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Montgomery Mayor Todd Strange says this restructuring will not affect current employees, only new employees starting October 1 of this year.
Mayor Strange says we're talking about a long term plan to ensure the rate stays at or near 12 percent of payroll in a retirement fund. Mayor Strange says at the rate it was currently going it would be as high as 30 percent contribution by the 2030.
The mayor says the retirement board came to him a few years ago with concerns of maintaining the integrity of the fund and concluded it had to be modified for future employees.
"The new plan essentially has a time frame between when you retire and when you can collect your retirement and/or receive benefits. Today you can retire at 20 or 25 years and immediately receive benefits, that's the unsustainable part because in the industry today and in many governments, you have a waiting period until you're 52 or 55 or 62. With the new plan, if you have 20 years, you will have to wait some period of time before you would be able to collect your retirement," Strange said.
The mayor says one good thing in the plan is new employees who retire will be able to get their retirement in a lump sum payment. That's an option not available to current employees.
The bill now goes to the state legislature. The mayor expects it to be introduced by next week.
Copyright 2013 WSFA 12 News. All rights reserved.
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Columbus, Ga. 31906
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Hang tight!
Recipe by Celeste
"I created this last summer. It goes great with all grilled meats and fish."
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1 bunch
fresh asparagus, trimmed
1/3 cup
Italian-style dressing (such as Bernstein's Restaurant Recipe®)
3/4 teaspoon
lemon pepper
salt and ground black pepper to taste
Really tasty grilled asparagus!!! Family loved it, especially my almost 6 yr old who kept going back for more! I used Kraft Tuscan House Italian dressing and marinated my spears for a few hours. Just delicious! Thanks Celeste!!!
Three to five minutes on the grill is way off
14 Ratings
Easy - simple and very tasty. Thank you Celeste.
Fantastic! I think I was concerned it would just taste like asparagus with Italian dressing, but it didn't at all! Is it the magic of the grill or the lemon pepper? Who cares?! It's delicious!
Have grilled asparagus for years especially when in season. After grilling drizzle a balsamic reduction over all. It looks great and adds a wee bit of sweetness.
this came out really nice.. i used a light italian dressing so i added a little over a tablespoon of olive oil and bumped the lemon pepper up to 1 full teaspoon.. grilled these in a cast iron skillet.. threw some wood chips in with the charcoal for a hint of smoke.. we both enjoyed this.. ty for the recipe
5-15-13: Ann likes this.
We absolutely loved this! We love asparagus & we're always looking for new variations. This was perfect w/our grilled steaks! Thanks, Celeste!
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Yummy Grilled Asparagus
Serving Size: 1/4 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 4
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 80
Calories from Fat: 51
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A super-simple Asian-inspired marinade makes grilled asparagus special.
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You're here today, tomorrow you're gone.
Each time you return. you leave my heart more torn.
"I will be OK", I say to myself.
Its a lie I say to get by each day.
To hate you or love you is the dilemma of my life,
I can't live without thinking everyday that one day I'll be your wife.
I hope one day you realise how much you destroyed me.
I was ready to trade my soul for you and all you did was turned your back on me.
I hope one day Karma gets you back,
And when it does … I'll be long gone.


text: My interests are vast. They are forever changing and evolving, as am I. My Tumblr is not a mere dedication to one aspect of my personality, but a true reflection of my ever revolving interests. However, above all, the vast majority of my posts will be things I find inspiring, or positive, or funny, or beautiful in some way, as I feel we endure enough ugly and harmful negativity on a daily basis.// Home / Message / Archive / Theme


text:
Morris, Carl
Adult Nonfiction NC1882 .M67 2008
Summary: More than 200 witty images that are as addictive as popping bubble wrap but a lot more fun. This hilarious book immortalizes the craze that began while DJ Carl Morris was having a bit of fun in a Wales bar. Here is how Sleevefacing works: You find an old-school vinyl record sleeve with a nice head-shot of your musical icon (Elvis or David Bowie or Debbie Harry will do nicely), put the sleeve in front of your face, and strike a pose. Now get someone to snap your photo. This growing Web phenomenon has its own Web site (sleeveface.com), Facebook presence, and thousands of inventive practitioners around the globe. Sleeveface compiles the cleverest of these images: the faux Morrisseys, wannabe Bob Dylans, and lookalike Madonnas whose posture and clothing is in perfect sync with their idols' most classic record covers. With essays that celebrate the merits of vinyl in an age when music has gone digital, it will appeal to record collectors, music lovers across the generations, and anybody--which is to say everybody--who ever fancied him or herself a rock god.
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WASHINGTON - The Justice Department announced today a settlement agreement with the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union (MVLA), which owns and maintains Mount Vernon Estate & Gardens, the home of the nation's first president, George Washington. The department and MVLA reached an amicable agreement under which the association will continue to bring Mount Vernon's structures and facilities into compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) accessible design standards and provide effective communication of the content of its audiovisual presentations, exhibitions, public programs and other offerings for people who are deaf, hard of hearing, blind or have low vision.
"As the nation celebrates the 20th anniversary of the ADA, we commend the Mount Vernon Ladies Association for its cooperation and for its innovative efforts to improve access to this historic estate and to its exhibitions and programs for individuals with disabilities," said Thomas E. Perez, Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights. "This agreement shows that two lofty goals – providing access for individuals with disabilities, and preserving and understanding our nation's historic past – are not in conflict. This agreement will ensure equal access for individuals with disabilities who want to participate in the wide range of public offerings of one of the most important historic estates in the United States."
Under the settlement agreement Mount Vernon will:
The estate is located in Alexandria, Va., on the banks of the Potomac River. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The estate has 20 structures and 50 acres of gardens as they existed in 1799 and includes George Washington's mansion, a museum, the tombs of George and Martha Washington, and a slave burial ground and memorial.
The agreement resolves a compliance review under the ADA. The department's review focused on the historic mansion, the Mount Vernon Inn and Shops, the Donald W. Reynolds Museum and Education Center, the Ford Orientation Center and the public walks connecting these structures. People interested in finding out more about the ADA or this agreement can call the Justice Department's toll-free ADA Information Line at 1-800-514-0301 or 1-800-514-0383 (TTY), or access its ADA website at www.ada.gov.
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text:
In Mumbai seemingly unconnected people are dying, strangled in a chilling ritual and with strange objects carefully arranged with the corpses. For Santosh Wagh, head of Private India, the Mumbai branch of the world's finest investigation agency, it's a race against time to stop the killer striking again. In a city of over thirteen million, he'd have his work cut out at the best of times but this case has him battling Mumbai's biggest ganglord and a godman who isn't all he seems and then he discovers there may be an even greater danger facing Private India. Hidden in the shadows is someone who could destroy the whole organisation along with thousands of innocent Mumbai citizens. Private India is a gritty crime thriller set in Mumbai, a book written in the style of a western thriller but with an Indian soul. Written as a collaboration between James Patterson and Ashwin Sanghi, 'Private India' is a thriller combining Patterson's love for fast-paced plots with Ashwin's love for history and mythology. With short chapters, simple words and completely unexpected twists at every few pages, 'Private India' is an unputdownable and thrilling read from beginning to end. Launched in India July 2014, to be launched in UK August 2014 and USA in November 2014.
Five thousand years ago, there came to earth a magical being called Krishna, who brought about innumerable miracles for the good of mankind. Humanity despaired of its fate if the Blue God were to die but was reassured that he would return in a fresh avatar when needed in the eventual Dark Age, the Kaliyug. In modern times, a poor little rich boy grows up believing that he is that final avatar. Only, he is a serial killer. In this heart-stopping tale, the arrival of a murderer who executes his gruesome and brilliantly thought-out schemes in the name of God is the first clue to a sinister conspiracy to expose an ancient secret, Krishna's priceless legacy to mankind. Historian Ravi Mohan Saini must breathlessly dash from the submerged remains of Dwarka and the mysterious lingam of Somnath to the icy heights of Mount Kailash, in a quest to discover the cryptic location of Krishna's most prized possession. From the sand-washed ruins of Kalibangan to a Vrindavan temple destroyed by Aurangzeb, Saini must also delve into antiquity to prevent a gross miscarriage of justice. Ashwin Sanghi, bestselling author of 'The Rozabal Line' and 'Chanakya's Chant', brings you yet another exhaustively researched whopper of a plot in 'The Krishna Key' while providing an incredible alternative explanation of the Vedic Age relished by conspiracy buffs and thriller addicts alike.
The year is 340 BC. A hunted, haunted Brahmin youth vows revenge for the gruesome murder of his beloved father. Cold, cunning, calculating, cruel and armed with a complete absence of accepted morals, he becomes the most powerful political strategist in Bharat and succeeds in uniting a ragged country against the invasion of the army of that demigod, Alexander the Great. Pitting the weak edges of both forces against each other, he pulls off a wicked and astonishing victory and succeeds in installing Chandragupta on the throne of the mighty Mauryan empire. History knows him as the brilliant strategist Chanakya. But history, which exults in repeating itself, revives Chanakya two and a half millennia later, in the avatar of Gangasagar Mishra, a Brahmin teacher in smalltown India who becomes puppeteer to a host of ambitious individuals—including a certain slumchild who grows up into a beautiful and powerful woman. Modern India happens to be just as riven as ancient Bharat by class hatred, corruption and divisive politics and this landscape is Gangasagar's feasting ground. Can this wily pandit—who preys on greed, venality and sexual deviance—bring about another miracle of a united India?
