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Rock at Life Like Christie Rampone: The Soccer Star Spills Her Do-It-All Secrets
Written on January 14, 2014 at 5:37 pm , by Samantha Shelton
She's one of the biggest names in the world of soccer, whether you're looking at men's or women's teams. Christie Rampone. The superstar defender has been playing since 1997, experiencing firsthand major moments in the sport's history (you know, the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, where she led the underdog team to come from behind and snatch gold. NBD.) As the first U.S. player to compete for four Olympic teams - not to mention the only active player remaining from the 1999 World Cup championship team – she knows what's what. But that doesn't mean this captain is ready to retire her cleats. In fact, even though she admits the thought of coaching sounds appealing, that's all it is – an idea. With her focus zeroed in on giving her all – whether that's to her teammates or her family of four (husband, Chris, and daughters Rylie and Reece) – Rampone is powering ahead, determined to stay on top of her game despite an ongoing battle with Lyme disease. We sat down with her to find out what it's like being the only mom on the team, and how, even after thousands of hours of playing outside in the sun, she still manages to look so freaking fab. Steal her secrets below.
You're one of the most iconic players in the sport, but you've also been able to work with other phenomenal athletes. Who have been some of your favorite teammates to play with?
I've looked up to Kristine Lily from the start. As an older player, she always led by example and always gave 100 percent, and I always aspired to have that on the field. Playing with Shannon Boxx in front of me has been a lot of fun, the two of us being able to coordinate and lead on the field. And going up against Abby Wambach in training to then step it up on the field.
Our readers love proving that age is just a number. As one of the oldest active players, what are your thoughts on that?
I think it's great to be able to be that role model and aspire others to still compete and not look at age. Age comes up a lot for me, but I try to defer it and have them just look at my play. I'm not talking about the word retirement at this point – I'm going to continue to do what I love and just enjoy it while I can. My goal right now is to keep proving myself, earning my spot and helping grow the sport of soccer.
With the Sochi Games coming, I have to ask – if you were to compete in the winter Olympics, which sport would you choose?
I would probably play ice hockey. It's something I've always wanted to try to do because it's a team sport – I don't think I'd be good at an individual sport. Seeing how passionate they are [the hockey team], it coordinates with the soccer side. I think they're just as inspiring. It looks fun but definitely challenging.
You're the only mom on the team. How do you juggle parenting with being a team captain?
It's a lot. I try to balance it all by not overdoing one thing more than the other. For me, there are no days off, so being strong and healthy is critical. I compete every day on the field, and then I take care of my kids. But I think educating them is key. They know mom stays active – they see me run and lift, and we'll bike to dinner if we're going out, or bike to the soccer field. Reece loves that I pick her up from school every day on the bike.
As a player, becoming a mom has been great for me. It puts things in perspective, realizing that soccer is a privilege and I'm very lucky to be playing it for this long. And my kids help motivate me to be a better person and look after my teammates before myself. I have that motherly instinct, and I think that's helped bring the whole sport full circle, rather than just thinking about myself on the field. It completes me.
You announced in 2011 that you have Lyme disease. How has that affected your career, and daily life?
I take Epicor, which helps my immune system tremendously. It keeps my insides strong while I work to stay physically fit and keep my outside strong. Otherwise, I have to be mindful of the fatigue and try to stay ahead of the game, resting when it's necessary. To stay mentally strong, I think of my teammates and the end goal – the World Cup. If I'm having a bad day and need to rest, then I do. But when I feel good I make sure I go all out. I've learned from experience when to push through and when my body is telling me to give it a rest.
I have to say, your skin looks fabulous. What are your beauty secrets?
I drink a ton of water and use light makeup that my aunt makes to get that nice glow. Then I just eat right and take care of my body. I used to think I was invincible, but as you get older you realize how much time, energy and effort it takes every day to stay fit, so you become more mindful. And I use a little mascara to open up the eyes, and I'm good to go.
More from FITNESS:
Soccer Star Julie Foudy Talks Self-Esteem, Sports and Staying Fit
How U.S. Soccer Superstar Alex Morgan Prevents Injuries On and Off the Field
Landon Donovan Shares His Skin-Saving Tips
Categories: Celebrity, Motivation, The Fit Stop | Tags: Christie Rampone, Olympics, soccer
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Degree Requirements
A Master of Public Administration degree candidate must complete 42 credits of study. He or she must earn a cumulative grade point average of 3.00 or above to be approved for graduation. A student who exhibits exceptional preparation in a given area may be considered for a waiver of a specific course requirement. Foundation courses will normally not be waived. A written request for the waiver, accompanied by supporting documentation, must be submitted to the chairperson. If permission is granted, the student will receive written notification. A student who receives a waiver will be required to substitute three credits in his or her concentration for each course waived.
Students are expected to complete their M.P.A. studies within five years of their initial class registration. Under extenuating circumstances, such as military service, family or career responsibilities, or personal illness or hardship, this time limit may be extended to seven years. Such an extension is initiated by a student's written request to the Department Chairperson, followed by the Department's Academic Policy Committee review and recommendation to the Chairperson. The Academic Policy Committee will consider such factors as GPA, courses incompleted, number of incompletes taken and outstanding, and other factors that the Committee deems to be relevant criteria for evaluation. A student who does not complete the degree within the specified time period from initial registration may request reapplication under the prevailing guidelines of the program in effect at the time of reapplication. If the reapplication is approved:
The Department may accept up to 12 transfer credits from an accredited graduate school. Transfer courses must be relevant to health care or public administration. Transfer credit will not be considered unless the student earned a grade of 3.00 or better for the course and were completed within five years. The student must also submit a syllabus for each course that he/she wishes to be considered for transfer credit. The course(s) will then be reviewed by the faculty, and the student will be notified.
A student whose grade point average drops below 3.00 is given one semester to attain the minimum required average. If the grade point average remains below 3.00, the student is required to repeat those classes in which a grade of C was received until his or her grade point average meets the 3.00 requirement. A student is not permitted to register for the Thesis courses (707-708) unless he or she has the minimum cumulative grade point average of 3.00.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Movie Review: 'Hitchcock'
Starring: Anthony Hopkins, Helen Mirren, Scarlett Johansson
Directed by Sacha Gervassi
When we all heard that Anthony Hopkins and Helen Mirren were making a biopic of legendary director Alfred Hitchcock, I think we all assumed it would be a winner. The big problem is, the filmmakers seemed to have just assumed it, too.
The film focuses on the director starting with the release of North by Northwest and covers the making of his most controversial film: Psycho. And it wasn't only controversial because of its content. It may seem strange in a time where Psycho is his best known film, but for a filmmaker as revered as he was to make a gritty slasher about a transvestite serial killer felt a bit like if it were announced that Christopher Nolan were directing a remake of Showgirls. It was so strange the plan was enough to throw his entire reputation into question. Alfred Hitchcock wound up having to finance the entire $800,000+ motion picture by himself, risking complete personal and professional ruin if it failed.
That would have been enough of a good story, but the film primarily focuses on his relationship with his wife and co-producer Alma Reville (Mirren). Their relationship…isn't much of a relationship. They sleep in separate beds, casually put each other down, and regularly have emotional affairs with others. For Hitchcock, it's his stalker-esque relationship with many attractive leading ladies. For her, it's a friendship with writer Whitfield Cook (Danny Huston).
The film making aspect of the whole thing is the best of the film, but it's also in the background for most of it, and what we see is woefully shallow. Psycho needs a lead actress, so we get a part with Scarlet Johansson as Janet Leigh. We need an actor for Norman Bates, so we get a part with James D'arcy as Anthony Perkins. Sure, they all have mildly amusing interactions with the rotund director, but the entire film making process just feels like an afterthought in the film. We do get a glimpse into Hitchcock's very strange psyche, but it all just feels incomplete and shoveled in.
