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Dear Congressman Hansen: The Wasatch Front Regional Council has been working for the past several years with the Utah Department of Transportation and local governments in Davis, Weber, and Morgan Counties to develop plans for improving US-89 from Burke Lane in Farmington to Harrison Boulevard in Ogden. In August 1988, a consultant was hired to study the corridor and recommend needed improvements. The objective of this study was to provide for safe and efficient travel in the corridor through the year 2010. The recommendation of the study is to develop US-89 as a limited access expressway with interchanges. A copy of the Executive Summary describing the results of this study is enclosed. I hope you will find this report helpful. If you have any questions or need further information, please contact us. Sincerely, Wilbur R. Jefferies Executive Director
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY US 89 CORRIDOR STUDY DAVIS AND WEBER COUNTIES SUBMITTED TO: Wasatch Front Regional Council SUBMITTED BY: Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. Midvale, Utah March 1989 BACKGROUND The US 89 Corridor Study was a comprehensive analysis of the existing and future travel demands along US 89. Its major purpose was to identify and evaluate options for short-, intermediate-, and long-term safety and operational improvements along the corridor. The study included an inventory of the existing conditions; identification and analysis of the operational deficiencies of the existing facility; the projection of future travel demand through the year 2010 based on population and land use forecasts; the development and analysis of alternative conceptual improvement plans; a recommended improvement plan and the implementation phasing of its elements; preliminary cost estimates; and possible funding and implementation options. The US 89 Corridor Study Final Report documents the entire study process and the detailed study findings. This Executive Summary provides a brief overview of the study and the recommendations. THE STUDY AREA The subject portion of US 89 is located in the north-central part of Utah and functions as a transportation link between Salt Lake City, Ogden, Hill Air Force Base (HAFB), and the surrounding communities. It serves local, commuter, and interstate traffic and is the designated route between Interstates 15 and 84.
The study area is shown in Figure 1. It is bounded on the north by 4800 South Street in Ogden, on the south by 925 South Street in Farmington, on the east by the Morgan County line, and on the west by Interstate 15. THE STUDY PROCESS The study was administered by the Wasatch Front Regional Council (WFRC) as part of its transportation planning process. A Technical Steering Committee was established to provide input and guidance for the study. The committee included [map page] representatives from the cities of Farmington, Fruit Heights, Kaysville, Layton, South Weber, and Clearfield; Davis, Weber, and Morgan Counties; and the Utah Department of Transportation: The Utah Transit Authority and the Wasatch Front Regional Council also participated in meetings of the Steering Committee: One of the principal elements of this study was a thorough public involvement process which included the following major components: 1. Regular meetings with the Technical Steering Committee. 2. Interviews with elected officials from all involved jurisdictions. 3. Presentations throughout the study process to elected officials of each of the cities within the study area. 4. The formation of two citizen planning committees which met monthly to review and comment on the development of the alternatives and the refinement of the recommended improvements. 5. Public meetings in September 1988 (Kaysville and South Weber) and in January 1989 (Layton): EXISTING CONDITIONS US 89 serves communities in North Davis County and the southeast quadrant of Weber County. According to the 1986 population and land use data provided by the
Wasatch Front Regional Council (WFRC) the population of the study area was 85,539 people. The existing land use and zoning in the corridor is a combination of residential, agricultural, and limited commercial. In addition, some industrial land exists in the vicinity of the Weber River. Hill Air Force Base, which contributes 55 percent of the total employment in the area, is located immediately west of the corridor. The segment of US 89 between Burke Lane and Harrison Boulevard is 12-62 miles in length. It has four lanes, two in each direction, shoulders which are typically wide and a median of varying width and treatment. The roadway is functionally classified as a principal arterial. Currently, 125 streets and private drives open onto US 89. No pedestrian provisions exist for crossing US 89 except at Harrison Boulevard. The average daily traffic (ADT) volume on US 89 in 1988 was approximtely 23,000 vehicles per day. Approximately 93 percent of these vehicles are passenger cars, vans, or pick-up trucks. Less than five percent of the total vehicles are heavy trucks. Accident data for 1984 through 1987 were provided by UDOT. The total average accident rate for this period was 2.27 accidents per million vehicle miles of travel, which was less than the expected rate of 2.93. The fatal accident rate is 0.03, however, This is four times greater than the expected 0.0075 fatal accidents per million vehicle miles. Thirty-five percent of all accidents occurred at intersections. Poor light conditions were a factor in 33 percent of all accidents. Excessive speed by one or more vehicles contributed to 22 percent of the accidents. Trucks were involved in four percent of all accidents, wild and domestic animals factored in 16 percent of the accidents. The existing operational characteristics of the roadway were evaluated to identify those intersections where improvements are necessary. The results of this analysis show that the "thru" lanes of traffic on US 89 operate at a good level of service with little to no conflict. However, traffic entering the mainline from the cross streets typically experiences excessive delays, especially during the peak hour. Left turns from the mainline onto the cross streets also experience significant delay. These intersections were also evaluated to determine if further analysis for traffic signals or interchanges was warranted. Shepard Lane, Farmington Junction at Cherry Hill, 200 North Street, Oakhills Drive, Cherry Lane, Sunset Drive, Hill Field Road (SR 193), and South Weber Drive all warrant additional study at this time. FUTURE CONDITIONS Future population, land use, and traffic volumes will dictate the type of improvements needed in the future~ The master plans for the cities along the corridor indicate that the study area will continue to be primarily residential, with limited commercial development occurring to serve the growing population. Figure 2 shows the growth projected for the study area population and the US 89 traffic volumes between 1988 and 2010. Traffic forecasts for the study area were developed by WFRC in conjunction with the Transportation Planning Division of UDOT. UDOT and WFRC developed projections for the years 1995- 2000, and 2010. Projections of daily and peak hour turning movements were made for 13 major intersections along US 89 and at the I-84/US 89 interchange. An analysis of the 1995, 2000, and 2010 traffic on the existing roadway system showed that the operational performance, which is already below the acceptable level, cannot be significantly improved throughout the design period with additional turning lanes or other changes constructed at the intersections. These intersections were also evaluated to determine when and if further study for traffic signal control or an interchange should be conducted by UDOT. (The choice of a signal over an interchange is related to the preferred quality of service and the functional design of the roadway.) Of the 14 locations evaluated, it was estimated that all but one would require additional analysis within the design period. The analysis of the existing roadway showed that improvements for safety and traffic management are needed for the entire length of the US 89 corridor: The results of the analysis and the traffic projections were used to develop and analyze improvement alternatives. ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS Three alternative designs plus a "No Action" alternative and a Transportation System Management (TSM) Alternative were developed for the corridor. The designs were chosen to best represent possible approaches for improving safety while
maintaining an appropriate operational performance throughout the 20-year study period. The transportation system designs considered are described below: 1. A "No Action" Altemative for which neither operational nor safety improvements are considered for implementation.
2. A Transportation System Management (TSM) Altemative which would attempt to address the transportation problems without major financial investment. 3. A Full Freeway Design Alternative with access to US 89 only at interchanges located no closer than one mile. Grade-separated crossings were assumed at major east/west collectors. 4. A Limited Access Expressway Design Alternative with Interchanges
located no closer than one mile. Grade-separated crossings were assumed at east/west collectors. Right-in/right-out access to US 89 was
permitted at selected locations. No left turns or cross movements were permitted at any location. 5. A Limited Access Expressway Design Alternative with Signalized Intersections at locations meeting signal warrants. Right-in/right-out access to US 89 was also permitted at selected locations. No left turns or cross movements were permitted except at the signalized in tersections. Both the "No Action" and the TSM Alternatives would be unable to provide an adequate level of service on US 89 in the future. Therefore, these were eliminated from further evaluation. A traffic analysis was performed to determine the expected level of service (LOS) at the major intersections and along the arterial itself. The methodology of the Transportation Research Board, 1985 Highway Capacity Manual, Special Report 209, was used for this analysis. The minimum LOS for the analysis was "D", Existing and projected 1995, 2000, an 2010 traffic volumes were considered and analyzed. The
results of the analysis are summarized in Table 1. The analysis of the freeway design was performed for existing traffic volumes and
for projected 1995, 2000, and 2010 volumes. The results show that the expected average level of service on US 89 would be "C" in 2010. To provide this level of service three to four freeway lanes in each direction would be necessary, and the majority of ramps would require two lanes. In addition, three to four lanes in each direction would be necessary for the access streeet. The limited access expressway design varies from the freeway design by permitting right-in/right-out access to US 89 at selected cross streets. The effect of this is to reduce the total traffic volumes at the interchanges and on the arterial and collector streets accessing the interchanges. The expected level of service for this
design would be "A" through the year 2010. To accommodate the traffic volumes three "thru" lanes in each direction on US 89 and two to three lanes on the cross streets will be necessary. Standard acceleration/deceleration lanes were assumed at the right-in/right-out locations. The signalized corridor alternative was analyzed to determine both the expected level of service and average speed on US 89. This analysis shows that for the 2010 projected volumes the average LOS at the signalized intersections of the corridor will be "E", and the average speed on US 89 in 2010 will be 32 miles per hour. To maintain this LOS and speed it would be necessary to provide a minimum of three through lanes in each direction of US 89, plus two left turn lanes, and one right turn lane at each intersection. On the cross streets one to two through lanes in each direction, plus one left turn lane, and one right turn lane or shared right/through lane would be necessary at each intersection. The optimum design for the year 2010 is the limited access expressway with interchanges and grade-separated crossings. This design has less impact on the adjacent street network than does the freeway design. This design provides a higher level of service and safety while permitting a higher speed than does the signalized arterial alternative. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION The proposed US 89 corridor improvements were developed to improve safety and to maintain a level of service appropriate for a principal arterial. The elements of this
design include interchanges; grade-separated crossings; controlled access points with adequate acceleration/deceleration lanes; construction of an additional travel lane in each direction; separation of the north and south travel lanes; standardization of the median treatment along the entire length of the roadway; construction of truck climbing lanes; development of a two-way frontage road system on both sides of US 89; improvements to the roadway lighting and signing; and amenities for pedestrians, bicyclists, and buses. Construction of these improvements will require several years to complete. Interim mitigation may be used to forestall the construction of the improvements; however, the need for certain elements is imminent and will be necessary with or without the use of interim mitigation. Figure 3 shows the conceptual design of the improvements recommended for the US 89 corridor. Currently, the large number of access points on US 89 is not only hazardous, but also
reduces, significantly, the quality of service on US 89 and its intersections: Implementation of a limited access expressway design would necessitate closure of all access to US 89 except at 12 designated points. At these locations traffic control measures would serve to ensure safety and an appropriate level of service. The interchanges and right-in/right-out locations would be the only access points to US 89. All other streets and driveways would be closed with access to those properties provided from the frontage road system. The level of use and
compatibility with the existing and planned street network was used to determine which access points would be closed and which would be improved for increased use. No commercial access to US 89 would be permitted. The improvement elements were prioritized into short-, intermediate-, and longterm construction phases as shown in Table 2. These phases reflect the need for the improvement as determined by the analysis of traffic and accident data. Existing and proposed land use was also considered in developing the plan. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT An environmental assessment of the study corridor was performed to determine what, if any, environmental consequences would result from the proposed improvements. On the basis of this, initial assessment, it was determined that the appropriate environmental document for the proposed project is an Environmental Impact Statement. The major environmental factors requiring further analysis include wildlife, wetlands, fault hazards, slope stability, soils, prime agricultural lands, right-of-way acquisition/displacement, hydrology/floodplain, noise, air quality, and archaeological/historical resources. Any of the analyzed improvement alternatives would require this level of additional study. COST Preliminary construction costs were developed for the recommended conceptual design. The costs were developed to show only an order of magnitude for the improvement costs. These costs are summarized for each of the construction phases in Table 3. The preliminary cost estimates for the recommended improvements were also developed for segments of the mainline roadway and the frontage road proposed within the corridor. These costs are summarized by segment in Table 4. All costs are presented in 1989 dollar values. Land acquisition costs were not included in these estimates. However, minimal land acquisition will be required for US 89 mainline improvements. Real estate values fluctuate widely throughout the corridor and will change with any future development. These values will impact the cost of land acquisition for the recommended frontage roads. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS In order to implement an expressway type design for US 89, certain policy issues need to be implemented uniformly throughout all political jurisdictions along the corridor. While UDOT has final control over the location and installation of access points, each county and city should have a uniform policy to deal with future development. This will allow equal treatment of developers throughout the corridor. As development occurs along the corridor, additional areas will require access to the highway. The frontage road system can control this need for additional access. It is recom mended that developers be required to design their development plans to include both frontage roads and their access onto them. The elimination of access points is necessary for the improvement of safety along the corridor. New access points directly onto US 89 should be discouraged. Future requests for access onto US 89 should be subject to specific guidelines prior to approval. Any new access point should be considered temporary and subject to closure at such time as deemed necessary by UDOT. Each public agency along the corridor has in place ordinances covering new development. A legal review of those ordinances by each agency is recommended to determine if modifications are necessary prior to the incorporation of guidelines for frontage roads and access points into those ordinances. FUNDING Several funding sources would be available to fund the improvements recommended for the US 89 Corridor. Projects on US 89 would be eligible to receive Federal Aid Primary or state construction funds. UDOT and the State Transportation Commission are responsible for programming these funds. One approach for funding the project would be to implement the improvements in the three construction phases. A bond of $20-25 million could then be issued for construction of the short term projects. Since each phase of the study is generally a stand-alone phase, this process could then be repeated for subsequent phases. Under this methodology, funds for construction of the project would not be sought until needed. The construction of the proposed frontage roads will need to be a joint effort between UDOT and the local jurisdictions. Developers should be required to build the frontage roads where possible.
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Animation Reference Pack: Female Walk and Run Cycles - Tuts+ Premium
Animating characters can be an extremely difficult task, especially without the aid of good reference materials. Today we have the third, in a series of high quality reference footage packs aimed specifically at animators. These videos were shot by regular Cgtuts+ contributor Stefan Surmabojov and are available exclusively to Tuts+ premium members in 1080p high-def. Reference pack 3 contains 13 different female walk and run cycles, each shot from four angles for a total of 52 video files!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Not Anymore is a new online interpersonal violence prevention program where YOU control both the length and content focus of the program. Choose from 19 video-based modules to fit the exact needs of your campus.
Click here to visit the Not Anymore website.
Student Success and Green Dot, etc. are pleased to introduce Every Choice - A video-based, research-driven online Bystander Intervention Program. Click here to visit the Every Choice website.


