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Boot Toppers BOHO knit winter PDF Knit PATTERN
Fast and easy with this PHOTO tutorial on how to front cables you can make many pairs of warmer boot cuffs for the cold season!
Skill Level > Easy
Size> One size fits most
7.9 in (15 cm) wide, 10.2 in (26 cm) circumference.
You will recieve :
- Text instructions in American Standard Terms
- 14 pages full of photos on how to knit the cable guff
- Permission to sell finished item while you add a link my pattern\shop
I am a Crafts Artist. I design, make and sell patterns and tutorials. I travel around with my computer, needle and hooks,
making this for living.
I am very Grateful :)


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subset: commoncrawl


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3 Critical Characteristics to Demand from Your Attorney
1. Experience. In most personal injury cases you will be up against seasoned insurance company lawyers and adjusters who are paid to settle your claim for the least amount possible. It is critical that your attorney is experienced at dealing with insurance companies and has a proven track record conducting successful negotiations and winning cases in court.
San Luis Obispo Personal Injury Attorney Jeffrey D. Stulberg is one of the most experienced personal injury and wrongful death attorneys on the central coast. He worked as an attorney inside the insurance companies so he knows exactly how they operate and what makes them settle your claim on your terms.
2. Caseload. Many law firms and their attorneys suffer from trying to juggle too many cases at once. Some firms saddle their attorneys with 40 or more cases at a time. This casework overload inevitably leads to delays, lack of communication, and inattention to detail that can seriously harm your case.
To maintain the highest level of quality and client service, San Luis Obispo Personal Injury Attorney Jeffrey Stulberg follows a strict policy of working no more than 12 personal injury cases at any one time.
3. Personal Attention. Many personal injury attorneys marketing themselves in San Luis Obispo will never work on your case or represent you in court. Some don't even live in the area. They refer cases to less experienced attorneys for a fee or hand over your case to a paralegal.
When you call San Luis Obispo Personal Injury Attorney Jeffrey Stulberg, you can count on the fact that you will get personal attention from him at every phase of your case, and he will personally fight for you in court. That's one reason that last year more than 90% of his personal injury cases were resolved favorably for his clients.
You only pay when you win so it makes perfect sense to hire the best. If you are ready to obtain maximum monetary damages for your accident or injury, contact San Luis Obispo Personal Injury Attorney Jeffrey D. Stulberg to set up your free consultation today! Call 805-544-7693.
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With more than two decades of successful criminal defense experience, Jeffrey D. Stulberg has earned the respected of colleagues, prosecutors and judges as one of the leading criminal defense attorneys on the Central Coast.
He is a member of the California Public Defenders Association and Criminal Bar Section of the San Luis Obispo County Bar Association. San Luis Obispo Criminal Defense Attorney Jeffrey Stulberg is a relentless advocate for his clients. He will personally fight for you in court and he never backs down. Contact Jeffrey D. Stulberg to set up your free initial consultation today. Call 805-544-7693.
Attorney Jeffrey D. Stulberg strictly limits the number of cases he takes at any one time so that he can personally provide you with the focus and attention you need.
Whether you've been injured due to negligence or charged with a crime, you need an experienced attorney with a track record of success to represent you. With San Luis Obispo Attorney Jeffrey D. Stulberg, you'll get personal attention throughout every phase of your case and he'll personally represent you both in and out of court. Jeffrey D. Stulberg is a relentless advocate for his clients and he never backs down.
Jeffrey D. Stulberg Law Office is conveniently located across the street from the courthouse in San Luis Obispo, and we are proud to work with clients from all over the central coast of California, including: Santa Barbara County, San Luis Obispo County and Monterey County. Many of our legal clients come from the cities of San Luis Obispo, Arroyo Grande, Pismo Beach, Oceano, Grover Beach, Atascadero, Morro Bay, Cayucos, Templeton, and Paso Robles.
We offer a complimentary, initial consultation to all prospective clients,
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Ph: (805) 544-7693


text:
die santa
A copy of the letter to Santa, Mekeeda Austin, 13, from Bedford wrote to Santa 13 DEC 2011 See MASONS Story MNLIST A spoilt school girl gave her mother a shock when she discovered her Christmas wish list was actually a DEATH threat to Santa. Mekeeda Soares, 13, left her mother Tracey, 40, dumbstruck when she found the sickening note in her daughter's school bag. The frightening note issues a stark warning to Santa stating that he will be "killed" if he fails to get Mekeeda at least two of a long list of lavish gifts. She even threatened to "hunt down" Santa's reindeer and "cook them and serve their meat to homeless people on Xmas day" if she doesn't get what she wants. In the letter the demonic child demands a designer Laura Knitted 33 Jumper, a Blackberry, money, Converse trainers and sunglasses. Amazingly she even orders Father Christmas to get her "the real" Justin Bieber and Austin Mahone.


text:
Large-Scale Geosocial Multimedia
July–September 2014
With the advance of the Web 2.0 era came an explosive growth of geographical multimedia data shared on social network websites such as Flickr, YouTube, Facebook, and Zooomr. Location-aware media description, modeling, learning, and recommendation in pervasive social media analytics have become a key focus of the recent research in computer vision, multimedia, and signal processing societies. A new breed of multimedia applications that incorporates image/video annotation, visual search, content mining and recommendation, and so on may revolutionize the field. Combined with the popularity of location-aware social multimedia, location context data makes traditionally challenging problems more tractable. This special issue brings together active researchers to share recent progress in this exciting area. This issue highlights the latest developments in large-scale multiple evidence-based learning for geosocial multimedia computing and identifies several key challenges and potential innovations. Read full article »
About IEEE MultiMedia
IEEE MultiMedia covers multiple media types, used harmoniously together in creating new experiences in areas such as image processing, video processing, audio analysis, text retrieval and understanding, data mining and analysis, and data fusion.
Get IEEE MultiMediaSubscribe Digital Editions
Articles from IEEE MultiMedia
The Scalable Extensions of HEVC for Ultra-High-Definition Video Delivery
A scalable extension of H.265/HEVC, SHVC provides scalability features and high coding efficiency and meets consumer demand for higher quality at a much lower implementation cost. Read full article »
Joint Video and Text Parsing for Understanding Events and Answering Queries
In this article, the authors propose a multimedia analysis framework, based on the probabilistic model, it would be, "a joint parsing system consisting of three modules: video parsing, text parsing, and joint inference. Read full article »
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With the summer creeping up on us once again many of you will want to hit the beach, swimming pools, or just walk the streets shirtless with confidence. But what's the point of doing this if you have nothing noteworthy to show.
To get the lean, ripped and sculpted abs you want to display this summer season, this simple circuit routine is the way to go. When combined with the proper diet, you'll be showing off that rock hard, six-pack before you know it.
Upper Abs
Kneeling Cable Crunch - superset with Stomach Vacuum
1 set X 20 reps – 20 seconds of vacuum
Lower Abs
Hanging Knee Raise – superset with Stomach Vacuum
1 set X 30 reps – 20 seconds of vacuum
Oblique Cable Crunch – superset with Stomach Vacuum
1 set X 20 reps each side – 20 seconds of vacuum
*Repeat circuit 5 times, and continue to do this ab routine twice a week in conjunction with your weight training.
See how to perform each move on the following pages.


text:
Absolutely needed this.
Source: gifsboom
(Click through for more animal combos.)
Not 100% sure what's happening here.
It's called "streetlighting", Rob. All the kids are doing it.
Source: danishprinciple
indefensible replied to your photo: Oops…
Have spent the past day doing similar. Moving from 13" MBP to 11" MBA. THat means all my heavy files can't fit. So they're going on the home iMac. DATA! DUPLICATES! WHAT WILL I LOSE? STAY TUNED!
I had to offload over 400 GB to fit on the Mini's internal drive. I will soon find out if the official "Movies" folder can be external. I'm glad I have backups galore.
Backups Galore. Wasn't that a Bond girl?
This is what Steve Jobs will be doing all day Wednesday.


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Larry Koopa
Larry Koopa has been nominated to become a Featured Article!
"I am the emperor of eavesdropping!"
Larry Koopa (known as Cheatsy Koopa in the cartoons) is the youngest and apparent leader[1] of the seven-member clan known as the Koopalings. Larry and his siblings are very loyal to Bowser and were originally depicted as his own children. This idea was usually omitted in games released after their debut in Super Mario Bros. 3, and Shigeru Miyamoto stated in a 2012 interview that Nintendo's current story was that they are not Bowser's children, leaving Bowser Jr. as his only offspring.[2]
Larry has blue hair much like Ludwig, and as shown in Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga, he has an interest in tennis. He also likes to sing songs/symphonies about himself as seen in the Super Mario World episode "Gopher Bash". In the Prima official guide for Super Mario Advance 4: Super Mario Bros. 3, Larry was referred to as Bowser's favorite Koopaling. He originally had four visible fangs on the top corners of both sides of his mouth, but he now only has two as of New Super Mario Bros. Wii. While many sources claim he was named after the American talk show host Larry King,[3] like all the other Koopalings, Larry was named after a musician: Larry Mullen, Jr., the drummer for the rock band U2.[4]
Super Mario series[edit]
Super Mario Bros. 3[edit]
In Larry's first appearance, Super Mario Bros. 3, he was the first Koopaling to be battled. He had stolen the magic wand from the king of Grass Land and turned him into a dog (a Cobrat in the SNES version). After Mario had gone through all of the airship's cannons, he battled Larry in his cabin, who was determined to fight Mario for the wand as he knew the alternative would be Bowser loudly reprimanding him for failure. In this battle, Larry would jump around and shoot magic blasts from his stolen magic wand. He would need to be jumped on three times to be defeated. He is then forced to make a quick retreat. Mario got the wand back, the king was returned to normal, and thanked him for returning him to his original state.
