text:
Canadian English
Canadian English (CanE, CE, en-CA[1]) is the "standard" variety of English spoken in Canada,[2] though may also refer collectively to all dialects of English spoken in Canada. Canadian English is the sole first language of approximately 18 million Canadians (57%), and one of two or more mother tongues for 450,000 Canadians (1%). The mother tongue of 7 million Canadians is French (22%), while another 6 million have a non-English, non-French mother tongue (21%). Approximately 20 million (65%) use English at home, while another 500,000 speakers are bilingual or trilingual in their homes.[3] 72.7% of Canadians outside Quebec speak English as their mother tongue.[4]
Standard Canadian English broadly encompasses the language variety as spoken by the majority of middle class Canadian anglophones. However, the complex colonial history, extreme regional isolation of many communities, and high level of non-English speaker immigration has provided Canada with a diversity of regional variations and very distinct dialects, which are in some instances mutually unintelligible.[2] Based on lexis and phonology, standard Canadian English is divided into eight regions: British Columbia, the Prairies (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba,and northwestern Ontario), Southern Ontario, Greater Toronto, Eastern Ontario, Quebec (mostly Greater Montreal), the Maritimes (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island), and Newfoundland and Labrador.[2][5]
The term "Canadian English" first appears in a speech by the Reverend A. Constable Geikie in an address to the Canadian Institute in 1857. Geikie, a Scottish-born Canadian, reflected the Anglocentric attitude that would be prevalent in Canada for the next hundred years when he referred to the language as "a corrupt dialect", in comparison to what he considered the proper English spoken by immigrants from Britain.[6]
- 1 Historical development
- 2 Regional variation
- 3 Characteristics
- 3.1 Homogeneity
- 3.2 Spelling
- 3.3 Pronunciation
- 3.4 Grammar
- 3.5 Vocabulary
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 Further reading
- 7 External links
Historical development[edit]
Modern standard Canadian English derives largely from variants of British English delivered over several centuries of colonisation in North America and through Canada's very close ties to British English, as part of the British Empire and Commonwealth, to the present day. Recent studies have shown how it reflects an admixture of other languages, including those of the First Nations,[7] Canadian French,[6] Italian and Ukrainian[8] and the English dialects of the United States.[9] There had been some debate about the development of Canadian English,[10][11] but these have been largely superseded by recent linguistic studies and data collection. The historic development of Canadian English is only recently the focus of scholarly study,[12] while recent studies have shown the historically recent emergence of distinctly Canadian English features.[13]
Regional variation[edit]
Canadian English has 8 regional variants,[2] with Newfoundland as a unique outlier. The Maritime area has the largest diversity, while Northern Canada remains a dialect region in formation.[14]
British Columbia[edit]
English in British Columbia has several words in current use borrowed from the Chinook Jargon although the use of such vocabulary is observably decreasing. The most famous and widely used of these terms are skookum and saltchuck. In the Yukon, cheechako is used for newcomers or greenhorns. People from Vancouver exhibit more vowel retraction of /æ/ before nasals than people from Toronto, and this retraction may become a regional marker of British Columbia English.[15] Rhoticity is often less pronounced.
Prairies (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and north western Ontario)[edit]
There is a strong Canadian raising and usage of words such as chesterfield and front room also associated with the Maritimes. Aboriginal Canadians are a larger and more conspicuous population in prairie cities than elsewhere in the country and elements of aboriginal speech in English are found. Similarly, the linguistic legacy, mostly intonation but also speech patterns and syntax, of the Scandinavian, Slavic and German settlers – who are far more numerous and historically important in the Prairies than in Ontario or the Maritimes – can be heard in the general milieu. Again, the large Métis population in Saskatchewan and Manitoba also carries with it certain linguistic traits inherited from French, Aboriginal and Celtic forebears. Some terms are derived from immigrant groups or local inventions:
- Bluff: small group of trees isolated by prairie (a common feature of the aspen parkland biome)
- Bunny hug: elsewhere hoodie or hooded sweat shirt (mainly in Saskatchewan, but also in Manitoba)
- Ginch/gonch/gitch/gotch: underwear ("ginch"/"gitch", usually women's, "gotch/gonch", usually men's, "gitchies/gotchies", usually children's), probably of Eastern European or Ukrainian origin.[16] Gitch and gotch are primarily used in Saskatchewan and Manitoba while the variants with an n are common in Alberta and British Columbia.[17]
- Jam buster: jelly-filled doughnut.
- Porch climber: moonshine or homemade alcohol. Porch climber has a slightly specialized meaning in Ontario where it refers to a beverage mixed of beer, vodka, and lemonade.
- Slough /sluː/: pond – usually a pond on a farm
- Vi-Co: occasionally used in Saskatchewan instead of chocolate milk. Formerly a brand of chocolate milk.
In farming communities with substantial Ukrainian, German or Mennonite populations, accents, sentence structure and vocabulary influenced by these languages is common. These communities are most common in the Saskatchewan Valley region of Saskatchewan and Red River Valley region of Manitoba.
Northern Ontario[edit]
With a smaller, but more concentrated French population (notably in the cities of Timmins, North Bay and Sudbury) and sizable Aboriginal population, this area is somewhat unique as having elements from both the Western provinces and the rest of Ontario. Communities receive media from both directions, and residents travel frequently to both areas, prompting a blending of dialects. Sharp-eared locals can detect from word usage (soda versus pop, hoodie versus bunny hug) where one originated, "Down east" (east of Sault Ste. Marie and beyond the Great Lakes), or "Out West" (west of the Manitoba border).
Eastern Ontario[edit]
The area to the north and west of Ottawa is heavily influenced by original Scottish, Irish, and German settlers, with many French loanwords. There is a substantial French minority in this region. The variation is sometimes referred to as the Valley Accent.
Greater Toronto[edit]
Toronto is an extremely diverse city linguistically. 44% of people in the greater Toronto area do not speak English as their mother tongue[18] As a result Toronto has a distinct variation from other regions.[19]
- Many people in Montreal distinguish between the words "marry" and "merry" in pronunciation.
- Quebec Anglophones generally pronounce French street names in Montreal as French words. Pie IX Boulevard is pronounced /pi nœf/, not as "pie nine". On the other hand, most Anglophones do pronounce final Ds, as in Bernard and Bouchard.
- In Montreal neighbourhoods such as Côte-St-Luc, Hampstead and Outremont, there is a strong Yiddishish influence from pre- and post- second world war immigration from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.
- Words used mainly in Quebec and especially in Montreal are:[20] stage for "apprenticeship" or "internship", copybook for a notebook, dépanneur or dep for a convenience store, and guichet for an ABM/ATM. It is also common for Francophones to use translated French words, or terms, instead of common English equivalents such as "open" and "close" for "on" and "off" or "Open the lights, please" for "Turn on the lights, please".[citation needed]
Maritimes (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island)[edit]
The common accent has elements of Scottish English and Irish English. Outside of major communities there is marked variation between communities and provinces. This reflects ethnic demographics and a relatively recent history of geographic isolation of many villages. Into the 1980s, residents of villages in northern Nova Scotia could distinguish village accents. The varieties found in Prince Edward Island are often considered the most distinct group.
The phonology of Maritime English has some unique features:
- Pre-consonantal /r/ is sometimes deleted.
- The flapping of intervocalic /t/ and /d/ to alveolar tap [ɾ] between vowels, as well as pronouncing it as a glottal stop [ʔ], is less common in the Maritimes. Therefore, battery is pronounced [ˈbætɹi] instead of [ˈbæɾ(ə)ɹi].
- Especially among the older generation, /w/ and /hw/ are not merged; that is, the beginning sound of why, white, and which is different from that of witch, with, wear.
- Like most varieties of CanE, Maritime English contains Canadian raising.
The variety of English spoken in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador is a very distinct dialect in its own right with several varieties dialects.[5] Newfoundland English differs in vowel pronunciation, morphology, syntax, and preservation of archaic adverbal-intensifiers and pronouns. The dialect can vary markedly from community to community, as well as from region to region, reflecting ethnic origin as well as relatively recent geographic isolation of fishing villages. A few speakers have a transitional pin–pen merger.
Northern Canada[edit]
First Nations and Inuit people from Northern Canada speak a version of Canadian English influenced by the phonology of their first languages, and French. European Canadians in these regions are relatively recent arrivals, and have not produced a dialect that is distinct from southern Canadian English.[21]
The concept of linguistic homogeneity (put simply: "CE sounds the same from coast to coast") has been the dominant model in the field (see [22] for a comprehensive overview). However, while many linguists have held and still adhere to this model, recent work has revealed regional variations and quite distinct dialects based on samples that have been hitherto unavailable.[2][23][24]
Canadian spelling of the English language combines British and American conventions.
- French-derived words retain British spellings (colour or centre). While the United States uses the Anglo-French spelling defense or offense (noun), Canadians use the British spellings defence and offence (defensive and offensive are universal).
- Use of "curb and tire in contrast to British English kerb and tyre.
- Words ending in -ise use "-ize" after the US English convention.
- Some nouns take -ice while matching verbs take -ise, as with practice and practise, licence and license.
- Canadian spelling can retain the British practice of doubling consonants when adding suffixes to words even when the final syllable (before the suffix) is not stressed, as with travelled, counselling, and controllable.[25])
Canadian spelling conventions can be partly explained by Canada's trade history. For instance, the British spelling of the word cheque probably relates to Canada's once-important ties to British financial institutions.[citation needed] Canada's automobile industry, on the other hand, has been dominated by American firms hence the use of the US tire, truck, gasoline and trunk over "tyre", lorry, petrol and boot.[25]
Canada's political history has also had an influence on Canadian spelling. Canada's first prime minister, John A. Macdonald, once directed the Governor General of Canada to issue an order-in-council directing that government papers be written in the British style.[26]
A contemporary reference for formal Canadian spelling is the spelling used for Hansard transcripts of the Parliament of Canada (see The Canadian Style in Further reading below). Many Canadian editors, though, use the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, often along with the chapter on spelling in Editing Canadian English, and, where necessary (depending on context), one or more other references (see Further reading below.)
The first Canadian dictionaries of Canadian English were edited by Walter Spencer Avis and published by Gage Ltd. The Beginner's Dictionary (1962), the Intermediate Dictionary (1964) and, finally, the Senior Dictionary (1967) were milestones in Canadian English lexicography. Many secondary schools in Canada use these dictionaries. The dictionaries have regularly been updated since: the Senior Dictionary was renamed Gage Canadian Dictionary and exists in what may be called its 5th edition from 1997. Gage was acquired by Thomson Nelson around 2003. The latest editions were published in 2009 by HarperCollins. In 1997, the ITP Nelson Dictionary of the Canadian English Language was another product but has not been updated since. In 1998, Oxford University Press produced The Oxford Canadian Dictionary and a second edition, retitled The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, was published in 2004. Just as in the older dictionaries, it includes uniquely Canadian words and words borrowed from other languages and surveyed spellings, such as whether colour or color was the more popular choice in common use. Paperback and concise versions (2005, 2006), with minor updates, are available.
