text:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718-1050
Archibald R. Lewis
The Military System of the Midi and Catalonia
[220] In the last two chapters we have seen how, during the first three quarters of the tenth century, principalities based on family rule tended to disintegrate in regions south of Poitou and Burgundy and how, when this happened, the public court system of the Carolingians tended to disappear almost everywhere and to be replaced by an informal boni homines system of justice. But what of the military aspects of government? What happened to the military system and in what form did it emerge by the year 975?
Obviously we must examine this military system in terms of the demands placed upon it by a need for defense against outside attack and against internal disorders. Let us first consider defense against outside attack. Earlier, in the ninth century, as we have noted, there were three regions which were particularly subject to invasion. They were Western Gascony and Aquitaine where Viking pirates concentrated their activities, the Spanish March close to the hostile Moors of Spain, and Provence and Alpine regions east of the Rhone where Moslem freebooters and other brigands seem to have operated with relative freedom. By the first years of the tenth century the problem presented by the Vikings ceased to be a serious one in Gascony and Western Aquitaine. As far as we can tell, after 900 these raiders left Gascony alone(1) and by 906 Bordeaux had recovered sufficiently to be able to send trading ships to Christian Asturias.(2) As for Aquitaine, about 930 King Raoul and Count Ebles [221] Manzur of Poitou defeated the last Viking bands who were operating in this part of France.(3) Hereafter, except for occasional coastal raids which continued down into the eleventh century, Aquitaine ceased to be disturbed by Viking activity.(4)
The story of Moslem Spanish aggression is a somewhat similar one. Early in the tenth century, still reacting to Count Guifred's activity in advancing his frontiers to the south, Moslem lords of the Ebro Valley continued to carry on warfare with the Christian Spanish March. Llop ibn Mohammed, who had slain Count Guifred in battle about 897 or 898,(5) continued hostilities after the latter's death. In 904, according to our sources, he attacked Pallars in force, capturing some seven hundred prisoners, among them Isarn, grandson and heir of Count Ramón of Pallars-Ribagorça.(6) Four years later his contemporary, Al-Tamil, lord of Huesca, invaded Ribagorça and occupied Rhoda.(7) He followed this up, the next year, with a raid on Catalonia in which the frontier castles of Alguaire, Gualter, and Oliola were captured and in which some three hundred prisoners and much booty were taken.(8) In 912, after assaults on Navarre and Aragón, he turned again to Catalonia and launched another campaign against this region, in the course of which Count Sunyer of Barcelona was routed near Tarragona.(9) Two years later he was less fortunate and met his death during a similar razzia into Catalan territory.(10)
After some two decades of constant war, the death of Al-Tamil in 914 brought relative peace to the Spanish March. This was due, however, less to Catalan strength than to a new political situation which had developed in Moslem Spain, one caused by the rise to power of Abd-ar-Rahman III. Abd-ar-Rahman III about 918 began an effort, eventually successful, to unite all Moslem Spain under his rule, which meant, among other things, ending the de facto independence of Moslem marcher lords in the Ebro [222] Valley. Facing such a Cordovan threat, which they viewed with as much concern as the Christian kings of Léon, Castile, and Navarre did, the rulers of Saragossa, Huesca, and Lérida felt it wiser to keep peace along the frontiers of Pallars, Ribagorça, and Catalonia.(11) And when, about 940, these Moslem marcher lords had been absorbed into Abd-ar-Rahman's centralized caliphate, by hastening to accept Cordova's suzerainty, the counts of Barcelona were able to continue this peaceful co-existence until almost the end of the century.(12) After 914, then, peace rather than war generally prevailed along the frontiers of the Spanish March.
Our third region, Provence and Alpine areas east of the Rhone, presents a somewhat different picture. In this part of the Midi the great Hungarian raid of 938 did some damage, particularly in the Lyonnais.(13) The principal problem, however, and a continuing one, was caused by the activities of those Moslem freebooters who had established themselves at Fraxinetum and were raiding the interior. Though it is difficult to estimate the extent of the damage they caused, we do know that their raids forced the canons of Saint-Victor of Marseille to abandon this city about 923 and to transfer this establishment to land protected by the walls of the castle of Fos.(14) We also learn from later records of certain damage which the raiders did in the region of Aix.(15)
Finally as the rule of Louis the Blind and his viceroy, Hugh of Arles, proved to be increasingly ineffective, they moved north into Alpine regions, where, aided by local brigands and perhaps even some local nobles, they became a menace to traffic crossing the clusae into Italy. In 972 they were bold enough to capture the celebrated St. Mayeuil, abbot of Cluny, on his way back to his abbey after a visit to Rome.(16) It was this action which probably at last forced action against them. Though King Conrad the Peaceful appears to have done nothing, his principal vassals were spurred into action. Bishop Isarn of Grenoble began to build castles and [223] to restore order to Dauphiny.(17) Even more important, William, count of Arles, rallied the local nobility of Provence and in 972 led them to a victory over the Moslems of Fraxinetum. He not only expelled the raiders from this pirate base, but also, by encouraging the building of castles in remote regions of Provence, began to bring order at last to Alpine regions which had not known it since the time of Louis the Pious.(18) After more than a century in a disorganized state, Alpine regions east of the Rhone at last got something like effective government.
Let us turn from this examination of external enemies to the problem of internal disorder. Our sources contain less information than we would like to have concerning this aspect of the Midi's development. For many regions we have no information at all. For others, however, charters of the tenth century, like those of the ninth, by telling us of land acquired by "conquests," that is by means other than inheritance, give us some indication of local conditions. For the Limousin and Quercy, for instance, such charters date from the period 923 to 945, with mention of land which was called "ex conquestu" or "per conquestem" in documents which date from the years 923, 926, 927, 930, 932, 937, and 945.(19) Ademar of Chabannes gives us some additional information. He tells us how Bernard, count of Périgord, killed Viscount Lambert of Marillac and his brother Bernard soon after 920, and how his uncle Count William Taillefer of Angoulême restored this honorem a little later to their brother, Viscount Odalric.(20) He also informs us of how, late in this period, about 973-974, Boson the Old, count of La Marche, tore down the castle of Brosse, which Duke William of Poitou had erected in the former's domains.(21)
When we examine charters from Auvergne and Rouergue we get much more evidence of instability than we find in the Limousin and Western Aquitaine. Some thirty charters from Conques dating from the period 901-974 mention land whose owners acquired it "ex conquestu." Five of these date from the period before 925, twelve from the period 925-950, and fifteen from the years 951-974.(22) Evidence from Auvergne [224] seems to be even more complete. Some seventy-six charters from this region mention "ex conquestu" land -- most in the central and southern portions of this province. Thirty-one date from the period down to 925, twenty-eight from the years 926 to 950, and eighteen from the years 951 to 975.(23) In contrast to this our sources from the nearby regions of the Albigeois and Velay give us little information about such instability of land ownership.
The basic political situation which helped create this instability of landholding in the Limousin and Quercy for some two decades and which caused what seems to have been a state of endemic disorder in Rouergue and Auvergne is known to us. It was the conflict which took place over these regions between the House of Toulouse and the Houses of Bernard of Auvergne and of Ebles Manzur of Poitou. This long conflict helped to create factions and what might be termed chronic civil war in these parts of the Midi. By 950 such disorders appear to have ceased in the Limousin, but they continued unchecked in Auvergne and Rouergue because no political authority strong enough to stop them existed.(24) Nor was any to appear here until the twelfth century.
When we consider the Valley of the Rhone proper our charters also give us some evidence of similar disorders. We find certain references to "ex conquestu" land in charters dating from 908 and 923(25) which concern Dauphiny; in ones from 937, 947-948, and 956-957(26) which deal with the Vienne region; and in ones from 968 and 970(27) from the Lyonnais. Such land ownership changes in the Vienne region may well have [225] been associated with a change in dynasties after the death of Louis the Blind.(28) Those found in Dauphiny in part seem related to the rise of a local family, that of Sylvius, to a position of authority.(29) Those in the Lyonnais were probably the result of Artald's assumption of the power and authority of count about the year 970.(30) In contrast to Auvergne and Rouergue, though, our sources seem to show that the Valley of the Rhone suffered only occasional disorders in specific areas for short periods of time -- except in Alpine areas and Provence, of course.
Such then is an analysis of what we can discover concerning internal and external disorders in Southern France and the Spanish March during the period 900 to 975, in the light of which we must consider military aspects of government. But though such an analysis helps to explain why some form of military organization was necessary in most of the Midi and Catalonia, it tells us nothing more. To get some answers to the question of what form this military organization took we must turn to what we can discover about castles and their use during the period. Before we do so, however, we must remember that our sources are incomplete. All we can hope for, as in previous periods, is some indications of military organization. We must also, generally, take it for granted that most of the fortresses and fortifications which were to be found in these regions in late Carolingian times continued to be used during this period, unless we have specific evidence to the contrary.
