claims for cash to newcomers and moved further west.[6] The great majority of Kentuckians were farmers. They grew most of their own food, using the corn crop to feed hogs and to distill into whiskey. They obtained their cash from sales of burley tobacco, hemp, horses and mules. The hemp was spun and woven for cotton bale bagging and ropes.[7] Tobacco required expertise, and attracted planters from Maryland and Virginia whose own lands were near exhaustion.[8] Tobacco was a labor-intensive crop, and plantations in the Bluegrass region used slave labor, but on a smaller scale than the cotton plantations of the Deep South.[9]
Adequate transportation routes proved crucial to Kentucky's economic success in the early antebellum period. The rapid growth of stagecoach roads, canals and railroads early in the century drew many Easterners to the state. For example, towns along the Maysville Road from Washington to Lexington grew rapidly to accommodate the demand.[10] Surveyors and cartographers had always made their fortunes in early Kentucky and especially by the antebellum period, such as David H. Burr (1803-1875) who served as geographer to the U.S. House of Representatives in the 1830s and '40s.[11]
Kentuckians loved horses, using them for transportation, mode of power, breeding, and racing. Taxpayers owned 90,000 horses in 1800, with 87% of all householders owning at least one, and two-thirds of the taxpayers owning two or more.[12] Breeding thoroughbreds for racing is a Bluegrass specialty.[13] Louisville began sponsoring the world-famous Kentucky Derby at the Churchill Downs track in 1875.[14]
Mules were cheaper to own than horses, and were well adapted to small farms. Mule breeding became a specialty in Kentucky, and many of the mule breeders moved west to Missouri to expand their operations after 1865.[15]
The Second Great Awakening, based in part on the Kentucky frontier, saw a rapid growth in church members. Revivals and missionaries converted many previously unchurched folk, and drew them into the Baptist, Methodist, Christian and Presbyterian churches.
In August 1801 at the Cane Ridge Meeting House in Bourbon County. As part of what is now known as the "Western Revival", attracted thousands of religious seekers under the leadership of Presbyterian preacher Barton W. Stone. The preaching, singing and converting went on for a week until both humans and horses ran out of food.[16]
The Baptists flourished in Kentucky. Many had immigrated as a body from Virginia. For examples, the Upper Spottsylvania Baptist congregation left Virginia and came to Kentucky in September 1781 as a group of 500 to 600 people. Some were slaveholders; among the slaves was Peter Durrett, who helped Capt. William Ellis guide the party. Held by Rev. Joseph Craig, Durrett was a Baptist preacher and part of Craig's congregation in 1784. About 1790 he founded the First African Baptist Church in Lexington, the oldest black Baptist congregation in Kentucky and the third oldest in the United States. He was so popular that his funeral was said to be second in size only to that of the statesman Henry Clay.[17]
Many anti-slavery Virginians moved to Kentucky as well, making the new state a battleground over slavery. Churches and friends divided over the issue of the immorality of slaveholding; in Kentucky the antislavery position was marginalized both politically and geographically. Emancipationist Baptists created their own churches in Kentucky around antislavery principles. While emancipationists viewed their cause as one with republican ideals of virtue, the proslavery Baptists insisted there was a boundary between church and state; this allowed them to define slavery as a civil matter. The proslavery position, based on the importance of slave labor on many plantations, became the dominant Baptist belief in Kentucky. Emancipationist leadership declined through death and emigration, and Baptists in the Upper South healed rifts in their churches and associations.[18]
Barton W. Stone (1772–1844) founded the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) in the 1830s, when his followers joined with the followers of Alexander Campbell. Stone broke with his Presbyterian background to form the new sect that rejected Calvinism, required weekly communion and the baptism of adults, accepted the Bible as the source of truth, and sought to restore the values of primitive Christianity.[19]
In late 1811 and early 1812, Western Kentucky was heavily damaged by a series of earthquakes referred to as the New Madrid earthquake, the largest recorded earthquake in the contiguous United States. These earthquakes caused the Mississippi River to change course. The "west" began at the Appalachians and young Lexington was the cultural center of the region. It claimed to be the "Athens of the West."
Louisville and Lexington[edit]
Kentucky was heavily rural, but two important cities emerged. Louisville emerged as the largest city in the state, as the growth of commerce facilitated by steamboats and the construction of railroads made it the commercial center of the state. It attracted many Germans and Irish Catholic immigrants during their large mid-19th-century emigrations from Europe.
Lexington was the center of the Bluegrass Region, an agricultural area featuring production of tobacco and hemp, as well as the breeding and training of high-quality livestock, including horses. It was the base for many prominent planters, most notably Henry Clay, who became a politician and statesman. This central part of the state had the highest concentration of enslaved African Americans, whose labor supported the plantation economy.
War with Mexico[edit]
In 1846 Kentucky paid close attention to the Mexican war. Some citizens enthusiastically supported the war, while others—especially Whigs who followed Henry Clay, opposed the war and refused to participate. The quest for honor was especially important, as a rising generation sought their self-identity and a link with heroic ancestors. The state easily met its quota of 2500 volunteer troops in 1846 and 1847.[20] Although the war's popularity declined after a year or two, clear majorities supported it throughout, in part because residents believed victory would bring new lands for the expansion of slavery.
Kentuckian units won praise at the battles of Monterey and Buena Vista. Although many took sick, few died. Gaining honor and glory, as well as emotional maturity and a sense of the world at large, Kentucky units returned home in triumph. The war weakened the Whig party as the Democratic party rose to dominance during this period.[20]
Civil War period[edit]
While remaining loyal to the Union, Kentucky was a border state during the American Civil War. The state was officially neutral until a new legislature took office on August 5, 1861 with strong Union sympathies. The majority of the Commonwealth's citizens also had strong Union sympathies. On September 4, 1861, Confederate General Leonidas Polk broke Kentucky's neutrality by invading Columbus, Kentucky. As a result of the Confederate invasion, Union General Ulysses S. Grant entered Paducah, Kentucky. On September 7, 1861, the Kentucky State Legislature, angered by the Confederate invasion, ordered the Union flag to be raised over the state capitol in Frankfort, declaring its allegiance with the Union. In November 1861, during the Russellville Convention, Southern sympathizers attempted to establish an alternative state government with the goal of secession but failed to displace the legitimate government in Frankfort.[21][22]
On August 13, 1862, Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith's Army of East Tennessee invaded Kentucky and on August 28, 1862, Confederate General Braxton Bragg's Army of Mississippi entered Kentucky beginning the Kentucky Campaign. The Confederates won the bloody Battle of Perryville but Bragg retreated because he was in an exposed position. Kentucky stayed under Union control for the remainder of the war.[23][24]
Although Kentucky was a slave state, it was not subject to military occupation during the Reconstruction Period. It was subject to the Freedmen's Bureau and a congressional investigation into the propriety of its elected officials. During the election of 1865, ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment was a major political issue. Kentucky eventually rejected the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments. Democrats prevailed in the election, and one of their first acts was to repeal the Expatriation Act of 1862, thus restoring the citizenship of Confederates.
Postwar violence[edit]
After the war, the Ku Klux Klan was quite active in Kentucky, as some people sought to re-establish white supremacy. Between 1867 and 1881, the Frankfort Weekly Commonwealth newspaper reported 115 incidents of shooting, lynching, and whipping of blacks.
Kentucky became internationally known for its violent feuds, especially in the mountains. They pitted the men in extended clans against each other for decades, often using assassination and arson as weapons, along with ambushes, gunfights, and pre-arranged shootouts. Some of the feuds were continuations of violent local Civil War episodes.[25] Journalists often wrote about the violence, using stereotypes that city folks had developed about Appalachia; they interpreted the feuds as the inevitable product of profound ignorance, poverty, and isolation, and perhaps even interbreeding. In reality, the leading participants were typically well-to-do local elites with networks of clients who were fighting for local political power.[26]
Gilded Age[edit]
The Gilded Age saw the emergence of a women's suffrage movement. Laura Clay, daughter of noted abolitionist Cassius Clay, was the most prominent leader. At the same time a prohibition movement began, which was challenged by the distillers (based in the Bluegrass) and the saloonkeepers (based in the cities).
Kentucky's hemp industry declined as manila became the world's primary source of rope fiber. This led to an increase in tobacco production, which was already the largest cash crop of Kentucky.
Assassination of Governor Goebel[edit]
In 1860–1900 German immigrants settled in cities in northern Kentucky, especially Louisville. The most famous ethnic German leader in the late 19th century was William Goebel (1856–1900). From his base in Covington, he became a state senator in 1887, fought the railroads, and took control of the state Democratic party in the mid-1890s. Goebel's 1895 election law took control of vote counting away from local officials and gave it to officials controlled by the Assembly, which the Democrats controlled. He used that power to be certified as governor in 1900. The apparent election of William S. Taylor as governor on the Republican ticket in 1899 was an unexpected turn of events.
The Kentucky Senate formed a special Committee of Inquiry packed with Democratic members. As it became apparent to Taylor's supporters that the committee would decide in favor of Goebel, they raised an armed force. On January 19, 1900, more than 1,500 armed civilians took possession of the Capitol. For more than two weeks, the United States watched as the Commonwealth of Kentucky slid towards civil war. The presiding governor declared martial law and activated the official Kentucky militia. On January 30, 1900, Goebel, accompanied by two bodyguards, was shot by a sniper as he approached the Capitol. Though mortally wounded, Goebel was sworn in as Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky the next day. Goebel died from his wounds on February 3, 1900.[27]
For nearly four months after Governor Goebel's death, Kentucky had two officials functioning as the commonwealth's chief executive: Republican Taylor, who insisted he was the governor, and Democrat J. C. W. Beckham, running mate of Governor Goebel, who was sworn in when the latter died. Beckham requested federal aid to determine Kentucky's chief executive. The U.S. Supreme Court finally reached a decision on May 26, 1900, upholding the Commission's ruling that Goebel was Kentucky's governor. Since his Lieutenant Governor (Beckham) had followed Kentucky's line of succession, Beckham was now governor.
Immediately following the court's decision, Taylor fled to Indiana. He was later indicted as one of the conspirators in the assassination. Attempts to extradite him failed, and Taylor remained in Indiana until he died. Realizing how close they came to civil war, Kentucky leaders calmed the voters and managed to finish the decade with less heat and little violence.
The early twentieth century[edit]
The coal industry made dramatic progress between around the start of the 20th century and World War I. Many Kentuckians made the change from subsistence farming to coal mining, particularly in the Appalachian region. Many others left the state for better-paying jobs in manufacturing and industrial cities in the Midwest.
World War I and 1920s[edit]
Like the rest of the country, Kentucky experienced dramatic inflation during the war years. Much infrastructure was created; the state built many roads to accommodate the increasing popularity of the automobile. The war also led to the clear cutting of thousands of acres of Kentucky timber.
The tobacco and whiskey industries had boom years during the teens, although Prohibition seriously harmed the economy when the Eighteenth Amendment took effect. Prohibition led to widespread bootlegging, which continued into the middle of the century.
Congressman Alben W. Barkley gained statewide stature by leading a crusade against the coal and gambling special interests during his 1923 campaign for Governor of Kentucky. Barkley narrowly lost the Democratic gubernatorial nomination. That sole electoral defeat helped propel him into the U.S. Senate in 1926. Barkley became US Senate leader for the Democrats in 1937 and vice president with Harry S. Truman in 1948.
In the 1920s the progressives focused their attacks on gambling. The anti-gambling crusade sprang from the religious attack on machine politics led by Helm Bruce and the Louisville Churchmen's Federation. The reformers had their greatest support in rural Kentucky, with support from the Ku Klux Klan and Fundamentalist Protestant clergymen. Barkley became the political spokesman of the anti-gambling group and nearly secured the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1923; four years later, former governor J. C. W. Beckham won the party's nomination as the anti-gambling candidate. Urban Democrats deserted Beckham, however, and Republican Flem Sampson was elected. Beckham's defeat marked the end of the Progressive movement in Kentucky.[28]
The Great Depression[edit]
Like the rest of the country and much of the world, Kentucky faced great difficulty with the arrival of the Great Depression in the late 1920s. There was widespread unemployment and little economic growth. On the other hand, New Deal programs greatly improved the educational system in the state and led to the construction and improvement of a great deal of infrastructure. The creation of roads, construction of telephone lines, and rural electrification were significant developments for the state. The creation of the Kentucky Dam and its hydroelectric power plant greatly improved the lives of Western Kentuckians. Both the Cumberland River and the Mississippi River saw extensive improvements in navigability and flood control.
The 1938 Democratic Senate primary featured an intense showdown between Barkley, liberal spokesman for the New Deal, and conservative governor Happy Chandler. The governor was a gifted public speaker, combining voice control, emotionalism, and singing with an unusual ability to personalize his speeches. He could remember everyone's name, and in turn they became emotionally involved in his campaign speeches. Barkley's methodical campaigning was bolstered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt's strong endorsement. Barkley handily defeated Chandler, with 56% of the vote. Farmers, labor unions, and city machines gave Barkley his margin, a vote which reaffirmed the popularity of the New Deal in Kentucky. Only a few months later, Chandler was appointed to the state's other Senate seat upon the death of Senator Mills Logan.[29]
