text:
Adolf Eichmann
|Adolf Eichmann
Adolf Eichmann in 1942
|Otto Adolf Eichmann
19 March 1906
Solingen, Rhine Province, Germany
|31 May 1962
(aged 56)
Ramla, Israel
Cause of death
|Execution by hanging
|Nazi Germany
|SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel)
Political party
|Veronika Liebl (m. 1935)
|Adolf Karl Eichmann and Maria Schefferling
Otto Adolf Eichmann (pronounced [ˈɔto ˈaːdɔlf ˈaɪ̯çman]; 19 March 1906 – 31 May 1962) was a German Nazi SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) and one of the major organisers of the Holocaust. Eichmann was charged by SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich with facilitating and managing the logistics of mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in German-occupied Eastern Europe during World War II. In 1960, he was captured in Argentina by the Mossad, Israel's intelligence service. Following a widely publicised trial in Israel, he was found guilty of war crimes and hanged in 1962.
After an unremarkable school career, Eichmann briefly worked for his father's mining company in Austria, where the family had moved in 1914. He worked as a travelling oil salesman beginning in 1927 and joined the Nazi Party and SS in 1932. After returning to Germany in 1933, he joined the Sicherheitsdienst (SD; Security Service), where he was appointed head of the department responsible for Jewish affairs—especially emigration, which the Nazis encouraged through violence and economic pressure. After the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Eichmann and his staff arranged for Jews to be concentrated into ghettos in major cities with the expectation they would be transported further east or overseas. Eichmann drew up plans for a Jewish reservation, first at Nisko in south-east Poland and later in Madagascar, but neither of these plans was ever carried out.
As the Nazis began the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, their Jewish policy changed from emigration to extermination. To co-ordinate planning for the genocide, Heydrich hosted the regime's administrative leaders at the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942. Eichmann collected information for Heydrich, attended the conference, and prepared the minutes. Eichmann and his staff became responsible for Jewish deportations to extermination camps, where the victims were gassed. After Germany invaded Hungary in March 1944, Eichmann oversaw the deportation and extermination of that country's Jewish population. Most of the victims were sent to Auschwitz concentration camp, where 75 to 90 per cent were killed on arrival. By the time the transports were stopped in July, 437,000 of Hungary's 725,000 Jews had been killed. Historian Richard J. Evans estimates that between 5.5 and 6 million Jews were exterminated by the Nazis. Eichmann said towards the end of the war that he would "leap laughing into the grave because the feeling that he had five million people on his conscience would be for him a source of extraordinary satisfaction."[1]
After Germany's defeat in 1945, Eichmann fled to Austria. He lived there until 1950, when he moved to Argentina using false papers. Information collected by the Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency, confirmed Eichmann's location in 1960. A team of Mossad and Shin Bet agents captured Eichmann and brought him to Israel to stand trial on 15 criminal charges, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against the Jewish people. Found guilty on many of these charges, he was sentenced to death by hanging and executed on 31 May 1962. The trial was widely followed in the media and was later the subject of several books, including Hannah Arendt's work, Eichmann in Jerusalem. Arendt calls him the embodiment of the "banality of evil", asserting that he appeared to be ordinary and sane, yet displayed neither guilt nor hatred. Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal said: "The world now understands the concept of 'desk murderer'. We know that one doesn't need to be fanatical, sadistic, or mentally ill to murder millions; that it is enough to be a loyal follower eager to do one's duty."[2]
- 1 Early life and education
- 2 Early career
- 3 World War II
- 4 After World War II
- 5 Capture in Argentina
- 6 Trial
- 7 Summary of SS career
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Further reading
- 11 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Otto Adolf Eichmann, the eldest of five children, was born in 1906 to a Calvinist Protestant family in Solingen, Germany.[3] His parents were Adolf Karl Eichmann, a bookkeeper, and Maria née Schefferling, a housewife. The elder Adolf moved to Linz, Austria, in 1913 to take a position as commercial manager for the Linz Tramway and Electrical Company, and the rest of the family followed a year later. After the death of Maria in 1916, Eichmann's father married Maria Zawrzel, a devout Protestant with two sons.[4]