The scholarly Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles (DCHP)[27] was first published in 1967 by Gage Ltd. It was a partner project of the Senior Dictionary (and appeared only a few weeks apart from it). The DCHP can be considered the "Canadian OED" because it documents the historical development of Canadian English words such as mukluk, Canuck, bluff, and grow op. It is a specialist, scholarly dictionary. A second edition was started at the University of British Columbia in 2006.[28]
Throughout part of the 20th century, some Canadian newspapers adopted American spellings [29] The practice was also considered a labour-saving technique during the early days of printing in which movable type was set manually.[29] Canadian newspapers also received much of their international content from American press agencies; therefore, it was much easier for editorial staff to leave in the shorter US spellings from wire articles.[30]
More recently, Canadian newspapers have moved back to traditional Canadian spelling, as did the The Globe and Mail in October 1990.[31] Other newspapers followed suit.[30][32][33]
Pronunciation evidences British, US and distinctly Canadian elements.
- The letter Z is pronounced zed[34][35]
- Canadians sometimes use [ɛ], hence "milk" and "miss" may sound like "melk" and "mess"
- In the words adult and composite – the stress is usually on the first syllable, as in British English.
- Canadians use the British shone /ʃɒn/ (rhymes with con), often lever /ˈliːvər/ (rhymes with beaver), and several other words; been is pronounced by many speakers as /biːn/ (homophone of bean) instead ofn /bɪn/ (homophone of bin).
- Schedule can sometimes be /ˈʃɛdʒuːl/ (approximate homophone of shed jewel); process, progress, and project are sometimes pronounced /ˈproʊsɛs/, /ˈproʊɡrɛs/ (rhymes with toe dress), and /ˈproʊdʒɛkt/; leisure is often /ˈlɛʒər/ (rhymes with measure), harassment is sometimes /ˈhærəsmənt/ (approximate homophone of Harris mint).[36]
- Again and against are often pronounced /əˈɡeɪn, əˈɡeɪnst/ (homophone of a gain) rather than /əˈɡɛn, əˈɡɛnst/ (rhymes with ten).
- The stressed vowel of words such as borrow, sorry or tomorrow is /ɔɹ/ (borrow is an approximate homophone of bore row) rather than /ɑɹ/ (borrow is an approximate homophone of bar row).
- Words such as fragile, fertile, and mobile are pronounced /ˈfrædʒaɪl/, /ˈfɜrtaɪl/ and /ˈmoʊbaɪl/ (so that the final syllable rhymes with mile).
- Words like semi, anti, and multi tend to be pronounced /ˈsɛmi/, /ˈænti/ (approximate homophone of ante), and /ˈmʌlti/ rather than /ˈsɛmaɪ/, /ˈæntaɪ/, and /ˈmʌltaɪ/ (approximate homophone of mull tie).
- Loanwords that have a low central vowel in their language of origin, such as llama, pasta, and pyjamas, as well as place names like Gaza, tend to have /æ/ (same vowel as in jazz) rather than /ɑ/ (which is the same as /ɒ/ due to the father–bother merger; see below); this also applies to older loans like drama or Apache. The word khaki is sometimes pronounced /ˈkɑrki/ (homophone of car key), the preferred pronunciation of the Canadian Army during the Second World War.[37]
- Pecan is usually /ˈpiːkæn/ (or PEE-kan) or /piːˈkæn/ (or pee-KAN), as opposed to /pɨˈkɑːn/ (or pə-KAHN), more common in the U.S.[38]
- The most common pronunciation of vase is /veɪz/ (rhymes with maze).[39]
- Words of French origin, such as clique and niche are pronounced more like they would be in French, so /kliːk/ (rhymes with leak) rather than /klɪk/ (homophone of click), /niːʃ/ (rhymes with quiche) rather than /nɪtʃ/ (rhymes with hitch).
- The word syrup is commonly pronounced /ˈsɪrəp/ (approximately rhymes with beer up).
- The word premier "leader of a provincial or territorial government" is commonly pronounced /ˈprimjər/ (or PREEM-yər), with /ˈprɛmjɛər/ (or PREM-yər) and /ˈprimjɛər/ (or PREEM-yair) being rare variants.
- Many Canadians pronounce asphalt as /ˈæʃfɒlt/ (or ASH-fawlt).[40] This pronunciation is also common in Australian English, but not in General American English or British English.
- The word garage can be pronounced /ɡəˈrɑʒ/ (rhymes with collage) or /ˈɡærɪdʒ/ (rhymes with carriage).
- Some Canadians pronounce predecessor as /ˈpriːdəsɛsər/ (rhymes with need assessor)
- Some Canadians use "Mum" over "Mom".
The intonation and pronunciation of some vowel sounds have similarities to the dialects of Scotland and to accents in Northern England such as Geordie, for example the raising to "about" to sound roughly like "aboot" or "aboat", is also heard in Scotland, the Tyneside, Chorley, and Bolton areas of England, Northern Ireland, and the Upper Midwest of the United States.[citation needed]
Canadian raising[edit]
The diphthongs /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ are "raised" before voiceless consonants, namely /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, /ʃ/ and /f/. In these environments, /aɪ/ becomes [ʌɪ~ɜɪ~ɐɪ]. One of the phonetic variables that divides Canadians regionally is the articulation of the raised allophone of /aʊ/: in Ontario, it tends to have a mid-central or even mid-front articulation, sometimes approaching [ɛʊ], while in the West and Maritimes a more retracted sound is heard, closer to [ʌʊ].[41] Among some speakers in the Prairies and in Nova Scotia, the retraction is strong enough to cause some tokens of raised /aʊ/ to merge with /oʊ/, so that couch and coach sound the same, and about sounds like a boat. Canadian raising is found throughout western and central Canada, as well as in parts of the Atlantic Provinces. It is the strongest in southern Ontario, and is some what less pronounced in younger speakers in Vancouver B.C, a pattern which continues to be observed by linguistics across North America.
In most eastern regions "about" /əˈbaʊt/ sounds like a-beh-oot [əˈbɛʊt], the prairies a-boat, and in southwestern BC nearest to (a non raised) a-bowt - especially among younger speakers. Speakers in Montreal whose first language was French often do not have the raising & enunciate it "a-bowt", even if there is no trace of a French accent anymore.[citation needed]
Many Canadians, especially in parts of the Atlantic provinces, do not possess Canadian raising. In the U.S., this feature can be found in areas near the border such as the Upper Midwest and parts of New England, although it is much less common than in Canada; raising of /aɪ/ alone, however, is increasing in the U.S., and unlike raising of /aʊ/, is generally not noticed by people who do not have the raising.
Because of Canadian raising (C.R), many speakers are able to distinguish between words such as writer and rider – a feat otherwise impossible, because North American dialects turn intervocalic /t/ into an alveolar flap. Thus writer and rider are distinguished solely by their vowels, as the distinction between their consonants has been lost. Speakers who do not have C.R. cannot distinguish between these two words based on vowel sound alone.
The cot–caught merger and the Canadian Shift[edit]
Almost all Canadians have the cot–caught merger. Speakers do not distinguish /ɔ/ (as in caught) and /ɒ/ (as in cot), which merge as either [ɒ] (more common in Western Canada) or [ɑ] (more common in Southern Ontario and in Atlantic Canada, where it might even be fronted). Speakers with this merger produce these vowels identically, and often fail to hear the difference when speakers who preserve the distinction (for example, speakers of General American and Inland Northern American English) pronounce these vowels. This merger has existed in Canada for several generations.[42]
This merger creates a hole in the short vowel sub-system[43] and triggers a sound change known as the Canadian Shift, which involves the front lax vowels /æ, ɛ, ɪ/. The /æ/ of bat is lowered and retracted in the direction of [a] (except in some environments, see below). Indeed, /æ/ is further back in this variety than almost all other North American dialects;[44] the retraction of /æ/ was independently observed in Vancouver[45] and is more advanced for Ontarians and women than for people from the Prairies or Atlantic Canada and men.[46] Then, /ɛ/ and /ɪ/ may be lowered (in the direction of [æ] and [ɛ]) and/or retracted; studies actually disagree on the trajectory of the shift.[47] For example, Labov and others (2006) noted a backward and downward movement of /ɛ/ in apparent time in all of Canada except the Atlantic Provinces, but no movement of /ɪ/ was detected.
Therefore, in Canadian English, the short a and the short o are shifted in opposite directions to that of the Northern Cities shift, found across the border in the Inland Northern US, which is causing these two dialects to diverge: the Canadian short a is very similar in quality to the Inland Northern short o; for example, the production [maːp] would be recognized as map in Canada, but mop in the Inland North.
The front vowel merger before /r/[edit]
The Mary-marry-merry merger of front vowels [eɪ], [æ], [ɛ], respectively, before the intervocalic /r/, epitomizes this trend in North American speakers.[21] In particular, scholars witness a trend in which Canadian English speakers merge front vowels TRAP (m[æ]rry) and FACE (M[eɪ]ry) towards the DRESS (m[ɛ]rry) front vowel, before intervocalic /r/.[21][24] Thus, not only do marry and Mary themselves share the same-sounding vowel, transformed from [æ] and [eɪ] to [ɛ], but the pronunciation of merry (historically and presently with the DR[ɛ]SS front vowel) is now matched by marry and Mary, all three of which have become exclusive homophones in Western-Central Canadian English speakers.[21]
The front vowel merger before /r/ is the conventional trend in Canadian English speakers, with exceptions in Quebec and Newfoundland.[24] Notably, while the merging of lexical sets DRESS to FACE, prevails in Canadian English, Boberg's MANCOVA study, conducted in 2008, demonstrates that the merging of TRAP to DRESS does not apply to English-speakers in Newfoundland, nor in urban Quebec (Montreal).
To Montreal Anglophones, marry and merry sound the same, sharing the [ɛ] front vowel before intervocalic /r/. Meanwhile, Mary retains its historical FACE ([eɪ]) front vowel, with differences ranging from 112 to 138 Hz from DRESS-vowel dominant merry and "marry". Comparatively, native English-speakers in rural (i.e. not Montreal) Quebec exhibited a mean difference of only 35 Hz in their respective pronunciations of [ær] and [ɛr]—results that echo the rest of Canadian speakers.