The 1937 flood[edit]
Beginning in January 1937, the Ohio River was in various flood stages for three months. The flood led to river fires when oil tanks in Cincinnati, Ohio were destroyed in the flood. In Kentucky, one-third of Kenton and Campbell counties were submerged, and 70% of Louisville was under water for over a week. Paducah, Owensboro, and other Purchase area cities were devastated. Damages from the flood (nationwide) totaled 20 million dollars without adjusting for inflation. It led to extensive flood prevention efforts in the Purchase area, including the distinctive flood wall at Paducah.
World War II[edit]
For Kentucky, World War II signified the increased importance of industry and decreased importance of agriculture for the state's economy. The war led to expansion of Fort Knox as well as the creation of an ordinance plant in Louisville. Louisville became the world's largest source of artificial rubber. Shipyards at Jeffersonville and elsewhere generated numerous skilled jobs. Louisville's Ford manufacturing center produced almost 100,000 Jeeps during the war. The war also lead to a greater demand for higher education, as technical skills were more in demand both during the war and afterwards.
Kentuckians during the war[edit]
Husband Kimmel of Henderson County commanded the Pacific Fleet. Sixty-six men from Harrodsburg were on the Bataan Death March. Edgar Erskine Hume of Frankfort served as the military governor of Rome after its capture. Kentucky native Franklin Sousley was depicted in the photograph showing the raising of the flag at Iwo Jima. As a prisoner of war, Harrodsburg resident John Sadler witnessed the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan. Seven Kentuckians received the Medal of Honor. 7,917 Kentuckians died during the war; 306,364 served.
Rose Will Monroe, one of the models for "Rosie the Riveter," was a native of Pulaski County.
In the years afterward, the Interstate Highway System helped connect even the most remote areas of Kentucky to one another.
Progressive, solid, and unspectacular, Democrat Lawrence W. Wetherby served as governor during 1950–55. As lieutenant governor under Earle Clements, he was out of the limelight. After Clements moved on to the US Senate, Wetherby took over and was elected to his own term in 1951, emphasizing the themes of roads, tourism, and economic development. One of the few Southern governors who worked to carry out desegregation after the Brown Decision in 1954, Wetherby's administration ran into a string of bad luck and its candidate for governor, Bert T. Combs, was defeated by Happy Chandler in 1955.[30]
Agriculture, though still important, was supplanted in many areas by industry. By 1970, Kentucky had more urban residents than rural residents. Although decreasing in overall importance, tobacco production remains an important part of the state economy, bolstered by New Deal legacy that gives financial advantages to holders of tobacco allotments.
Civil rights[edit]
During the 1960s, the Woolworth's Store in Lexington ended practices of segregation as a result of successful local civil rights sit-in.[31] This was part of an era of activist efforts to achieve integration. Due to demographic and economic changes, Woolworth went out of business in 1990 and the historic building was demolished in 2004.
Governor Edward Thompson "Ned" Breathitt, Jr., took pride in his civil rights leadership as governor 1963–67. Race was a major issue in his victories in the 1963 primary and general elections. At the urging of President Lyndon B. Johnson, Breathitt led the National Governors Conference in supporting the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Johnson later appointed Breathitt to the "To Secure These Rights" commission, charged with implementing the Act. Breathitt was unable to get a civil rights bill passed by the state general assembly in 1964, but did pass a bill in 1966. Breathitt said that civil rights legislation would have passed without him. He thought his opposition to strip mining had more to do with the demise of his political career.[32]
Since 1980[edit]
Martha Layne Collins served as Kentucky's first woman governor from 1983 to 1987 and cochaired the Democratic National Convention in 1984. Prior to that, Collins had been a schoolteacher and party worker for the state's Democrats at all levels and served as lieutenant governor from 1979 to 1983. In 1983, she defeated Jim Bunning for the governorship. Throughout her public life she emphasized education and economic development; a feminist, she viewed all issues as "women's issues." She took special pride in having procured the Toyota plant for Georgetown.[33] Nevertheless in 2000, the state ranked 49th in the percentage of females serving in state or national political offices. The traditional system has favored "old boys" thanks to political elites, incumbency, and long-entrenched political networks.[34]
Paul E. Patton, a Democrat, served as governor from 1995 to 2003. Winning a close race in 1995, he benefited from economic good times and succeeded with most of his initiatives and priorities. After winning reelection by a large margin in 1999, Patton suffered from the state's economic reversal and also from public exposure of an extramarital affair. Near the end of his second term, Patton was also accused of abusing his patronage powers and incurred further criticism when he pardoned four of his former supporters who had been convicted of violating the state's campaign finance laws.[35]
References and bibliography[edit]
- ^ Kentucky State Facts & Information, Kentucky Genealogy. Retrieved on 2011-06-01
- ^ "The History of Kentucky From Its Earliest Settlement" Page 21, 1869
- ^ Otis Rice, Frontier Kentucky (University Press of Kentucky, 1975), 85.
- ^ James A. James, The Life of George Rogers Clark (1928), 231–32.
- ^ a b "Constitutional Background". Kentucky Government: Informational Bulletin No. 137. Frankfort, Kentucky: Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. February 2003.
- ^ Ellen Eslinger, "Farming on the Kentucky Frontier," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, (2009) 107#1 pp 3–32.
- ^ Ann I. Ottesen, "A Reconstruction of the Activities and Outbuildings at Farmington, an Early Nineteenth-Century Hemp Farm," Filson Club History Quarterly, 1985, 59$4, pp 395-425
- ^ W. F. Axton, Tobacco and Kentucky (1975)
- ^ Todd H. Barnett, "Virginians Moving West: The Early Evolution of Slavery in the Bluegrass," Filson Club History Quarterly, 1999, 73#3, pp 221-248
- ^ Raitz, Karl; O'Malley, Nancy (2012). Kentucky's Frontier Highway: Historical Landscapes along the Maysville Road. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-3664-6.
- ^ Burr, David H. (1839). "Map of Kentucky and Tennessee". World Digital Library. Kentucky. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- ^ Lee Soltow, "Horse Owners in Kentucky in 1800," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, July 1981, 79#3 pp 203-210
- ^ Kent Hollingsworth, The Kentucky Thoroughbred (1978)
- ^ Laura Hillenbrand, "The Derby," American Heritage, May/June 1999, 50#3 pp 98-107
- ^ Larry Sawers, "The Mule, the South, and Economic Progress," Social Science History, Winter 2004, 28#4, pp 667-690
- ^ Paul Conkin, Cane Ridge: America's Pentecost (1990)
- ^ "First African Baptist Church", Lexington: The Athens of the West, National Park Service, accessed Aug 21, 2010
- ^ Monica Najar, "'Meddling with Emancipation': Baptists, Authority, and the Rift over Slavery in the Upper South," Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 25#2 (Summer, 2005), pp. 157–186 in JSTOR
- ^ Philip. Ardery, "Barton Stone and the Drama of Cane Ridge," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Oct 1987, Vol. 85#4 pp 308–321
- ^ a b Damon Eubank, "A Time for Heroes, a Time for Honor: Kentucky Soldiers in the Mexican War," Filson Club History Quarterly, 1998, Vol. 72#2 pp 174–192
- ^ Lowell H. Harrison, The Civil War in Kentucky (University Press of Kentucky, 2010)
- ^ Lowell H. Harrison, "The Civil War in Kentucky: Some Persistent Questions." The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society (1978): 1-21. in JSTOR
- ^ Robert P. Broadwater, The Battle of Perryville, 1862: culmination of the failed Kentucky campaign (McFarland & Company, 2005.)
- ^ James Lee McDonough, War in Kentucky: From Shiloh to Perryville (Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1996)
- ^ Keith F. Otterbein, "Five Feuds: An Analysis of Homicides in Eastern Kentucky in the Late Nineteenth Century," American Anthropologist, June 2000, Vol. 102 Issue 2, pp 231–43, provides a theoretical analysis
- ^ Dwight B. Billings and Kathleen M. Blee, "'Where the Sun Set Crimson and the Moon Rose Red": Writing Appalachia and the Kentucky Mountain Feuds," Southern Cultures, Summer 1996, Vol. 2 Issue 3/4, pp 329–352
- ^ James C. Klotter, William Goebel: The Politics of Wrath (1977).
- ^ Robert F. Sexton, "The Crusade Against Pari-mutuel Gambling in Kentucky: a Study of Southern Progressivism in the 1920s" Filson Club History Quarterly 1976 50(1): 47–57.
- ^ Walter L. Hixson, "The 1938 Kentucky Senate Election: Alben W. Barkley, 'Happy' Chandler, and the New Deal". Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 1982 80(3): 309–329.
- ^ John E. Kleber, "As Luck Would Have It: An Overview of Lawrence W. Wetherby as Governor, 1950–1955," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Oct 1986, Vol. 84 Issue 4, pp 397–421
- ^ "Downtown Lexington's Next Loss: Woolworth's". Preservation Magazine. August 2004. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ Betsey Brinson, and Kenneth H. Williams, "An Interview with Governor Ned Breathitt on Civil Rights: 'The Most Significant Thing That I Have Ever Had a Part in,'" Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Jan 2001, Vol. 99 Issue 1, pp 5–51
- ^ Elizabeth Fraas, "All Issues Are Women'S Issues": An Interview With Governor Martha Layne Collins on Women in Politics," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, July 2001, Vol. 99 Issue 3, pp 213–248
- ^ Penny M. Miller, "The Slow and Unsure Progress of Women in Kentucky Politics," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, July 2001, Vol. 99 Issue 3, pp 249–283
- ^ Paul Blanchard, "Governor Paul E. Patton," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Jan 2004, Vol. 102 Issue 1, pp 69–87
Surveys and reference[edit]
- Abramson, Rudy and Haskell, Jean, editors (2006). Encyclopedia of Appalachia, University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 1-57233-456-8
- Bodley, Temple and Samuel M. Wilson. History of Kentucky 4 vols. (1928)
- Channing, Steven. Kentucky: A Bicentennial History (1977); popular overview
- Clark, Thomas Dionysius. A History of Kentucky (many editions, 1937–1992); long the standard textbook
- Collins, Lewis. History of Kentucky (1880); old but highly detailed online edition
- Harrison, Lowell H. and James C. Klotter. A New History of Kentucky (1997), the standard history by leading scholars
- Ford, Thomas R. ed. The Southern Appalachian Region: A Survey. (1967); includes highly detailed statistics
- Kleber, John E. et al. The Kentucky Encyclopedia (1992); standard reference history
- Klotter, James C. Our Kentucky: A Study of the Bluegrass State (2000); high school text
- Klotter, James C. Kentucky: Portrait in Paradox, 1900–1950 (2006)
- Klotter, James C. and Freda C. Klotter. A Concise History of Kentucky (2008)
- Lucas, Marion Brunson and Wright, George C. A History of Blacks in Kentucky 2 vols. (1992)
- Morse, Jedidiah (1797). "Kentucky". The American Gazetteer. Boston, Massachusetts: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews.
- Share, Allen J. Cities in the Commonwealth: Two Centuries of Urban Life in Kentucky (1982)
- Tapp, Hambleton, and James C. Klotter. Kentucky: Decades of Discord, 1865–1900 (2008)
- Wallis, Frederick A. and Hambleton Tapp. A Sesqui-Centennial History of Kentucky 4 vols. (1945)
- Ward, William S., A Literary History of Kentucky (1988) (ISBN 0-87049-578-X)
- WPA, Kentucky: A Guide to the Bluegrass State (1939); classic guide
- Yater, George H. (1987). Two Hundred Years at the Fall of the Ohio: A History of Louisville and Jefferson County (2nd ed.). Filson Club, Incorporated. ISBN 0-9601072-3-1.
Specialized scholarly studies[edit]
- Aron, Stephen A. How the West Was Lost: The Transformation of Kentucky from Daniel Boone to Henry Clay (1996)
- Aron, Stephen A. "The Significance of the Kentucky Frontier," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 91 (Summer 1993), 298-323.
- Bakeless, John. Daniel Boone, Master of the Wilderness (1989) online
- Blakey, George T. Hard Times and New Deal in Kentucky, 1929–1939 (1986)
- Clark, Thomas D. (January 1938). "Salt, A Factor in the Settlement of Kentucky". Filson Club Historical Quarterly 12 (1). Retrieved 2011-11-29.
- Coulter, E. Merton. The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky (1926)
- Davis, Alice. "Heroes: Kentucky's Artists from Statehood to the New Millennium" (2004)
- Eller, Ronald D. Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers: Industrialization of the Appalachian South, 1880–1930 1982
- Ellis, William E. The Kentucky River (2000)
- Eslinger, Ellen. "Farming on the Kentucky Frontier," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, 107 (Winter 2009), 3–32.
- Faragher, John Mack. Daniel Boone (1993)
- Fenton, John H. Politics in the Border States: A Study of the Patterns of Political Organization, and Political Change, Common to the Border States: Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri (1957)
- Heidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler. Henry Clay: The Essential American (2010); scholarly biography
- Ireland, Robert M. The County in Kentucky History (1976)
- Kephart, Horace (1922). Our Southern Highlanders (New and revised ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 0-87049-203-9. full text online
- Klotter, James C.; Lowell Harrison, James Ramage, Charles Roland, Richard Taylor, Bryan S. Bush, Tom Fugate, Dixie Hibbs, Lisa Matthews, Robert C. Moody, Marshall Myers, Stuart Sanders and Stephen McBride (2005). Jerlene Rose, ed. Kentucky's Civil War 1861–1865. Back Home In Kentucky Inc. ISBN 0-9769231-1-4.
- Klotter, James C. Kentucky: Portrait in Paradox, 1900–1950 (1992)
- Klotter, James C., ed. The Athens of the West: Kentucky and American Culture, 1792-1852 (University Press of Kentucky, 2012)
- Marshall, Anne E. Creating a Confederate Kentucky: The Lost Cause and Civil War Memory in a Border State (University of North Carolina Press; 2010) 272 pages
- Pearce, John Ed. Divide and Dissent: Kentucky Politics, 1930–1963 (1987)
- Pudup, Mary Beth, Dwight B. Billings, and Altina L. Waller, eds. Appalachia in the Making: The Mountain South in the Nineteenth Century. (1995)
- Reid, Darren R. (ed.) Daniel Boone and Others on the Kentucky Frontier: Autobiographies and Narratives, 1769–1795 (2009) ISBN 978-0-7864-4377-2
- Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1991); scholarly biography
- Sonne, Niels Henry. Liberal Kentucky, 1780–1828 (1939) online edition
- Tapp, Hambleton and James C Klotter. Kentucky Decades of Discord, 1865–1900 (1977)
- Townsend, William H. Lincoln and the Bluegrass: Slavery and Civil War in Kentucky (1955); online edition
- Waldrep, Christopher Night Riders: Defending Community in the Black Patch, 1890–1915 (1993); tobacco wars online edition
Primary sources[edit]
- Cantrell, Doug, et al. eds. Kentucky Through The Centuries: A Collection Of Documents And Essays (2009), 474pp
- Chandler, Albert B. Heroes, Plain Folks, and Skunks: The Life and Times of Happy Chandler (1989)
See also[edit]
- Thomas D. Clark (1903–2005) – Historian Laureate of the Commonwealth of Kentucky
- The Filson Historical Society
- History of Louisville, Kentucky
- History of the Southern United States
- Kentucky Historical Society
- Timeline of Kentucky history
- List of Kentucky women in the civil rights era
External links[edit]