Unfortunately, this means that the main drive of the film is the romance between Hitchcock and his wife. In theory, it works. The two have been working and living together for years, but can barely even be called friends, and this film shows how they have to rekindle their relationship in order to get through the creation of Psycho. But, the whole thing is astonishingly hard to care about. We never get any kind of positive view of their relationship. We don't know what it was at its best, or even if it ever was a large improvement from what we are seeing now. It's a conflict with barely any stakes, and thus a conflict with almost no real drama. It's just kind of boring. Yes, the quality of the acting does manage to bring out a few really sweet moments towards the end, but it's not worth the two hours of sitting you'll have to do beforehand.
The best scenes in the entire film come from the interaction between Hitchcock and Kurtwood Smith (best known as the dad from That 70's Show) as the head of the national censor board and arguably his biggest opponent in the entire film. Some of his criticisms, like the potential nudity and violence, make sense. His insistence that American audiences won't be comfortable seeing a toilet, not so much.
This is the shortest review I've written for this website so far, and that's the most telling statement of all. Movies can do a lot of things with historical figures. Some brilliantly highlight the eccentricities and oddities of people we only casually knew of before. Some weave what we already know into a story, making us care even more about them. Hitchcock does neither. It exists, has a few amusing scenes, and that's about it. Kind of an ironic fate for the master of suspense.


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User Reviews & Ratings - hydrochlorothiazide Oral
Read user comments about the side effects, benefits, and effectiveness of hydrochlorothiazide Oral.
Overall User Ratings772 Total User Reviews
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Ease of Use
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Reviewer: pjs0315, 45-54 Female on Treatment for 6 months to less than 1 year (Patient)
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I've been taking Hydrochlorothiazide for 6 months now. I have had excellent results with only occasional light dizzyness shortly after dosing. Unlike many of the reviewers,I read the precautions and stopped all alcohol consumption. It say it right there on the bottle as well as the medical recommendations my Doctor gave me. Not to consume alcohol. To drink at least 8 glasses of water daily. I ... Show Full Comment
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38 U.S. Code § 3771 - Repealed.
prev | next
Section, added Pub. L. 105–368, title VI, § 601(a),Nov. 11, 1998, 112 Stat. 3342; amended Pub. L. 106–400, § 2,Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1675, defined terms "veteran", "homeless veteran", and "homeless individual", for purposes of this subchapter.
The table below lists the classification updates, since Jan. 3, 2012, for this section. Updates to a broader range of sections may be found at the update page for containing chapter, title, etc.
The most recent Classification Table update that we have noticed was Tuesday, August 13, 2013
An empty table indicates that we see no relevant changes listed in the classification tables. If you suspect that our system may be missing something, please double-check with the Office of the Law Revision Counsel.
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Sakai is a secure environment for online teaching and learning. Each Sakai course site is synchronized daily with the Registrar's database (ACInquire) to manage course enrollments. Sakai can be used for:
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Sakai Community Help is available through the "Help" button or "?" icon inside any Sakai page.
BU Sakai Customized Help (Check here first)
- Getting Started is organized by teaching and learning functions to help you learn which Sakai tool you need to accomplish your teaching goal. It includes links to step-by-step instructions or video tutorials to help you accomplish your goal.
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The First Stop of the Rahlves' Banzai Tour comes to Alpine Meadows' Beaver Bowl January 22 and 23.
Daron Rahlves, the man himself dropped by Alpine Meadows Monday to scope out the course, primed with record-breaking snow fall from the early season.
He said he was excited for the first-time race in the legendary Beaver Bowl, which offers a lengthy run with a lot of exciting natural features to build a course through.
The most decorated American Downhill and Super G skier in history, Rahlves' new endeavor pits four skiers or snowboarders against each other in big-mountain-meets-ski-and-boarder-cross racing.
Winners take a $10,000 purse at each stop, a $10,000 prize goes to the overall tour winner and $10,000 more is up for grabs in the super final winner take all event, adding up to $50,000.
But there are only 125 spaces, so enter now at the Rahlves Banzai website!


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News and Info
SignServer 3.5.2 is now out!
Visit the download section to get SignServer.
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Satisfied with SignServer? Let the world know of your opinion!
Said about PrimeKey
What is SignServer?
SignServer is an application framework performing cryptographic operations for other applications. It's intended to be used in environments where keys are supposed to be protected in hardware but it isn't possible to connect such hardware to existing enterprise applications or where the operations are considered extra sensitive so the hardware has to be protected more carefully. Another usage is to provide a simplified method to provide signatures in different application managed from one location in the company.
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CHEWELAH, Wash.-- Officials at 49 Degrees North Mountain Resort said lifts could be up and running as early as Friday.
The owner tested out the conditions Monday morning and tentatively planned to open on Friday.
According to the 49 Degrees North twitter page, workers said there was still over 12" of snow on the top of the mountain, with at least 7" at the lodge.


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Imagine Dragons are still riding high from the success of their full-length debut album, Night Visions , which grabbed the #2 slot on the Billboard 200 album chart its first week out. Frontman Dan Reynolds says that the while the band has been making music since 2008, they waited until the time was right before releasing their debut album.
"We put out four EPs, you know, which I think is a little unusual for a band before they do their debut album," Reynolds tells ABC News Radio. "We did that because we were very wary of doing our full-length album before we felt mature enough as a band to do it. And for some bands, maybe they feel that in their first month. For us, it was three years until we felt confident enough to go in and do a debut album."
Reynolds adds that his decision to wait several years to release
Night Visions
was inspired by his own experiences listening to debut albums from artists he admired. "So many of my favorite bands that I love, their first album was like my favorite," explains the singer. "The first album was just so important because it defines what that band is and who they are defined as to the public. And so, we really wanted to take our time to make sure that we were ready to do this album."
Imagine Dragons are currently on tour overseas, but they'll return to kick off the next leg of their North American tour on November 28 at the Constant Convention Center in Norfolk, VA.
Copyright 2012 ABC News Radio


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Education superstar and former Washington, D.C., chancellor Michelle Rhee has a whirlwind tour of Atlanta tomorrow, starting with a closed meeting with Gov. Nathan Deal at 11, a lunch meeting with the House Education Committee at the Capitol at noon, a meeting with the AJC editorial board and ed writers at 3:45, and then a return trip back downtown for a meeting with charter school parents and advocates at 5:30 in DeKalb. (That session is closed to the public.)
(It's possible she has some other events squeezed into her day that I don't know about it.)
I will blog about her day, or at least what I see of it.
–From Maureen Downey, for the AJC Get Schooled blog
February 9th, 2011
7:38 pm
I hope she uses them to run away from the state of Georgia. We do not need anything close to what she has to offer.
February 9th, 2011
7:47 pm
Maureen, I'm guessing the meeting with the AJC will be at the new office? Have you considered soliciting questions from bloggers as a part of your interview? If time allows, it could add to the interview.
February 9th, 2011
8:01 pm
I am hoping the Atlanta Public Schools BOE is meeting with her. We need some new approaches in ATL and Georgia. I'm all about shaking things up if we can get better results for our students. Look at where the status quo is leaving us.
February 9th, 2011
8:02 pm
I hope she brings new ideas to improve our schools….As a teacher I was always willing to do something different….much worked out welll. We teachers need to be open to some new things. Many things I did would not work today and a lot of it would be better than practices today. I would not be good at "doing" social studis, whereas science and math would work better that way.
February 9th, 2011
8:11 pm
OMG – That would be the dumbest thing ever. To bring in that KOOK into Georgia in ANY capacity!
February 9th, 2011
8:14 pm
TS Butler, where exactly is the status quo leaving us? There are some interesting discussions about that:
It's always a lot easier to get people to jump on a new bandwagon if they're scared the old one is on fire.
February 9th, 2011
8:40 pm
These comments are so prophetic! SSTeacher and HS Public Teacher are the problem- here, DC and every other system. They are protected by their union. They can't teach, couldn't get a job anywhere else and are the ones being investigated for cheating. Of course they are afraid of Ms Rhee and we all know why!