Moreover, this phonemic feature can also be observed on the coastal region of the mid-Atlantic United States; studies suggest that this resistance of conditioning the TRAP [æ] vowel to the DRESS [ɛ] and FACE [eɪ] vowels could be a British English retention. The resistance of the TRAP vowel merger before /r/ by Anglophones in Montreal, in which Quebec Anglophones predominantly reside, supports the British-English retention hypothesis.[24]
It has been argued that the marry-merry merger has, in the past, been less general in Canada, with records of Ontario English speakers (1934, 1961) displaying m[ɛr]ried, West Canadian English speakers (1976) maintaining distinct vowels in marry and merry, and "some speakers" (1957) in Vancouver exhibiting the merger.[48] Avis' findings (1938) demonstrate a retention of distinct vowels in his generation, and a tendency towards TRAP-DRESS merging in the following generation.
/æ/ tensing[edit]
In general Canadian English, there is some tensing of /æ/ (the English short-a vowel, for example, in ask, man, bad, and rag) in particular environments. The tensing tends to occur before nasal consonants (as in man, random, or Camelot), voiced velar stops (as in rag, magazine, or wagon), and, as stated above, the r sound (as in "marry, carrot, or arid). This tensing is not quite as pronounced as in the General American accent; the specific nature of Canadian /æ/ tensing, compared alongside General American, is given below:
|/æ/ tensing[49] comparison:
|Consonant following
|Example words
|Canadian English
|General American English
arable, arid, baron, barrel, barren, carry, carrot, chariot, charity, clarity, Gary, Harry, Larry, marionette, maritime, marry, marriage, paragon, parent, parish, parody, parrot, etc.; for General American, this feature is lax only if the Mary-marry-merry merger is absent
|tense [ɛ]
|tense [eə]~[ɛə]~[æ]
|/m/, /n/ in a closed syllable
answer, ant, aunt, band, can't, clam, dance, ham, hamburger, hand, handy, man, manly, pants, plan, ranch, sand, slant, tan, understand, vanity,, etc.
|tense [ɛə]~[æ]
|/m/, /n/ in an open syllable
amity, animal, Canada, ceramic, gamut, hammer, hand, janitor, manager, manner, Montana, panel, planet, Spanish, vanity,, etc.
|tense [ɛə] or lax [æ]
agate, agony, bag, crag, drag, dragon, flag, magazine, magnet, rag, sag, tag, etc.
|tense [e]~[ɛ]~[æ]
|lax [æ]
|all other consonants
ab, act, apple, ash, aspirin, at, athlete, avid, back, bash, bat, natch, brat, café, cafeteria, cap, cash, cashew, cat, Catholic, chap, clap, classy, dally, dash, fashion, fat, flap, flat, gap, gnat, latch, mallet, map, mastiff, match, maverick, pack, pal, pass, passive, pat, patch, path, pattern, rabid, racket, rally, rap, rat, sack, sat, Saturn, savvy, scratch, shack, slack, slap, tackle, talent, trap, travel, whack, wrap, etc. etc.
|lax [æ]
Rhythm and intonation[edit]
|This section requires expansion. (August 2014)
Canadian anglophones often have a sing-song cadence not usually seen in other varieties of English in North America, which may relate to Scottish and/or Irish influences.[citation needed]
Other features[edit]
Most anglophone Canadians have two principal allophones of /aɪ/ (raised to lower-mid position before voiceless consonants and low-central or low-back elsewhere) and three of /aʊ/ (raised before voiceless consonants, fronted to [aʊ] or [æʊ] before nasals, and low-central elsewhere).
/æ/ remains a low-front vowel in most environments in Canadian English. Raising along the front periphery of the vowel space is restricted to two environments – before nasal and voiced velar consonants – and varies regionally even in these. Ontario and Maritime Canadian English commonly show some raising before nasals. Much less raising is heard on the Prairies, and some ethnic groups in Montreal show no pre-nasal raising at all. On the other hand, some Prairie speech exhibits raising of /æ/ before voiced velars (/ɡ/ and /ŋ/), with an up-glide rather than an in-glide, so that bag sounds close to vague.[50]
The first element of /ɑr/ (as in start) tends to be raised. As with Canadian raising, the relative advancement of the raised nucleus is a regional indicator. A striking feature of Atlantic Canadian speech (the Maritimes and Newfoundland) is a nucleus that approaches the front region of the vowel space, accompanied by strong rhoticity, ranging from [ɜɹ] to [ɐɹ]. Western Canadian speech has a much more retracted articulation with a longer non-rhotic portion, approaching a mid-back quality, [ɵɹ] (though there is no tendency toward a merger with /ɔr/). Articulation of /ɑr/ in Ontario is in a position midway between the Atlantic and Western values.[51]
Another change in progress in Canadian English, part of a continental trend affecting many North American varieties, is the fronting of /uː/, whereby the nucleus of /uː/ moves forward to high-central or even high-front position, directly behind /iː/. There is a wide range of allophonic dispersion in the set of words containing /uː/ (i.e., the GOOSE set), extending over most of the high region of the vowel space. Most advanced are tokens of /uː/ in free position after coronals (do, too); behind these are tokens in syllables closed with coronals (boots, food, soon), then tokens before non-coronals (goof, soup); remaining in back position are tokens of /uː/ before /l/ (cool, pool, tool). Unlike in some British speech, Canadian English does not show any fronting or unrounding of the glide of /uː/, and most Canadians show no parallel centralization of /oʊ/, which generally remains in back position, except in Cape Breton Island and Newfoundland.
Traditionally diphthongal vowels such as /oʊ/ (as in boat) and /eɪ/ (as in bait) have qualities much closer to monophthongs in some speakers especially in the Inland region.
Some older speakers still maintain a distinction between whale and wail, and do and dew.[42]
- In writing and formal speech, Canadians will start a sentence with As well, in the sense of "in addition"; this construction is a Canadianism.[52]
- Canadian, Australian and British English share idioms like in hospital and at university,[53][54] although "in the hospital" is also commonly heard.
- In speech and in writing, Canadian English speakers permit (and often use) a transitive form for some past tense verbs where only an intransitive form is permitted in other dialects. Examples include: "I'm finished my homework" (rather than "I'm finished with my homework"), "I'm done dinner" (rather than "I'm done with dinner").
Canadian English shares vocabulary with other English dialects. In some cases British and the American terms coexist in Canadian English. A classic example is holiday, often used interchangeably with vacation, distinguishing the two between a trip elsewhere and general time off work respectively. In addition, the vocabulary of Canadian English also features words that are seldom (if ever) found elsewhere.[55] As a member of the Commonwealth, Canada shares institutional terminology and professional designations with former British dominions and colonies as with constable for a police officer of the lowest rank, and chartered accountant.
The term college refers to a post-secondary technical or vocational institution, or to one of the colleges that exist as federated schools within some Canadian universities. It may also refer to a pre-university college, as in Quebec. In Canada, college student might denote someone obtaining a diploma in business management while university student is the term for someone earning a bachelor's degree.
Within the public school system the chief administrator of a school is generally "the principal", but the term is not used preceding his or her name, i.e., "Principal Smith". The assistant to the principal is a "vice-principal", identical to the usage in Northern Ireland.
Canadian universities publish calendars or schedules, and Canadian students write or take exams. Those who supervise students during an exam are sometimes called invigilators as in Britain, or proctors as in the U.S.
Successive years of school are usually referred to as grade one, grade two, and so on to the last year of high school. In Quebec they will often say first year (grade 1), second year (grade 2), and so on, as a direct translation from the French. In Nova Scotia only, the first year of school is called "grade primary". In Quebec, the high school years are refereed to as "secondary 1" to "secondary 5", and may be divided into "junior" (secondary 1 to secondary 3) and "senior" (secondary 4 and 5) schools. Frosh refers to a first year university student. Specific high-school grades and university years are stated and individualized; for example, he failed to graduate grade 12; John is in his second year at McMaster.
Canadian students use the term marks (more common in England) or grades (more common in the U.S.) to refer to their results; usage is very mixed.
Units of measurement[edit]
Metric units are standard but not ubiquitous. Imperial units are still used by older Canadians, and remain in use by many Canadians in relation to personal measures such as weight and height. Temperatures for cooking are often given in Fahrenheit, while the weather is given in Celsius. Directions in the Prairie provinces are sometimes given using miles, because the country roads generally follow the mile-based grid of the Dominion Land Survey. It is also common practice in the Prairies to measure distance, particularly on the highway, in travel time rather than the actual distance. Canadians measure property, both residential and commercial, in square feet exclusively. Fuel efficiency commonly uses the metric L/100 km. The letter paper size of 8.5 inches × 11 inches is used instead of the international and metric A4 size of 210 mm × 297 mm.
The Canadian lexicon features both railway and railroad, but most rail terminology follows US usage (for example, ties and cars rather than sleepers and carriages). A two-way ticket can be either a round-trip (American term) or a return (British term).
The terms highway (for example, Trans-Canada Highway), expressway (Central Canada, as in the Gardiner Expressway) and freeway (Sherwood Park Freeway, Edmonton) are often used to describe various high-speed roads with varying levels of access control. Generally, but not exclusively, highway refers to a provincially funded road. Often such roads will be numbered. The terms expressway and freeway are often used interchangeably to refer to controlled-access highways, that is, divided highways with access only at grade-separated interchanges (for example, a 400-Series Highway in Ontario).
However, expressway may also refer to a limited-access road that has control of access but has at-grade junctions, railway crossings (for example, the Harbour Expressway in Thunder Bay.) Sometimes the term parkway is also used (for example, the Hanlon Parkway in Guelph). The terms grid road (Saskatchewan) and mile road (Manitoba) are used to refer to minor highways or rural roads, usually gravel, referring to the Dominion Land Survey grid upon which they were originally designed. In Quebec, freeways and expressways are sometimes called by the French term autoroutes; however, native English speakers use the term highway.
In Alberta, the generic trail is often used to describe a freeway, expressway or major urban street (for example, Deerfoot Trail, Macleod Trail or Crowchild Trail in Calgary, St. Albert Trail in Edmonton). The Yellowhead Trail in Edmonton is an exception, where it is simply referred to as "the Yellowhead".[56] The British term motorway is not used. The American terms turnpike and tollway for a toll road are not common. The term throughway or thruway was used for first tolled limited-access highways (for example, the Deas Island Throughway, now Highway 99, from Vancouver, to Blaine, Washington, or the Saint John Throughway (Highway 1) in Saint John, New Brunswick), but this term is not common anymore. In everyday speech, when a particular roadway is not being specified, the term highway is generally or exclusively used.
A railway at-grade junction is a level crossing, while a railway or highway crossing may be an overpass or underpass, depending on which part of the crossing is referred. The British term flyover is sometimes used in Ontario, and in the Maritimes as well as on occasion in the prairies (such as the 4th Avenue flyover in Calgary, Alberta), subway is also used.[citation needed] In Quebec, English speakers use "Metro" for underground public transit.
- The term Texas gate refers to the type of metal grid called a cattle guard in American English or a cattle grid in British English.