His role is expanded slightly in the opening cutscene of the GBA remake, Super Mario Advance 4. He is shown breaking into the Grass Land castle at the dead of night during a thunderstorm, stealing the wand and turning the King into a Cobrat, leading to Grass Land's request for the Mushroom Kingdom's assistance.
Super Mario World[edit]
Larry's second appearance was in the last world of Super Mario World, the Valley of Bowser. In battle, he utilized Iggy's attack pattern. He would sit on top of a tilting platform on top of lava and was immune to all of Mario's attacks. However, unlike Iggy, Larry's platform had three Podoboos that jumped up and down. He could also throw more than one ball at one time. Larry would need to be jumped on until he fell off his platform. After the battle, Mario kicked away his castle (literally), and gained access to Bowser's Castle. This was Larry's first time being the last Koopaling to fight in the Mario games he's appeared in so far.
New Super Mario Bros. Wii[edit]
The Koopalings make their 3D-rendered debut in New Super Mario Bros. Wii. Larry is the boss of World 1, which is reminiscent of Super Mario Bros. 3. In this appearance, Larry looks almost the same as before, but his two small fangs are now gone, he has a star-shaped birthmark similar to Morton, though it's near the back of his head and he has a light-blue coloured shell similar to the colour of his hair.
Before battling him, he is shocked at Mario's presence, rages about it and gets ready to fight. In the first battle, Larry will fire blue fireballs at Mario and jump. After being hit, he will retreat into his shell and start to spin around the area, causing Mario damage if he comes in contact with him. After three stomps on the head, Larry will be defeated, retreating to his castle in World 1.
Larry's second battle (in his castle) is in a room filled with platforms that shift up and down thanks to Kamek's magic. Larry has the same tactics as his last fight. However, his shell dash attack is more difficult to avoid because of the moving room, unless he gets stuck between two of the platforms. After three more stomps Larry is defeated. After this fight he will fall off screen, leaving the key to the desert, where Roy is. In the ending, he is shown limping when he comes across Bowser Jr., who points to the other Koopalings, and they watch as their siblings prop Bowser up, but unfortunately, the castle falls on Bowser and the Koopalings.
New Super Mario Bros. 2[edit]
Larry is a boss once again in New Super Mario Bros. 2. He is the castle boss of World Mushroom, an unlockable world. Like in New Super Mario Bros. Wii, he'll throw a tantrum on the fact that Mario made through his castle before fighting him once more. His battle features three blue platforms in the middle of the room, four holes, two on the floor and two on the ceiling and two stone pillars, which go in and out of the four holes, always one on the top and one on the floor. Using his magic wand, Larry shoots sky blue fireballs, which ricochet off the walls upon contact, similar to Wendy's rings. Oddly, despite being seen dragging Princess Peach along when his world is unlocked, the aftermath of the battle does not have Mario discovering Princess Peach in the room after him. A similar oddity appears with Lemmy in World Flower.
Like all the other Koopalings, Mario will have to jump on Larry´s head to defeat him. After 3 stomps, Larry is defeated, leaving the key to World 3.
Larry survived the encounter, and rejoined his comrades at Bowser's castle, where they attempted to petrify Mario with their Koopa Clown Car's petrification device. He also aided Bowser alongside the rest of the Koopalings by causing him to grow larger, but it resulted in him and the others being knocked into a lava pit by Bowser due to his increased size. He and the other Koopalings survived, however, and attempted to help Bowser by airlifting him with the Koopa Clown Car, but this resulted in it crashing due to it being unable to handle the combined weight of both them and Bowser. Larry ended up flung into a tree as a result of the crash.
In the New Super Mario Bros 2 guide, Iggy Koopa was also mistaken for Larry in World 2.
New Super Mario Bros. U[edit]
Larry reappears in New Super Mario Bros. U, alongside the rest of the Koopalings, Boom Boom, Kamek, and Bowser Jr.. He is the boss of Sparkling Waters, and is battled in Larry's Torpedo Castle. His battle strategy is to blast fireballs and use water blasts from the pool below the arena, which act like the pillars from his previous New Super Mario Bros. battles. When Larry is spinning in his shell, the water geysers will give his shell a boost upwards making it a bit difficult to avoid. After two stomps, Larry will start to cast two fireballs in quick succession. In addition, he is one of only three Koopalings to retain the use of a Magic Scepter, the others being Iggy and Ludwig. When the player reaches his airship at the end of Sparkling Waters' Castle, he'll emit a mocking laugh. However, when Mario actually boards his airship, Larry will once again get into one of his rages. Three hits to his head and he falls off-screen.
Despite this, Larry survived, and was later picked up along with the rest of the Koopalings by Bowser Jr., although they ended up escaping by hanging onto Bowser's tail after the latter inadvertently destroyed Bowser Jr's (already damaged) ship.
Larry's airship is designed after him, with his face for the bow and his sky blue-colored shell on the top of the ship. The stern of his ship has a green color design, similar to his shell color from past appearances. Like most of the airships, Larry's airship is equipped with a propeller at the back of his ship as well as another one placed just beneath the crow's nest. The airship is equipped with two cannons, one on each side. There are also yellow lids on top of the cannons used for opening and closing them. The interior of Larry's ship resembles a pirate ship, with compasses upon the top of the room, the ceiling of the room having a map design and the windows resembling steering wheels found on an old ship.
On a side note, Larry is the only Koopaling to not receive new artwork, with his New Super Mario Bros. Wii artwork simply being reused, although with an updated look. Roy's artwork was also recycled, however it was mirrored and altered to add his Bill Blaster weapon. Also, the top of Larry's Magic Scepter will turn pink when Mario jumps on his head.
Larry's role is slightly expanded, as he is in a challenge in Challenge Mode in Larry's Groundless Battle. This is exactly like the battle in the main game, except the player cannot touch the ground. The player can touch the geysers, however.
New Super Luigi U[edit]
Larry appears in New Super Luigi U. His battle is identical to in New Super Mario Bros. U, and is fought in Larry's Trigger-Happy Castle.
DIC Cartoons[edit]
The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3[edit]
In The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 produced by Nintendo and DIC Entertainment, he was named Cheatsy Koopa and was usually scheming up Bowser's latest plan, sometimes in conjunction with Kooky. There are several physical differences between Larry and Cheatsy: Larry's hair is pointed upwards but Cheatsy's hair was flatter and much more untamed; Cheatsy was almost always seen squinting and was given an overbite, and had a tail that curled around like a pig's. He appears the most of all the Koopa Kids. Cheatsy was voiced by James Rankin. Additionally, in the continuity of the cartoons, Hip and Hop were the youngest Koopalings, not Cheatsy.
A very common animation goof regarding Cheatsy was that his green head was often colored orange, the same color as the rest of his body. One particular shot in the episode "The Beauty of Kootie" even had his head mistakenly colored purple.
Sneaking Lying Cheating Giant Ninja Koopas: Cheatsy was assigned with several of his brothers to be Giant Ninja Koopas in order to capture Prince Hugo in Giant Land by King Koopa. Cheatsy and his brother managed to capture not only Hugo, but Luigi, Toad and Princess Toadstool too. Cheatsy and his brothers are later defeated, turned back to their normal selves by Mario and co. which Koopa manages to go through a Warp Pipe to a Warp Zone with Cheatsy and his siblings.
The Beauty of Kootie: In the episode Cheatsy works with Kootie Pie to refill the Doomship engine with oil, which caused the Sultan's jacuzzi to be filled with oil. Cheatsy then turns Kootie into a human to distract the Mario Bros, but Cheatsy turned Kootie back but she fell for Luigi who was transformed into Casanova Koopa but goes back to his normal self. Cheatsy and Kootie chase after him but again are defeated.
Princess Toadstool for President: Cheatsy and Kooky make a Nice Guy Potion for King Koopa so he can be elected to be king of the Mushroom Kingdom. Cheatsy and Kooky eventually have to make more as the old one was all used up but the Mario Bros. learned about this and ruined their last batch, thus stopping Koopa from becoming King.
Never Koop a Koopa: In this episode Cheatsy and Koopa capture the gang and Koopa teaches Cheatsy about double-crossing. Cheatsy later double-crosses Koopa into signing the Mushroom Kingdom to him but Koopa tells him its just a smiley face and chases him around his throne.
Tag Team Trouble: Koopa and Cheatsy's plans to get one million gold coins, which Toad thinks they stole his for the Orphanage. Cheatsy enters the Sledge Brothers to fight Toad's cousins but like his name displays cheats and hypnotizes them to sleep for two days. But Cheatsy didn't prepare for Mario and Luigi, with help from Starmen beat them and win the gold coins.
Misadventure of Mighty Plumber: Cheatsy has a minor role as he takes toys from the T.V. like a race car for Hip and Hop and then Mighty Plumber. Cheatsy later is forced by Mario to put Mighty Plumber back into the T.V.