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Low is happy that home-grown youngsters are given the chance to impress in the Bundesliga, while there are also senior players such as Sami Khedira and Mesut Ozil who have left to gain experience in other countries.
Germany's national team has continued to compete for major honours and the current crop has made it through to the quarter-finals of the World Cup, where they will face France in Rio de Janeiro in Friday.
England, meanwhile, dropped out at the group stage without winning a match after losing to Italy and Uruguay, and drawing 0-0 with surprise Group D winners Costa Rica.
Roy Hodgson has previously expressed frustration at the low percentage of English players regularly turning out in the Premier League, and Low feels England will continue to struggle until the issue is addressed.
Speaking about his Germany squad, Low said: "I believe we have a good blend. These players have a lot of experience in tough competitions.
"I'm not unhappy if players are abroad. We can benefit from Sami Khedira, Mesut Ozil having different influences and cultures and coaches. They benefit personally as well and it helps players to mature.
"If other countries like England have a problem, their league has a disadvantage because of a higher percentage of foreigners so it becomes difficult for the national coach to get things moving.
"We have changed over recent years with lots of young German players in German clubs, given an advantage over foreigners and we're benefiting from that.
"In England there are many foreigners and perhaps that is not always beneficial."
English players are good enough but when you consider what is holding them back it is surprising that we qualify for tournaments. Things like, not enough English players get enough opportunity in the premier league and what England manager will look outside the prem for players? Certainly not Hodgson. Hodgson is wrong for England. English players are to expensive, shaw went for silly money, good business for Soton but bad news for English players. We play too many games. Get rid of the league cup and make the prem 18 teams. Perhaps the FA should regain control over the premier league and show some backbone. Have teams field at least 3 Englishman in clubs starting eleven . You can argue against the points above on there own but when you take account of them altogether surely even the FA can see a problem.- crow

