text:
East African Community
East African Community
|Motto: "One People One Destiny"
|Anthem: EAC Anthem
An orthographic projection of the world, highlighting the East African Community's Member States (green).
|Largest city
|Dar es Salaam
|Official languages
|Lingua Franca
|Summit Chairperson
|Council Chairperson
|President of EACJ
|Speaker of EALA
|Secretary General
|First established
|7 July 2000
|1,820,664 km2 (17th a)
702,962 sq mi
|Water (%)
|2013 estimate
|149,959,317[1] a (9th)
213.7/sq mi
|2012 estimate
|US$ 224.7 billion[2] (51sta)
|Per capita
|US$ 1500 a
|GDP (nominal)
|2012 estimate
|US$ 100 billion[3] (61sta)
|Per capita
|US$ 667 a
|Time zone
|If considered as a single entity.
|To be replaced by the East African shilling
The East African Community (EAC) is an intergovernmental organisation comprising five countries in the African Great Lakes region in eastern Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda.[4] Uhuru Kenyatta, the President of the Republic of Kenya, is the EAC's current chairman. The organisation was originally founded in 1967, collapsed in 1977, and was officially revived on 7 July 2000.[5] In 2008, after negotiations with the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the EAC agreed to an expanded free trade area including the member states of all three organizations. The EAC is an integral part of the African Economic Community.
The East African Community is a potential precursor to the establishment of the East African Federation, a proposed federation of its five members into a single state. In 2010, the EAC launched its own common market for goods, labour and capital within the region, with the goal of creating a common currency and eventually a full political federation.[6] In 2013 a protocol was signed outlining their plans for launching a monetary union within 10 years.[7]
The geographical region encompassed by the EAC covers an area of 1,820,664 square kilometres (702,962 sq mi), with a combined population of about 149,959,317[1] (2013 est.)[8]
- 1 History
- 2 Geography
- 3 Political dimensions
- 4 Expansion
- 5 Panorama
- 6 Demographics
- 7 Economy
- 8 Economic dimensions
- 9 Plans
- 10 East African Court of Justice
- 11 East African Legislative Assembly
- 12 East African passport
- 13 Internet in the EAC
- 14 Leaders
- 15 Comparison with other regional blocs
- 16 See also
- 17 References
- 18 External links
Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda have had a history of co-operation dating back to the early 20th century. The customs union between Kenya and Uganda in 1917, which the then Tanganyika joined in 1927, was followed by the East African High Commission from 1948 to 1961, the East African Common Services Organization from 1961 to 1967, and then the 1967 to 1977 East African Community.[9] Burundi and Rwanda joined the EAC on 6 July 2009.[10]
Inter-territorial co-operation between the Kenya Colony, the Uganda Protectorate and the Tanganyika Territory was first formalised in 1948 by the East African High Commission. This provided a customs union, a common external tariff, currency and postage; and also dealt with common services in transport and communications, research and education. Following independence, these integrated activities were reconstituted and the High Commission was replaced by the East African Common Services Organisation, which many observers thought would lead to a political federation between the three territories. The new organisation ran into difficulties because of the lack of joint planning and fiscal policy, separate political policies and Kenya's dominant economic position. In 1967 the East African Common Services Organisation was superseded by the East African Community. This body aimed to strengthen the ties between the members through a common market, a common customs tariff and a range of public services so as to achieve balanced economic growth within the region.[11]
In 1977, the East African Community collapsed after ten years. Causes for the collapse included demands by Kenya for more seats than Uganda and Tanzania in decision-making organs,[12] disagreements with Ugandan dictator Idi Amin who demanded that Tanzania as a member State of the Community should not harbor forces fighting to topple a government of another member State, and the disparate economic systems of socialism in Tanzania and capitalism in Kenya.[13] The three member states lost over sixty years of co-operation and the benefits of economies of scale, though some Kenyan government officials celebrated the collapse with champagne.[14] Each of the former member states had to embark, at great expense and at lower efficiency, upon the establishment of services and industries that had previously been provided at the Community level.[citation needed]
Later, Presidents Moi of Kenya, Mwinyi of Tanzania, and Museveni of Uganda signed the Treaty for East African Co-operation in Arusha, Tanzania, on 30 November 1993, and established a Tri-partite Commission for Co-operation. A process of re-integration was embarked on involving tripartite programmes of co-operation in political, economic, social and cultural fields, research and technology, defence, security, legal and judicial affairs.
The East African Community was finally revived on 30 November 1999, when the Treaty for its re-establishment was signed. It came into force on 7 July 2000, twenty-three years after the total collapse of the defunct erstwhile Community and its organs. A customs union was signed in March 2004 which commenced on 1 January 2005; Kenya, the region's largest exporter, continued to pay duties on goods entering the other four countries on a declining scale until 2010. A common system of tariffs will apply to goods imported from third-party countries.
The East African Community covers an area that is slightly smaller than Mexico and slightly larger than Alaska at an area of 1,820,664 square kilometres (702,962 sq mi). The EAC could be the 17th largest country in the world, if considered a single entity.
Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi are landlocked countries but they are mostly very green.
Mount Kilimanjaro is one of two mountains in Africa with glaciers with the other one being Mount Kenya, which is Africa's second highest peak.
Lake Turkana, located in Turkana County, Kenya, is the world's largest permanent desert lake and the world's largest alkaline lake. By volume it is the world's fourth-largest salt lake. Lake Victoria is the world's second-largest freshwater lake it borders Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Lake Tanganyika is the world's second deepest lake it's located in western Tanzania. Kenya is home to East Africa's only desert the Chalbi Desert in Marsabit County.
The EAC has all of the Big five game i.e.: lion, leopard, elephant, buffalo and rhino. The Wildebeest Migration is widely considered as the 7th Natural wonder of the world. Animals constantly traverse the Serengeti National Park (Tanzania) and Maasai Mara (Kenya). Lions are found on the Coat of arms of Kenya. The national bird of Uganda is the Grey Crowned Crane.
The diversity of East Africa's wildlife has garnered international fame, especially for its populations of large mammals. Its also famous for its diverse population of birds, including Flamingos and Masai ostriches (S. c. massaicus)
The East African Community is home to some of the most diverse flora in the world. This is because of East Africa's varying climate, Arid and Semi-Arid areas in Northern Kenya and Uganda, Forests in Western Kenya and Uganda, the African Savanna that stretches across Tanzanian and Kenyan plains. Glaciers on mountains in Central Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Mangrove Forests on the EAC's coast.
Political dimensions[edit]
It is argued that key drivers for Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda are that Kenya wishes to export surplus capital, Uganda seeks an outlet for its surplus labour and Tanzania wants to realise a Pan-African vision.[15] However, it is argued the commonalities go far deeper. Many of the national elites old enough to remember the former Community often share memories and a sharp sense of loss at its eventual dissolution.[15] More cynically, others argue this historical ambition provides the potential for politicians to present themselves as statesmen of a higher order, as representatives of a greater regional interest.[15] Furthermore, EAC institutions bring significant new powers to dispose and depose to those who serve in them.[15]
Some question the extent to which the visions of a political union are shared outside the elite and the relatively elderly, further arguing the youthful mass of the population is not well informed about the process in any of the countries,[15] while others point to an enhanced sense of East African identity developing from modern communications.[15] Commitment to the formal EAC idea is relatively narrow, in both social and generational terms, and thus many question the timetable drawn up for the project. Fast-tracking political union was first discussed in 2004 and enjoyed a consensus on the subject among the three presidents of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.[15] Thus, a high-level committee headed by Amos Wako of Kenya was commissioned to investigate the possibility of speeding up the process of integration so as to achieve political federation sooner than previously visualised.[15] Yet there are concerns rapid changes would allow popular reactionary politics against the project.[15] There is an argument however, that there are high costs that would be required at the beginning and that fast-tracking the project would allow the benefits to be seen earlier.[15]
There remain significant political differences between the states. Museveni's success in obtaining his third-term amendment raised doubts in the other countries.[15] The single-party dominance in the Tanzanian and Ugandan parliaments is unattractive to Kenyans, while Kenya's ethnic-politics is not apparent in Tanzania.[15] Rwanda has a distinctive political culture with a political elite committed to building a developmental state, partly to safeguard the Tutsi group against a return to ethnic violence.[15]
Other problems involve states being reluctant to relinquish involvement in other regional groups, e.g. Tanzania's withdrawal from COMESA but staying within the SADC bloc for the Economic Partnership Agreement negotiations with the European Union.[15] Many Tanzanians are also concerned, because creating a common market means removing obstacles to the free movement of both labour and capital.[15] Free movement of labour may be perceived as highly desirable in Uganda and Kenya, and have important developmental benefits in Tanzania, however in Tanzania there is widespread resistance to the idea of ceding land rights to foreigners, including citizens of Kenya and Uganda.[15]
While generally the member nations are largely in favour of the East African Federation,[citation needed] informal polls indicate that most Tanzanians (80% of its population) have an unfavorable view.[16] Tanzania has more land than all the other EAC nations combined, and some Tanzanians fear landgrabs by the current residents of the other EAC member nations.[17][18][19]
Tanzania supports the expansion of the East African Community. In 2010, Tanzanian officials expressed interest in inviting Malawi, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia to join the EAC, but Malawian Foreign Affairs Minister Etta Banda said there were no formal negotiations taking place concerning Malawian membership.[20]
South Sudan[edit]
The presidents of Kenya and Rwanda invited the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan to apply for membership upon the independence of South Sudan in 2011,[21][22] and South Sudan was reportedly an applicant country as of mid-July 2011.[21][23] Analysts suggested that South Sudan's early efforts to integrate infrastructure, including rail links and oil pipelines,[24] with systems in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention on the part of Juba to pivot away from dependence on Sudan and toward the East African Community. Reuters considers South Sudan the likeliest candidate for EAC expansion in the short term,[25] and an article in Tanzanian daily The Citizen that reported East African Legislative Assembly Speaker Abdirahin Haithar Abdi said South Sudan was "free to join the EAC" asserted that analysts believe the country will soon become a full member of the regional body.[26]
On 17 September 2011, the Daily Nation quoted a South Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager to join the EAC, it would likely delay its membership over concerns that its economy was not sufficiently developed to compete with EAC member states and could become a "dumping ground" for Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan imports.[27] This was contradicted by President Salva Kiir, who announced South Sudan had officially embarked on the application process one month later.[28] The application was initially deferred by the EAC in December 2012,[29] however incidents with Ugandan boda-boda operators in South Sudan have created political tension and may delay the process.[30]
In December 2012, Tanzania officially agreed to South Sudan's bid to join the East African Community, clearing the way for the world's newest state to become the regional bloc's sixth member.[31] In May 2013 The East African Community set aside $82,000 for the admission of South Sudan into the bloc even though admission may not happen until 2016. The process, to start after the EAC Council of Ministers meeting in August 2013, is projected to take at least four years. At the 14th Ordinary Summit held in Nairobi in 2012, EAC Heads of State approved the verification report that was presented by the Council of Ministers, then directed it to start the negotiation process with South Sudan.[32]
A team was formed to assess South Sudan's bid; however, in April 2014, the nation requested a delay in the admissions process, presumably due to ongoing internal conflict.[33][34]
Sudan applied to join the EAC, but its membership is strongly opposed by Tanzania and Uganda, which contend that due to Sudan's lack of a direct border with the EAC, its allegedly discriminatory actions toward black Africans, its record of human rights violations, and its history of hostilities with both Uganda and candidate country South Sudan, it is ineligible to join and its application should be thrown out.[35] Sudan's application was rejected by the EAC in December 2011.[36]
Somalia applied for membership in the EAC, but its application was rejected in December 2012.[37]
The combined population of all five EAC member states was 149,959,317 as of July 2013. The EAC would have the 9th largest population in the world, if considered a single entity.
Largest population centres of East African Community
National Bureau of Statistics (Tanzania) CIA Factbook Open Data Kenya
|City name
|City name
Dar es Salaam
|Dar es Salaam
The EAC contains only 4 cities with populations of over one million, the largest being Dar es Salaam. Mombasa in Kenya is really close to getting to the one million population mark.[38] Kampala is the largest urban centre located on Lake Victoria, the second largest freshwater lake in the world and Mwanza coming in second and Kisumu third.
The East African Community's current urban population stands at 19.26% and the rate of urbanisation at an average of 4.71%.
(Billions of $US)
|GDP (Nominal)
(Billions of $US)
|Literacy (%)
(Billions of $US)
|GDP (Nominal)
(Billions of $US)
|Literacy (%)
Although the official language of the EAC is English, Swahili is spoken throughout the African Great Lakes region. Swahili's vocabulary derives to a large extent (about 30%) from Arabic, a result of trading between Arabs and locals on the coast. The remaining 70% is derived from Bantu languages. At first the Swahili language used the Arabic script, but it now uses the Latin script as a result of colonisation. In the EAC, there are two countries whose official language is French: Rwanda and Burundi. Numerous local languages are spoken: for example, there are 56 local languages spoken in Uganda[39] and 42 local languages in Kenya. Kinyarwanda is spoken in Rwanda as well as Uganda.[40] There are some native speakers of Arabic on the Zanzibar Island of Tanzania.[41] In Kenya and Uganda, the medium of instruction in all schools is English. It is rare to find people who speak fewer than two languages in the East African Community[citation needed].
Christians in the EAC are divided among followers of numerous Protestant denominations and Roman Catholicism. The EAC is predominantly Christian with countries such as Rwanda and Burundi having significantly more Catholics than Protestants. In terms of numbers, Kenya is home to the largest number of Christians in the EAC. However, the country with the largest percentage of Christians is Rwanda.
The country with the largest Muslim population and percentage is Tanzania. The Muslim population in the East African Community is concentrated around the Coastal regions in Kenya and Tanzania and the Eastern and Northern regions of Kenya. 1 in every 10 Kenyans is Muslim.
The only significant Animist population is based in Tanzania.
Currently, Mombasa has East Africa's busiest port.[38] However, the construction of a new port in Kenya, known as the Lamu Port is underway. It's expected to cost US$ 22 billion. Another megaport in Tanzania, the Bagamoyo port is expected to begin soon the project is expected to cost US$ 10 billion.
Africa's largest airport terminal is also under construction in Nairobi dubbed the Greenfield Terminal the terminal will be capable of handling 20 million passengers a year. The estimated cost is 55 billion Kenyan shillings (US$ 654 million).[42]
Business and Finance[edit]
Even though Dar es Salaam has a larger population, Nairobi would be considered the business, finance and transport hub in the EAC. As East Africa's largest firms are headquartered in the city including the region's largest carrier Kenya Airways, the region's largest media house the Nation Media Group and the Kenya Commercial Bank Group, East Africa's largest financial conglomerate. Most multinational firms (including Google, Coca Cola and Toyota) have their regional headquarters in Nairobi including UNEP which is the forth UN Office in the world as well as the only UN office located in Africa, or any developing country. Nairobi is also home to the Nairobi Securities Exchange the largest within the EAC. The exchange is Africa's 4th largest in terms of trading volumes, and 5th largest in terms of Market Capitalization as a percentage of GDP.[43] Nairobi's JKIA is East Africa's busiest aviation hub it handles about 5-6 million passengers a year.