- Depending on the region, large trucks used to transport and deliver goods are referred to as transport trucks (e.g. used in Ontario and Alberta) or transfer trucks (e.g. used in Prince Edward Island)
- While in standard usage the terms prime minister and premier are interchangeable terms for the head of an elected parliamentary government, Canadian English today generally follows a usage convention of reserving the title prime minister for the federal first minister and referring to provincial or territorial leaders as premiers. However, because Canadian French does not have separate terms for the two positions, using premier ministre for both, the title prime minister is sometimes seen in reference to a provincial leader when a francophone is speaking or writing English.
- When a majority of the elected members of the House of Commons or a provincial legislature are not members of the same party as the government, the situation is referred to as a "minority" government.
- To table a document in Canada is to present it (as in Britain).
- Several political terms are more in use in Canada than elsewhere, including riding (as a general term for a parliamentary constituency or electoral district). The term reeve was at one time common for the equivalent of a mayor in some smaller municipalities in British Columbia and Ontario, but is now falling into disuse. The title is still used for the leader of a rural municipality in Saskatchewan, parts of Alberta, and Manitoba.
- The term Tory, used in Britain with a similar meaning, denotes a supporter of the federal Conservative Party of Canada, the historic federal or provincial Progressive Conservative Party. The term Red Tory is also used to denote the more socially liberal wings of the Tory parties. Blue Tory is less commonly used, and refers to more strict fiscal (rather than social) conservatism.
- Members of the Liberal Party of Canada or a provincial Liberal party are sometimes referred to as Grits. Historically, the term comes from the phrase Clear Grit, used in Victorian times in Canada to denote an object of quality or a truthful person. The term was assumed as a nickname by Liberals by the 1850s.
- Members of the Bloc Québécois are sometimes referred to as Bloquistes. At the purely provincial level, members of Quebec's Parti Québécois are often referred to as Péquistes, and members of the Quebec provincial Action démocratique du Québec as Adéquistes.
- The term "Socred" is no longer common due to its namesake party's decline, but referred to members of the Social Credit Party, and was particularly common in British Columbia. It was not used for Social Credit members from Quebec, nor generally used for the federal caucus of that party; in both cases Créditiste, the French term, was used in English.
- Members of the Senate are referred to by the title "Senator" preceding their name. Members of the Canadian House of Commons, following British parliamentary nomenclature, are termed "Members of Parliament", and referred to as "Jennifer Jones, MP" during their term of office only. This style is extended to the Premiers of the provinces during their service. Senators, and members of the Privy Council are styled "The Honourable" for life, and the Prime Minister of Canada is styled "The Right Honourable" for life, as is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor General. This honorific may also be bestowed by Parliament, as it was to retiring deputy prime minister Herb Gray in 1996. Members of provincial legislatures do not have a pre-nominal style, except in certain provinces, such as Nova Scotia where members of the Queen's Executive Council of Nova Scotia are styled "The Honourable" for life, and are entitled to the use of the post-nominal letters "ECNS".[57] The Cabinet of Ontario serves concurrently (and not for life) as the Executive Council of Ontario, while serving members are styled "The Honourable", but are not entitled to post-nominal letters.
- Members of provincial/territorial legislative assemblies are called MLAs in all provinces and territories except: Ontario, where they have been called Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) since 1938; Quebec, where they have been called Members of the National Assembly (MNAs) since 1968; and Newfoundland and Labrador, where they are called Members of the House of Assembly (MHAs).
Lawyers in all parts of Canada, except Quebec, which has its own civil law system, are called "barristers and solicitors" because any lawyer licensed in any of the common law provinces and territories must pass bar exams for, and is permitted to engage in, both types of legal practice in contrast to other common-law jurisdictions such as England, Wales and Ireland where the two are traditionally separated (i.e., Canada has a fused legal profession). The words lawyer and counsel (not counsellor) predominate in everyday contexts; the word attorney refers to any personal representative.
The barrister representing the state in criminal proceedings, is called a crown attorney (in Ontario), crown counsel (in British Columbia), crown prosecutor or the crown, on account of Canada's status as a constitutional monarchy in which the Crown is the locus of state power.
The words advocate and notary – two distinct professions in Quebec civil law – are used to refer to that province's equivalent of barrister and solicitor, respectively. In Canada's common law provinces and territories, the word notary means strictly a notary public.
Within the Canadian legal community itself, the word solicitor is often used to refer to any Canadian lawyer in general. Despite the conceptual distinction between barrister and solicitor, Canadian court documents would contain a phrase such as "John Smith, solicitor for the Plaintiff" even though "John Smith" may well himself be the barrister who argues the case in court. In a letter introducing him/herself to an opposing lawyer, a Canadian lawyer normally writes something like "I am the solicitor for Mr. Tom Jones."
The word litigator is also used by lawyers to refer to a fellow lawyer who specialises in lawsuits even though the more traditional word barrister is still employed to denote the same specialization.
Judges of Canada's superior courts (which exist at the provincial and territorial levels) are traditionally addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady"; however, there are some variances across certain jurisdictions, with some superior court judges preferring the titles "Mister Justice" or "Madam Justice" to "Lordship".
Masters are addressed as "Mr. Master" or simply "Sir".
Judges of provincial or inferior courts are traditionally referred to in person as "Your Honour". Judges of the Supreme Court of Canada and of the federal-level courts prefer the use of "Mister/Madam (Chief) Justice". Justices of The Peace are addressed as "Your Worship". "Your Honour" is also the correct form of address for a Lieutenant Governor.
A serious crime is called an indictable offence, while a less-serious crime is called a summary offence. The older words felony and misdemeanour are not used in Canada's current Criminal Code (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46) or by today's Canadian legal system. As noted throughout the Criminal Code, a person accused of a crime is called the accused and not the defendant, a term used instead in civil lawsuits.
In Canada, visible minority refers to a non-aboriginal person or group visibly distinct in a given population. The term comes from the Canadian Employment Equity Act, which defines such people as "persons, other than Aboriginal people, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour."[58] The term is used as a demographic category by Statistics Canada. The qualifier "visible" is used to distinguish such minorities from the "invisible" minorities determined by language (English vs. French) and certain distinctions in religion (Catholics vs. Protestants).[citation needed]
A county in British Columbia means only a regional jurisdiction of the courts and justice system and is not otherwise connected to governance as with counties in other provinces. The rough equivalent to "county" as used elsewhere is a "Regional District".
Distinctive Canadianisms include:
- Height of land: a drainage divide. Originally American.[59]
- Indian reserve, and the slang variants res or rez.
- Rancherie: the residential area of a First Nation reserve, used in BC only.
- Quiggly hole and/or quiggly: the depression in the ground left by a kekuli or pithouse. Groups of them are called "quiggly hole towns". Used in the BC Interior only.
- Gas bar: a filling station (gas station) with a central island, having pumps under a fixed metal or concrete awning.
- Boozecan: an after-hours establishment where alcohol is served, often illegally.
- The term dépanneur, or the diminutive form dep, is often used by English speakers in Quebec, after "dépanneur", French for a small local shop with a wide variety of household and personal products.
- A snye is a side-water channel that rejoins a larger river, creating an island.
- "Tim's", "Timmy's" or "Timmies'": short for "Tim Hortons" a Canadian chain of coffee shops.
Houses and other buildings[edit]
- Bachelor: bachelor apartment, an apartment all in a single room, with a small bathroom attached ("They have a bachelor for rent").[60] The usual American term is studio. In Quebec, this is known as a one-and-a-half apartment;[61] some Canadians, especially in Prince Edward Island, call it a loft.[62]
- Minihome or mini home: in Atlantic Canada, a mobile home.[63] Elsewhere in Canada, a minihome or mini home would, as in the United States, refer to an architect-designed, environmentally-sustainable, small home,[64] usually prefabricated.
- Fire hall: fire station, firehouse.[65]
- Parkade: a parking garage, especially in the West.[62]
- Washroom is a loan word from the US, for public toilet or lavatory as in Britain. Bathroom is also used.
- Camp: in Northern Ontario, it refers to what is called a cottage in the rest of Ontario and a cabin in the West.[66] It is also used, to a lesser extent, in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, as well as in parts of New England.
Cultural identification[edit]
Official cultural identification and self-identification generally uses terms related to skin colour, ethnicity and/or nationality. Informally, national origin is most commonly used as a measure of identity. "Visible minority may be used in various contexts, as discussed in the Law section, above.
- Black Canadians normally refers to (non-white) sub-Saharan Africans. African Canadian is much less common. Black is commonly used used in academic and legal contexts and in the media. "African" refers to people from the continent, though generally a distinction is made from "North African".
- Caribbean Canadian is used for people of any colour or nationality from the Caribbean, and may often refer specifically to black Canadians from the region.
- First Nations refers collectively to the modern descendants of the original inhabitants of Canada. The name of the First Nations tribe or community are often used in local contexts, as "He's Ojibwa but she's Potawatomi from Wikwemikong".
- Inuit refers collectively to the various groups and dialects of aboriginal Canadians resident in the Arctic.
- Métis refers to a historically specific group combining First Nations and European cultures.
- aboriginal peoples or FNMI (First Nations, Métis and Inuit) are used to refer to all three collectively. The term "Eskimo" has been largely replaced in common usage.
Daily life[edit]
Terms common in Canada, Britain and Ireland but less frequent or nonexistent in the United States include:
- Tin (as in tin of tuna), for can, especially among older speakers. Among younger speakers, can is more common.
- Cutlery, for knives, forks and spoons.
- Serviette, especially in Eastern Canada, for soft paper used to wipe your hands and lips while eating.
- Tap, conspicuously more common than faucet in everyday usage.[67]
The following are more or less distinctively Canadian:
- ABM, bank machine: synonymous with ATM (which is also used).[68]
- BFI bin: Dumpster, after a prominent Canadian waste management company, in provinces where that company does business; compare Kleenex, Xerox.
- Chesterfield: originally British and internationally used (as in classic furnishing terminology) to refer to a sofa whose arms are the same height as the back, it is a term for any couch or sofa in Canada (and, to some extent, Northern California).[69][70] Once a hallmark of CanE, chesterfield as with settee and davenport, is now largely in decline among younger generations in the western and central regions.[71] Couch is now the most common term; sofa is also used.
- Dressing gown, known elsewhere as a robe, or bathrobe.
- Eavestroughs for a rain gutter along the edging of a roof. Also used, especially in the past, in the Northern and Western United States; the first recorded usage is in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick: "The tails tapering down that way, serve to carry off the water, d'ye see. Same with cocked hats; the cocks form gable-end eave-troughs [sic], Flask."[72]
- Flush toilet, used primarily by older speakers throughout the Maritimes.