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Middle School GPA Worksheet
Attached is a worksheet that you can use to determine what your GPA (grade point average) would be with your current grades.
It is important to realize that your middle school grades will not calculate into your high school GPA. Your high school GPA will be what colleges use to help them determine whether or not to accept you to if you apply to them.
However, it is also important that you understand now how a GPA is calculated so that you can see what your current level of achievement would earn if you were in high school at this point. Use the SuperMatch in Naviance to find some colleges that interest you to see if your GPA would qualify you for admission. Now is the time to plan for your success! If your grades today aren't high enough to make you eligible to get into to the schools that you think you might be interested in later, you need to know that now so that you can learn to be a better, more successful student while there is still time to make a real difference.
On the linked worksheet, place the total number of each grade you have received into the space provided. In the example below, the student has received one A+, one A-, two Bs, one C- and one D. This calculates to a GPA of 2.733. This will be a rough calculation and will not differentiate between full and partial-year courses, but it should give you an idea of the kind of GPA your grades would generate.
When you put your grades into the worksheet that is linked to this page, it will automatically calculate your "Middle School GPA" for you. Click here for that worksheet. If you have questions, please ask your counselor to help you. Click here to access the worksheet.


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Groton Town
Mark L. Griffith, 29, of Storrs was charged Wednesday with driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, failure to drive in the right lane and making a restricted turn.
Christopher Vargas-Lebron, 22, of 548 Thames St. was charged Tuesday with a stop sign violation and possession of a controlled substance.
Richard L. Brown, 34, of 204 Scotland Road, No. 4, Norwich, was charged Tuesday with driving with a suspended license and improper number of headlights.
Christopher J. Annino, 30, of 153 Laurelwood Road was charged Tuesday with disorderly conduct and third-degree criminal mischief.
New London
Delbert Street, 52, of no certain address was charged Thursday with disorderly conduct and first-degree criminal trespass.
Mark Williams, 54, of 1634 Route 12, Gales Ferry, was charged Thursday with driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, traveling too fast for conditions and failure to drive right.
George Labonte, 46, of 73 4th St. was charged Tuesday with driving with a suspended license and failure to have headlights illuminated.
State Police - Montville
Daniel Solomon, 45, of 49 Sunny Hill Drive, Apt. A1, Uncasville, was charged Thursday in Montville with third-degree assault and disorderly conduct.
Christopher Choser, 29, of 582 N. Main St., Apt. 3, Norwich, was charged Wednesday in Montville with failure to register as a sex offender.
Matthew Domvkowski, 43, of 196 Branch Hill Road, Preston, was charged Saturday in Griswold with breach of peace and third-degree assault.
Ernest Pritchett, 42, of New Haven was charged Wednesday with fifth-degree larceny.
Moglin Reyes-Acosta, 46, of 254 Eugene O'Neill Drive, New London, was charged Wednesday with driving with a suspended license or registration.
Leah Feliciano, 41, of 3 Grabner Drive was charged Wednesday with second-degree failure to appear in court.
Police logs reflect arrests, not convictions. For information on the outcome of criminal and motor vehicle arrests: www.jud2.ct.gov/crdockets/SearchByDefDisp.aspx.
Tri-Town iPad mini ContestEnter for a chance to win an iPad mini
Flat StanleySubmit your Flat Stanley photos for a chance to win!
40 Under Forty 2014Nominate a deserving professional in our region for recognition in our special section.
Connecticut Family Magazine Fall 2014Tell us your favorite children's books, board games, and more. You might be featured in an upcoming issue.
Pro FootballPredict pro football winners each week for a chance at local and national prizes, including a trip to Hawaii.
Photo Calendar ContestSubmit your photos for Southeastern Connecticut for our very popular annual calendar.
Freaky FridaysEnter now! We're giving out 13 trick-or-treat bags full of goodies every Friday from Sept. 26 through Oct. 17.
Happy first day of spring! Although the calendar says the seasons officially change on March 20, it doesn't feel like spring until:
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Culturally Responsive Training
The Culturally Responsive Teaching Program at Los Angeles Harbor College is designed to provide training to faculty and staff on culture and race sensitivity in the classroom and office setting, and coaching and mentoring students to understand and build extensive social capital networks.
Reference Materials: http://bit.ly/harborcrt
DISCUSSION BOARDS: Coming soon
To register, go to http://bit.ly/crtworkshop4
For more information, please contact Jean Grooms or Paula Brown: email@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com.
LAHC Culturally Responsive Training Team
Paula Brown
Co-Chair & Trainer, Faculty – Health & Kinesiology Department
Carmen Carrillo
Trainer, Faculty – Division Chair, Communications
Jean Grooms
Co-Chair & Trainer, Faculty – English Department
Brian Henderson
Trainer, Classified Staff – Student Services
Angela Miller
Trainer, Classified Staff – Communications Division
Lori Minor
Trainer, Classified Staff – Academic Affairs
Leslie Trujillo
Trainer, Faculty - Health & Kinesiology Department
Culturally Responsive Training was developed by the Los Angeles Harbor College Achieving the Dream Cultural Equity Committee and is funded by the Learning Works grant. http://www.learningworksca.org/


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Our show in Chattanooga, TN @ Rhythm & Brews on April 12th with the Kings of Hollywood tour has been moved to May 25th. Remind Siri or mark your calendars!
Appetite for Destruction has joined forces with Poison'd and Red, White & Crue, the baddest, truest, sickest tributes to POISON and MOTLEY CRUE, on the Kings Of Hollywood Tour!
Keep an eye on the shows schedule as well as WWW.THEKINGSOFHOLLYWOOD.COM as dates are still being added. Also join our mailing list to receive news and show updates as well.


