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PUBLIC SCOPING MEETING FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND OTHERS LOGAN CANYON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY Logan City Hall Logan, Utah March 4, 1987, 10:08 a.m.
Presiding: Todd Weston State Highway Commissioner Utah Department of Transportation
Conducting: Stanton S. Nuffer Project Manager CH2M HILL
2 Statement by George Preston 3
3 Statement by Robert Fotheringham 8
4 Statement by Bryan Booth 9
5 Statement by Richard Denton 13
6 Statement by Bruce King 17
7 Statement by Dr. Newel Daines 18
8 Statement by Ted Wilson 23
9 Statement by Gordon Low 28
MR. WESTON: I waited a few minutes beyond the
hour hoping we could get a few more people here. I think
I see more participants than I do audience,but we're still
going to proceed.
We need to make some introductioris. I'm Todd
Weston. I'm Commissioner with the Department of
Transportation for Utah. I'm going to have a few other
people introduce some of their people that are here. Our
purpose of meeting today in this meeting--you are aware
that we had a large group here last night in this room.
The meeting this morning, all those people were invited
to come back if they so cared to, if they hadn't had a chance
to make any comments on the study we're doing in Logan Canyon
for possible improvements and development. Some of those
I see here again this morning.
This meeting was mainly directed toward government
officials, public officials, those who we look to to
represent the public in general in their positions. I'm
sorry that we don't have more of them here, and we ought
to have in my judgment. But each one of those people know
what their time frames are, and I'm sure they were all
invited, maybe just through the newspaper. I don't know.
Individual letters were sent to all city mayors.
(Further comments by Mr. Weston. Introductions
of officials present were made. Comments by Mr~ Sheldon
Barker. Mr. Barker has all other present introduce
themselves. Further comments by Mr. Weston. Colored slides
were projected upon the wall, and Mr. Barker gave a
narration. Mr. Nuffer continued the narration of the
MR. NUFFER: If anybody didn't· sign, it doesn't
mean that you're not going to get to testify here. We will
begin with this, and the first name on the list is George
Preston representing Rich County. You can use either that
microphone or if you would prefer to come up to this one.
This is a little better mike. But that one does work. I'll
leave that up to your discretion.
MR. GEORGE PRESTON: Thank you. Having made
some remarks personally last night, I have talked to the
Commissioner, and he indicated to me that he had some remarks
that he wanted to be made in behalf of the county. It's
Commissioner Day over there, and that's why the Commissioners
aren't here. It's not that they don't have an interest
in it. It's that they have business over there, and I was
asked to speak.
Basically, Rich County consists of 2,000 people
located along Bear Lake and in the Woodruff and Randolph
areas. These people are concerned about getting in and
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out of Bear Lake.
If you will recall, the roads in the winter time
are extremely difficult and many times impossible. The
life blood of that community is a transportation system
for the people coming in and coming out of the community.
As you know, the oil interests have decreased there. The
income of the county has decreased. Rich County is looking
for businesses.
You can't attract businesses, you can't attract
tourists, you cannot generate income without an adequate
transportation system. On the other hand, .the residents
of Rich County do not want a roadway that · is uncontrolled
construction, . consists of poor planning, and one which would
essentially disrupt the ecosystems that exist along. the
They feel that a critical safety factor is
presently in the corners and in the bridges, which must
be replaced. It is very easy to do nothing. We can
abdicate our responsibility at this time, leave the roadway
where it is, and pass this problem along to our future
generations, obviously at a much higher cost both in study
time and in construction time.
Had our forefathers done this--and they traveled
to Bear Lake on a wagon wheel road, it took two days--and
had our forefathers been members of the Sierra Club and
other clubs, we probably would still be faced with that
same form of transportation. This is the time to do
something about it. This is the time to make a significant
With regards specifically to problems existing
on the road, you have approximately five to six turns in
that road that are of a decreasing radius turn, depending
on which way you're traveling upon that turn. By
decreasing radius, you are going from a shallow turn at
its inception to an increasingly sharper turn throughout
the course of the turn.
If you follow people, particularly out of state
people, on those turns, they overshoot those turns. They
fail to slow down sufficiently on those turns; and,
therefore, it is an extremely dangerous turn, not only for
the person going down, but also the person coming up.
The bridges, you have three major bridges that
are problems, the Burnt Bridge and the Upper Twin Bridges.
I'm on the National Ski Patrol, and every year
we go up there and pick up beer cans along the road.
Incidentally, there's a lot of them, which means there is
alcohol consumed on that road to a great extent. But when
you pick up the beer cans under the bridge and look up,
you really have a second thought about whether or not you
want to travel that bridge. In many instances, those
bridges by reason of the salt that the state has kindly
furnished to the road has practically eaten away the concrete
on the bridge, and they are unsafe. They should be replaced.
I think they're a hazard right now.
The Burnt Bridge has had two accidents on the
Burnt Bridge last weekend as a result of traffic on there.
It is so narrow that a pass was not effectuated properly.
And if you have tried to pass a Miller truck
on the Burnt Bridge, you've got some serious problems,
because both ends of that, both approaches to the bridge,
uphill and downhill are from a curve. So you're approaching
that bridge not from a straightaway, where you can kind
of get your sights on it. You're approaching it from a
curve, and it makes it an extremely difficult bridge to
pass on. If you've tried to pass a person from out of state
that's· pulling a trailer house on that bridge, they want
their share right out of the center. So it's an extremely
dangerous place.
Those are examples of the types of things that
inhibit travel and which should be looked at.
Thirdly, the speed limit. The speed limit is
at 35 miles an hour. I do not know of anyone who observes
that speed limit, including the officers that control the
canyon. Why? The turns are set for 35, but the
straightaways are reasonable and prudent to go 40 to 45.
So what are we doing? We're posting the travel
in the canyon for the lowest speed limit that is practical
on the corners. And so we are actually inviting people
by reason of the nature of the construction to travel at
the higher speeds on the straight, slow down on the corners.
I think that improvements to the corners would
facilitate travel, increase safety · significantly. The last
comment is on bicycles. If you look at the lower part of
the canyon in the summer-spring, you will find bikes up
and down the canyon. In fact, there. is a lot of bicycle
travel up there, a lot of people running on the side of
the road.
Do you find that in the areas under consideration?
No, because you put one bike--I'm talking about pedal bikes--
but one bike on that road, two cars passing, and someone
is going to get hurt.
Now, we can't do anything about the people that
have died before on that road. But .I think we have an
obligation to look at the people who are yet to die on that
Is Mr. Baumgartner present? Has this road
actually been designated presently as a Scenic Highway,
or is it under consideration for designation?
MR. DAVE BAUMGARTNER: Under consideration. A
decision has been made in our forest plan to manage it as
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a Scenic Highway and then encourage the State to designate
it as such. If the State isn't capable of doing that~
the Forest Service has an option to do it themselves.
MR. PRESTON: So that designation is not cut
and dried right now? It's still open for some consideration?
Is that correct?
MR. BAUMGARTNER: Yes and no. Once again, because
of our management policy in the canyon, we are going to
manage it as a Scenic Highway, even though it doesn't have
an official designation.
MR. PRESTON: Thank you. With those comments,
I would ,like to invite you all to come to Rich County
tonight. When you do come to Rich County, please drive
that road with a view towards looking at that road, seeing
where damage won't be done, seeing where improvements can
be made; and if you decide to drive that road at about
4 o'clock when the skiers are coming down from the ski area,
you've got one car every 27 seconds approaching you, some
of which have been dri.nking, I think you would want some
improvements to that road.
Thank you. (Applause.)
MR. NUFFER: Thank you. The next one indicating
an interest in speaking is Robert Fotheringham, and then
we have Bryan Booth.
MR. ROBERT FOTHERINGHAM: I'm really not here
to recommend any alternatives to CH2M Hill. However, there
is only one alternative that may possibly not affect the
stream, and that would be the No Alternative solution to
the problem. I'm not presentjng that I'm for that or against
In 1985 the Utah Legislature deemed it necessary
to amend one of the laws in the state which says that any
time you affect a natural stream in any way, you must receive
written approval from the State Engineer to do that. If
you do, or if you approach any alternative to this problem
other than Alternative A or No Alternative, there is a
probability that you will in some reach of your construction
affect the river. In doing that, you will require written
approval from the State Engineer, and I will leave a copy
of the Code, 73-3-29, with one of the committee, so you
can look at that.
I don't know at what point in time you would
want to start informing the State Engineer of any plans,
but the earlier those are received the better they can be
reviewed. That's all I have. (Applause.)