With this in mind let us first consider Auvergne and Rouergue where, as has been pointed out, disorders were almost constant during these decades. Curiously enough, though, our sources reveal fewer fortresses in this part of Central France than we might expect. We do nevertheless find some. One is a castellum near Sauxillanges mentioned in a charter which dates from about 928.(31) Still another is the important fortress of Castelluc, referred to several times in our sources.(32) Others are a place called Casterole, found in a document of 945(33) and 958, and that rocca [226] which, we are told, was held in 961 by two Auvergnat nobles, Genesius and Aimery.(34) Late in our period we also find references to a castrum called Yconensium near Monte Asenario(35) and another called Brézac or Bresantium located near the abbey of Aurilac.(36) For Rouergue, charters of the region speak of a castle of Salmegro in 937(37) and another called a turre or castrum not far away in 957.(38)
We have more evidence of castles and other fortifications in use during this period in Quercy, the Limousin, and other regions of Western Aquitaine. Ademar of Chabannes tells us that the walls of Angoulême which we know were in existence in 918(39) were rebuilt by Count Aldouin sometime before 916,(40) and the Cartulary of Uzerche mentions the work of refortifying Limoges by Bishop Turpio in the same period.(41) In 922 and 930(42) our sources mention the castrum of Fouilloux as well as one called Bellum located near Cahors.(43) We learn of three more located near the abbey of Tulle during this period, Echelles or Scalas,(44) one at Stanquillières(45) and one called Moncieux,(46) as well as that of Uxelladuno which King Raoul gave to this monastery in 935.(47) In 941, 944, 947, and 975 we learn of a rocca owned by a certain Guitard and his family.(48) And we hear of a place called Castres given to the abbey of Beaulieu in 943.(49) From the pen of Ademar of Chabannes we learn how Bishop Ebles of Limoges, about 944, built the castle of Saint-Hilaire near this city and surrounded the abbey of Saint-Martial with fortifications.(50) West of the [227] Limousin in Saintonge we learn of the castle of Ostend in 956,(51) south of the newly erected castrum of Melle.(52)
When we look further south toward an area in Rouergue, Quercy, and the Toulousain which was definitely controlled directly by the House of Toulouse, we find references to a large number of such fortifications in the will of Raymond I of Rouergue, and a little later in the period in those of Countess Garsinde and Hugh, bishop of Toulouse. Raymond's will mentions a rocheta near Albi, five castles near Moissac, and some twelve others scattered through his domains which he is leaving to his son, Raymond II, and his other heirs.(53) Garsinde's will of 972 refers to a castle near Saint-Pons of Thomières and one near Castres, as well as one in Lodève owned by Bishop Frotaire.(54) Bishop Hugh of Toulouse in his will mentions the castle of Durimane belonging to Bishop Frotaire and that of Sexago in Razes held by the count and countess of Carcassonne.(55)
Charters from Septimania give us still more information concerning such fortresses and fortifications. We have mention of the walls of Nimes in 925(56) and of castles at Anduze and Roquador(57) nearby at about this same time, as well as one called Salaves mentioned in a charter of 959.(58) Our records show that the castle of Substantion was still in use in 923 and 926.(59) So was a castrum called Lunet near Béziers, which is mentioned in a charter of 909,(60) one near Agde referred to in a document of 929,(61) and a turre near the church of Saint-Martin to which we find other references in a charter dating from late in the period.(62) Further to the west near Narbonne and Carcassonne we learn of a castle located in 902 and [228] 904 near the abbey of Lagrasse,(63) a nearby one called Leorte found in 950,(64) one at Montolieu in 925,(65) and a castrum called Aizonne referred to in a charter dating from 918.(66) Somewhat later about 959 we find a source which mentions a turre sold to the archbishop of Narbonne by Viscount Matfred as well as the castrum of Boxia which he left to his son Raymond in 966.(67)
When we turn to the Valley of the Rhone again we find evidence of a number of these fortifications. Our sources reveal that Lyon and Vienne during this period were still fortified,(68) as was LePuy whose burg belonged to the bishop of the city.(69) We learn of a castle at Mont Burton near Vienne in 965,(70) of one at Crussal in 943(71) and of another one called Mezengo in Velay at about this same period.(72) In 950 there seems to have been at least one in Vivarais.(73) A little earlier, in 947, the bishop of Valence gave to a certain Gibernus the right to build a castle in this region,(74) and a little later, between 950 and 976, Bishop Isarn of Grenoble, according to a posterior source, began constructing such castles in Dauphiny.(75) Further in the interior we find castra mentioned in 928 near Gap, and nearby in 950 at Barret and in 967 at Lurs.(76) In addition to pre-existing fortifications we hear of a castle at Fos in 923,(77) of a turre near Marseille in 950,(78) and in 970 of four castra in various parts of this province, one near Marseille, two near Aix, and one near Fréjus.(79)
[229] When we turn from the Midi to the Spanish March we find even more evidence of such fortresses, as we would expect upon approaching the Moslem frontier. Leaving aside for a moment the border marches of Catalonia and Pallars and Ribagorça let us consider information from counties which were fairly far removed from the frontier. When we do so our sources mention a turre which was located in Roussillon not far from Elne(80) and other fortifications nearby in 947,(81) two castra called Castellano and Turres Betses referred to in documents from Confluent in 952 and 958,(82) a Castrum Falconis in Vallespir in 936,(83) and two called Bertin and Castellaris in Perelada in 948.(84)
When we approach the frontier such castles multiply. Our sources give us information of some twenty-two located near the Moslem border in the counties of Barcelona, Ausona, and Manressa during these years. In the order of their appearance by date in our documents they are Kastellionem, Cervallo, Cleriana, Cervilione, Subirats, Besaura, Rosidors, Marro, Miralès, Queralt, Palumbi, Vidde, Manressa, Arampufia, Olerdula, Castelito, Gellito, Masquefa, Turre Hostalde, Mulier, Castelfels, and Montmell.(85) For the interior regions of Berga-Cerdanya-Besalu we have a record of some thirteen of them: Gratos, Llaiers, Casserès, Lucano, Usalito, Ravinas, Nuret, Olone, Montgrony, Nebule, Spugnole, Saint-Martin, and Agremundo.(86) For Pallars and Ribagorça, in addition to the numerous turres which dotted the mountainsides,(87) we find mention of [230] castles at Leovalles, Castellous, and Lemignano,(88) to name only a few. Obviously the Spanish March was a land of castles.
We might sum up our evidence of the existence of castles, then, as follows. Except for Gascony, for which we have no evidence of the existence of such fortress, our documents show that a great many more castles existed by the year 975 than were to be found in 900. How many more it is difficult to say. The preceding pages, though, give proof of the existence of some one hundred castles and other fortifications north of the Pyrenees and between forty and fifty in the Spanish March. Though in our sources only a few castles are definitely stated to be ones which were newly built during these decades, it seems fair to say that this was an important period for the construction of such fortresses, particularly in Aquitaine, Septimania, Provence, and the Spanish March.
This brings us to an even more important question. Who owned and controlled these castles that were the basis of military power south of Poitou and Burgundy during this period? Often we cannot be sure. In other cases our information is more precise. Many of the castles north of the Pyrenees seem to have been the outright allodial possessions of the principal counts, viscounts, and principes of these regions. Some, no doubt, became so in the course of these years. This seems to have been the case for those seventeen castles and one rocheta scattered through Languedoc which are mentioned in 961 in the will of Raymond I of Rouergue(89) or the three fortresses mentioned by Countess Garsinde in 972.(90) Ademar, count of Scalas, seems to have owned at least some of the castles found in Quercy and the Limousin about 930,(91) as did Count Acfred in Auvergne at about the same time.(92) During this period our sources show us that Viscount Bernard of Albi acquired at least two castles, one at Solenegra in 937 and another castrum or turre in 957.(93) By 928, Frédélon, progenitor of the later marquises of Anduze, seems to have been in full control of his castle.(94) In Narbonne the viscontal family disposed of at least three castles which were their allodial possessions, in 950, 959, and 966.(95) In the Valley of the Rhone, for which our information [231] concerning castles is less precise, at least one such fortress, that of Treslia, was owned by King Conrad of Burgundy-Provence about 950.(96)
In Catalonia where the counts tended to control most castles, we still find other individuals who owned such fortresses. Examples of this are the castle of Ravinas, which Viscount Leopardo sold in 928,(97) or that of Spugnole given away by Countess Adelaise in 950,(98) or Masquefa which Hennego, a border marcher lord, acquired as an allod in 963.(99) Sometimes such an individual owned only a small fortress, or turre, like those mentioned in 956 and 959(100) which were given to the abbey of San-Cugat. In Catalonia, as in the rest of the Midi then, a number of powerful nobles controlled castles which were their allodial property.
If members of the secular nobility owned a number of these castles, so did the Church, which, as a matter of fact, seems to have steadily increased the number of such fortresses in its possession. In the Limousin and Quercy, for example, we know of some five castles belonging to the abbey of Tulle, as well as one owned by the abbey of Beaulieu,(101) and several which were built at Limoges about 944 by Bishop Ebles.(102) Further to the south the will of Raymond I of Rouergue, dating from 961, makes it clear that this important noble contemplated that a number of his castles would ultimately go to the churches of Albi and Cahors or to abbeys like Figeac, Moissac, Marcillac, and Brioude.(103) Eleven years later Countess Garsinde's will left similar fortresses to Saint-Vincent of Castres and Saint-Pons of Thomières,(104) as well as consenting to a gift of one to Saint-Michael of Gaillac.(105) About 975 a similar castle became the allodial possession of the abbey of Gellone.(106)
In the Carcassonne-Razès region in 900 we find that the castrum of Por is the allodial possession of the abbey of Saint-Jacques de Joucan,(107) while Lagrasse owned two castles, one near the monastery itself,(108) and another [232] it acquired about 950.(109) Montolieu, as has been noted, remained fortified throughout this period.(110) The archbishop of Narbonne in 959 acquired a turre as part of his possessions.(111) To the south we learn of another turre belonging to the abbey of Cuxa,(112) of a castrum owned by Saint-Joan de les Abadesses,(113) and several turres which belonged to the abbey of San Cugat near Barcelona.(114)
A similar situation seems to have existed in the Valley of the Rhone. From 924 on in Velay the burg of LePuy belonged to the bishops of this city,(115) while, as we have noted, Bishop Isarn of Grenoble was responsible for the construction of castles throughout his domains sometime between 950 and 974.(116) Even in Provence by 950 the abbey of Saint-Victor of Marseille had acquired a turre or fortress, that of Treslia.(117) In this period as in Carolingian times, the Church, like other landowners owned a large number of the fortresses which are to be found in the Midi and Catalonia.
In addition to the ownership of such fortresses, however, there is another question which we need to consider -- that which concerns the occupation of them. Many of those who owned such fortresses as allods were in no position to actually occupy them personally, particularly if they were nobles or churchmen who owned more than one. What then did they do with them? Various solutions of this problem are to be found during this period. One of the more interesting appears to have been the use of a system of joint ownership, a sort of divisio which continued into later periods. Under this system the ownership of a castle, or its allod, to use a contemporary phrase, was divided. One half belonged to the occupant: one half to an owner who did not live in it. An example of such castle ownership is to be found in a charter, dating from 957 which tells us of a castle acquired by Bernard, viscount of Albi. When Bernard took this over, one-half of this fortress was owned by a certain Senegunde and her four sons "ad proprium allodum," the other half by Bligardis and her two sons in the same manner.(118) The castle of Cenceno which Countess Garsinde gave to Saint-Pons of Thomières in 972 was similarly divided -- [233] as an allod between this countess and her relative Adelaise of Narbonne and the latter's two sons.(119) In 961, in his will, Raymond of Rouergue mentions one-half of certain castles that he was giving to the abbey of Moissac and his part of the castle of Gordo, which suggests the same kind of joint ownership.(120) So does his mention of a rocca in Auvergne which he says Genesius and Aimery hold in common.(121) Joint ownership, particularly by members of the same family, then, was one way in which the problem of controlling castles was solved.