Africa's Silicon Savannah[edit]
Kenya launched the construction of a new Technology City known as Konza Technology City, the project is expected to cost US$ 14.5 billion. It's intended to make Kenya and the region global players in the tech industry.
Economic dimensions[edit]
Importance of the customs union[edit]
The key aspects of the customs union include:[15]
- a Common External Tariff (CET) on imports from third countries;
- duty-free trade between the member states; and
- common customs procedures.
Different rates are applied for raw materials (0%), intermediate products (10%) and finished goods (25%), the latter percentage is fixed as the maximum.[15] This represents a significance decrease from what was previously the maximum in Kenya (35%), Tanzania (40%) and Uganda (15%).[15] However, this customs union is not yet fully implemented, because there is a significant list of exclusions to the Common External Tariff and tariff-free movement of goods and services.[15] Technical work is also needed to harmonise and modernise the customs procedures in the EAC's major ports of entry.[15]
The expected revenue benefits are understood to be minimal by many analysts, based on comparative-static simulation exercises demonstrating the one-off impacts of the immediate introduction of the CU's full tariff package.[15] The findings suggest an increase in intraregional trade that is largely the result of trade diversion, not trade creation, with some aggregate welfare benefits in Kenya and Tanzania but welfare losses in Uganda.[15] From a trade-integration perspective, the EAC may not be the best chosen unit, because the current trade between the three countries is small compared to their external trade, and the EAC's 105 million citizens do not represent a large market in global terms, given the very low average incomes.[15]
Emerging business trends[edit]
Business leaders are far more positive than economists about the benefits of EAC integration, its customs union as a step in the process, as well as the wider integration under COMESA.[15] The larger economic players perceive long-term benefits in a progressively expanding regional market.[15] Pattern of regional development are already emerging, including:[15]
- Kenyan firms have successfully aligned to the lower protection afforded by the EAC CET and fears that firms would not adjust to a 25% maximum CET, or would relocate to Tanzania or Uganda have not been realised.
- An intraregional division of labour is developing that results in basic import-processing relocating to the coast to supply the hinterland. The final stages of import-processing (especially those bulky finished goods that involve high transportation costs) and natural-resource based activities, are moving up-country and up-region, either within value chains of large companies or different segments located by firms in different countries.
- Trade in goods and services has already increased as service provision to Kenyans and Tanzanians is already important for Uganda (in education and in health). Kenya exports financial services, for example via the Kenya Commercial Bank and purchase and upgrading of local operators in Tanzania, Uganda and Sudan. Uganda hopes integration will help support its tourism potential through integration with established regional circuits.
- There are signs a business culture oriented to making profits through economics of scale and not on protectionism.
Trade negotiations[edit]
The EAC negotiates with trade partners on behalf of all member countries. Negotiations in 2014 for an EU-EAC Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) ran into difficulties with the January 2014 negotiating session failing to conclude the negotiations, which were scheduled to be completed before 1 October 2014. This caused tensions between Kenya and other countries as Kenya, which is not a Least Developed Country, stood to lose most from the failure to reach agreement.[44]Discussions are also under way between the EAC and the USA on the launch of Trade and Investment Partnership (TIP) negotiations. [45]
Poverty reduction[edit]
EAC economies have large informal sectors, unintegrated with the formal economy and large business.[15] The concerns of large-scale manufacturing and agro-processing concerns are not broadly shared by the bulk of available labour.[15] Research suggest the promised investments on the conditions of life of the region's overwhelmingly rural poor will be slight, with the significant exception of agro-industrial firms with out-grower schemes or that otherwise contribute to the co-ordination of smallholder production and trade.[15]
It is informal trade across borders that is most often important to rural livelihoods and a customs union is unlikely to significantly impact the barriers that this faces and taxes are still being fixed separately by countries.[15] However, the introduction of one-stop border posts being introduced and the reduction in tariff barriers are coming down progressively.[15]
The establishment of a common market will create both winners (numerous food producers and consumers on both sides of all borders) and losers (smugglers and the customs, police and local government officers who currently benefit from bribery at and around the borders) in the border areas.[15] More substantial impact could be attained by a new generation of investments in world-market production based on the region's comparative advantages in natural resources (especially mining and agriculture) and the new tariff structure creates marginally better conditions for world-market exporters, by cheapening inputs and by reducing upward pressures on the exchange rate.[15]
Common market[edit]
On 1 July 2010, Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki officially launched the East African Common Market Protocol, an expansion of the bloc's existing customs union that entered into effect in 2005.[46] The protocol will lead to the free movement of labour, capital, goods and services within the EAC.[46] Member states will have to change their national laws to allow the full implementation of some aspects of the Common Market such as immigration and customs.[6] This legislation may take up to five years for each of the countries to enact fully but official recognition of the common market took place on 1 July.[47] Kenya expects that its citizens will begin to enjoy freedom of movement in the EAC within two months.[48] Kenya, Rwanda and Burundi have already agreed to waive work permit fees for EAC citizens.[48] The Common Market is seen as a step towards implementation of the common currency by 2012 and full political federation in 2015.[6] Kenyan businesses complain that the benefits of the Common Market only exist on paper by 2011, and that all the work remains to be done. Arbitrary rules and delays continue to make trade between Kenya and Tanzania expensive and difficult.[49]
The free movement of people in the EAC is set to be improved with the introduction of "third generation" ID cards. These cards will identify the holder as a dual citizen of their home country and of "East Africa".[50] Third generation cards are already in use in Rwanda with Kenya set to introduce them in July 2010 and the other countries following afterwards.[51] Mutual recognition and accreditation of higher education institutions is also being worked towards as is the harmonisation of social security benefits across the EAC.[51]
The new treaty may be fast tracked with plans drawn up in 2004 to introduce a monetary union with a common currency, the East African shilling, some time between 2012 and 2015. There were also plans for a political union, the East African Federation, with a common President (initially on a rotation basis) and a common parliament by 2010. However, some experts like those based out of the public think tank Kenya Institute of Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA), noted that the plans were too ambitious to be met by 2010 because a number of political, social and economic challenges are yet to be addressed. The fast tracking is currently the subject of National Consultative discussions, and a final decision was to be taken by the EAC Heads of State in mid-2007.[52] In 2013 a protocol was signed outlining their plans for launching a monetary union within 10 years.[7]
Single tourist visa[edit]
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It had been hoped that an East African Single Tourist Visa may have been ready for November 2006, if it was approved by the relevant sectoral authorities under the EAC's integration programme. Had it been approved, the visa would have been valid for all three current member states of the EAC (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda). Under the proposal for the visa, any new EAC single visa could be issued by any member state's embassy. The visa proposal followed an appeal by the tourist boards of the partner states for a common visa to accelerate promotion of the region as a single tourist destination and the EAC Secretariat wanted it approved before November's World Travel Fair (or World Travel Market) in London.[53] When approved by the EAC's council of ministers, tourists could apply for one country's entry visa which would then be applicable in all regional member states as a single entry requirement initiative.[54]
A single tourist visa for the EAC countries of Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda was to be available on 1 January 2014.[55] However, the launch date was postponed due to bureaucratic issues.[56]
East African Court of Justice[edit]
The East African Court of Justice is the judicial arm of the Community. The court has original jurisdiction over the interpretation and application of the 1999 Treaty that re-established the EAC and in the future may have other original, appellate, human rights or other jurisdiction upon conclusion of a protocol to realise such extended jurisdiction. It is temporarily based in Arusha, Tanzania.
East African Legislative Assembly[edit]
The East African Legislative Assembly (EALA) is the legislative arm of the Community. The EALA has 27 members who are all elected by the National Assemblies or Parliaments of the member states of the Community. The EALA has oversight functions on all matters that fall within the Community's work and its functions include debating and approving the budget of the Community, discussing all matters pertaining to the Community and making recommendations to the Council as it may deem necessary for the implementation of the Treaty, liasing with National Assemblies or Parliaments on matters pertaining to the Community and establishing committees for such purposes as it deems necessary. Since being inaugurated in 2001, the EALA has had several sittings as a plenum in Arusha, Kampala, and Nairobi.
The current Speaker of the Assembly is Margaret Zziwa from Uganda who replaced Abdirahin Haithar H. Abdi from Kenya. The Assembly has been credited with crucial bills, particularly those regarding regional and international trade, including EAC's stand on issues such as the World Trade Organisation and transport on Lake Victoria.[citation needed]
East African passport[edit]
The East African passport was officially launched on 1 April 1999.[57] The East African passport has been introduced as a travel document to ease border crossing for EAC residents.[58][59] It is valid for travel within the EAC countries only and will entitle the holder to a multi entry stay of renewable six months' validity in any of the countries.[58] The passport is issued in three of the five EAC member states (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania). The passports are available at the Headquarters of the respective Immigration Departments in Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam. Only East African nationals may apply to be issued with the passports.[58][59] The passport costs US$10 or the equivalent in EAC currencies.[59] Processing of applications for the passports will normally take two to three weeks. Although the passport is only valid within the EAC, modalities of internationalising the East African passport were being discussed with the aim towards having a common travel document for EAC residents by 2006.[58]
Other measures meant to ease border crossing for East African Community residents include the issuance of interstate passes (which commenced on 1 July 2003), a single immigration Departure/Entry card (adopted by all three member states), the finalisation of harmonised procedures of work permits and the classification process, and the compilation of studies on the Harmonization of Labour Laws and Employment Policies (now in its final stages).[58]
Internet in the EAC[edit]
Internet use in the EAC is still very low compared to developed countries. The East African Community is a solid economic bloc with over a combined population of 149,959,317[1] (2013 est.). More recently, there are several emerging EAC online platforms that amalgamate the African Great Lakes region. Internet speed is also low in the region compared to developed countries. There was a fibre optic line landed at the Port of Mombasa in 2009 that serves the region, on top of long-standing satellite and dial-up. These are mostly in urban areas and relatively dear. This is perhaps one of the main hindrances for online growth in the East African Community.
- 2012–2013 Achebe Georam
- 2013–present Uhuru Kenyatta
- 1996–2001 Francis Muthaura
- 2001–2006 Amanya Mushega
- 2006–2011 Juma Mwapachu
- 2011–present Richard Sezibera
Comparison with other regional blocs[edit]
|African Economic Community
blocs (REC)1
|Area (km²)
|in millions
|per capita
|Area (km²)
|in millions
|per capita
|1 Economic bloc inside a pillar REC
2 Proposed for pillar REC, but objecting participation
smallest value among the blocs compared
largest value among the blocs compared
During 2004. Source: CIA World Factbook 2005, IMF WEO Database
See also[edit]
- East African Federation
- East African Community Treaty
- Economy of Africa
- List of Trade blocs
- Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
- Southern African Development Community (SADC)
- Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
- Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
- Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
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- ^ "Ugandan MPs oppose South Sudan joining East African community". The Africa Report. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ "Tanzania warms up to South Sudan membership". The EastAfrican. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
- ^ "EAC prepares to admit South Sudan". The EastAfrican. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
- ^ http://allafrica.com/stories/201312051231.html
- ^ "South Sudan defers EAC admission". The Observer. Observer Media Ltd. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
- ^ Ihucha, Adam (18 September 2011). "EAC split on Khartoum's bid to join community". The East African. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ "Why Sudan's EAC application was rejected". 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
- ^ "East African body rejects S. Sudan, Somalia membership bids". 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
- ^ a b "Kenya Fights Off Port Competition With $13 Billion Plan: Freight". Bloomberg. 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- ^ "http://myuganda.co.ug/uganda-tribes-and-languages" . Uganda Tribes and Languages
- ^ "http://myuganda.co.ug/uganda-tribes-and-languages". List of Uganda Tribes and Languages
- ^ "http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/EtatsNsouverains/Zanzibar.htm". Languages of Zanzibar
- ^ "Construction of new airport terminal to start on Tuesday". BusinessDaily. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
- ^ Millennium IT. "Live Trading commences at Nairobi Stock Exchange". millenniumit.com. Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2007-06-28.
- ^ Agritrade. "Final stage of EPA negotiations generating tensions between EAC members". CTA. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
- ^ Agritrade. "Launch of EAC–US TIP negotiations potentially complicated by other trade agreements". CTA. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
- ^ a b "EA Market Protocol officially launched". Kenya Broadcasting Corporation. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
- ^ "Five East African Nations to Declare Common Market Tomorrow". Business Week. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
- ^ a b "Kenya fetes EAC Common Market with work permit fee waiver". Business Daily. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
- ^ http://allafrica.com/stories/201105191252.html
- ^ "What are the goodies in the EAC Common Market Protocol?". The Standard. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
- ^ a b "Dawn of an era for East Africans". The Standard. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
- ^ *Sunday Nation (Business Sunday) – 7 January 2007
- ^ "Single East African visa for tourists coming in November". Archived from the original on 2008-05-31.
- ^ "East Africa geared for single tourist entry visa program". Archived from the original on 2009-03-05.
- ^ http://www.yourafricansafari.com/articles/in-2014-a-single-east-african-visa-for-seamless-traveling
- ^ http://www.eturbonews.com/23621/east-african-community-single-tourist-visa-be-delayed
- ^ "East African Community (EAC)". Africa-union.org. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
- ^ a b c d e "Ministers Sign Memorandum of Understanding". EAC News ... Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
- ^ a b c "Travelling in East Africa". Archived from the original on 2008-05-11.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to East African Community.
- East African Community
- East African Community in Europe
- German and East African Community Cooperation
- EAC Free Trade Agreement
- Agritrade Agricultural trade in East Africa