MR. NUFFER: Thank you, Robert. Bryan Booth,
and then we'll have Richard Denton.
MR. BRYAN BOOTH: I was here last night, but
I didn't dare speak up. There were too many here.
Bryan Booth, of course. My main interest, of
course, is since I am a Bear Laker by nativity and since
I'm there a good share of the year now and have a place
of business, I'm interested in this highway and its
development. I built and operated an overnight trailer
park just north of Garden City for 15 years. Some of the
people from other areas, other states, that came over that
with their trailers behind them, they were shaking like
a leaf by the time they got in to my trailer park. They
said they had never driven anything so scary as Logan Canyon.
They didn't have time to look at the scenery at all.
Since selling this overnight trailer park to
Camper World about 10 years ago, I have built and operate
now a mobile home park back of my home, almost adjacent
to that same area.
Whenever a big mobile home comes in from somewhere
they have to generally go around by Evanston or around by
Soda Springs, because they are scared to death, and, of
course, the Highway Patrol is not too happy to see them
go through Logan Canyon, especially if it's a 65 or 70-foot
Someone mentioned the guardrails. I'm grateful
to see so many of them installed recently. Of course, where
they have been installed on the edge of the bridges, that
has narrowed these bridges about 10 to 12 inches. And,
of course, a lot of people are scared to death of those.
As has been mentioned so many times, it's a hazard to cross
them when someone else is coming.
Now, as far as the deer being killed, I'm sure
that if the trees were moved back a little farther, they
would be able to see a deer before you hit him. But now
they just appear out of nowhere without any problem at all,
so far as they're concerned.
I would make one suggestion in the interim that
if the Highway Department would cut that high grass along
the side of the road that appears about the middle of the
summer, the deer sneak out of those in a hurry, and you
would be able to see them a little sooner if that were the
I've never counted the times I've traveled Logan
Canyon from Bear. Lake to Logan. I got my education at Utah
State. I got my master's degree mostly in the summer schools
while I was teaching. I taught two years in Cache Valley .
I'm sure the people won't slow down whether
anything is done or not, because, as someone mentioned last
night, the hazards of people passing you on a double line,
I've had that happen time and time again. On one occasion
someone with a high speed powerful car whizzed by me on
a double line, and 10 and behold, another car was coming
at almost the same speed, and T had to throw on my brakes
to avoid a crash; that is, for him to avoid a crash. So
it's happening all the time on curves and everywhere. People
are so anxious to go places and to go there so quickly,
that it's almost an impossible situation to control it.
Sometimes these people in Bear Lake who have
a lot of trouble with the deer wish there were more killed
on the highway, especially the females, with the hay stacks
and elsewhere. And I've had a lot of experi'encewi.th that .
Of course, we've got one · man in Rich County who will ·take
care of it, if you don't do something about that~
So I'm anxious to have something done. I haven't
studied the proposal carefully enough to make any specific
recommendations. I suspect that whatever is done, the plan
for the whole thing must be finalized before any portion .
of it is done. That is my guess, anyway. And so whatever
is done and whatever can be done as the time goes on, I'm
for it; and I'm sure that if we vote against anything being
done in Bear Lake, the Logan Canyon Road, that that money,
whatever is available, will go somewhere else, and I think
we want it on this canyon. I don't remember anybody
particularly recently complaining about the first half of
Logan Canyon. Yet, when that was proposed, we heard a lot
of screaming about the spoiling of the environment. I think
it's a beautiful road, and I think it's much better now
than it was before, and the scenery is better. You can
see the leaves in the fall; and if the trees are too close
to the road, you can't.
One other item that hasn't been mentioned.
Someone mentioned last night that it would be a good idea
to move the trees back, but some of them and most of them
that are right close to the road are being killed by salt
that the snowplows obviously and unavoidably have to plow
off, and it hits these trees and eventually some of them
die. So many of those trees are very unsightly. A person
with a wood stove wouldn't dare cut one or he would be in
trouble, but I wish the Highway Department would cut a few
of those that are dead and haul them in for wood for somebody
the widows or someone else who needs them.
I think that's all I have to say. . ( Applause. )
MR. NUFFER: After Richard, we'll have Bruce
MR. RICHARD DENTON: My name is Richard Denton.
I'm an environmental scientist with the Bureau of Water
Pollution Control.
I'm not going to address one of ·the different
issues that have been addressed here whether the road should
be built or not. I'll try to limit my remarks to our Bureau'~
concern as far as water quality within the canyon. Presently
Logan River is classified in the state system as 2B, which
is for water-borne recreation, 3A a cold water fishery,
and 4, agriculture and irrigation.
Under state law we are required to protect the
Logan River for these three different stream classifications,
mainly as a cold water fishery and aquatic life and for
agriculture. In that section of the river there is I think
probably a limited amount of canoeing, kayaking, and that
type of thing going on. There is some water contact I
imagine at campgrounds and things like this~
The entire Logan River from the mouth of the
canyon upstream on the forest is also classified as an
antidegradation segment for the State, and as such we are
required to protect the stream from any type of activity
within that stream that may degradate the water quality
and the aquatic system within the canyon.
After talking with our staff and looking at some
of the alternatives here, especially in the section from
Right Hand Fork to -Ricks Spring, we as a staff feel that
very little widening of the road or construction in that
area could be done without affecting water quality.
Presently in most of those reaches through there there is
a good riparian zone, trees and shrubs and what not, that
protect the river from the highway and from the use from
the highway. If any of that area was disturbed, then the
water quality would suffer.
One thing the riparian zone does is it acts as
a buffer system to protect the stream from such things as
surface runoff of the road, which is extremely high in
salts, turbidity from any type of erosion that may occur,
affords some protection from any type of gasoline spills.
If a tanker turns over, what not, it offers some protection,
unless in some places it would go directly into the river.
So I think that's where our Bureau is coming
from. We are involved in the NEPA process, and as such
we will be insisting that we review what plans are come
up with by the committee or the tech team, and we will have
to give approval for the different aspects of that.
One thing is that if there is any construction
involved, whether it's bridges or whether it's anything,
road alignments, we will have to have turbidi ty waivers
for the stream. If any section of the stream will be
affected, those will require sediment control structures,
different things, to protect water quality.
I don't want to say this in picking on the DOT
right at the moment, but we have seen some good and some
bad things that have happened on road construction within
the state in the last few years. A good example that we've
seen in the last few years is the new Interstate 80, or
70, I guess it is, through Clear Creek Canyon. DOT working
with everyone to protect water quality and to improve the
stream or to reconstruct it, whatever needed to be done,
I think we've ended up with a compatible situation there
where the stream runs through a closed canyon and we still
have a good trout fishery, we have good water quality, and
those things have been met.
A situation that's 100 degrees around from that,
though, is the interstate down through Echo Canyon. We
see that we have increased turbidity loads in that canyon
by thousands of tons of sediment a year going into the Weber
River. The Weber River is a culinary water source for the
Wasatch Front. And now we're going to end up--we have a
team put together to try to correct some of those things,
and it's probably going to cost hundreds of thousands of
dollars to try to reconstruct that stream and to get -erosion
under control and to protect water quality that's going
into the Weber River.
We have had problems in Little and Big Cottonwood
canyons, for example, with erosion because of road
construction. So like I say, I'm not picking on DOT, but
I f think we're going to have -to work very closely with you
to ensure that we do not see some of these same problems
in the canyon here.
As I look at the alternatives, and we've studied
them with the staff, I think that we as a staff would have
to recommend probably Alternative B. I see no reason to
go with "A." I think things could be done within the canyon
and still protect the integrity of the stream. But, like
I say, especially on the lower one section in there, as
a staff we feel that very little could probably be done
and still ensure water quality and protect the state's
standards, and that's where we're coming from.
I believe those are about all the comments I
have. We would like to, like I say, be kept informed, and
we will be requiring you to put some of these things through
as part of the NEPA process. Thank you. (Applause.)
MR. NUFFER: Thank you. We'll have Bruce King
and then Newel Daines.
MR. BRUCE KING: Bruce King representing Cache
County Government. I'd like to comment just briefly by
commendation to UDOT and the consultant here for the process
that's going forward. Even if the various interests were
irreconcilably separated on distant poles, I think a ·great
purpose is being accomplished by affording the public this
opportunity to be heard. There's great value in that.
On the second point, I don't think we are
irreconcilably disparate on our poles. I am encouraged
also by what I see as an ability to get together and carve
a compromise here that will preserve important values and
still give us a significant benefit by way of facility and
improvement in that canyon.