On a lazy day in London, a cardboard box is found on a shelf of the SOAS library where a copy of Mahabharata should have been. When the mystified librarian opens it, she screams before she falls unconscious to the floor. An elite group calling itself the Lashkar-e-Talatashar, the army of thirteen, has scattered around the globe. The fate of its members curiously resembles that of Christ and his Apostles in the first century AD. Their leader is not even a blip on the radar of intelligence agencies, yet their agenda is Armageddon. Somewhere in the labyrinthine recesses of the Vatican, a beautiful assassin swears she will eliminate all who do not believe in her twisted credo. She loves to kill-again and again. A Hindu Astrologer spots an approaching conjunction of the stars and nods to himself in grim agreement. It will happen on the very date he had seen as the end of the world. And it's not far off. In Tibet, a group of Buddhist monk search for a reincarnation, much in the way their ancestors searched Judea for the son of God. In strife-torn Kashmir, a tomb called Rozabal holds the key to a riddle that arises in Jerusalem and gets answered at Vaishno Devi. An American priest, Father Vincent Sinclair, has disturbing visions of himself and of people familiar to him, except that they seem located in other worlds, other ages. Induced into past -life regression, he goes to India to piece together the violent images burnt onto his mind. Shadowing his every move is the Crux Decussata Permuta, a clandestine society which would rather wipe out creation than allow an ancient secret to be disclosed. In The Rozabal Line, a thriller swirling between continents and centuries, Ashwin Sanghi traces a pattern that curls backward to the violent birth of religion itself.


text:
Another celebrity obit/reflection
February 16, 2012 - Jennifer Brookens
And here we are again, reflecting on another celebrity death. Again, another great talent usurped by drama and drug abuse.
They'll never learn, will they?
With that jadedness aside, I remember most fondly the old Whitney Houston, pre-Bobby Brown, pre-drugs. She was one of the artists of my 1980s childhood/teen soundtrack. Listened to her first two albums (or cassettes) over and over back then. Then came "The Bodyguard," Bobby Brown and that incessant love song you couldn't escape. At that point in my life, I was rejecting the "love song" mentality and I tuned out.
I came back around during the "Waiting to Exhale" movie, and a year or two later, a song from "The Preacher's Wife" soundtrack: "I Believe in You and Me," was played at my wedding reception. (Perhaps I wasn't so jaded on love after all). But since then, I haven't thought much of Whitney with the exception of her occasionally popping up in celebrity/tabloid gossip as the downward spiral took hold. I suppose following the dark side many celebrities have, we shouldn't be surprised it ended the way it did. Yet we all have a tendency to root for the comeback kid.
Alas, here we are once again mourning a great talent and great beauty, wasted.
They'll never learn. Will we?
Whitney's first Top 40 hit: "You Give Good Love"
From "The Preacher's Wife" soundtrack: "I Believe in You and Me"
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Cool camo pattern, cheap Chinese pants. These are patterned after American BDU trousers with cool German splinter camo pattern. But they are very light weight material,single thread stitching,single wall knee, butt ect. these are Not military surplus anything, they are meant to look cool in and that's about it.
Mil - Tec® BDU Military Surplus Pants, Splinter Camo
Item # WX2-228660
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Mil - Tec® BDU Military Surplus Splinter Camo Pants
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- Machine wash / dry. Imported. Army Surplus.
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Customer Reviews
Nice product. A tight fit with the XL. I normally wear a 40 waist, and I wear BDUs for my work uniform. Standard BDU sizes figured, I would be either a Large Long or an XL-Reg. These are tight. I guess it will motivate me to get out to PT and pound a few miles in before the snow hits. I'll probably also move the fly buttons a half inch, which would give me enough room right now. Beautiful pattern in summer weight BDU pants, though. I was just going to wear them for hacking around, so the summer
The item that I ordered (splinter camo pants) was of good quality, although it was incorrectly marked for the size. the Item was returned no postage for return. I was offered 3 options when returning the item.But I opted for another item that was in limited supplies while they last,also of good quality this I know in count that I have the other half.the top/jacket. I will again do business again with the Sportsmans guide.
Pants are smaller than normal so ordered next size. I typically wear a LG/Reg in BDU's so I ordered XL/reg in these. They fit like the LG, side tabs almost all the way out. Also they are a little darker than in pic, the material is heavy weight but soft, wears great! Great camo's, great service, I would buy these again just know Euro sizes are different than US and MilTech is a Euro company.
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text:
Palo Alto Medical Foundation
Doctors 1 - 1 of 1
Carla Cassani, M.D.Palo Alto Medical Foundation
Mountain View Center
701 E. El Camino Real
Mountain View, CA 94040
(650) 404-8400
Location(s): Mountain View Centerwww.pamf.org/dr-carla-cassani.html
Department(s)Surgical Oncology
Surgery, General
Accepting new patients
Offers My Health Online This provider offers Sutter Health's electronic health record with the following online services: Email your doctor's office, Prescription refills, View test results, Proxy access for caregivers, Track immunizations, Secure mobile access, Schedule an appointment*, Pay bills online*. * Services with an asterisk vary by doctor.
Doctors 1 - 1 of 1


text:
Collection Discovery and ExplorationShow Featured Items
A mapp of Virginia discovered to ye hills, and in it's latt. from 35 deg. & 1/2 neer Florida to 41 deg. bounds of New England /
Relief shown pictorially. Based on a manuscript map drawn by John Farrer. Oriented with north to the right. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. Includes ...
- Contributor: Ferrar, John
- Original Format: Maps
- Date: 1667


text:
Child Labor
Anupam Nath/Associated Press
News about Child Labor, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Chronology of Coverage
Sep. 7, 2014
Public health experts say hundreds of children continue to work in America's tobacco fields, where they are exposed to hazardous conditions due to exposure to nicotine and other chemicals; opponents of child labor are hoping to revive proposal quashed by Obama administration in 2012, which sought to make this work illegal for children under 16, after midterm elections are over. MORE
Aug. 29, 2014
China Labor Watch reports finding more than 10 children working at factory of HEG Technology, China-based supplier for the technology giants Samsung Electronics and the Lenovo Group; supplier denies accusations. MORE
Jul. 11, 2014
Presence of at least three under-age workers at Shinyang Electronics factory in southern China casts cloud over the labor practices of Samsung and its suppliers; while Samsung demands that its suppliers not hire workers under 18, trying to ensure that supplier factories comply with guidelines set by global companies, as well as China's labor laws, is difficult. MORE
May. 18, 2014
Editorial warns that children as young as 7 are working in tobacco farms in North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia, with many suffering from symptoms of acute nicotine poisoning; cites study from Human Rights Watch painting grim picture of child labor in United States, and calls for changes to child labor laws that allow hazardous agricultural work. MORE
Jan. 2, 2014
Nicholas D Kristof Op-Ed column shares the story of Marilaine, Haitian teenager who tried to find her family and escape her life as an unpaid laborer; notes that even after finding her family, Marilaine's story did not end happily; contends the story shows that what is at stake in fighting poverty is not just poor people's incomes, but also dignity and freedom. MORE
Dec. 24, 2013
Model Alliance, unusual labor organization for fashion models founded by model Sara Ziff, is working to prevent abuses like agencies cheating models out of pay and coercive contracts; New York State passed bill in October 2013, championed by alliance, that significantly increases protections for child models (Series: Reworking Labor). MORE
Oct. 23, 2013
Gov Andrew M Cuomo has signed legislation that will recognize fashion models under age of 18 as child performers; new law, which outlines working hours for underage models, will have a significant impact on casting of models for New York Fashion Week in February 2014. MORE
Jun. 13, 2013
The State Legislature's measure has the potential to alter not only hiring practices in the fashion industry, but also the overall look of those appearing at Fashion Week. MORE
Feb. 26, 2013
India is trying to address the widespread problem of child labor, but coal mines in Meghalaya State demonstrate that enforcement is sorely lacking; 2010 report found 200 children--some as young as 5--working in 10 local mines, leading to further investigations. MORE
Feb. 7, 2013
Dublin Journal; daughters of a woman who was held in one of Ireland's notorious Magdalene Laundries, or forced labor workhouses for girls, have been campaigning for an apology from the state for 10 years. MORE
Apr. 6, 2012
New Delhi couple who were arrested on charges of abusing their 13-year-old maid denies all charges, claiming the girl was treated like family; story has made front-page news and renewed attention on the exploitation of children in India. MORE
Apr. 5, 2012
Thirteen-year-old Indian girl who worked as a maid reportedly led a life akin to slavery, in a symptom of India's growing middle class and its surging demand for domestic workers, jobs often filled by children; Indian law offers limited safeguards and limited enforcement to protect such children, and public attitudes are usually permissive in a society where even in the lowest rungs of the middle class, families often have at least one live-in servant. MORE
Feb. 16, 2012
Marc Jacobs takes provocative stance against rule issued by the Council of Fashion Designers of America requiring that runway models be at least age 16 or older; knowingly hires two younger girls for his New York Fashion Week show, arguing that if their parents give their permission, he should not have to turn them away. MORE
Feb. 9, 2012
Council of Fashion Designers of America, as part of their guidelines to curb reckless behavior in the fashion industry, urge members to insist on seeing identification from models to prove that they are age 16 by the time of their shows. MORE
Jan. 1, 2012
Gil Scott-Heron Lives essay describes his first job working as an underage dishwasher at a restaurant in the Bronx. MORE
Dec. 6, 2011
Republican presidential candidate Newt Gingrich seeks to clarify statements he has made about rolling back some child labor laws; Gingrich's defense of his position underlines his tendency to speak bluntly, provocatively and sometimes impulsively, which may be part of his emerging appeal, but which also raises questions about his ability to stay on message. MORE
Dec. 3, 2011
Charles M Blow Op-Ed column holds that recent statements from Republican presidential contender Newt Gingrich about poor children not having working parents as role models is not only cruel and incorrect, but mind-numbingly tone-deaf at a time when poverty is rising across America. MORE
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Highlights From the Archives
Inquiry Finds Under-Age Workers at Meat Plant
State labor investigators said minors at the Postville, Iowa, plant were exposed to hazardous chemicals, and were using prohibited tools like knives and saws.August 6, 2008 usNews
China Says Abusive Child Labor Ring Is Exposed
Authorities said they had "rescued" more than 100 children from factories in a manufacturing center.May 1, 2008 worldNews
Just 13, and Working Risky 12-Hour Shifts in the Tobacco Fields
Public health experts say hundreds of children under 16 continue to work in America's tobacco fields, where they are exposed to harmful chemicals like nicotine.