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The site, book and maps to inspire office workers who want to live a full and successful life without having to go to an office 40 hours every single week! Tips, guides & inspiration to live the life you've always wanted by changing the way you work. For the 'work where you like and achieve more generation'.
Buy the No. 1 book http://amzn.to/1fw2Fta
Chris Ward is "The boss who works from coffee shops" (BBC), author of The bestselling book (No. 1 in the UK and Germany and top 20 in the USA and Canada), cyclist of the whole Le Tour, marathon runner, espresso drinker & family man.
This is the work he is does 'Out Of Office" http://www.bluedotagency.com
"Out Of Office, is a hymn to the myriad advantages of ditching the deadening confines of the office and working where you like."
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"A wonderful book with wonderful content, wonderfully presented."
Rory Sutherland, Ogilvy
"Out of Office cleverly provides an inspirational manifesto for modern-day working. This is a recommended read." Third Sector Magazine
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Small municipal power and light companies in Massachusetts — called "munis'' — often shine brightest on stormy nights when high winds and heavy snow send tree branches crashing down on overhead electrical wires. During the run of bad storms in recent years, customers of NStar, National Grid, and other investor-owned utilities sat in the dark while muni customers watched TV and made hot chocolate in the microwave.
The state's 41 munis love to get under the skin of big power companies by emphasizing the local knowledge of their linemen and the ability of managers to concentrate on customers absent the gaze of outside shareholders. There's something to it. But a better answer might be found simply by looking up.


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A 5-year-old boy was taken to Baystate Medical Center after police told CBS 3 he was side-swiped by a car Saturday evening.
The incident happened on Pinevale Street in Indian Orchard.
Police said the boy was on a scooter and darted out from between parked cars.
He suffered some abrasions to his elbows and bruising to his cheek, but the injuries are not considered life threatening.
The incident remains under investigation with the Springfield Police Department's Traffic Bureau.
Copyright 2013 WSHM (Meredith Corporation). All rights reserved.