With regard to the position of public officials
and specifically Cache County, I don't have anything to
recommend at this point, except to indicate that our new
county council has reviewed this issue preliminarily in
one section. I'll encourage them to do so again and to
submit something in writing during the comment period, so
that you'll have that. Of course, there are two members
of the council here today. I want to acknowledge their
presence. So something should be forthcoming there .
I'm also going to take the initiative in meeting
with the Mayors Association a week from Saturday, to take
copies of your comment sheets and summaries and encourage
them either collectively or individually, and perhaps in
consultation with individual city councils to give you some
written response within the comment period, as well.
So, again thanks for the opportunity afforded
for us to be involved in this process. We hope to have
something meaningful to you within the period. Thank you.
( Applause. )
MR. NUFFER: Mayor Daines is the last one who
has indicated an interest. If there is anyone else, we
will open that up.
TIR. NEWEL DAINES: I was kind of the old timer
in this group until I saw Mr. Booth.
I have driven that canyon road since it had no
asphalt from the mouth of the canyon up. I've ridden on
it. I didn't drive it at that time.
I'm kind of wearing three hats this morning.
I would like to wear the hat, the personal hat as an old
timer from the 1930's right on through to today. I'm a
taxpayer and a supporter of Rich County as well as Cache
County. I own one of those what they refer to as cracker
boxes along Bear Lake and utilize it a considerable amount
of the time, about six months out of the year. So I drive
that canyon consistently on an average I would imagine 100
times a year.
I'm a skier. I'm a boater. I don't have a
10-foot-wide boat. I don't think there are many 10-foot-
wide boats. As far as I know, you can't take anything wider
than about an 8-foot through the canyon without some special
permits. Isn't that correct, Howard? But I think that's
an important part of the things that I'd like to talk about.
No.2, the hat that I would like to put on is
my surgical hat. I've been a physician and the prime
emergency physician in Logan for 3 a years.
I was the first anesthesiologist and intensive
care physician in the valley. So I've seen the change in
emergency medical services that has come into the valley.
I also have relatives that have practiced medicine in
Evanston, Montpelier. We really have a medical center here
that has 10,000 clients that use that road for emergency
medical services. There are about 8,000 people in the Bear
Lake County. We are the largest Class 2 medical center
that services Star Valley, all of Rich County, Bear Lake
County, and even down into the southwestern part of Wyoming,
Cokeville and those areas.
So I've seen the use of this road as an emergency
road for medical services, and I would like to mention that
for a minute .
And then I am a Johnnie-Corne-Lately of about
five years experience as the mayor of Logan. Both Bruce
and I have the same feeling. We will bring these problems
to the Cache County Mayors' Association for their input,
and I certainly will go to the Municipal Council as we had
discussed this in the past for their involvement in
recommending to th.isgroup what kind of a road services .
we feel we need .. . But I want you to remember that Logan
City is about half of the population of Cache County.
Back in the sixties, I was aware of the alarm
that attended our community as we upgraded the lower 12
miles. I have lived in Logan continuously since 1957, and
I am proud of even the lower 12 miles.
Next week I have a house guest coming from New
York City who is the vice president and director of all
the travel services for American Express. This lady, I'll
be proud to show her the whole canyon and take her and her
children, and ·my grandchildren are coming out from New York
with them, skiing and show them what we have. I'm proud
of all that canyon, and I certainly join with the rest of
you in not wanting to rape that five or six miles between
the Right Hand Fork and Ricks Spring.
But I think that this bottleneck that I look
at from my medical standpoint and my personal standpoint,
I think that bottleneck from the Forks to the Ricks Spring
deserves our sensitive attention. I think we can preserve
and augment the facilities to make this area safely
available for all of our citizens. I think that we want
to remember that it is also a conduit for 10,000 residents
over the hill, that we have to be sensitive to their
requirements .
Now, it's only last Saturday about 10 o'clock
that we had a IS-year old from Soda Springs receive as he
collided with a six-inch Quaker serious injury to his femur,
a fracture. He had circulatory impairment of his foot.
This is my third time to ski this winter. I interrupted
my day of skiing to bring him down the canyon in my Ram
Charger ambulance, so to speak, because he needed continual
traction on that. And I was happy that it was in the winter
time with a bare road. If this had been the type of an
accident, as we have had many bad head injuries in the canyon
by hikers and especially bikers--I remember the bad one
that occurred just below the dugway--if this had occurred
in the summer, between June and September, I would have
had a significant delay as I had tried to negotiate that
area between Ricks Spring and the Forks as I tried to bring
this patient down the canyon rapidly to put him in a position
where we could give him the best of medical care.
Our records are replete with instances of
transportation time impacting survival of life and limb.
And Mr. Booth doesn't know about them, but I could name
you within the last five years significant impact of time
transmitting patients from Bear Lake with medical emergencies
such as ladies with massive hemorrhages, what we call
placenta previa or retained placentas. And we have to get
them here. So I think you need to keep this in mind as
you look at the tradeoffs in this choke, this choke that
I call from Ricks Spring to the Forks.
But I think we can come to make some compromises
in this area on alignment, bridge repair. But I think we
ought to really look at having significant areas in this
section of the highway that do have adequate passing lanes,
especially for emergency vehicles. And then the frustration
that happens to people as they drive on areas of roads where
they don't get around, and then they start taking chances~
And that's what happens as I've seen it over the last 40
years that I've been driving the canyon, 45, that I
personally have been driving that canyon road, over 45 years.
I think it's a thing that we should try and cut down that
I am sensitive to the water quality. Logan City
has tried to work and will work and have worked as we have
tried to preserve the canyon. But there are other menus
that have to be considered as we look at the canyon as a
commercial, as a recreational resource, and as a base for
the resources of our community; and certainly water quality
and recreation are probably very important ·as we look at
it. Thank you. (Applause.)
MR. NUFFER: Thank you. Thank you, Mayor. Is
there anyone else who would care to comment?
MR. TED WILSON: This is a very impressive group
as far as Logan Canyon. I didn't think they could gather
quite this strong a group. My name is Ted Wilson. I'm
a resident of Logan and of Bear Lake. I'm also a real estate
developer in Bear Lake. My comments are not going to be
towards the development or the property which is greatly
affected by any of these alignments.
I have traveled Logan Canyon all my life and
very heavily. A couple of things that I kind of see that
I feel may be overlooked or a little bit on the soft side,
I have just jotted them down here. No.1, in the survey
that states that anticipated growth would .be about 2 percent,
I think that's very mild to what the growth can be if the
road is improved.
Now, I'm for the improvement of the road, and
I'm against it in a lot of instances. The area that Mayor
Daines just mentioned is a very, very critical, touchy area.
I think we can go through that area with some mild
improvements and some major improvements above. That road
really backs up really bad in the summer time. Right now
R.V., recreational vehicles towing other recreational
vehicles towing other recreational vehicles, I've seen them
hooked on to three. I've seen a motor home, a car, and .
a boat. Now, how the State even allows that, I have no
idea. I mean, that going up Logan Canyon, you get people
behind, it, even on the straightaways, where the lines are
passable now, they won't pass. Then you get another car
and another car and another car. And you can just see the
tempers building as people are trying to get to Bear Lake
or Yellowstone or wherever.
The first 1.8 miles with mild improvement of
a couple of pass lanes, a couple of pulloffs, heavy signing,
slower vehicles, you know, if you get four behind you, in
some states you have to pull off. Now, I guess Utah doesn't
have that law. But I've heard of other states, if you're
backing up four, you can get a ticket. Maybe the
Legislature ought to look into something like this, because
it's terrible. I have counted 20, 30 cars backed up behind
one cautious Midwesterner that hits these mountains and
is petrified. Like Bryan said, it's scary to people.
If you touch that area carefully where it's
critical, come out in what we call the Crookston Flats,
improve it more than these maps are, with decent passing
lanes where you're back off the river and won't disturb
the water quality. The Logan River is one of the classic
pieces of water in the United States. There's just no
question about it. So is the canyon. We need to watch
the water quality.
Mr. Denton referred to the salt, or improvement
of the road making the salt run into the river and possibly
a tanker spill. All the water and all the salt right now
runs into the river. I mean, you get the runoff. There
is no place for it to go but into the river. Improvement
of that road could improve the possible tanker spills. The
shoulders of that road are so dangerous.
Myself--I'm not Dr. Daines--I have helped seven
to eight very critical accidents in that canyon. Every
one of them has been above the Forks. Every single one
of them. I've pulled babies out of cars. I've pulled people
out of rivers. That's my nature. I'll stop and help. But
with an improved road, most of those accidents may have
been prevented, because they were almost always on a steep
or people passing where they should not have been. Why
they do that, I don't know. An improved road won't stop
that, but it will help it, if you can get traffic around
the slower vehicles.