September 7, 2014, Sunday
MORE ON CHILD LABOR AND: Smoking and Tobacco , Child Labor , Solis, Hilda L , Agriculture and Farming , North Carolina , Nicotine
Supplier for Samsung and Lenovo Accused of Using Child Labor
The supplier, HEG Technology, quickly denied the claims by China Labor Watch, which has pressured big multinational companies about their supply chains.
August 29, 2014, Friday
MORE ON CHILD LABOR AND: Child Labor , Huizhou HEG Technology Co Ltd , China , Factories and Manufacturing , Samsung Electronics Co , Lenovo Group
Supplier to Samsung and Lenovo Denies Using Child Workers
A China-based supplier for Samsung Electronics Co Ltd and Lenovo Group Ltd said on Thursday it had never hired child laborers, denying allegations by a U.S.-based activist group.
August 28, 2014, Thursday
MORE ON CHILD LABOR AND: Child Labor , Factories and Manufacturing , Lenovo Group , China Labor Watch , Samsung Electronics Co , China
Despite a Pledge by Samsung, Child Labor Proves Resilient
The presence of at least three under-age workers at a Shinyang Electronics factory casts a cloud over the labor practices of Samsung and its suppliers.
July 11, 2014, Friday
MORE ON CHILD LABOR AND: China , Dongguan (China) , China Labor Watch , Child Labor , Samsung Group , Factories and Manufacturing
Children Don't Belong in Tobacco Fields
With children suffering from nicotine poisoning, Washington can't just rely on the tobacco industry to police its suppliers.
May 18, 2014, Sunday
Real Threat in a Known Market for Children
The threat by the leader of the Boko Haram to sell the missing Nigerian girls has brought a focus on the ease of child trafficking in the developing world, human rights investigators said.
May 8, 2014, Thursday
MORE ON CHILD LABOR AND: Children and Childhood , Terrorism , Africa , Shekau, Abubakar , Boko Haram , Prostitution , Nigeria , Women and Girls , Kidnapping , Third World and Developing Countries , Human Trafficking , Child Labor
A Girl's Escape
A week spent following a Haitian teenager turns up some shocking, and heartbreaking, details of life as an unpaid child laborer.
January 2, 2014, Thursday
MORE ON CHILD LABOR AND: Poverty , Human Trafficking , Restavek Freedom Foundation , Child Labor , Haiti
A New Alliance Steps Up to Protect a New Generation of Models
Model Alliance is working to prevent abuses like agencies cheating models out of pay and coercive contracts.
December 24, 2013, Tuesday
MORE ON CHILD LABOR AND: New York State , Ziff, Sara , Organized Labor , Child Labor , Series , Models (Professional) , Model Alliance, The
New York Sets Work Rules for Young Models
The new law, which is expected to go into effect in 30 days, will have a significant impact on the casting of models for the next New York Fashion Week in February.
October 23, 2013, Wednesday
MORE ON CHILD LABOR AND: Child Labor , Models (Professional) , New York State , Fashion and Apparel , New York Fashion Week , Working Hours
U.S. Accuses 3 Countries of Abetting Human Trafficking
Russia, China and Uzbekistan fell to the lowest ranking in the State Department's annual report on human trafficking and forced labor.
June 20, 2013, Thursday
MORE ON CHILD LABOR AND: Human Trafficking , Child Labor , Russia , Uzbekistan , China , Obama, Barack , State Department
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Receive My Alerts e-mails on topics covered on this page.More Alerts >>


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Free forum : SQUAD ON FIRE was a group on the Sony Online Entertainment MMO Game, Clone Wars Adventures. This forum is for the members of SQUAD ON FIRE to connect and socialize.
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A Play-by-Post RPG forum set in the fantasy realm of Enferia. Be advised: Adult themes within.
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Free forum : The legendary adventures of Glai and Will and co. continue on!
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A fan forum dedicated to Humongous Entertainment, covering all games from the early 90's to present.
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Battles, Loyalty, Friendships, Love, and Adventures await you. Do you have what it takes to adventure into a new world with your favorite pokemon?
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This is a new Role Playing Site that will hit the top of the scales for fun and adventures the Site will focus on the Fairy Tail World this will be a non canon site
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The fun and adventure we are having on our new life as BFFs!
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Welcome to a domain of many worlds and adventures.
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Come here to experience the magic of text roleplaying.
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We are a Fantasy based website, that focuses on Roleplaying, Art, and mostly Dungeons and Dragons!
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Cooped up indoors? Open up a Can of Shut the Box!
This old English pub game is so engrossing, you may not notice when spring comes! And its a fun, fast-paced way to polish up the kids math skills. Heck, they wont even know theyre learning. Roll the dice and topple the pin or combination of pins that add up to the score you rolled. Turn ends when you cant turn down another pin. Lay down all the pins, and youve Shut the Box! Wood construction for years of good times and togetherness. Ages 8 and up.
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I had been looking for a fun, well made, wooden board game. This Shut the Box is attractive enough to keep out all the time. When friends and family (grandkids) come over everyone wants to play a quick game. We love playing with our grandson and watching his pride as he counts the dots on the dice. The bottom of the board is covered in felt so the worry of scratching the table avoided.
Best Uses
fun game for playing on game nights!
Best Uses
this is a fun game that can be played with 2 - 4 people or even 4 couples - goes fast, easy to learn and no real skill involved, all good fortune of the dice roll - I get "let's play some shut the box" all the time, when we have guests!
Best Uses
This is a counting game. Learned of it at the Dicken's Faire and fell in love with it. This one is good for 4 people. It's a fast moving game. My husband and I play it several times a day for just a few minutes each time. Maybe during lunch or waiting for the coffee to brew. It's that fast and great fun!! Would be awesome for children learning to add. Since it's fast paced we have to be on our toes with adding which will, hopefully, keep our minds quick. Can be played by one person as well. I highly recommend this game to anyone.
Best Uses
I sent this to my 6 year old nephew for his birthday and he loves the game. His father had an accident at work and is at home recovering. He loves the game. He and his son have played together frequently. They do have to keep an eye out for the two year old in the house (she likes the numbered pieces) but other than that, this is worth the money for the fun it's giving now and the years of fun it's going to give.
Item: 64767


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Kangaroo Boxing - Attenborough - Life of Mammals - BBC
- Harlekin
- uploaded: Dec 8, 2012
- Hits: 141
This clip from the BBC's Life of Mammals looks at the quest to be the dominant male in a group of grey kangaroos. To do this, they fight and winning the fight means that male will father most of the next babies. The little joey kangaroos have an entertaining attempt as well. Visit http://www.bbcearth.com for all the latest animal news and wildlife videos and watch more high quality videos on the new BBC Earth YouTube channel here: http://www.youtube.com/bbcearth
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Bon Appétit has taken some initiative with the "Eat Local Challenge," which offers food from local vendors, reducing the environmental impacts of consumption. But there is a lurking environmental foe that remains: Meat, when consumed at the rate of the average American, is terrible for the environment.
The consumption of large quantities of meat is unsustainable on several fronts. First is land use. Eighty-seven percent of all agricultural land is used to raise livestock. That means that less than 13 percent of agricultural lands (some of the crops grown in the United States go to alternative fuels as well) can be used to produce foods that the U.S. Department of Agriculture says should compose the bulk of our diet, such as breads, fruits and vegetables.
It might seem unbelievable, but when the needs of livestock are considered, it makes perfect sense. For example, it takes 8.4 pounds of corn to produce every one pound of pork raised. According to Harvard nutritionist Jean Mayer, decreasing U.S. meat consumption by 10 percent would free up enough grain to feed 60 million people.
Meat consumption also impacts water supplies. Growing wheat consumes one five-hundredth to one-thousandth of the water used to raise one pound of meat, with animals such as chicken on the low end and beef on the high end of consumption. Granted, corn and other crops consume lots of water, but the cost is still lower than the cost of meat because more people can be fed with the product.
The waste produced by large-scale farming is also astronomical. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, each household produces 20 tons of livestock manure per year. Cows alone produce 40 pounds of manure for every one pound of edible beef. And, unfortunately, the manure doesnt end up as fertilizer. Much of it is simply dumped into the surrounding rivers and lands. The Environmental Protection Agency signed a deal letting thousands of factory-farming operations off the hook for such practices, even though this pollution contaminates drinking water with dangerous levels of waste.