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How do I get and install the latest P-touch Driver
from your Website?
Please perform the
following steps for installing the PTouch Label driver:
Please confirm whether your Operating System version is 32 bit or 64
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click Desktop icon, right click on Computer, click
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click Start icon in the bottom left corner of the desktop, right click on
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displayed under System Type.
1. Go to http://www.brother-usa.com/support/default.aspx
Note: Steps
below are setup for using Windows Internet Explorer browser.
Enter your model number and click Search button or select a
Product Group Labeling Systems, the Model, and then click on the
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Download & Drivers, click on Downloads on our Online Solution
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then click on the Search button.
5. Under
Drivers, click Printer Driver.
6. Read
the End-User License Agreement then click Agree to the EULA and
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13 May-19 May 2009
In early May, scientists from an NSF (RIDGE and MARGINS Programs) and NOAA (Ocean Exploration Program) sponsored cruise on the University of Washington vessel, the R/V Thompson, traveled to the Lau-Tonga region. This rapid-response expedition was undertaken after strong indications of submarine eruptive activity had been detected during a November 2008 NOAA Vents Program expedition. On 6 and 7 May, team members used the Jason 2 ROV to observe eruptions from two vents of West Mata, a small submarine volcanic cone in the northeast Lau Basin, about 200 km SW of Samoa. Explosive activity occurred from one end of a 5-m-long fissure at Hades vent, at a depth of 1,208 m, while pillow lavas erupted from the other end of the fissure. Glowing bubbles up to a meter in diameter also issued from the fissure. The Prometheus vent, a cinder cone located near the summit and about 100 m N of Hades, erupted explosively with nearly continuous lava fountains that ejected tephra into the water. Both vents were often obscured by sulfur gas emissions, but incandescence was visible for minutes at a time.
Source: NOAA Vents Program
2009: May
13 May-19 May 2009
In early May, scientists from an NSF (RIDGE and MARGINS Programs) and NOAA (Ocean Exploration Program) sponsored cruise on the University of Washington vessel, the R/V Thompson, traveled to the Lau-Tonga region. This rapid-response expedition was undertaken after strong indications of submarine eruptive activity had been detected during a November 2008 NOAA Vents Program expedition. On 6 and 7 May, team members used the Jason 2 ROV to observe eruptions from two vents of West Mata, a small submarine volcanic cone in the northeast Lau Basin, about 200 km SW of Samoa. Explosive activity occurred from one end of a 5-m-long fissure at Hades vent, at a depth of 1,208 m, while pillow lavas erupted from the other end of the fissure. Glowing bubbles up to a meter in diameter also issued from the fissure. The Prometheus vent, a cinder cone located near the summit and about 100 m N of Hades, erupted explosively with nearly continuous lava fountains that ejected tephra into the water. Both vents were often obscured by sulfur gas emissions, but incandescence was visible for minutes at a time.
Source: NOAA Vents Program
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
06/2009 (BGVN 34:06) Submarine effusive and explosive eruption seen at two vents in May 2009
12/2009 (BGVN 34:12) Deep submarine volcano found to be composed of boninite
12/2011 (BGVN 36:12) More details on the seamount and witnessed boninite eruptions
06/2009 (BGVN 34:06) Submarine effusive and explosive eruption seen at two vents in May 2009
This is the first Bulletin report on West Mata, a small seamount ~ 200 km SW of Samoa, the scene of inferred ongoing eruptions when visited during November 2008 and an unambiguous eruption at multiple vents when visited during May 2009. West Mata is located in the NE Lau basin ~ 35 km E of the closest portion of the Lau spreading center (figure 1) and ~ 70 km NE of a now-erupting portion of the NE Lau spreading center (NELSC). Investigations of this site were made on two research cruises conducted in the region by the research ressel RV Thompson during November 2008 and May 2009.
|Figure 1. Bathymetric map of NE Lau area showing two eruption areas (circled) discovered during the 2009 expedition, West Mata and NELSC where volcanoes Tafu and Maka are located. Contour interval 500 m. Inset location map shows the Fiji Islands (~ 860 km WNW) and Samoa (~ 270 km NE), along with the East Lau Spreading Center (ELSC), Central Lau Spreading Center (CLSC), and Fonulalei Spreading Center (FSC). Courtesy of Resing and others (2009).
Expedition during 13-28 November 2008. During the 2008 expedition, water column measurements were made, including a conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) rosette package to characterize the physical and chemical nature of hydrothermal systems. The RV Thompson's multibeam sonar provided high-resolution bathymetry and seafloor backscatter imagery. West Mata volcano (figure 2) was very likely erupting lava flows and/or pyroclastic material at this time. The intense plume rising ~ 175 m from the summit that was characterized by high values of turbidity, hydrogen, delta helium-3 (d3He), oxidation-reduction potential (Eh), and pH. The acoustic backscatter over portions of the volcano was uniformly high, indicating geologically young seafloor.
|Figure 2. Multibeam bathymetry of West and East Mata volcanoes. Contour interval is 200 m. Taken from Resing and others (2009).
Although the marine optical backscatter was dominated by elemental sulfur and particulate iron, there was also an abundance of large mineral and/or glass shards in the plume. The larger clastic materials were composed almost exclusively of Mg-silicates, with lesser Ca-Mg-silicates. These compositions were consistent with the eruption of boninites (glass olivine-bronzite andesite that contains little or no feldspar) that previously have only been observed at inactive volcanoes. These chemical and geological characteristics match well with those of NW Rota-1 in the southern Mariana arc, which has been undergoing submarine Strombolian eruptions for at least 4 years (BGVN 29:03, 31:05, and 33:02).
Resing and others (2009) reported that the acoustic backscatter appeared to show extensive deposits of clastic material draping the volcano and extending over a recent lava flow at its eastern end, suggesting a recent and continuous state of eruption. Finally, they note that East Mata (figure 3), a similar volcano ~ 10 km closer to the Tofua arc, is also hydrothermally active, albeit less intense than West Mata.
|Figure 3. The two Jason ROV dives at West Mata volcano discovered not just one active volcanic vent, but two, Hades and Prometheus. Both vents were obscured much of the time by billowing sulfurous gas emissions, but bright orange lava was seen in both vents. The orange glowing lava was visible for minutes at a time. Text courtesy of Dave Clague (on expedition blog); bathymetric chart courtesy of NOAA Vents website.
Expedition during 5-13 May 2009. On 6-7 May, scientists onboard the RV Thompson used the Jason 2 ROV (remotely operated vehicle) to observe eruptions from two vents of West Mata (figure 3), Prometheus (at or near the summit) and Hades (slightly to the SW). According to Dave Clague, writing on the expedition blog, the deeper vent, Hades, sits on the SW rift. It was erupting both effusively and explosively at the same time on both days (6-7 May). Small bursts were occurring at one end of an erupting fissure ~ 5 m long at a depth of 1,208 m, while pillow lavas were being extruded from the other end. By the next night (7 May) the activity had become more vigorous, sometimes blowing glowing bubbles as much as a meter across from the fissure.
Clague noted that the second, shallower vent, Prometheus, was located very near the summit of the volcano and about 100 meters away from Hades, the first vent. The eruption here was entirely explosive with low-level, but nearly continuous fire fountains throwing ejecta into the water during both dives. Both vents were often obscured by sulfur gas emissions, but incandescence was visible for minutes at a time. According to an article on the Discovery News website, Jason 2 approached the vent and was promptly buried in ~ 45 kg of debris. Huge gas bubbles, maybe 1 m in diameter, were observed coming out of West Mata.
References. Resing, J., Lupton, J., Embley, R., Baker, E., and Lilley, M. (compilers), 2009, Preliminary findings from the North Lau eruption sites, informal report, 2/5/09 (URL: http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/email/Nlaupreliminaryfindings25.pdf).
Information Contacts: 2009 Lau Basin Eruption Exploration Expedition (blog), NOAA/PMEL VENTS Program (URL: http://laueruptions.blogspot.com/); National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) Vents Program (URL: http:/www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/); Discovery News (URL: http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2009/06/05/undersea-eruption.html).
12/2009 (BGVN 34:12) Deep submarine volcano found to be composed of boninite
The eruption of the submarine back-arc West Mata volcano was reported in May 2009 (BGVN 34:06) at 1,200 m water depth in the NE Lau basin. The activity was discovered during a research cruise aboard the University of Washington's RV Thomas Thompson.
Ken Rubin, a geochemist at the University of Hawaii, reported that during the 2009 cruise a remote operated vehicle (ROV Jason) was used to observe extrusive and mildly explosive (Strombolian, or the deep-submarine equivalent) activity near the summit. Among the many attributes of this event was the unique style of eruption from multiple active vents. In addition, the lavas were composed of boninite (a lava of olivine-bronzite andesite composition containing little or no feldspar), making this the first observed eruption of a lava of this composition. Such lavas have previously been seen only on volcanoes over a million years old, and are thought to represent the early stages of subduction in primitive island arcs. One of the tasks on the cruise was to sample an active lava pillow. Rubin provided several photographs of the sampling sequence, done with a T-handled rod rammed into a molten zone on the pillow (figures 4 and 5). Some of the sample has been distributed for analysis.
|Figure 4. Photograph taken from the ROV Jason of a sample of lava from West Mata being placed in a container aboard the vehicle. Courtesy of K. Rubin.
According to press release 09-243 of 17 December 2009 by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the expedition's chief scientist and a chemical oceanographer at the University of Washington, Joseph Resing, stated that "we found a type of lava never before seen erupting from an active volcano, and for the first time observed molten lava flowing across the deep-ocean floor." Bob Embley, marine geologist at NOAAs' Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, noted that "since the water pressure at that depth supresses the violence of the volcano's explosions, we could get an underwater robot within feet of the active eruption." Imagery includes large molten lava bubbles ~1 m across bursting into cold seawater, glowing red vents exploding lava particles into the sea, and lava flows. Video images may be seen on a number of websites (such as NSF).
Water from the volcano was very acidic, and Tom Shank, a biologist from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, found that shrimp were the only animals thriving in the vent water near the eruption. The press release from NSF included a video of the volcanic explosions.
Several papers pertaining to research conducted on the 2009 eruption of West Mata were presented at the 2009 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 14-18 December 2009; titles and authors of abstracts are shown in the reference list below.
References. Caress, D.W., Thomas, H., Conlin, D., and Clague, D.A., 2009, Fine-scale morphology of West Mata volcano and the Northeast Lau Spreading Center, Lau Basin from AUV multibeam surveys, American Geophysical Union 2009 Fall Meeting abstract V51D-1731.
Clague, D.A., Rubin, K.H., and Keller, N.S., 2009, Products of submarine fountains and bubble-burst eruptive activity at 1200 m on West Mata volcano, Lau Basin, American Geophysical Union 2009 Fall Meeting abstract V43I-02.
Huber, J.A., Cantin, H., Resing, J., and Butterfield, D.A., 2009, Microbial communities in erupting fluids from West Mata volcano, Tonga Arc, American Geophysical Union 2009 Fall Meeting abstract V41I-07.
Keller, N.S., Rubin, K.H., Clague, D.A., Michael, P.J., Resing, J.A., Cooper, L.B., Shaw, A.M., Ono, S., and Tamura, Y., 2009, Sulfur in submarine eruptions: Observations and preliminary data from West Mata, NE Lau Basin, American Geophysical Union 2009 Fall Meeting abstract V43I-08.
Lin, H., Cowen, J.P., Butterfield, D.A., Embley, R.W., and Resing, J., 2009, Dissolved organic carbon distribution in two hydrothermal systems – West Mata, NE Lau Basin during an eruption event and basement fluids from sediment-buried Juan de Fuca Ridge flanks, American Geophysical Union 2009 Fall Meeting abstract B21D-06.
Michael, P.J., Escrig, S., Rubin, K.H., Cooper, L.B., Langmuir, C.H., Clague, D.A., Keller, N.S., and Plank, T., 2009, Major and trace elements and volatiles in glasses from the 2009 Rapid Response Expedition to West Mata volcano and Northeast Lau spreading center (NELSC), American Geophysical Union 2009 Fall Meeting abstract V51D-1720.
Resing, J., Lupton, J., Embley, R., Baker, E., and Lilley, M. (compilers), 2009, Preliminary findings from the North Lau eruption sites, informal report, 2/5/09 (URL: http://www.ridge2000.org/science/downloads/email/Nlaupreliminaryfindings25.pdf).
Information Contacts: Ken Rubin, NOAA, University of Hawaii (Email: email@example.com); National Science Foundation (NSF) (URL: http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=1160988org+NSF&from+news); American Geophysical Union 2009 Fall Meeting (URL: http://agu-fm09.abstractcentral.com/planner).
12/2011 (BGVN 36:12) More details on the seamount and witnessed boninite eruptions
Scientists first detected signs of eruptions at West Mata, a small active seamount ~200 km SW of Samoa, in 2008 when a particle-rich plume was identified ~175 m above the volcano's summit (BGVN 34:06). An eruption site was located in May 2009 (Resing and others, 2011; BGVN 34:12), and found to be still active in March 2010 (Clague and others, 2011). Thus, as of the beginning of 2012, the W Mata eruption has been ongoing for at least 3 years (since November 2008). This report provides an updated version of the one that first appeared in BGVN 36:12 about W Mata volcano (figure 6).
|Figure 6. Location maps of West Mata volcano. (a) Regional map showing features of the NE Lau basin; inset shows the volcano's location at the N end of the Tonga trench. (b) Detailed bathymetric map produced by the autonomous underwater vehicle D. Allan B during the May 2009 cruise. Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Jason2 dive tracks along which observations and measurements were made and samples recovered are shown by colored lines. Two eruptive vents, Hades and Prometheus, are located by red dots. Relative lava age assessments are based on visual observations. The line T08C17 was a towed hydrocast with samples taken along the line, and point V08C26 was a stationary hydrocast with samples taken over a range of depths at a single location. These hydrocasts collected temperature data and samples of the plume for chemical analyses. From Resing and others (2011).
Baker and others (2012) noted that W Mata volcano, a low effusion rate eruption, was the deepest active submarine eruption ever observed [as of 2011] and had both explosive and effusive phases. Hydrophones moored for two 5-month deployment periods before and after the 2009 seafloor observations recorded variable but continuous explosions, proof that W Mata, like Northwest Rota-1 (in the Mariana islands), is undergoing a lengthy eruption episode. Rubin and others (2012) reported that W Mata represented the deepest witnessed violent submarine eruption to this time (~700 m deeper than currently-erupting NW Rota-1 in the Mariana Islands, BGVN 29:03, 31:05, 33:12, 34:06, and 35:07).
It was previously thought that explosive eruptions, which involve expanding bubbles, shouldn't occur below a depth of ~1 km. Basically, as water pressure increases with depth in the ocean, the ability of gas to come out of solution in the magma and cause eruption is diminished. The suppression of bubbles thus limits explosions, but the depth at which this occurs is called into question. Clague and others (2011) suggest that pyroclastic activity at West Mata occurred to at least 2.2 km depth.
Presenting a list of ocean depths and locations where explosive processes have been documented, Clague and others (2011) gave the following information (presented here omitting their cited references): "...fine clastic debris formed during pyroclastic eruptions along [West Mata's] rift zones, and coarser talus shed from the lava flows, plateaus, and cones, can be traced upslope perpendicular to contours to the rift zones at depths as great as 2,350 m, suggesting that explosive pyroclastic activity on West Mata is common at least this deep, and much deeper than most theoretical models suggest without extraordinary initial volatile contents or accumulation of volatiles. Previous studies suggest that strombolian bubble-burst basalt eruptions occur along the mid-ocean ridge system for volatile-poor mid-ocean ridge basalt at least as deep as 1,600 m deep on Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, 1,750 m on the mid-Atlantic Ridge near the Azores platform, 3,800 m on the Gorda Ridge, and 4,000-4,116 m deep on the Gakkel Ridge. Deep water strombolian activity of more volatile rich lavas has also been observed at 550-560 m depth on NW Rota-1 in the Marianas arc for basaltic-andesitic lava, and inferred at least as deep as 590 m depth off shore Oahu, 1,300 m at Loihi Seamount, and 4,300 m for volatile-rich strongly alkalic lavas in the North Arch volcanic field. The distribution of clastic debris on West Mata suggests that boninite eruptions can also be pyroclastic much deeper than the activity observed at the active vents near the summit at 1,175-1,200 m depth."
Resing and others (2011) made the following introductory comments (quoted here without most of the references they cited): "Submarine eruptions account for ~75% of Earth's volcanism [White and others, 2006], but the overlying ocean makes their detection and observation difficult. The scientific community has made a concerted effort to study active submarine eruptions since the mid-1980s. Despite these efforts only two active submarine eruptions have been witnessed and studied: NW-1, a much shallower submarine volcano in the Mariana arc, and now West Mata, at 1,200 m depth. Here we describe sampling and video observations of an explosive eruption driven by the release of slab-derived gaseous H2O, CO2 and SO2. The generation of fine-sized clastic materials provides direct evidence for eruptive styles that produce similar materials deeper in the ocean."
Boninites. Resing and others (2011) and Rubin and others (2009) noted that among the first lavas to erupt at the surface from a nascent subduction zone are a type classified as boninites. A boninite sample was collected at W Mata by the ROV Jason during the 2009 cruise (see figures 10 and 11, BGVN 34:12). Boninite is a mafic extrusive rock, an olivine- and bronzite-bearing andesite with little to no feldspar, containing high levels of both magnesium and silica. The rock is typically composed of large crystals of bronzite (pyroxenes) and olivine in a crystallite-rich glassy matrix. These lavas are considered diagnostic of the early stages of subduction, yet, because most preserved and observable subduction systems on continents are old and well-established, boninite lavas had previously only been observed in the ancient geological record.
Resing and others (2011) found that large volumes of gaseous H2O, CO2, and SO2 were emitted, which they suggested are derived from the subducting slab. The volatiles drive explosive eruptions that fragment rocks and generate abundant incandescent magma-skinned bubbles and pillow lavas. Some examples of various eruptive modes observed in West Mata are shown in figure 7. As at other submarine volcanoes, the volatile-rich fluids found at West Mata fuel chemosynthetic biological activity (figures 7g and 7h).
|Figure 7. ROV Jason2 photographs depicting West Mata's Hades and Prometheus vents (shown in figure 6(b). (a) Discovery of the eruption at Hades vent seen here with the field of view (FOV) ~4 m across. (b) Active degassing and explosive clast formation at Prometheus vent; white particles are primarily elemental sulphur (FOV is ~3 m). (c) Magma bubble and active degassing at Hades vent, with degassed lava progressing downhill, forming pillow flows (FOV is ~3.5 m). (d) Quenched lava being collected from an active flow; the active pillow is ~0.3 m wide; iset is the quenched sample being stored on the ROV. (e) Pillow lava extruding (~0.2 m wide). (f) At Hades vent, double magma bubble emerging from the vent before breaking apart; the base of the bubble is ~0.5–0.8 m (most of the observed bubbles ranged in size from 0.25–1 m in diameter, with occasional larger bubbles). (g) Microbial flock near diffuse venting between Prometheus and Hades vents. (h) Colony of shrimp near diffuse venting; warm water was collected here; the two red dots are 0.1 m apart. This set of images came from Resing and others (2011); others may be found in Rubin and others (2012).
In May 2009, scientists using ROV Jason 2 discovered two sites of active explosive eruption (vents) on the summit of W Mata (Resing and others, 2011). The first vent, Hades, was located on the S end of the summit ridge at ~1,200 m depth, and the second vent, Prometheus, was found ~100 m NE of Hades at 1,174 m depth (located in figure 6b). Figure 7 shows some newly published images from these vents. During a one-week study in 2009, explosive eruptions at both vents were almost continuous with only occasional quiet episodes. Several modes of magmatic gas-driven eruptions were identified and some may have contained significant trapped water. They produced pyroclasts (i.e., spatter, ash and tephra) and abundant fine-grained particulate material composed predominantly of sulfur.
The most spectacular eruptive mode observed during the week occurred when erupting gases stretched molten lava to create incandescent bubbles of ~0.2– to 1-m diameter (figure 7c and 7f ). As the lava bubbles burst they produced fine-grained particle clouds devoid of visible gas bubbles. A hydrophone placed nearby recorded distinctive low-frequency sounds.
In a less explosive eruptive mode, pulses of gas emitted pebble- and sand-size clastics (figure 7b). These formed mounds of debris through which magmatic gases escaped. Observers also saw pyroclasts and fine-grained sulfur (figures 7a-c and 7f).
Another eruptive mode occurred following quiet episodes, when cap rock was pushed aside and incandescent, degassing, molten lava emerged accompanied by low-frequency sound. At other times, the gas passing through the incandescent lava was flame-like in appearance. In both these cases, escaping hot volatiles insulated the incandescent lava from surrounding seawater for prolonged intervals.
The general absence of free gas bubbles at West Mata markedly contrasts with the abundance of bubbles observed at the much shallower (520 m) eruption at NW-Rota. This fits with the diminished ability to form bubbles at depth.
Clague and others (2011) reported that the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) D. Allan B conducted high-resolution (1.5-m scale) mapping during the May 2009 expedition to W Mata that helped identify the processes that construct and modify the volcano. In addition, ship-based multibeam sonar bathymetry had been collected over West Mata during expeditions in 1996, 2008, 2009, and 2010, with the results enabling comparisons over a 14-year period.
According to Baker and others (2012), a significant drawback to existing moored arrays is the absence of realtime information, precluding a prompt response to a detected event. This deficiency led to the addition of hydrophones to profiling floats and underwater ocean acoustic gliders. The QUEphone, or Quasi-Eulerian hydrophone, is a new-generation free-floating autonomous hydrophone with a built-in satellite modem and a GPS receiver (Matsumoto and others, 2006). Because it does not have station-holding capability, its main value to response efforts is its potential for rapid deployment by aircraft. Underwater ocean gliders offer a more structured monitoring strategy, as they can be preprogrammed to follow, and repeat, a horizontal and vertical course. Low instrument noise and buoyancy-based drive systems make gliders ideal acoustic monitoring tools, able to navigate around seafloor obstacles and resurface every few hours to transmit data. Matsumoto and others (2011) demonstrated this capability by driving a glider around W Mata volcano and recording the broadband volcanic explosion sounds.
References. Baker, E.T., Chadwick Jr., W.W., Cowen, J.P., Dziak, R.P., Rubin, K.H., and Fornari, D.J., 2012, Hydrothermal discharge during submarine eruptions: The importance of detection, response, and new technology, Oceanography, v. 25, no. 1, pp.128–141 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.11].
Clague, D.A., Paduan, J.B., Caress, D.W., Thomas, H., Chadwick Jr., W.W., and Merle, S.G., 2011, Volcanic morphology of West Mata Volcano, NE Lau Basin, based on high-resolution bathymetry and depth changes, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G3), v. 12, QOAF03, 21 pp, doi:10.1029/2011GC003791.
Matsumoto, H., Dziak,, R.P., Mellinger, D.K., Fowler, M., Lau, A., Meinig, C., Bumgardner, J., and W. Hannah, 2006, Autonomous hydrophones at NOAA/OSU and a new seafloor sentry system for real-time detection of acoustic events, Oceans 2006, MTS/IEEE–Boston, September 18–21, 2006, IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society, pp. 1-4, doi:.10.1109/OCEANS.2006.307041.
Matsumoto, H., Bohnenstiehl, D.R., Haxel, J.H., Dziak, R.P., and Embley, R.W., 2011, Mapping the sound field of an erupting submarine volcano using an acoustic glider, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, v. 129, no. 3, pp. EL94–EL99, doi: 10.1121/1.3547720.
Resing, J.A., Rubin, K.H., Embley, R.W., Lupton, J.E., Baker, E.T., Dziak, R.P., Baumberger, T., Lilley, M.D., Huber, J.A., Shank, T.M., Butterfield, D.A., Clague, D.A., Keller, N.S., Merle, S.G., Buck, N.J., Michael, P.J., Soule, A., Caress, D.W., Walker, S.L., Davis, R., Cowen, J.P., Reysenbach, A-L., and Thomas, T., 2011, Active submarine eruption of boninite in the northeastern Lau Basin, Nature Geoscience, v. 4, 9 October 2011, pp. 799–806, doi:10.1038/ngeo1275.
Rubin, K.H., Soule, S.A., Chadwick Jr., W.W., Fornari, D.J., Clague, D.A., Embley, R.W., Baker, E.T., Perfit, M.R., Caress, D.W., and Dziak, R.P., 2012, Volcanic eruptions in the deep sea, Oceanography, v. 25, no. 1.p. 142–157 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.12].
Information Contacts: Joseph A. Resing, NOAA PMEL and Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), The University of Washington, 7600 Sand Point Way, NE, Seattle, WA, USA (URL: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov and http://jisao.washington.edu); David A. Clague, Jennifer B. Paduan, David W. Caress, and Hans Thomas, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Moss Landing, California, USA (URL: http://www.mbari.org); William W. Chadwick Jr., Robert W. Embley, and Susan G. Merle, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University and NOAA, Newport, OR, USA (URL: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov); Kenneth H. Rubin, Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaii at Monoa, HI, USA (URL: http://www.soest.hawaii.edu).
West Mata, a submarine volcano rising to within 1174 m of the sea surface, is located in the northeastern Lau Basin at the northern end of the Tonga arc, about 200 km SW of Samoa. West Mata volcano lies about 7 km west of another submarine volcano, East Mata; both lie at the northern end of the Tonga arc, north of the historically active Curacoa submarine volcano. The two volcanoes were discovered during a November 2008 NOAA Vents Program expedition, and West Mata was found to be producing submarine hydrothermal plumes consistent with a recent or lava effusion. A return visit in May 2009 documented explosive and effusive activity from two closely spaced vents, one at the summit, and the other on the SW rift zone.
Summary of Holocene eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).
|Start Date
|Stop Date
|Eruption Certainty
|Activity Area or Unit
|2008 Nov (in or before)
|2009 May (in or after)
|Historical Observations
|Prometheus and Hades vents
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
|Feature Name
|Feature Type
|-1174 m
|-1208 m
|An eruption plumes rises from the Prometheus vent at Maka submarine volcano in May 2009. A November 2008 NOAA Vents Program expedition to the Lau Basin had discovered hydrothermal plumes from an actively erupting site on the summit of West Mata volcano. During a return trip in May 2009 explosive and effusive activity was observed from Hades, a vent on the SW flank, and explosive activity ejecting ash and bombs was seen from a cinder cone at the Prometheus vent at the summit.
Courtesy of NSF and NOAA Ocean Exploration Program, 2009.
|Incandescence and a plume rise above the Hades vent of West Mata, a submarine volcano rising to within 1174 m of the sea surface, in May 2009. The volcano is located in the northeastern Lau Basin at the northern end of the Tonga arc, about 200 km SW of Samoa. It was discovered during a November 2008 NOAA Vents Program expedition, when West Mata was found to be producing submarine hydrothermal plumes consistent with recent or ongoing lava effusion. A return visit in May 2009 documented explosive and effusive activity.
Courtesy of NSF and NOAA Ocean Exploration Program, 2009.
|A NOAA Vents Program bathymetric map shows West Mata volcano, which rises about 1500 m from the sea floor at the northern end of the Tonga arc. Submarine eruptions were detected in 2008 and 2009 from two vents. The lower flanks of east Mata volcano are visible at the middle right.
Courtesy of NSF and NOAA Ocean Exploration Program, 2009.
The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title.
Rubin K H, Embley R W, Clague D A, Resing J A, Michael P J, Keller N S, Baker E T, 2009. Lavas from active boninite and very recent basalt eruptions at two submarine NE Lau Basin sites. Eos, Trans Amer Geophys Union, 89: Fall Meet Suppl, abstr V43I-05.
Smithsonian Institution-GVN, 1990-. [Monthly event reports]. Bull Global Volc Network, v 15-33.