subset: commoncrawl


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Current Season
Patron Memberships
MCC Theater at
The Lucille Lortel Theatre
121 Christopher St
New York, NY 10014
Map it
MCC Theater
231 W 29th St #303
New York, NY 10001
Map it
Monday, March 31, 2014
Hammerstein Ballroom
6:30pm Cocktails
7:30pm Dinner, Honoree Celebration
8:45pm Miscast Revue
Online Auction Now Live
Make your Broadway debut with a walk-on role in Kinky Boots, have lunch with Jonathan Groff, or escape the weather with a trip to Bermuda. Bid on these items and more online right now!
Honoring Award-winning actress Allison Janney ("Mom," The Help, 9 to 5)
Hosted by Victor Garber
Featuring performances by
The roster of performers for Miscast 2014 includes Sasha Allen ("The Voice," Hair); Tony Award nominee Raúl Esparza (Company, "Law and Order: SVU"); Megan Hilty (9 to 5: The Musical, "Sean Saves the World"); Tony Award nominee Jeremy Jordan (Newsies, "Smash"); Zosia Mamet ("Girls," MCC's Really Really); Tony Award winner Lin-Manuel Miranda (In the Heights, Encores! Merrily We Roll Along); Nicole Parker ("MADtv," Wicked); Steven Pasquale (The Bridges of Madison County, "Rescue Me"); Tony Award winner Billy Porter (Kinky Boots, Angels in America); and Tony Award nominee Keala Settle (Hands on a Hardbody, upcoming Les Miserables), with more to be announced.**
Perfect for corporate or private entertaining
About Miscast
MCC Theater's annual Miscast gala is one of the most exciting and unique theater events in town. Broadways hottest stars perform songs from roles in which they would NEVER be cast. And the results are thrilling!
The years funniest revue! –The Huffington Post
One of 2012s Most Galvanizing Theater Moments! The New York Times
The years funniest revue! –The Huffington Post
One of 2012s Most Galvanizing Theater Moments! The New York Times
Performers from past years include Norbert Leo Butz, Jonathan Groff, Megan Hilty, Cheyenne Jackson, Kelli O'Hara, Raúl Esparza, Brian D'Arcy James, and Jane Krakowski. Special guests have included Julianna Margulies, Judith Light, Andy Cohen, Charles Busch, Helen Mirren, Lewis Black, Chris Noth, Edward Albee, Kathleen Turner, Jerry Stiller, Mo Rocca, Isaac Mizrahi and many more.
Funds raised from Miscast help MCC Theater produce some of the most talked-about new work Off-Broadway and support our Youth Company and in-school partnerships that serve New York City public high school students, as well as our literary development work with emerging playwrights.
Official Hotel Sponsor
Honorary Co-Chairs
Bob Gersh
Robert Greenblatt
Marianne Mills & Javan Bunch
Host Committee
Marjorie & Fredric Altschuler
Maureen & Bill Barton
Emily Baugher
Jodi & Jamie Carse
Cassidy & Nico Sidoti
Cathy Chernoff
M. Graham Coleman
Scott M. Delman
Rachel & Melvin Epstein
Judi & Alan Feldman
Dr. Gail Furman
Jill Furman
Roy Furman
Judith A. Garson & Steven N. Rappaport
Cathy Glaser & Steve Semlitz
Mary & Jay Goldberg
Bill Goldstein
Iliana Guibert
Jill & Martin Handelsman
Winnie Holzman & Paul Dooley
Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth J. LeStrange
Dr. and Mrs. Jerome & Elizabeth Levy
Lorie Cowen Levy & Charles J. Levy, Jr.
Judith Light
Arielle & Ian Madover
Sandy & Mike McManus
Steve Mills
Jessica Mitchell/David Fleischer
Ruth & Harold Newman
Bob O'Leary & Paul Johnson
Erik Piecuch & Alex Wright
Dean Pitchford & Michael Mealiffe
Susan Raanan & Robert S. Fleischer
Dorothy E. Reid
Kristine Louis Reynal & Max Reynal
Steve Richardson & Kirk Rubi
Cathy & Mike Rosen
Daryl Roth
Neal Rubinstein
Laura Santisi & Richard Johnson
Robert L. Seigel
Curt B. Sharp & Dean K. Stein
Martin Shkreli
Barbara Shulman
Amy & Stephen Sills
Sheila Steinberg
Jennifer Swan
Fred & Barbara Taylor
Carol & Joel Thea
Bob Tuschman
Lois Weinroth
Barbara Whitman
Janine & Jonathan Whitney
Michael Wilson & Jeff Cowie
Corporate Sponsors
City National Bank
Davis Wright Tremaine LLP
Key Brand Entertainment
Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP
U.S. Trust, Bank of America Private Wealth
Video and Photos from Miscast 2013
To view video and photos from Miscast 2013, click here.
About the Viceroy New York, the Official Hotel Sponsor of Miscast 2014
Representing the next generation of New York luxury hospitality, Viceroy New York is Viceroy Hotel Groups first branded property in Manhattan. Uniting some of the most prestigious names in development, architecture, design, nightlife and cuisine, the 29-story hotel sits on the iconic West 57th Street a central thoroughfare in Midtown combining business and pleasure for both locals and visitors. Designed by powerhouse firm Roman and Williams, Viceroy New York articulates a vision of downtown allure without compromising on uptown sophistication. The hotel boasts a striking double-height lobby, bespoke interiors, sweeping public spaces and top-of-the-line amenities in 240 luxury guestrooms. On the hotels ground floor, revelers can visit Kingside, a bar and restaurant featuring Gerber Groups renowned bar program alongside Chef Marc Murphy's interpretation of New American Cooking, as well as expansive global wine offerings, regionally brewed craft beers and small-batch spirits. In 2014, Gerber Group will also debut The Roof lounge and outdoor deck with awe-inspiring views of Central Park, a rotating selection of innovative cocktails that highlight market fresh ingredients and small plates from Kingside. For more information and to make a reservation, contact 212-830-8000 or visit http://www.viceroyhotelsandresorts.com/newyork.
** Performer line-up subject to change.


text:
You are on citadines.com
Other Brands byThe Ascott Limited:
Avenue Willy Brandt - Euralille
59777 Lille, France
The Studio Club, being on the higher floors, provides a stunning view of the city. There is the fully-equipped modern kitchen, en-suite bathroom along with well-designed living spaces. Also enjoy the additional amenities in this apartment including complimentary refreshments and continental breakfast.


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RICHMOND, VA—The Richmond City school board took action Wednesday, in an effort to bridge a multi-million dollar budget shortfall; over 60 positions will be eliminated, and one school will be closed.
Summer Hill Elementary School will be closed, the school board voted. More than 60 positions in the administrative sector of the school system will be eliminated.
The district faced an $11.6 million dollar budget gap after revenue shortfalls, higher health insurance rates and mandatory one percent salary increases.
Among the list of items that were previously on the chopping block: 65 teacher jobs throughout the city. Eliminating the positions would have saved approximately $3.1 million, but would have also increase classroom size.
Sources said previously that existing contracts with vendors and work to consolidate services with the city could have also be canceled.
Two more schools will be closed in continuing efforts to trim the budget, although board members say they haven't decided which ones will be shut down.
Stay with 8News for updates.
Copyright 2013 by Young Broadcasting of Richmond
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Telephone: 804.330.8888
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All content © Copyright 2000 - 2014 Media General Communications Holdings, LLC. A Media General Company.