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- Rupert "Skip" Heine
- Fulton, TX
- United States
This conversation is closed.
Storing nuclear waste containers in missile silos.
Why can't we store those nuclear waste containers in nuclear missile silos?
The silos can hold a number of the waste containers, has been built to contain a nuclear device of tremendous power, is easily secured and there are hundreds of empty silos around the country.
The savings resulting from this program could be in the billions of dollars.
Go to my website - www.skipheine.net - for more details.
Showing single comment thread. View the full conversation.
Apr 24 2013: I think that would be a question for a missile silo architect/engineer. I have no idea if a missile silo would be considered safe enough to contain that material.
My gut tells me that silos probably wouldn't be adequate by themselves, but with planning and work I bet they would make a fantastic foundation.
Any nuclear physicists around here have some science to bring to the table?
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subset: commoncrawl


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Originally posted 03/16/2011 09:25AM
Nathaniel D. Hale, a hip-hop artist known by the stage name Nate Dogg, died on Tuesday, his family said.
The cause of death was not yet known, but Hale, 41, had suffered strokes in 2007 and 2008, according to the Long Beach Press-Telegram.
Hale, who most notably sang the hook on Warren G.'s "Regulate" and Snoop Dogg's "Ain't No Fun (If the Homies Can't Have None)," was part of an extended family of rappers known as the Dogg Pound Gangsta Crips (DPGC), a group that also includes Snoop Dogg and Daz Dillinger – both of whom responded to news of Hale's death with tribute messages on Twitter.
Originally posted 01/20/2011 03:45PM
"We went to high school together. He was a year older than me ... I remember him, he was very tall and skinny, wore lots of ponytails on his head. And I'm pretty sure I bought weed from him."
Cameron Diaz tells George Lopez on Lopez Tonight what she recalls about attending the same school as Snoop Dogg.
Originally posted 12/01/2010 11:30AM
Well, here's one thing Prince William can cross off his wedding to-do list.
Thanks to Snoop Dogg, the royal groom-to-be is set on at least a partial playlist for his bachelor party (known in the U.K. as a "stag party").
On Tuesday, the rapper released "Wet," a single intended specifically for the Prince's bash.
Originally posted 08/31/2010 04:50PM
Demi Moore has apparently joined the "Dogg Pound."
Concertgoers at a Snoop Dogg show Friday in Las Vegas got an A-list surprise when Moore joined the rapper on stage to show off her sultry dance moves.
In a 35-second clip, the actress drops it like it's hot in a sexy, backless minidress, while Snoop performs his 2003 hit "Beautiful." But, soon, the former Striptease star lures mighty hunky company on stage: hubby Ashton Kutcher.
"Come on, Ashton. Break it down, baby," Snoop Dogg says. "Do what you do!" – Janet Mock
Originally posted 04/17/2009 06:30PM
Snoop Dogg is getting waxed! No, not that kind of waxed. He is set to become the first living rapper to be immortalized for Madame Tussauds famous wax museum.
"Fa shizzle dizzle I said yes when asked," the rapper tells PEOPLE. "I'm honored! The D O double G got a double."
The rapper-turned-reality star of Snoop Dogg's Father Hood and MTV's Dogg After Dark will have his figure unveiled Monday, April 20 at Madame Tussauds in Las Vegas. The figure will stand in the "On Stage" area.
Snoop Dogg will be the third rap icon on display at one of the famous museums. A shirtless and tattooed Tupac Shakur wax figure resides in Vegas, while Biggie Smalls's figure is in New York. Both rappers received the honor after they died.
Originally posted 07/29/2008 03:15PM
First came Hollywood. Then Bollywood. And now there's, er, Doggywood?
Hip hop star Snoop Dogg, 36, has teamed up with the reigning king of Indian films, Akshay Kumar, to record the title track for the actor's upcoming Bollywood epic, Singh is Kinng.
In the accompanying music video, Dogg dresses in traditional grand sardar style. According to producer Vipul A. Shah, the rapper hopes to break into the booming Indian film scene. "Snoop wants to do a Hindi movie with Akshay, as he is really keen on wooing the Indian audiences," Shah said in a statement.
Originally posted 06/19/2008 04:40PM
Rapper Snoop Dogg is embracing country music in his new video for the single "My Medicine."
A cowboy hat-wearing Dogg dedicates the YouTube video to the late Johnny Cash, calling him "a real American gangster."
"His music touched people like myself, which you probably didn't know," Dogg explained at the CMT Awards in April.
Originally posted 06/08/2008 11:00AM
After a decade of marriage and three children later, rapper Snoop Dogg has a few words of advice for new husband and wife Jay-Z and Beyoncé Knowles.
"I told them to go home and make babies," he told reporters at the Dodge Celebrity Event in Rosamond, Calif. "They should, that's the next step as far as marriage, having kids ... add on to the family, so hopefully that's what they'll do."
When asked if he'd be planning on adding to his already full nest, he shook his head, grinning. "No. I'm good."
Snoop's key to lasting marriage? "Communication, and being able to fight and get back up," he says. "To have misunderstanding and [then] get some understanding."
Originally posted 04/15/2008 05:00PM
"Snoop is really a gentleman and I loved meeting him. He made me feel like the most beautiful woman there with all of his flattering comments. You never know, there could be a Snoop and LeAnn duet sometime soon! I never rule anything out!"
LeAnn Rimes tells PEOPLE how excited she was about rapper Snoop Dogg's compliments at the CMT Awards Monday night.
–Rennie Dyball
Originally posted 04/15/2008 09:35AM
Taylor Swift may have been the big winner at Monday night's Country Music Television Awards – but it was Snoop Dogg who stole the show.
The rapper – wearing a black cowboy hat, black duster jacket and black zip-up ankle boots – was in high demand backstage.
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Terms of Use | Privacy Policy
Blog | About | Contact | Submit Mod | Join Mod DB | Site Map | Media Kit | RSS
© 2002 - 2014 DBolical Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 2874 modders.
An Oblivion Mod to adapt the gameplay of the games "Drakensang" and "The River of Time" to the world of Oblivion. It's in a concept stage and not meant to be actively played at the moment. Be careful and don't ruin your savegames ;)
You can see on those screenshots the Praiostemple place with the fountain, Ardos Palais and the market stalls. Also you cn see the Hesindetemple with the stage of the travelling Artists from Drakensang.
There's also a screenshot in direction of the watermill.