- Garburator: (rhymes with carburetor) a garbage disposal.[73]
- Homogenized milk or homo milk: milk containing 3.25% milk fat
- Hydro: a common synonym for electrical service, used primarily in New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia. Most of the power in these provinces is hydroelectricity, and suppliers' company names incorporate the term "Hydro". Usage: "I didn't pay my hydro bill so they shut off my lights." Hence hydrofield, a line of electricity transmission towers, usually in groups cutting across a city, and hydro lines/poles, electrical transmission lines/poles.[74] These usages of hydro are also standard in the Australian state of Tasmania. Also in slang usage can refer to hydroponically grown marijuana.
- Loonie: the Canadian one-dollar coin; derived from the use of the common loon on the reverse. The toonie (less commonly spelled tooney, twooney, twoonie) is the two-dollar coin. Loonie is also used to refer to the Canadian currency, particularly when discussing the exchange rate with the U.S. dollar; "loonie" and "toonie" describe coinage specifically. (for example, I have a dollar in pennies versus "I have three loonies in my pocket").
- Pencil crayon:[75] coloured pencil.
- Pogie or pogey: an informal term referring to state unemployment insurance and derived from the use of pogey as a term for a poorhouse.[76] Not used for welfare, in which case the term is "the dole", as in "he's on the dole, eh?".
- Runners:[77] running shoes, especially in Western Canada.[78] Also used in Australian English[79] and Irish English.[80][81][82] Atlantic Canada prefers sneakers while central Canada (including Quebec and Ontario) prefers "running shoes".[83]
- Tuque (also spelled toque or touque): a knitted winter hat. There seems to be no exact equivalent outside Canada, since the touque is of French Canadian origin.
- Bunnyhug: a hooded sweatshirt, with or without a zipper. Used mainly in Saskatchewan.
- Kangaroo jacket: a hooded sweatshirt or jacket, usually of cotton or polyester/cotton fleece or water-resistant polyester. Although kangaroo was a common term in the 1960s, it has been replaced by hoodie.
- Hockey sweater: a large shirt pulled over hockey body protection
Food and beverage[edit]
- Most Canadians as well as Americans in the Northwest, North Central, Prairie and Inland North prefer pop over soda to refer to a carbonated beverage (but neither term is dominant in British English). "Soft drink" is also extremely common throughout Canada.
- Back bacon or if it is coated in cornmeal or ground peas, "cornmeal bacon" or peameal bacon. US variant is Canadian bacon
- Chocolate bar as in the United Kingdom and the northern US is a wrapped confection with various amounts of chocolate. In certain areas surrounding the Bay of Fundy, it is sometimes known as a nut bar amongst older generations. Legally only bars made of solid chocolate may be labelled chocolate bars, others must be labelled as candy bars.[84]
- Even though the terms French fries and fries are used by Canadians, some speakers use the word chips (and its diminutive, chippies) (chips is always used when referring to fish and chips, as elsewhere).
- Whole-wheat bread is often referred to as brown bread, as in "Would you like white or brown bread for your toast?"
- Kraft Dinner or "KD": microwavable or stove-top macaroni and cheese mix, or any similar product, or a derogatory reference to unpalatable cheap fast food made at home, even when it is not produced by Kraft.
- Double-double: a cup of coffee with two measures of cream and two of sugar, most commonly associated with the Tim Hortons chain of coffee shops.[85]
- Mickey: a 375 mL (12.7 US fl oz; 13.2 imp fl oz) bottle of hard liquor (informally called a pint in the Maritimes and the United States). In Newfoundland, this is almost exclusively referred to as a "flask".
- Two-six, two-sixer,twenty-sixer, twixer: a 750 mL (25 US fl oz; 26 imp fl oz) bottle of hard liquor (called a quart in the Maritimes). The word handle is less common. Similarly, a 1.14 L (39 US fl oz; 40 imp fl oz) bottle of hard liquor is known as a forty and a 1.75 L (59 US fl oz; 62 imp fl oz) bottle is known as a sixty or half gallon in Nova Scotia.
- Texas mickey (especially in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; more often a "Saskatchewan mickey" in western Canada): a 3 L (101 US fl oz; 106 imp fl oz) bottle of hard liquor. (Despite the name, Texas mickeys are generally unavailable outside of Canada.)
- Two-four: a case of 24 beers, also known as a case in Eastern Canada, or a flat in Western Canada (referencing that cans of beer are often sold in packages of six, with four packages to a flat box for shipping and stacking purposes).
- Six-pack, half-sack, half-case, or poverty-pack: a case of six beers
- Poutine: french fries topped with cheese curds and hot gravy.
- Cheezies: cheese puffs. The name is a genericized trademark based on a brand of crunchy cheese snack sold in Canada.
- Freezies: A frozen flavoured sugar water snack common worldwide, but known by this name exclusively in Canada.
- Dainty: a fancy cookie, pastry, or square served at a social event (usually plural). Used in western Canada.
- Smarties: a bean-sized, small candy covered chocolate, similar to plain M&M's. This is also seen in British English.
- The States: Commonly used to refer to the United States or almost as often the U.S., much less often U.S.A. or America.
- Hoser: a particular stereotype of a certain kind of "boorish" or uncultured Canadian.
- Drop the gloves: to begin a fight. A reference to a practice in professional ice hockey of removing gloves prior to fighting.
- The Forces: used to refer to the Canadian Armed Forces (C.A.F.), as a whole. See Canadian Forces
- The code appended to mail addresses (the equivalent of the British postcode and the American ZIP code) is called a postal code.
- "Going camping" still refers to staying in a tent in a campground or wilderness area, while "going out to camp" may refer to a summer cottage or home in a rural area. "Going to camp" refers to children's summer camps. In British Columbia, "camp" was used as a reference for certain company towns (for example, Bridge River). It is used in western Canada to refer to logging and mining camps such as Juskatla Camp. It is also a synonym for a mining district; the latter occurs in names such as Camp McKinney and usages such as "Cariboo gold camp" and "Slocan mining camp" for the Cariboo goldfields and Slocan silver-galena mining district, respectively. A "cottage" in British Columbia is generally a small house, perhaps with an English design or flavour, while in southern Ontario it more likely means a second home on a lake. Similarly, "chalet" – originally a term for a small warming hut – can mean a second home of any size, but refers to one located in a ski resort. In Northern Ontario, these second homes tend to be called "camps". In Western Canada, these second homes tend to be called "cabins".
- A stagette is a female bachelorette party (US) or hen party (UK).
- A "shag" is thought to be derived from "shower" and "stag", and describes a dance where alcohol, entry tickets, raffle tickets, and so on, are sold to raise money for the engaged couple's wedding. Normally a Northwest Ontario, Northern Ontario[citation needed] and sometimes Manitoba term, a "stag and doe" or "buck and doe" is used elsewhere in Ontario. The more common term for this type of event in Manitoba is a "social".
- The humidex is a measurement used by meteorologists to reflect the combined effect of heat and humidity (vs. US term heat index quantifying the apparent temperature).
- An expiry date is the term used for the date when a perishable product will go bad (similar to the UK Use By date). The term Best Before also sees common use, where although not spoiled, the product may not taste "as good". Expiry dates printed on food products usually have BB/MA (best before/meilleur avant) before giving the expiry date, e.g. BB/MA 2014 DE 22.
- "Going down East" referring to travel towards the Maritime Provinces from Central Canada, derived from travelling downstream along the St. Lawrence River.
- Regional Pronunciations:
- Toronto is often pronounced without the last "t" producing "Torono", whereas Toronto natives tend to say "Toranah"
- Ottawa natives often pronounce the city name with a "d" sound where the "t"s are, producing "Oddawa"
- Albertans often pronounce Calgary as "Calgrie", completely dropping the second "a".
- The word fair is often used in sentences like the following: We had to walk a fair distance. We have a fair amount of clothing.[citation needed]
Informal speech[edit]
A rubber in the U.S. and Canada is slang for a condom; however, in Canada it is sometimes (rarely except for Newfoundland and South Western Ontario) another term for an eraser (as it is in Australia, the United Kingdom and Ireland).
The word bum can refer either to the buttocks (as in Britain), or, derogatorily, to a homeless person (as in the U.S.). However, the "buttocks" sense does not have the indecent character it retains in British use, as it and "butt" are commonly used as a polite or childish euphemism for ruder words such as arse (commonly used in Atlantic Canada and among older people in Ontario and to the west) or ass, or mitiss (used in the Prairie Provinces, especially in northern and central Saskatchewan; probably originally a Cree loanword). Older Canadians may see "bum" as more polite than "butt", which before the 1980s was often considered rude.
Similarly the word pissed can refer either to being drunk (as in Britain), or being angry (as in the U.S.), though anger is more often said as pissed off, while piss drunk or pissed up is said to describe inebriation.
Canadian colloquialisms[edit]
One of the most distinctive Canadian phrases is the spoken interrogation eh (pronunciation: /eɪ/, ay), used widely in Central Canada but less frequently in the prairies and Atlantic Canada. The tag is commonly mocked by films such as South Park: Bigger, Longer, Uncut, and treated more warm-heartedly within Canada itself by television programmes such as The Red Green Show and The Royal Canadian Air Farce and TV performers Bob and Doug McKenzie. The only usage of eh exclusive to Canada, according to the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, is for "ascertaining the comprehension, continued interest, agreement, etc., of the person or persons addressed" as in, "It's four kilometres away, eh, so I have to go by bike." In that case, eh? is used to confirm the attention of the listener and to invite a supportive noise such as mm or oh or okay. This usage is also common in Queensland, Australia and New Zealand. Other uses of eh – for instance, in place of huh? or what? meaning "please repeat or say again" – are also found in parts of the British Isles and Australia.
In recent years it has been found that younger Canadians in the larger cities have been replacing "eh" with other words such as "right" at the end of sentences.[86]
The term Canuck simply means Canadian in its demonymic form, and, as a term used even by Canadians themselves, it is not considered derogatory. In the 19th century and early 20th century it tended to refer to French-Canadians, but Janey Canuck was used by Anglophone writer Emily Murphy in the 1920s and the Johnny Canuck comic book character of the 1940s. Throughout the 1970s, Canada's winning World Cup men's downhill ski team was called the "Crazy Canucks" for their fearlessness on the slopes.[87] In the mid-1970s, Captain Canuck was a comic book superhero. It is also the name of the Vancouver Canucks, the National Hockey League team of Vancouver.
The term hoser, popularized by Bob & Doug McKenzie, typically refers to an uncouth, beer-swilling male. Bob & Doug also popularized the use of Beauty, eh, another western slang term which may be used in variety of ways. This describes something as being of interest, of note, signals approval or simply draws attention to it.[citation needed]
A Newf or Newfie is someone from Newfoundland and Labrador; the term is sometimes considered derogatory. In Newfoundland, the term Mainlander refers to any Canadian (sometimes American, occasionally Labradorian) not from the island of Newfoundland. Mainlander is also occasionally used derogatorily.