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Okay, so this is the strangest celebrity collaboration I've seen for a while. If I look at the products, I'd have to say that nothing whatsoever about it makes me thing of Demi More, with whom the range was apparently created. If anything, it's all pretty much Lauder circa 1980 and not particularly relevant even to forthcoming trends. The only good thing to say is that the red looks hot!
I just think if you collaborate with a celebrity, the products should at least be stand-out. It was a perfect opportunity for Oriflame to go more mainstream in the UK but I think they missed that bus.


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The Heysen Trail
Google Map
View Google map showing the Heysen Trail with accommodation options, re-routes, Fire Ban Districts and Tourism Regions.
The Heysen Trail
South Australia's 1,200km Heysen Trail extends from Cape Jervis, on the Fleurieu Peninsula, to Parachilna Gorge, in the Flinders Ranges, traversing coastal areas, native bushland, rugged gorges, pine forests, vineyards, rich farmland and historic towns.
It caters for both the serious backpacker hiking the entire trail and for walkers doing day walks along shorter sections.
MapsTwo guidebooks have been released by the Department of Environment, Water & Natural Resources. Book One, the Southern Guide, covers Cape Jervis to Spalding. Book Two, the Northern Guide, covers Spalding to Parachilna Gorge.
GPS FilesDownload the GPX or KML waypoint data files to load onto your GPS unit for use as a navigational aid when walking the Heysen Trail.
When to HikeThe Heysen Trail is generally open between April and November. During the summer Fire Danger Season, much of the trail is closed.
Re-RoutesDue to maintenance or access issues it is occassionally necessary to re-align sections of the Heysen Trail.
Huts & CampingScattered along the Heysen Trail are numerous campsites, huts, shelters, caravan parks, hotels and bed & breakfasts. View accommodation options.
Service DirectoryList of services along the Heysen Trail: supermarkets, general stores, medical services, internet access, payphones and post offices.
The Friends
The Friends of the Heysen Trail
The not-for-profit organisation the Friends of the Heysen Trail maintains the Heysen Trail in partnership with the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources.
A regular walking program occurs year-wide, with different grades of walks catering for beginners to experienced walkers.
Upcoming Walks
Newikie Creek to Dares Hill Summit Road and Spalding Road to Chlorinator. Based in Jamestown
(End-to-End 6)
SATURDAY 20 SEPTEMBER Due to the bad road conditions this walk had to be abandoned on 17 August. This walk has been rescheduled to this weekend. T...
Mt Lofty circle
(Trail Starter)
Following a contour line along the western face of Mount Lofty this track then crosses the saddle north of Mount Bonython and runs down into the Picca...
Sea to Summit (Second half)
(Trail Walker)
This trail walker will commence at the main entrance to Belair National Park passing through the park and exiting at the upper end of the park boundar...
Waitpinga to Tugwell Rd.
(End-to-End 9)
One of the most spectacular sections of the Trail, walkers follow sandy tracks through the coastal scrub of Newland Head Conservation Park, and dramat...
View full walk programme
Walk ProgrammeView more details about the walk programme
The Friends End-to-End group 4 complete the Heysen Trail
On Saturday 16th August the Friends End-to-End group 4 completed the Heysen Trail. Congratulations to the 38 walkers who completed the 1,200km Trail on that day.
Posted in Walks & Events
Walking SA 12 Month Celebration – Friday 29th August 2014
It's 12 months since the 'new' Walking SA was established. Celebrate the achievements of the past year. The evening will also be a special opportunity to: Farewell and thank Brian Goodhind, Administrative Officer of Walking SA Welcome Mel Paull, new Executive Officer Briefly outline plans for future activities 6pm – 8pm Friday 29th August 2014 […]
Posted in Walking SA
Now available – shirts and jackets with your End to End group logo
Shirts and jackets with your End-to-End group's logo are now available. Order online at www.sportscentre.com.au/products/buy-online/friends-of-the-heysen-trail Logos for all the current End-to-End groups, or the Friends round logo, are available. Your order can be posted to you, or you can pick it up. If you already have a favourite shirt or jacket you can be supply that […]
Posted in Merchandise
Snowfall for End-to-End Minus 1 group
The End-to-End 'Minus 1′ group experienced snow on the summit of Mt Bryan on Saturday. Check out some of the photos at facebook.com/HeysenTrail (no login required). At 936 metres Mt Bryan, north of Burra, is the highest peak in the Mt Lofty Ranges and occasionally sees a snow fall. The group is spending five days hiking the trail, […]
Posted in Heysen Trail, South Australia, Walks & Events
Interview between Friends Council and ultra-marathon runner Richard Bowles
The Council of the Friends of the Heysen Trail was able to sit down and chat with ultra-marathon runner Richard Bowles, who recently completed his 15-day run of the 1,200 km Heysen Trail. In the interview he talks about his excellent experience with the Heysen Trail – the scenery, the way marking, the huts, the people. […]
Posted in AGM & other organisation meetings, Events
Trailwalker Magazine
The quarterly magazine published by the Friends of the Heysen Trail. Download the latest Trailwalker issue.
End-to-End WalksEnd-to-end walks are for those wishing to complete the entire Heysen Trail. As the schedule and trail logistics are done by the Friends they are easy for walkers to participate in.
10 Pitt Street
Adelaide, South Australia 5000
Phone (08) 8212 6299
View shop/office map


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[Minecraft 1.2.5] [32x] Dokucraft: The Saga ContinuesMinecraft Texture Packs [ April 05, 2012 at 4:29 AM ] 63,506 Views
Videos :
ScreenShots :
Notice: This HD texture pack requires the HD texture pack fix before you can use it.
This texture pack brings you Doku's work and continuation from a very talented group of fans that have been fatefully working on keeping the pack alive and as close as possible to how Doku would have done it. This pack brings you the 3 themes that made it famous and what made this one of the top texture packs out there: Light, Dark and High.
- 1. Choose your path(s) :
———– Light
———–Open DokuCraft.zip and drag the DokuCraft_xx_Light.zip in your texturepacks folder.
———– Dark
———–Open DokuCraft.zip and drag the DokuCraft_xx_Dark.zip in your texturepacks folder.
———– High
———–Open DokuCraft.zip and drag the DokuCraft_xx_High.zip in your texturepacks folder.
- 2. Download the latest HD Patcher MCPatcher HD (This is required for the texture pack to function correctly)
- 3. Run the patcher ( do this before installing any mods )
- 4. Click "Patch"
- 5. Run minecraft
- 6. Select the texture pack in game and play!
Additional Details
To-Do list:
- Flavor specific variations of UI, items, vehicles, etc.
- Hostile / Passive mobs. (Cows, Silverfish, Mooshrooms Other Alts)
- More Paintings!
- More Armour alts
- Additional mod support. (Mo' Creatures, Humans+, SteamCraft, Baby Animals, etc.)
- Alts for most blocks.
- Anything else awesome.
These mods are supported:
- Aether
- Airship
- BabyAnimals
- Better Than Wolves
- ClaySoldier
- Elemental Arrows
- Fishy
- IndustrialCraft
- Millénaire
- Mo' Creatures
- MoreHealth
- Mystic
- Randomobs
- SteamCraft
- Tale of Kingdoms
- WildGrass
- YogBox
- Zipline
Update log
- Now compatible with 1.2.5
- Update for 1.2.4
- New to the pack
- New planks variation
- Texture replacement for jungle leafs
- Fix light pack mossy stone bricks
Credit to : HienkyakuX from planetminecraft
New Link Updated Here:
|32x Texture Packs, Dokucraft, Dokucraft Pack, Minecraft 1.2.5, Minecraft 1.2.5 Texture Pack, Minecraft Dokucraft Pack, Saga Continues
|Do you like this post? Add to Favorites


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Loose Stool After Insertive Anal Sex With Condom What Are The Chances Of HIV
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
Insertive anal sex without a condom...I was caught off gaurd the other night. I had sex with this incredibly hot guy who turned out to be HIV +. According to the guy his viral load is undetectable and he takes meds (Truvada and something else). I am negavtive. I was the insertive...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS FoundationHello,Unprotected insertive anal sex with a partner confirmed to be HIV positive places you at considerable risk for STDs, including HIV. If the exposure was within the past 72 hours, you should begin HIV PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) immediately.... Read more »
Condom broke during insertive anal! Please help!!!! 2nd time!Hello,I was the insertive to a transexual and the condom broke but did not expose all of my... Read more »
Insertive anal sex partner. My condom broke!I recently had gay anal sex with a partner of an unknown status.I was the inserting (top) partner.... Read more »
Most HIV-Positive MSM Practice Abstinence, Condom Use or Monogamy to Reduce Chances of HIV Transmission, Study SaysMost HIV-positive men who have sex with men in the United States are taking precautionary measures to avoid transmitting the virus to their partners, according to a study published on Thursday in the CDC 's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ,... Read more »
Methamphetamine and Sildenafil (Viagra) Use Are Linked to Unprotected Receptive and Insertive Anal Sex, Respectively, in a Sample of Men Who Have Sex With MenIn the current study, researchers investigated the association of methamphetamine, sildenafil, and other substance use with unprotected receptive and insertive anal sex among men who have sex with men (MSM) through an encounter-specific analysis.... Read more »
Versatility and HIV Vulnerability: Investigating the Proportion of Australian Gay Men Having Both Insertive and Receptive Anal IntercourseThe purpose of the current study was to investigate the extent to which gay men are versatile with regard to having insertive anal intercourse (IAI) and receptive anal intercourse (RAI). The authors noted that these data are needed to accurately... Read more »
Condom Use During Most Recent Anal Intercourse Event Among a U.S. Sample of Men Who Have Sex With MenThe researchers set out to determine the demographic and event-specific situational factors associated with condom use during the most recent penile-anal intercourse (PAI) event among MSM. They noted that recent nationally representative data on... Read more »
Connect With Others
How risky is INSERTIVE anal sex
Posted by Anonymous, 2 RepliesHi, I am well aware of the risks of unprotected receptive anal sex, but how risky is unprotected insertive anal sex? Would it be more or less risky than unprotective insertive vaginal sex? Anyone have any knowledge on the subject?
Read more »
insertive anal
Posted by Anonymous, 4 RepliesHi
I am a top and was wondering of anyone knows the risk factor for unprotected insertive anal sex?
thanks Read more »
loose stools
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Replycan hiv cause loose stools im very nervous about it , the only unprotected sex i had was oral performed on me . i had unprotected sex for vaginal like two years ago Read more »
Insertive Anal - Definite infection?
Posted by Anonymous, 2 RepliesDoes being the insertive partner in unprotected anal sex with an HIV + partner DEFINITELY mean that you will be infected. I hear all sorts of stats about this practice that sometimes downplay it and others that exaggerate it as being as dangerous as... Read more »
Guides for People With HIV
Related Topics