February 9th, 2011
8:42 pm
She has her running shoes on….trying to head off these stories from hitting the national press.
Ya'll might want to check out what's going on over at Jay Matthews' blog (@ the Washington Post). http://voices.washingtonpost.com/class-struggle/2011/02/michelle_rhees_early_test_scor.html
Seems a blogger has uncovered a few facts about Michelle Rhee's claims on her resume regarding miraculous test scores.
Matthews has four separate posts discussing the "miracle."
Then, check out how Rhee mishandled the firing of 75 D.C. teachers and the mistake is costing the district 7.5 million dollars in back pay.
Love to see the press question her about those issues tomorrow….
February 9th, 2011
8:54 pm
Wait….maybe she will need her running shoes to backpedal out of the mess that comes from self-promotion through the use of half-truths.
February 9th, 2011
8:59 pm
An interesting question might explore Ms. Rhee's concept
about the length of the educational day, and whether she
is prepared to inform parents what students and parents
sacrifice around the world to achieve the high scores on
international tests. The Public Broadcasting System aired
an excellent report on the NewsHour program on 1/21/11
about South Korea's Education system. I tend to be an
optimist with our educational system and believe we can
learn from other systems, but we should maintain our own
educational identity as a country. We still have plenty of
intelligent students making a tremendous impact in our
country, and they have attended schools in the public and
private sector.
February 9th, 2011
9:12 pm
Why is the meeting with charter school parents closed?
February 9th, 2011
9:23 pm
First, there are no miracles for improving education. Hard work by ALL participants is the only cure.
Second, Ms. Rhee has nothing to offer except maybe a good housecleaning. There are a couple of systems that gain tremendously from that.
February 9th, 2011
9:27 pm
@KE…your ignorance is showing. No unions in Georgia, you must be new here. You also need a little more info about Rhee. There is a major difference between a bully and a leader, it really seems that little nuance has been lost on school administrators everywhere.
February 9th, 2011
9:37 pm
Echo, tell me about the great leaders in APS, Dekalb and Clayton! Look in the mirror for an answer to your first sentence. You like the staus quo-others, and thankfully the majority do not.
February 9th, 2011
9:46 pm
Maybe CharterStarter will get to go to the closed meeting?
February 9th, 2011
9:47 pm
@KE: I did tell you about the "leaders" (and not just to ones at the cesspools you indicated), look at my last sentence for your answer. BTW, my first sentence wasn't a question, it was a very simple statement about your glaring lack of knowledge about the REAL problems in education. So is "answering" questions that don't exist is your special talent?
February 9th, 2011
10:15 pm
@Echo-My oldest recently took an education class and her text described the two teacher organizations in Georgia as pseudo-unions.
The class also scared her away from teacing. It is really a shame because she has a natural ability to reach children.
February 9th, 2011
10:18 pm
[...] This post was mentioned on Twitter by Coopmike48, Dwight Wallace. Dwight Wallace said: Michelle Rhee better pack her running shoes tomorrow http://bit.ly/fkIVEV [...]
February 9th, 2011
11:23 pm
Will she be running from the law?
February 10th, 2011
12:16 am
Michelle Rhee would fit in great with Old Bev and the Crawford Crew. They are birds of a feather.
February 10th, 2011
1:13 am
How much is her little visit going to cost us??
February 10th, 2011
4:50 am
Michelle Rhee is a perfect example of what happens when a person gets fast tracked for high level jobs without the necessary foundation of experience and proven leadership skills. She created a lot of noise and did a lot of damage in D.C. but now she is in the self promotion business just like Sarah, Rush, and Glenn. God Bless America!
February 10th, 2011
5:48 am
[...] This post was mentioned on Twitter by Sara Smiley and Lisa Barnes, Anna Mackay. Anna Mackay said: Michelle Rhee better pack her running shoes tomorrow | Get Schooled: Education superstar and former Washington, … http://bit.ly/f7CrOM [...]
February 10th, 2011
6:24 am
@teacher&mom, I agree, great links! Maureen, it would be interesting to see if Rhee would comment on the ruling of the independent arbiter, especially given how recent this decision is. There was a comment attr4ibuted to Rhee in the Miami Herald however it does not make sense when you read the Post story. IMO, it comes down to did she overreach if attempting to get rid of 'bad' teachers by not following policy herself thus causing problems for the financially strapped school system.
February 10th, 2011
7:01 am
Does she believe that a "school to prison pipeline" exists in our nations school systems ? If so or not, what are her thoughts. (If I had a one moment with her this would be my question) Jen
February 10th, 2011
7:30 am
If there's a school to prison pipeline, Rhee should be by herself in it (well, maybe along with the APS board -). What a disaster she was to kids, parents, teachers and schools.
February 10th, 2011
7:57 am
Will the committees listen to those that debunk the Rhees of the world? Our state leadership is pathetic. Her manifest does not work at any location. Show the truth of it working in an actual school system. It does not exist.
February 10th, 2011
8:26 am
Let's see now…I have been putting out my Educational Hypocrites List for years, heh? Who were on the List in the past and who are on the list now?
Crawford Lewis. He was on the List for a while. He's no longer actively involved in education.
Beverly Hall. Still on the List.
Mark Elgart. Heads up the List now.
Arne Duncan. Clueless but knows that he is on my List. Ha!
Michelle Rhee. The lastest Hypocrite to be fawned upon but is also clueless about running schools.
Alvin Wilbanks. Imperious and still on my Educational Hypocrites List.
February 10th, 2011
8:58 am
SHORT list, John – you must have mighty high standards
None of the state DOE folks (not all – many are smart hard working competent folk)? No OSA folk?
Alvin is indeed imperious; don't know if he qualifies for hypocrite – the place does run pretty well.
February 10th, 2011
9:13 am
Bring Rhee in asap. Some major re-organization and massive firings are LOOONNNGGG over due. The entire APS system is broken and will not be repaired with the low moral character of those currently involved.
Clean House Michelle!!!
February 10th, 2011
9:15 am
There is no such thing as a "school to prison" pipeline except in the delusional minds of the gladhanders and excuse makers. Those that go to prison are so stupid that usually thats the only place the fit in and want to fit in.
February 10th, 2011
9:18 am
My goodness…such minutia being discussed. Length of the school day, length of the school year, Hot dogs for lunch every Tuesday, blah blah blah.
With the parents behaving like spoiled little 3rd grade know-it-alls its no wonder these kids are in such bad shape. They are only imitating what the actions of these so-called adults.
February 10th, 2011
9:44 am
Like the educational butterfly that she is, she flits from event to event, photo op to photo op.
Would it be too much to ask that the AJC folks stop fawning and ask some real questions of her? And demand real answers?
February 10th, 2011
9:50 am
FBT, the meeting with the charter school parents is closed so that they can all sit around and pat each other on the back. No hard questions wanted there!
February 10th, 2011
10:22 am
"Would it be too much to ask that the AJC folks stop fawning …?"
Great line, catlady! Keep up the good work.
February 10th, 2011
10:32 am
Do you know if taxpayer money is being used to fly her in, put her up in a hotel, provide transportation, pay for a "consulting" fee, etc.? If so, do we know how much this junket is costing the citizens of Georgia?
February 10th, 2011
10:33 am
"Education Superstar"….
High class humor. Really hysterical.
February 10th, 2011
10:51 am
Rhee : Education
Palin : Politics
'nuf said.
February 10th, 2011
10:57 am
Stories like the one below is why the charter folks love Rhee….
February 10th, 2011
11:00 am
Off topic, but I want to thank you. At my son's IEP meeting yesterday, I was told he is one of the top in his mainstream classes. That he understands his disability is NOT an excuse for mediocrity or bad behavior, and he is more than capable of learning. All his teachers love him and sometimes forget about his autism.
The stories you've told of your son helped me go along with my husband and raise the bar for him. he has gone on to surpass it, and not only because it is expected but because he knows he is capable. Just a quick thanks. You never know who you can inspire in this world of social media!