In the Maritimes, a Caper or "Cape Bretoner" is someone from Cape Breton Island, a Bluenoser is someone with a thick, usually southern Nova Scotia accent or as a general term for a Nova Scotian (including Cape Bretoners, and potentially coming from the famous Nova Scotian fishing/racing schooner of the 1920s), while an Islander is someone from Prince Edward Island (the same term is used in British Columbia for people from Vancouver Island, or the numerous islands along it). A Haligonian refers to someone from the city of Halifax.
See also[edit]
- ^
en-CAis the language code for Canadian English , as defined by ISO standards (see ISO 639-1 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-2) and Internet standards (see IETF language tag).
- ^ a b c d e Boberg, C., "The English Language in Canada: Status, History, and Comparative Analysis", Cambridge University Press, 2010
- ^ "Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory (2006 Census)". 0.statcan.ca. 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
- ^ "Population by mother tongue and age groups, percentage distribution (2006), for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
- ^ a b Dialect Atlas of Newfoundland and Labrador
- ^ a b Chambers, p. xi.
- ^ "Factors which shaped the varieties of English". AskOxford.com. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
- ^ Barber, C. "Neither Uncle Sam nor John Bull: Canadian English comes of age." (abstract) Canadian English in the Global Context, University of Toronto, 2005, accessed July 29, 2014
- ^ Boberg, C: "Geolinguistic Diffusion and the U.S.-Canada Border", "Language Variation and Change", 12(1):15
- ^ Brinton, Laurel J., and Fee, Marjery, ed. (2005). Ch. 12. in The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume VI: English in North America., Algeo, John, ed., pp. 422–440. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992; p. 422: "It is now generally agreed that Canadian English originated as a variant of northern American English (the speech of New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania)."
- ^ "Canadian English." McArthur, T., ed. (2005). Concise Oxford companion to the English language, pp. 96–102. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280637-8. On p. 97: "Because Canadian English and American English are so alike, some scholars have argued that in linguistic terms Canadian English is no more or less than a variety of (Northern) American English
- ^ ("New-Dialect Formation in Canada. (2008). Dollinger, Stefan. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 978 90 272 31068 6. On p. 279"
- ^ "Labov, Ash, Boberg. 2006. The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton, ch. 15.
- ^ Labov, p. 214
- ^ Erin Hall "Regional variation in Canadian English vowel backing"
- ^ "Wiktionary reference for gonch". En.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
- ^ "gonch". Doubletongued.org. 2006-09-27. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
- ^ http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/english/economy/demographics/census/cenhi06-8.pdf
- ^ Labov pp. 214–215.
- ^ Boberg, p. 36.
- ^ a b c d Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; and Boberg, Charles. The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change. Walter de Gruyter, 2006, p. 216: "In general, the English spoken in the Canadian North can be viewed as a dialect in formation ... The region's European population is too sparsely settled, too diverse in origin, and too recently arrived to have produced an identifiable, homogeneous dialect distinct from southern Canadian English, while its large Aboriginal population speaks a range of varieties influenced by non-English substrates ..."
- ^ Dollinger, Stefan & Sandra Clarke. 2012. On the autonomy and homogeneity of Canadian English. World Englishes 31(4): 449-466.
- ^ Boberg, Charles. 2005. The North American Regional Vocabulary Survey. American Speech 80(1): 22-60.
- ^ a b c d Boberg, Charles. 2008. Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English. Journal of English Linguistics 36(2): 129-154.
- ^ a b Barber, Katherine (2001). The Canadian Oxford Dictionary. Toronto, ON: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-541731-3.
- ^ Gwyn, Richard (2007). John A: The Man Who Made Us. CA: Random House. pp. 3–4.
- ^ Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles. CA: Gage. 1967.
- ^ "Dollinger 2006". Let.leidenuniv.nl. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
- ^ a b MacPherson, William (31 March 1990). "Practical concerns spelled the end for -our". Ottawa Citizen. p. B3.
- ^ a b Sellar, Don (8 March 1997). "Let's hear what the readers say". Toronto Star. p. C2.
- ^ Allemang, John (1 September 1990). "Contemplating a U-turn". The Globe and Mail. p. D6.
- ^ "Herald's move to Canadian spellings a labour of love". Calgary Herald. 2 September 1998. p. A2.
- ^ Honderich, John (13 September 1997). "How your Star is changing". Toronto Star. p. A2.
- ^ Bill Casselman. "Zed and zee in Canada". Retrieved 2012-10-13.
- ^ J.K. Chambers (2002). Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and Its Social Significance (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
- ^ The pronunciation with the stress on the second syllable is the most common pronunciation, but is considered incorrect by some people. - Canadian Oxford Dictionary
- ^ The pronunciation /ˈkɑrki/ was the one used by author and veteran Farley Mowat.
- ^ pecan ˈpiːkan, piːˈkan, pəˈkɒn - Canadian Oxford Dictionary
- ^ Vase. (2009). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
- ^ Barber, p. 77.
- ^ Boberg
- ^ a b Labov p. 218.
- ^ Martinet, Andre 1955. Economie des changements phonetiques. Berne: Francke.
- ^ Labov p. 219.
- ^ Esling, John H. and Henry J. Warkentyne (1993). "Retracting of /æ/ in Vancouver English."
- ^ Charles Boberg, "Sounding Canadian from Coast to Coast: Regional accents in Canadian English."
- ^ Labov et al. 2006; Charles Boberg, "The Canadian Shift in Montreal"; Robert Hagiwara. "Vowel production in Winnipeg"; Rebecca V. Roeder and Lidia Jarmasz. "The Canadian Shift in Toronto."
- ^ Charles Boberg (2010). The English language in Canada: Status, history, and comparative analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Labov et al. (2006), p. 182.
- ^ Labov, p. 221.
- ^ Labov, p. 219.
- ^ Trudgill and Hannah, International English (4th edition), p. 76.
- ^ "UTA.edu" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-02-26.
- ^ "CBC.ca". CBC.ca. 2005-06-17. Retrieved 2011-02-26.[dead link]
- ^ Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
- ^ http://www.lakelandcollege.ca/_mobile/map_vermilion.aspx
- ^ "Gov.ns.ca". Gov.ns.ca. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
- ^ Visible Minority Population and Population Group Reference Guide, 2006 Census from StatsCan
- ^ Webster's New World College Dictionary, Wiley, 2004.
- ^ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, "bachelor".
- ^ "Federal-Realestate.com". Federal-Realestate.com.
- ^ a b Boberg 2005.
- ^ "Mini Homes page of Kent Homes, a regional lumber, home improvement and construction retailer". Retrieved 3 February 2013.
- ^ based on searches in Google Images using the term "minihome" and various province and state names.
- ^ "Fire hall – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". M-w.com. 2010-08-13.
- ^ Boberg 2005, p. 38.
- ^ Dollinger, Steven. "Canadian English". Oxford English Dictionary.
- ^ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, ABM; Boberg 2005.
- ^ OUP.com
- ^ Chesterfield. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000
- ^ Utoronto.ca J.K. Chambers, "The Canada-U.S. border as a vanishing isogloss: the evidence of chesterfield." Journal of English Linguistics 23 (1995): 156-66.
- ^ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, eavestrough; Oxford English Dictionary; American Heritage Dictionary.
- ^ According to the Canadian Oxford Dictionary (second edition), garburator is Canadian and garbage disposal is US usage"
- ^ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, hydro.
- ^ Barber, Katherine, ed. (1998). The Canadian Oxford Dictionary (1st ed.). Toronto: Oxford University Press. p. .1075. ISBN 0-19-541120-X.
- ^ "Pogey: What Does it Mean? Bonny, 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-02-26.
- ^ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, runner.
- ^ American Speech 80.1 (2005).
- ^ Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary.
- ^ Sometimes the gym doesn't fix it, The Irish Times, Tuesday, January 06, 2009
- ^ Machismo . . . or masochism?, The Irish Times – Saturday March 22, 2008
- ^ Stars in the running, The Irish Times, Tuesday October 7, 2008
- ^ American Speech 80.1 (2005), p. 36.
- ^ "Decisions: Chocolate and Cocoa Products". Canadien Food Inspection Agency. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
- ^ "Arts – 'Double-double'? Now you can look it up". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
- ^ "End of an era, right?". Vancouver Sun. December 18, 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
- ^ "The Crazy Canucks: Canada's Skiing Heroes". Archives.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2012-09-25.
Further reading[edit]
- Adams, Rob Colter (2005). Grammar to go: the portable A-Zed guide to Canadian usage. House of Anansi Press. ISBN 0-88784-723-4.
- Boberg, Charles (2010). The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-78981-6.
- Barber, Katherine, editor (2004). Canadian Oxford Dictionary, second edition. Toronto: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-541816-6.
- Barber, Katherine. "11 Favourite Regionalisms Within Canada", in David Vallechinsky and Amy Wallace (2005). The Book of Lists, Canadian Edition. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-676-97720-2.
- Boberg, Charles (2005). "The North American Regional Vocabulary Survey: Renewing the study of lexical variation in North American English." American Speech 80/1. Dukejournals.org
- Boberg, Charles, Sounding Canadian from Coast to Coast: Regional accents in Canadian English, McGill University.
- Charles Boberg (2012), "Standard Canadian English," pp 159–178 in Raymond Hickey ed., Standards of English: Codified Varieties Around the World, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-76389-9.
- Courtney, Rosemary, and others., senior editors (1998). The Gage Canadian Dictionary, second edition. Toronto: Gage Learning Corp. ISBN 0-7715-7399-5.
- Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Canadian English: 250 Years in the Making," in The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, 2nd ed., p. xi.
- Clark, Joe (2008). Organizing Our Marvellous Neighbours: How to Feel Good About Canadian English (e-book). ISBN 978-0-9809525-0-6.
- Darnell, Regna, ed. (1971). Linguistic Diversity in Canadian Society, in Sociolinguistics Series, 1. Edmonton, Alta.: Linguistic Research. Without ISBN or SBN
- Dollinger, Stefan (2008). New-Dialect Formation in Canada: Evidence from the English Modal Auxilaries. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
- Dollinger, Stefan (2011) Academic and public attitudes towards 'standard' Canadian English. English Today 64: 1-9.
- Dollingers, Stefan et al. (2013) DCHP-1 Online: A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles Online, based on Walter S. Avis et al. (1967). Vancouver, BC: UBC. www.dchp.ca/DCHP-1
- Halford, Brigitte K (1996). Talk units: the structure of spoken Canadian English. Tübingen Narr. ISBN 382334577X.
- Labov, William, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016746-8.
- Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62181-X.
- Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward, editors (2006). American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 140, 234–236. ISBN 1-4051-2108-4.
- Canadian Raising: O'Grady and Dobrovolsky, Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction, 3rd ed., pp. 67–68.
- Canadian English: Editors' Association of Canada, Editing Canadian English: The Essential Canadian Guide, 2nd ed. (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2000).