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That was just days before our investigation into how agency money had gone into that Living the Dream house in rural Putnam County. What was supposed to become a retirement home for needy seniors also became UCDD executive director Wendy Askins' luxurious home.
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Paul Georgy serves as president/CEO of Allendale, Inc., a worldwide agricultural advisory and research firm that provides agricultural commodity price research and risk management alternatives for producers, major food companies, international corporations, foreign governments, and major news vendors.
Good Morning! Paul Georgy with early morning comments for July 29, 2013 at 5:00 am. Grain futures are lower on follow through selling from last weeks liquidation. Weather forecast is for cool temps to stick around this week with a chance of rain moving throughout the cornbelt late this week. We are only 2 weeks away from the August crop report which will attract a lot of attention. Traders will be hoping to get some adjustment on harvested acres and yield. With last weeks cool temps and rainfall over much of the Midwest, traders are expecting to see an improvement in crop conditions. There are analysts already talking about the potential for corn yields to come in around 160 bushel per acre on the Aug report. That is significantly different than what we were hearing last week. The CFTC commitment of traders report showed managed money funds increased short positions in corn by 46,099 to 83,361 contracts. They reduced longs in soybeans by 14,790 and increased shorts in wheat by 14,401. On this report, the CFTC also showed that non-commercial traders increased longs to a record net long position in crude oil. Chart support in Dec corn now is near the 4.60 level and November soybeans have support at the 12.00 level. Livestock futures are looking for some supportive fundamental news such as an improvement in retail demand. Friday dressed meat closed the week with choice down .51 and select up .01. Cash cattle closed out the week at 121 which was 1.00 higher. Pork cutout values were down .05. The CME feeder index was 145.63 down .63 on Friday. Get the full story by subscribing to the Allendale Advisory Report.
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Old Mutual is offering a R1-million prize for the man and/or woman who breaks the current 56km record. But, what does it take to break the current record?
Interdenominational Church Service
Runners are invited to attend the interdenominational church service at the Cape Town International Convention Centre (registration foyer) on 18 April.