Still another was a system similar to that used by the Carolingians in the Midi and Catalonia, that of giving out castles as benefices or fiefs. The abbey of Tulle and some of the secular lords of the Limousin seem to have used this system for some of the castles they owned.(122) And in Valence it was the method contemplated by Bishop Aurilbert in about 943, when he allowed Gibernus to build a castle which he would then hold as a precarium from this pontiff.(123) The castle of Ulmo, which Bishop Frotaire held and which he gave to Gaillac in 972, seems to have been a similar -- benefice given to the bishop by the House of Toulouse.(124) So was the castle of Sexago, which, we learn the count and countess of Carcassonne held as [234] a fief from Bishop Hugh of Toulouse,(125) the castle of Parisio which a certain Malbert had "a feo," or the fortress held by Isarn and Arnold in the same way in 961 from Raymond of Rouergue.(126) It seems probable also that at least some of the castles which were the subject of an agreement between the viscounts of Urgell and Cerdanya in 954 were held as fiefs too, since Count Ermengol of Urgell is mentioned specifically in the agreement, in what seems to be his capacity as overlord.(127)
Sometimes such arrangements could be very complex, judging from our sources. The allodial owner of the castle of Sexago was the bishop of Toulouse, Hugh of the Toulouse-Rouergue family. The House of Carcassonne held this castle as a fief from the bishop.(128) Yet the actual occupant was neither of these, but a certain Gilbert, called a vicar, who in 958 presided over a court held in the castle, which met to decide a case involving a dispute over land in the nearby region.(129) Did Gilbert hold this castle in sub-infeudation as castellan from the count and countess of Carcassonne? We cannot say for sure, though it seems probable that he did. One thing though does seem dear. Castles given as benefices, like other land given out in this fashion, had a way of being lost to their owners and tended to become the allodial possession of those who held them. Thus we see attempts to put a time limit of one or two lifetimes on such grants.
Perhaps it was this fact-that castles so easily tended to slip away into the full possession of their occupants -- that explains still a third method of giving out grants, that is called the guarda or baillem system, which we begin to find in this period. Under this system, judging from certain specific examples found a little later, a castle was given out to an individual castellan, but the grant was revokable and limited to a certain period of time, probably less than a lifetime. Such a guarda or castle ward is mentioned in the will of Bishop Hugh of Toulouse which speaks of a castle "in the hands" of a certain Frotaire but "in guarda" of Bernard and Gausbert.(130) Again in a document from the Spanish March we learn that the two castles of Miralès and Queralt were held "in baillem" by a certain Berengar de Araquel.(131)
[235] Such then is the picture of the ownership, control, and occupation of castles in the Midi and Catalonia during this period. From it we can see that a variety of methods were used. Castles were owned allodially by important secular nobles, by counts, viscounts, and even minor vicars and other landowners. They belonged to various church establishments also. Sometimes these owners actually lived in the fortresses they owned as allods. Sometimes they kept a measure of control over them by joint ownership with others. Sometimes they granted them out as benefices. Sometimes they used a more flexible and less dangerous system of guarda, baillem, or castle ward. What is striking is how many types of castle ownership and control were in use during this period, which seems to be a reflection of the disorganized state of the military and governmental systems of the period. Yet it is worth noting too that we seldom hear during these years of a castle which was the subject of dispute or declared to be illegally built of occupied. The two exceptions are the destruction by Queen Matilda of Provence-Burgundy in 965 of a castle built near Vienne,(132) and the action of Count Boson of La Marche in destroying a castle which Duke William of Poitou built in his domains in 973-974.(133) Castles may have been held or owned in a variety of ways, but down to 975, at least, the direct problems represented by them had not yet become very serious ones for the security of the Midi.
When we probe beneath the surface, however, we begin to see by 975 that the increase in the number of such castles and the methods used in their ownership and control had already begun to bring certain changes to this society. Dimly we can see the outline of a new system of militarism which was arising in Southern France and the Spanish March. For as castles spread everywhere we begin to find along with them a special class of warriors or milites spreading too. These milites seem to differ from their predecessors in the period of Charlemagne or Charles the Bald in one important respect. The warriors of the previous period in the Midi and Catalonia were first important landowners and officials and then warriors. They seem to have been essentially a militia, or part-time warriors, to use a modern term. The milites whom we find appearing in this tenth century are first of all professional fighters and then landowners, judges, and officials. The emphasis had changed, hence their title of milites. Their homes were not the unfortified manor houses or the villas in the countryside, but the castles and fortifications which steadily increased in number [236] throughout this period.(134) Such fighting men were not a completely new phenomenon. They had been found earlier. But now they were found everywhere in the Midi and Catalonia in regions where they had been unknown before.
Perhaps our earliest documentary reference to this new class, interestingly enough, comes from Quercy and the Limousin early in the tenth century where a charter of about 925 speaks of a certain man as a miles.(135) A little later, about 935, in a charter giving to Tulle the castle of Uxelladuno, King Raoul speaks of the milites inhabiting such castles who were going outside of the walls and were oppressing "loca monarchia."(136) By 971 the number of such milites must have grown, since in that year the abbot of Beaulieu forbade his judices servum, who administered the domains belonging to the abbey, to make themselves into milites and to carry the lance and the spear. If they did, he threatened, they would be returned to the serfdom from which they had emerged.(137) This interesting document not only shows us the new milites in the Limousin, but also [237] gives us some idea of how they were recruited from the ranks of the minor officialdom and even serfs of the period. It also shows us the opposition to this class which already existed in this part of France.
Such milites were not confined to the Limousin. We find them elsewhere. In 931 a charter of King Raoul speaks of Dalmatius, viscount of LePuy, as a miles,(138)and in 975 another charter from nearby Auvergne mentions land belonging to "belli homini."(139) A document dating from 968, from the Lyonnais, mentions milites near the city of Lyon.(140) We find them in Roussillon according to charters which date from 925 and 953.(141) They are mentioned in the Toulousain in 972.(142) A charter of 954 from Urgell gives us still more information and is the earliest which we possess embodying an agreement between those who own a castle and those who occupy it-agreements which were to be common later on in the Midi and Catalonia. In this agreement between the viscounts of Urgell and Cerdanya we find mention of the milites of the castle of Saint-Martin and those of the castra of Miralès and Queralt. There is also a reference to the military service which was expected of these milites, the hostes et cavalcades.(143)Here we see dearly a reference to such professional warriors and their military duties as they existed along the frontiers of Catalonia.
Even where we do not have a direct reference to such milites we do have indirect evidence of their presence in the castles of the period and of their effect upon the surrounding countrysides. Such garrisons of professional warriors required special provision for support in dues levied on lands located near their fortresses, in contrast to Carolingian warriors who appear to have been scattered about the countryside on land from which they could support themselves. Hence we begin to find in our documents references to such special dues which were levied in addition to the ordinary [238]cens. The most common appear to have been what were called the receptum or albergum, but north of the Pyrenees they are called by other names too, such as usaticos, questas, tallias, or firmancias, this last apparently representing service in labor which was exacted as well as service in kind. In 918, for instance, at a court held in the castle of Alzonne near Carcassonne there is a mention of such services, which, it is said, were owed by an allod belonging to the abbey of Montolieu.(144) In 933 in the same region we find Count Raymond Pons giving up exactions which his men, probably those from nearby castles, were levying on an allod of the same abbey -- dues in the form of levies in wine, bread, and pigs, which were probably such albergos or receptas.(145)
In the Lodève region near the abbey of Gellone, where castles were also common, we hear of a place in 930 which is called "Malos Albergos,"(146) surely a suggestive reference to such dues and the popular reaction to them. In the Albigeois whose many castles made it one of the more militarized parts of the Midi during this period, a charter issued by Raymond Pons in 936 mentions a variety of such exactions.(147) So does one of 942 in which Viscount Aton of Albi gives certain lands to Saint-Pons of Thomières -- which, incidentally lumps such dues under the general term potestatum.(148) In 972 Countess Garsinde of Toulouse mentions similar rights of "usaticos, tallias, et albergos" which she has over land in this same region.(149) As we have already noted, we know of similar exactions levied from castles in the Limousin in 935(150) and of receptas owed the abbey of Beaulieu in 971.(151)
As might be expected, however, Catalonia, a land covered with castles, provides us with a good deal of evidence of such dues, many of which, no doubt, developed directly from those which were owed to Carolingian officials by aprisio holders and which were now taken over by those who controlled the fortresses of this region. In Ausona, whose government Count Guifred organized around its castles, as early as 899 we find a [239] mention of such dues, which a charter calls "obsequia et servícia."(152) In a later document dating from the period 898-917 they were simply called servicia. In 913 a vicar of Count Miró's, who no doubt controlled one of the castles of the region, in attempting to levy them upon land belonging to Saint-Joan de les Abadesses, called them "hostem et alium regale servicium."(153) A charter from nearby Urgell dated 927 mentions a receptum,(154)and one of 942 speaks of "tasca et servicium" which were levied in the vicinity of the castle of Laiers.(155) By 957 similar dues are to be found in the frontier marches of Barcelona where castles bad multiplied, for in this year Hennego, an important marcher lord, mentions the rights and justice he possesses in the territory of the castle of Arampuña.(156) Our best description of such dues though comes from a charter which Bishop Vivas of Barcelona gave to the inhabitants of his castle of Montmell in 974. In this charter, which is called a pactum, he gave special privileges to those who lived under the jurisdiction of this castle. They included not only a right to freely sell or exchange their land, but also exemption from any dues which might be levied on their houses, their pigs, their horses, their cattle, and their sheep.(157) By 975, then, throughout Catalonia and nearby Pallars and Ribagorça, it had become the custom for the milites of a castle to levy dues on the inhabitants of the surrounding countryside -- dues, which, while originally Carolingian regalian ones, now pertained to a particular castle and those who owned and occupied it.