We cant keep this up, either. The production of crops to feed animals causes massive soil erosion and depletion of soil quality. Over-farming land increases the stripping of nutrients from the soil, making it less usable in the future.
Bringing fossil fuels into the picture only makes it grimmer. To produce one hamburger, an amount of fossil fuel equivalent to driving 20 miles in a compact car is used. One third of the fossil fuel in America is used by animal agriculture. The kind of energy savings created by not eating meat would significantly ease the fuel crisis America finds itself in today.
The picture Im painting isnt ugly enough yet. Ill finish with fertilizer use. Nitrogen fertilizers are some of the worst offenders with regard to environmental and human health. Every pound of nitrogen fertilizer puts out 3.7 pounds of carbon dioxide during production. Runoff from farms often gets into water, causing sickness in surrounding communities. These emissions can be hard to track, especially when farms are located close together.
In light of this information, it seems just plain stupid to keep eating meat. And it should make both the students and the school weigh the benefits of continuing this destructive practice.
Unfortunately, most students wont remove meat from their diets on their own. After all, meat tastes good; its worth our children and grandchildren living in a polluted environment with poor drinking water and unusable soil. St. Olaf should step in and give students a boost by refusing to make the product available.
In all fairness, Bon Appétit has done a very good job handling the issue by buying hormone-free meat and line-caught salmon and attempting to buy locally. Still, it isnt enough. To remove a large portion, if not all, of the meat from our diets would considerably decrease demand for the product, and create an immense change in the local environment for the better.
Variety Editor April Wright is a sophomore from Eagan, Minn. She majors in biology and in English.


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Mikael Söderström
HTML5 Hidden Attribute
One of the new global attributes in HTML5 is the hidden attribute. It is not the most advanced or revolutionary attribute in HTML5, since all it does is actually to hide the content of the element.
How to use nested custom elements with CSS Shaders
Last time I wrote about how to use Polymer to create custom elements. This time we will create two custom elements, where one of them is going to use the other to add additional functionality. We will also use CSS Filters and properties unique to this element.
Create a video player using custom elements
I previously blogged about Shadow DOM where I demonstrated how to use the Developer tools in Google Chrome to get the underlying DOM that is not visible to the user, in this case the video element. This is a great tool to get more understanding about how the element is actually built, and the API makes it possible to create our own Shadow DOM with "hidden" elements.
CustomEvent in DOM Level 3 and DOM Level 4
In DOM Level 3 Events, a new type of events, CustomEvent, is available. It extends the ordinary Event with a new detail property which you can use to provide extra information. With this new method you are able to create new types of events that you can use in your application.
The new <main> element in HTML 5.1
In the upcoming specification for HTML 5.1, a new semantic element will be introduced, the <main> element.
Get under the hood with Shadow DOM
When you add an element to your page, it is being added to the Document Object Model (DOM). When added to the DOM, you can use CSS to style it or JavaScript (getElementById, querySelector etc) to get a reference to the element and modify it. There are some cases where this isn´t true though.
Declarative helpers in Razor
ASP.NET Web Pages Beta 1 have support for Helpers, which are methods written in C# or Visual Basic, and returns IHtmlString. They can return HTML that is displayed on the page. If you choose to create helpers that way, you would need to have your HTML in an assembly, which makes it different to modify. Because of that, the new version of Razor supports declarative Helpers that you can create directly on the page. They work in both ASP.NET MVC 3 Beta and ASP.NET Web Pages Beta 2, which is included in WebMatrix.
Unobtrusive validation in ASP.NET MVC 3
Introducing NuPack
When you install ASP.NET MVC 3 Beta or WebMatrix Beta 2, a new product called "NuPack" is installed with it. NuPack makes it possible to quickly add references to third party products like Ninject, jQuery and so on. All necessary files (dll, js etc) are automatically added to the project, and necessary modifications in web.config are automatically added.
What's new in ASP.NET MVC 3 Beta & WebMatrix Beta 2
Microsoft just released ASP.NET MVC 3 Beta, which came with some news. Among other things, we now have a new project dialog box, an updated version of Razor, support for helpers from ASP.NET Web Pages, new interfaces for Dependency Injection, unobtrusive jQuery validation and more. A new beta of WebMatrix has also been released.
New project dialog
When we created new ASP.NET MVC project in CTP's that came before, there were different project types for the Web Forms and Razor syntax. In ASP.NET MVC Beta we have a single project type called ASP.NET MVC 3 Web Application. If we choose to create a new project, we get a new window, where we can choose View Engine, type of ASP.NET MVC 3-projects and if we want a test project:
Updated version of Razor
Unfortunately, we still don´t have syntax highlighting and intellisense for Razor, but for syntax highlighting, you can use either WebMatrix, or this plugin for Visual Studio 2010:
However, there are some new features for Razor in ASP.NET MVC 3, like a new way to specify the model, as well as support for declarative helpers.
Helpers from ASP.NET Web Pages
When ASP.NET Web Pages came with WebMatrix, we got a couple of different helpers like one which is used to show a table, with support for sorting and paging. It can now be used in asp.net MVC 3.
New interfaces for Dependency Injection
ASP.NET MVC 3 CTP came with enhanced support for Dependency Injection, by IMvcServiceLocator. In the new beta, we can use the IDependencyResolver insttead, which is smaller and contains just what we need to inject code in ASP.NET MVC.
There is also a new interface called IControllerActivator, which is used to create an instance of an already existing instance of a controller, i.e. as that the Activator class. Unlike the IControllerFactory it is not used to locate the correct controller.
Unobtrusive jQuery Validation
Updated ValidateInputAttribute
When we try to post HTML from the client, we will, by default, get an error message that says that potentially dangerous code has been posted. This came in ASP.NET 1.1, and can be turned off in WebForms by setting the ValidateRequest to false.
In ASP.NET MVC, we instead insert a ValidateInput attribute on the controller or action method and set the parameter to false. What´s new in ASP.NET MVC 3 Beta and WebMatrix Beta 2 is that we now can define specific fields you may post HTML, while all others are protected. This provides increased security when we usually do not want to allow HTML in all fields.
A very exciting new feature, and which are included in both ASP.NET MVC 3 Beta and WebMatrix Beta 2 is NuPack. It is a new package manager which makes it possible to download and install modules with just a few clicks. This means that we can get the Ninject, jQuery, ELMAH, and more without having to go to each page and download them manually.
With ASP.NET MVC 3 Beta, we can either use a dialog window in Visual Studio to add packages, or we can use a new command window. With WebMatrix we visit a specific page instead to get access to the modules.
More information
I will mention all the new features in separate blog posts for more in-depth information, but you can already download both ASP.NET MVC 3 and WebMatrix here:


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Coordinates: 6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E / 6.307°S 34.854°E
|United Republic of Tanzania
Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania (Swahili)
|Motto: "Uhuru na Umoja" (Swahili)
"Freedom and Unity"
|Anthem: Mungu ibariki Afrikia
God Bless Africa
Location of Tanzania (dark blue)
– in Africa (light blue & dark grey)
|Largest city
|Dar es Salaam
|Official languages
|Presidential constitutional republic
|Jakaya Kikwete
|Prime Minister
|Mizengo Pinda
|National Assembly
|Independence from the United Kingdom
|9 December 1961
|Zanzibar and Pemba
|10 December 1963
|26 April 1964
|Current constitution
|25 April 1977
|945,203 km2 (31)
364,898 sq mi
|Water (%)
|2012 census
123.1/sq mi
|2013 estimate
|$79.388 billion[3] (78)
|Per capita
|$1,715[3][note 1] (162)
|GDP (nominal)
|2013 estimate
|$32.536 billion[3]
|Per capita
|Gini (2007)
| 0.488[5]
low · 159th
|Tanzanian shilling (TZS)
|Time zone
|Summer (DST)
|not observed (UTC+3)
|Drives on the
|Calling code
|+255[note 2]
|ISO 3166 code
|Internet TLD
Tanzania /ˌtænzəˈniːə/, officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania),[6] is a country in East Africa in the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern border is formed by the Indian Ocean. Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania.
The country is divided into 30 administrative regions: five on the semi-autonomous islands of Zanzibar and 25 on the mainland in the former Tanganyika.[7] The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where the National Assembly and some government offices are located. Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. It remains Tanzania's principal commercial city and is the main location of most government institutions.[7][8] It is also the principal port of the country.[9]
Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged on 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.[7] On 29 October of the same year, the country was renamed United Republic of Tanzania ("Tan" comes from Tanganyika and "Zan" from Zanzibar).[7] The Articles of Union are the main foundation of Tanzania.