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Shown with Left Hinge
At Perlick, refrigeration means more than just keeping your foods and beverages at the perfect temperature. With unmatched uniformity, it means doing it with a supreme sense of style accompanied by a host of details that make each Perlick product a pleasure to own. Perlick is so attentive to your sense of style, that they have created the first undercounter refrigerator with a glass door that can properly and beautifully store food in addition to beverages. Replete with unique and patent-pending features, these beautiful products available as undercounter cabinets or standalone models combine the ultimate in performance and design.
Shipping Weight: 225 lbs
Shipping Method: Motor Freight


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Senor Naugle lives on in the Simpson's as Senor Ding Dong!
Senor Naugle lives on in the Simpson's as Senor Ding Dong!
More Trivia:
Pup 'N' Taco - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaPup 'N' Taco . . . was begun by Russell Wendell in 1956.
. . . Russell owned a chain successful doughnut stores in Los Angeles - Big DoNut - which featured gigantic doughnuts on top of a drive-in bakery.
Randy's Donuts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaRandy's Donuts . . . was built in 1952 as part of the now-defunct Big Donut Drive-In chain by Russell C. Wendell.
Naysay, time for another road-trip?Ninety-nine stores were bought by Taco Bell in 1984, effectively ending the history of the chain. However, three operations in Albuquerque, New Mexico were not included in the deal and two still exist today as Pop 'N' Taco.
pop n taco loc: Albuquerque, NM - Google Maps
Last edited by Bogey; April 28th, 2008 at 07:51 PM.
I saw Rogie Vachon at the Pup N Taco right before he got traded to the Kings.
I'm sure everyone knows about the Del Taco Tuesday Night Special (3 tacos for like 99
cents). I just noticed the Rubio's by my place also has a Taco Tuesday Night Special, their
famous fish taco (beer battered BTW - or so they claim) for $1. I know most will think...
"Why would I want to buy 1 taco as opposed to getting 3 for a buck"? Rubio's, though not
a "Sharkey's", "Baja fresh", or a "Chitople" for that matter, but a definite step above TB,
DT, and the defunct "Naugles" and "P'N'T". Just thought I would share...
Let the taco wars begin!
I loved this place, i do miss them. Yes all the locations of taco bell in the west la/santa monica area were all originally pup in tacos. I loved the slushes(NOT ICES OR SLURPEES THERE IS A DIFFERENCE)) In flavored grape or cherry as i recall. The chili dongs were great and nice pastramis also! Only place i get actual slushes are at the circle K gas station near Santa Monica Airport. I also feeling nostalgic for Pioneer chicken(there is one location near olympic and la brea) and Sub Machine sandwiches chain, a triple dipple ice cream from McDonalds with the real Hamburgler, Mayor Mccheese, and the rest of Mcdonalndland characters.
I just ordered a shirt.
This thread has made me remember some very good times growing up. Pup 'n' Taco was one of the first places that I was allowed to ride my bike to with the neighborhood kids. I loved the grape slushies and hot dogs.


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Awards Blog
VNZMA'13 Finalists top tracks
Some of this year's awards nominees share their personal New Zealand music mixtapes, including all-time favourites and current picks.
Awards Blog
Ladi6 Q&A
We caught up with Ladi6 before her soundcheck for the VNZMA's
Awards Blog
Kids of 88 Q&A
We caught up with 2011 finalists Kids of 88 before the awards ceremony!
Awards Blog
Six60 Q&A
We caught up with VNZMA 2011 finalists and performers Six60 for a quick chat.


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Dir: Alfred Hitchcock Scr: Eliot Stannard
Orig Story: Hall Caine
Pho: John J Cox Ed: Emile De Ruelle
Music: Stephen Horne (newly composed score)
Producer: John Maxwell Prod Co: British International Pictures
Cast: Carl Brisson, Malcolm Keen, Anny Ondra
1929 / UK / B&W / 35mm / Silent / English Intertitles / 100min / Live Music Accompaniment
Pete, a poor fisherman, leaves the island to seek his fortune abroad and entrusts Kate to Philip, a lawyer, but the latter two quickly grow fond of each other. Theirs is a familiar story of boyhood friends falling in love with the same woman but it's the superlative lead performance from Anny Ondra as the sensual, exquisite, self-tormented and tormenting tragic heroine that brings fresh insights into old and seemingly trite situations. Flickering through a myriad of emotions, her evasive eyes articulate the unspoken desires and moral struggles that keep gnawing at her conscience, the accumulation of suppressed emotions trigger a shattering denouement. A preincarnation of Kim Novak in Vertigo (1958) in more ways than one, Ondra set the bar for the pantheon of Hitchcock Blondes. Set against the dramatic seascape of crashing waves and treacherous rocks in a small fishing village in Cornwall, the film breathes new realism, imposing human fragility against the vastness of nature. The most accomplished silent film Hitchcock directed before making the transition to talkies.
|Cinema, Hong Kong Film Archive
*Post-screening talk with Mary Wong, in Cantonese
The contents of the programme do not represent the views of the presenter.
The presenter reserves the right to change the programme should unavoidable circumstances make it necessary.