This leads us to our final question. Did this building of castles and the appearance of a class of professional milites who lived in them, and the dues and services levied in the counties of such fortresses, result in a spread of mandamenta throughout the Midi and Catalonia during this period? Did the castle and its surrounding territory begin to be a governing unit? We have already noted several cases for the late ninth century: one from Savoy and several from Ausona, in which this seems to have been the case. Now there can be little doubt that such mandamenta were beginning to appear in many more parts of Southern France and the Spanish March. In 928, for instance, we learn of land held in the "territory" of the castle of [240] Garza, located in the county of Gap,(158) and about 970 a charter from Provence mentions land "in termino de Castro Marigno," "in termino Castro Lambisco," and "in termino Castro Petro Castellano."(159) Even before Moslems had been expelled from Fraxinetum, Provence and neighboring regions were being divided into mandamenta.
We find a similar system in Aquitaine where a charter dated 930 from Quercy mentions "Scalas castrum cum omni caslania."(160) Another from Auvergne dating from 975 refers to land "in territorio Castelluc."(161)At about this same period we hear of land at Nîmes located "in vicario Ariensi sub Castro Exunatis."(162) Those rights of justice over neighboring regions possessed by the vicar who was castellan of the castrum of Sexago in Razes in 958 suggest the same kind of territory under the control of a castle.(163)
But again it is the Spanish March which makes dear how widespread this system had become by the year 975. Here along the entire frontier from Tarragona to Ribagorça, where castles were numerous, the castle had become the unit of government controlling its vicinity which was known as its territorium, its appendicium, or its termino. One could cite dozens of charters showing such an organization of land along these frontiers.(164) They make clear that here mandamenta already existed, in which vicars and others who served as castellans were exercising rights of government and exacting dues from the homines of their castra and the territory nearby.
We might sum up our conclusions concerning
the military system of the Midi and Catalonia, then, as follows: between
900 and 975, as principalities disintegrated and the legal system of the
Carolingians disappeared, almost everywhere a growing militarization took
place. This was marked by a building of castles in every part of the Midi
and Catalonia, the appearance [241] in many regions of a special
class of milites,
and the levying of special dues near these castles
to support the garrisons of milites.
Finally in various regions
this resulted in such castles and the territory becoming what one might
already call mandamenta in which the castellan who controlled such
a fortress began to exercise a certain independent jurisdiction or government
of his own. The process was by no means complete by the year 975, except
perhaps along the frontiers of the Spanish March and in Alpine regions
of Provence. But it had begun, despite opposition to such mandamenta
the exactions they encouraged, in such regions as the Limousin, the Carcassonne
area, and the Viennois. Nor had any uniform system yet been developed to
own and to control such fortresses. But already in 975 the outlines of
this new military system in the Midi and Catalonia are discernable, a military
system which was to increase in importance in the decades which were to
1. The brief chronicle found in the cartulary of Auch says that in the early tenth century, at the time of Count Bernard Lupo, Auch was a "civitas de ruina murorum" and that "cetera civitates Vasconie destructae erant" (Cart. d'Auch, no. 77, pp. 77-79). Then rebuilding began.
2. See the mention of the fleet of Bordeaux and of Amalvinus, dux of Bordeaux in 906 in Bibliothèque Nationale, Mélanges Colbert, XLVI, 97.
3. A charter from the cartulary of Tulle mentions damage done by the Vikings in this region (Cart. de Tulle, no. 289). See the charter of 935 which mentions the restoration of order in the Limousin too (ibid., no. 598).
4. See A. Lewis, The Northern Seas A.D. 300-1100, pp. 405-406, on late Viking raids along the coasts of Aquitaine.
5. P. Ponsch, "A propos de la date du décès de Wilfred le Velu," in Études Roussillonnaises, II, 132-134.
6. Abadal, Els Comtats de Pallars i Ribagorça, p. 123.
7. R. de Abadal i de Vinyals, Els Primers Comtes Catalans, pp. 313-314.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., p. 314.
10. See the accounts of Moslem historians in. J. Millás-Vallicrosa, Els textos d'historiadors musalmans referents a la Catalunya carolingia, in Cuaderns d'Estudi, XIV, 151-155.
11. Abadal, Els Primers Comtes Catalans, pp. 316-318.
12. The best account of the reign of Abd-ar-Rahman III is to be found in E. Lévi-Provençale, L'Espagne Musulmane au Xe siècle. See also Abadal, Els Primers Comtes Catalans, pp. 318-321.
13. Several charters mention Hungarian devastation of this region. For the Vienne region see a charter of 938 (Cart. de Vienne, no. 23). For the Lyonnais a charter of 949 (Cart. de Savigny, no. 38).
14. Cart. de Saint-Victor, no. 1.
15. See later charters in the Cart. de Saint-Victor and the Cart. de Lérins, for mention of the damage done by Moslems in Provence.
16. Raoul Glaber, Historiarum libri V, I, IV, 9, p. 10.
17. Cart. de Grenoble, no. 16.
18. Raoul Glaber, Historiarum libri V, I, IV, 9, p. 12. See also E. Duprat, in Bouches du Rhône, pp. 255-258.
19. Cart. de Beaulieu, nos. 38, 56, 132, 174, and Cart. de Tulle, nos. 229, 596.
20. Ademar de Chabannes, III, 23, p. 145.
21. Ibid., III, 29, p. 150.
22. Cart. de Conques, nos. 6, 25, 89, 91, 109, 110, 113, 114, 124, 132, 151, 157, 189, 200, 208, 227, 230, 235, 250, 288, 324, 340, 357, 391, 413, 424, 434, 436.
23. Both the Cart. de Brioude, and the Cart. de Sauxillanges contain numerous examples in charters dating from this period.
24. Contemporary charters reflect this political instability by ceasing in many cases to use the term county, which earlier was normal. See for instance the charter issued by King Raoul which calls Ademar a count "in partibus Cahors" in 935 (Cart. de Tulle, no. 598); or that dating from 936-942 which mentions the "optimates Limovicensi pago" (Cart. de Saint-Etienne de Limoges, no. 15); or that from Quercy dating from 969-974 which mentions the "urbem Cahors," though it refers to property in the countryside (Cart. de Beaulieu, no. 148). For Auvergne we have a charter of 901 which speaks of "in orbe Arvernio" (Cart. de Brioude, no. 32). Another of 930 mentions "in orbe Arvernico" (ibid., no. 4). Then two of 935 speak of the "patria Arvernica" (ibid., nos. 153, 186). The same expression is found in charters of 939, 940, 945, and 946 in ibid., nos. 40, 158, 246, and 3.
25. Cart. de Saint-Barnard de Romans, nos. 7 (908), 10 (923).
26. Chartes de Cluny, I, no. 476 (937); Cart, de Saint-André-le-bas, nos. 99 (947-948), 145 (956-957).
27. Cart. de Savigny, nos. 59 (968), 123 (970).
28. On this change see R. Poupardin, Le Royaume de Bourgogne, pp. 163-197, and R. Busquet, "Rois de Bourgogne et comtes de Provence," in Provence Historique, III (1950-1951), 147-150.
29. Charters dating from 922, 932, 969, 970, and 971 show the power which Sylvius exercised in Dauphiny (Cart. de Saint-Barnard de Romans, nos. 10, 13, 38, 40, and Cart. de Saint-Chaffre, no. 322.
30. See E. Fournial, "Recherches sur les comtes de Lyon au IXe et Xe siècles," in Le Moyen Age, LVIII (1952), 233-249.
31. Cart. de Sauxillanges, no. 13.
32. Cart. de Brioude, nos. 75, 81, 170, and Cart. de Sauxillanges, nos. 376, 182.
33. Grand Cart. de Brioude, nos. CCCXXXV, CCCCVII.
34. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V. no. 111.
35. Cart. de Sauxillanges, no. 145.
36. Cart. de Saint-Flour, no. 1.
37. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V. no. 71.
38. Ibid., no. 102.
39. Cart. d'Angoulême, no. 2.
40. Ademar de Chabannes, III, 23, p. 144.
41. "Ex historia monasteri Usercensis," in Cart. d'Uzerche, ed. Champéval, pp. 13-14.
42. Cart. de Tulle, no. 12 (922), 14 (930).
43. Ibid., no. 14.
44. Ibid., no. 290.
45. Cart. de Beaulieu, no. 56.
46. Cart. de Tulle, no. 14.
47. Ibid., no. 598.
48. Ibid., nos. 537, 472, 556.
49. Cart. de Beaulieu, no. 159.
50. Ademar de Chabannes, III, 25, p. 147.
51. Cart. de Saint-Jean d'Angély, no. 62.
52. Chartes et documentes pour servir a l'histoire de l'abbaye de Saint-Maixent [Poitou], ed. A. Richard, no. 67, in Archives Historiques de Poitou, XVI (1886), 85.
53. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V. no. 111.
54. Ibid., nos. 125, 126.
55. Cart. de Saint-Sernin, no. 280.
56. Cart. de Nîmes, no. 25.
57. Ibid., no. 2, and Cart. de Gellone, no. 117 (Anduze); Cart. de Nîmes, nos. 32, 33 (Roquador).
58. Cart. de Nîmes, no. 57.
59. Cart. de Gellone, no. 72.
60. Hist Gén. de Lang., V. no. 37.
61. Cart. de Gellone, no. 73.
62. Ibid., no. 281.
63. Cart. de Carcassonne, II, 218, and Hist. Gén. de Lang., V. no. 30.
64. Cart. de Carcassonne, II, 223-224.
65. Cros-Meyrévielle, Documents, no. 21.
66. Cart. de Carcassonne, I, 188-189.
67. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V. nos. 104, 115.
68. For Vienne see charter of 924 in Chartes de Cluny, I, no. 241. Somewhat later see mention of walls of the city in ibid., II, no. 900. For walls of Lyon see "Cart. d'Ainay," no. 192, in Cart. de Savigny, pp. 697-698.
69. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V. no. 49.
70. Cart. de Vienne, no. 28.
71. G. Letonnelier, "Essai sur les origine des châtelains et des mandaments en Dauphiné" in Annales de l'Université de Grenoble, I (1889), 10.
72. Cart. de Saint-Chaffre, no. 106.
73. Hist. Gén. de Lang., II, no. 208.
74. G. Columbi, Episcopi Valentiniani, VII, 61.
75. Cart. de Grenoble, no. 16.
76. Cart. de Conques, no. 431 (Gap); Gallia Christiana, Nov. I,, Inst. 73 (Barret), Inst. 443 (Lurs).
77. Cart. de Saint-Victor, no. 1.
78. Ibid., no. 1041.
79. Ibid., no. 23.
80. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V, no. 83.