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Sioux Falls, SD (KELO AM) - Starting on Monday, November 11, 2013, construction crews will be working on grading and paving at the intersection of West Fifth Street. Due to this, the intersection at West Fifth Street and North Kiwanis Avenue will be closed through Monday, November 18, 2013. Detour signs will be placed to direct traffic to West Third Street and over to North Elmwood Avenue. Access to local businesses will be maintained. Please use caution and reduced speeds when traveling through the construction zone.
Dakota Contracting Corporation is the prime contractor. All work is to be completed on the project by November 22, 2013.


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NEWS FROM: Cooper City, Davie, Fort Lauderdale, Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, Plantation, Sunrise, Southwest Ranches, Tamarac, Wilton Manors
Fort Lauderdale housekeeper tries to clean client's bank account, authorities say- The Miami Herald , Aug 23
Authorities say a Fort Lauderdale woman did some sweeping up in a bank account and allegedly stole checks from the Key Largo man who hired h... er to work as a housekeeper.
Oakland Park
Man found dead in car at Oakland Park shopping plaza- The Miami Herald , Jul 26
A man in his mid-60s was found dead Thursday night inside his car in an Oakland Park parking lot, the Broward Sheriff's Office said.
Missing millionaire
Skepticism in air at hearing over missing multimillionaire Aguiar- The Miami Herald , Jun 28
Nine days after a multimillionaire went missing at sea, his wife, mom and a battery of lawyers filled a Broward courtroom to squabble over h... is business affairs.
A plot to kill, an epic trial, and finally the verdict- The Miami Herald , Jun 19
A plot to kill, an epic trial, and finally the verdict
Body of missing Oakland Park boy found In lake- The Miami Herald , Jun 19
Relatives collapsed and wailed Tuesday morning after divers from the Broward Sheriff's Office retrieved the body of a nine-year-old boy from... a lake in Oakland Park.
For one day, Fort Lauderdale neighborhood gets 're-imagined'- The Miami Herald , Jun 15
Typically, it's a warehouse district. But a group of volunteers, for one day, transformed a city block into an urban destination ... 014; complete with dog park and farmer's market.
Explore your neighborhood:


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Q. In several recipes I've seen recently that I wanted to make, one of the ingredients is cream of coconut. I have searched in Publix, Winn-Dixie and Sedano's supermarkets in the canned, packaged and frozen sections, and have asked employees, and nowhere have I found cream of coconut. I found shredded coconut, grated coconut, and coconut milk. Can you help?
I'm truly puzzled that you couldn't find cream of coconut at any of those stores, but I'm more perplexed that employees didn't help you find it. Cream of coconut comes in a can and is not an exotic hard-to-find item. It is usually found either in the Latin or Indian section of supermarkets, or sometimes in the bartending section or the baking aisle. You can also find it in many liquor stores. Brand names include Coco-Lopez, Goya and Roland.
Cream of coconut is widely used in baking and desserts and ethnic cooking. And, of course, in tropical drinks like pina coladas. It is to coconut milk what sweetened condensed milk is to plain milk. It has a thick, creamy texture and concentrated coconut flavor, made by cooking fresh coconut meat with water and then sweetening the strained reduction.
In a pinch you can substitute sweetened condensed milk for cream of coconut, but add coconut extract to taste.
Here's one of my favorite uses of cream of coconut, a Key-lime kissed baste with a hint of curry and whisper of heat that is great for grilled fish or shrimp, chicken or vegetables. It is from The Junior League of Greater Fort Lauderdale's cookbook, Made in the Shade.
Q. I have tried many many times to make a birthday cake frosting that will hold up the way the ones do that you buy at the supermarket bakery. I can make beautiful cakes but the frosting in the summer just seems to droop and not hold its shape, especially if you are decorating it. Do you know what they put into the frosting to make it stay so soft, yet hold its peaks and swirls and piped rosettes?
Kelly Woods
Most grocery store bakeries use a light, whipped frosting that uses vegetable shortening as a base, not butter or whipped cream or any of the perishable ingredients you no doubt have lovingly put into your frostings. I know a lot of people who grew up on supermarket cakes actually prefer this frosting, though I personally would rather just eat cake and forget that sugar/shortening mix. I think there are two types of cake eaters in this world, those who'd rather eat cake and leave the frosting behind, and those who can't resist a finger swipe into the frosting as soon as they see it!
Anyway, for frosting – and decorating—fans, a wonderful new cookbook is Frostings by Courtney Dial Whitmore (Gibbs Smith, $19.99). It not only includes traditional frosting favorites such as American and French buttercreams, but new popular flavor combinations such as salted caramel, chai vanilla bean and Champagne buttercream. The illustrations of beautiful techniques will make even all-thumbs decorators look professional.
The supermarket frosting recipe here is from the book, and very nicely emulates that sweet, fluffy yet sturdy frosting. It is great for kids' birthday cakes or anyone with a big sweet tooth. It's made with shortening so it produces a pure white frosting that holds its shape well when piped.
Q. I am a big fan of brunch at The Cheesecake Factory and especially enjoy the lemon-ricotta pancakes. I would love to make these for a breakfast I am hosting during a family reunion weekend. Can you get me the recipe or do you have one that is similar?
Linda Hunter, Wilmington, N.C.
These would make a lovely breakfast no matter the occasion. The recipe is from The Cheesecake Factory, which, by the way, offers other recipes on its website at www.thecheesecakefactory.com .


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Access to PE Classes at Hartnell College and Community Colleges Limited for High School Students
June 22nd, 2004
Because of the recent passage of California legislation, community colleges - including Hartnell College - have had to limit the number of high school students who can enroll for physical education classes this summer.
Senate Bill 338, which became effective in the spring, states that only 10 percent of every physical education class at a community college can enroll "concurrent enrollment students," defined as students who attend both a high school and a community college, according to Mary Dominguez, Hartnell's director of enrollment services.
She said that as many as 100 students may have been turned away from physical education classes for the six-week summer session which began Monday (June 21).
Of the total 4,557 students enrolled in summer classes at Hartnell as of Monday, 356 are high school students, Dominguez said.
She explained that the 10 percent limitation applies only to PE classes of which there are 17 this summer.
Addressing the issue of those high school students who were turned away from PE classes, Hartnell President Edward J. Valeau said, "We are concerned that high school students interested in enrolling in physical education classes at Hartnell have had to face a closed door. One of the hallmarks of California community colleges has been a policy of accessibility for all. The situation is particularly distressing because for some of the students turned away, enrolling in a PE class would have been an introduction to college life. However, our hands are tied because of the new legislation."
For more information, contact Mary Domingez at (831) 755-6714.


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CEDIA Expo is not just for exploring new technologies and enlightening CE Pros.
It's also a great place for doing your own virtual shopping – virtual as in, "If I had the money, I would buy …." Virtual shopping also applies to products that are not yet available, and ones that are inexpensive enough, but you couldn't be bothered to install them.
After CEDIA Expo 2009, I came away with a nice shopping list for my own home—some items I've coveted for years; others that are brand spankin' new.
Check them out in the slideshow.
Automated door locks
Motorized shades
Bass modern seating
Mitsubishi Unisen TV with surround sound
Auton flip-down TV mount
Sonance TruFIG
Stewart Filmscreen Starglas
Ceton multistream Digital Cable Tuner
Not at CEDIA: LED countertops and Bell'O cabinet
A new deal will bring WeMo-enabled Ultra iQ LED light bulbs to market this fall.
An awkward room gets remodeled into a custom theater with automated lighting and 4 subwoofers.
Lamps are for heating up fast food, not for high-performance home cinemas.