February 10th, 2011
11:26 am
Tonya, your son is a lucky boy–you have given him a real gift! God bless.
February 10th, 2011
12:15 pm
We need exactly what she has to offer.
February 10th, 2011
12:37 pm
What exactly does she have to offer? I haven't seen much other than self-promotion for the sake of earning a quick buck.
February 10th, 2011
1:15 pm
@Jennifer….This link is for you.
February 10th, 2011
1:35 pm
@Maureen – Did Gov. Deal and the House Education Committee invite Rhee to Atlanta or did her organization extend an invitation to meet?


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text:
Geometrical Optics Practice Questions
By Valentina Tobos | Laurentiu Tobos
Updated on Sep 27, 2011
Review these concepts at: Geometrical Optics Study Guide
Practice Questions
- In the previous example, find the angle the outgoing ray (Ray 3) makes with the vertical (N1).
- Two planes are set such that they form an angle of 90° with each other. A light is incident on the first surface at an angle of 70°. Find the angle of the reflected light from the second plane with respect to the normal to that plane.
- In Figure 18.5, the propagation of the incident ray is such that the angle of the reflected ray with the horizontal is 25°. Find the incident angle.
- Determine the angle of refraction for a light ray that travels from air to water at an angle of incidence of 42°.
- In Figure 18.7, draw the light ray propagation of the two parallel rays through air, in glass, and back in air.
- In Figure 18.8, draw the light ray propagation of the two parallel rays through air in glass and back in air. Consider that inside the glass, the surface is such that, instead of refraction, reflection will occur.
- A light ray propagates from a medium with a small index of refraction to a medium with a larger index of refraction. Is the light going to be bent toward or away from the normal? Explain.
- For Figure 18.9, fill in the missing numbers and find the index of refraction for the second medium.
- Imagine a setup where the light has to travel from air to glass and to go out in ice. Draw the diagram representing light propagation through these media and show the angle of incidence and refraction on each surface.
- For Figure 18.10, find the angle of refraction for the first surface of separation and the angle of refraction for the ray that propagates outside the glass (flint) and into the air again.
- For Figure 18.11, find the angle of refraction for the ray that propagates outside the glass (flint) and into the air again.
- A light source is placed at the bottom of a swimming pool, and a light ray directed toward the surface of the water makes an incident angle of 68° with the normal. Find the angle of refraction in air.
- A light ray has an optical path, as shown in Figure 18.13. Determine if the light will suffer a total internal reflection in the glass or not. The angle between surfaces 1 and 2 is 20°.
- 10° west of the normal N
- 20° with respect to the normal on the second mirror
- θi = 65°
- r = 30°
- The light rays will encounter two surfaces of separation and refraction will happen at the outside of glass and inside. The refracted light rays are parallel to the incident ones.
- The light rays will suffer refraction, reflection, and refraction back into air. The light returns to air at the same angle as the incident angle but shifted toward right due to the path covered in glass.
- Because the product of the index of refraction to the sine of the angle is constant and sine is a function increasing with angle between 0° and 90°, then a decrease in the index of refraction means an increase in the refraction angle, so the refracted light will be bent away from the normal.
- We apply Snell's law and find the index is: n = sin 55 ° I sin 37 ° = 1.4.
- There are two refraction processes in between three different media, so the angles made by the light with the normals are going to be different according to the index of refraction:
- The angle of refraction on the first surface is 20°, and the angle of refraction at the second surface is the same as the angle of initial incidence 35°.
- The angle of the outgoing ray is 20°.
- The light ray will totally reflect water because the first term of Snell's law can not be reproduced in air regardless of the angle of refraction: nwater · sin θ = constant and 1.33 · sin 68° = 1.23. Because the light ray is supposed to travel in air, n = 1, then the sin θr would have to be greater than 1!
- The light will be refracted into the water at an angle of refraction of 60° with respect to the second surface of separation.
So, from air to glass, the light bends toward the normal, whereas from glass to ice, it bends away from normal but less than it would bend in air. According to the incidence angle, there also can be total internal reflection at the surface between glass and ice.
From Physics Success in 20 Minutes A Day. Copyright © 2006 by LearningExpress, LLC. All Rights Reserved.
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Send a message to Supervisor Bowen
David Bowen is the son of Jamaican immigrants who came to Milwaukee to pursue a better life for their family. Born and raised on Milwaukee's North Side, David was a 2005 honors graduate of Bradley Tech High School.
As a teen and young adult, David completed Urban Underground's youth leadership program. He was selected as a Legacy Foundation Youth Activism Fellow and is a two-time graduate of the Americorps program, Public Allies. David continued to volunteer with Urban Underground while pursuing his undergraduate degree in Educational Policy and Community Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Firmly rooted in the community, David became Program Director at Urban Underground. In that capacity, he oversaw creation and implementation of youth programs, services, and professional development training for adults interested in youth civic engagement and leadership development. A nationally recognized trainer for intergenerational community improvement strategies, David Bowen served on the Medical College of Wisconsin's Violence Prevention Initiative Steering Committee and is currently a member of the City of Milwaukee's Homicide Review Commission. He is also a National Americorps Service Alum.
In April 2012 he was elected to the Milwaukee County Board as Supervisor for District 10, becoming the youngest member of the Board and one of the youngest Black elected officials in Milwaukee's history. He currently serves on three County Board standing committees: Health and Human Needs, Finance, Personnel and Audit, and as Vice Chair of Economic and Community Development.
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NCAA investigates own enforcement program
Indianapolis, IN, United States (4E Sports) – The notice of allegations against University of Miami will be put in the backburner for now as the NCAA focuses on the investigation of alleged misconduct inside its own enforcement program.
The NCAA is currently investigating its former enforcement staff members who improperly obtained information for the purposes of investigation through a bankruptcy proceeding.
According to reports, the information and aid of Nevin Shapiro's criminal defense attorney was outside of the jurisdiction since the bankruptcy case does not involve the NCAA.
Because it does not have subpoena power, the NCAA does not have the authority to compel testimony through procedures outside of its enforcement program.
Through bankruptcy proceedings, former NCAA enforcement staff gained information for the investigation that would not have been accessible otherwise.
According to CBSSports.com, the NCAA discovered that several of its former workers retained Nevin Shapiro's attorney to work on depositions in a federal bankruptcy case in order determine NCAA violations.
The discovery has prompted NCAA president Mark Emmert to call for an external review of the entire enforcement program.
"The review will not only include the current issue in the Miami case but also the overall enforcement environment, to ensure operation of the program is consistent with the essential principles of integrity and accountability," Emmert said in a press statement.
"To say the least, I am angered and saddened by this situation. Trust and credibility are essential to our regulatory tasks," Emmert added. "My intent is to ensure our investigatory functions operate with integrity and are fair and consistent with our member schools, athletics staff and, most importantly, our student-athletes."
At the same time, the NCAA also announced that the enforcement staff will not move forward with a notice of allegations for the University of Miami until all the facts surrounding this issue are known.
"If there is any information that was obtained improperly absolutely it would be thrown out," Emmert said.
"I am frustrated, disappointed and concerned by President Emmert's announcement today that the integrity of the investigation may have been compromised by the NCAA staff," Miami president Donna Shalala said in response to the announcement.
"As we have done since the beginning, we will continue to work with the NCAA and now with their outside investigator hoping for a swift resolution of the investigation and our case," he added.