Eichmann attended the Kaiser Franz Joseph Staatsoberrealschule (state secondary school) in Linz, the same high school Adolf Hitler had attended some 17 years before.[5] He played the violin and participated in sports and clubs, including a Wandervogel woodcraft and scouting group that included some older boys who were members of various right-wing militias.[6] His poor school performance resulted in his father withdrawing him from the Realschule and enrolling him in the Höhere Bundeslehranstalt für Elektrotechnik, Maschinenbau und Hochbau vocational college.[7] He left without attaining a degree and joined his father's new enterprise, the Untersberg Mining Company, where he worked for several months.[7] From 1925 to 1927 he worked as a sales clerk for the Oberösterreichische Elektrobau AG radio company. Next, between 1927 and early 1933, Eichmann worked in Upper Austria and Salzburg as district agent for the Vacuum Oil Company AG.[8][9]
During this time, he joined the Jungfrontkämpfervereinigung, the youth section of Hermann Hiltl's right-wing veterans movement, and began reading newspapers published by the Nazi Party (NSDAP).[10] The party platform included removal of the Weimar Republic in Germany, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism.[11] They promised a strong central government, increased Lebensraum (living space) for Germanic peoples, formation of a national community based on race, and racial cleansing via the active suppression of Jews, who would be stripped of their citizenship and civil rights.[12]
Early career[edit]
On the advice of family friend and local Schutzstaffel (SS; protection squadron) leader Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Eichmann joined the Austrian branch of the NSDAP, member number 889,895.[13] He joined the Nazi Party on 1 April 1932, and his membership in the SS was confirmed seven months later (SS member number 45,326).[14] His regiment was SS-Standarte 37, responsible for guarding the party headquarters in Linz and protecting party speakers at rallies, which would often become violent. Eichmann pursued party activities in Linz on weekends while continuing in his position at Vacuum Oil in Salzburg.[9]
A few months after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany in January 1933, Eichmann lost his job due to staffing cutbacks at Vacuum Oil. The Nazi Party was banned in Austria around the same time. These events were factors in Eichmann's decision to return to Germany.[15] He attended a multi-week training programme at the SS depot in Klosterlechfeld in August and was soon assigned to lead an eight-man SS liaison team that gave guidance to Austrian Nazis crossing the border into Germany. He also helped Nazi activists and propagandists clandestinely enter Austria. In December he was promoted to SS-Scharführer (squad leader, equivalent to corporal).[16] Eichmann's battalion of the Deutschland Regiment was quartered at barracks next door to Dachau concentration camp.[17]
By 1934, Eichmann requested transfer to the Sicherheitsdienst (SD; Security Service) of the SS, to escape the "monotony" of military training and service at Dachau. Eichmann was accepted into the SD and assigned to the sub-office on Freemasons, organising seized ritual objects for a proposed museum. After about six months, Eichmann was invited by Leopold von Mildenstein to join his Jewish Department, Section II/112 of the SD, at its Berlin headquarters.[18][19][a] Eichmann's transfer was granted in November 1934. He later came to consider this as his big break.[20] He was assigned to study and prepare reports on the Zionist movement and various Jewish organisations. He even learned a smattering of Hebrew and Yiddish, gaining a reputation as a specialist in Zionist and Jewish matters.[21] On 21 March 1935 Eichmann married Veronika (Vera) Liebl (1909–93).[22] The couple had four sons: Klaus (b. 1936 in Berlin), Horst Adolf (b. 1940 in Vienna), Dieter Helmut (b. 1942 in Prague) and Ricardo Francisco (b. 1955 in Buenos Aires).[23][24] Eichmann was promoted to SS-Hauptscharführer (Head Squad Leader) in 1936 and was commissioned as an SS-Untersturmführer (second lieutenant) the following year.[25]
Nazi Germany used violence and economic pressure to encourage Jews to leave Germany of their own volition;[26] around 250,000 of the country's 437,000 Jews emigrated between 1933 and 1939.[27][28] Eichmann travelled to British Mandatory Palestine with his superior Herbert Hagen in 1937 to assess the possibility of Germany's Jews voluntarily emigrating to that country, disembarking with forged press credentials at Haifa, whence they travelled to Cairo in Egypt. There they met Feival Polkes, an agent of the Haganah, with whom they were unable to strike a deal.[29] Polkes suggested that more Jews should be allowed to leave under the terms of the Haavara Agreement, but Hagen refused, surmising that a strong Jewish presence in Palestine might lead to their founding an independent state, which would run contrary to Reich policy.[30] Eichmann and Hagen attempted to return to Palestine a few days later, but were denied entry after the British authorities refused them the required visas.[31]