81. Cart. roussillonnais, no. 7.
82. Catalunya Carolingia, II, 92-93 (952), 96-98 (958).
83. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V, no. 65.
84. Catalunya Carolingia, II, 229-231.
85. El Archivo Condal de Barcelona, nos. 9 (Kastellione), 17 (Marro), 47 (Cervallo), 67 (Besaura), 93 and 100 (Rosidors), 130 (Manressa), 132 (Palumbi, Queralt); Cart. de San Cugat, nos. 2 (Cervallo), 5 (Cervilione), 7 (Cervallo), 9 (Subirats), 45 (Vidde), 51 (Cleriana), 56 (Olerdula), 65 (Castelito, Gellito, Masquefer), 67 (Subirats), 87 (Mulier), 88 (Castelito), 95 (Gellito), 96 (Aram. pufla), 97 (Arampuña, Castelfels), 98, 99, and 105 (Castelfels), 107 (Aram. puña); Liber Feudorum, nos. 445 and 447 (Cleriana); Hut. Gén. de Lang., II, no. 209 (Miralès, Queralt); Archivo Catedral de Barcelona, nos. 23 (Turre Hostalde), 24 (Montmell).
86. El Archivo Condal de Barcelona, nos. 16 (Gratos), 72 (Llaiers), 73 (Casseres), 78 (Llaiers), 80 (Usalito), 81 (Agremundo), 91 (Ravinas), 113 (Nuret), 121 (Llaiers), 123 (Montgrony), 129 (Nuret), 130 (Nebule, Spugnole), 167 and 168 (Usalito), and appendix B., p. 444 (Lucano); Cart. roussillonnais, no. 7 (Olone) ; Hist. Gén. de Lang., II, no. 209 (Saint Martin).
87. See Abadal, Els Comtats de Pallars i Ribagorça, for the large number of turres in this region.
88. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V. nos. 82 (Leovalles); 95 (Castellous, Lemignano).
89. Ibid., no. 111.
90. Ibid., nos. 125, 126.
91. Cart. de Tulle, no. 14.
92. Cart. de Sauxillanges, no. 13.
93. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V, no. 102.
94. Cart. de Nîmes, nos. 32, 33.
95. Cart. de Carcassonne, II, 22 3-224 (950); Hist. Gén. de Lang., V. nos. 105 (959), 115 (966).
96. Cart. de Saint-Victor, no. 1041.
97. El Archivo Condal de Barcelona, no. 91.
98. Ibid., no. 130.
99. Cart. de San Cugat, no. 65.
100. Ibid., nos. 45 (956), 56 (959).
101. Cart. de Tulle, nos. 12, 14, 290, 598; Cart. de Beaulieu, no. 56.
102. Ademar de Chabannes, III, 25, p. 147.
103. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V. no. 111.
104. Ibid., no. 126.
105. Ibid., no. 123.
106. Cart. de Gellone, no. 281.
107. Cart. roussillonnais, no. 3.
108. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V. no. 38.
109. Cart. de Carcassonne, II, 223-224.
110. Ibid., p. 218, and Cros-Meyrévielle, Documents, no. 21.
111. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V, no. 105.
112. Catalunya Carolingia, II, 96-98.
113. El Archivo Condal de Barcelona, no. 9.
114. For example see a charter of 959 in Cart. de San Cugat, no. 56.
115. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V, no. 49.
116. Cart. de Grenoble, no. 16.
117. Cart. de Saint-Victor, no. 1041.
118. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V, no. 102.
119. Ibid., no. 125. See also a charter of 950 in which a certain Ermengardis gives her part of the castle of Leorte to the abbey of Lagrasse (Cart. de Carcassonne, II, 223-224).
120. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V. no. 111.
121. Ibid.
122. A charter of Tulle gives the history of such a castle during the tenth and eleventh centuries, in this case the castle of Moncieux, which was given out as a benefice. The castle originally was given to Tulle by Ademar, viscount of Scalas, who, along with his wife, kept possession of it as a lifetime benefice or usufruct. Then, about 935 the monks gave the castle as a benefice to a certain Donarel, son of Viscount Ademar. A little later Bernard, viscount of Turenne received the castle as a benefice with the surrounding area ("cum caslania"). He held it only as a lifetime usufruct and paid the monks a cens for it. Then Viscount Archimbaud of Comborn and his son were given the castle as a benefice and paid the abbey a cens. This carries the castle down to the end of this period (Cart. de Tulle, no. 290). It is worth noting that Tulle granted this castle as a benefice on a lifetime basis only during these years. A cens, proof of the abbey's allodial ownership of the castle, regularly was paid by its possessors. And thirdly the abbey shifted possession of the castle pretty much to suit itself, or as prudence, in terms of a strong defensor in the neighborhood, dictated.
123. G. Columbi, Episcopi Valentiniani, XVII, 21.
124. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V, no. 123. This charter shows that the castle of Ulmo and other honores were only given to Gaillac with the permission of Count Raymond II of Rouergue, his lord.
125. Cart. de Saint-Sernin, no. 280.
126. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V. no. 111.
127. Hist. Gén. de Lang., II, no. 209.
128. Cart. de Saint-Sernin, no. 280.
129. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V. no. 104.
130. Cart. de Saint-Sernin, no. 280.
131. Hist. Gén. de Lang., II, no. 209. See also the mention of a "guarda" in a charter given to the abbey of San Cugat in 938 by King Louis IV (Catalunya Carolinga, II, 183-193).
132. Cart, de Vienne, no. 28.
133. Ademar de Chabannes, III, 29, p. 150.
134. With the possible exception of three cases -- one a miles mentioned in a charter dating from 925 from the Limousin (see note 135), one a royal charter of 931 which calls Dalmatius, viscount of LePuy, a miles (see note 138), and one dating from 925 which calls Landry of Roussillon a miles (see note 141) -- the term miles or milites found in charters of this period are not substitutes for the words vassus or vassi. They do not denote social rank and cannot be translated by the term knight or knights. They clearly are occupational terms which denote fighting men and those garrisoning castles. See, for example, reference in a charter of 935 from the Limousin to the milites of the castle of Uxelladuno or, according to a charter of 972, the milites living in the castle of Ulmo (Hist. Gén. de Lang., V, no. 123), or those mentioned in the charter of 954 who are called milites of the castra of Miralès and Queralt located near the Moslem border of Catalonia (ibid., II, 209). Their duties seem to be essentially military rather than feudal, during this period, or at least these two duties have not yet coalesced to form the feudal fighting man. If one doubts this, the abbey of Beaulieu's refusal to allow its lay officials (judices) to become milites would be conclusive. What the abbey refused to allow them to do in 971 was to arm themselves as milites (Cart. de Beaulieu, no. 50). Down to 975 then in the Midi and Catalonia, those called milites were mounted, armed men living in fortresses with others of their kind. They were not yet a fighting and governing feudal class in the society of these regions.
135. This miles is a certain Analgorius who received a villa and a church "ad fevum" from Viscount Ademar of Scalas (Cart. de Tulle, no. 289). See however earlier references to such milites in this same region in Odo, Vita Sancti Geraldi, Auriligiensis, I, 8, 18, 31, 37-39, cols. 647, 654, 660-665.
136. Cart. de Tulle, no. 598.
137. Cart. de Beaulieu, no. 50.
138. Cart. de Carcassonne, I, 76.
139. Cart. de Conques, no. 228. These were probably milites, so called, who lived on land near a tract given to Conques during this period. See also charters of 913 and 916 which mention a certain cavalarius who lived near the abbey of Brioude (Cart. de Brioude, nos. 5, 151, 100).
140. "Cart. d'Ainay," no. 3, in Cart. de Savigny.
141. "Landry, miles" is the expression used in a charter of 925 (Cart. de Carcassonne, H, 221). See also a charter of 953 which mentions in a general way "boni homines, clericos, et milites" who were present at the dedication of a church in Vallespir (Cart. roussillonnais, no 8). The use of a term such as milites in this region seems to be a Carolingian survival, since such terms are also used in documents of the late ninth century originating in this part of the Midi.
142. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V, no. 123.
143. Ibid., II, no. 209.
144. These services, "circa, quarta et cavalcata," are said to be those which the spani (that is aprisio holders) are expected to render to constituted authorities.
145. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V, no. 57.
146. Cart. de Gellone, no. 36.
147. Hist. Gén. de Lang., Y, no. 67.
148. Ibid., no. 77.
149. Ibid., no. 125.
150. Cart. de Tulle, no. 598.
151. Cart. de Beaulieu, no. 50. Beaulieu, however, forbids laymen to be given receptas belonging to the abbey in this charter.
152. See Abacial, Els Primers Comtes Catalans, p. 88, on the duties which new inhabitants of Ausona were expected to render to constituted authorities. See also Catalunya Carolingia, II, 289-299.
153. El Archivo Condal de Barcelona, nos. 8, 38, and appendix A.
154. Ibid., no. 92.
155. Ibid., no. 121.
156. Cart. de San Cugat, no. 49.
157. Archivo Cathedral de Barcelona, no. 24.
158. Cart. de Conques, no. 431.
159. Cart. de Saint-Victor, no. 23.
160. Cart. de Tulle, nos. 14 and 290.
161. Cart. de Sauxillanges, no. 376.
162. Cart. de Gellone, no. 111.
163. Hist. Gén. de Lang., V, no. 104.
164. See Abadal, Els Primers Comtes Catalans, pp. 87-88, on this system in Ausona after it was repopulated by Count Guifred. Among others see references in 921 to the appendicil of the castle of Besaura (El Archivo Condal de Barcelona, no. 67); or land which in 941 was located in the appendicii of the castle of Castelloi (ibid., no. 129); or land said to be located in 955 "in termino" of the castrum of Cervello (Cart. de San Cugat, no. 40); or that which in 974 is located "in termino" of the castrum of Arampuña (ibid., no. 103).


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Premium Digging Fork with stainless steel head and hollow fibreglass shaft to make light work of digging.
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BEMIDJI, MINN. (February 28, 2014) – An impressive day one showing for the USF men's track & field team has the Cougars sitting in second place heading into the final day of competition with 47.50 points. USF trails leader Minnesota State by 15.5 points and lead third place Augustana by 12.5 points. On the women's side, the Cougars will enter day two in seventh place with 12.5 points. Minnesota-Duluth leads the way with 55 points while Augustana sits in second place with 38 points.