A Toadally Magical Adventure: Cheatsy and his siblings attempted to steal a Magic Scepter but to no avail by the Mario Bros. Cheatsy his family stole the wand and controlled the Pipe Monsters to grab the bros. but with help from Toad defeated them and gave back the wand.
Misadventures in Babysitting: When Junior came to the Mushroom Kingdom Cheatsy, Kooky and Bully tricked him into trapping the Mario Bros. until Kooky set molten lava in the Pipe Maze where they nearly killed him but with the help of the Mario Bros. they were foiled once again.
Do the Koopa: Cheatsy, Bully and Big Mouth go to get the Doom Dancer Music Box and steal it for Koopa. Cheatsy uses Big Mouth's string and grabs the Music Box for Koopa, only for Bully to uses it to make him and the other dance. Koopa then uses it to make everyone dance until Mario covers his ears and destroys it.
Kootie Pie Rocks: Cheatsy helps Koopa bring Milli Vanilli to Kootie Pie, using the Doomship to kidnap them from a concert in New York City, which was being attended by Princess Toadstool, Toad and the Mario Bros.
7 Continents for 7 Koopas: In this he helps his dad take over the Real World by taking over Australia. Cheatsy turns every human into a kangaroo, except one. He turns this man into a prawn, while alligators dressed as chefs attempt to put him on the grill. Cheatsy was foiled as Toadstool turns everyone back to normal and removes the alligator's teeth. After barely escaping from being thrown on a grill himself, he retreats back to the Mushroom Kingdom.
Super Mario World television series[edit]
In the Super Mario World animated series, Cheatsy's hair was changed to a lighter green color and drawn a tad thicker, most likely to resemble his appearance in the game.
Gopher Bash: Cheatsy recruits Monty Moles to help steal the cave people's crops and replace them with Piranha Plants. This plot is foiled by Yoshi but he and the Monty Moles escape underground, telling the Mario Bros. they have to pay up if they want their crops back. The Mario Bros. rescue the food but not before dropping the Monty Moles they kidnapped on top of Cheatsy. He sings his own self-praising song called Cheatsy's Life.
Rock TV: Along with Kooky, Cheatsy helps King Koopa with his "Robby Rockwell" costume which he uses to pitch Rock TV to the cave people.
The Yoshi Shuffle: In this episode, Cheatsy plays the role of the referee in the football game between the Mario Bros. and the Koopas.
Larry often appeared in Nintendo Comics System comics, published by Valiant. Unlike his siblings and his father, he didn't speak an intelligible language (whether he was unable to or didn't by choice was not revealed). Instead, he spoke in pictures, which were only understood by Lemmy. However, in the Super Mario Adventures comic, he was able to speak intelligibly.
Nintendo Adventure Books[edit]
In Leaping Lizards, either Larry or Ludwig compete alongside five of their siblings in the International Mushroom Games.
In Koopa Capers, Larry and his brothers have their wands stolen by Wendy, who disappears with them shortly afterward, intent on overthrowing their father with her own army, and a super wand she intends to create by fusing her own wand with her brothers'. If Luigi, who had been coerced by Bowser into searching for Wendy, tracks the female Koopaling down to her hideout, Bowser and the male Koopalings, who had been following him, will barge in after the plumber, but decide to stave off punishing Wendy for her treachery if she helps search for the hiding Luigi. If Luigi had acquired Boom Boom's socks earlier in his adventure, he can toss them into Wendy's simmering wand combination potion, which will release fumes that knock the entire Koopa family and their minions out for at least a week.
In Dinosaur Dilemma, if Mario and Yoshi decide to hide from Bowser in the kitchen while snooping around his Dinosaur Island Castle, Larry (incorrectly described as having red and blue hair) will sneak up on the two, and steal several coins out of Mario's pocket before dumping a large pan of sticky, uncooked dough on him and Yoshi, trapping them.
Mario is Missing[edit]
Larry is the first boss in the PC version of Mario is Missing!, where it takes a single blast from a Fire Flower to defeat him. He also taunts Luigi with the knowledge that he won't see his brother again, although he also admits that even he doesn't know the door Mario is trapped in. Eventually, after realizing that Luigi possesses a Fire Flower, and thus is capable of defeating him, Larry attempts to talk his way out by claiming that he's on Luigi's side, only for Luigi to ignore him. Larry does not appear in the SNES version of Mario is Missing!, although he is pictured alongside the similarly-absent Morton and Lemmy in the manual of the SNES version.
Yoshi's Safari[edit]
In Yoshi's Safari, Larry is the boss of Crescent Coast. Larry rides in a sun-like submarine that has a purple face and has a blue nose. Mario had to shoot at the nose to get it to open up and expose Larry. He will then zoom around the screen while Mario continued to shoot at it. Eventually the submarine will break and Larry will hold a white flag while he floats up to the surface.
Hotel Mario[edit]
The last appearance of Larry for several years was in the obscure Hotel Mario. He was found and battled in Larry's Chillton Hotel with the words "Larry's Cave Hotel" and "This mine is mine" written on the entrance. In battle, Larry would attack by using bombs as bowling balls. Like most other battles, this Koopaling can eat the Mario Bros. in (presumably) one gulp if they meet in an elevator.
Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga[edit]
After several years of absence, Larry reappeared in Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga after Wendy was defeated. He was the last Koopaling to be fought, just like in Super Mario World. Before battle, Larry would trap Luigi in a barrel and shoot fireballs at him. To engage Larry, Luigi would need to stand in front of the Bob-omb to bounce them back, and he would bounce them back with his tennis racket. Luigi had to continue bouncing the Bob-omb back until one of the projectiles hit Larry, making him mad. In battle, he would spit fireballs (similar to the other Koopalings) and bounce them back with his tennis racket, and spinning similar to Iggy or Ludwig. He is also able to call in assistance in the form of a Time Bob-omb. He can also defend himself; if the player jumps or uses Knockback Bros, the Bros. will get poisoned or burnt. In the end, he was defeated and once again disappeared.
Defeating Larry caused the spikes blocking their path to disappear, allowing Mario and Luigi to battle Fawful.
Mario Kart 8[edit]
Larry Koopa, alongside the rest of the Koopalings, appears as a playable character for the first time in Mario Kart 8, where he is an unlockable character. His blurb in the Japanese April 30, 2014 Nintendo Direct reads 「クッパ軍団の特攻隊長」, meaning the "Koopa army's special attack squad leader"[5]. His emblem is shown to be a sky blue silhouette of his own head, in a similar manner to Bowser and Bowser Jr.. His winning animation has him waving to the crowd. This time, he is voiced by Michelle Hippie, but still retains some of his old sound clips provided by Lani Minella.
Despite being the youngest Koopaling, Larry is one of the heavier lightweights in the game. As such, his acceleration, handling, and grip stats are lowered a little to boost his speed and weight (he shares this trait with Toad, Koopa Troopa, Shy Guy, Toadette, Lakitu, and Wendy).
Larry is the Normal Staff Ghost for Electrodrome. There is also an advertisement called "Larry Lights" that can be seen in that course, as well as several screens that feature a silhouette of him as a disc jockey in front of dancing Koopa Troopas and Shy Guys.
The main color for Larry in the game is yellow, similar to Bowser Jr. in Mario Kart Wii. This color is used on most of the parts that change colors for him, including his Super Glider and Circuit Special, for which he uses the mostly female specific yellow and orange coloration. His signature sky blue is mostly used as an secondary color for his Standard vehicles and Pipe Frame. This makes his color scheme nearly identical to Lakitu's, but is often inverted to make yellow the prevalent color. It also prevents confusion with Lemmy Koopa's own light blue parts.
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS/Wii U[edit]
Larry, along with the rest of his siblings, make their Super Smash Bros. debut as playable characters via "palette swaps" of Bowser Jr. He is treated as a separate character, having his own voice, and the announcer calls him by name, but his attacks are identical to Bowser Jr. The rim and propeller of his Koopa Clown Car are colored light blue, his signature color, and has a different face. He is voiced by Lani Minella. As such, he and his siblings reuse their voice clips from their appearance in New Super Mario Bros. Wii. His in-game trophy states he is the leader of the Koopalings, which directly contrasts existing material stating Ludwig is the leader.
Other appearances and references[edit]
In Super Paper Mario, there is a game named Larry Koopa: Zombie Heartbreaker that Francis owns.
In Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games and Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games, a costume can be unlocked for the player's Mii that is based on Larry.
Super Princess Peach[edit]
Larry was originally going to appear in Super Princess Peach, although he was taken out of the final game with the rest of the Koopalings.
General information[edit]
Physical appearance[edit]
Like his siblings, Larry has yellow and tan skin, and a green head. He is set apart by the blue star on the side of his head, which is similar to Morton's star and the stripes on the side of Lemmy's head; this star was not added until New Super Mario Bros. Wii. Larry is around the same height as Princess Peach, and a little shorter than Ludwig. Larry has two, fang-like teeth in the upper corners of both sides of his snout, similar to Roy. His mouth is feline-shaped, as his lips are deeply curved, and his nose is flat; it is relatively the same as Roy's aside from the jawline. He also has a four-ribbed, padded stomach and padded feet.