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This conversation is closed.
Campaign to get the UN to offer training to livestock owners and landowners in Allan Savory's Holistic Management techniques.
The biggest challenge in implementing Allan's ideas and methods is to get livestock owners and land managers to take up these ideas. To my knowledge Allan's TED talk might be the biggest platform this method and idea has ever had.
Allan and Holistic Management International have a huge amount of resources and teaching methods that they have developed to help people implement this very simple solution. Much of this is documented in Allan's two books as well as other material. However they would not appear to be especially well funded and the cost of the training is reasonably high.
The TED community has the opportunity to ride on the back of the interest this talk will hopefully spark and start a campaign get the UN and other large bodies to offer funding to Savory's organizations to train trainers. Currently the cost of training for Holistic Management International's Certified Educator Training Program is $7,700 which is comprehensive. According to the website there are only 19 approved mentors for this program.
The world is in desperate need of thousands of these educators who are able to spread the word and the ideas in their localities.
The cost of training 10,000 educators in this program would be $77,000,000. On a world scale this is nothing, but the impact these trainers would have would be incredibly far reaching and an extremely efficient use of money.
This is the biggest platform that THe Savory method has ever had and the if the TED community is able to in some way act on this, the results could potentially be astonishing!
Any ideas?
Showing single comment thread. View the full conversation.
Mar 6 2013: Stephen,
there is confusion over many of these topics that are balled up in history. Mr Savory claimed that the world was over-grazed but understocked--e.g. the world should be heavier stocked-- with bunches of animals. The research in the report and many many papers suggest that light stocking is the answer. It is a function of biomass/forage produced and how much a cow consumes. If you use it all then there is nothing left to cover the ground. I am simply -- as the link argues-- that these decades of data that suggest light stocking rates are the most sustainable, regardless of their distribution, is correct.
As for the adaptive management-- there is no question that adapting is critical- in fact adaptive management is an oxymoron. The issue-- one should adapt with stocking rate not rotating your cattle. Think about it-- 100 ac produce 2000 lbs of forage - you want to leave half of it- cattle stomp some- insects and wildlife eat some so generally the rule of thumb is take about 30% - that leaves you 60,000 of forage-- a cow eats 26 lbs a day so 9,490 per year-- woohoo you get 6.3 cows..... it doesnt matter if you rotate them / stake them / put them of hover crafts. Now, the adaptive management comes in-- if it doesnt rain you only get 3 or 4 cows-- if it does rain you get 8 cows.
This is all the range scientists have been saying for years. Rotating does not grow more grass....
Andy LeeMar 9 2013: Sam are you perhaps missing the point of Mr. Savory's talk? It wasnt about the most efficient means of rasing cattle but rather about reversing desertification. Your focus on grazing systems seems to overlook the point entirely.
Perhaps it is simply the conversation thread that you disagree with.
Mar 9 2013: Please correct me if I am wrong dr. Fuhlendorf, since I am not working in your field, just curious.
Quoting from Rangeland Ecol Manage 61:3–17 | January 2008 co-authored by you:
When stocking rate was less for continuous than rotational grazing, 75% (3 of 4) of the experiments reported greater animal production per area for rotational grazing (Fig. 1B).
This coincides exactly with what Allan Savory is claiming, is it not? So where is the disconnect, I am wondering?
In particular since there was no difference in plant production as your Figure 1 shows (which is somewhat misleadingly described as: " When stocking rate was less for continuous than rotational grazing, 75% of the experiments (3 of 4) reported either no differences or greater plant production for continuous grazing"). According to your own hypothesis, one would have expected crop degradation due to higher stocking rate. But it did not happen.
I was also wondering, how long did these experiments last? That tends to be all-important in ecology, e.g. effects of ocean pH change on corals. Might it be the case that practical management experience covers longer periods of time than the experiments cited? And what about the initial conditions for the experiments?
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thinkasumtinb3tr said...
It does apply to healing as well, just to a lesser extent. In my guild we run 25m ToGC with 6-7 healers. Since it is progression raiding we don't bring lots of a certain class (i.e. 3 Paladins). However there are 3 top tier Holy Paladins in the guild (myself included) so there is some competition for those spots. Luckly for me one of the Paladins has a well geared Arcane Mage who he will sub in so that the other too of us can heal it. Sometimes it can get pretty cut throat.


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Town Square
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MOVIESMovie Night at Atherton Library
The Atherton Library presents the animated feature "Ponyo" for all ages. Friday, May 28 at 7 pm. Doors open at 6:45 for seating....Original post made by Atherton Library on May. 27, 2010
There are no comments yet. 11425 Views
AROUND TOWNFlu Shots for Seniors
Atherton Library is offering free flu shots for Seniors age 65 and up. Saturday, November 9 at 11 am. Please bring your Medicare...Original post made by Atherton Library on Nov. 6, 2013
Last comment by Poster, on Nov 6, 2013 at 8:15 pm | 1 comment | 11383 Views
SPORTSRedwood NJB Warriors Clinch Silicon Valley Division 3 Title
Undefeated Redwood NJB "Warriors" Clinch Division 3 Silicon Valley Title Regular Season, 8-0; Post-Season, 6-0 March...Original post made by Ruby Seidl on Mar. 5, 2007
There are no comments yet. 11296 Views
MENLO PARKPlans for Menlo Park's BBC restaurant are unveiled
A three-floor restaurant, including a rooftop deck, will replace the BBC in Menlo Park, if all goes according to plan. Read...Original post made on Feb. 10, 2014
Last comment by Downtown supporter, on Feb 11, 2014 at 11:28 pm | 25 comments | 11287 Views
SCHOOLS & KIDSTransitional kindergarten debate
In June 2012 Phil and Christie Kiekhaefer moved from Redwood City to Menlo Park, downsizing their family of four into a tiny...Original post made on Oct. 17, 2013
Last comment by common sense, on Oct 17, 2013 at 12:34 pm | 2 comments | 11224 Views
MENLO PARKPlanning Commission gives BevMo a thumbs up
It seems like only yesterday that a faction of Menlo Park residents and alcohol merchants rose up against allowing a Beverages...Original post made on Feb. 8, 2013
Last comment by Hmmm, on Feb 9, 2013 at 11:19 am | 6 comments | 11005 Views
MENLO PARKMenlo council set to impose two-tier pension system
As the bureaucratic gears start turning to verify a citizen-led "pension reform" ballot initiative, Menlo Park's City Council...Original post made on May. 4, 2010
Last comment by Peter Carpenter, on Aug 10, 2010 at 6:18 am | 196 comments | 10897 Views
WOODSIDECyclist's account of Woodside road-rage event
A Portola Valley resident said he was among 100 or so cyclists at the scene of a road-rage incident involving a pickup truck...Original post made on Feb. 1, 2013
Last comment by Al Renner, on Sep 18, 2013 at 6:15 pm | 98 comments | 10821 Views
MOVIESStudents win Zider scholarships
Student-athletes Leah Hess at Pinewood School and Adam Greenlow of Menlo Park at St. Francis High School are the winners...Original post made on Mar. 26, 2014
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ATHERTONNew APOA "tentative" contract
Atherton has announced a new "tentative" contract with the APOA that heralds many reductions in benefits but then gives...Original post made by What a joke on Oct. 9, 2013
Last comment by Peter Carpenter, on Oct 10, 2013 at 5:04 pm | 17 comments | 10715 Views
SCHOOLS & KIDSYes on Measure S
Topic: Measure S for Las Lomitas School District By now, those of us in the Last Lomitas School District have received literature...Original post made by Mary Cooper on Oct. 14, 2013
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MENLO PARKMenlo commission votes that turning over city property to neighbors follows general plan
The Menlo Park Planning Commission voted 4-2 on May 6 that the proposal to have the city turn over a piece of land in the...Original post made on May. 7, 2013
Last comment by grammar, on May 9, 2013 at 12:36 pm | 12 comments | 10686 Views
SCHOOLS & KIDSVoter Guide: Measure W would fund rebuilding of fifth district school
Being an elementary school principal can't be easy even under normal circumstances, but it's likely that Encinal School Principal...Original post made on Oct. 8, 2013
Last comment by PF, on Nov 3, 2013 at 6:39 pm | 79 comments | 10666 Views
MENLO PARKMenlo Park: Food truck fight comes to Planning Commission
Whether to allow Off the Grid to bring a changing roster of eight to 12 food trucks to the Menlo Park train station parking...Original post made on Jan. 10, 2014
Last comment by Menlo Voter, on Jan 13, 2014 at 8:21 pm | 87 comments | 10664 Views
AROUND TOWNPolice calls: Grand piano missing from Atherton home
Police calls from Atherton, Portola Valley, West Menlo Park, Ladera, Woodside and Menlo Park. Read the full story here http://www.almanacnews.com/news/2013/11/19/police-calls-grand...Original post made on Nov. 19, 2013
Last comment by Come on, now, on Nov 20, 2013 at 8:13 pm | 4 comments | 10533 Views
MENLO PARKMenlo Park: To retreat or not to retreat?
Trips by Menlo Park city staff to Half Moon Bay and Napa during the past two months came as a surprise to at least one council...Original post made on Dec. 3, 2013
Last comment by WhoRUpeople, on Dec 5, 2013 at 8:46 am | 21 comments | 10512 Views
ATHERTONHomeowners: Building department negligent
In the midst of a legal battle with her building contractor, Kimberly Sweidy is also taking on the town of Atherton's building...Original post made on Aug. 3, 2010
Last comment by making a comment, on Mar 4, 2011 at 1:05 pm | 148 comments | 10508 Views
MENLO PARKMenlo Park proceeds with logo, graphic redesign
Since work is already underway and other cities paid more than Menlo Park did for similar projects, the City Council decided...Original post made on Jan. 29, 2014
Last comment by LOCO LOGO, on Feb 2, 2014 at 9:35 am | 25 comments | 10508 Views
WOODSIDEDr. Barry Rosen, pioneer of addiction medicine, dies at 61
Dr. Barry Rosen, who was recognized internationally for his expertise on the disease of addiction, died at his home in Woodside...Original post made on Apr. 2, 2009
Last comment by Louis Morin, on Nov 16, 2013 at 4:26 pm | 5 comments | 10434 Views
OTHER TOPICSSymphony finds nearly all assets are missing
The Peninsula Symphony of Northern California has discovered that about $500,000 is missing from its endowment and operating...Original post made on Oct. 14, 2013
Last comment by Joel Greene, on Oct 14, 2013 at 4:58 pm | 1 comment | 10430 Views
Page 7.25 of 473
Mixx, Scott's Seafood replacement, opens in Mountain View
By Elena Kadvany | 14 comments | 3,699 views
To Cambodia With Love
By Laura Stec | 4 comments | 3,200 views
Life in fast forward
By Jessica T | 3 comments | 1,549 views
By Chandrama Anderson | 0 comments | 1,435 views
Its Not About The Officer Or The MomIts About All Of Us
By Erin Glanville | 9 comments | 805 views