The Cougar men had an impressive showing in the Pole Vault, taking five of the top seven spots in the field. Jagger Gran led the way with his NCAA provisional qualifying vault of 16-6.75 (5.05m), which earned him the title of conference champion. Teammate Scott Greenman was the next Cougar finisher as he finished third with his mark of 16-00.75 (4.90m), which is also a NCAA provisional qualifying mark. Jacob Zebedee (4th), Chase Jensen (5th) and Brandon Rogers (7th) rounded out the Cougars scoring athletes.
"The Pole Vault was huge for us today," said Director of Track & Field Reid Ehrisman. "To score 26.5 points in one event is something that is pretty amazing and was a great way to get the day started."
In the men's 3000m run the Cougars had two athletes score points and earned one All-Conference honor. Bobby Brockmueller led the way with his third place time of 8:36.44. He was followed by his brother, Billy Brockmueller who finished fourth overall by running an 8:38.37. Billy Brockmueller also qualified for the finals on Saturday in the 1-Mile Run (4:26.79) while Bobby Brockmueller qualified in the 1000m Run (2:35.14). Bobby Brockmueller will be joined in the 1000m Run Finals by Blaze Kilian who finished with the fourth fastest qualifying time when he ran a 2:35.14.
Jordon Bents earned his first NSIC All-Conference honors of the year in the Shot Put where his NCAA provisional qualifying toss of 53-5.5 (16.29m) gave him a third place finish.
In the women's 400m Dash prelims, Kendra Knight came away with the fastest qualifying time when she ran 57.23.
Kaleb Lindsey-Stevens notched the fastest time in the 200m Dash heading into tomorrow's finals as he ran a NCAA provisional qualifying mark of 22.15. Lindsey-Stevens also got into the finals in the 60m Dash with his prelim time of 6.99.
Freshman Tanner Townsend ran a 50.24 on his way to a qualifying effort in the 400m Dash. Townsend enters tomorrow's final with the second fastest qualifying time and will be joined in the final by teammate Kyle Tibke who ran a 51.01 and holds the ninth fastest qualifying time.
Katlyn Sawtelle squeaked into the finals in the 60m Hurdles with her time of 9.06.
Blake Stevenson qualified for the finals of the men's 800m Run with his preliminary time of 1:56.74
"We did have some hiccups along the way but people bounced back from them and we are looking forward to tomorrow," added Ehrisman. "We are projected to do very well in some of the finals tomorrow as we have several leading times heading into the final day."
Competition will wrap up tomorrow with the field events beginning at 10 a.m. while the track events will start at 1 p.m.Paul Watley


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Monday, Feb. 28th, 2011
We talk about last night's 'Academy Awkwards' and play our interview with the late great screenwriter of 'All-Star Superman' Dwayne McDuffie! Also our review of Producer Mike's pick for next year's Best Film of the Year: 'Hobo With A Shotgun'!
Monday, Feb. 21st, 2011
Find out how we ticked off Christina Hendricks' Husband at the Premiere for 'All Star Superman' and Humans reclaim dominance when The Action Room 'Short Circuits' IBM's Watson! "Yes Disassemble"!!!
Monday, Feb. 14th, 2011
Leggo my Lego! The Toy Fair's in town and we were there with the @Poni_Boy himself, Pietro Filipponi, head of TheDailyBlam.com! Also in this episode, we spring something on Lauren and make her cry with ecstasy!
Monday, Feb. 7th, 2011
We braved the Idiocy of Football and the Apocalyptic Halftime Show to bring you our reviews of the "Don't Blink or You'll Miss Them" Super Bowl XLV TV Spots! SPOILER: Cap looks AWESOME!!!
Monday, Jan. 31st, 2011
The Lovely Lauren Moran stops by The Action Room to infect us with her laugh as we ask the questions… Is Henry Cavill Hot enough to play Superman and is The Fantastic Four's Human Torch Dead or did he just end up King of The Negative Zone Monsters?
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December 27, 2004
In November 2004, employers took 1,399 mass layoff actions, resulting in 130,423 workers making new claims for unemployment insurance benefits.
The number of initial claims was the lowest for any November since 1997 (see chart). From January through November 2004, the total number of initial claims, 1,445,887, was lower than in January-November 2003, 1,696,293.
The manufacturing sector had 34 percent of all initial claims filed in November, about the same proportion as a year earlier.
Construction accounted for 14 percent of initial claims filed in November, with layoffs mainly in highway, street, and bridge construction.
Workers laid off by establishments in the administrative and waste services sector, primarily in temporary help services, accounted for 13 percent of all initial claims filed during the month.
These data are from the BLS Mass Layoff Statistics program, which collects reports on mass layoff actions that result in workers being separated from their jobs. Mass layoffs data for October and November 2004 are preliminary and subject to revision. Learn more in "Mass Layoffs in November 2004" (PDF) (TXT), news release USDL 04-2533. Each mass layoff action involved at least 50 persons from a single establishment.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Editor's Desk, Unemployment insurance claims due to mass layoffs in November on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2004/dec/wk4/art01.htm (visited September 22, 2014).
This edition of Spotlight on Statistics examines labor productivity trends from 2000 through 2010 for selected industries and sectors within the nonfarm business sector of the U.S. economy. Read more »


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Unfortunately, we do not ship to your country.
Vélo Tout Terrains conducted a comparative test between the Grand Canyon AL 9.0 and the YT Industries Rod.
There was very little to choose between the two bikes. Same material, same geometry, almost the same price... It was no easy thing to decide on a winner.
On closer inspection, the quality of the Canyon frame is a notch higher with its internally routed cables and superbly finished tubes.
The components are pretty much the same; only the DT Swiss Fork of the Canyon gives the bike a premium appearance.
(...) The difference in performance between the two bikes is immediately noticeable. Although both bikes offer superb forward motion, the Rod is clearly more stiff. There is no movement around the BB, and the feeling of acceleration is more pronounced.
One can be for or against the choice of 2x10 or 3x10 speeds. The rider who wants to ride competitively will prefer the 2x10 and the leisure rider that likes hard climbs will have more reserves with the 3x10 and can thank Canyon for the 22x36 gear ratio.
The Canyon had its nose in front in the comfort stakes. Te bike copes better with small and medium range shocks, mainly due to the seat stays and the 27.2mm seat post.
It's amazing that these mountain bikes make us forget that the climbs are there at all. The ultra low weight is very helpful indeed on the climbs.
One needs a very good level of technical skill to go very fast, but the rider doesn't need to worry about letting go of the brake levers on the descents.The bikes are also well suited to long tours.
If the Grand Canyon AL 9.0 has its nose in front in this test, then it's mainly due to its better overall frame finish. (...)


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Welcome to Michael Laney & Associates, LLC. We are a practice management team who takes pride in our work, and we are always striving for excellence. We offer our clients the best care, attention to detail, and friendly service available in practice management.
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Our highest priority is our customers. We are proud to serve you and will work hard to earn and keep your business.
Michael Laney & Associates is committed to your success.
At Michael Laney & Associates, we make it our responsibility to know you and your business. In working closely with you, we provide tailored solutions to meet your unique needs and challenges.


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The Ryder has nail head studs galore and an adjustable side snap closure.
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Thick yet supple leathers without additional dyes keep the leather breathable, durable and comfortable.
Dankso Rio Collection is a contemporary, high-heeled, clog-inspired collection.
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Recent Posts
Tag Archives: Awareness Month
Are you at risk of cardiovascular diseases?
While heart-shaped candy and decorations can be seen everywhere for Valentine's Day, February is also designated as American Heart Month, an effort to raise awareness of cardiovascular diseases. Continue reading
Diabetes Screening Important for Detecting Serious Disease
Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, according to the Center for Disease Control. Graham Regional Medical Center would like to educate the community on the importance of diabetes screenings and treatment. Continue reading
Posted in Awareness Tagged Awareness Month, Diabetes, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic Clinic, Diabetics, Disease, Disease Awareness, Health Tips Leave a comment


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Tanya Anne Crosby has written ten previous historical romances, all of which have appeared on bestseller lists including the New York Times and USA Today. She lives in Dallas, Texas, with her husband and two children.
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2-Wheel ABS Malfuntion on '95 3500 V10 2WD Dually - Posted: 12-01-2012, 11:09 AM
Post #1
Hello all before I get into the details of the problem, allow me to introduce myself:
My name is Shawn and I am an ASE Master Technician. I am currently employed as a Diagnositic/Drivability Technician and Smog Technician at one of the major shops in my area. I am a Toyota guy by history (I own four), but I am asked to work on just about everything in my line of work. I specialize in electrical diagnosis, and am completely stumped on this one.
The Vehicle:
1995 Dodge Ram 3500 2WD Dually V10/Auto with Rear Wheel ABS with 154k Miles that appears to be very well maintained.
The Complaint:
The customer was driving the vehicle on the highway at normal highway speeds (More than 40 MPH) when they attempted to make a hard stop and the rear end of the vehicle came out from behind the vehicle and it wound up facing the opposite way on the highway. It was somewhat wet outside when this happened. According to the customer, the ABS and Brake lights were coming on intermittently.
Since the work order was put in my hands:
Test drove vehicle and was able to verify the customers complaint. Rear brakes would lock up 1/3 of the time under hard braking in wet road conditions over 40 MPH. ABS would function normally and pulse the pedal the other 2/3 of the time. Could not lock up brakes under 40 MPH - ABS would function normally. Could not recreate ABS light more than once. Pulled one code (Module can only store one code) code 11, which pertains to a stop light switch being on all the time, or a two footed driver (One foot on the gas, one on the brake while driving over 40 MPH.) Inspected rear brakes and found no abnormal reason why the brakes would lock up other than hydraulic force (I.E. no brake fluid or oil on the shoes or drums, no water in the drums). Shoes look they have been replaced within the last 10k miles. Differential speed sensor ohmed out at 1300 ohms dead cold, with the spec being 1000-2500 ohms. After doing extensive research on forums and other online resources, we decided to throw an inexpensive part - stop light switch - at it to see if the problem would go away. This did not correct the problem, and now I am looking for other possible causes.
During my research, I found a lot of threads describing this same problem, but I did not see any solutions other than the occasional stop light switch.