My recommendations, then, would just be really
careful in the critical areas, but the open flat areas--
you've got half the canyon, half the canyon is passable.
If you got that so that they can pass there, I think you
would speed up the flow and deter accidents.
Mr. King, who, of course, just moved into his
position, mentioned that the County hasn't looked at the
situation thoroughly yet. I would recommend that Mr. King
look at it.
Our economy of Cache Valley and Rich County is
really being hurt because of the flow of traffic in Logan
Canyon. Many, many of the people now go up through Salt
Lake to get to Bear Lake where they have these shanties
along the side of the lake. They are going through Randolph
and coming down in, instead of through Cache County. So
I would strongly suggest Cache County officials really look
at the situation very carefully. It's tax dollars. It's
money. It's economy. And Logan Canyon needs to be improved
as far as the economy of Cache Valley for that purpose.
The people going to Yellowstone are looking for
alternate routes. Logan Canyon is a dangerous piece of
highway. The deaths that occur in there I think you all
should think of that. Some day it might be one of your
kids. I've had friends' kids that have been killed in there
senselessly. It's got to be improved. The shoulders--I
helped a baby out of a semi-truck that had rolled over.
The baby was wrapped in a blanket in a windshield. The
windshield had collapsed right around the baby. The mother
was unconscious, and the father was out wandering around
through the field just totally in a daze. When I got to
the semi-truck, it was upside down. The wheels were still
turning and everything. That baby started to cry, and I
pulled that baby out of the windshield. Had it not been
in that baby blanket, comforter, a real thick comforter--that
baby didn't have a scratch on it. But the cause of that
accident was a shoulder of the road. That semi driver just
pulled off because another truck was coming by. He caught
one wheel off that shoulder, and he went just like that.
It was not his fault. It's the Department of Highway's
fault as far as I'm concerned. That road is atrocious.
It really is. It needs to be repaired, fixed, changed,
whatever you decide is the best for all. All of you have
an interest that needs to be looked at.
As far as the people of Garden City. I have
a business in Garden City. All those little black dots
on this one map, I guess some people say I raped the mountain
But that was my choice to do with my land. But the residents
of Rich County and Bear Lake county are being financially
handicapped because of this road. The State of Utah has
restricted the width through here. If they want to take
a piece of farm equipment to Rich County, they have to go
by way of Soda Springs. A home, one of these double wides
that they manufacture up here,is almost financially not
worth it over there, because it costs $1,000 more today
than it did five years ago simply because of the route that
they have to take to get a manufactured home into Rich County ,
and I guess the width is the reason they are restricted.
I appreciate your time, gentlemen. I'm sorry
I was unable to be here last night when the public should
have spoken, but I appreciate your giving me a moment.
MR. NUFFER: Thank you. Is there anyone else?
Yes, sir.
MR. GORDON LOW: As indicated earlier, I'm Gordon
Low. I'm here on behalf of Lyle Hillyard. He didn't ask
me to state a position or any recommendations. I suggested
to him that he ought to consider--not consider--suggest.
I have just a couple of comments to make.
One concern I have is that this projection goes
to the year 2010. As I understand it, the improvements
may make this an adequate road until that year. My concern
is what happens thereafter.
I think everybody doesn't anticipate a four-lane
highway through this canyon. My concern is if this is only
going to be adequate for 20 years, perhaps we ought to look
at an alternative route. Contrary to Ted's feelings about
economic development and so on, I think there are some strong
feelings on the other side that perhaps people from Salt
Lake and Ogden should take alternate routes to Bear Lake
and Yellowstone and not use Logan Canyon. Some places simply
are not amenable to the kinds of traffic that some of us
like to see go up there.
I know this hits at the heart of economic
development. But, on the other hand, I think that perhaps
it's time to take a close look at that. I'm concerned about
what other alternatives have been considered as far as
perhaps major roadways, the Blacksmith's Fork area,
Strawberry, by Preston, or whatever.
I'm concerned about restrictions on this road.
I'm not sure how big of a problem the trucks are. I have
passed them on the bridges also. Perhaps there should be
some restrictions on the use of this highway for that kind
of traffic. I don't know. But I hope that that would be
an alternative consideration.
I'm concerned about enfoT-cement. Perhaps I've
been on the other side of the counsel table from Jud Preston
too many times. But I get a little concerned when we want
to widen the road and increase the speed when one of the
concerns is alcohol.
Frankly, I drive from here to Brigham quite often.
I'll see three or four times as many Highway Patrolmen
between here and Brigham as I'll ever see between here and
Garden City. Maybe we need better enforcement and more
enforcement. I don't know. I'm just suggesting these as
I'm concerned, as I'm sure many are, with respect
to the alteration of the river. I see Logan City is
concerned about sediment and a second dam right now. I
suspect that much improvement will present a considerably
larger problem with sedimentation both in that dam and in
the Third Dam. And I suspect that ought to be a
consideration. Perhaps it has been.
I really don't have any strong suggestions or
recommendations. I just have some concerns, most of which
have already been expressed. I hope alternative routes
are strongly considered, with not just 20 years anticipated
in the future, probably 40 or 50, and perhaps increased
MR. NUFFER: Anyone else? Now is your chance.
Again, let me mention that we will receive written comments
up through the 6th of April. And we would encourage you
to do that.
Yes, sir.
A VOICE: Where will those comments be directed?
I don't see any address or an agency.
MR. NUFFER: I believe we have a sheet of paper
at the back that is set up for that purpose that has an
address at the bottom. I believe you were just handed one.
Anything else that anyone would like to comment
on or bring to our attention?
Thank you all for being here. We really
appreciate your input. We will be in touch with you in
the future.
(At 11:28 a.m., Wednesday, March 4, 1987, the
hearing ended.)
State of Utah
County of Salt Lake
I, Ronald F. Hubbard, do hereby certify that I am
a certified shorthand reporter in and for the State of Utah,
License No. 32; that I reported in shorthand the foregoing
proceedings, and that this transcript is a full, true, and
correct record of said proceedings.
Dated at Salt Lake City, Utah, this 10th day of March 1987
Ronald F. Hubbard .
230 Judge Building
Salt Lake City, Utah
(801) 355- 3611
LOGAN CANYON STUDY -- PUBLIC SCOPING MEETINGS March 4, 1987
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text:
6 Out.
Lakeland Trails in Coniston
Now in it's 8th year, the 15km Coniston Trail Race and 15km Coniston Trail Challenge is an unbelievably scenic course through some of the most dramatic mountain scenery in the Lake District. NEW for 2012 ! A shorter distance 10km Coniston Trail Run taking place in the morning, for those wanting a shorter (and less hilly) option.
- Date: Saturday, October 06, 2012
- Horário: 11:00 AM
- Preço: £26
- Quem pode participar?: Todos
- URL: http://www.lakelandtrails.org/coniston/index.htm
John Ruskin School
Lake Road, Coniston
Cumbria, GB LA21 8EW

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Privacy Calendar is the calendar of all the privacy events that we know about, collected in one place. To have your event added, please email email@example.com.
October – November 2014
Technology has brought promising advances to the classroom and it is here to stay. But how can you be sure that using electronic devices and implementing blended learning programs is going to help your students engage more deeply with any subject?
Join Drs. Ryan Baker and Jaclyn Occumpaugh, leading researchers in the field of human-computer interaction, as they explore this question further. See more here…
Big Data—the exponential growth and availability of information—is one of the defining phenomena of our time. It affects us all on different levels – with far-reaching social, environmental, and governmental significance. To help make sense of Big Data as it relates to our built environment, and to provide insights into how we understand, experience, and create cities, Pratt Institute and Places Journal presents a symposium titled "City by Numbers: Big Data and the Urban Future." Find out more here.
To mark its 43rd anniversary, Consumer Action's Annual Awards Reception on October 21, 2014, will celebrate the theme of "Train the Trainer." Through the power of individual and small group trainings, Consumer Action each year is able to personally interact with staff members of more than 550 community-based groups among the 7,000 the organization serves nationwide with free multilingual materials, training downloads and technical assistance.
Throughout the year, Consumer Action's train-the-trainer meetings bring together community group representatives to be trained by Consumer Action staff on how to use the organization's extensive educational modules to educate low- and moderate-income consumers. By training these key stakeholders, Consumer Action reaches tens of thousands of consumers with the information they need to improve their finances and their lives. In this way, Consumer Action "teaches one to reach thousands."