- 1 History
- 2 Government
- 3 Economy and infrastructure
- 4 Geography and environment
- 5 Demographics
- 6 Education and health
- 7 Culture
- 8 See also
- 9 Notes
- 10 References
- 11 Works cited
- 12 External links
Human settlement in what is now Tanzania began around 8,000 B.C., when hunter-gatherers speaking Khoisan languages settled along the Gregory Rift south of Olduvai Gorge.[10][11] Around 1,000 B.C., herders speaking Cushitic languages migrated to Tanzania from what is now Ethiopia.[10][11] A third group, of iron-working agriculturalists that spoke Bantu languages, migrated to Tanzania from what is now Nigeria and Cameroon about 1,000 years later.[11][12]
Eastern Nilotes peoples, including the Maasai, represent a more recent migration from present day South Sudan within the past 1,500 to 500 years.[13]:page 18[14]
The people of Tanzania have been associated with the production of iron and steel. The Pare were the main producers of highly demanded iron for peoples who occupied the mountain regions of northeastern Tanzania. The Haya people on the western shores of Lake Victoria invented a type of high-heat blast furnace, which allowed them to forge carbon steel at temperatures exceeding 1,820 °C (3,310 °F) more than 1,500 years ago.[15]
Travellers and merchants from the Persian Gulf and western India have visited the Southeast African coast since early in the first millennium AD. Islam was practised on the Swahili Coast as early as the eighth or ninth century AD.[16][17] In 1498, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama visited Tanzanian coast. Later, in 1506, the Portuguese succeeded in controlling most of the Southeast African littoral. In 1699, the Portuguese were ousted from Zanzibar by Omani Arabs.
Claiming the coastal strip, Omani Sultan Seyyid Said moved his capital to Zanzibar City in 1840. During this time, Zanzibar became the centre for the Arab slave trade.[18] Between 65 and 90% of the population of Arab-Swahili Zanzibar was enslaved.[19]
In the late 19th century, Imperial Germany conquered the regions that are now Tanzania (minus Zanzibar) and incorporated them into German East Africa. The post–World War I accords and the League of Nations charter designated the area a British Mandate, except for the Kionga Triangle, a small area in the southeast that was incorporated into Portuguese East Africa (later Mozambique).
British rule came to an end in 1961 after a relatively peaceful (compared with neighbouring Kenya, for instance) transition to independence. In 1954, Julius Nyerere transformed an organisation into the politically oriented Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). TANU's main objective was to achieve national sovereignty for Tanganyika. A campaign to register new members was launched, and within a year TANU had become the leading political organisation in the country.
Nyerere became Minister of British-administered Tanganyika in 1960 and continued as Prime Minister when Tanganyika became independent in 1961. In 1967, Nyerere's first presidency took a turn to the left after the Arusha Declaration, which codified a commitment to socialism in Pan-African fashion. After the declaration, banks and many large industries were nationalised.
After the Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the Arab dynasty in neighbouring Zanzibar,[20] which had become independent in 1963, the archipelago merged with mainland Tanganyika on 26 April 1964.[21] The union of the two, hitherto separate, regions was controversial among many Zanzibaris (even those sympathetic to the revolution) but was accepted by both the Nyerere government and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar owing to shared political values and goals.
From the late 1970s, Tanzania's economy took a turn for the worse. Tanzania was also aligned with China, which from 1970 to 1975 financed and helped build the 1,860-kilometre-long (1,160 mi) TAZARA Railway from Dar es Salaam to Zambia.[22] From the mid-1980s, the regime financed itself by borrowing from the International Monetary Fund and underwent some reforms. Since then, Tanzania's gross domestic product per capita has grown, and poverty has been reduced.[23]
In 1992, the Constitution of Tanzania was amended to allow multiple political parties.[24] In Tanzania's first multi-party elections, held in 1995, the CCM won 186 of the 232 elected seats in the National Assembly, and Benjamin Mkapa was elected as president.[24] Mkapa was reelected as president in 2000.[24]
Union and mainland government[edit]
The executive and legislative branches of the Tanzanian government are respectively: the president and the National Assembly.[25]:§ 62(1)
The president and the members of the National Assembly are elected concurrently by direct popular vote for five-year terms.[25]:§ 42(2) The vice-president is elected for a five-year term at the same time as the president and on the same ticket.[25]:§§ 47(2), 50(1)
Neither the president nor the vice-president may be a member of the National Assembly.[25]:§ 66(2) The president appoints a prime minister to serve as the government's leader in the assembly.[25]:§§ 51(1), 52(2) The president selects his or her cabinet from assembly members.[25]:§ 55
All legislative power relating to mainland Tanzania and union matters is vested in the National Assembly,[25]:§ 64(1) which is unicameral and has a maximum of 357 members.[26] These include members elected to represent constituencies, the attorney general, five members elected by the Zanzibar house of representatives from among its own members, the special women's seats that constitute at least 30% of the seats that any party has in the assembly, the speaker of the assembly (if not otherwise a member of the assembly), and the persons (not more than ten) appointed by the president.[25]:§ 66(1) The Tanzania Electoral Commission demarcates the mainland into constituencies in the number determined by the commission with the consent of the president.[25]:§ 75
Zanzibar government[edit]
The legislative authority in Zanzibar over all non-union matters is vested in the house of representatives (per the Tanzania constitution)[25]:§ 106(3) or the Legislative Council (per the Zanzibar constitution).[27]: §§ 63(1), 78(1)
The house of representatives (or Legislative Council) has two parts: the president of Zanzibar and the members serving in the house.[25]:§ 107(1)-(2)[27]:§ 63(1) The president is Zanzibar's head of government and the chairman of the Revolutionary Council, in which the executive authority of Zanzibar is invested.[27]:§§ 5A(2), 26(1) Zanzibar has two vice-presidents, with the first being from the main opposition party in the house.[28] The second is from the party in power and is the leader of government business in the house.[citation needed]
The president and the members of the house of representatives have five-year terms.[27]:§ 28(2)
The president selects ministers from members of the house of representatives,[27]:§ 42(2) with the ministers allocated according to the number of house seats won by political parties.[28] The Revolutionary Council consists of the president, both vice-presidents, all ministers, the attorney general of Zanzibar, and other house members deemed fit by the president.[28]
The house of representatives is composed of elected members, ten members appointed by the president, all the regional commissioners of Zanzibar, the attorney general, and appointed female members whose number must be equal to 30% of the elected members.[27]:§§ 55(3), 64, 67(1) The house determines the number of its elected members[27]:§ 120(2) with the Zanzibar Electoral Commission determining the boundaries of each election constituency.[27]:§ 120(1) In 2013, the house has a total of 81 members: fifty elected members, five regional commissioners, the attorney general, ten members appointed by the president, and fifteen appointed female members.[26]
Tanzania has a four-level judiciary. Appeal is from the Primary Courts (first level) to the District Courts (mainland), the Resident Magistrates' Courts (mainland), or the Magistrates' Courts (Zanzibar) (second level).[29] From there, appeal is to the High Court of Mainland Tanzania or Zanzibar (third level) and finally to the Court of Appeal of Tanzania (fourth level).[29] All cases tried in Zanzibari courts, except for those involving Zanzibari constitutional issues and Islamic law, can be appealed to the Court of Appeal.[27]:§ 99(1)[29] A commercial court was established in September 1999 as a division of the High Court.
Judges are appointed by the Chief Justice of Tanzania, except for those of the Court of Appeal and the High Court, who are appointed by the president of Tanzania.
Administrative subdivisions[edit]
In 1972, local government on the mainland was abolished and replaced with direct rule from the central government. Local government, however, was reintroduced in the beginning of the 1980s, when the rural councils and rural authorities were re-established. Local government elections took place in 1983, and functioning councils started in 1984. Two years after the first multi-party elections in 1995, there was a major public sector reform. These reforms included a Local Government Reform Programme (LGRP), setting "a comprehensive and ambitious agenda ... [covering] four areas: political decentralization, financial decentralization, administrative decentralization and changed central-local relations, with the mainland government having over-riding powers within the framework of the Constitution." The principal local government acts were amended by the National Assembly in 1999 as a part of the Local Government Reform Programme.[30]
Tanzania is divided into thirty regions (mkoa), twenty-five on the mainland and five in Zanzibar (three on Unguja, two on Pemba).[31][32] 169 districts (wilaya), also known as local government authorities, have been created. Of the 169 districts, 34 are urban units, which are further classified as three city councils (Arusha, Mbeya, and Mwanza), nineteen municipal councils, and twelve town councils.[2]
The urban units have an autonomous city, municipal, or town council and are subdivided into wards and mtaa. The non-urban units have an autonomous district council but are subdivided into village councils or township authorities (first level) and then into vitongoji.[30]
The city of Dar es Salaam is unique because it has a city council whose areal jurisdiction overlaps three municipal councils. The mayor of the city council is elected by that council. The twenty-member city council is composed of eleven persons elected by the municipal councils, seven members of the National Assembly, and "Nominated members of parliament under 'Special Seats' for women". Each municipal council also has a mayor. "The City Council performs a coordinating role and attends to issues cutting across the three municipalities", including security and emergency services.[33][34]
Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in power. From its formation until 1992, it was the only legally permitted party in the country. This changed on 1 July 1992, when amendments to the Constitution and a number of laws permitting and regulating the formation and operations of more than one political party were enacted by the National Assembly. Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2010. The Chama Cha Mapinduzi holds approximately 75% of the seats in the assembly.