In 1938, Eichmann was posted to Vienna to help organise Jewish emigration from Austria, which had just been integrated into the Reich through the Anschluss.[32] Jewish community organisations were placed under supervision of the SD and tasked with encouraging and facilitating Jewish emigration.[33] Funding came from money seized from other Jewish people and organisations, as well as donations from overseas, which were placed under SD control.[34] Eichmann was promoted to SS-Obersturmführer (first lieutenant) in July 1938, and appointed to the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, created in August.[35] By the time he left Vienna in May 1939, nearly 100,000 Jews had left the country legally, and many more had been smuggled out to Palestine and elsewhere.[36]
World War II[edit]
Transition from emigration to deportation[edit]
Within weeks of the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, Nazi policy toward the Jews changed from voluntary emigration to forced deportation.[37] After discussions with Hitler in the preceding weeks, on 21 September SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the SD, advised his staff that Jews were to be collected into cities in Poland with good rail links to facilitate their expulsion from territories controlled by Germany, starting with areas that had been incorporated into the Reich. He announced plans to create a reservation in the General Government (the portion of Poland not incorporated into the Reich), where Jews and others deemed undesirable would await further deportation.[38] On 27 September 1939 the SD and Sicherheitspolizei (comprising the Gestapo and Kripo police agencies) were combined into the new SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA; Reich Main Security Office), which was placed under Heydrich's control.[39]
After a brief posting in Prague to assist in setting up an emigration office there, Eichmann was transferred to Berlin in October 1939 to command the Central Office for Jewish Emigration for the entire Reich under Heinrich Müller, head of the Gestapo.[40] He was immediately assigned to organise the deportation of 70,000 to 80,000 Jews from Ostrava district in Moravia and Katowice district in the recently annexed portion of Poland. On his own initiative, Eichmann also laid plans to deport Jews from Vienna. Under the Nisko Plan, Eichmann chose Nisko as the location for a new transit camp where Jews would be temporarily housed before being deported elsewhere. In the last week of October 1939, 4,700 Jews were sent to the area by train and were essentially left to fend for themselves in an open meadow with no water and little food. Barracks were planned but never completed.[41][40] Many of the deportees were driven by the SS into Soviet-occupied territory and others were eventually placed in a nearby labour camp. The operation soon was called off, partly because Hitler decided the required trains were better used for military purposes for the time being.[42] Meanwhile, as part of Hitler's long-range resettlement plans, hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were being transported into the annexed territories, and ethnic Poles and Jews were being moved further east, particularly into the General Government.[43]
On 19 December 1939, Eichmann was assigned to head RSHA Referat IV B4 (RSHA Sub-Department IV-B4), tasked with overseeing Jewish affairs and evacuation.[43] Heydrich announced Eichmann to be his "special expert", in charge of arranging for all deportations into occupied Poland.[44] The job entailed co-ordinating with police agencies for the physical removal of the Jews, dealing with their confiscated property, and arranging financing and transport.[43] Within a few days of his appointment, Eichmann formulated a plan to deport 600,000 Jews into the General Government. The plan was stymied by Hans Frank, governor-general of the occupied territories, who was disinclined to accept the deportees as to do so would have an negative impact on economic development and his ultimate goal of Germanisation of the region.[43] In his role as minister responsible for the Four Year Plan, on 24 March 1940 Herman Göring forbade any further transports into the General Government unless cleared first by himself or Frank. Transports continued, but at a much slower pace than originally envisioned.[45] From the start of the war until April 1941, around 63,000 Jews were transported into the General Government.[46] On many of the trains in this period, up to a third of the deportees died in transit.[46][47] While Eichmann claimed at his trial to be upset by the appalling conditions on the trains and in the transit camps, his correspondence and documents of the period show that his primary concern was to achieve the deportations economically and with minimal disruption to Germany's ongoing military operations.[48]