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In some point we may experience constipation, however many of those who have constipation do not talk about the problem. It maybe because that they are embarrassed about the problem. We cannot deny the fact that constipation is a common of every indibviduals, on which the symptoms includes straining, hard stools or incomplete evacuation. Constipation is one of the most common chronic digestive complaints in the U.S., especially in the elderly. In people over 65 years old, about one third of the population has constipation at least monthly. thus most will take medicine to cure constipation there are still individuals who wish that it may soon be relived.
Read More: Constipation is chronic, digestive-blocking pain


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There are park alerts in effect.show Alerts »
Highway 148 is Open
UT 148, the main road through Cedar Breaks, is open! The Visitor Center and restrooms are open, and Point Supreme Campground will open June 6. More »
Blue Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus)
Did You Know?
Cedar Breaks was declared a National Monument by Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 22, 1933. Its 75th Anniversary was celebrated on August 22, 2008. More...


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Chris Young is on the mend following surgery to repair tendons that were injured when he accidentally cut his left hand last week in a kitchen accident.
In a post on Facebook , Chris's mother, Becky Harris , said he can still move his fingers and will be in a soft cast for another two weeks, then a hard cast for four weeks after that. She also says Chris has a lot of stitches, and they're not sure if he will be able to play his shows this weekend.
Becky adds, "Thank you again for all the prayers."
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We hope you all had a lovely Valentine's Day yesterday! Recently, we asked you guys to snap some photos with the people you love in your favorite Threadless tees. We put a $100 gift certificate to your favorite restaurant on the line, and have loved watching the #teegether photos roll in! The time has come, though, to announce your winners! Check 'em out:
Instagram user twerkdusoleil (AKA Kyle McDonough) is our runner-up! Kyle grabbed this adorable photo with his girlfriend, who he says makes every day of his life infinitely more meaningful. You van Gogh, girl!
Instagram user mollymaureen (AKA Molly Coleman) submitted this winning #teegether photo! Molly says that her loving roommates have helped her adjust to college, and have always been by her side through any struggle. Sounds like those friends are keepers, Molly!
Thanks to everyone who submitted photos to #teegether, we sincerely enjoyed all of your submissions!