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Gourley Wrote: ------------------------------------------------------- > So which Eisenstein board member went back and > corrected the 7 month miss spelling of CALENDAR ? > Misspelling, not miss spelling.by Warlord - General Discussion
Would rather do the 1.1, but ....what would you like in trade? Send PM with contact info and what you would like. I have a couple of hundred unused discs sitting around that I will probably never use.by Warlord - General Discussion
7w3ak Wrote: ------------------------------------------------------- > Thats a good idea. I'll bring it to the BoDs > attention. By the way, if you have a FB account, > there are quite a few pages out there with quite > the following that might also offer you a chance > to acquire the plastic you might be looking for. Yeah....but speaking for myself...I would feel more cby Warlord - General Discussion
Has the subject of a "Marketplace" forum ever been discussed? One for trades and sales of discs, bags, baskets and such? I'm looking for Millennium QOLF and SOLF 1.1 mold in lighter weights (160-165) Cash (paypal) or trades. The one thing good about doing it here is that ripoffs would be deterred because just about everybody knows someone who knows who the buyer/seller is.by Warlord - General Discussion
That is the kind of response that people respect, Eric. You covered all bases without telling the questioner that he didn't know what he was talking about, telling him to run for the BoD himself, or just ignoring the question. Now, the hard work is still in front of you....and, speaking for myself, I will let it be for now...as long as it is apparent that the BoD is working on the problem.by Warlord - General Discussion
Thanks, Adam... Question: Were fees from July and August included in any statements? If so, I don't see them.by Warlord - General Discussion
Keith, Eric Day did make the following response to one of my posts: QuoteWe have not Ignored it, earlier this week I asked Allan if He needed help with posting the info. He said He would send me the info, this hasn't happened yet. 2 days ago, Johnathan messaged us "Well regardless of the next meeting, we need to get with Allan and get a Treasurers report out on the SN financial standinby Warlord - General Discussion
Blame it on somebody else....maybe Dynamic Discs is at fault with this one.by Warlord - General Discussion
If it were that easy (a report on fees collected since July), why hasn't it been done yet? The BoD has been so silent on this subject that it is deafening. It's not that hard. You knew how much was in the account on July 11, 2013. You know how much was sent to the Pro, Amateur and Doubles Championships. All you have to do is math with the income and expenditures from there and you will cby Warlord - General Discussion
Post the Financial Statementby Warlord - General Discussion
Only one member of the BoD, Eric Day, has made a statement on the lack of financial accounting. If they have any accountability, they would make a joint statement and post it as a "sticky" on this area of the forum. They should also make posts on all areas of the forum linking to this statement. This is a subject that is much more important than editing of attempts to bypass tby Warlord - General Discussion
Thank you, Eric. That is a good first step. The board may not have "ignored" my questions about the finances, but there were no replies...and silence is not a positive thing in matters such as this.by Warlord - SN Board of Directors
Days since last full disclosure on SN finances = 191 Days since Acting Treasurer stated that he would post financial statement "later this week" = 27 Time it took for BoD to edit a post containing a circumvention of the language filter = 22.5 hours. The account status should be in the thousands, possibly over ten thousand dollars. The BoD has ignored all requests for a statement oby Warlord - SN Board of Directors
If you take my posts as "hounding and complaining" I think you may be thinking of someone else. I have asked about this subject in a professional manner, and will continue to do so.by Warlord - SN Board of Directors
Quote bigal5657 Re: SN Handbook Questions December 22, 2013 10:17AM Admin Registered: 8 years ago Posts: 2,139 I have not been on the forum in a long while. Sorry for this. I will have an updated financial later this week after christmas. I have been keeping up with the money well. I will have to get all my logs in order to post. Hope that helps. Meeting minutes will continue to be posted afby Warlord - SN Board of Directors
by Warlord - General Discussion
One for my buddy, Bluff.by Warlord - Off Topic Discussion
Just to get the fun started....here's my first. Where is yours?by Warlord - Off Topic Discussion
Gourley Wrote: ------------------------------------------------------- > Hard Judge- for when I throw ANDhyzers. > Blend Judge- for when I challenge people to $1,000 > rounds of golf and never show. > Soft Judge- for when I promise $500 1st place > payouts in a pro division and payout half that. > Fuzion Judge- for when I give out XXL shirts to > everyone at my tournaby Warlord - General Discussion
QuoteNice 80's porno movie voice-over. And the name of the company is Grip It. QuoteJanuary is my favorite. Can't disagree.by Warlord - General Discussion
Disc Golf Calendarby Warlord - General Discussion


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5 Secretary Desks for Narrow Spaces
I'm on the hunt for a secretary desk that folds up to hide records, office supplies and a laptop. Must be tall, thin and handsome, with plenty of storage space. Modern, clean design preferred.
It will be such a relief to move office work out of the kitchen and into its own space. Here are the secretary desk contenders so far:
1. Campton Smart Technology Office Armoire from Pottery Barn
2. Tall Blond Secretary by Thomas Wold
3. Hallings Secretary by Thomas O'Brien from Hickory Chair
4. Eastman Secretary from Ballard Designs
5. Hemnes secretary from Ikea
Do you have a secretary desk? Do you have any recommendations for a small, narrow space?
(Images: as linked above)
4 Comments
I love love love my secretary desk http://annabelvita.com/2012/04/05/i-love-my-secretary/ (it does have a cabinet on top like these pics but it was still in my in-laws' garage when I blogged about it last).
I've been coveting that Ballard secretary for months. I don't need one, wouldn't know where to put it, but I just WANT it. I think it's the contrasting color inside that is so appealing. I think there's a pottery barn one that has a robin's egg blue inside, and I like that too. Of course I guess that effect could be achieved with almost any of them with a little DIY.
Been drooling over the Pottery Barn Graham Secretary and Hutch for years, but it's just too big for my space and too expensive. I'm thinking of hacking the Ikea Hemnes one by routing out the panels in the hutch doors and putting glass in and trimming out the top with crown moulding.
The height and simplicity of the Hallings Secretary by Thomas O'Brien is what I am looking and I need to find it under 1K. Any ideas with another design or DIY?


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SPRAT Profile
In addition, proponents and land managers should refer to the Recovery Plan (where available) or the Conservation Advice (where available) for recovery, mitigation and conservation information.
|EPBC Act Listing Status
|Listed as Extinct in the wild
|Listing and Conservation Advices
Commonwealth Listing Advice on Pedder Galaxias (Galaxias pedderensis) (Threatened Species Scientific Committee, 2005o) [Listing Advice].
|Recovery Plan Decision
Recovery Plan required, this species had a recovery plan in force at the time the legislation provided for the Minister to decide whether or not to have a recovery plan (19/2/2007).
|Adopted/Made Recovery Plans
Recovery Plan: Tasmanian Galaxiidae 2006-2010 (Threatened Species Section (TSS), 2006k) [Recovery Plan].
|Policy Statements and Guidelines
Survey guidelines for Australia's threatened fish. EPBC Act survey guidelines 6.4
(Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPaC), 2011i) [Admin Guideline].
Federal Register of
Legislative Instruments
Declaration under s178, s181, and s183 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 - List of threatened species, List of threatened ecological communities and List of threatening processes (Commonwealth of Australia, 2000) [Legislative Instrument].
Inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (24/05/2005) (Commonwealth of Australia, 2005e) [Legislative Instrument].
State Government
Documents and Websites
|State Listing Status
|Non-statutory Listing Status
|Scientific name
|Galaxias pedderensis [26169]
|Species author
|Frankenberg, 1968
|Infraspecies author
|Distribution map
This is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge. See map caveat for more information.
|Google Images
Scientific name: Galaxias pedderensis
Common Name: Pedder Galaxias
The Pedder Galaxias is a striking greenish brown fish that commonly grows to about 8 cm but can grow up to 17 cm (Allen 1989a; Jackson 2004; McDowall 1996). As with all Galaxias spp. there are no scales present.
Females appear to reach a larger size than males, but there are no other apparent differences between the sexes (Frankenberg 1968). Its back and sides are covered with a highly variable pattern of profuse brownish and off-white contrasting bands and blotches, fragmenting to finer spots on the lower sides and extending onto the bases of the fins. The species has an off-white to silvery belly, and a golden iridescence (Allen 1989a; McDowall 1996).