He has large, oval eyes that are light blue, like Wendy; however, his in-game sprites in Super Mario World depict them as green due to the SNES's color palette limitations. His head is oval-shaped as well. He is on the small side when compared to the others. Larry can easily be recognized by his spiky, combed back hair, which is ice blue with highlights and blue roots (although it is depicted as white in his SMB3 and SMW sprites due to graphical limitations). Over time his hairstyle has remained relatively consistent. His shell is also light blue, lined with a white encasing, and the multiple, short spikes are circled with blue rings; originally, his shell was green, as seen in both his artwork and his sprites for SMB3 and SMW. He wears the same metal, spiked cuffs as the other Koopalings.
Personality and traits[edit]
Like the other Koopalings, not much of Larry's personality has been revealed, though his trophy description in the Japanese version of Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U describes him with "aggressive tendencies." While this may reference his short temper in New Super Mario Bros. Wii and New Super Mario Bros 2, this also implies that he is very active in a militant sense, which may have earned him his positions as the squad leader of the Koopa army and leader of the Koopalings. He also seems to have an interest in sports, as he uses bombs as bowling balls in Hotel Mario, and he uses a tennis racket to hit his own fireballs in Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga. Despite this interest, he has never appeared in any of the Mario sports games. New Super Mario Bros. Wii shows that he didn't possess a lot of stamina, as he was quite far behind his family, trying to catch his breath, while his siblings were trying to help Bowser up off the ground. Although, this may be due to the fact that he was residing in World 1, presumably the furthest world from Bowser's Castle in World 8. In the Japanese manual for Super Mario Bros. 3, Larry speaks in a masculine manner while thinking lowly of the Mushroom Kings and suggesting he and his siblings only follow orders because they don't want their father to yell at them. The official strategy guide for Super Mario Bros. 3 has Larry being depicted as taunting and very arrogant, believing Mario won't deduce his weaknesses, and also has a strange accent where he pronounces "th-" syllables with "d" syllables. In Mario is Missing!, Larry even attempts to talk his way out of being defeated by Luigi when sensing that the latter is about to win against him. In Mario Kart 8, Larry's silhouette could be seen in the Electrodrome race track as a disk jockey, implying that he may have an interest in that profession, or an interest in music in general. His Prima Offical Game Guide bio of the game also states that he is a "cheatsy devil" (this may be a coincidental reference to his cartoon counterpart) and an experienced schemer. In volume 41 of "Super Mario-Kun," the young koopaling was accused of being a flirt by Blue Toad, as he and his brother caught Larry for hitting on their mother.
In The Adventures of the Super Mario Bros. 3 and the Super Mario World animated series, Larry was known as Cheatsy Koopa and he was given a personality to match his name, as he was sneaky, unfair, and devious. For example, he attempts to double-cross Bowser in his attempt to obtain the Mushroom Kingdom from Princess Peach in "Never Koop a Koopa". He also eavesdrops on a conversation between Mario and Yoshi in "The Yoshi Shuffle". It is also shown that he enjoys listening to music, as shown in the episode "Never Koop a Koopa", where he is ignoring his father's lecture and listening to music on a set of headphones. He seems to be sarcastic too, as shown in "Gopher Bash", he says Don't just help him! Stand there! to his minions. In the PC version of Mario is Missing!, Larry is shown acting tough as the first guard, but shows cowardice once Luigi gains a Fire Flower and has the potential to destroy him. Like Ludwig, he is also into a horror theme, as seen in Hotel Mario, since the room that the player fights him in is called "Larry's Scary Lair". His hotel itself is very dark and the entrance states, "THIS MINE IS MINE".
Powers and abilities[edit]
Like the other Koopalings, Larry has shown the ability to generate magic blasts, as well as walk, run, or jump, as well as spin inside of his shell. He is usually the weakest of the group due to him being faced in battle before the others in most games, although in some occasions he is actually the last to be fought and his abilities are altered accordingly. In New Super Mario Bros. Wii the only magic he can perform with his wand is to make a low heated blue fire ball. Unlike the other Koopalings, Larry doesn't show any signs of improvisation, as he keeps his battle tactics mostly the same when the player fights him the second time. In Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga he has the same stats as Iggy and uses the same technique of spinning around at extreme speeds in order to make his foes dizzy. He is unique in that he uses a tennis racket to spar with the Mario Bros. before the actual battle, and in Hotel Mario, he used a bowling ball against them. In the former game, he is also capable of utilizing poison and burn status effects as a deterrent against Bros. Attacks. In New Super Mario Bros. 2, he also fires energy blasts at Mario that ricochet against obstacles, similar to Wendy's rings. He also used water geysers to his advantage in his battle in New Super Mario Bros. U. In Super Mario World, Larry shares Iggy's tactics against the Mario Bros. by throwing balls at them that he keeps in his shell. However, he also raises the stakes by having podoboos periodically jump up, and flings balls at a faster frequency than Iggy.
Sprites from Super Princess Peach relating to his planned appearance implied that he would have utilized his spin attack once again against Peach. Similarly, it would have been implied that his Vibe-state during what would have been the second half would have been "Calm."
Official profiles and statistics[edit]
Bio from The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 Writers Bible[edit]
He loves to tie people up and then challenge them to a foot race. In reform school, he copied so many test papers, he got writer's claw. His hobby is counterfeiting Gold Coins, and he does such a great job of it, that Koopa has put him in charge of the Kastle Koopa treasury, where he happily spends every day cheating his brother and sister Koopalings on their allowances. When Koopa wants to be sneaky and devious, he calls on Cheatsy.
Mario Kart 8[edit]
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS/Wii U trophy description[edit]
Game appearances[edit]
Names in other languages[edit]
- Articles nominated to be FAs
- Articles with broken file links
- Super Mario Advance 4: Super Mario Bros. 3
- Super Mario World
- The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3
- Super Mario World (television series)
- Koopalings
- Koopas
- Koopa Troop
- Princes
- Royalty
- Magicians
- Thieves & Bandits
- Siblings
- Reptiles and Amphibians
- Villains
- Characters
- Bosses
- Hotel Mario
- Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga Bosses
- Mario Kart 8
- Mario Kart Series Playable Characters
- New Super Mario Bros. 2 Bosses
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- New Super Mario Bros. Wii Trading Cards
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- Yoshi's Safari


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The World Association for Christian Communication has chosen as one of its project partners a Peruvian organisation that helps indigenous people find a voice.
The Latin American Council of Churches Youth Pastoral Ministry will be seeking to strengthen its work in Central and South America over the next three years.
A theological peace principle rooted in community experience has been presented to Latin American Peace Churches meeting in the Dominican Republic.
Representatives of the Historic Peace Churches in Latin America have been meeting together to focus on seeking "the peace of the city."
Joel Linares, a grassroots Venezuelan activist inspired by liberation theology will begin a speaking tour of Britain this weekend.
'Hunger for Peace: Faces, Paths, Cultures' is the theme of a landmark gathering of Historic Peace Churches taking place in Latin America next week.
Equality campaigners in Argentina are celebrating after the country's Senate voted to give legal recognition to same-sex marriage. Same-sex couples will also be allowed to adopt children.
Honduras must immediately halt their "repressive" response to a week of violent political unrest that left five people reportedly killed, Amnesty International has said.
The Rev Nilton Giese, a Lutheran pastor from Brazil, has been named as the new general secretary of the Latin American Council of Churches (CLAI), the leading inter-church body in the region.
The election of former Roman Catholic bishop Fernando Lugo as president of Paraguay is a further sign of a left-wing shift in Latin America, according to long-term observers of the region's sometimes volcanic political scene.