I have access to all wiring diagrams for this vehicle, and have not found any issues in any of the wiring yet. Since the problem is intermittent, it points more to a sensor or something mechanical (in my opinion), or worse yet, the Module.
Thank you for taking the time to read my detailed post.
Help me solve this problem, the flat rate is KILLING me.
Any input is greatly appreciated!
Posted: 12-01-2012, 10:05 PM
Post #2
I have a 95 v10 2500 and when I bought it it had the same problem.I bought mine when my ford diesel sucked a valve while pulling a trailer at 75 mph(being I was 1000 miles from home and it had almost 486,000 miles it wasn't worth repairing)and so I didn't have what I needed to check it out.When I got home (4000 miles later)the ABS light was always on and after replacing the sensor and not fixing the problem I started checking the wiring and found that the conductor in the wire from the sensor was completely broken at the point that it was attached to the frame.Where mine was bad was so close to the gas tank that I would have to drop the tank to repair it so I still haven't fixed it yet( I really don't like ABS). Mine to this day doesn't look bad from the outside(insulation is still intact but the wire is not making a connection unless I push and hold it) and being that it is a 95 I just pulled the connector from the ABS box under the dash and it thinks that it does not have ABS.If I remember correctly mine had a floating voltage in the broken wire when the key was on and the good one had a constant voltage on it(I don't remember what the voltage value was but it was constant).
1998 2500 qcsb 24v
5 speed 4x4
stock and unmolested
Posted: 12-01-2012, 10:11 PM
Post #3
Have you tried an ABS sensor in the diff? The 94-97's used the tone ring on the carrier and a hall effect sensor to control the RWABS. Those sensors in the upper driver side of the diff housing are prone to going out. In 98 and up they included the Speedo on that sensor.
Im guessing you've bled rear brakes and checked the brake cylinders for any binding? Do the brake shoes and drums look to be in good shape? Any leaking back there?
Haven't done any work on a dually's brakes so I assume it has drums in the rear??
2000 Dodge Ram 1500 Single Cab, 5.9 Auto, 4.10's, Auburn LSD, Edelbrock headers, 2.5" true duals with crossover, MSD Superconductors, APS Plenum Kit, Level10 Trans kit, Trans-Go shift kit, 2-4 BellTech Drop, SS/T rims, Toyo Proxes ST 285-60-17's, Sir Michaels Roll Pan and tailgate handle relocator, Keystone bumper cover with light openings, PIAA fogs, painted grille shell, painted Street Scene Speed Grille Inserts, SCT XCAL-2, Alpine head unit, Infinity Components front, Infinity Coaxials back, Infinity 500W 4 channel amp, Infinity Basslink, new dash, steering wheel, and guage bezel.
1996 Dodge Ram 1500 Club Cab, 5.9 Auto, 4.10's, Detroit Locker, Race Truck Trends Nascar Bumper, Painted SS/T Stripes, Alpine HU, Alpine Sound Field Processor, MTX Thunderform. 5.9L bored .030 over, Sealed Power coated pistons, balanced and polished crank, Comp 210 Cam, MP Timing Chain tensioner, Melling HV oil pump, 1.92 oversized valves and mild porting, Pacesetter Longtube Headers, FMS 24lb Injectors, Level10 Transmission kit, Trans-Go shift kit, 5 gear OD Planetary. Way more to come.
Posted: 12-02-2012, 09:26 AM
Post #4
Have you tried disconnecting the battery to reset the abs? Did you pull out the sensor in the diff and see if it has any debris on the end. Someone posted about having abs issues and it was metal debris on the sensor giving the abs module incorrect readings.
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Decatur, IL - People in Decatur came together to help raise money for the man hit by a Macon County Sheriff's deputies' car. Tom Lennox was injured when a deputy's car hit him in June. As a result of his injuries Lennox's legs had to be amputated just below the knee.
Saturday friends and family helped raise money to cover his day to day expenses as well as medical bills. Lennox says the support he's received from the community has been overwhelming, "He said he wanted to put a benefit on for me, and I thought it'd be something small, you know, just a few people over and it'd be great and it just blew up. I mean the city of Decatur went nuts. Something like this happens and then you find out who your real friends are and it just brings tears to my eyes sometimes. You think, oh my God, you do really have some good friends in the world."
Part of the fundraiser included an auction with donated items, including an autographed Chicago Bears football and picture as well as a fifty-raffle.
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Chef Dad
Yummy recipe for your Labor Day BBQ!
A cool recipe during a hot summer.
A citrus recipe with a twist!
Yummy recipe for summer BBQ season!
Tom's twist to an Italian favorite.
A pasta recipe made with fresh veggies! Happy Spring!
Both Dr. Sue and Chef Dad say that chicken noodle soup helps you feel better when you are sick. Make a batch of this and keep it in the freezer for the next time someon in your family is feeling under the weather.
There's nothing like homemade meatballs and marinara sauce
Chef Dad creates a family staple, but this time on the grill!
Chef Dad creates a one-pot meal that won't break the bank.


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The Purple Feather is a blend of flashy European style and 25 years of home town country chocolate making.
Located just east of the center of Provincetown, in an area bustling with galleries, shops and people, the Purple Feather is the perfect place to stop in for a pick me up when exploring this diverse and interesting town. Before you even walk through the front door of the Purple Feather, you're hit by the delicious aroma of chocolate, slightly accented by fresh brewed coffee. Once inside, the first thing you'll see is the selection of home made gelato and fudge, followed quickly by the expansive dessert and chocolate cases. As you walk toward the back of the cafe, if it is lunch time, you may also smell the scent of melted cheese and grilling paninis. Once you've ordered, you can sit at any of the half dozen cafe tables, or settle in for some Provincetown people watching in the front window seats. Nothing beats watching the crowds mill pass while you take a break from the hot summer sun for an iced coffee or cup of gelato. If you're planning a trip to Provincetown, please stop in for a visit and a free sample of our home made chocolate, fudge, or gelato. Before you go, don't forget to look in the big picture window, up the ally beside the cafe, where you can see Ann and her assistants hard at work in the candy kitchen.
Peter and Ann were in the process of transforming their farm into a horticulture and Christmas tree farm, and they decided to add a chocolate and gift store into the mix. Thus, Broken Wheel Farm was born. For 18 years Broken Wheel Farm blossomed with flowers, chocolates, and trees.
The Okuns first thought to open a gourmet chocolate shop in beautiful Provincetown, MA after a family vacation there. It was a bittersweet first season: their shop in Provincetown was a huge success, but in order to make it work Ann spent four months living in Dracut, running Broken Wheel Farm and making chocolate, while Peter lived in Provincetown alone, running the new shop. Every Friday they would meet at the halfway point in Hyannis for a chocolate delivery and a date night.
After that first season they took a leap of faith, packed their mini van, and moved to Provincetown full time. Now the Purple Feather is in its seventh season, and its fifth year in its second, larger location, and is still going strong. The Okuns continue their tradition of hand made chocolates and confections, but have expanded their line to include lunch, home made gelato, a decadent dessert case, and elegant European style Belgian chocolates.
As year round residents, owners Peter and Ann Okun make a point of staying involved in the Provincetown community. Furple, The Purple Feather Bear, who greats pedestrians from the Purple Feather's front stairs, frequently dresses in costumes pertaining to local events, like the Annual Swim for Life. For the 2011 chocolate festival in April, the Okuns brought businesses in Provincetown together with their first ever Great Provincetown Easter Egg Hunt. This summer, the Purple Feather participated in the Cape and Islands Ice Cream Fest to benefit the United Way and donated to many local and far reaching charities.


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Analysis & Opinions
Reduce Your Allocation To Small Cap U.S Stock ETFsSeptember 23, 2014The Wall Street media may celebrate the 35% intra-day jump in Alibaba shares. They may tout the record highs in the Dow and ...
Alibaba's Goal: Supplant eBay, Amazon and PaypalSeptember 23, 2014Within hours of its IPO, Alibaba's market cap surpassed Walmart's. So why is it that so many people still don't know what ...
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Can Investors Trust Official Statistics?September 23, 2014The official statistics in some countries need to be taken with a grain of salt. Find out why you should be skeptical.
Jeff Bezos Versus Elon Musk: The Space Race, Amazon.com, Inc. ...September 23, 2014Tesla Motors Inc (NASDAQ: AMZN) founder Jeff Bezos. The project has remained a mystery for several years, but Bezos has ...
Global Tensions and Fear - Ahead of Wall StreetSeptember 23, 2014The start of an expanded air campaign in the Iraq-Syria theater and weak data out of Europe provide the unsettling backdrop ...
Alt-Energy Up on Emerging Markets - Industry OutlookSeptember 22, 2014Alt-Energy Up on Emerging Markets - Industry Outlook
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Spotting A Market BottomSeptember 22, 2014Recognizing a market bottom can lead to huge opportunities for an investor. We go over how you can spot the bottom so that ...
Is Your Psyche Ready For A Bull Market?September 22, 2014Not all investors are mentally prepared for when a much-awaited bull market finally comes charging in.
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How Your Finances Compare To The Average AmericanSeptember 22, 2014The phrase personal finance is pretty apt; your budget, financial goals and income are all unique to you, but there are some ...
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Footnotes: Early Warning Signs For InvestorsSeptember 22, 2014These documents hold very important information, but reading them takes skill.
Changes In Tax Legislation And RegulationSeptember 22, 2014Keeping on top of these amendments can help you avoid penalties and take advantage of benefits.
Become A Certified Financial Divorce AnalystSeptember 22, 2014Use your financial knowledge to help people preserve their financial integrity after a failed marriage.
SEC Filings: Forms You Need To KnowSeptember 22, 2014The forms companies are required to file provide a clear view of their histories and progress.
How To Decode A Company's Earnings ReportsSeptember 21, 2014Read between the lines to decipher a company's true financial condition.
How To Become A Corporate Board MemberSeptember 21, 2014We look at how corporate boards are constructed, and how investors can get involved.
The Basics Of Outstanding Shares And The FloatSeptember 21, 2014We go over different types of shares and what investors need to know about them.
Successful Ways That Governments Reduce Federal DebtSeptember 21, 2014Governments have many options when trying to reduce debt, and throughout history some of them have actually worked.
An Introduction To DepreciationSeptember 21, 2014Companies make choices and assumptions in calculating depreciation, and you need to know how these affect the bottom line. ...