Please join us on October 21 in Washington, DC to celebrate our long and innovative history of multilingual consumer education and to honor this year's Consumer Excellence awardees: the National Endowment for Financial Education (NEFE), which provides financial education and practical information to people at all financial stages; Michelle Singletary, Washington Post "Color of Money" columnist, whose writings empower consumers to make wise money management choices; and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Consumer Education and Engagement Division, which creates opportunities for consumers to make better choices about money so that they can reach their life goals.
The rapid emergence of "big data" has created many benefits and risks for businesses today. As data is collected, stored, analyzed, and deployed for various business purposes, it is particularly important to develop responsible data management policies that respect privacy concerns – as well as attending to the benefits that can flow from the smart use of data. Shifting understandings of what privacy means to different individuals and groups complicate what will be a persistent challenge. While data security is a pervasive challenge, headlined all too frequently, other key questions include: what information is collected, how and why is it collected, how is it used, when and how is it shared with other parties, and how long is data retained?
This CEBC program will explore trends, emerging developments, and important benefits, as well as risks in "big data" – particularly focusing on privacy concerns and best practices for responsible data management. Is there such a thing as privacy in this new data-driven era, and how can we understand and preserve it? Panelists will share their insights about developments and implications for business, health care and law.
The program is free and open to the public. Free MN CLE credits, Continuing Privacy Education (CPE) credits and Ethics CPE credits for Certified Public Accountants are pending. More info here.


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A.Hydronic heating
contractor Bill Clinton responds: We typically
try to keep at least an inch of concrete above our
tube. If the slab is 4 inches thick and the mesh is
in the middle, a 5/8-inch o.d. tube would have
about 1 1/4 inches above it. Pulling mesh up during
the pour is by nature somewhat inaccurate, so
it's probably best to err on the side of
keeping the mesh low in the slab. I don't
believe the height of the tube in the slab is going
to make a significant difference in system
performance even if it's on the bottom
— the entire slab will be heated in any
case. My advice is to let the concrete contractor
have it his way.
One point about laying out the tube: Tie it
perpendicular to the wire as much as possible, away
from parallel strands of wire. The reinforcing
value of the wire depends on concrete bonding all
the way around it, so it's best to keep
the tube out of the way.
Architectural Mesh
Cracking and Crazing
Radiant Heating
Bill Clinton
Q: I want to install a thin radiant slab over a wood subfloor in a remodel. The...
What are the guidelines for determining box size, and how can you prevent overcrowding?
Please read our Content Guidelines before posting.
Copyright ©
2014 Hanley Wood Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


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For professionals
Whether you're after advice on your agri-environment scheme or you have a particular concern about farmland wildlife, we're always pleased to meet with you.
Throughout the year, we'll be at a number of major events where you can come and have a chat with us. Or why not book on one of our expert-led courses and find out how to get the best out of the habitats you provide on your farm.
We found 0 events happening between 22 September 2014 and 22 September 2015.
The RSPB speaks out for birds and wildlife, tackling the problems that threaten our environment. We rely upon memberships and donations to fund our work. Nature is amazing - help us keep it that way. More...
Visit our Contact us section for telephone numbers, office addresses and more.
16 September 2014
A bird of prey filmed for national television has mysteriously disappeared before her screen debut
3 September 2014
Businesses and politicians have the power to make a difference in tackling the crisis facing our wildlife, according to Sir David Attenborough.
The West Country's water industry bosses are among a wide range of business leaders attending a major national conference today in London today to hear Sir David Attenborough and Deputy PM Nick Clegg speak about how making space for wildlife is good for business.
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text:
Dual Credit
Suite 120
Knicely Conference Center
2355 Nashville Road
Bowling Green, KY 42101
(270) 745-3418
Instructors who teach university courses through WKU Dual Credit are either high school teachers or visiting university instructors. Every high school teacher who teaches dual credit courses is approved and credentialed as part-time faculty by his or her respective university department(s). Visiting instructors from the university may be either full-time or part-time faculty members who travel to a high school to teach a course.
The standard of qualifications for high school teachers to teach dual credit courses is the same as for other individuals wishing to teach for WKU on a part-time basis. According to criteria set by the university and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS), part-time instructors must have a master's degree and at least 18 graduate hours in the respective field, and these expectations are in place for dual credit instructors as well. As with other part-time instructors, department heads review a potential instructor's resume and educational background before deciding whether or not to approve the individual.
Requirements and Procedures for Becoming a Dual Credit Instructor
Please submit the following documents to Dual Credit:
1. New Instructor Information Form
2. New Instructor Letter of Interest
3. Resume
4. Transcript (official or unofficial)
After your credentials are received, Dual Credit staff will forward them to the respective department head for review.


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Author Events
Thursday TIME: 4:00 pm to 5:00 pm
Local young adult author, Cassandra Giovanni, is proud to partner with her Alma Mater, Norwich Free Academy, for a book signing at the school�s Edwin H. Land Library. Cassandra graduated in 2007 and still uses the skills she learned there today as a professional writer and photographer. NFA helped to solidify her parent�s values that she should never give up hope in her dreams and that the only one who stood in the way of her success was herself. Cassandra will be signing her debut novel, post-apocalyptic romance, In Between Seasons and her recently released romantic suspense, Walking in the Shadows. There will also be other book merchandise available such as bookmarks, key chains, original photographic prints and necklaces.
For more
Edwin H. Land Library
305 Broadway Street
Norwich, CT 06360
Free to the oublic


text:
What's all this?
The Setup is a collection of nerdy interviews asking people from all walks of life what they use to get the job done.
- When are new interviews posted?
- Every Tuesday and Thursday.
- Can I suggest someone to interview?
- Yes please! Either via email or Twitter (see below).
- Can I suggest myself?
- I'd love it if you'd write up an interview with yourself, post it online somewhere and send me the link! I'll add it to the Community page.
- Isn't this some sort of Apple fan site?
- Surprisingly not! People just like using their stuff. A lot.
- Can I make my own version of The Setup?
- Hell yeah! Everything is freely available on Github - go nuts! And let me know if you do, so I can link to it.
- Who runs The Setup?
- Daniel. I'm just some guy.
- How do I get in touch with you?
- Send an email to the fourth letter of the English alphabet, followed by the 'at' symbol, care of this domain. Or, you can ping me on Twitter.


text:
"My mission is to provide effective legal representation to clients that have been accused of crimes. This is accomplished by evaluating their case, identifying their legal rights and determining the appropriate strategy that is in the client's best interest. I am committed to providing this service ethically and professionally."
-Attorney Mike A. Little
Welcome to the site of Mike A. Little, Attorney at Law. When you need legal representation that aggressively fights for you, call Attorney Mike A. Little. We handle Criminal Defense in Federal and State Court. With over 17 years experience in the legal system, Attorney Little has the experience and knowledge necessary to provide the best possible representation for your case.
Let us provide the representation
you need, call today.
We extend our services to but not limited to:
- Chattanooga, TN (Hamilton County)
- Dayton, TN (Rhea County)
- Cleveland, TN (Bradley County)
- Jasper, TN (Marion County)
- Dunlap, TN (Sequatchie County)
- United States District Court Eastern District of Tennessee


text:
Airport to hold appreciation day
By Tiana Sanders
Blaine airport is holding a community appreciation day and would like you to come out on Saturday, June 11 from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
businesses and civic groups are joining together to offer
a free day of fun for families throughout the area, as
well as an opportunity to get to know your neighbors.
Organizers promise there will be lots to do and see for
kids as well as adults. The fire department will be there
along with fire trucks, ambulances and a water truck
so kids can shoot windows out of a building.
he Mt. Baker Amateur Radio Club is bringing their emergency communications van for hands-on demonstrations. Kids can experience the thrill of flight first-hand by signing up for a free Young Eagles' flight with a certified EAA pilot and get their name put into the world's largest log book. For those who are a little queasy at the thought of taking to the air, they can test out their wings on an FAA flight simulator. Adults and kids can buy a ticket to ride in an antique Travelair bi-plane.
There will be booths, planes to see, bouncy castle for kids and delicious food. You can also enter to win great prizes.


text:
Burton products can only be shipped within the U.S.
(based on 2 reviews)
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Love this jacket
By Kaylyn
from Seattle, WA
Best Uses
Comments about Burton Horizon Jacket - Women's:
I like this jacket, for me it has the perfect amount of insulation. I can wear it with a lightweight baselayer if it's not that cold out, but there's still room to layer if the temperature drops. The fit is awesome, I like that it's slightly baggier and not super tailored without looking like a dude's jacket at the same time. I was a little nervous to go with a print but I got the Antigua Stripe and so far I've gotten a ton of compliments!