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text: content Adrenal Disease Updated: 08/26/2004 ABSTRACTS Effect of green tea rich in gamma-aminobutyric acid on blood pressure of Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Abe Y, Umemura S, Sugimoto K, et al.Am J Hypertens. 1995 Jan; 8(1):74-9.gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to be involved in the regulation of blood pressure by modulating the neurotransmitter release in the central and peripheral sympathetic nervous systems. This study investigated the antihypertensive effect of green tea rich in GABA (GABA-rich tea) in young and old Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats. GABA-rich tea was made by fermenting fresh green tea leaves under nitrogen gas. In experiment 1, 21 11-month-old rats, fed a 4% NaCl diet for 3 weeks, were given water (group W), an ordinary tea solution (group T), or a GABA-rich tea solution (group G) for 4 weeks. The average GABA intake was 4.0 mg/rat per day. After 4 weeks of the treatment, blood pressure was significantly decreased in group G (176 +/- 4; P < .01) compared with group W (207 +/- 9) or group T (193 +/- 5 mm Hg). Plasma GABA levels were more elevated in group G (111 +/- 54) than in group W (not detectable) or group T (14 +/- 8 ng/mL; P < .01 v G). In experiment 2, 21 5-week-old rats, fed a 4% NaCl diet, were divided into groups W, T, and G. The average GABA intake was 1.8 mg/rat per day. Body weight or chow and beverage consumption did not differ significantly among the three groups. After 4 weeks of the treatment, although blood pressure was comparable in groups W and T (165 +/- 3 v 164 +/- 5 mm Hg, mean +/- SE), it was significantly lower in group G (142 +/- 3 mm Hg) than in the other groups (P < .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Decreased levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in severe critical illness: a sign of exhausted adrenal reserve?Beishuizen A, Thijs LG, Vermes I.Crit Care. 2002 Oct; 6(5):434-8.INTRODUCTION: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulphate (DHEAS) are pleiotropic adrenal hormones with immunostimulating and antiglucocorticoid effects. The present study was conducted to evaluate the time course of DHEAS levels in critically ill patients and to study their association with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This was a prospective observational clinical and laboratory study, including 30 patients with septic shock, eight patients with multiple trauma, and 40 age- and sex-matched control patients. We took serial measurements of blood concentrations of DHEAS, cortisol, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6, and of adrenocorticotrophic hormone immunoreactivity over 14 days or until discharge/death. RESULTS: On admission, DHEAS was extremely low in septic shock (1.2 +/- 0.8 mol/l) in comparison with multiple trauma patients (2.4 +/- 0.5 micromol/l; P < 0.05) and control patients (4.2 +/- 1.8; P < 0.01). DHEAS had a significant (P < 0.01) negative correlation with age, IL-6 and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores in both patient groups. Only during the acute phase did DHEAS negatively correlate with dopamine. Nonsurvivors of septic shock (n = "11)" had lower DHEAS levels (0.4 +/- 0.3 micromol/l) than did survivors (1.7 +/- 1.1 micromol/l; P < 0.01). The time course of DHEAS exhibited a persistent depletion during follow up, whereas cortisol levels were increased at all time points. CONCLUSION: We identified extremely low DHEAS levels in septic shock and, to a lesser degree, in multiple trauma patients as compared with those of age- and sex-matched control patients. There appeared to be a dissociation between DHEAS (decreased) and cortisol (increased) levels, which changed only slightly over time. Nonsurvivors of sepsis and patients with relative adrenal insufficiency had the lowest DHEAS values, suggesting that DHEAS might be a prognostic marker and a sign of exhausted adrenal reserve in critical illness The influence of phosphatidylserine supplementation on mood and heart rate when faced with an acute stressor.Benton D, Donohoe RT, Sillance B, et al.Nutr Neurosci. 2001; 4(3):169-78.There have been previous reports that supplements of phosphatidylserine (PS) blunted the release of cortisol in response to exercise stress and that it improved mood. The present study extended these observations by considering whether PS supplementation influenced subjective feelings of stress and the change in heart rate when a stressful mental arithmetic task was performed. In young adults, with neuroticism scores above rather than below the median, the taking of 300mg PS each day for a month was associated with feeling less stressed and having a better mood. The study for the first time reports an improvement in mood following PS supplementation in a sub-group of young healthy adults A randomized controlled trial of high dose ascorbic acid for reduction of blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective responses to psychological stress.Brody S, Preut R, Schommer K, et al.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Jan; 159(3):319-24.RATIONALE: Physiological responses to stress are considered disruptive to health. High-dose ascorbic acid has reduced indices of stress in laboratory animals. METHODS: We conducted a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled 14-day trial of sustained-release ascorbic acid (60 healthy young adults; 3 x1000 mg/day Cetebe) and placebo (60 healthy young adults) for reduction of blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective response to acute psychological stress (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST, consisting of public speaking and mental arithmetic). Six subjects from each group were excluded. RESULTS: Compared to the placebo group, the ascorbic acid group had less systolic blood pressure (an increase of 23 versus 31 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure, and subjective stress responses to the TSST; and also had faster salivary cortisol recovery (but not smaller overall cortisol response). Cortisol response to 1 microg ACTH, and reported side-effects during the trial did not differ between groups. Plasma ascorbic acid level at the end of the trial but not pre-trial was associated with reduced stress reactivity of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and subjective stress, and with greater salivary cortisol recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with high-dose sustained-release ascorbic acid palliates blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective response to acute psychological stress. These effects are not attributable to modification of adrenal responsiveness The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine.Clayman CB. 1989; Gerovital H3 in the treatment of the depressed aging patient.Cohen SDKS.Psychosomatics. 1974; 15(1):15-9. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits the pituitary response to exercise-related stress in humans.Di Luigi L, Guidetti L, Romanelli F, et al.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Dec; 33(12):2029-35.PURPOSE: Prostaglandins (PGs) modulate the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, and pituitary hormones are largely involved in the physiological responses to exercise. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), an inhibitor of PGs synthesis, in the pituitary responses to physical stress in humans. METHODS: Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), beta-endorphin, cortisol, growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) responses to exercise were evaluated after administration of either placebo or ASA. Blood samples for hormone evaluations before (-30, -15, and 0 pre) and after (0 post, +15, +30, +45, +60, and +90 min) a 30-min treadmill exercise (75% of .VO(2max)) were taken from 12 male athletes during two exercise trials. One tablet of ASA (800 mg), or placebo, was administered two times daily for 3 d before and on the morning of each exercise-test. RESULTS: The results clearly show that, compared with placebo, ASA ingestion significantly blunted the increased serum ACTH, beta-endorphin, cortisol, and GH levels before exercise (anticipatory response) and was associated with reduced cortisol concentrations after exercise. Furthermore, although no differences in the GH response to exercise were shown, a significantly reduced total PRL response to stress condition was observed after ASA. CONCLUSION: ASA influences ACTH, beta-endorphin, cortisol, GH, and PRL responses to exercise-related stress in humans (preexercise activation/exercise-linked response). Even though it is not possible to exclude direct action for ASA, our data indirectly confirm a role of PGs in these responses. We have to further evaluate the nature of the preexercise endocrine activation and, because of the large use of anti-inflammatory drugs in athletes, whether the interaction between ASA and hormones might positively or negatively influence health status, performance, and/or recovery Psychoneuroendocrinological contributions to the etiology of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and stress-related bodily disorders: the role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.Ehlert U, Gaab J, Heinrichs M.Biol Psychol. 2001 Jul; 57(1-3):141-52.Following the assumption that stressors play an important part in the etiology and maintenance of psychiatric disorders, it is necessary to evaluate parameters reflecting stress-related physiological reactions. Results from these examinations may help to deepen the insight into the etiology of psychiatric disorders and to elucidate diagnostic uncertainties. One of the best-known stress-related endocrine reactions is the hormonal release of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Dysregulations of this axis are associated with several psychiatric disorders. Profound hyperactivity of the HPA-axis has been found in melancholic depression, alcoholism, and eating disorders. In contrast, posttraumatic stress disorder, stress-related bodily disorders like idiopathic pain syndromes, and chronic fatigue syndrome seem to be associated with diminished HPA activity (lowered activity of the adrenal gland). Hypotheses referring to (a) the psychophysiological meaning and (b) the development of these alterations are discussed Oral dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) replacement therapy in women with Addison's disease.Gebre-Medhin G, Husebye ES, Mallmin H, et al.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000 Jun; 52(6):775-80.OBJECTIVE: Patients with primary adrenocortical failure (Addison's disease) have abnormally low levels of DHEA and androgens relative to age. To define a suitable dose, the effect of oral dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) replacement therapy in women with Addison's disease (n = 9) was evaluated. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS: DHEA was administered as a daily oral dose of either 50 mg (n = 5) or 200 mg (n = 4). Blood sampling and measurements of insulin sensitivity (as measured with euglycemic insulin clamp technique) and body composition (as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) were performed before and during DHEA treatment and at a 3-month follow up. RESULTS: DHEA and DHEA(S) levels were restored to normal in those patients receiving 50 mg whereas DHEA(S) level was slightly above the normal reference value in those receiving 200 mg. Circulating levels of androgens (androstenedione, testosterone and testosterone/SHBG ratio) were normalized in all patients. A slight rise in IGF-1 levels was seen in both groups as was a decrease in the levels of low and high density lipoproteins. No effect on blood glucose levels or insulin sensitivity was seen and no change of body composition was observed. No serious side-effects were seen, but some of the patients experienced increased apocrine sweat secretion (n = 7), itchy scalp (n = 2) and acne (n = 7), all of which were reversed when DHEA was discontinued. CONCLUSION: A daily replacement dose of 50 mg of DHEA results in near physiological levels of DHEA, DHEA(S) androstenedione and testosterone in women with Addison's disease, without severe side-effects The effects of procaine/haematoporphyrin on age-related decline: a double-blind trial.Hall MR, Briggs RS, MacLennan WJ, et al.Age Ageing. 