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China -- the largest smartphone market in the world -- was among the countries that got dibs on the new iPhone for launch weekend last year. The country's exclusion this time around has yet to be explained.
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Leonard Goh of CNET Asia merges his DIY tin can shooter with a pinhole camera.
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Bluehost is one of those WordPress Webhost that I recommend for WordPress. It's not only one of the best Dreamhost alternative but also one of the best hosting in the battle of Hostgator Vs Dreamhost Vs Bluehost. Sadly, unlike Dreamhost Discount and hostgator discount, we don't have any direct Bluehost discount coupon. We recently partnered with Bluehost to offer special Bluehost $4.95 promo link. Bluehost is one of those professional Web hosting who never over sales their server and that make sure your site remains up. Like Dreamhost, Bluehost also offers only one type of shared hosting package, which is idle for multi-site hosting. To host a Website on WordPress, Bluehost is best hosting company. Before we move ahead, let me talk about this Blue host deal.
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PITTSBURGH A lead recycler has purchased additional property in Tampa, Fla.
EnviroFocus Technologies LLC, a Tampa subsidiary of Eagan, Minn.-based Gopher Resource Corp., has paid $1.2 million for a....
PITTSBURGH A lead recycler has purchased additional property in Tampa, Fla.
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Seek It Out: Grana Padano
The Cheesemonger
I've been proven wrong again. By myself.
For some reason, I've always — for years — overlooked Grana Padano. I regarded it as a pedestrian, somewhat boring cheese. And maybe it's because I likened it to a lesser version of Parmigiano Reggiano, which is a cheese that I've always felt gets too much attention, anyway.
I've been just about as wrong as a cheesemonger can be.
I have been bashed for saying it before: I just don't get what the big hooplah is about Parmigiano Reggiano. For cooking, it's great, and it serves a salty, cheesy purpose, but plain, I find it unsatisfying, and more often than not, bitter at the finish. And it's expensive, too. Since there are certainly incredibly worthy alternatives out there, I typically forgo it if I'm the one buying.
But I was sent a sample of Grana Padano the other week. And so I tasted it. And then I ate it. (There's a difference.) So wrong was I! I hate that, I really do.
The stats: Grana Padano is one of the oldest cheeses in the world, and for nearly 1,000 years, it's been made in the same manner. The first versions were made by Cistercian monks, in Italy's Valle Padana, from the excess milk from their herds. It's still made throughout the Po Valley, which stretches from Piedmont to the Veneto, and slightly north and slightly south, into Trentino and Emilia-Romagna. Since 1955, it's been a name-protected (PDO) cheese, which means that everything involving the cheese's production — from the cows' diet, to how often the cows are milked (twice maximum per day), to the aging methods and duration (at least 9 months and upwards of 20 months), and the ultimate flavor profile — is regulated and ensured by a consortium dedicated solely to upholding the quality of the cheese.
And you taste it, this quality, you really do. Grana Padano is sweet, in a fruity kind of way, nearly tropical. But it's balanced by a great, savory toastiness, like a lightly roasted nut. And best of all, it's not dry or unpleasantly crumbly, which I always find can turn me off to this style of cheese. It's full of those crystalline crunchy bits, too. Texturally, I've got no complaints.
And as a table or snacking cheese, Grana Padano has others beat. In fact, each bite only reinforced how wrong I'd been that it's a cheese meant for cooking and cooking only. However, if you are interested in recipes using Grana Padano, the Consortium for Grana Padano offers plenty, from starters to dessert.
If given the choice, I'll now pick Grana Padano over parm, as most Italians do. (Supposedly it's the most-consumed cheese in all of Italy.) Sadly, though, I don't see Grana Padano as much as I see its more celebrated relative. I do see it in Little Italy's famous food stores in New York, like Di Palo and Alleva Dairy, for around $13.99/lb, or a dollar more per pound if you choose a more aged variety. It's often, too, at larger grocery stores and fine cheese shops. Since it costs on average $5 less per pound than Parmigiano Reggiano, which runs around $18.99/lb, there's even more reason to seek it out. Spend what you're saving on buying more Grana Padano. To eat.
Nora Singley is an avid lover of cheese, and used to be a cheesemonger and the Director of Education at Murray's Cheese Shop in New York City, where she continues to teach cheese classes for the public. She is currently a TV Chef on The Martha Stewart Show.
Related: How To Taste Cheese: The Cheesemonger
Apartment Therapy Media makes every effort to test and review products fairly and transparently. The views expressed in this review are the personal views of the reviewer and this particular product review was not sponsored or paid for in any way by the manufacturer or an agent working on their behalf. However, the manufacturer did give us the product for testing and review purposes.
(Image: Grana Padano Consortium, used with permission.)
7 Comments
I was introduced to grana padano at my local Costco, where it is always in plentiful supply. Initially bought it because it is significantly less expensive than parmigiano reggiano. I can't say I prefer it to parmigiano; it's flavor is definitely different, but I enjoy it equally, and I find the flavor profiles similar enough as to be interchangeable in recipes.
Perhaps when my kids are older and I'm cooking for two again, I'll go back to parmigiano, but for now, it's grana padano in my household, and I don't feel I'm sacrificing a thing.
I don't think grana padano and parm are interchangeable. Their flavors are very different. Both delish - but not swappable.
And while we're on the subject - let's hear it for Pecorino Toscano!
I'm on @Pamela Goldsteen's side. I also bought the large wedge of grana padano at Costco, buying it for the same reason, too--less expensive than parmigiano. But perhaps your sample was particularly sumptuous; my grana padano, though versatile and delicious, I would not eat as a snacking cheese. It's incredibly salty and falls apart before you can get it to your mouth. I'd be interested in hearing what brand you tasted.
Younger Grana Padano is maybe comparable or even preferable to Parmigiano because it costs less and both give some spikes in mouth, which you could enjoy depending on your taste. But I definitely prefer a old piece of Parmigiano, like a 30 months one over an old Grana. Parmigiano smooths its flavour over the years and become perfect between the second and third year. Grana is ok after one year but become grit, hard and sometimes too spicy when old. I don't know if it's sold outside Italy, but we have a nice and cheap alternative to both Grana and Parmigiano which is Bella Lodi, produced near Milan.
@Transote, don't know how it works on foreign markets, but there is only one brand for each one of them and the brand is stamped outside the rind; if it is PDO you shouldn't find any major difference between a re-seller and another if they are both the same age.
The perfect place for Gran Padano: caesar salad. Lots of it.
@mbagattini: Thanks for the info. I'll check the labels next time.
Trader Joe's nearly always has shaved GP in a tub, or wedges. They keep it near the parmesan, sometimes by the cold cuts, not always with the rest of the fancy cheese.


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This house in Bruxelles, Belgium, did not boast a generous square footage. Which is why the team at Vanden Eeckhoudt-Creyf Architectes decided to expand the place vertically. This contemporary loft was created for a couple with no kids, so the design could get away some adventurous elements. Namely, several sets of minimal floating staircases were used to access each level, and a classic fireman's pole to easily get down to the bottom floor from any of the upper three floors. How cool is that! The house incorporates a kitchen/dining area, a small living room, a dressing room co-joined with the powder room. A beautiful sleeping loft (my favorite detail) is finishing this dwelling.
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nice jersey
By psycho biker
from Kearney, Ne
About Me Avid Cyclist
Comments about Primal Wear Crankin' Stein Jersey:
Nice fit, comfortable
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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excellent jersey for the price!
By mj
from Illinois
very satisfied with the fit and durability. This jersey is always the talk of the group!
As usual, great feel and fit.
By Route Meister
from Damascus MD
Primal Wear, red and black, funky design, light weight, great fit and feel ...... couldn't ask for anything else.
By Frank the crank
from Tampa, Fl.
Looks good, feels good. Need more.
No Crankin Stein down sides
By not crankin
from Texas
I was excited about this product because it had crankin stein on the side - since it has our last name in it and the bike riders in our family really like to crank it I thought it would be the perfect gift. I guess the picture is out of date, although it is a cool looking jersey it does not have the lettering down the sides.
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Primal Scream
By Captain Ron
from Titusville Florida
About Me Competitive Cyclist
See all my reviews
When you're going out to grind, this is the jersey to put on. And may I suggest you put Primal Scream by Motley Crue in the Ipod? Love this jersey!
Standard issue, decent product
By NumberOneSeed
from Central AR
The design reminds me of an engine with the chain-rings around the heart area and a mechanical spine on the back. I really like this jersey.
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text: Theo, Tula, Teak courtesy of tired Mom [ TWINS! Double the Joy, Double the Crying -Motherhood Without Warning [VIDEO] By Kama August 10, 2012 I have quickly become a Mom of 3. I have 3 month old twin boys and a 3 year old daughter. The twins, I tell ya, WOW! It never crossed my mind what exactly having twins meant. Two of everything, the good, the bad and the extremely tired. Read More|Comment Category: Fort Collins News Tags: kids, Motherhood Without Warning, twins Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!