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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love the jacket & love EVO^^
By Ee
from Beijing
About Me Trendy/Stylish Dresser
snow season has arrived, I dressed the light yellow Burton to go for snowboarding, YES^^


text:
Horsham man killed in a two-car collision
Adam Carey A 42-year-old Horsham man has been killed in a two-car collision at Pimpinio.
Emergency warnings issued as fires threaten townships near Horsham
Alana Schetzer An emergency warning has been issued to residents near Horsham as two fast-moving and out-of-control bushfires approaches several townships.
Horsham woman thwarts abductor in street
Rania Spooner A young woman has escaped an attempted abduction in Victoria's west.
Horsham Golf Club class-action result returns swing to the step
Gary Tippet The renowned links may finally be able to rebuild after Black Saturday, writes Gary Tippet.
Horsham escapes worst, Warracknabeal waits
Paul Millar Horsham breathed easier last night as the flood receded after splitting the town in two, with the SES moving resources to Warracknabeal where the river was rising.
Rising water closes in on darkened Horsham
Reid Sexton Horsham residents faced an agonising wait for the Wimmera River to peak overnight, as the Victorian flood crisis enters its seventh day.
Firefighters on alert as gusty winds hit Victoria, Tasmania
Allison Worrall A big blast of hot and windy weather has led to dozens of small grass fires, triggering reminders that Victoria's bushfire season is never too far away.
Police trial new rosters in country Victoria
Nino Bucci Police stations are having their opening hours cut as force command trials new rosters in country Victoria, concerning locals who say there was no warning of the change.
Police arrest 56 in drug raids
Beau Donelly More than 50 people were arrested and drugs, guns and almost $200,000 in cash and stolen goods seized by police in raids throughout the state.
Story of young children's survival in Wimmera bush for nine days endures 150 years on
Carolyn Webb A nine-day celebration will be held in the Horsham region for the 150th anniversary of the three "Cooper Duff children" - siblings aged three to nine - who survived nine days in the Wimmera scrub in...
Crowdfunding bid to save Victorian orchids
John Elder Over the past seven years, Noushka Reiter has brought 30 species of native orchid back from the brink of extinction.
Melbourne marks coldest consecutive mornings in 17 years
Robyn Grace Melburnians have trembled through their coldest consecutive mornings for 17 years.
Two Victorian public servants in IBAC probe over $25 million in contracts
Adam Carey Senior staff in Victoria's former Transport Department and in Public Transport Victoria set up family companies that won about $25 million in contracts from those departments over seven years, the...
Eleven injured in head-on collision in Victoria's west
Goya Dmytryshchak Seven children were among 11 people injured in a head-on collision in western Victoria on Saturday.
Melbourne Express: April 22, 2014
Angus Holland Melbourne Express is a live daily blog bringing you what you need to hit the day running - news, weather and transport updates, and compelling content from The Age and beyond.
Three on run after rampage ends in fiery crash in Box Hill
Patrick Hatch Three people believed to be behind a destructive rampage in Melbourne's east are on the run after their night ended in a fiery car crash.
Victorians feel chill as morning temperatures plummet
Stephen Cauchi It was a bracing start to the day for Melburnians, with the city having its chilliest morning since September and its coldest May morning since 2011, according to the Bureau of Meteorology.
Assaults, drugs strain on schools
Farrah Tomazin Thousands of emergency incidents are taking place in and around Victorian schools each year, with sexual assaults, burglaries and occasional deaths among the many problems reported to the government.
Fire fears for Victoria as temperatures soar
Darren Gray Fire authorities have warned that northern Victoria is dry enough to suffer a major fire before Christmas and have likened the conditions this season to summers in the 1970s and '80s in which fatal...
Grampians towns on emergency alert as fire rages
Caroline Zielinski Residents in some Grampians and northern Grampians towns have been told it is too late to leave their homes as an out-of-control blaze burns in a southwesterly direction.


text:
You're leaving Wedding Paper Divas to see the Deal of the Day at our parent site, Tiny Prints.
You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"This is such a beautiful design for a fall wedding. I was so thrilled when I found it, especially since the winterberry color matches my color palette for my wedding. The process of ordering the Save the Dates was seamless. I wanted to customize a few items, like adding our last names and adding some text to the back of the card. When I got the proofs in they looked great. We had some minor changes (nothing incorrect, just tweaks) which the design team fixed quickly and easily and we had the printed cards within a few days. The cardstock is just what I was looking for, with an almost linen texture to it, and the colors and layout were perfect. I just wish there were more products with this design, like Programs, Menus, Place Cards, etc. like some of the other designs. I would order them in a heartbeat!"
"I have used your products before and these cards did not disappoint. I am amazed at the wonderful quality products you provide at such an affordable price. You help to make planning a wedding even more enjoyable!"
"These Save the Date cards definitely exceeded my expectaitons. We are having a garden wedding this summer so they were a perfect fit. I love the simplicity of these cards. The design is truly lovely without being overbearing. I was really pleasantly suprised by how nice the paper weight and texture was. Definitely looks and feels like they cost more than they did. These were a great value for the money. I will absoultely be coming back to order the matching invitations, progrmas and thank you cards. WPD's service was awesome. My order even shipped out earlier than originailly expected. Thank you WPD's for a great product at a good value and wonderful service!"
"We are getting married at a mountain lodge in September, so finding a product that matched both the season and venue had been difficult. This design was simple, yet reflected the outdoor and autumn feel that we wanted. The quality of the paper was better than I expected; much heavier than anticipated and the printing was good for the size of the font and the texture of the paper. I chose a cranberry color that blended with the yellow in the leaves to create a nice orange, which helped develop that autumn theme."
"Our save the dates turned out beautifully. They were printed on high quality heavy paper and the colors are fantastic. This product turned out even better than expected."


text:
With the holiday party season on the horizon, many ladies will be going straight from the office to myriad formal events, and that could be a detriment to their makeup! However, according to Access Hollywood, there are a number of ways to use tube mascara and liquid eyeliner to your advantage to create a fabulous look.
When you're on the way to your formal event, be sure to give your eyes a quick dose of glittering shimmer - this can go directly over the top of your existing eyeshadow and give your eyes a luminous glow. Alternatively, you can remove your current makeup and use a heated eyelash curler to revitalize your lashes for the party.
If you're not a fan of red lipstick, opt for a shade of pale pink during the day. When the soiree rolls around, you can easily put on a shade of bright rose or lavender that will blend beautifully with your daytime color.
If you're looking for a touch of definition on your eyes after a long day, try blinc Eyeliner. This handy product will provide a water-resistant layer of color that won't smudge, run or crease throughout the night's activities.


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President was called to keep the problem of restoration of the Afrikyans' house in the center of attention
President of Armenia: High-level reciprocal visits to Artsakh provide a good opportunity to familiarize with the existing situation on the spot
Yerevan-Tbilisi-Yerevan train to resume service on 2 October
Mikhail Shvydkoy: The case of Levon Hjayrapetyan must not be considered in the light of his national identity
Mikhail Shvydkoy: Russia's economic assistance is much bigger than all of Western grants given to Armenia
Mikhail Shvydkoy: Russian society is not indifferent to Armenian Genocide topic
Third Generation internship programme of Beeline gains momentum
Passenger operations by Yerevan-Batumi-Yerevan trains totaled 45 thsd people
Turcologist: It is hard to say how much Armenia will benefit from Turkey's returning the Catholicosate building in Sis to Armenian church
Air Armenia pays off past debt to Russia for air navigation services
Expert: Model of Armenia's economy is precisely the opposite of EAEU countries' economy model
"Rostelecom" assures that Russian limits for watching of forbidden websites will not touch on the clients in Armenia
Eduard Sharmazanov: Explosion of the Armenian Genocide Martyrs Memorial in Syria is a display of cultural genocide of the Christian world
Ashot Manucharyan: A certain step towards Armenia's accession to EAEU will be made on October 10
Expert: Against the background of Kazakhstan's doubts about expediency of Armenia's membership in Eurasian Economic Union, Armenia goes there full speed
Rostelecom to invest $30 million in development in Armenia till 2016
Serzh Sargsyan: There is no difference between Kosovo and Nagorno Karabakh when it comes to self- determination
Azerbaijan refuses to attend Euronest PA plenary session in Armenia
President of Armenia: "Our membership in the Eurasian Economic Union does not pose any threat to Armenia's political independence'
Edward Nalbandian: "Horrible vandalism against churches once again demonstrates savageness of ISIS fighters"
Armenian DM: If united Armenian nation can overcome all threats
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Mislabelled cow's milk allergy in infants: a prospective cohort study
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Zerifin, Israel
- 2Institute of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Zerifin, Israel
- Correspondence to Dr Arnon Elizur, Institute of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Zerifin 70300, Israel; elizura{at}gmail.com
- Received 24 July 2012
- Revised 6 February 2013
- Accepted 24 February 2013
- Published Online First 26 March 2013
Background Although cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common food allergies, mislabelling non-allergic infants as being allergic to cow's milk is more common. Despite this, characteristics of families and infants with mislabelled CMA are lacking.