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The Meadowlark 2 plain edge pocket knife is not only one of the best values, but is also one of the most popular folding knives in the Byrd lineup. The Spyderco Meadowlark 2 features a full flat ground 8CR13MoV stainless steel blade, a satin finish stainless steel handle, and a sturdy back lock mechanism to allow the user control when using the knife. The flat ground 8CR13MoV of this Byrd pocket knife offers superior edge geometry for lower friction cutting performance. The satin finish stainless steel handle of the Byrd Meadowlard 2 is the ideal surface for engraving or embellishing, to make this pocket knife a little more personal. The Spyderco Meadowlard 2 plain edge pocket knife also includes a 4 way reversible pocket clip for ambidextrous and tip up or tip down carry.
Harry's Army Surplus: Serving Dearborn and Metropolitan Detroit with army navy surplus, uniform gear, boots, army surplus and work clothing since 1950.


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Rated 4.8 out of 5Â by 27 reviewers.
Men's adidas Skate Shoes
Seeley Shoes
Black/Running White (G66636)
Size Chart
+ Save To Wishlist
Rated 5 out of 5Â by JeffyT Love 'em!!! June 24, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5Â by Fruity_mcjones Seeley shoe's Definitely recommend this shoe, looks good and feels comfortable. I get a lot of compliments on how great they look too. So yeahh buy shoes June 19, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5Â by KarenKii Look so nice, but so painful. Most likely it's just me and my foot, they are so tight!!! They are so nice and fresh looking, i love them. It's just that they fit really tight ON ME. I've tried loosening them, but it doesn't work. They fit! They're actually a bit big on me my toes don't even touch the tip all the way, but they feel so tight around the width and pink toes. I've had heels that hurt less than this. Honestly, It's just me. They are amazing, i highly recommend. August 13, 2014
Rated 3 out of 5Â by Cris M Classy styling Really nice shoe, good material and holds together well. However, the sizes run a little small and tight, and the toe box is a little cramped, so much so that walking will hurt the tops of your toes. I'm going to keep trying to break them in and hope for the best. They look nice though. September 5, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5Â by Brock These are nice shoes. I got them for school and I've got lots of compliments for them. I personally love these. The only annoying thing is the tongue. its thin and it moves around. Other than that it is a fantastic buy August 27, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5Â by lord farquad excellent shoe This shoe is totally righteous. Its almost nostalgic, it would be but I was born in 95 so I can't reminisce over the 80s. January 9, 2014
Rated 4 out of 5Â by Jimbobmmmm Good looking good quality Bought them for school not to flashy but good looking however creases easily one of my favorite recommend buy August 3, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5Â by Jer I am switching brands I have owned adidas in the past.....but for the last 15 years I wear the same pumas.....I stock up before they take them off of the shelf....... I never liked any of the other gear that brand sold. Recently i purchased a jacket from adidas and all of my adidas hats and shoes were old.... this has got to be the most comfortable and sleek casual shoes I own....I bought a second pair in black and a pair in grey. February 5, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5Â by "Bobby". AWESOME!. I have eyed this shoe for a while now, and finally purchased it. I bought the khaki colour. It fits me just right. I have no cons, but all pros. I love the shoe with a passion. Most of all, I love the new shoe smell. September 2, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5Â by Zach18675 Best shoe out there This is the only shoe I'll ever buy. I've owned them for about a year now and they still look close to new. I wear them every day all day. I hope they never stop making these. Really happy with this shoe. September 22, 2013


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Within this section
- Electronic Health Records (Midwest Community College Health Information Technology)
- St. Louis Aerospace Institute
Accelerated Job Training
The Workforce Solutions Group develops industry-specific training in partnership with the college's campuses and local employers to help adults retrain for in-demand occupations in shorter duration formats. This is a comprehensive list of the variety of accelerated job training programs that have been developed by the Workforce Solutions Group. Program offerings are based on demand and the availability of funding or industry partner participation.
Call the accelerated job hotline at 314-539-5310 to leave your contact information and the program(s) that are enrolling that you are interested in to receive a call back.
ACE Certified Personal Trainer Certification
Become a certified personal trainer! Designed to provide the knowledge and understanding necessary to prepare for the ACE Personal Trainer Certification Exam and become an effective personal trainer, this course presents the ACE Integrated Fitness Training (ACE IFT®) Model as a comprehensive system for designing individualized programs based on each client's unique health, fitness, and goals.
Boeing Pre-Employment
Now enrolling for class groups starting Aug. 11, Sept. 22, and Nov. 3, 2014
408 hour employer specific program of instruction in aircraft assembly techniques for Assembly Mechanic positions within Boeing.
Drinking Water Operator Training
Participants will learn about water sources, water testing and treatment, operating distribution systems, and become familiar with the 24-hour, 7 days a week responsibilities of a water utility. Training includes field trips to two drinking water utilities, and the opportunity to earn the MO Water Level D Treatment Certification, and the MO DS-1 Distribution Certification.
Electronic Health Records (Midwest Community College Health Information Technology)
Federally funded grant program to train qualified individuals in electronic health records. No cost to qualifying individuals.
Environmental Remediation Technician
This is a federally funded EPA training grant program to train residents of brownfields-affected communities for employment as hazardous material removal workers and other environmental remediation occupations. 200 hours of training.
IT Helpdesk Technician
This six-week accelerated job training program prepares entry-level Information Technologists for work as customer service and help desk professionals in the desktop services and applications domain.
Nurse Assistant Training
10 week hands-on intensive training program for those interested in entry level positions as a certified Nurse Assistant.
Patient Care Technician
Grant funded five week intensive program that combines classroom and onsite clinical practice to prepare individuals for entry level positions as patient care technicians.
St. Louis Aerospace Institute
Federally funded grant program to train workers for the aerospace industry. Courses include metal structures, basic mechanical, electrical assembly and composites.
Small Business Essentials Certificate Program
A new program designed to provide a pathway for new and current entrepreneurs interested in exploring the components of small business startup, operations, and to learn business management skills essential for success of their endeavor.
Call the accelerated job hotline at 314-539-5310 to leave your contact information and the program(s) that are enrolling that you are interested in to receive a call back.


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History Is Not On The Side Of The Jackrabbits As They Look For A Third Straight Summit League Tournament Crown
If third seeded South Dakota State is going to win a third straight Summit League Tournament Championship, they'll have to buck a 20-year trend.
Over the past two decades, only a number one or two seed has won this event, and you really have to step into the 'way back machine' to find the last time a number three seed won the tournament. The year 1985 and the team was Eastern Illinois.
The Jackrabbits quest for another crown starts Sunday night against Western Illinois at the Sioux Falls Arena.
SDSU finished off the regular season with a home sweep of Denver and South Dakota last weekend in Brookings.
Against the Pioneers Thursday, the Jackrabbits shot 61 percent in the second, extending a two point halftime lead into a nine point win.
The victory completed a season sweep of a Denver team SDSU head coach Scott Nagy has high praise for:
Saturday's regular season finale featured the 209th meeting between South Dakota State and South Dakota, and the Jacks started fast and never looked back, winning by 14 on senior day at Frost Arena.
The key to the Jack victory was a seven point lead in the first five minutes and sending USD center Trevior Gruis to the bench moments into the game with two quick fouls.
South Dakota State's Summit League Tournament journey begins with Western Illinois Sunday night. The Leathernecks shared the regular season crown with the Jacks in 2013, but lost some key players to graduation in the off-season.
WIU was just 4-10 in conference play this year, but they feature the top newcomer in the league this season in freshman Garret Covington, the fourth best scorer in the conference.
Coach Nagy knows the Leathernecks are dangerous despite their losing record:
Tipoff is Sunday at 8:30pm at the Sioux Falls Arena.