Foreign relations[edit]
Apart from a border dispute with Malawi, Tanzania has good relations with its neighbours.[35] It is a member of the East African Community (EAC), along with Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, and Burundi.[36] Within the EAC, there is free trade and free movement of people, including the right to reside in another member country for the purpose of employment.[37][38][39] Tanzania is also a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC).[40] The EAC, the SADC, and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa are currently negotiating an agreement to create a Tripartite Free Trade Area spanning 26 African countries.[41] Relations between Tanzania and Malawi are tense due to a dispute over the countries' Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) border; an unsuccessful mediation took place regarding the issue in 2014.[35][37][42] Tanzania–China relations have strengthened in recent years as trade between the two countries has increased, and the Chinese have invested in Tanzanian infrastructure.[37][43] Relations with the United States are warm; Barack Obama visited Tanzania in 2013.[44][45] Tanzania's relations with other donor countries, including Japan and members of the European Union, are generally good, though donors are concerned about Tanzania's commitment to reducing government corruption.[35][37]
Economy and infrastructure[edit]
As of 2013, Tanzania's gross domestic product was an estimated $32.536 billion, or $79.388 billion on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis.[3] Tanzania remains a poor country, with a per capita GDP of $1,715 (PPP), a figure on par with those of other sub-Saharan African countries.[3] In recent years, Tanzania's growth has been strong in comparison with other sub-Saharan countries, with annual growth averaging 7%.[46] The country weathered the global recession relatively well due to strong gold prices (which bolstered its mining industry) and the country's poor integration into global markets.[46] Since the downturn, the Tanzanian economy has continued to expand rapidly thanks to strong tourism, telecommunications, and banking sectors.[46] Tanzania's recent economic growth has resulted in a modest reduction of the official poverty rate, which decreased from 38.6% in 1991 to 33.4% in 2007.[46]
The economy is heavily based on agriculture, which accounts for more than 25% of gross domestic product, provides 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the workforce;[7] 12.25% of the land is arable, but only 1.79% of the land is planted with permanent crops.[7] Maize dominates much of the country, with cassava, rice, millet, sorghum and coffee also grown. According to the 2002 National Irrigation Master Plan, 29.4 million hectares in Tanzania are suitable for irrigation farming; however, only 310,745 hectares in June 2011 were actually being irrigated.[47]
Industry is a major and growing component of the Tanzanian economy, contributing 25% of GDP as of 2011.[48] Strong mining and construction sectors have contributed to Tanzania's industrial production.[48]
Tourism contributes approximate 15% of Tanzania's GDP, but employs less than 2% of the country's labor force (even when considering jobs created indirectly).[49] The sector is rapidly expanding, with an annual growth rate of over 10% in the 2000s.[49] The vast majority of tourists visit Zanzibar or a "northern circuit" of Serengeti National Park, the Ngorongoro Crater, and Mount Kilimanjaro.[49] Despite its superior tourist attractions, Tanzania's tourism industry has lagged behind Kenya's, which has superior infrastructure and marketing.[49]
Mining contributes just over three percent of Tanzania's GDP, though the sector is growing rapidly.[48] Most of Tanzania's mineral export revenue comes from gold; it also exports sizable quantities of precious and semiprecious gemstones, including diamonds and tanzanite.[48] Other minerals exploited in Tanzania include soda ash, salt, coal, nickel, tin, phosphates, gypsum, kaolin, limestone, and graphite.[48] Commercial production of natural gas from the Songo Songo Island in the Indian Ocean off the Rufiji Delta commenced in 2004,[50] with the gas being transported by pipeline to Dar es Salaam. The bulk of the gas is converted to electricity by both public utility and private operators. A new gas field is being brought on stream in Mnazi Bay.
The Bank of Tanzania is the central bank of Tanzania and is primarily responsible for maintaining price stability, with a subsidiary responsibility for issuing Tanzanian shilling notes and coins.[51] At the end of 2011, the total assets of the Tanzanian banking industry was US$11.3 billion, a 17% increase over 2010.[52]
Most transport in Tanzania is by road; road transport constitutes over 75% of the country's freight traffic and 80% of its passenger traffic.[49] The 86,500-kilometer road system is in generally poor condition.[49] Tanzania has two railway companies: TAZARA, which provides service between Dar es Salaam and Kapiri Mposhi (in a copper-mining district in Zambia), and Tanzania Railways Limited, which connects Dar es Salaam with central and northern Tanzania.[49] Rail travel in Tanzania often entails slow journeys with frequent cancellations or delays; the railways also have a deficient safety record.[49] Tanzania has four international airports, along with over 100 small airports or landing strips; airport infrastructure tends to be in poor condition.[53] Airlines in Tanzania include Air Tanzania, Precision Air, Fastjet, Coastal Aviation, and ZanAir.[53] Several modern hydrofoil boats provide transportation across the Indian Ocean between Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar.
Most electricity in Tanzania is generated using gas; hydropower is also a significant source of power.[48] Though the country's supply of electricity nearly doubled between 2005 and 2011, only about 20% of Tanzanians are on the electrical grid.[48] The electrical supply varies, particularly when droughts disrupt hydropower electric generation; rolling blackouts are implemented as necessary.[48] Nearly a quarter of electricity generated is lost because of poor transmission infrastructure.[48] The unreliability of the electrical supply has hindered the development of Tanzanian industry.[48]
As of 2011, Tanzania had 56 mobile telephone subscribers per 100 inhabitants, a rate slightly above the sub-Saharan average.[53] Very few Tanzanians have fixed-line telephones.[53] Approximately 12% of Tanzanians used the internet as of 2011, though this number is rapidly growing.[53] The country has a fiber-optic cable network that recently replaced unreliable satellite service, but internet bandwidth remains very low.[53]
Geography and environment[edit]
At 947,300 square kilometres (365,800 sq mi), Tanzania is approximately the same size as Egypt.[54] It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. Tanzania is located on the eastern coast of Africa and has an Indian Ocean coastline approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) long.[55] It also incorporates several offshore islands, including Unguja (Zanzibar), Pemba, and Mafia.[55] The country is the site of Africa's highest and lowest points: Mount Kilimanjaro, at 5,892 metres (19,331 ft) above sea level, and the floor of Lake Tanganyika, at 352 metres (1,155 ft) below sea level, respectively.[55]
Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro is situated. Three of Africa's Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africa's largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the continent's deepest lake, known for its unique species of fish. To the southwest lies Lake Nyasa. Central Tanzania is a large plateau, with plains and arable land. The eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore.
The Kalambo water falls in the southwestern region of Rukwa are the second highest in Africa and are located near the southern tip of Lake Tanganyika. The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar's largest marine protected area.
Climate varies greatly within Tanzania. In the highlands, temperatures range between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F) during cold and hot seasons respectively. The rest of the country has temperatures rarely falling lower than 20 °C (68 °F). The hottest period extends between November and February (25–31 °C or 77.0–87.8 °F) while the coldest period occurs between May and August (15–20 °C or 59–68 °F). Annual temperature is 20 °C (68.0 °F). The climate is cool in high mountainous regions. Tanzania has two major rainfall regimes: one is uni-modal (October–April) and the other is bi-modal (October–December and March–May).[56] The former is experienced in southern, central, and western parts of the country, and the latter is found in the north from Lake Victoria extending east to the coast.[56] The bi-modal regime is caused by the seasonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.[56]
Over one third of Tanzania's land area (a greater proportion than in any other country) is set aside in protected areas for conservation.[57][58] Tanzania has 16 national parks, as well as a variety of game and forest reserves.[57][59] Gombe Stream National Park, in western Tanzania, is known as the site of Jane Goodall's studies of chimpanzee behaviour.[60][61] Tanzania is highly biodiverse and contains a wide variety of animal habitats.[62] On Tanzania's Serengeti plain, white-bearded wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi) and other bovids participate in a large-scale annual migration. Tanzania is also home to 130 amphibian and over 275 reptile species, many of them strictly endemic and included in the IUCN Red Lists of different countries.[63] Tanzania has developed a Biodiversity Action Plan to address species conservation.