Are Equity-Indexed Annuities Right For You?September 21, 2014Equity-indexed annuities can be confusing to understand, but for conservative investors, they can be valuable savings plans. ...
What You Need To Know About Net NeutralitySeptember 21, 2014The fight over net neutrality has become an amazing spectacle. But at its core, it's yet another skirmish in cable television's ...
Top 6 Ways To Recession-Proof Your JobSeptember 21, 2014In a recession, financial industry personnel are often hit hard. Find out how to avoid getting the ax.
Examining Credit Crunches Around The WorldSeptember 21, 2014Market tops and bottoms have proliferated the financial markets throughout history. Learn how countries dealt with these ...
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How Your Vote Can Change Corporate PolicySeptember 21, 2014Shareholders are getting a bigger say in how companies are run. Find out how you can be heard.
The Over-The-Counter Market: An Introduction To Pink SheetsSeptember 21, 2014Being early to a party may not be hip, but being early on a rising stock certainly is.
Introduction To Asian Financial MarketsSeptember 21, 2014We look at the history of Asia's financial development and how investors can get involved in these growing markets.
Pick Better Stocks By Consulting Form 10-KSeptember 21, 2014Learn to read and dissect the most comprehensive compilation of information on a company.
Mergers And Acquisitions: Understanding TakeoversSeptember 20, 2014In the dramatic world of M&As, battleground terms meld with bizarre metaphors to form the language of the game.
Is High-Frequency Trading A Fancy Term For Cheating?September 20, 2014High-Frequency Trading is highly controversial - and some critics say, barely better than a rigged poker game.
6 Dangerous Moves For First-Time InvestorsSeptember 20, 2014It's easy for people to invest nowadays, but there are risks. These mistakes could take you out of the market when you've ...
How Venture Capitalists Make Investment ChoicesSeptember 19, 2014In order to increase your odds for receiving funding, here are some criteria considered by venture capitalists.
How Fannie Mae And Freddie Mac Were SavedSeptember 19, 2014These mortgage giants had to be put under government conservatorship, driving home the gravity of the subprime crisis.
5 Reasons To Be Optimistic About The EconomySeptember 19, 2014I find that defaulting to pessimism about the economy is a great way to hedge your emotional bets.
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Get Positive Earnings In The Negative-Sum MarketSeptember 19, 2014Gain an advantage in the markets by understanding how to win in a negative-sum game.
U.S. Restaurants Slog Through a Weak Industry - Industry OutlookSeptember 19, 2014U.S. Restaurants Slog Through a Weak Industry - Industry Outlook
What Is Private Equity?September 19, 2014This investment vehicle attracts wealthy investors to increase the value of portfolio companies.
Basics Of China's Real Estate IndustrySeptember 18, 2014China's exponential growth was led primarily by its Real Estate Industry, but could this trend continue?
Cashing In On The Venture Capital CycleSeptember 18, 2014Find out how VC firms make the market go round, and round and round.
Foreclosure Opens Doors For Real Estate InvestorsSeptember 18, 2014Learn how to spot hot properties that you can turn around for a profit.
Texas Ratio Rounds Up Bank FailuresSeptember 18, 2014This measure can help investors spot potential trouble in a bank's financials. Find out how.
What If Donald Sterling Ran Your Company?September 18, 2014A chief executive officer can seem to have it all: power, influence and gravitas. But all of that hard-earned respectability ...
How AT&T Came To Serve A Third Of AmericansSeptember 18, 2014AT&T mobile phones are used by roughly a third of Americans. How it managed to accomplish that starts with a state-sponsored ...
Spotting Sharks Among Penny StocksSeptember 18, 2014To protect yourself from an attack, don't swim in this ocean.
Examining The Phillips CurveSeptember 18, 2014This model depicts an inverse relationship between unemployment and wage inflation, but is it accurate?
Key Markets Waking From Summer SlumberSeptember 18, 2014Underneath Yellowstone National Park lies a dormant supervolcano capable of burying Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, and Colorado ...
7 Misconceptions About The Federal ReserveSeptember 18, 2014There are many fallacies about the Fed. The following misconceptions are among the most popular.
Fannie Mae: What It Does And How It OperatesSeptember 18, 2014Chances are that you've heard of Fannie Mae. But do you know what it does and how it operates?
Leveraging Leverage For Bigger ProfitsSeptember 18, 2014Leverage is like fire. Find out how to use it to heat up your investing without burning your portfolio.
The Causes And Effects Of Credit ShocksSeptember 18, 2014These shocks cycle through history. Find out what you need to know to avoid the alarm bells.
Fed Comments Should Spur Positivity - Ahead of Wall StreetSeptember 18, 2014The 'considerable time' phrase in the Fed statement told investors that the FOMC was in no hurry to start raising rates in ...
What Investors Can Learn From Insider TradingSeptember 18, 2014Some insider trading is actually legal - and can be extremely telling for investors.
The Next Obstacle For Tesla Motors IncSeptember 18, 2014Tesla Motors Inc's (NASDAQ: TSLA) stock has had quite a ride of late. A near-seven percent decline over the past week ...
Introduction To The CAIA DesignationSeptember 18, 2014Are you preparing for a CAIA designation? Don't worry, we'll give you a bit of insight.
Fracking Companies: Practices, Profit Opportunities & OutlookSeptember 18, 2014Learn about the business opportunities available to companies in the fracking, how they operate and new innovations going ...
Bear of the Day: SkyWest (SKYW) - Bear of the DaySeptember 18, 2014Bear of the Day: SkyWest (SKYW) - Bear of the Day
Bull of the Day: Star Bulk Carriers (SBLK) - Bull of the DaySeptember 18, 2014Bull of the Day: Star Bulk Carriers (SBLK) - Bull of the Day
How To Get A Good Deal On A Used CarSeptember 17, 2014Why are prices quoted by dealers and private sellers so disparate? Read on to find out how to use that info to your benefit ...
Why Cisco Systems Is Virtually UnavoidableSeptember 17, 2014Chances are you've used a Cisco Systems product today and you don't even know it. Here's how.
Top SEC EDGAR Tools For New InvestorsSeptember 17, 2014Navigating the plethora of data available to investors can be overwhelming. The SEC has made it a bit easier with its EDGAR ...
The German Economic MiracleSeptember 17, 2014After World War II, Germany was in ruins. Learn about the country's quick rise to the third strongest economy in the world. ...
The Basics of Options ProfitabilitySeptember 17, 2014The adage "know thyself"--and thy risk tolerance, thy underlying, and thy markets--applies to options trading if you want ...
Fed Expected to Clarify Course - Ahead of Wall StreetSeptember 17, 2014The Fed remains the market's sole preoccupation today as investors look for clues to the future course of monetary policy ...
The Treasury And The Federal ReserveSeptember 17, 2014Find out how these two agencies create policies to stimulate the economy in tough economic times.
Advocacy Group Seeks To Change Name Of S&P 500September 17, 2014"Brokers Against Unpleasant Sociolinguistics" are campaigning to change the name of the S&P 500 Index.
Semiconductors Remain Key for IoT - Industry OutlookSeptember 17, 2014Semiconductors Remain Key for IoT - Industry Outlook
Bull of the Day: Tyler Tech (TYL) - Bull of the DaySeptember 17, 2014Bull of the Day: Tyler Tech (TYL) - Bull of the Day
Bear of the Day: Randgold (GOLD) - Bear of the DaySeptember 17, 2014Bear of the Day: Randgold (GOLD) - Bear of the Day
Adapt To A Bear MarketSeptember 16, 2014Learn how your portfolio should evolve to suit bear market conditions.
Getting A Grip On The Cost Of GasSeptember 16, 2014Feeling overwhelmed by rising oil prices? We offer some tips that will save you money.
Analyzing A Bank's Financial StatementsSeptember 16, 2014A careful review of a bank's financial statements can help you identify key factors in a potential investment.
4 History-Making Wall Street CrooksSeptember 16, 2014Find out how these Wall Street high-rollers landed themselves in hot water.
The Scottish Referendum & Fed News For InvestorsSeptember 16, 2014Last week's stock losses were a reflection of investors looking to two big news events: the Scottish independence vote and ...
Learn More About Your Investments: Using XBRL In EDGARSeptember 16, 2014This data-tagging system makes it easier than ever to research and analyze companies' financial information.
Where to Find Affordable Health InsuranceSeptember 16, 2014The cost of medical services can hit the wallet hard: there are 1.7 million personal bankruptcies every year due to inability ...
Countries With The Highest Fracking PotentialSeptember 16, 2014Is fracking a "necessary evil," as some believe? Here are some countries with huge fracking potential--and what they stand ...
JPMorgan Chase & Co., Other Financial Stocks Strong During Market ...September 16, 2014When one sector is getting the beats, more often than not the money flowing out is going into another. It has been an unique ...
Big Week for Fed Prognosis - Ahead of Wall StreetSeptember 16, 2014With the QE program on track to end next month, this has emerged as a key source of uncertainty for global markets.
5 Investment Risks Created By Global WarmingSeptember 16, 2014Climate-change deniers and believers alike would be wise to prepare for the worst.
A Checklist For Successful Medical Technology InvestmentSeptember 16, 2014Find an investment that will give your portfolio a shot in the arm.
Bull of the Day: American Woodmark (AMWD) - Bull of the DaySeptember 16, 2014Bull of the Day: American Woodmark (AMWD) - Bull of the Day
Bear of the Day: Fred's (FRED) - Bear of the DaySeptember 16, 2014Bear of the Day: Fred's (FRED) - Bear of the Day
5 Lessons From The RecessionSeptember 16, 2014The bear market of 2008 was a game-changer for many investors. Find out what lessons you can take away from it.
How Nasdaq Continues To InnovateSeptember 16, 2014For centuries, a stock market was a physical arena where buyers and sellers traded shares. Then the NASDAQ opened and changed ...
Want to Day Trade? Try Binary Options Or Spread BettingSeptember 15, 2014Interested in Day Trading? These two derivative products are growing in popularity due to their profit potential and small ...
Reg AC: What Does It Mean To Investors?September 15, 2014In 2003, the SEC issued a new regulation meant to hold analysts more accountable for their reports. Find out what it means. ...
Spotting Companies In Financial DistressSeptember 15, 2014What are the warning signs that a company is struggling - or worse, sinking - financially? Read on to find out.