- Canadian federal government style guide: Public Works and Government Services Canada, The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing, 2nd ed. (Toronto: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 1997).
- Canadian usage: Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine, Guide to Canadian English Usage (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2001).
- Hamilton, Sandra A. M. (1997) Canadianisms and their treatment in dictionaries, Thesis (M.A.), University of Ottawa, ISBN 978-0-612-19968-2
- Canadian newspaper and magazine style guides:
- J.A. McFarlane and Warren Clements, The Globe and Mail Style Book: A Guide to Language and Usage, 9th ed. (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1998).
- The Canadian Press, The Canadian Press Stylebook, 13th ed. and its quick-reference companion CP Caps and Spelling, 16th ed. (both Toronto: Canadian Press, 2004).
External links[edit]
|Look up Canadian English in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Words: Woe & Wonder
- Canadian Oxford Dictionaries (Oxford University Press – sales only)
- Lexical, grammatical, orthographic and phonetic Canadianisms
- Varieties of English: Canadian English from the University of Arizona
- Dictionary of Newfoundland English
- Dave VE7CNV's Truly Canadian Dictionary of Canadian Spelling– comparisons of Canadian English, American English, British English, French and Spanish
- 'Hover & Hear' pronunciations in a standard Canadian accent, and compare side by side with other English accents from around the world.


text:
Thousands of hot sexy naked Asian boys and men for your personal pleasure. Daily we post new hot photos, fresh hot cocks and new hot xxx Asian jocks. So please enjoy.
And if you prefer less cocks and a more gentler viewing of the male asian physique please go enjoy GayAsianCollection.com for only asian boys and men, where you will find thousands more sexy Asian men and no cocks, also for your personal pleasure.
Yes, this is yet another service for our members and x-members from Jet Wang.
...please come again, and again and again...
Naked Asian boys with big dicks
Hot Thai boys from Hero magazine
Hot naked Japanese hunks from 纪嘉良
Asian boys- SM boy from Jetwang
Naked Asian boys – Naked Chinese model
Naked Asian boys – Hongkong naked boy from magazine
Collection 1 of hot naked Chinese hunks
Naked Asian boys- naked Thai from Jackd
Hot Asian hunk Neo from M1 13
Nude Asian boys- cock and ass
Only Asian boys –weibo boy
Iphone Naked Asian boys 7
The pressure of all of my five mates holding me down with arms hands legs and other body parts was small in comparison the hot pounding blood filling to maximum capacity my erect beat red, now dripping penis. Everyone was laughing ......
TYPHOON IN NEW YORK IV: Chu Rips Apart
And when the partying got naked, with my coaching and a team focus on touching Deng, things easily fell into place. 8 naked fit hard erect pulsating jacking off male animals lined up one by one and deep fucked Peter, sweating and moaning like a barn yard bull. Their semen dripped down ......
TYPHOON IN NEW YORK II: Gary Pounds China
He sat on the toilet seat as I arched back and leaned against the stall door. His hands ran up under my shirt pushing firm on my hard smooth six pack and over my round pectorals, slowly massaging and rubbing my popped nipples. ......
TEA PARTY DREAM 3: Hole Stuffing Begins
I sank into the soft cushions. Loud pounding dance music came through the walls behind the huge heavy curtains. It was muffled and distant but I could feel the base vibrate my balls as I spread my legs to get comfortable. ......
I piss and hang onto my JJ. It is warm, soft and thick; ready and willing to be teased, or touched. I stand naked over the white basin on the floor and stare down at my naked Asian boys body of 25 years. My JJ hangs out in front like a large banana, ready to be eaten. It looks big for an Asian man of 65 kg, or is it my illusion? ......
Please submit whatever you think is hot, Anything and everything please. We love all Asian boys and men content. YES!
Hot Asian men Nick Husin – a gorgeous beach body
Hot muscle Asian hunk
Hunky Asian Cop posing on His Big Hard Truck
Naked Asian hunks- Collection of Model NeZer 2
Show me your muscle
Eun Hyuk
Jin Haosen Photography (2)
Hot Asian men Chinese actor Wang Xian
Hot Asian Twink Of The Day
Hot Asian Hunk Of The Day
Chinese Hard Body Hunky Models
Sexy handsome model or wanna be models with hot bodies showing us their hard abs, toned muscled chests, even a round hard ass hanging out of sexy low hanging underwear. SOFTCORE does not show any private parts nor dark holes. Yes, many times the model is naked, but when naked you cannot see anything - lighting, a hand or the famous fig-leaf covers the ... you know.
Photos of your hot naked Asian man with beef steak hanging out for all to see. Or view the dark pink rose bud - wide open for all to... lick if you please. HARDCORE is also full on fucking and sucking. No shy Asian boys here.
Video showing real live xxx Asian boys getting it on full blast with fucking, sucking and everything else they can think of. Beyond this is KINK which we leave up to you to discover on your own. But you can write a story and send it to us!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We are always adding more customer Baja boats to our wakeboard tower and accessory gallery. It's a great way to see how Aerial wakeboard towers can dramatically and inexpensively improve the functionality and look of almost any Baja year, make and model. All photos and reviews below were sent in by actual customers.
Have questions about which wakeboard tower or tower combo package is the best fit for your boat? Our expert team is here to help! Call toll free: (866) 998-0812.
Rating: 5.0
"Excellent tower construction, installed with 2 people in a day. Tower was quiet, and strong. Bimini was a great addition."
Wakeboard Tower Review by Brandon Keehr
Copyright 2008 - 2014 Aerial Wakeboarding Products. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy
Built with Volusion


text:
You must earn 10,000 points to post other members' whiteboard
I L.M.B.O. at 4 is bigger then 2 .1/4-1/2. that was good. thanks ,Pray you and the family have a blessed day.
Thanks for becoming my newest buddy. I hope that it is a good week there in Arkansas. Your new bud, Warren {:-)
Congratulations on having the perseverance to post for 250 consecutive days! Good luck on reaching your next milestone!! Care to become buddies in 2014?? Warren :) P.S.: Thanks for your service.
Welcome aboard buddy. I am truly sorry to hear about your lost. .YB.Shep
Thanks for your service. Noticed your nice avatar on a buddy profile. Congratulations on posting for 240 consecutive days. In less then three years. Very good start. May 2014 bring you and yours peace and joy
Lets be buddies also. Thanks. Shep


text:
Coming Up
Contact Us
About Us
Search Archives
Crossword Answers
BHS Sports Schedule
Community Links
The Lighthouse Blog
Take a dam fine tour
Published on Wed, Dec 11, 2013
Read More
It's been a year since local conservationists and the state department of fish and wildlife teamed up to replace a small dam on the north end of Lake Terrell, restoring a salmon run that had been dormant for more than 50 years.
Now you can see the results of the changes for yourself. The Chums of Terrell creek will host a tour of the dam and the surrounding facilities this Saturday, December 14.
Aside from rebuilding the dam to allow for better water flow adjustment, crews reconstructed over 600 feet of Terrell Creek below the dam, replaced a culvert on an unnamed Terrell Creek tributary to make it fish-passable, installed salmon incubators and planted trees and shrubs along the creek side.
Tour-goers will learn about the history of Lake Terrell and the reconstructed dam, water flow management and current recreational uses. They may even see salmon spawning in the creek.
The tour group will meet on Aldergrove Road at the north end of Lake Terrell, halfway between Kickerville Road and N. Star Road at 10 a.m. on Saturday, December 14. Interested parties are requested to RSVP to Terrell Creek Watershed steward Rachel Vasak by calling her at 360/739-1440 or by emailing her at


text:
This summer, fast-food workers are bringing something new to the table. In a series of one-day strikes in cities such as New York, St. Louis, and Chicago, workers have demanded a wage increase to $15 an hour, which in some cases would double their salary. They have taken a bold step in challenging an industry that is traditionally nonunionized, and both legislators and the CEOs of major fast food chains should listen to their arguments. The nation would be better off if fast-food workers earned a livable wage.
The fast-food industry has long staved off unionization, thereby depriving workers of a chance to bargain for better pay and benefits under federal guidelines. Outlets such as McDonald's and Burger King have a 75 percent annual turnover in employees, making them difficult to organize for union purposes. Meanwhile, the franchise model on which these companies operate — in which stores are owned independently, but are strictly supervised by the corporation — makes large-scale negotiations complicated, as wages are set by both individual store owners and the company as a whole. Thus, the current strikes probably won't be resolved through collective bargaining. But they could place significant pressure on state and federal lawmakers to increase the minimum wage.


text:
David J. Theroux Discusses Libertarianism on WichitaLiberty.TV
Recorded: Sunday, December 1, 2013
Independent Institute Founder and President, David J. Theroux discusses libertarianism and gives liberty-based perspectives on current events with host Bob Weeks on WichitaLiberty.TV.
Experts: David J. TherouxType: TelevisionIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Culture/ Society, Free Market Economics, Freedom, Political Ideology and Philosophy
Tabarrok on Debt and Imprisonment
Recorded: Friday, April 20, 2012
Alexander Tabarrok, Research Director at the Independent Institute, speaks with Alyona Minkovski of RT's "The Alyona Show" on increasing criminal justice fees applied to those convicted or charged of a crime and time served due to debt.
Experts: Alexander T. TabarrokType: TelevisionIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Criminal Justice/ Prisons, Culture/ Society, Taxes
Special Independent Institute Video
Recorded: Tuesday, November 15, 2011
The Independent Institutes 25th Anniversary with Congressman Ron Paul and Independent Institute President David J. Theroux.
Experts: Ron Paul, David J. TherouxType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Freedom, History (U.S), Political Ideology and Philosophy
David Theroux on KTVU2 on Government Taxes and Spending
Recorded: Friday, April 15, 2005
David Theroux discusses the breakdown of U.S. government tax spending and reducing the burden placed on taxpayers in a KTVU Channel 2 report.
Experts: David J. TherouxType: TelevisionIssues: Fiscal Policy/Debt, Taxes


text:
Republican Twinkle Andress Cavanaugh has defeated Democratic incumbent Lucy Baxley for president of the Public Service Commission.
Cavanaugh has 54 percent of the vote to Baxley's 46 percent with 84 percent of the precincts reporting Tuesday night.
Cavanaugh said she will be sworn in Wednesday morning and start work immediately. Her priority will be helping create jobs.
The outcome of the rematch between the two women was different from 2008, when Baxley narrowly defeated Cavanaugh.
Going into Tuesday's election, Baxley was the only Democrat holding statewide office.
The 74-year-old political veteran trailed Cavanaugh in fundraising. Health problems also kept her from hitting the campaign trail as much as her 46-year-old opponent.
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
1812 Fairfield Avenue
All content © Copyright 2000 - 2014 Worldnow and KSLA. All Rights Reserved.
For more information on this site, please read our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.