According to the 2012 census, the total population was 44,928,923.[2] The under 15 age group represented 44.1% of the population.[64]
Population distribution in Tanzania is extremely uneven. Most people live on the northern border or the eastern coast; much of the remainder of the country is sparsely populated.[49] Density varies from 13.1 people per square kilometer in Lindi Region to 3,133.2 per square kilometer in Dar es Salaam.[65][66] Approximately 70% of the population is rural; this figure has been declining for the last several decades.[67] Dar es Salaam (pop. 4,630,000[68] is the largest city and commercial capital. Dodoma (pop. 410,000[68]), located in the centre of Tanzania, is the capital of the country and hosts the National Assembly. Other major cities include Mwanza (pop. 710,000), Arusha (pop. 420,000), Mbeya (pop. 390,000), and Morogoro (pop. 320,000).[68]
The population consists of more than 120 ethnic groups,[69] of which the Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Chagga, and Haya have more than 1 million members.[70] Around 99% of Tanzanians are of African descent; there are small numbers of people of Arab, European, and Asian descent.[69] The majority of Tanzanians, including the Sukuma and the Nyamwezi, are Bantu.[citation needed] Nilotic peoples include the nomadic Maasai and Luo, both of which are found in greater numbers in neighbouring Kenya. The Sandawe speak a language that may be related to the Khoe languages of Botswana and Namibia, while the language of the Hadza, although it has similar click consonants, is a language isolate. There are also a few Cushitic-speaking remnant groups, such as the Iraqw.[2] Tanzania has a high prevalence of albinos,[71] and they have been the victims of violence in recent years.[72][73][74][75]
According to 2010 official Tanzania statistics, the total fertility rate in Tanzania was 5.4 children born per woman with 3.7 in urban areas and 6.1 in rural areas.[76]
Religion is very important in Tanzanian life.[77][78] Approximately 93% of Tanzanians say that religion is "very important" in their lives, one of the highest rates in the world.[77] Recent surveys have indicated that Tanzania is a predominantly Christian country, with a large Muslim minority.[79] A 2008-2009 Pew survey found 60% of respondents to be Christian, 36% to be Muslim, 2% to follow traditional African religions, and 1% to be unaffiliated.[80] The same Pew survey found that 51% of Tanzanian Christians described themselves as Catholic, and 44% described themselves as Protestant.[81] Among Protestants, Lutherans (13% of Tanzanian Christians), Pentecostals (10%), Anglicans (10%), and adherents of African initiated churches (5%) dominate.[82] The Pew survey found about 41% of Tanzania's Muslim population to be Sunni, 20% to be Shia, 15% to be Ahmadiyya, 20% to be "just a Muslim", and 1% to be something else.[83] Muslims are generally concentrated in coastal areas and in Zanzibar (where about 99 percent of the population is Muslim).[84][85] There are also active communities of other religious groups, primarily on the mainland, such as Buddhists and Bahá'ís.[85]
Over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa.[1] Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are members of all four of Africa's language families (Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, and Khoisan).[1] Swahili and English are the Tanzania's official languages.[1] Swahili is used in parliamentary debate, in the lower courts, and as a medium of instruction in primary school; English is used in foreign trade, in diplomacy, in higher courts, and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education.[1] In connection with his Ujamaa social policies, Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili as a means of unifying the country's many ethnic groups.[86] Today, about 10% of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90% speak it as a second language.[1] Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a local language; many educated Tanzanians are trilingual, also speaking English.[87][88][89] The widespread use and promotion of Swahili is contributing to the decline of smaller languages in the country.[1][90] Young children increasingly speak Swahili as a first language, particularly in urban areas.[91]
Education and health[edit]
The literacy rate in Tanzania is estimated to be 73 percent.[92] Education is compulsory for seven years, until children reach age 15, but most children do not attend school this long, and some do not attend at all. In 2000, 57 percent of children age 5–14 years were attending school. As of 2006, 87.2 percent of children who started primary school were likely to reach grade 5.[93]
As of 2012, life expectancy at birth was approximately 61 years.[94] The under-five mortality rate was 54 per 1000 live births.[94] The leading cause of death in children under 5 years old in 2010 was pneumonia.[95] The other leading causes of death for these children were malaria, diarrhoea, and prematurity.[95] According to a 2007 study, malaria in Tanzania "causes major obstacles to social and economic development".[96] The maternal mortality rate in 2010 was estimated at 460/100,000 live births.[97] About 14% of women had undergone female genital mutilation.[98]
The prevalence of HIV/AIDS was approximately 3.1% as of 2012.[94] Anti-retroviral treatment coverage for people with advanced HIV infection was 30 percent in 2011 – 7 percent below the average for the continent.[99] According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, HIV prevalence has declined among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, young people (ages 15–24 years) and men in the general population.[100]
2006 data shows that 55 percent of the population had sustainable access to improved drinking water sources and 33 percent had sustainable access to improved sanitation.[99]
The music of Tanzania includes traditional African music, string-based taarab, and a distinctive hip hop known as bongo flava. Famous taarab singers are Abbasi Mzee, Culture Musical Club, Shakila of Black Star Musical Group. Internationally known traditional artists are Bi Kidude, Hukwe Zawose and Tatu Nane. Tanzania also has its own distinct African rumba music, termed muziki wa dansi ("dance music"); important artists include Simba Wanyika, Remmy Ongala, and Orchestra Makassy.
Tanzania's literary culture is primarily oral.[101] Major oral literary forms include folktales, poems, riddles, proverbs, and songs.[101] The greatest part of the oral literature in Tanzania that has been recorded is in Swahili, though each of the country's languages has its own oral tradition.[101] The country's oral literature is currently declining because of changes in family structure that make transmission of oral literature more difficult and because of the devaluation of oral literature that has accompanied Tanzania's development.[101] Tanzania's written literary tradition is still relatively undeveloped; Tanzania does not have a strong reading culture, and books are often expensive and hard to come by.[101][102] Most Tanzanian literature is in Swahili or English.[101] Major figures in Tanzanian written literature include Shaaban Robert, Muhammed Said Abdulla, Abdulrazak Gurnah, and Penina Mlama.[101]
Historically, there have been only limited opportunities for formal art training in Tanzania, and many aspiring Tanzanian artists have left the country to pursue their vocation.[103] Nonetheless, two Tanzanian art styles have achieved international recognition.[103] The Tingatinga school of painting, founded by Edward Said Tingatinga, consists of brightly colored enamel paintings on canvas, generally depicting people, animals, or daily life.[103][104] After Tingatinga's death in 1972, other artists adopted and developed his style; the genre is now the most important tourist-oriented style in East Africa.[103][104] Makonde is both a tribe in Tanzania (and Mozambique) and a modern sculpture style. It is known for the high Ujamaas (Trees of Life) made of the hard and dark ebony tree. Tanzania is also a birthplace of one of the most famous African artists – George Lilanga.
One of Tanzania's, and other parts of eastern Africa's, most common cultural dishes is Ugali. It is usually composed of corn and is similar in consistency to a stiff paste or porridge, giving it its second name of corn meal porridge. Mixtures of cassava and millet flours are locally used for ugali. Rice and cooked green bananas are also important staples. Beef, goat meat, beans, yoghurt and a wide range of fish and green leafy vegetables all add nutrients to the dishes.
Football (soccer) is very popular throughout the country, with fans divided between two major clubs, Young Africans F.C. (Yanga) and Simba S.C..[105][106][107] Other popular sports include netball, boxing, running, and rugby.[105][106] Tanzania competes in the Commonwealth Games as well as in the African Championships in Athletics.
See also[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g Simango, Silvester Ron. "East Africa". In Ammon, pp. 1966-1967.
- ^ a b c d Population Distribution by Administrative Units, 2012 Population and Housing Census, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013, page 1.
- ^ a b c d e f "Tanzania". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
- ^ "Gini Coefficient". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
- ^ "2014 Human Development Report Summary". United Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 21–25. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
- ^ "Tanzania | Define Tanzania at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
This approximates the Kiswahili pronunciation [tanzaˈni.a]. However, /tænˈzeɪniə/ is also heard in English.
- ^ a b c d e f Central Intelligence Agency (2013). "Tanzania". The World Factbook. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
- ^ "The Tanzania National Website: Country Profile". Tanzania.go.tz. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
- ^ "Dar es Salaam Port". Tanzaniaports.com. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ a b Yeager, p. 6.
- ^ a b c Ofkansky and Yeager, p. 1.
- ^ Yeager, p. 7.
- ^ Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; Bodo, J. -M.; Doumbo, O.; Ibrahim, M.; Juma, A. T.; Kotze, M. J.; Lema, G.; Moore, J. H.; Mortensen, H.; Nyambo, T. B.; Omar, S. A.; Powell, K.; Pretorius, G. S.; Smith, M. W.; Thera, M. A.; Wambebe, C.; Weber, J. L.; Williams, S. M. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science 324 (5930): 1035. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144.
- ^ Martin, Phyllis and O'Meara, Patrick (1995). Africa. Indiana University Press. pp. 90–93. ISBN 0-253-20984-6.
- ^ Schmidt, P; Avery, D. H. (1978). "Complex iron smelting and prehistoric culture in Tanzania". Science 201 (4361): 1085–9. doi:10.1126/science.201.4361.1085. PMID 17830304.
- ^ Horton, Mark and Middleton, John (2000) The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society, Wiley, ISBN 063118919X
- ^ Nurse, Derek and Spear, Thomas (1985) The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800–1500, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 081221207X
- ^ "Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History". Britannica.com. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
- ^ "Slave societies". Encyclopedia Britannica. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "Unveiling Zanzibar's unhealed wounds". BBC News. 25 July 2009.
- ^ "Background history of The Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar" (PDF). Vice President's Office, United Republic of Tanzania. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- ^ Monson, Jamie (2009). Africa's Freedom Railway: How a Chinese Development Project Changed Lives and Livelihoods in Tanzania. Indiana University Press. p. 199. ISBN 0-253-35271-1. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- ^ Anna Muganda (2004). "Tanzania's Economic Reforms – and Lessons Learned" (PDF). Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ a b c Jenner, Michael. "Recent History". In Frame, p. 1246.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania" (PDF). Judiciary of Tanzania. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ a b "Tanzania: Government". Broad College of Business, Michigan State University. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i The Constitution of Zanzibar. zltb.go.tz. 2006.
- ^ a b c "Zanzibar: Constitution". Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ a b c "Tanzanian criminal court system". Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ a b "Local Government System in Tanzania", Aspects of Local Self-Government: Tanzania, North-South Local Government Co-operation Programme, The Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities, 31 July 2009
- ^ Regions. tanzania.go.tz
- ^ "Tanzania: State Gazettes New Regions, Districts". AllAfrica. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "City Status". Dar Es Salaam City Council. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "7A and 69A" (PDF). Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act, 1982, amended 1999. Parliamentary On-line Information System. 1999. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ a b c Hirschler, Kurt & Rolf Hofmeier. "Tanzania". In Mehler et al., p. 410.
- ^ "East African Community: One People One Destiny". East African Community. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
- ^ a b c d Jennings, Michael. "Recent History". In Frame, p. 1250.
- ^ "Annex on the Free Movement of Persons". East African Community. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
- ^ "Annex on the Right of Residence". East African Community. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
- ^ "Member States". Southern African Development Community. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
- ^ http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/-161-000-more-to-go-to-FTA-negotiations-budget/-/2560/2348232/-/rdw0t0z/-/index.html
- ^ "Tanzania: After Two Days, No Agreement Over Lake Niassa". AllAfrica.com. 22 March 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
- ^ "China's investment in Tanzania surges". The Citizen. Agence France-Presse. 15 February 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
- ^ "U.S. Relations With Tanzania". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
- ^ Schwarz, Gabriella; Yellin, Jessica (1 July 2013). "Obama in Tanzania, sees Africa as next global economic success". CNN. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
- ^ a b c d Lake, Joseph. "Economy". In Frame, p. 1250.