1983 Nov; 12(4):302-8.A randomized, double-blind study of procaine/haematoporphyrin (KH3) has been carried out over two years in a selected population of healthy elderly subjects. The period of study exceeds 500 patient years. The trial population was weighted to contain a larger proportion of subjects aged over 75 years than a standard population; those receiving active KH3 had similar characteristics on entry to those receiving placebo. Over the course of two years, KH3 was shown to be an active substance in that: (a) decrement in the consolidation of new learning was prevented in the treatment group (less than 1.0%, as against 38% in the placebo group); (b) the prevalence of incontinence increased significantly in the placebo group, but not in the active group (P less than 0.05); (c) there was a significant increase in grip strength in the active treatment group (+22%, P less than 0.01 v. placebo); (d) more adverse reactions were observed on treatment with KH3 (P less than 0.005) Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison's disease in a randomized, double blind trial.Hunt PJ, Gurnell EM, Huppert FA, et al.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Dec; 85(12):4650-6.Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) are adrenal precursors of steroid biosynthesis and centrally acting neurosteroids. Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiencies in Addison's disease require life-long hormone replacement, but the associated failure of DHEA synthesis is not corrected. We conducted a randomized, double blind study in which 39 patients with Addison's disease received either 50 mg oral DHEA daily for 12 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout period, then 12 weeks of placebo, or vice versa. After DHEA treatment, levels of DHEAS and Delta(4)-androstenedione rose from subnormal to within the adult physiological range. Total testosterone increased from subnormal to low normal with a fall in serum sex hormone-binding globulin in females, but with no change in either parameter in males. In both sexes, psychological assessment showed significant enhancement of self-esteem with a tendency for improved overall well-being. Mood and fatigue also improved significantly, with benefit being evident in the evenings. No effects on cognitive or sexual function, body composition, lipids, or bone mineral density were observed. Our results indicate that DHEA replacement corrects this steroid deficiency effectively and improves some aspects of psychological function. Beneficial effects in males, independent of circulating testosterone levels, suggest that it may act directly on the central nervous system rather than by augmenting peripheral androgen biosynthesis. These positive effects, in the absence of significant adverse events, suggest a role for DHEA replacement therapy in the treatment of Addison's disease Nutritional and botanical interventions to assist with the adaptation to stress.Kelly GS.Altern Med Rev. 1999 Aug; 4(4):249-65.Prolonged stress, whether a result of mental/emotional upset or due to physical factors such as malnutrition, surgery, chemical exposure, excessive exercise, sleep deprivation, or a host of other environmental causes, results in predictable systemic effects. The systemic effects of stress include increased levels of stress hormones such as cortisol, a decline in certain aspects of immune system function such as natural killer cell cytotoxicity or secretory-IgA levels, and a disruption of gastrointestinal microflora balance. These systemic changes might be a substantial contributor to many of the stress-associated declines in health. Based on human and animal research, it appears a variety of nutritional and botanical substances - such as adaptogenic herbs, specific vitamins including ascorbic acid, vitamins B1 and B6, the coenzyme forms of vitamin B5 (pantethine) and B12 (methylcobalamin), the amino acid tyrosine, and other nutrients such as lipoic acid, phosphatidylserine, and plant sterol/sterolin combinations - may allow individuals to sustain an adaptive response and minimize some of the systemic effects of stress Effects of L-theanine on the release of brain waves in human volunteers.Kobayashi K.Nippon Noegik Kaishi. 1998;(72):153-7. Effects of phosphatidylserine on the neuroendocrine response to physical stress in humans.Monteleone P, Beinat L, Tanzillo C, et al.Neuroendocrinology. 1990 Sep; 52(3):243-8.The activity of brain cortex-derived phosphatidylserine (BC-PS) on the neuroendocrine and neurovegetative responses to physical stress was tested in 8 healthy men who underwent three experiments with a bicycle ergometer. According to a double-blind design, before starting the exercise, each subject received intravenously, within 10 min, 50 or 75 mg of BC-PS or a volume-matched placebo diluted in 100 ml of saline. Blood samples were collected before and after the exercise for plasma epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol, growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and glucose determinations. Blood pressure and heart rate were also recorded. Physical stress induced a clear-cut increase in plasma E, NE, ACTH, cortisol, GH and PRL, whereas no significant change was observed in plasma DA and glucose. Pretreatment with both 50 and 75 mg BC-PS significantly blunted the ACTH and cortisol responses to physical stress Serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in patients with asymptomatic cortisol producing adrenal adenoma: comparison with adrenal Cushing's syndrome and non-functional adrenal tumor.Morio H, Terano T, Yamamoto K, et al.Endocr J. 1996 Aug; 43(4):387-96.The reported number of adrenal incidentalomas has been increasing because of wider application of imaging techniques. Patients with asymptomatic cortisol producing adrenal adenoma (ASCA) which secretes cortisol without clinical evidence of Cushing's syndrome has been more frequently observed than previously assumed, and they have a risk of adrenal insufficiency after adrenalectomy. Therefore patients with incidentalomas should be screened for cortisol overproduction. The aim of this study is to discover an easy screening test to uncover ASCA. We investigated the hormone profiles of 4 patients with ASCA in comparison with 11 patients with non-functional adrenal tumor and 10 patients with adrenal Cushing's syndrome. We also investigated the expression of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase (DHEA-ST) in surgically removed attached non-neoplastic adrenal tissues by immunostaining, which was considered to represent the degree of suppression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) levels of all the patients with ASCA and adrenal Cushing's syndrome were lower than those of healthy subjects of corresponding age, but they were within the normal range in the patients with non-functional adrenal tumors. The serum DHEA-S level reflects the degree of suppression of the normal adrenal gland by cortisol hypersecretion from adrenal tumors. But the serum level of DHEA-S decreases with age, and because the normal range of serum DHEA-S is low in elderly subjects, we should be careful to evaluate the level of DHEA-S in elderly patients with adrenal Cushing's syndrome or ASCA. The immunohistochemical study showed DHEA-ST expression was noticeably suppressed in the adjacent adrenal cortex in ASCA and adrenal Cushing's syndrome. The decreased expression of DHEA-ST may reflect autonomous neoplastic cortisol secretion and subsequent ACTH suppression in ASCA and adrenal Cushing's syndrome. A single measurement of plasma ACTH or measurement of ACTH response to corticotropin-releasing hormone was not enough to screen for ASCA because of the wide variation among the cases. Dexamethasone suppression test is essential in identifying ASCA and also a single determination of serum DHEA-S is easy and may be useful for the screening of ASCA in adrenal incidentalomas in young and middle aged subjects, and is especially useful for outpatients Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine.Murray MT. 1997; The Facts You Need to Know: Addison's Disease, Cushing's Syndrome, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, and Hyperaldosteronism.NADF. 1998 Tea catechin supplementation increases antioxidant capacity and prevents phospholipid hydroperoxidation in plasma of humans.Nakagawa K, Ninomiya M, Okubo T, et al.J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Oct; 47(10):3967-73.The effect of green tea catechin supplementation on antioxidant capacity of human plasma was investigated. Eighteen healthy male volunteers who orally ingested green tea extract (254 mg of total catechins/subject) showed 267 pmol of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCg) per milliliter of plasma at 60 min after administration. The plasma phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PCOOH) levels attenuated from 73.7 pmol/mL in the control to 44.6 pmol/mL in catechin-treated subjects, being correlated inversely with the increase in plasma EGCg level. The results suggested that drinking green tea contributes to prevent cardiovascular disease by increasing plasma antioxidant capacity in humans Effects of six months melatonin treatment on sleep quality and serum concentrations of estradiol, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and somatomedin C in elderly women.Pawlikowski M, Kolomecka M, Wojtczak A, et al.Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002 Apr; 23 Suppl 1:17-9.OBJECTIVES: The role of melatonin is aging is still under debate. Therefore, an open pilot study on the effects of melatonin administration on some sleep parameters, routine hematological and biochemical parameters, and concentrations of hormones was performed in elderly women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study was performed on 14 women (volunteers), aged from 64 to 80 years (mean age 71+/-4.6 years). Melatonin (2 mg daily at 19:00 h) was administered during 6 months. Before and after melatonin treatment the peripheral venous blood samples were taken in the morning (approx. at 08:00 h) after the overnight fast. The total blood count, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides were estimated by routine laboratory methods. The serum concentrations of the following hormones were determined: 17-beta-estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol, and somatomedin C (IGF-I). Additionally, before and after 6 months of melatonin therapy the investigated subjects answered to a questionnaire dealing with sleep parameters and self-estimation of general health status. RESULTS: In 35.7% of investigated subjects an improvement in general sleep quality and in such sleep parameters as sleep initiation, sleep latency, number of awakenings episodes, wake time after sleep onset, was observed. A significant decrease of estradiol concentrations was observed after 6 months of the melatonin treatment in comparison to initial levels. IGF-I was found to be slightly but significantly increased after the 6 months melatonin therapy. Cortisol levels did not change significantly, during the melatonin treatment. DHEAS concentrations increased after melatonin therapy. Moreover, a tendency towards a higher DHEAS/cortisol ratio was found after 6 months of treatment. Melatonin treatment did not influence significantly either the parameters of total blood count or glucose and serum lipids levels. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of this preliminary open study it seems that melatonin administration may be beneficial for elderly subjects Vitamin C supplementation attenuates the increases in circulating cortisol, adrenaline and anti-inflammatory polypeptides following ultramarathon running.Peters EM, Anderson R, Nieman DC, et al.Int J Sports Med. 2001 Oct; 22(7):537-43.The effects of vitamin C supplementation on the alterations in the circulating concentrations of cortisol, adrenaline, interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) which accompany ultramarathon running were measured using immuno-chemiluminescence, radioimmunoassay and ELISA procedures. Forty-five participants in the 1999 Comrades 90 km marathon were divided into equal groups (n = 15) receiving 500 mg/day Vit C (VC-500), 1500 mg/day Vit C (VC-1500) or placebo (P) for 7 days before the race, on the day of the race, and for 2 days following completion. Runners recorded dietary intake before, during and after the race and provided 35 ml blood samples 15 - 18 hrs before the race, immediately post-race, 24 hrs post race and 48 hrs post-race. Twenty-nine runners (VC-1500, n = 12; VC-500, n = 10; P, n = 7) complied with all study requirements. All post-race concentrations were adjusted for plasma volume changes. Analyses of dietary intakes and blood glucose and anti-oxidant status on the day preceding the race and the day of the race did not reveal that carbohydrate intake or plasma vitamins E and A were significant confounders in the study. Mean pre-race concentrations of serum vitamin C in VC-500 and VC-1500 groups (128 +/- 31 and 153 +/- 34 micromol/l) were significantly higher than in the P group (83 +/- 39 micromol/l). Immediate post-race serum cortisol was significantly lower in the VC-1500 group (p < 0.05) than in P and VC-500 groups. When the data from VC-500 and P groups was combined (n = "17)," immediate post-race plasma adrenaline, IL-10 and IL-1Ra concentrations were also significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the VC-1500 group. The study demonstrates an attenuation, albeit transient, of both the adrenal stress hormone and anti-inflammatory polypeptide response to prolonged exercise in runners who supplemented with 1500 mg vitamin C per day when compared to < or = "500" mg per day Attenuation of increase in circulating cortisol and enhancement of the acute phase protein response in vitamin C-supplemented ultramarathoners.Peters EM, Anderson R, Theron AJ.Int J Sports Med. 2001 Feb; 22(2):120-6.Supplementary vitamin C (2 x 500 mg tablets daily) or a matched placebo was administered to 10 and 6 ultramarathon athletes respectively for 7 days prior to participation in a 90 kilometer running event, as well as on the day of the race and for 2 days after its completion. Circulating concentrations of vitamins A, C and E, as well as those of leukocytes and platelets, myeloperoxidase, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), cortisol, and creatine kinase were measured 16 hours before the race and at 30 min, 24 hours, and 48 hours after completion. Pre-race vitamin C concentrations in the supplemented group were unchanged after the race (118.2 +/- 15.9 and 115.9 +/- 11.9 micromol/l) while an increase was observed in the placebo group immediately post-race (85.8 +/- 11.9 to 107.4 +/- 18.8 micromol), with a return to pre-race values after 24 hours. Immediately on completion of the race transient elevations occurred in the concentrations of circulating neutrophils, monocytes and platelets, IL-6, cortisol, CRP, and creatine kinase in both groups. In the supplemented group the concentrations of CRP were significantly higher (p < 0.01) at each of the post-race time-points while those of cortisol were 30% lower immediately post-race. These observations provide evidence that supplementation with vitamin C may blunt the adaptive mobilization of this vitamin from the adrenals during exercise-induced oxidative stress and may be associated with an enhancement of the acute phase protein response and attenuation of the exercise-induced increase in serum cortisol Licorice ingestion and blood pressure regulating hormones.Schambelan M.Steroids. 1994 Feb; 59(2):127-30.Nearly half a century ago Revers reported that administration of a paste prepared from succus liquiritiae, a dried watery extract of the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra, resulted in a reduction in abdominal symptoms as well as radiographic evidence of healing in patients suffering from gastric ulcer. Subsequent studies demonstrated that this preparation could prevent the formation of gastric ulcers in experimental animals and confirmed the salutary effects in patients, but found that approximately 20% of patients so treated developed facial and dependent edema, often accompanied by headache, shortness of breath, stiffness, and pain in the upper abdomen. Although these symptoms suggested an allergic reaction, they were not accompanied by eosinophilia or relieved by antihistamines. These untoward effects usually subsided with a reduction of dose, although in some patients treatment had to be discontinued entirely. Given this profile of side effects, enthusiasm for licorice as a remedy for peptic ulcer disease soon faded. However, the popularity of licorice flavoring in candy and in other products such as chewing tobacco persists to this day, as do the problems in electrolyte and blood pressure homeostasis that can occasionally occur in individuals ingesting large quantities of licorice-containing products. Although the pattern of the renal response suggested that the active ingredients in licorice were acting directly on the mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidney, an even more fascinating explanation for the toxic effects of licorice has emerged in the past decade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Decreased melatonin concentration in Cushing's syndrome.Soszynski P, Stowinska-Srzednicka J, Kasperlik-Zatuska A, et al.Horm Metab Res. 1989 Dec; 21(12):673-4.To determine the effect of hypercortisolaemia on the melatonin circadian secretion 12 patients with pituitary or adrenal dependent Cushing's syndrome and 5 healthy controls were studied. The melatonin circadian rhythm of secretion, observed in the control group, was abolished in the patients with hypercortisolaemia. Mean nocturnal melatonin levels and the integrated 24-hour secretion were significantly lower in the patients studied than those of the controls. Thus, in patients with Cushing's syndrome the melatonin levels are decreased and the circadian rhythm of this hormone is abolished [Adrenal cortex functional activity in pantothenate deficiency and the administration of the vitamin or its derivatives].Tarasov I, Sheibak VM, Moiseenok AG.Vopr Pitan. 1985 Jul;(4):51-4.Study of the corticosteroid content in the adrenals and blood of rats under pantothenate deficiency has demonstrated a decrease in adrenocortical function. A single administration of pantothenate in a dose of 3.3 mg/kg reduced the influence of hypovitaminosis on the adrenals. The pantothenate derivatives (pantethine, 4'-phosphopantothenate and CoA in particular) injected to intact animals in a single dose equimolar to 3.3 mg/kg calcium pantothenate per kg bw had a marked steroidogenous effect Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress.Tsigos C, Chrousos GP.J Psychosom Res. 2002 Oct; 53(4):865-71.The stress system coordinates the adaptive responses of the organism to stressors of any kind.(1). The main components of the stress system are the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and locus ceruleus-norepinephrine (LC/NE)-autonomic systems and their peripheral effectors, the pituitary-adrenal axis, and the limbs of the autonomic system. Activation of the stress system leads to behavioral and peripheral changes that improve the ability of the organism to adjust homeostasis and increase its chances for survival. The CRH and LC/NE systems stimulate arousal and attention, as well as the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system, which is involved in anticipatory and reward phenomena, and the hypothalamic beta-endorphin system, which suppresses pain sensation and, hence, increases analgesia. CRH inhibits appetite and activates thermogenesis via the catecholaminergic system. Also, reciprocal interactions exist between the amygdala and the hippocampus and the stress system, which stimulates these elements and is regulated by them. CRH plays an important role in inhibiting GnRH secretion during stress, while, via somatostatin, it also inhibits GH, TRH and TSH secretion, suppressing, thus, the reproductive, growth and thyroid functions. Interestingly, all three of these functions receive and depend on positive catecholaminergic input. The end-hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, glucocorticoids, on the other hand, have multiple roles. They simultaneously inhibit the CRH, LC/NE and beta-endorphin systems and stimulate the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system and the CRH peptidergic central nucleus of the amygdala. In addition, they directly inhibit pituitary gonadotropin, GH and TSH secretion, render the target tissues of sex steroids and growth factors resistant to these substances and suppress the 5' deiodinase, which converts the relatively inactive tetraiodothyronine (T(4)) to triiodothyronine (T(3)), contributing further to the suppression of reproductive, growth and thyroid functions. They also have direct as well as insulin-mediated effects on adipose tissue, ultimately promoting visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension (metabolic syndrome X) and direct effects on the bone, causing "low turnover" osteoporosis. Central CRH, via glucocorticoids and catecholamines, inhibits the inflammatory reaction, while directly secreted by peripheral nerves CRH stimulates local inflammation (immune CRH). CRH antagonists may be useful in human pathologic states, such as melancholic depression and chronic anxiety, associated with chronic hyperactivity of the stress system, along with predictable behavioral, neuroendocrine, metabolic and immune changes, based on the interrelations outlined above. Conversely, potentiators of CRH secretion/action may be useful to treat atypical depression, postpartum depression and the fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndromes, all characterized by low HPA axis and LC/NE activity, fatigue, depressive symptomatology, hyperalgesia and increased immune/inflammatory responses to stimuli Unusual association of thyroiditis, Addison's disease, ovarian failure and celiac disease in a young woman.Valentino R, Savastano S, Tommaselli AP, et al.J Endocrinol Invest. 1999 May; 22(5):390-4.The coexistence of autoimmune endocrine diseases, particularly autoimmune thyroid disease and celiac disease (CD), has recently been reported. We here present a 23-year-old woman with a diagnosis of hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoimmune Addison's disease, and kariotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Considering the close association between autoimmune diseases and CD, we decided to search for IgA anti-endomysium antibodies (EmA) in the serum. The positivity of EmA and the presence of total villous atrophy at jejunal biopsy allowed the diagnosis of CD. On a gluten-free diet the patient showed a marked clinical improvement accompanied, over a 3-month period, by a progressive decrease in the need for thyroid and adrenal replacement therapies. After 6 months, serum EmA became negative and after 12 months a new jejunal biopsy showed complete mucosal recovery. After 18 months on gluten-free diet, the anti-thyroid antibodies titre decreased significantly, and we could discontinue thyroid substitutive therapy. This case emphasizes the association between autoimmune polyglandular disease and CD; the precocious identification of these cases is clinically relevant not only for the high risk of complications (e.g. lymphoma) inherent to untreated CD, but also because CD is one of the causes for the failure of substitute hormonal therapy in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease The relationship of serum DHEA-S and cortisol levels to measures of immune function in human immunodeficiency virus-related illness.Wisniewski TL, Hilton CW, Morse EV, et al.Am J Med Sci. 1993 Feb; 305(2):79-83. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major cause of immunoincompetence. Whether the virus, itself, accounts for all the deficiency remains in question. Steroids can also influence immune function; glucocorticoids cause immunoincompetence while dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) enhances immune function. Changes in the levels of such hormones during the course of HIV illness might result in significant changes in immune competence. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) or cortisol levels correlate with absolute CD4 lymphocyte levels. Plasma for cortisol and DHEA-S was drawn from 98 adults with HIV. Of these, 67 had simultaneous CD4 levels. Cortisol levels were 12.4 +/- 4.6 micrograms/dl, DHEA-S 262 +/- 142 micrograms/dl, and CD4 levels were 308 +/- 217/mm3 (mean +/- SD). Correlational analysis revealed a significant relationship between DHEA-S and CD4 levels (r = 0.30; p = 0.01) but not between CD4 levels and cortisol (r = 0.11; p = 0.36) or cortisol/DHEA-S ratios (r = 0.17; p = 0.16). When analyzed by clinical subgroups, significant differences were also found with a decrease in DHEA-S levels seen in persons with more advanced illness. The data exhibit a positive relationship between the immune status of patients with HIV-related illness and DHEA, leading to the hypothesis that DHEA deficiency may worsen immune status


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Cold, Flu, & Cough Health Center
Swine Flu FAQ
How severe is swine flu? continued...