text:
"This graduation announcement is simple elegance. The final product was very pretty. I am very happy. I would recommend the shiny finish over the matte. I ordered the matte on a previous product and the shiny finish is much more appealing."
"I loved the grad cards you made for my daughter. They arrived early, colors were vibrant and the paper a great quality. I would highly recommend Tiny Prints. The process is simple and templates classy."
"I love the quality of the card. It was heavy card stock not flimsy photo paper. Great coloring and quality. So far all who received one absolutely loved it. It was nice that I could "customize" the photo with the vintage look. I would order this one again for my next graduate."
"This product was perfect! Everyone has loved the design, color, and layout. It was so creative and different from all of the other graduation announcements I have seen so far this year. I have already told numerous people about the site for those who still have not ordered them because they can get them quickly with quality."
"The cards are beautiful...on a heavy, quality card stock with beautiful colors. So easy to make, I would definitely recommend!"


text:
MeteoroiD Tones it Down and Changes it Up
MeteoroiD Tones it Down and Changes it Up @METEO_GENKI @METEO_ral @METEO_machi @METEO_Tomoya @MeteoroiD_imiko
Fans and band members alike may be mourning the departure of guitarist Yutori, but MeteoroiD has a lot more in store for you. (more…)
Nico Nico Nama Weekly – April 28-May 5
Nico Nico Nama Weekly – April 28-May 5
Good evening readers! Can you believe April is almost over? Ernie just can't wrap his little mousey mind around it. This month really flew by, but Ernie sure got his fill of Nico Nico Nama. Let's see what's on the schedule this week!
Last week, we saw Moran, SaTaN, and the last episode of VK T's Project Channel's 3 Band Taidan, featuring bassist Rei from DaizyStripper(warning: autoplay), vocalist
SCAPEGOAT's new single
SCAPEGOAT will be releasing a new single on March 21st!
The single is called "fantasia", and it's a two track CD that also comes with a DVD for 1,890 yen.
CD Tracklist
01. fantasia
02. 108℃-Gauge-
01. fantasia PV
The single is available on CDJapan, but there are only a couple of copies left!
You can also check out a preview that was uploaded by visunavi, here.
The band has also planned a series of instore events to coincide with the release.
March 21st @ Shinjuku ZEAL LINK
March 21st @ Ikebukuro Brand-X
March 29th @ Sendai little HEARTS.
April 7th @ Tokyo VisualeaF Cafe
April 13th @ Nagoya Like an Edison
April 14th @ Osaka ZEAL LINK
April 14th @ Osaka Like an Edison
April 15th @ Fukuoka SKULL ROSE
Along with the release, SCAPEGOAT will be going on a 3rd anniversary and new single release country-wide tour called, "SYMPATHY".
March 22nd @ Takadanobaba AREA
March 24th @ Kashiwa Thumb up
March 26th @ Urawa Narciss
March 27th @ Shinyokohama SUNPHONIX HALL
March 30th @ Aomori Quarter
April 1st @ Morioka Club Change
April 2nd @ Akita Club SWINDLE
April 3rd @ Sendai MACANA
April 5th @ Kooriyama CLUB #9
April 16th @ Fukuoka DRUM Be-1
April 18th @ Shinsaibashi FANJ-twice
April 19th @ Nagoya CLUB UPSET
April 20th @ Hamamatsu FORCE
May 1st @ Shinjuku LOFT
May 12th @ Naha City ROCK in OKINAWA
May 13th @ Naha City ROCK in OKINAWA
Source: Brand-x, OHP
MoNoLith Presents MICHINOKU Autumn Tour 2011 "Touhoku Banzai!!!!!!!!!!!!" @ Aomori Quarter
This is a report I wrote a few months ago (as the date will tell), but was never published online. So, I'd like to share it with you, in hopes that you may learn about a new band or two!
(At the time of this report NEXX had not announced their dissolution.)
Heavy rain did nothing to deter a small crowd from forming outside of Quarter as early as an hour before doors opened on September 18, 2011, to one of the rare few visual kei live tours to come up to the area. Tohoku, the north-eastern part of Japan which includes Aomori, is so far out of the way for most musicians that it frequently gets missed on tours. It goes without saying that local visual fans were eager for the opportunity to attend a live close to home.
The first band to take the stage was global ray, a local group from Aomori reminiscent of the âSoft Vâ genre in looks with a pop-rock sound. Though the locals call them âosareâ, they came across a little too dark (and almost menacing!) in presence to fit the title. Their five-song set included âKusatta Umi to Akai Soraâ, an attention-getter with melodic guitar sections and smooth solos. âByakuyaâ, their final, made their overall sound a little heavier with the use of an impressive grinding guitar and bass section. The band members tended to keep to their own parts of the stage and only seemed to get more comfortable with showmanship at the end of their set. They have potential, without a doubt.
Note came on next, opening with a considerably long instrumental track before any members set foot on stage. As the music played on, the tension in the room rose and finally we had our second act. Hailing from Morioka, Noteâs members wore all black and had an eerier look than the first act. Their sound was easily heavier, incorporating guttural screams, low guitar riffs, and pounding bass lines that could shake you to the bone. After four songs their set was over, but not before warming the audience up for the next band.
NEXX was a stark contrast to the darker-looking bands before them; they entered in sparkly sequined outfits, boasted brightened dyed hair, and carried with them an undeniable upbeat energy that hadnât before been present on stage. Though their looks were osare without a doubt, their sound was not what might have been expected. CHISAâs melodic vocals atop heavy backing music frequently shifted to growls that suited the bandâs brilliant energy surprisingly well. Throughout their four-song set, NEXX boasted harmonic guitar sections that showed off how well-matched the newest guitarist, hayato, was to hide (guitar), despite playing together for less than a year. They stood out from the bands before them and the bands that were to come and definitely put on a memorable act.
Fourth in the lineup came resilience in the form of a five-man band down to four members with their vocalist out ill. Many fans were unsure of just how dolore would perform without ZERO, their front man. Guitarist TOWMA took center-stage but without disturbing the front-and-center spot where their vocalist would normally stand. He used the microphone that stood there quite a bit for MCs until the last song, when he asked the audience for permission to sing for ZERO. The previous three songs had included a vocal track in the background while the band played with seemingly no hesitation about the fact that they were missing a member.
Osaka-based Royz was welcomed to the stage fifth by the most enthusiastic fans yet. Similar to NEXX, they also donned shiny costumes, a rainbow of dyed hair between the members, and somehow even more energy which was put into every minute they performed. âJOKERâ opened the set with some complicated furi that the audience seemed to have no problem jumping right into. Upbeat and enjoyable throughout, their bright music, sprinkled with heavy riffs and occasional growling from Subaru (vocals), challenged everyone to follow the beat with some of the most complex furi the night had to offer. Royz closed their set with âstillâ, a soft song which incorporated the use of band-brand light sticks. Before they turned the stage over to the sixth act, several members leaned into the crowd to touch and shake hands.
Another sparkling band entered. SCAPEGOAT was up to rock the live house with a stunning five song set. Yet another band with boundless energy, they saw more audience participation than any act so far, with even the very back row swinging their arms and head banging accordingly. Haruâs melodic voice carried over the sea of furi and dropped onto the crowd in contrasting growls that suited their music well.
Itâs hard to overstate how intense and emotive the final band was, and even harder to try and describe their music. Originally from Sendai, MoNoLith brings something unusual to the visual kei scene. The band is a five-piece unit. They only have one guitarist, but two vocalists, which made for beautiful and riveting harmonies throughout their set. The venue was practically thrumming with energy as they performed, while even the fans in the back of the live house participated in the furi. Their fourth song, a new tune called âdizzyâ monsterâ, required some demonstration for the hand movements but everyone cooperated and it was all great fun.
In the band, Ryuâs voice is sweet and pretty, while Keitaâs screams are expert. The real hook about this duo, however, is the fact that they are multi-faceted; Keitaâs singing voice was also beautiful, and Ryu could handle his growling. With these two leading the band, MoNoLith had the entire venue moving until the end. The conclusion was âGoburaâ, a song that was particularly striking in the fact that its furi included kneeling not once but twice â and everyone in the hall complied.
There couldnât have been a much stronger ending for a rare night of visual kei in Aomori. The combination of different sounds from these different bands all but guaranteed there was something for every visual rock fan to enjoy. If you ever have a chance to get out and see some Tohoku visual kei youâll surely find something you like, too!
Set Lists
global ray.
1. Ruri (tentative title)
2. Wake up
3. Piasu
4. Kusatta Umi to Akai Sora
5. Byakuya
2. eve:r
4. still
1. Gravy Sauce
2. Mirai Torippa
4. dizzyâ monster
6. the Worst-Seller NoveL [ist]
Encore 1. Tenohira
Encore 2. Gobura
Royz OHP: http://royz.pya.jp/
SCAPEGOAT OHP: http://www.scapegoat-website.com/
MoNoLith OHP: http://www.monolith-web.net/


text:
Family Law Drafting
|Term: Fall Term 2010-11
|Catalog Number: 5396
|Class Number: 21220
Class Schedule:
|Instructor: Harry Gruener
|Type: Lecture
|Credits: 2.0 Credits
|Catalog Requirements: "W" Writing, Professional Skills.
Enrollment Limit: 12.
|Priority: Limited Enrollment - 3rd Year Priority
Course Description from Course Catalog 5396
Evaluation will be through class participation and the drafting exercises.
Prerequisites and Recommended Courses
Prerequisites: LAW 5219: Family Law.


text:
Provo police went to unusual lengths to bring a suspected hit-and-run driver to justice.
Police Chief Rick Gregory said it turned out to be a partial license plate impression on the victim's car bumper, along with a cell phone photograph snapped by a witness, that led to the arrest of a 35-year-old Provo woman.
|Join the Discussion
|Post a Comment
The crash occurred Tuesday at 300 S. State Street when a silver Dodge PT Cruiser rear-ended a brown Honda Civic stopped at a traffic light. The driver of the Honda was taken to the hospital after complaining about head, neck, and ankle pains.
Just prior to the crash, a witness was cut off by the suspect vehicle and then saw it collide with the victim's car. The suspect vehicle drove away, but the witness quickly pulled out her phone and took the picture.
Gregory said that while the photo gave investigating officers the make and model of the suspect's car, it did not show the license plate.
However, Gregory said when officers examined the damage to the victim's Honda, "They realized the bumper captured a faint impression of part of the suspect's license plate number — enough for them to trace the vehicle to a nearby address.
"Officers found [the] suspect vehicle with parts of the Honda's taillight lodged in the grill and a matching license plate," Gregory said, and the driver was arrested soon thereafter. Late Tuesday, she was booked into Utah County Jail on suspicion of leaving the scene of an injury accident, driving without proof of insurance,and making an unsafe lane change.
Copyright 2014 The Salt Lake Tribune. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.