Historic Distribution
Prior to the 1972 flooding of Lake Pedder, the Pedder Galaxias was naturally restricted to the original Lake Pedder, in south-west Tasmania, and its adjoining streams. After flooding, the distribution of the Pedder Galaxias increased throughout the new lake and into the adjacent Wedge River, Lake Gordon and McPartlans Canal (TSSC 2005o).
By the mid-1980s the number of Pedder Galaxias had significantly declined (TSSC 2005o). McDowall (1980a) observed that the species remained abundant following the flooding, and enlargement, of Lake Pedder, but after 1980 the species became scarce and was difficult to find (Fulton 1990; Hamr 1992a; Sanger 1989). Surveys undertaken during the late 1980s by the Inland Fisheries Service (IFS) found that the Pedder Galaxias' distribution was restricted to only four tributary streams within the Lake Pedder impoundment (TSSC 2005o).
Hamr (1992b) reported that the species was found in only five creeks representing a reduction in the original range and population numbers as reported by investigators prior to, and immediately after, flooding of Lake Pedder.
Further surveys undertaken by the IFS during the early 1990s found that the distribution had narrowed to only two tributary streams. Surveys between 19941997 resulted in the collection of only five specimens, the last of which was found during 1996. Extensive surveys of the species' natural range were conducted by the IFS between 1998 2002, but the species was not located (TSSC 2005o).
Given that the species has a generation length of approximately three to four years and a lifespan of approximately six years, and therefore, it is considered that the species is now extinct in what remains of its natural habitat (Crook & Sanger 1997; Jackson 1999; TSSC 2005o).
Current Distribution
The Pedder Galaxias is now thought to only survive in two translocated populations, both of which were established as part of the recovery plan for the species (TSSC 2005o).
One population, established in 1992, occurs at Lake Oberon in the Western Arthur Range, approximately 12 km south-west of Lake Pedder (TSSC 2005o).
The second population occurs in habitat constructed for the species by the modification of the Strathgordon water supply dam in 1997. In March 2002, some further habitat improvements were undertaken and a further, small number of the species were translocated (TSSC 2005o). At least some individuals are surviving in the Strathgordon dam, but no successful breeding has been confirmed (Jackson 2004).
Attempts at captive breeding and artificial fertilisation in 199091 had limited success, with only 11 juveniles raised (Jackson 2004; TSSC 2005o). These were included in the fish placed in Lake Oberon. No attempts at captive breeding have been conducted since due to lack of stock (Jackson 2004).
Although the translocated population at Lake Oberon is geographically relatively close to Lake Pedder (12 km away), it is within an entirely separate catchment and there is no evidence to suggest the species ever occurred naturally in this catchment in the past. On this basis, the population that occurs at Lake Oberon is considered to exist well outside its past range (TSSC 2005o).
The Strathgordon Dam population is also geographically close to Lake Pedder, occurring within the same catchment, but is outside the natural distribution of the species. This population has shown no signs of being a viable, self-sustaining population (TSSC 2005o).
Extensive surveys were conducted, by the Inland Fisheries Service (IFS) during the late 1980s, the early 1990s, between 19941997, and between 19982002. It is considered that the survey effort for this species has been intensive (TSSC 2005o).
The Pedder Galaxias has not been recorded in its past range, Lake Pedder, since 1996 despite a high level of survey effort. The Pedder Galaxias has no particular life-cycle phase which may have caused it to remain undetected throughout surveys, and given that the species lives for around six years, it is considered highly unlikely that the species still exists in Lake Pedder (TSSC 2005o).
Intensive surveys conducted under early recovery plans (Crook & Sanger 1997; Gaffney et al. 1992) recorded only 10 individuals from the Bonnet Bay streams.
The survival and recovery of the species now depends on the ongoing success of ex-situ populations occurring in Lake Oberon and Strathgordon Dam. A total of 34 fish were translocated to Lake Oberon between 1991 and 1997. The population within Lake Oberon was surveyed in January 2001 and was found to be successfully breeding (TSSC 2005o). Over 500 adults are known to live and breed in Lake Oberon and juveniles can be seen swiming during the day (TAS DPIW 2008). It is now the only breeding population (Jackson 2004). The largest recorded specimens have also been recorded in lake Oberon (Jackson 2004). The population has been monitored annually to determine numbers and age structure (Jackson 2004).
The abundance of the Pedder Galaxias in Lake Oberon enabled a total of 74 adult fish to be transferred to the Strathgordon water supply dam in 2001 and 2002. In March 2003, there was evidence that some fish survived, however there is no evidence that they have successfully reproduced there (Jackson 2004).
The remaining natural habitat of the species and the Lake Oberon population is on reserved land (Southwest National Park, part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area) and therefore protected from land management impacts. The Strathgordon water supply dam is on Hydro Tasmania land and is managed for the benefits of Pedder Galaxies while still functioning as water supply storage. The dam is fenced and an information sign has been placed near the dam (Jackson 2004). The IFS is responsible for the conservation of this species (Pogonoski 2004).
The original Lake Pedder was shallow (approximately 3 m) with a predominantly sandy bottom and surrounded by swampy, peaty plains. Most inflow streams were low gradient and meandering, as was the outflow Serpentine River. Several swampy pools occurred near the lake. Waters in the area were dark brown, coloured by organic substances and particles (Buckney & Tyler 1973), and likely to have a low pH level (McDowall & Frankenberg 1981). Observations suggest that the lake acted as a nursery for juveniles while the adults lived mainly in the streams (Bayley et al. 1972).
Inundation of Lake Pedder, along with the surrounding swamps, streams and upper Serpentine River, resulted in a very large and relatively deep (> 20 m) impoundment. The steeper streams above inundation level were the only areas of natural habitat that remained unchanged after the flooding (Jackson 2004).
In the late 1970s, before their decline, Pedder Galaxias were reported to be abundant around the new impoundment, with schools of juveniles observed near the shores, and adults common in inflowing streams (Andrews 1976; Frankenberg 1968). The natural habitat last occupied, was the lower reaches of slow flowing meandering streams, with a generally sandy bottom, pools, overhanging banks with abundant cover, and dense overhanging vegetation (Hamr 1992b).
Lake Oberon is an extremely deep lake, estimated to 95 m, and at 850 m altitude. Most of the shoreline is rocky and steep, except for two small sandy beaches on the north-western side. A meandering inflow stream flows into one of the beaches. Only two fish have been found in this stream during annual surveys, which have not been conducted at spawning time. The lake was chosen for translocation because it was free of fish, contained an abundant invertebrate food supply, has similar water chemistry and temperature to Lake Pedder, and has an inflowing stream which is thought necessary for spawning habitat (Hamr 1995).
The Strathgordon water supply dam was modified in 1997 by IFS and Hydro Tasmania to form suitable artificial habitat for Pedder Galaxias. The dam was drained to confirm that no other fish species were present, the outflow was made secure from introduced fish invasion and screened to prevent escape of fish from the dam, an artificial inflow stream was constructed for spawning habitat and the dam shores were revegetated (Jackson 2004).
Pedder Galaxias mature sexually at approximately two years of age and most appear to breed at three to four years of age. The species reaches a maximum total length of 16 cm and live for up to six years of age (Hamr 1992a; Jackson 2004).
Adults can be sexed by external examination of genital papillae: in the male the papillae is narrow, while in the female it is broad and rounded. These external features can be distinguished throughout the year but are most pronounced during the reproductive season (Hamr 1995). Adults with immature gonads were collected during January, and females with almost fully developed eggs, 1.5 mm in diameter, were taken in late March. Mature females were taken from a small deep pool below an artificial waterfall about 1.2 m in height, and their accumulation there may indicate an upstream migration (Andrews 1976). Limited evidence indicates that a size of 56 cm Fork Length (FL) (the distance from tip of snout to midline of caudal fin) is reached after one year and sexual maturity is reached at around two years of age. The smallest recorded female with developing gonads was 6.1 cm FL while the smallest male was 5.3 cm FL (Hamr 1992a), however, the average size at maturity was 9.5 cm FL for females and 7.6 cm FL for males (Hamr 1995).