Methods Using a prospective population-based study, we identified infants with any possible adverse reaction to cow's milk (n=381) from a cohort of 13 019 infants followed from birth. They had a detailed history taken, skin prick tests and an oral food challenge when indicated. Infants with symptoms for which the causative relationship to cow's milk protein was excluded were compared with infants with IgE-mediated CMA and with a control group, and followed for 2–5 years.
Results Overall, 243 infants (1.87%) with mislabelled CMA were identified. Compared with 66 infants with IgE-mediated CMA, those with mislabelled CMA presented earlier and with symptoms usually involving a single organ system. Doctor-diagnosed atopic dermatitis (AD) was associated with mislabelled CMA (p<0.001), manifested primarily as skin rashes, compared with control infants. Higher maternal and paternal education were also associated with mislabelled CMA (p=0.007 and p=0.035, respectively) and manifested primarily as non-specific symptoms.
Conclusions Mislabelled CMA typically presents within the first 3 months of life involving a single organ. Infant AD and higher parental academic education are associated with mislabelled reactions. Better parental and physician awareness of the importance of objectively diagnosing milk allergy is required to avoid mislabelling of infants as being allergic to cow's milk and to prevent potential nutritional deficiencies.
The prevalence of food allergy is low, yet it has been extensively studied.1–4 In contrast, mislabelled food allergy is more common but is relatively under-studied. In one study, 30% of women reported that they, or a member of their family, had an allergy to a food product, and 22% of the women avoided particular foods because it may contain an allergen.5 In another study, 28% of children had symptoms suspected by their parents or primary care physicians of being related to certain foods, but only 8% had confirmed and probable reactions reproduced.6
Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is categorised as IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated. IgE-CMA typically presents with urticaria, vomiting, cough and wheeze, and, less commonly, hypotension, and develops within minutes to 1–2 h of ingesting cow's milk. Non-IgE-CMA presents with predominantly abdominal symptoms (repetitive vomiting, with or without diarrhoea,4 abdominal pain and bloody stools7) and develops several hours after ingestion of the offending food. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is occasionally associated with food-specific IgE, and many consider worsening of eczema as an expression of CMA.8 ,9 Diagnosis of IgE-CMA depends on the identification of specific IgE antibodies to the offending food, but in both IgE- and non-IgE-CMA an oral food challenge (OFC) is confirmatory.10
Multiple adverse effects are often falsely attributed by parents to the consumption of cow's milk, leading to infants being categorised as having CMA. One in every third child was previously reported to have an adverse reaction to food before 2 years of age, and milk was most commonly incriminated (7.5% at 1 year of age).11 A similar rate was found in another epidemiological study, but the diagnosis was confirmed in only a third of those.12
Mislabelled CMA often leads to the unnecessary adoption of an elimination diet, with significant inconvenience and even potential risks.13–15 A few studies on infants with mislabelled CMA have found an association with a higher level of maternal education. However, no study to date has separately described these infants. In this study, infants with mislabelled CMA were identified from 13 019 infants followed prospectively from birth for 2–5 years. Symptoms related to consumption of cow's milk protein (CMP) are described, and characteristics of infants and families are compared with a group of infants with IgE-CMA and a control group with no reactions to CMP.
Materials and methods
Study population
The study protocol, part of a large-scale prospective research project studying the development of CMA in children, was approved by the Helsinki Review Board at Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, and informed consent was obtained from all parents.4 Of a cohort of 13 234 newborns, born over a 2-year period, 13 019 (98.38%) completed the study. Siblings were excluded. Parents were asked to contact the allergy clinic immediately after any adverse reaction (cutaneous, respiratory, gastrointestinal (GI) or systemic) suspected of being related to maternal or infant consumption of CMP. All parents were contacted 3 months after birth and subsequently bimonthly, and infants' feeding patterns were recorded. Any parent noting a possible adverse event related to CMP was invited for further evaluation. In addition, infants whose parents avoided exposing them to CMP despite having discontinued exclusive or almost exclusive breast feeding, because of general beliefs about the risks of this exposure, were also evaluated. Overall, 381 infants were avoiding CMP (figure 1). After the initial evaluation, 66 infants were diagnosed with IgE-mediated CMA (IgE-CMA), 36 were diagnosed with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome, 21 were diagnosed with CMP-associated rectal bleeding, and 15 patients had other symptoms for which a causative relationship to CMP could not be excluded. In the remaining 243 infants (1.87%), categorised as mislabelled CMA, a causal relationship between the complaint and the consumption of CMP was ruled out after a detailed history on the temporal association between the infant's symptoms and the consumption of CMP, the nature of the symptoms, and their reproducibility on repeated exposures. In most cases, the symptoms were not compatible with IgE- or non-IgE-mediated CMA. Skin prick tests (SPTs) and OFCs were performed when history alone was inconclusive.
Evaluation and follow-up
Parents of infants categorised as mislabelled CMA were encouraged to resume CMP-based feeding, and the infants were followed for reappearance of symptoms. In general, infants were followed until their cow's milk-related symptoms resolved. In infants with IgE-CMA, the follow-up extended up to 5 years. Infants with mislabelled adverse reactions to CMP were compared with the group of infants diagnosed with IgE-CMA (n=66) and with the whole group of healthy infants with no adverse effects related to CMP (n=12 638). For analyses of variables that were not available for the whole cohort, 232 infants from this group were randomly chosen, using MATLAB's randperm function, to serve as a control group. Of these, 156 families (312 parents) were successfully recruited for evaluation.
Skin prick tests
SPTs for CMP and soy were performed in the infants using the volar arm and reading the reaction after 20 min. A negative control and histamine (1 mg/ml; ALK-Abelló, Port Washington, New York, USA) were used. A wheal response ≥3 mm was considered positive.4
Oral challenge
An OFC to cow's milk formula was performed using Materna (Maabarot Products Ltd, Maabarot, Israel) infant formula unless a history of a life-threatening reaction manifested as either anaphylaxis or severe respiratory distress on exposure to milk protein was reported. Increasing doses were given, from a 1:10 diluted formula of 1.0 ml (2.7 mg CMP) up to 120 ml (3.24 g CMP) every 30 min. The challenge was terminated if a cutaneous, respiratory, GI or systemic response was observed. In the case of a negative challenge result, the infants were observed for 3 h, and subsequent contact was made 2 weeks later to enquire about their feeding habits.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software (V.16). Continuous variables were analysed using the Student t test or one-way analysis of variance and are presented as mean±SD. Fisher's exact test was used to analyse differences between groups in categorical variables. All analyses were two-tailed, and a p value <0.05 was considered significant.
Clinical presentation of infants with mislabelled CMA
Most infants with mislabelled CMA (n=209, 86%) were born full-term, and 16.3% were born by caesarean section. Half were male. Breast feeding was used for 192 (79%) infants, and 166 (86.5%) were exclusively breast fed initially. Soy-based formula was given exclusively or with breast feeding immediately after birth in 27 infants. For analysing age at onset of symptoms, infants who were not fed CMP but were not suspected of having CMA (n=27) were excluded. In an additional 22 infants, parents could not remember when symptoms appeared. Almost 30% of the remaining 194 infants presented within the first month of life, and nearly half presented within the first 2 months (figure 2). In contrast, only 9% of infants with IgE-CMA presented within the first month, and 20% presented within the first 2 months of life.
A single organ was affected in most infants with mislabelled CMA (73.7%), with GI (115 infants) and cutaneous (110 infants) manifestations being the most common (table 1). In contrast, infants with IgE-CMA typically (70%) presented with symptoms involving several organ systems. Infants with IgE-CMA experienced significantly more cutaneous and respiratory symptoms (p<0.001 for both) and fewer non-specific symptoms (p=0.008) than infants with mislabelled CMA (table 1).
Symptoms were attributed to CMP consumption by primary care physicians in 107 infants, by other healthcare providers in 30 infants, and by the parents in 67 infants. The parents of 39 infants could not remember why CMP was discontinued and by whom. After CMA was suspected, infants' diet was changed to soy-based formula in 142 cases and elemental formula in 30 cases, and exclusive breast feeding was resumed in 14 infants. Seven infants were fed with another CMP-based formula, and 50 infants had no dietary modifications.