It's impossible to know whether the virus will become more deadly. Scientists are watching closely to see which way the new swine flu virus is heading -- but health experts warn that flu viruses are notoriously hard to predict.
But there's a lot of planning you can do. CDC officials predict that just about every U.S. community will have H1N1 swine flu cases. It's possible some schools in your community may temporarily close, or even that major gatherings may be canceled. So make contingency plans just in case you are affected. For more information on preparedness planning, see the U.S. government's pandemicflu.gov web site.
Have there been previous swine flu oubtreaks?
Yes, but never before has there been a swine flu pandemic. Pigs can be infected with a wide range of flu viruses. Once in a while, a person in close contact with pigs becomes infected. It's not possible to get swine flu from eating pork.
In 1976, there was an outbreak of swine-origin flu among military recruits in Ft. Dix, N.J. Some of these young men died. Health experts on the lookout for the next flu pandemic thought the infection would spread further and launched a vaccination campaign. As it turned out, the virus never spread and disappeared on its own. Because the vaccine carried a small increased risk of severe neurological problems -- and because there was no benefit in a vaccine for a pandemic that never happened -- the vaccination campaign was stopped.
I was vaccinated against the 1976 swine flu virus. Am I still protected?
Probably not. The new swine flu virus is different from the 1976 virus. And it's not clear whether a vaccine given more than 30 years ago would still be effective.
How many people have swine flu?
That's no longer possible to answer definitively, because so many people have become infected that most nations can no longer test everyone suspected of having H1N1 swine flu. The CDC counts hospitalizations and deaths, but even these figures underestimate the true extent of the pandemic. Instead of misleading case counts, the CDC has estimated the number of cases, hospitalizations, and deaths:
- The CDC estimates that between 43 million and 89 million cases of 2009 H1N1 occurred between April 2009 and April 10, 2010. The mid-level in this range is about 61 million people infected with 2009 H1N1.
- The CDC estimates that between 195,000 and 403,000 H1N1-related hospitalizations occurred between April 2009 and April 10, 2010. The mid-level in this range is about 274,000 2009 H1N1-related hospitalizations.
- The CDC estimates that between about 8,870 and 18,300 2009 H1N1-related deaths occurred between April 2009 and April 10, 2010. The mid-level in this range is about 12,470 2009 H1N1-related deaths.
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Notes from a small group dinner, focussed on Burgundy.
Launois Pere et Fils Champagne Cuvée Reserve Blanc de Blancs Brut Grand Cru –buttery lemon nose, with nice fruit, bright in the mouth and very pleasant.
Served with a tarte flamande.
We moved on to a trio of Chablis with a Tower of Seafood! This is a three tiered rotating tray assembly stacked with, in this case, oysters, prawns and a couple of 3-4 lb. lobsters.
2004 Vincent Dauvissat Chablis Grand Cru Les Preuses – a ripe lemon based nose with apparent oak and some apple. Very well balanced and with good length. I tucked into the oysters over a glass of this (so nice that there are always those in any group who are not oyster fans, leaving yours truly to gamely step up and help with the oyster surplus thus created).
2005 Dom. Laroche Chablis Grand Cru Les Blanchots – another ripe lemon nose, but this wine really featured mineral, and had a long dry, clean finish.
2004 Jean Marc Brocard Chablis Grand Cru Les Clos – yet another variation on the theme, with some sulphur in the nose, and a bit of vanilla, also with a fair bit of richness on palate, thought not as much as the Dauvissat, an endearing complexity and good length.
There ensued a discussion about what constitutes an adulterant in wine and whether such additives detract, add to, or are neutral as far as the tasting experience goes. I notice just about ay sulphur content immediately, but have a reasonable tolerance for it, but I tend to view myself as tasting past it, or in spite of it, when I go looking for the real nature of the wine itself. Others are so used to it that they either ignore it, expect it, or actually like it as an additive. We ended up agreeing to differ, and I suppose there is no one answer anyway. There are some additives that most would agree were deleterious. The pine resin in Retsina renders it unpalatable for many (if you chill it, that helps – I think it reaches my threshold of being able to drink it right about the time I'd have to reach for an ice pick to serve it). Similarly, the Woodruff added to inoffensive German white win to create May Wine, renders it undrinkable to many, myself included.
OTOH, there are widely accepted 'adulterants' like oak that have become positive virtues in the eyes of wine fans, so it is hard to draw any conclusions. I'll leave it at the fact that for me, as far as Chablis goes, I much prefer a wine that doesn't reek of sulfiting to one that does, given equivalent quality.
We moved on to a French onion soup, with which was served:
1993 Remoissenet Volnay – a slightly funky nose settled down to one that featured some decent mature Pinot aromas, and it had a nice sweet entry, but I thought it lacked fruit in mid palate, which left a slightly hollow impression, not surprising given the vintage for this wine. It finished more strongly with some pleasant orange rind notes. On the whole, not a bad showing.
Next up was the main course of braised pork belly, with:
1996 Arnaud Chopin & Fils Chambolle-Musigny – another village wine, and one that had been resting in my cellar since release (well, truth be told, I'd probably forgotten about it and as a result this was the first bottle I'd opened of a half case, so I was a bit worried about it). No need to have worried – it had an excellent nose of sweet raspberry, and after airing, showed an enticing sweetness on entry, good balance (not surprisingly this would show better in that regard than the somewhat lean 93) and decently long finish. Quite an attractive wine, all things considered.
1995 Bouchard Père et Fils Beaune 1er Cru Grèves Vigne de L'Enfant Jesus – expectations were high for this. Darker in colour with some deeper, darker fruit notes in the nose, but while it had reasonable concentration on palate, it also exhibited a slight astringency. It finished reasonably well, but on the whole, I'd cede the contest to the much more modest but also much brighter 96 Chopin. The Bouchard may simply be getting on in life?
With cheese:
2003 Ch. Coutet – this Barsac is always a pleasure. Now showing a fair bit of colour, it had a lovely honeyed botrytis nose, and perhaps not quite the levels of acidity you'd look for, but that's the ripe vintage. Some very nice dried apricot, marmalade and pineapple notes near the end.


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|Date / Time
|Thursday July 10, 2014 @01:28PM
|India's National Informatics Centre Forged Google SSL Certificates
|Saturday March 08, 2014 @10:25PM
|School Tricks Pupils Into Installing a Root CA
|Saturday March 08, 2014 @04:10PM
|Eric Schmidt, Jared Cohen Say Google Data Now Protected From Gov't Spying
|Wednesday March 05, 2014 @01:24PM
|Ask Slashdot: Does Your Employer Perform HTTPS MITM Attacks On Employees?
|Sunday February 23, 2014 @11:28AM
|Most Alarming: IETF Draft Proposes "Trusted Proxy" In HTTP/2.0
|Monday May 13, 2013 @10:24PM
|Saudi Arabian Telecom Pitches to Moxie Marlinspike
|Thursday January 10, 2013 @09:56AM
|Nokia Admits Decrypting User Data Claiming It Isn't Looking
|Tuesday August 30, 2011 @05:03PM
|Another CA Issues False Certificates To Iran
|Thursday August 25, 2011 @07:04PM
|MIT Researchers Defend Against Wireless Attacks
|Monday August 30, 2010 @02:47AM
|Hackers Eavesdrop On Quantum Crypto With Lasers
|Tuesday February 02, 2010 @04:02PM
|Mozilla Accepts Chinese CNNIC Root CA Certificate
|Monday November 16, 2009 @07:27PM
|SSL Renegotiation Attack Becomes Real
|Thursday November 05, 2009 @11:02AM
|Man-In-the-Middle Vulnerability For SSL and TLS
|Thursday November 05, 2009 @09:41AM
|SSL Renegotiation: Another Protocol Bites The Dust
Thus spake the master programmer: "After three days without programming, life becomes meaningless." -- Geoffrey James, "The Tao of Programming"


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