From field sampling and captive breeding trials, Hamr (1992a) confirmed that the species spawns in spring (October) when water temperatures begin to rise. Between the end of September and mid October 1991, the temperatures of the two creek habitats where this species naturally occurred, ranged from 6.77.5°C. During this time a mating pair and a freshly spawned female were collected, indicating that spawning was in progress (Hamr 1992a). Females produce 1501200 relatively large ovarian eggs, depending upon the size of the female. When laid, the eggs average 1.9 mm in diameter and increase to 2.3 mm when water hardens (Hamr 1992a).
Adults possibly require stream habitat for spawning and it is thought that the original Lake Pedder served as nursery habitat for larvae and juveniles floating or swimming within the water column (Hamr 1992a). In the artificial stream and pond established at Salmon Ponds trout hatchery, north-west of Hobart, captive females deposited eggs under flat rocks, aquatic vegetation and submerged driftwood. Most spawning sites were located well within the stream section although some eggs were laid in the pond (Hamr 1992a). In the laboratory at 15-16°C, artificially fertilised eggs took 2230 days to hatch. Metamorphosis into juvenile fish occurred between 22.2 cm FL (Hamr 1992a).
In the Strathgordon water supply dam, a number of Pedder Galaxias were observed in the artificial stream in September 2001. Females produce a relatively small number (2001200) of large eggs (2.22.5 mm diameter). Eggs that were artificially fertilised, after stripping, took 2230 days to hatch at 1516ºC. Larvae were approximately 10 mm long on hatching and, in captivity, fed on rotifers (minute aquatic organisms) and then small aquatic crustaceans (Hamr 1992a).
The Pedder Galaxias feeds on small invertebrates, mainly arthropods and aquatic insect larvae (Andrews 1976). Dietary analysis of stomach contents of 20 fish revealed that land-based and aquatic insects and crustaceans were the main dietary components. The land-based insects included beetles, flies, mosquitos, cicadas, grasshoppers, ants and wasps. The aquatic insects consisted primarily of mayfly nymphs, Diptera larvae, and adult beetles, while the major aquatic crustaceans were Freshwater Crayfish (Astacopsis franklinii), decapoda (shrimps, prawns, crabs and lobsters) and copepoda (minute planktonic or parasitic crustaceans) (Hamr 1992a).
It appears likely that this species requires a migration between lake and stream to complete its life cycle (Hamr 1992b).
Time of year is not important for sampling Tasmanian Galaxias species, as they are not migratory within freshwater (as far as is known) and they live for several years in the same habitat (J. Jackson 2002, pers. comm. cited in Pogonoski 2004).
The following collection methods were provided by the IFS and have been approved by the DPIWE Ethics Committee (Pogonoski 2004). Combinations of methods are used for threatened galaxiids in Tasmanian waters, including:
- Electrofishing used for streams and lakeshores should be conducted according to the Australian Code of Practice (NSW Fisheries 1997) and operated in a way to minimise possible damage to fish.
- Fine soft mesh fyke nets to be used in lakes and left overnight.
- Night snorkelling to be used for visual observations, or capture with small handnets.
- Larvae can be collected from lakes by towing a fine-mesh net behind a boat.
- For temporary holding, fish are to be kept in a bucket part full of water.
The effort required for the collection of Tasmanian galaxiids depends on the habitat to be sampled and subjective judgement employed. At least 30 minutes of backpack electrofishing is necessary for streams and lake shores. Stream surveys for Pedder Galaxias can take hours. For fine-mesh fyke netting in lakes, one or two nights of sampling is probably adequate if using approximately 10 nets (J. Jackson 2002, pers. comm. cited in Pogonoski 2004).
The Pedder Galaxias is believed to be Australia's most endangered freshwater fish species (Hamr 1995). Major impacts and threats have come from:
Loss of habitat
A major impact on the Pedder Galaxias occurred with the loss of the shallow lake and meandering stream habitat with inundation of Lake Pedder, and the loss of most of this species' original lowland habitat (Hamr 1992b).
Brown Trout
The decline of the Pedder Galaxias coincided with the introduction of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) into Lake Pedder (Fulton 1990). Brown Trout are large, highly mobile predators that probably impact upon Pedder Galaxias directly through predation and indirectly through competition by consuming similar food resources and occupying similar habitat (Hamr 1992a).
Climbing Galaxias
A potential competitor and predator, the aggressive Climbing Galaxias, has become very abundant in the new Lake Pedder and its adjoining streams. Although present in the upper Serpentine River prior to damming (Andrews 1976), this species was not formerly reported from the area immediately adjacent to the original lake. It is now abundant throughout the Pedder and Gordon drainages and appears to have replaced the Pedder Galaxias in most of the streams running into the lake. The Climbing Galaxias feeds on similar prey to the Pedder Galaxias and produces a higher number of offspring, which allows it to increase its numbers much faster than the Pedder Galaxias (Hamr 1992a).
Redfin Perch
In 1996, the Hydro Electricity Commission (HEC) implemented modified operating procedures for the Gordon Power Scheme in an attempt to prevent the colonisation of Lake Pedder by Redfin Perch (Perca fluviatilis) from Lake Gordon. Redfin Perch represent a significant threat to the galaxiid populations of Lake Pedder, including any remaining Pedder Galaxias and the still common Swamp Galaxias (G. parvus). The modified procedures require the level of Lake Pedder to be kept at least one metre above that of Lake Gordon before the radial gates on the canal linking the lakes are opened. By maintaining this difference in levels, the flow rates through the radial gates is estimated to be too swift to allow Redfin Perch to pass (Crook & Sanger 1997).
In 1992, the Pedder Galaxias was limited to two streams where Brown Trout and Climbing Galaxias were present (Hamr 1992a). The introduced species that shared these remaining streams with the Pedder Galaxias were removed if captured, but the invasion and proliferation of exotic species remains a major problem in these habitats (Hamr 1995). No Pedder Galaxias have been found in these streams since 1996 (TSSC 2005o).
Limited Gene Flow
The extant population in Lake Oberon is considered relatively secure but it may be threatened by genetic effects caused by the low number of fish from which the population is derived (34 individuals) (Jackson 2004). The genetic structure of the species at present or before its decline has not been determined.
Other Threats
Any long term changes to food availability in Lake Oberon caused by the introduction of Pedder Galaxias may also threaten the species. The current abundance in Lake Oberon may be a boom period, after which numbers may decline to sustainable levels as the food supply is depleted. Any introduction of other fish species would threaten the population but this is extremely unlikely to occur given the remote location of the lake (Jackson 2004).
The restricted distribution of the Pedder Galaxias in Tasmania, and its limited dispersal capabilities, have been highlighted as a possible threat to the species survival through human-influenced or natural events that may affect populations or increase isolation of populations (Hardie et al. 2006).
The Commonwealth Conservation Advice for Glaxias pedderensis (Pedder Galaxias) (TSSC 2005ai) recommends the following priority recovery and threat abatement actions for this species:
- Continue to monitor presence of the Pedder Galaxias in Lake Oberon and Strathgordon Dam.
- Other actions as outlined in the Recovery Plan for this species.
The Recovery Plan: Tasmanian Galaxiidae 2006-2010 (TSS 2006i) includes the following recovery actions:
- Increasing public awareness.
- Monitoring of translocated populations.
- Survey for possible translocation sites.
- Habitat and threat management.
- Determine habitat requirements.
- Determine genetic structure.
Additionally, the Recovery Plan includes general management prescriptions, as follows:
- Maintain all Pedder Galaxias populations free of other fish species, with the exception of possible future translocation of Swamp Galaxias to the Strathgordon water supply dam.
- Remove any other fish species found.
- Clean the Strathgordon dam outflow screens at least twice a year, outside the September-December period when eggs may be present, to avoid fluctuations in water levels during the breeding season.
- Ensure availability of clean spawning substrate in the Strathgordon dam and inflow stream.