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OUR FINALISTS! CONGRATS! By Dan Grech
The rules of the South Florida Flash writing contest were simple: keep it short and make it about South Florida. More than 500 people took up the challenge sponsored by WLRN-Miami Herald News.
The 507 entries ranged from lyric poetry to searing memoir. They poured in from 13 states, including Wyoming, Tennessee and Washington. And they featured the perspectives of teenagers and octogenarians.
We partnered with HistoryMiami on the contest, and all the entries will be added to the museum's "Miami Stories" archive.
Our hard-working preliminary judges, local authors David Gonzalez and David Beaty, faced the daunting task of whittling down entries totaling more than 120,000 words to a list of 25 finalists.
The finalists reflect the full range of experience and personality of South Florida. All of the finalists are from Florida. They range in age from 15-year-old Osmany Corteguera, who wrote a David Mamet-like flash fiction piece called "My Neighbor," to 83-year-old Arnold Slotkin, whose fiction story "A Birthday" tackles death and memory and manages a surprise ending in a spare 305 words.
And then there was Miriam Rosen. The 67-year-old from Miami managed to have four entries among the finalists, three poems and a piece of nonfiction. That's no small feat, considering it's easier to get into Harvard than to make our finalists list.
You can read the finalists, and vote on your favorite, at miamiherald.com/southfloridaflash.
The contest culminates in a live reading this Thursday, November 17, at 6 p.m. in the outdoor courtyard of HistoryMiami, 101 W. Flagler St., Miami.
A number of the finalists will read their entries, and then guest literary judge John Dufresne will announce the runners up and the winner. Dufrense is the author of four novels, two books on the craft of writing, and is editor of the forthcoming collection of unhappy holiday stories called Blue Christmas: Stories for the Rest of Us.
The runners up will get schwag from WLRN, the Miami Herald and the Miami Book Fair International, and the winner will get a dinner with WLRN-Miami Herald News anchor Christine DiMattei.
The poet and critic T.S. Eliot gave this advice to writers: "Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal." The South Florida Flash writing contest borrowed its idea for the contest from "Tigertail, A South Florida Annual: Florida Flash," a collection of 54 flash pieces edited by Lynne Barrett and published by Tigertail Productions. Authors will read from the Florida Flash at the Book Fair on Saturday at 11 a.m.
Here's a list of the finalists of the South Florida Flash writing contest, in no particular order:
1. Arnold Slotkin, 83, Hollywood FL, Fiction, "A Birthday"
2. Gemeny Hernandez, 17, Miami FL , Non-Fiction, "Cuban Lightning"
3. Lisette Alonso, 36, Hialeah FL , Non-Fiction, "A Day at the Beach"
4. Nicholas Garnett, Miami Beach FL, Fiction, "Typecast"
5. Hal Howland, 61, Sugarloaf Key FL , Non-Fiction "Newcomer in Paradox"
6. Nanette Avery, Miami FL, Poem, "Hialeah Roses"
7. Miles Black, 38, Miami FL 33155, Fiction, "Tree of Lives"
8. Christine Armario, 29, Coral Gables FL, Non-Fiction, "La Cafeteria"
9. Meri-Jane Rochelson, MIAMI FL, Other, "Birthday Call"
10. Jonathan Estrin, 43, Coral Springs FL 33076, Other, "Next Exit"
11. Stephan Nesvacil, 53, Miami FL, Non-Fiction, "Drawbridge"
12. Carla Pugh, 59, MIAMI FL, Non-Fiction, "RED ROAD"
13. Miriam Rosen, 67, Miami FL, Non-Fiction, "The Center of the World"
Poem, "6 PM, Miami", Poem, "Assorted Miracles", Poem :Night Music
14. Roxanna Elden, 32, Miami FL, Fiction, "Bright Blue Day"
15. Carlos David Garcia, 32, Miami Beach FL, Poem, "Leah"
16. Sarah Mason, 25, Hallandale Beach FL, Fiction, Hurl
17. Osmany Corteguera, 15, Hialeah FL, Fiction, "My Neighbor"
18. Jennifer Heit, 50, Plantation FL 33322, Other (Essay, commentary, etc.), "These sweaty streets"
19. Diego Quiros, 49, miami FL 33157, Poem, "Meditation on Biscayne Bay"
20. Peggy Nolan, 67, Hollywood FL, Non-Fiction, "One order of french fries split seven ways"
21. Joyce Baggerly. 71, Plantation FL, Non-Fiction, "AT THE TOP OF A POLE"
22. Tobi Ash, 46, Miami Beach FL, Non-Fiction, "Beautiful in Florida"
23. Maggie McCraw, 63, Miami FL , Non-Fiction, "Miami, Summer 2000"
24. Julia Mason, 31, Lake Worth FL , Non-Fiction, "Why We're Here"
25. Julia del Rivero, Miami, FL, Poem, "Chronicles of Ukulele Serenades and Hand-Me-Down Wisdom (Part 2: The Story of Me Without You)"
Tomas Birriel, Ft. Lauderdale FL, "Almost Home"
The Florida sun radiates above head and its light beams through my office window. The thick glass insulates me from the heat and I am enveloped by conditioned, recycled air. The blacktop of the parking lot absorbs the warmth that I want to feel on my skin and in my bones. A crow settles on the telephone wire and assumes an invariably vigilant stare—watching me, pitying me.
Two more hours and I'll be out of here.
As I stroll through the halls I catch a glimpse of Frank at his desk, wide-eyed and kissing the rim of a steaming mug. In the kitchen I pick up the coffee pot and I hear the hollow sound of a thimble full of liquid hitting the walls of the steel thermal container. Apparently Frank did not read the memorandum sent from human resources relaying the importance o
Today is the last day to submit your entries! You have until Nov. 13, 6pm!
Good Luck!
Emily Webber, Plantation FL , "Everything Comes through Miami"
"Everything comes through Miami. Here is where you can find the impossible."
This was how the last letter from Paul began. While reading it she imagined a giant funnel of people, animals and fantastic creatures being poured in through South Florida.
Paul loved birds, even though as a child he paid mightily for this. He was always looking up, scanning the sky, and this made him an easy target. But the secret he kept inside himself was that one day he would find something magnificent. He was small as a boy. The only thing big about him was his head. Adults told him it was because he had a big brain and knew lots of stuff. Kids never said anything about brains or being smart. They taunted him with words, in addition to their hands, and they never grew tired of it. So he kept his eyes on the sky. Some birds were ordinary and even ugly but they could always go wherever they wanted. And then there were some that went wherever they wanted and were magical. So in the end he wrote about the birds.
"There are some birds you always hear before you can see them and you only see them if very lucky. Green parrots are one of those - loud and cackling as if in a constant state of bickering - when you look up at the sky most of the time you see nothing but flashes of green or even more rarely pairs of them sitting on a wire. Legend has it these parrots are here because of a hurricane's path of destruction that ravaged South Florida. So whenever I hear their loud cackling and look up at the sky to catch a glimpse of them, I'm reminded that out of the chaos can come something beautiful."
There are only 2 days left folks to submit your entries! You have until Nov. 13, 6pm!
Good Luck!
Corey Ginsberg, North Miami — "The Worst Thing About Being Mickey Mouse"
Erica Sklar, Wilmington, NC , "In Orbits"
It seems that we are in orbits that met for a time and are drifting away from each other, like the street between our buildings is the border of some undrafted territory that we are discovering now, separately.
"Neptune and Pluto have orbits that overlap, you know."
"You know that because you're a scientist now, huh?" There is a half-smile there, and I feel an itch at the corner of my throat, in my fingertips. It floors me, how much we express with our pairs of eyebrows, the thin pallet of skin below them.
"Which would you be - Neptune or Pluto?"
"Pluto, I guess. Cold and distant, right? Uncommunicative?" We laugh, together, and then I say I ought to be going. Our kisses feel different now, now that I have an apartment fifty steps away. The dog goes insane when she sees me, and her insanity feels like my entrails, which have not been right for weeks now.
"So I'm Neptune? That's the planet I can't remember."
"That's perfect. Now you'll never forget." He looks, to me, like a cross between a duck and a bulldog. His smile is wide and his arms moved most of my furniture across the street. Later, he stopped by unannounced, and said, "I wanted to be your first houseguest."
There are only 3 days left folks to submit your entries! You have until Nov. 13, 6pm!
Good Luck!
Sue Germain, Miami, Fl, "The South Meets Cuba"
It is July 10, 1993 a Sunday night in Miami. I had recently joined a telephone dating service where I placed a long term relationship ad which said I wanted the all American dream, marriage, little house with a white picket fence, kids and a dog. The ad also said if the person listening does not want the same thing "please don't waste my time or yours".
Two men left me a message to call them. One I didn't call and one I did. The one I called back left me a message which simply said "Sue, call me". It was more a command than a request. After a lot of self talk and picking up and putting down the telephone I finally dialed the number.
After he remembered he left me a message he told me someone gave him a free coupon to join the dating service. We talked until it was time for both of us to get ready for work. We met for dinner at Penrod's on South Beach on Wednesday July 14, 1993. Penrod's restaurant is now Nikki Beach. He wore glasses, very handsome and carried a Time magazine. I was so nervous I just ordered mineral water. He leaned across the table and said "I think you are lovely". That was it, I was in love.
It is October 17, 2011; my husband, Miguel, and I have been married for ten years. We have been together since that night at Penrod's long ago in 1993. Our love for each other has never wavered and each day when he comes through the door I thank God. We have the little house, the white picket fence is brown, we were not blessed with children, but we have two Chihuahuas and they are our spoiled little babies.
Diane DeMaris-May, Kendall fl — "Kitchen in Summertime 1965 Miami"
Patrick Conner , KEY WEST FL, "A Flash of Insight "
It's four in the morning. I can't sleep in the heat, so I climb out into the cockpit where it's cooler. The lights of Key West burn brightly from my spot in the harbor. The noise from the island is more low frequency throb than gleeful celebration. It sounds like an engine, like an immense machine, moving money around and squeezing out memories and regrets. I stare at the lights and imagine the bartenders announcing "last call." I can imagine the strippers with their gym-bags quietly leaving the clubs by the back doors. I can imagine a drunk tourist from someplace in the Midwest not being able find his room key and wondering who he gave it to. I can imagine groups of tired bartenders and waitstaff agreeing to meet at so and so's place for after work drinks… all of this, just an insignificant moment on a stiflingly hot night.
Suddenly Mr. Christian jumps onto the cockpit table. He's aware of something. It's dark but I can see him doing that cat radar thing, where he rotates one ear opposite from the other. He's sailed in ten different countries and knows many secrets of the world, so I listen… There it it, a faint raspy exhale. There is a dolphin in the neighborhood. My cat probably smelled the creature's breath before he heard it. I listen as the dolphin gets closer. I'm concentrating on my cat. This is all a part of his secret life. I just happen to be awake witnessing it. The dolphin swims under the boat and Mr. Christian follows him to the port rail. He may sit there all night. I don't know, but he has reminded me once again not to be a curmudgeon… that in this life there are no insignificant moments.
Rebecca Cofino, Miami Springs — "It's Raining"
Timothy Stanley, New York NY, "The Julia Tuttle Rain Dance"
The helicopters were the first to see her. a thick speck of black jittering in the great gray expanse of the causeway. as soon as she closes her eyes she can feel the erupting bass drum in her stomach. prickly tingles shoot up the back of her arms. she is swaying. the helicopters were the first to see her, gyrating her hips and floating the folds of her gothic black chiffon dress over the concrete. she bites her bottom lip and lets the spiking tingles arch her back towards the warm sunshine. water splashes loudly against the pile-ons below. she is shaking. the helicopters were the first to see her screaming and lifting her arms to the heavens. leaning as though falling, she lets her shoulders pull towards the causeway. her fingers reach out to the pavement, their splayed tips touching down gently. white birds are landing on thick metal railings. a gentle flute hovers over the throbbing bass drum and the sharp snaps of the snare drum. she is winding. the helicopters were the first to see the tiny gold reflection of the cameo portrait necklace dripping into the cleavage of her heaving bosom. bending and straightening her knees, she drops and lifts her black chiffon bottom into the air to the pulsing bass drum she hears in her head. she is grinding. the helicopters were the first to see the pink flush in her thick, smooth cheeks. the clouds cover the gray, shining causeway in gray. shadows show in her face. the quickening wind cools her damp and crawling skin but the beat is bigger now and storm clouds are assembling above her. her chest fills and falls. she is dancing. the helicopters were the first to see a black cloud snap. the helicopters were the first to see Julia making it rain.
Darah Zeledon, Hollywood FL , "A Lucky Girl"
You don't know what you're made of until you are ripped apart. I should've suffered a nervous breakdown, or at the very least, divorce, years ago when my seemingly perfect world began to tumble to the ground. But that hasn't happened. And despite five agonizing years battling adversity, like the Palm tree, I continue to bend, but break, I will not.
It all began in 2006 when suddenly, I was diagnosed with a tennis ball-sized brain tumor while pregnant with my 4th baby. What followed was the abrupt suicide of an adored younger brother and violent armed home invasion. Six months after the robbery, we lost our business overnight. And fell into financial ruin.
Our hopeless situation forced us to abandon our comfortable life in Panama. With nowhere to go and in spite of everyone's discouragement, we returned to the US—-marching straight into the worst financial crisis since The Great Depression. Here we set out to start anew with nothing more than a will to survive and five young children to care for.
Through it all, I came out fighting and keep fighting my way out, in search of tranquility and stability for my family and me. I manage to keep everyone united and happy by living a philosophy that kept me and keeps me sane and resilient—-the Seven Universal Pearls of Wisdom. My theory was put into practice recently when once again, my life hung in the balance. A weekend road-biking excursion turned tragic when I unexpectedly lost control of the bike, went flying off and landed face-down in the middle of A1A. I suffered multiple facial fractures, skull injuries and lost teeth. Still recovering from three extensive reconstructive jaw surgeries, I "walk the talk" and do what it takes to keep my family strong, and press on like a warrior.
Ricardo Rovira, Miami FL 33143 , "Mangrove Trail"
The mangroves at Matheson are heavy with morning light trying to break thru the spindly branches bundled with the night work of a thousand crab spiders that watch us as we bike past them with their thousand hungry eyes. My son, the arachnophobe, pedals faster and again asks why we didn't take the high road, the smoothly-paved one without the rooty bumps or the pools of briny water or the broken branches groping at our feet, the high road that takes you where you want to go fast, no questions asked, no thousand eyes staring back at you, demanding that you slow down, that you dismount, that you stare right back and take it all in.
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© Copyright 2010