- ^ "Irrigation will give us more food by 2015 – govt". IPP Media. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lake, Joseph. "Economy". In Frame, p. 1251.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Lake, Joseph. "Economy". In Frame, p. 1252.
- ^ "Songo Songo Gas-to-Electricity Project". Tpdc-tz.com. 11 October 2001. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ "About the Bank — Primary Objective and Function of the Bank". Bank of Tanzania. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "Tanzania Banking Survey" (PDF). Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry & Agriculture. 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f Lake, Joseph. "Economy". In Frame, p. 1253.
- ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Rank Order – Area". Cia.gov. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- ^ a b c Berry, L. "Physical and Social Geography". In Frame, p. 1245.
- ^ a b c Zorita, Eduardo; Tilya, Faustine F. (12 February 2002). "Rainfall variability in Northern Tanzania in the March–May season (long rains) and its links to large-scale climate forcing" (PDF). Climate Research (Inter-Research Science Center) 20: 31–40. doi:10.3354/cr020031. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ a b Finke, p. 46.
- ^ Tegegn, Soyata. "The Impact of Dominant Environmental Policies on Indigenous Peoples in Africa". In Ridwan & Korir, p. 57.
- ^ "Home". Tanzania National Parks. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "Gombe Stream National Park". Tanzania National Parks. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ Riley & Riley, p. 138.
- ^ Stuart & Adams, p. 204.
- ^ "Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Arusha National Park" (PDF). Tanapa brochure. Tanzania National Parks. 2002. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "Tanzania in figures 2012" (PDF). National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania. June 2013. p. 7. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ Frame, p. 1254.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20131015224549/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf
- ^ http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Report-reveals-rapid-rural--urban-migration-/-/1840392/2006950/-/m6w9qv/-/index.html
- ^ a b c 2012 Census General Report, March 2013 Combined Final for Printing
- ^ a b Levinson, pp. 173-174.
- ^ Otiso, p. 4.
- ^ http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/212
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7518049.stm
- ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27409965
- ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-21675536
- ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/11/29/tanzania.albinos/
- ^ "2010 Demographic and Health Survey" (PDF). National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania. 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ a b Tolerance and Tension, p. 3.
- ^ Otiso, pp. 43-44.
- ^ Otiso, 44-45.
- ^ Tolerance and Tension, p. 20.
- ^ Tolerance and Tension, p. 22.
- ^ Tolerance and Tension, p. 23.
- ^ Tolerance and Tension, p. 21.
- ^ Frame, p. 1264.
- ^ a b "U.S. Department of State". State.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ Obeng, Samuel Gyasi & Efurosibina Adegbija. "Sub-Saharan Africa". In Fishman, p. 361.
- ^ Winks, p. 145.
- ^ Baker & Jones, p. 367.
- ^ Grosjean, pp. 8-9.
- ^ Batibo, Herman. "The Fate of Ethnic Languages in Tanzania". In Brenzinger, pp. 85-88, 93-94.
- ^ Martin, L. "Swahili". In Brown & Ogilvie, p. 1026.
- ^ "Tanzania, United Republic of – Statistics". UNICEF. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- ^ "2008 Findings on the worst forms of child labor". U.S. Department of Labor. 1 September 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ a b c "United Republic of Tanzania: Health Profile". World Health Organization. May 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
- ^ a b "World Health Statistics". World Health Organization. 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1702/
- ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html
- ^ http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/
- ^ a b "Statistical Information System". World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report 2011" (PDF). UNAIDS. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g Otiso, ch. 3.
- ^ Doling, p. 16.
- ^ a b c d Doling, p. 17.
- ^ a b Otiso, p. 113.
- ^ a b Wairagala, p. 36.
- ^ a b Pritchett, p. 53.
- ^ Skinner, p. 96.
Works cited[edit]
- Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J., eds. (2006). Sociolinguistics 3. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1. OCLC 17610154.
- Baker, Colin; Jones, Sylvia Prys (1998). Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-85359-362-8.
- Brenzinger, Matthias, ed. (1992). Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013404-9.
- Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah, eds. (2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4.
- Doling, Tim (1999). Tanzania Arts Directory. London: Visiting Arts. ISBN 1-902349-11-3.
- Finke, Jens (2010). The Rough Guide to Tanzania. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-4053-8018-8.
- Fishman, Joshua A., ed. (2001). Handbook of Language & Ethnic Identity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-976139-5.
- Frame, Iain, ed. (2013). Africa South of the Sahara 2014. Routledge. ISBN 978-1857436983. OCLC 1087495.
- Grosjean, François (1982). Life with Two Languages: An Introduction to Bilingualism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53092-8.
- Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.
- Mehler, Andreas; Melber, Henning; Walraven, Klaas van, eds. (2013). Africa Yearbook Volume 9: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2012. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-25600-2.
- Ndaluka, Thomas Joseph (2012). Religious Discourse, Social Cohesion and Conflict: Muslim-Christian Relations in Tanzania. LIT Verlag. ISBN 978-3-643-90211-5.
- Ofcansky, Thomas P.; Yeager, Rodger (1997). Historical Dictionary of Tanzania (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3244-5.
- Otiso, Kefa M. (2013). Culture and Customs of Tanzania. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-08708-0.
- Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. April 2010.
- Pritchett, Bev (2007). Tanzania in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-8571-8.
- Ridwan, Laher; Korir, Sing'Oei, eds. (2014). Indigenous People in Africa: Contestations, Empowerment and Group Rights. Africa Institute of South Africa. ISBN 978-0-7983-0464-1.
- Riley, Laura; Riley, William (2005). Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12219-9.
- Skinner, Annabel (2005). Tanzania & Zanzibar. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-86011-216-4.
- Stuart, Simon N.; Adams, Richard J. (1990). Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands: Conservation, Management, and Sustainable Use. International Union for Conservation of Nature. ISBN 978-2-8317-0021-2.
- Wairagala, Wakabi (2004). Tanzania. Gareth Stevens. ISBN 978-0-8368-3119-1.
- Winks, Quintin (2011). Tanzania - Culture Smart! The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture. Kuperard. ISBN 978-1-85733-625-2.
- Yeager, Rodger (1982). Tanzania: An African Experiment. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 0-89158-923-6.
External links[edit]
|Find more about Tanzania at Wikipedia's sister projects
|Definitions from Wiktionary
|Media from Commons
|Quotations from Wikiquote
|Source texts from Wikisource
|Textbooks from Wikibooks
|Learning resources from Wikiversity
- Official website of the government of Tanzania
- Wikimedia Atlas of Tanzania
- Tanzania travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Tanzania at DMOZ
- Tanzania
- Countries in Africa
- East African countries
- Southeast Africa
- Commonwealth republics
- Least developed countries
- Member states of the African Union
- Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations
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- Swahili-speaking countries and territories
- States and territories established in 1964
- Republics


text:
Spikes is a 1991 graduate of Tracy High and a seventh-grade core teacher at Jefferson School.
He was an assistant football coach at West High from 2000 to 2012, and made the move to Kimball High in March as an assistant coach for Matt Loggins.
Loggins was previously the head coach at West High.
Spikes has continued to work with the Kimball team during the summer after Loggins accepted a job as the athletic director at Clovis West High School in June.
Jessica Cardoza, spokeswoman for TUSD, noted on Tuesday that Spikes accepted the job on Monday.
The TUSD Board of Trustees votes to make Spikes' hire official during its Aug. 13 meeting.
Read the full story, including comments from Spikes, in Friday's edition.
Contact Bob Brownne at 830-4227 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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DMR Home > Species Info > Scallops > Management 2013-14
Maine Scallop Fishery Management Overview
Since 2007, Maine fishermen & the Department of Marine Resources (DMR) have implemented a series of forward thinking management measures aimed at rebuilding the depleted scallop resource. The fishery has begun to realize the benefits of these measures, as recent reports indicate landings in 2013 alone were the highest in 13 years (424,547 meat pounds) while the value of the fishery was the highest in 15 years ($5,194,553).
Pictured above, scallop landings and value by month and year - highest landings recorded since since 2000 with the highest value since 1998.
The 2013 highs are partially attributed to an increase in participation in the fishery from previsouly latent fishermen, a historic high of $12.24/lbs. for scallop meats as well as a number of conservation measures that the scallop fleet has undertaken since 2007, which include:
DMR wishes to build upon this success towards the goal of providing industry with a resource base that is stable and predictable, thus providing for an environment in which fishing businesses can prosper. Over the past five years countless meetings were held to gather fishermen's input on the overall rebuilding plan across the state.
For the 2013-14 scallop season, the fishery will operate under the following management measures:
Printable Summary (PDF file, 7 pages)
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C7 Bulb Shape
C7 LED Christmas Light Bulbs are available in many colors and can be either steady burn or twinkle. The twinkle bulbs flash on and off intermittently. We also offer color changing C7 LED bulbs. C7 bulbs are about 7/8 inch in diameter at the bulge, use E12 Candelabra sockets and work on 120 VAC. The best dimming behavior is achieved on the ELV dimmers we suggest as companion parts. The twinkle and color changing bulbs are not dimmable, but almost all the other ones are.
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