- Activities in the catchment of Stratgordon dam should not impact on water quality of the inflow streams or dam, or water supply to the dam.
The following documents may inform on protection and management of the Pedder Galaxias:
- Recovery Plan for the Pedder, Swan, Clarence, Swamp and Saddled Galaxias, 1999-2004 (Crook & Sanger 1997)
- The Pedder Galaxias Recovery Plan: Management Phase (Gaffney et al. 1992)
- Recovery Plan: Threatened Tasmanian Galaxiidae 2006-2010 (TSS 2006i)
The following table lists known and perceived threats to this species. Threats are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) threat classification version 1.1.
|Threat Class
|Threatening Species
|Ecosystem/Community Stresses:Indirect Ecosystem Effects:Restricted geographical distribution (area of occupancy and extent of occurrence)
|Commonwealth Listing Advice on Pedder Galaxias (Galaxias pedderensis) (Threatened Species Scientific Committee, 2005o) [Listing Advice].
|Invasive and Other Problematic Species and Genes:Invasive Non-Native/Alien Species:Competition and/or predation
|Perca fluviatilis (Redfin, Redfin Perch)
Recovery Plan for the Pedder, Swan, Clarence, Swamp and Saddled Galaxias - 1999-2004 (Crook, D. & A. Sanger, 1997) [State Recovery Plan].
Commonwealth Listing Advice on Pedder Galaxias (Galaxias pedderensis) (Threatened Species Scientific Committee, 2005o) [Listing Advice].
|Invasive and Other Problematic Species and Genes:Invasive Non-Native/Alien Species:Competition and/or predation
|Salmo trutta (Brown Trout)
Recovery Plan for the Pedder, Swan, Clarence, Swamp and Saddled Galaxias - 1999-2004 (Crook, D. & A. Sanger, 1997) [State Recovery Plan].
Commonwealth Listing Advice on Pedder Galaxias (Galaxias pedderensis) (Threatened Species Scientific Committee, 2005o) [Listing Advice].
|Invasive and Other Problematic Species and Genes:Invasive Non-Native/Alien Species:Competition, predation and/or habitat degradation by fish
|Recovery Plan for the Pedder, Swan, Clarence, Swamp and Saddled Galaxias - 1999-2004 (Crook, D. & A. Sanger, 1997) [State Recovery Plan].
|Invasive and Other Problematic Species and Genes:Problematic Native Species:Competition, predation and/or habitat degradation by fish
|Commonwealth Listing Advice on Pedder Galaxias (Galaxias pedderensis) (Threatened Species Scientific Committee, 2005o) [Listing Advice].
|Species Stresses:Indirect Species Effects:Low numbers of individuals
Recovery Plan for the Pedder, Swan, Clarence, Swamp and Saddled Galaxias - 1999-2004 (Crook, D. & A. Sanger, 1997) [State Recovery Plan].
Commonwealth Listing Advice on Pedder Galaxias (Galaxias pedderensis) (Threatened Species Scientific Committee, 2005o) [Listing Advice].
Allen, G.R. (1989a). Freshwater Fishes of Australia. Brookvale, NSW: T.F.H. Publications.
Andrews, A.P. (1976). A Revision of the Family Galaxiidae (Pisces) in Tasmania. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 27:297-349.
Bayley, I.A.E., P.S. Lake, R. Swain & P.A. Tyler (1972). Lake Pedder: its importance to biological science. Pedder Papers: Anatomy of a decision pp.41-49. Melbourne: Australian Conservation Foundation.
Buckney, R.T. & P.A. Tyler (1973). Chemistry of some sedgeland waters: Lake Pedder, south-west Tasmania. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 24:267-273.
Crook, D. & A. Sanger (1997). Recovery Plan for the Pedder, Swan, Clarence, Swamp and Saddled Galaxias - 1999-2004. [Online]. TAS Inland Fisheries Commission. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/recovery/tas-galaxids/index.html.
Department of Primary Industries & Water (TAS DPIW) (2008). Pedder Galaxias. [Online]. Department of Primary Industries & Water, Tasmania. Available from: http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/BHAN-54H7R8?open.
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPaC) (2011i). Survey guidelines for Australia's threatened fish. EPBC Act survey guidelines 6.4 . [Online]. EPBC Act policy statement. Canberra, ACT: DSEWPAC. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/publications/threatened-fish.html.
Frankenberg, R.S. (1968). Two new species of Galaxiid fishes from the Lake Pedder region of southern Tasmania. Australian Zoologist. 14(3):268-274.
Fulton, W. (1990). Tasmanian Freshwater Fishes. Page(s) 80. Uni. Tasmania, Hobart.
Gaffney, R.F., P. Hamr & P.E. Davies (1992). The Pedder Galaxias Recovery Plan: Management Phase. Page(s) 24. Dept Parks, Wildlife & Heritage, Hobart, Tas.
Hamr, P. (1992a). Conservation of Galaxias pedderensis. Inland Fisheries Commission Occasional Report. 92-01:66.
Hamr, P. (1992b). The Pedder Galaxias. Australian Natural History. 23(12):904.
Hamr, P. (1995). Threatened Fishes of the world: Galaxias pedderensis Frankenberg, 1968 (Galaxiidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 43:406.
Hardie, S.A., J.E. Jackson, L.A. Barmutta & R.W.G. White (2006). Status of galaxiid fishes in Tasmania, Australia: conservation listings, threats and management issues. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 16:235-250.
Jackson, J. (1999). Threatened Fish Profile: Pedder Galaxias Galaxias pedderensis. Australian Threatened Fishes 1999 Supplement. Australian Society for Fish Biology Newsletter. 29(2):31-32.
Jackson, J.E. (2004). Tasmanian Galaxiidae Recovery Plan 2004-2008. Inland Fisheries Service, Hobart.
McDowall, R.M. (1980a). Family Galaxiidae Galaxiids. In: McDowall, R.M., ed. Freshwater Fishes of South-eastern Australia. Page(s) 55-69. Sydney, NSW: Reed Books.
McDowall, R.M. & R.S. Frankenberg (1981). The Galaxiid Fishes of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum. 33(10):443-605.
McDowall, R.M. ed (1996). Freshwater Fishes of South-Eastern Australia rev. edn. Chatswood, NSW: Reed Books.
New South Wales Fisheries (NSWF) (1997). The Australian Code of Electrofishing Practice. NSW Fisheries Management Publication No. 1. [Online]. Fishery Management sub-committee of the Standing Committee for Fisheries and Aquaculture (SCFFA). Available from: http://electrofishing.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/ecode97i.pdf.
Sanger, A.C. (1989). Endangered Fish Study. Newsletter of the Inland Fisheries Commission of Tasmania. 18(2):4.
Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2005o). Commonwealth Listing Advice on Pedder Galaxias (Galaxias pedderensis). [Online]. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pedder-galaxias.html.
Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC) (2005ai). NON-APPROVED Commonwealth Conservation Advice on Pedder Galaxias (Galaxias pedderensis). [Online]. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pedder-galaxias.html#conservation.
Threatened Species Section (TSS) (2006k). Recovery Plan: Tasmanian Galaxiidae 2006-2010. [Online]. DPIW. Department of Primary Industries, Water: Hobart, Tasmania. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tasmanian-galaxiidae.html.
EPBC Act email updates can be received via the Communities for Communities newsletter and the EPBC Act newsletter.
This database is designed to provide statutory, biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities, migratory species, marine species, and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC Act). It has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice, recovery plans, published literature and individual experts. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information, no guarantee is given, nor responsibility taken, by the Commonwealth for its accuracy, currency or completeness. The Commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the information contained in this database. The information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the Commonwealth. This database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with. Individuals and organisations should consider all the available information, including that available from other sources, in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the EPBC Act.
Citation: Department of the Environment (2014). Galaxias pedderensis in Species Profile and Threats Database, Department of the Environment, Canberra. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/sprat. Accessed Tue, 23 Sep 2014 13:58:24 +1000.