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Manse Party
Laying down your first runway in Paris is no small affair. But H&M, with the resources of international retail success behind it—it has almost three thousand stores, in forty-eight markets worldwide—doesn't do anything small anyway. So for its first-ever Paris fashion show, the Swedish retail giant kitted out an enormous tent on the grounds of the Musée Rodin to resemble a lavish mansion. Editors and celebs sat in themed rooms (a kids' area with a chalkboard wall, a boudoir, a dining room with a fully set table), while some of the biggest names in modeling sashayed through. And sashay is really the best way to describe what Arizona, Cara, Liu, Isabeli, and the show's opener, Joan Smalls, did on the runway in a barrage of over-the-knee boots and sixties-inflected pieces in a palette of black and white that made up the label's Fall '13 house collection. They whipped their blow-outs back and forth and struck poses on the catwalk with well-honed attitude. After that, how could a dance party not break out?
"It was something unexpected," Smalls offered after the show. But while the runway might've been a surprise, H&M infiltrating high fashion is becoming an ever-more-reasonable expectation. The It girls flown in for the evening—Chloë Moretz, Emma Roberts, Joséphine de la Baume, Daisy Lowe, Pixie Geldof, Claire Courtin-Clarins, and Leigh Lezark—certainly seemed to think so. "I'm wearing H&M, H&M and a Chanel purse," Moretz said of her burgundy minidress and nude heels. "I like the idea that someone can see what I'm wearing and think, I can go buy that." Roberts' evening attire was also a study in mixing and matching. "I love a good high-low," she said. "It's so cool when someone is wearing vintage, with H&M and a Dior bag. That's what fashion is all about."


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Makita BSS611Z LXT Lithium-ion Circular Saw
Makita BSS611Z 18V 6 1/2" LXT Lithium-ion Circular Saw (Bare Tool)
- Makita-built high torque D35 motor is a tru cutting champion offering maximum power
- Easily cuts through 2x material at 45 deg. with a 50 deg. maximum capacity
- Super compact design at just over 13" long and under 7 lbs., use it all day long with less fatigue
- Ergonomic, cushioned grip fits your hand like a glove and results in more control and accuracy
- Saw base is constructed of heavy gauge, precision machined steel for super smooth and accurate cuts
- Two-piece armature and field along with externally accessible brushes for serviceability and longer motor life
- To be used with the Makita 3.0 Amp Battery (not included with this bare tool)
Makita Cordless Circular Saw - 18V Power at a 12V Weight.
The BSS611Z has a few less features than the BSS610Z, which is reflected by its less expensive cost. If you are not looking for some of the Bells and Whistles that the other Lithium-ion Cordless Circular Saw has, then this is a great compact saw for the money. This circular saw is the same saw that is contained in the Makita Combo Kits. Its compact design at only 13-3/8" in length and weighs only 6.9 lbs (when you add battery which is not included), for less operator fatigue.
This model does not feature the LED cutting guide or the blade brake. See the Makita BSS610Z for the same saw with those additional features.
The BSS611Z includes:
- Makita 18V 6-1/2" LXT Cordless Circular Saw (Bare Tool)
- (1) D-26624 Circular Saw Blade
- (Batteries and charger sold separately)
Tech Specs:
- Blade Diameter: 6-1/2"
- Arbor: 5/8"
- No Load Speed: 3,700 RPM
- Maximum Cutting Depth: 90° - 2-1/4", 45° - 1-9/16", 50° - 1-7/16"
- Watt Hours: 54.0
- Battery(Ah): 3.0
- Length: 13-5/8"
Overall Rating for Makita BSS611Z LXT Lithium-ion Circular Saw
Battery Warning
By gary from Texas on January 5, 2012
Cons:Nobody lists a warning about the battery requirement!
Merchant Response:The 1.5 AH Lithium-Ion Battery (BL1815) was developed for the Compact (Black/White) line of LXT. It has 1/2 the "run time" of our 3.0 Amp Hour Battery (BL1830).
As shown in the Tech Specs, use the 3.0 Amp Hour Battery (BL1830) for he LXT products (Teal/Black) for high RPM tools like grinders, circular saws, etc