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MEMBERSHIP Click on this link to download a PDF Form
What does it mean to be a member? Being a member bonds an individual together with others who have a common interest in something. In membership, one can be became a part of the whole. The whole membership has a much greater influence and power to make things happen and effect change. In order to preserve our artifacts and history, we rely heavily on volunteers who can physically come to the museum. There are many others who can volunteer by just becoming a member. Do you know someone who fits this description? If so, send them to us.
All Individual memberships are for one year and include free admission during regular business hours, 10% discount in the "Wings and Things" gift shop, quarterly newsletter, and an invitation to the annual membership meeting (held in the fall). Membership levels are:
Military (active or retired), Student, Educator, Senior (62) (one adult) $30.00
Individual (one adult) $35.00
Family (two adults + children/grandchildren) $50.00
Patron (two adults + children/grandchildren) $250.00
(6 guest passes, special invitation to select events)
2013 Membership Renewal
Address: ______
City: _______ State: Zip:
Phone: ( ) - Email: _______
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$ Additional Donation $ Total Enclosed
Thank you for your continued support
1011 Pacesetter Drive, Rantoul, IL 61866-3672


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1st Hole - "Josephine" (Par: 4) Hole named after owner. Accuracy is the most important factor on this opening hole. "Josephine" is a straight-away hole bordered on the left by out of bounds and on the right by a string of trees. A good drive will leave a short to mid iron second shot into a slightly undulating green that runs away from the player. When the flag is up front, the approach shot must be played short and allowed to bounce on to the green.
Castle Creek Country Club | 8797 Circle R Drive, San Diego North County, CA 92026
Website designed and hosted by Cybergolf


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FBI warns of photo sharing scam
Victims are sent photos or links to photo galleries and then get ripped off AND have their computers infected.
An increase in crimes targeting people who are looking to buy items online led the FBI to issue a warning this week about viewing images or following links to photo-sharing sites.
Victims will often have been shopping for a vehicle online when they encounter an ad that piques their interest. The ads don't have any images, but say they will be provided upon request.
If the photos are requested, the victim will received either a photo as an attachment or a link to a photo gallery. After clicking on the link or opening the photo, the victim gets sucked into a fake website -- one that mimics the site the ad was on.
"The photos can and do often contain malicious software that infects the victim's computer, directing the user to fake websites that look nearly identical to the real sites where the original advertisement was seen," the FBI said. "The cyber criminals run all aspects of these fake websites, including 'tech support' or 'live chat support' and any 'recommended' escrow services."
Then, after agreeing to buy the item -- and paying for it -- the victim finds that they don't receive anything and the seller is no longer accessible. As a bonus, the victim is also left with a computer that has malicious software on it.
Here are some tips from the FBI about how to safely shop online:
- Watch out when you are approached after losing an online auction with an offer from the seller explaining the original bidder didn't follow through. (Some eBay users have reported this problem cropping up again recently.)
- Don't buy from a site unless it's secure and you know it to be authentic.
- If you're going to use an escrow service, only use one that is established.
- When working with a car dealership, be sure to check how long it has been in business to be sure it is legitimate.
- Be suspicious when you see something you're interested in buying and the price is far below what it is selling for elsewhere.
- Before you download a file onto your computer, scan it to detect viruses or malicious software.
- Make sure your software -- including anti-virus and firewall protection -- is updated.
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- Weddings: 5 money warnings
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URAC, an independent, nonprofit organization, is a well-known leader in promoting healthcare quality through its accreditation, education, and management programs. HID is currently pursuing URAC accreditation in Health Utilization Management.
We are Health Information Designs, LLC (HID). For over 35 years, we have provided positive outcomes for our public and private sector clients.
Whether you're looking for analytics and reporting, pharmacy support services, drug utilization review, prescription drug monitoring, surveillance utilization review, case management, workers compensation analytics or another healthcare analytics solution, we want to partner with you. Please contact us.
HID's clinical professionals―pharmacists, physicians, and nurses―know the industry, our products, and our clients. Our combined total of over 650 years of pharmacy experience provides the strong clinical foundation on which we build our solutions. When you choose HID, you begin a partnership with a team of clinical experts focused on solving your organization's unique challenges and optimizing your outcomes.
HID's technical systems include various solutions for data analysis, decision support, and business intelligence. We are experts at integrating pharmaceutical, medical, and demographic data in Oracle®, SQL Server® and Progress® databases. At HID, we're proud to say that our solutions adapt to our clients, rather than the other way around.
© 2014 Health Information Designs, LLC. All rights reserved.
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If you like staying in larger hotels, Hyatt Place Johns Creek will be of your liking. This is a 3-star property.
The common areas of Hyatt Place Johns Creek include a bar/lounge along with a coffee shop/café. You do not have to make plans for breakfast if you stay here, as it is offered for free. An outdoor swimming pool can be used by guests of this hotel. Find what you need; there is even a gift shop on site. You also have the option of benefiting from a dry cleaning/laundry service, a late check-out option or an express check-in/out service. You could use one of the 2 meeting rooms for your events. You're also welcome to be accompanied by up to 2 pets here. There are 124 rooms to choose from. An extra service the accommodation offers is a free area shuttle bus.
Whilst staying at Hyatt Place Johns Creek your room temperature can be adjusted via an air conditioning unit. One of the services that is included in the room rate: a housekeeping service. The hotels electronics are supplemented by an MP3 docking station. You can stay up to date with everything that is happening around the world during your stay in Johns Creek as wireless high-speed Internet access (complimentary) is offered. You will be happy to note the presence of a refrigerator, a coffee/tea maker and a microwave (upon request) in the rooms.
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|From 15:00 Check-out: Until 12:00
|Wireless high-speed Internet access (complimentary), Free wired Internet
|Free Parking (Self-service)
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|Free Area Shuttle Service
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|Pets allowed
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Please provide this reference number to our customer service center representative on request, so we can help you better


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Fairfax not competing with Md. in biotech
Re: "Fairfax County makes push for biotechnology space," Feb. 8
Contrary to what Washington Examiner reporter Taylor Holland wrote, Fairfax County is not working on a plan to lure scientists to this side of the Potomac. In fact, I told him we want to capitalize on the shift of the life sciences to incorporate information technology, which is Fairfax County's strength, as well as pure science.
Also contrary to the story, I said nothing about shifting our focus to studying microorganisms. What I did talk about was developing a strength in personalized medicine, which takes immense amounts of genomic data and tailors treatments for different patients. Again, that will capitalize on Fairfax County's IT strengths.
We do want to diversify our economic base in Fairfax County, but we will do it by building on IT. I don't necessarily see this push as competing with Maryland. In fact, localities on both sides of the river house compatible strengths as this industry sector emerges. This will enable the region to grow as a biotech hub on par with the likes of Boston and Northern California.
-- Gerald L. Gordon
President and CEO,
Fairfax County Economic Development Authority
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Cut foreign aid, but not to Israel
Re: "Cut foreign aid before cutting entitlements," From Readers, Feb. 8
Thomas McFadden makes a good point when he urges members of Congress to cut foreign aid before cutting domestic entitlement programs. An educated guess is that at least some of that foreign aid isa bunch of fat that needs to be cut anyway.
However, aid to Israel should be the exception.Israel is the lone democracy in the Middle East, and its citizens -- both Arabs and Israelis -- enjoy more freedom than do the citizens of any other Middle Eastern state.
We share with Israel a common enemy: fanatical Islam. When Israelis fight their enemies, they fight ours as well.We should show our gratitude by continuing to support them.
-- Angela McIntosh
Gulen has no ties to any charter schools
Re: "Va. needs more charter schools, but not this one," Local Editorial, Feb. 7
Your editorial had a number of inaccuracies, but chief among them is the claim that Fethullah Gulen has any connection to the Loudoun Math and IT Academy. That error is compounded by the unfounded claim that Gulen "runs the largest network of public charter schools in the U.S."
The truth is that Gulen is not involved in, and has no ties -- financial or otherwise -- to any charter schools anywhere in the United States. The inaccuracies were apparently based on an article in the City Journal,which you cited. But you did not note that it is the in-house newsletter of the Manhattan Institute, a New York-based organization that has sponsored a series of anti-Islamic publications. I'm sure your readers would like to know that throughout his life, Gulen has criticized the extreme fundamentalism that has hijacked Islam. He has called for tolerance and interfaith dialogue and was the first influential Muslim leader to condemn the 9/11 attacks on this nation.
-- Alp Aslandogan
President, Alliance for Shared Values
New York


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From Mopani worms to the famous Zambezi bream, the restaurants at the Falls Resort will give you a taste of Africa unlike anything you've experienced before.
The Victoria Falls restaurants and bars bring together culture and cuisine inspired by the diversity of Africa, with ingredients sourced from the local farmers' market or the organic herb garden on the resort.
The Zambezi Sun's Theatre of Food caters for a variety of tastes and ensures your palate will never be bored as you move through the different themed dinners each day, from Mexican to Indian to African.
And the Royal Livingstone Dining Room offers the finest meat and fish dishes in an elegant setting with breath-taking views over the river.
A Must-Have: The Zambezi bream is one of the most celebrated fish species on the continent and is considered a true delicacy. According to the executive chef of the Zambezi Sun, this is a must for one of your meals. Enjoy the whole bream, oven-roasted with a bit of salt and pepper for seasoning.


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Information For
Creating your Personal Login
Step 1: Click on the link indicated below.
Step 2: Fill out the personal profile form, select a password, and click the submit button. Click here to see a copy of the form.
Step 3: You will receive a confirmation screen once your personal profile has been created. Click on the personal login button to return to the login screen above. Enter the username (indicated on the confirmation screen) and the password you selected in the appropriate boxes, then click the submit button. A successful login will take you to the ScienceDirect home page.


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"Rachel and her husband did my wedding… and they were absolutely amazing! They met all my wants. And worked non stop! They are worth the money you spend! Their photos are GORGEOUS!"
"Rachel is absolutely amazing! I felt comfortable with her right away. Her photography is incredible and her heart for the Lord is beautiful. I would recommend her to anyone!"
"[I] got the rest of our wedding photos today and seriously teared up! I could re live that perfect day again again. They are beautiful!"
"They are wonderful! We couldn't be happier with your excellent work. My whole family thanks you!"
"This husband and wife photography team is both personable, and fun to be around. I highly recommend doing yourself a favor and booking Salt & Light Photography."
"I feel like I've already looked at the photos like a hundred times!! Love them!!"
"The photos are gorgeous, unique, and just what the bride wanted. We were amazed at so many of the shots she took, because we never even noticed her being there during the ceremony!"
"They make you feel SO comfortable from the moment you meet them. They have a lot of great ideas and know what will turn out to be a beautiful product. There is no stress working with these two!"
At Salt & Light, we book a limited amount of weddings per year to provide:
Schedule a consultation today.
Book with us and attend the party.
See what our clients think about us here.
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