Clinical evaluation
SPT to CMP, performed in 197 infants at a mean age of 6.5±4.7 months, was negative in 166, positive in 19, and equivocal in 12 infants. Of the 19 infants with a positive SPT, 18 had a negative OFC and subsequently consumed CMP. The remaining infant was consuming CMP 5 months later with no adverse effects. Of the 12 infants with equivocal SPT results, four had a negative OFC and the rest began consuming CMP shortly after with no adverse effects. The remaining 46 infants, who were not skin prick tested, were not consuming CMP because of a sibling with CMA, the parents' belief that cow's milk is not healthy, or intermittent symptoms temporally unrelated to, and not compatible with, any of the defined entities of CMA. CMP was reintroduced into the infant's diet after evaluation in 72 infants (29.6%). A total of 82 infants (33.7%) were consuming CMP within the first 6 months of life, and an additional 85 (35%) during the second half of the first year. All 243 infants were consuming CMP by the age of 3 years.
AD and higher parental education are associated with mislabelled CMA
No significant differences in most perinatal and demographic characteristics were found between infants with mislabelled CMA, infants with IgE-CMA and control infants, but significantly more infants with IgE-CMA were breast fed (p=0.001). Jewish ethnicity was associated with both IgE-mediated and mislabelled CMA (table 2). AD was doctor-diagnosed in 35 (15.3%) infants with mislabelled CMA compared with only 4.7% of infants with IgE-CMA and 3.2% of control infants (p<0.001 and p=0.03, respectively). Infants with mislabelled CMA, diagnosed with AD, had more skin-related symptoms than those without AD (76.5% vs 40.8%, p<0.001), but these were not described as AD flare-ups.
Maternal and paternal education level was higher in parents of infants with mislabelled CMA than parents of control infants (p=0.002 and p=0.01, respectively) but comparable to parents of infants with IgE-CMA. Infants of mothers with ≤12 years of education had significantly more GI symptoms than those of mothers with 12–15 years or >15 years of education (61% vs 36.8% vs 44.3%, respectively, p=0.015). In contrast, infants of mothers with >15 years of education had significantly more non-specific symptoms than those of mothers with 12–15 years or ≤12 years of education (41.9% vs 20.9% vs 24.4%, p=0.02). We did not find such differences for paternal education. A history of maternal allergic disease (asthma, AD and allergic rhinitis) was associated with IgE-mediated (p=0.03), but not with mislabelled, CMA.
We describe a cohort of infants with mislabelled adverse reactions to CMP, derived from a large-scale population-based study. Mislabelled reactions to CMP developed in the first 3 months of life and typically involved a single organ. AD was often incorrectly attributed to CMP consumption, and a range of non-specific responses to CMP were more prevalent in infants of mothers with a higher level of education.
The prevalence of self-reported CMA is highly variable, ranging from 3.4% to 18% worldwide and in Israel,2 ,16–20 and our finding of 2.8% falls within this global range. Perception of CMA often appears at an earlier age than other food allergies, based on questionnaires, but the exact age of onset is often not detailed.21 Most infants in our cohort presented during the first 3 months of life, and many (∼30%) presented during the first month. In contrast, the age of peak presentation for IgE-CMA was 3–4 months. The delayed presentation for IgE-CMA suggests that mislabelling of CMA and an elimination diet may potentially lead to subsequent development of IgE-CMA, although this did not occur in this study.
IgE-mediated reactions to food typically involve the skin, GI tract and respiratory tract.22 Most patients with IgE-CMA in our study experienced reactions involving several organs, while most mislabelled reactions to CMP affected a single organ. In addition, whereas in IgE-CMA, urticarial rash was almost a universal finding and non-specific symptoms were rare, GI symptoms were more common in infants with mislabelled CMA, and many infants had non-specific symptoms. These differences may serve as clinical clues for the primary care physician regarding the nature of the infant's symptoms, but cannot replace additional evaluation including SPTs.
Food allergy is often diagnosed in patients with atopic eczema, ranging from 33% to 65% in some series.23–26 However, the benefit of an elimination diet is limited,27 and an OFC is recommended to confirm food allergy status.28 However, elimination diets are often tried for AD, carrying risks of malnutrition and development of anaphylactic reactions on subsequent exposure, regardless of whether an offending food is found.13 ,14 ,29–30 Most infants diagnosed with AD in our study had mild eczema; only two had a positive SPT and most either never discontinued CMP or began consuming it shortly after our evaluation without worsening of their eczema. These findings emphasise the need to rely on an OFC for diagnosing CMA in infants with AD in the absence of anaphylaxis.
A higher level of maternal education was shown to be associated with mislabelled food intolerance in children in studies based on questionnaires or performed when children were 2 years old and mislabelled reactions resolving before this age might have been missed.21 ,31 We found that higher maternal education was associated primarily with non-specific symptoms (restlessness, parental belief that CMP is not healthy, and having a previous child with suspected CMA). Parents with a higher level of education might be more influenced by national education campaigns, and these could help to reduce the burden of mislabelled CMA in this population. The finding that mislabelled CMA is associated with Jewish ethnicity may reflect different levels of education in different ethnic populations in Israel. Alternatively, Jewish families may be more comfortable than non-Jewish patients about going to their family doctor regarding minor problems.
Several lines of evidence suggest that we did not miss a significant number of infants with 'transient allergy'. The clinical characteristics of the infants did not match any of the well-defined CMA phenotypes, most infants had SPT and/or OFC results that were usually negative, and many GI symptoms previously considered to be due to non-IgE-mediated CMA are not currently considered to be symptoms of allergy.7 Furthermore, most of the infants with GI-related symptoms in our study resumed CMP consumption during the first year of life without sequelae. Still, we cannot exclude the possibility that a small minority of the infants had non-IgE-mediated, short-lived and atypical CMP-related symptoms.
Another potential bias is that the active follow-up during the study period made parents more aware of potential milk-related symptoms. However, in the majority of infants, symptoms developed and dietary modifications were made before the first contact. Also, the prevalence of mislabelled CMA in our population matches descriptions elsewhere. With such active follow-up, undetected CMA could not significantly affect our results.
In summary, infants with mislabelled CMA are characterised by early onset of non-specific symptoms and by involvement of a single organ system. Infant AD and higher maternal education are associated with a specific set of symptoms. Thorough evaluation should be performed in every patient with suspected CMA so that true CMA can be treated appropriately, and mislabelled CMA can be identified, and the use of unwarranted and potentially harmful elimination diets prevented.
What is already known on this topic
Mislabelled cow's milk allergy (CMA) is more common than actual CMA and often leads to use of an elimination diet.
A few studies have briefly described characteristics of infants with mislabelled CMA; most are based on questionnaires only.
A detailed description of reactions mislabelled as related to cow's milk, and their association with the infant and family characteristics, is lacking.
What this study adds
Most infants with mislabelled CMA present within the first 3 months of life.
Symptoms are often non-specific and typically involve a single organ.
Infant atopic dermatitis and higher maternal academic education are associated with a specific set of symptoms mislabelled as related to CMA.
AE and MC contributed equally.
Contributors All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study. AE, MC and YK contributed to analysis and interpretation of data and drafting the article. NR: In partial fulfillment of a PhD thesis at the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel. All authors have given final approval of the version to be published.
Funding Michael R Goldberg is funded by a Kamea grant from the Chief Scientist office, Ministry of Health, Israel. Israeli Dairy Board.
Competing interests None.
Patient consent Obtained.
Ethics approval Helsinki Review Board at Assaf Harofeh Medical Center.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.


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I (and my 3rd grader) are SO very excited about this coming school year at Almondale! Our family has been there for 2 years (and 2 summers) and I have to say that this year is going to be the best yet! There are many excited, new faces this year and so many fun new programs! This isn't just a school, it's a family. The staff really cares about each child and makes sure that they get the individualized attention each child needs to excel and exceed their educational goals. Would I recommend this school? You bet I would! It's set on a serene campus with many "pets" wandering the grounds (all are very used to children and are very friendly). I could go on and on about all of the great things but I know I'll run out of room! The only bad thing I ever have to say is about the fact that I have such a hard time getting my child to leave in the afternoon when it's time to go home!
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This school offers amazing one on one attention because of the small class sizes. It has great field trips and activities that parents can be included in. It's especially great for kids who are behind in one subject and fine in all the rest, the teacher can work with them individually to catch them up. Great involved teachers who communicate, an amazing staff and great leadership!
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