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Novel destinations : literary landmarks from Jane Austen's Bath to Ernest Heming
Schmidt, Shannon McKenna
Adult Nonfiction PS141 .S36 2008
Schmidt, Shannon McKenna
Adult Nonfiction PS141 .S36 2008
What other readers are saying about this title:
A.E.C.M. said:
This is a very interesting book, and it has a lot of interesting places to visit, though I noticed most of them are in America, England, or France. I guess that was where most of the famous authors lived. The only one that they missed was Jules Verne, who happens to be a personal favorite of mine. But the places were varied and the book was organized. If you want to learn about interesting places associated with famous authors of history, read this book.
posted Jun 3, 2013 at 3:57PM
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Best cities to find an honest mechanic
Survey measured variation in prices, plus how many shops changed their estimates when presented with the industry standard price.
If you want to get a fair and accurate estimate of the cost of fixing your car, you're better off in Memphis than in Chicago.
That's according to AutoMD.com, one of several free online sites that give customers an estimate of what a specific auto repair should cost.
The site sent mystery shoppers to more than 600 repairs shops in the 50 largest U.S. metropolitan areas to get price quotes on a front brake replacement for a Ford Focus. The shoppers called back two weeks later, armed with the industry standard price for that repair.
Are you surprised to hear that more than two-thirds of the shops changed their price quote when presented with the usual price for that job?
AutoMD ranked the cities based on affordability, price disparity among the highest and lowest quotes, and the percentage of shops that changed their original estimate by more than 5% when presented with the industry price.
"If you are one of the 88% of car owners who feel that they are not getting a fair shake at the repair shop . . . this report shows that you are probably right," AutoMD.com president Shane Evangelist said in a news release. "Repair shop quotes in more than half of the cities for the same job had a variance from lowest to highest of over 150% -- with over two-thirds of the shops overall changing their price quote when presented with an industry standard price."
Even in the top-ranked city -- Memphis, Tenn. -- Evangelist noted that the mystery shoppers found a 135% price quote disparity, and 25% of the city's repair shops changed their quotes when presented with the industry standard price.
- Video: Gas prices on the rise
Obviously, the survey is a great boon for AutoMD, since it shows that its type of service can often save people money. Of course, savvy shoppers for years have known that being armed with accurate information about what things SHOULD cost is a key component to saving money.
And why not use a service like AutoMD or RepairPal, which also offers free estimates and information on car repairs? They're free. And knowledge is power.
The best cities, starting with the top-ranked, are:
- Memphis
- Jacksonville, Fla.
- Omaha, Neb.
- San Antonio, Texas
- Austin, Texas
The worst cities, ranked from not quite as bad to the lowest, are:
- Raleigh, N.C.
- Washington, D.C.
- Albuquerque, N.M.
- Honolulu
- Chicago
Have you tried any of these services? Has it made a difference in the prices you get for auto repairs? Do you have other tips for saving money on car repairs?
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Buy a new refrigerator, and you could see your utility bills drop because of new energy-efficiency standards.
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Find the highest rates on savings accounts, CDs and money market accounts.
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A charcuterie master shares his process for cold-smoking meat at home.
- Jetpacks about to go mainstream
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- Bing: 70 percent of adults report 'digital eye strain'


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Meanwhile, check out the great tips you've been missing:
April 11, 2013
Most small businesses lack a cohesive image. Yet more than ever they have to compete with chains and franchises who often do a great job of creating a strong image (i.e., brand) for themselves. Rich Dombey, Rich Designs, Hillsborough, NJ, is a great example of sign shops who use their design skills to help small businesses create a professional image. It's also a very successful approach for the sign designer.
2014 Sign Pricing Guide
Take the guesswork out of pricing your work--get yours FREE! It's available as an online sign price calculator, too. Price a sign in just three clicks!
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Can't find what you're looking for? Shop all ink and toner cartridges by brand
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What are drivers and why do you need to update them? Drivers are software instructions that your hardware devices (display, sound, camera, printer, etc...) use to communicate with your PC. Hardware device manufacturers often release driver updates that will improve performance, stability, fix bugs, and add new features which in turns lead to the same overall benefits to your PC.
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Making iPad® Time Tantrum-Free
Ah, the iPad. Load it up with educational apps and watch your toddler become happy as a clam swiping and tapping away at the colorful, blinking screen.
Happy, that is, until you try to take it away.
Tennessee mom Shelley Mickler explains. "When my 15-month-old son saw me using our family's tablet, I could tell he was interested. One day for fun, I added this silly app revolving around popping balloons. I really thought this would keep him occupied for two minutes tops before he moved on to something else."
Almost 25 minutes later, with her son in a "state of extreme bliss," Mickler asked her son politely to hand her back the iPad…and then calmly counted to three…
And then things got ugly.
"Not only was it the first time he ever used a tablet, it was the first time he ever threw a tantrum! I'm talking full-out demon child, kicking the floor, screaming, wailing fit. All over popping balloons on a little screen," says Mickler, who has not handed over the tablet to her son since this incident happened three months ago.
If you think this sounds bad, consider that in Great Britain a four-year-old girl is now undergoing treatment for iPad addiction. The preschooler in question first got her hands on a tablet computer when she was 3 years old; within a year, she was using it up to four hours per day and throwing fits when her parents tried to pry it from her tiny hands.
"The child's mother called me and described her symptoms," psychiatrist Dr. Richard Graham tells the UK's Sunday Mirror about what led him to make a diagnosis of addiction. "She told me she had developed an obsession with the device and would ask for it constantly. She would become very distressed and inconsolable when it was taken away."
OK, so not every child who uses an iPad is going to become addicted—or even have a tantrum when tablet time is over. But should these stories serve as a warning that young kids and iPads don't mix? Here's the complicated part: Touchscreen apps—especially learning apps—really do seem to help some children improve in such important areas as language acquisition.
For example, one study, sponsored by the Sesame Workshop, found that preschool-age children improved on a vocabulary test after using an educational learning app based on a popular cartoon character; among 5-year-olds enrolled in the study, there was an average vocabulary gain of 27 percent. A study using a different educational app had a similar result, with 3-year-olds exhibiting a 17 percent gain in language, the Wall Street Journal reports.
What about the two-and-under crowd? It could even be that tablet use defies current American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines that recommend "no screen time" for children under two, Time magazine points out. The problem with lumping tablets in with this recommendation is that when the guidelines were released in 2011, no studies involving babies and toddlers using interactive tablet and iPad apps were looked at—because they didn't exist.
"We just don't have the data yet," says Dr. Ari Brown, a pediatrician and member of the AAP, tells the magazine. However, with more than half of all young children in the U.S. having access a touchscreen device in their daily lives, it will hopefully be only a matter of time before meaningful research points the way to how much and how often—if at all—babies and toddlers should use touchscreen devices.
But what to do in the meantime? Luckily for moms like Mickler, other parents have figured out ways to make tablet time a little more tantrum proof.
For starters, "set a timer and make sure your child knows that once the timer goes off, the iPad gets handed over…you can even install an app that will automatically turn off the tablet after a certain number of minutes," says Daniel Kerwin, an iPad fan and dad of three from Rhode Island, who says that even his two-year old gets this basic concept of time limits.
Secondly, try to be a good role model. "Think about your own tech habits. Are you constantly checking your phone? If you show restraint in how you use smart devices, your discipline might rub off on your children when it's their turn to cut it short," says Megan Brown, a mom in Burlington, Vermont, who admits that she sometimes falters following her own advice.
One last tech tip? Use the iPad or tablet together. "Just because a two-year-old can zip around an iPad like a Mac Genius Bar employee, I don't think this means that we, as parents, should leave them alone with these devices," says Kerwin, who favors treating iPad time the same as reading a book together.
"When we snuggle on the couch and play the app together, I never hear a whimper when it's time to put the iPad away."
And he adds, "I intend to keep it that way."


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Tomorrow is going to be hard All I can do is try to keep busy, keep the mind movies at bay and get through the day.
On the fence... do I stay or do
Trying to see the positives while looking at my children's beautiful smiles
I'm coming up on our first antiversary and am struggling with the same flashbacks - seeing the phone and emails, confronting WH, him lying to my face, packing our kids up and leaving. It is all so sad.
It seems like things are compounded for you because your WH isn't doing a whole lot to make you feel secure in staying in your marriage. Good luck today.
I'm so sorry you are struggling. Please be gentle with yourself today. Lean on us. Sending you strength and support to help you through today.
My first antiversary is tomorrow, so you are not alone. Sending peace and good thoughts your way!
One should rather die than be betrayed. There is no deceit in death. It delivers precisely what it has promised. Betrayal, though ... betrayal is the willful slaughter of hope. ~Steven Deitz
Married for over 15 years
2 beautiful boys in elementary school
You may not control all the events that happen to you, but you can decide not to be reduced by them. Maya Angelou
I'm so sorry you are in so much pain today. Maybe talk to him and let him know if there is something he can do to help you. Antiversary's are hard it brings back so much emotion and pain.
Be kind to yourself today try and go and do something that will cheer you up.
I'm so sorry.
try to hang in there....if you are mad, then that is okay...if you are sad, so be it....do what you need to do to heal and feel better. hugs to you.
He took this week off of work because of DD and we had some good days, but this was not one of them. He didn't do one thing to try to be extra special or nice. I don't know why I keep hopibg he will get it and do stuff like that... he never does. I should be used to it by now.
Oh well, I made a nice dinner more for myself than anything, and I'm counting the minutes until its bed time for the kids. Maybe I will go for a swim. I'm very glad this day is drawing to a close. At the rate we are going, who knows if I will even have to worry about dealing with an Antiversary, next year


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This week, we're showing the Pisces among us a little love. The sign of the Fishes governs the dream world, meaning that you, dear Pisces, are fabulously creative — much like your iconic signmates Michelangelo… read
Look lively, stargazers. Monday's full moon signals that the time for change is now, and it's up to you to harness that potential energy. With autumn around the corner, a fresh start could be on the… read
Bring on the back-to-school vibes, stargazers. (A little early, we know.) Monday's new moon in studious, systematic Virgo blows the whistle on summer sloth-dom. Sadly, it's time to put down the frozen… read
Sagittarius babies are fire signs ruled by jovial and bright-minded Jupiter. So, it's no surprise they're quick with a joke. Ever-positive, Sags are great friends, often giving thoughtful but uplifting… read


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Converged infrastructure offers the potential to positively transform your IT organization, enabling you to accelerate service deployment, gain higher data center efficiencies and improve quality of service delivery. However, managing a converged infrastructure stack is a daunting task since traditional management practices entail the use of independent and disconnected element management tools across each hardware domain.
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Friday, December 14 at 6:30 p.m. and 8:30 p.m. – Hope Springs (2012) Starring Meryl Streep, Tommy Lee Jones, and Steve Carell; Rated PG-13; 100 minutes; Closed captioned for the hearing impaired.
SPECIAL PRESENTATION! Parts of this movie were filmed right here in Darien and we will have the homeowner whose house was used and her neighbor participate in a Q&A session following the 6:30 p.m. screening. Find out what Meryl and Tommy Lee are really like!
Kay and Arnold are a devoted couple, but decades of marriage have left Kay wanting to spice things up and reconnect with her husband. When she hears of a renowned couple's specialist in the small town of Great Hope Springs, she attempts to persuade her skeptical husband, a steadfast man of routine, to get on a plane for a week of marriage therapy. Just convincing the stubborn Arnold to go on the retreat is hard enough - the real challenge for both of them comes as they shed their bedroom hang-ups and try to re-ignite the spark that caused them to fall for each other in the first place.
"A genuinely sweet, perfectly acted, remarkably brave little movie that should make audiences swoon for something they thought was gone - a smart dramedy for grown-ups." -- Joe Neumaier, New York Daily News
For more information, please watch the film's trailer. Check out the rest of our Friday Night Features in December.
Additional parking for evening and weekend Library programs available on Thorndal Circle (behind Nielsen's).


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Woodworker's Journal
"I would like to thank all of you for the great information from your magazine articles. I learned so much, and your reader response is impressive." - Rocky Mezzone
"Once again I am pleased by what you deliver in this small format. The tool maker column is particularly interesting to me and, I believe, very relevant for most woodworkers. Thanks!" - Vane Hugo /p>
"After reading the article "The Dust-Gate by JDS" in Issue 140's Tool Preview section, I visited the manufacturer's web site to learn more, as I was surprised to find that something so inexpensive could automatically open and close the blast gates on top of turning on the dust collector. I found that the system does not automatically open and close the blast gates but rather uses the blast gates as remote switches for turning the dust collector on and off. It also does not close the blast gates that are not in use as was suggested in the review." - John Sasinowski
You're quite right, John. Thanks for catching that error. Incidentally, if you are interested in a system that automatically opens and closes blast gates while simultaneously regulating the dust collector to coordinate with the number of open gates, check out the offerings at www.ecogate.com. - Editor
More on Roy Underhill
"Absolutely facinating! Thanks for the history." - Gary Janes
"Great Job! Keep up the good work." - Rev. Joseph L. Baldwin
"Your article about Roy Underhill brought back the memory of watching this talented man for many seasons. I had thought that his show had been cancelled. It was well written and most informative concerning the accuracy of how things were done in the past without power tools. The power was in the hands and minds of those wielding the tools. I was always drawn back to watch more because his presentation was magnifying. I guess a desire to do things with wood also had something to do with it. It all seemed so natural. I thank you for presenting this article on one of the most accomplished men of our time, even though the subject is not of our time." - Bill Bidel
"I love the article on Roy Underhill and I read where he was starting or has a woodworking radio show. Do you know if a Chicago station picks it up and if so do you know the radio number? I would like to hear it." Nancy Neff
Roy wrote a novel in which the hero has a woodworking radio program, a bit of absurdity that would be rather hard to pull off. However, that is strictly the stuff of fiction. - Editor
"I really enjoyed your super article on Roy Underhill. This guy has been a hero of mine for many years. I have his books, and have been a faithful fan of his show. I watch Norm also, but Roy is the guy that I try most to emulate. I had never heard of how he got started in his profession. It was all very interesting stuff. Thanks for the article." - Charles Hess
"I truly did enjoy the article you did on Roy. I liked his show and his books well enough to have built a model of Roy's shop and entered it in the Iowa State Fair this past summer." - Roy Moore
Q and A Page
"I do like the page for questions; goodness knows how many times I wonder about a process or how to do or use something. Keep it going. And thank you for having the page!" - Harold J. Besch
Foggy Glasses
"In regard to the issue of keeping fog off of safety glasses, there is a company called Titmus making something called Fog Eliminator Cloth. You can find them at www.titmus.com. I use them all the time here at work and love this stuff." - Ernie Polmateer
Rob Millard
"Thanks to Michael Dresdner for the great article on Rob Millard, a person who persevered where many throw in the towel. Rob certainly has a lot of reasons to be proud of himself and his work. I got my first taste of real woodworking from a supportive shop teacher in grade 7, and got C- on a plywood desk I built in high school shop. It is so sad that school districts throughout the nation have dumped woodworking shops from the curriculum in middle school and high school." - Bob Gilda
Not all our readers got such an early start in woodworking, though. - Editor
"When I saw (no pun intended) the standard of Rob's work, I could have wept. My own creations, mostly garden furniture, look very poor in comparison but then, I only started the hobby when I was 81. I am now 84, and hope to live to be 100; then maybe my work will grace your pages." - Norm Spencer
It's very possible. - Editor
"I'd put Rob Millard in the top 10!" - Joe Scharle
"Great article about Rob Millard. Are his finishes discussed in Michael Dresdner's books?" - Tony Parisi
Millard says he learned a lot about finishing from Dresdner's books. - Editor
"In the article, Millard talked about 'rubbing the finish.' What does that mean?" - Victor A. Lomoriello
It's a bit long to explain here, but Michael Dresdner covered the process in his "Finishing Thoughts" column that appeared in the April 2002 issue of the print version of Woodworker's Journal. - Editor
It's obvious that Jerry Cole of In-Line Industries has some very appreciative customers. - Editor
"In 2001, I wanted a top of the line cabinet table saw. I had enough of my contractor saw but didn't have the money to replace it. Vibration, noise and continuous trunnion adjustments took all the enjoyment out of woodworking. I had the good fortune to meet Jerry Cole of In-Line Industries at a woodworking show. He demonstrated his products on a table saw not very much different than my own. I bought the 'Dubby,' the pulleys, the link belt and the 'PALS' alignment kit. The next day I had a new saw. The blade on that old Craftsman saw no longer bounced, it was quiet, and over the years, no matter how many times I've checked alignment, it has been and still is dead-on. With a couple of hundred dollars' investment woodworking is exciting again. It's coming up on five years now, and I've never had any more thoughts of replacing that old Craftsman table saw. Everything Mr. Cole said I should expect out his products was realized. You can't beat results. Thanks for sharing this Michael Dresdner 'Tool Maker Insider' column. My hope is that many more woodworkers frustrated with their equipment might discover the In-Line Industries products and once again find true satisfaction in woodworking without mortgaging the house." - Charles Puleo
"Nice article on Jerry and the Dubby. I bought one three years ago at a woodworking show after watching his demonstration. Making picture frames and boxes are a breeze since you are pretty much guaranteed that your sides are going to be parallel. I barely even use my miter saw now. I went back the next year and bought the belt and pulleys and saw alignment kit and can't believe how well my old saw performs." - Craig Vanderland
"I just finished reading the article about In-Line. I have a Craftsman contractor's saw and, for years, I have made accurate cuts by using 'Kentucky windage.' As the article said, adjusting the trunnions to get the blade parallel to the miter slot is darned near impossible. I can hardly wait for the PALS kit to arrive. Thank you!" - Frank Miller
"What a nice review about a man who has a simple and brilliant product. The Dubby is great, and I am waiting for the UK market to pick up on the American miter slot size. It is starting to happen, and maybe then I can sell a bunch of Jerry's product. Keep up the good work of promoting small American companies. I look to you as a starting point for new products to sell in the UK as Wood Workers Workshop specialises in selling American tools, not the Chinese stuff." - Roger H Phebey
Before the typo police jump in, that is the correct spelling of 'specializes' in England. - Editor
Typo Corner
And speaking of typos, here's the entry for this issue. - Editor
"How can I make a 180 degree bend in a redwood 2x2 for shelfing?"
This one had even us baffled. We can understand how shelving could become shelfing, but isn't a '180 degree bend' simply a straight line? - Editor


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