Jews were concentrated into ghettos in major cities with the expectation that at some point they would be transported further east or even overseas.[49][50] Horrendous conditions in the ghettos—severe overcrowding, poor sanitation, and a lack of food—resulted in a high death rate.[51] On 15 August 1940, Eichmann released a memorandum titled Reichssicherheitshauptamt: Madagaskar Projekt (Reich Main Security Office: Madagascar Project), calling for the resettlement to Madagascar of a million Jews per year for four years.[52] When Germany failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain, the invasion of Britain was postponed indefinitely. As Britain still controlled the Atlantic and her merchant fleet would not be at Germany's disposal for use in evacuations, planning for the Madagascar proposal stalled.[53] Hitler continued to mention the Plan until February 1942, when the idea was permanently shelved.[54]
Wannsee Conference[edit]
From the start of the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Einsatzgruppen (task forces) followed the army into conquered areas and rounded up and killed Jews, Comintern officials, and ranking members of the Communist Party.[55] Eichmann was one of the officials who received regular detailed reports of their activities.[56] On 31 July, Göring gave Heydrich written authorisation to prepare and submit a plan for a "total solution of the Jewish question" in all territories under German control and to co-ordinate the participation of all involved government organisations.[57] The Generalplan Ost (General Plan for the East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered.[58]
Eichmann stated at his later interrogations that Heydrich told him in mid-September that Hitler had ordered that all Jews in German-controlled Europe were to be killed.[59][b] The initial plan was to implement Generalplan Ost after the conquest of the Soviet Union.[58] However, with the entry of the United States into the war in December and the German failure in the Battle of Moscow, Hitler decided that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated immediately rather than after the war, which now had no end in sight.[60] Around this time, Eichmann was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel), the highest rank he achieved.[61]
To co-ordinate planning for the proposed genocide, Heydrich hosted the Wannsee Conference, which brought together administrative leaders of the Nazi regime on 20 January 1942.[62] In preparation for the conference, Eichmann drafted for Heydrich a list of the numbers of Jews in various European countries and prepared statistics on emigration.[63] Eichmann attended the conference, oversaw the stenographer who took the minutes, and prepared the official distributed record of the meeting.[64] In his covering letter, Heydrich specified that Eichmann would act as his liaison with the departments involved.[65] Under Eichmann's supervision, large-scale deportations began almost immediately to extermination camps at Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka, and elsewhere.[66] The genocide was code-named Operation Reinhard in honour of Heydrich, who died in Prague in early June from wounds suffered in an assassination attempt.[67] Kaltenbrunner succeeded him as head of the RSHA.[68]
Eichmann did not make policy, but acted in an operational capacity.[69] Specific deportation orders came from Himmler.[65] Eichmann's office was responsible for collecting information on the Jews in each area, organising the seizure of their property, and arranging for and scheduling trains.[70] His department was in constant contact with the Foreign Office, as Jews of conquered nations such as France could not as easily be stripped of their possessions and deported to their deaths.[71] Eichmann held regular meetings in his Berlin offices with his department members working in the field and travelled extensively to visit concentration camps and ghettos. His wife, who disliked Berlin, resided in Prague with the children. Eichmann initially visited them weekly, but as time went on his visits tapered off to once a month.[72]
Germany invaded Hungary on 19 March 1944. Eichmann arrived the same day, and was soon joined by top members of his staff and five or six hundred members of the SD, SS, and Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo; security police).[73][74] Hitler's appointment of a Hungarian government more amenable to the Nazis meant that the Hungarian Jews, who had remained essentially unharmed until that point, would now be deported to Auschwitz to serve as forced labour or be gassed.[73][75] Eichmann toured northeastern Hungary in the last week of April and visited Auschwitz in May to assess the preparations.[76] Round-ups began on 16 April, and from 14 May, four trains of 3,000 Jews per day left Hungary and travelled to the camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau, arriving along a newly built spur line that terminated a few hundred metres away from the gas chambers.[77][78] Only between 10 and 25 per cent of the people on each train were chosen as forced labourers; the rest were killed within hours of arrival.[77][79] Under international pressure, the Hungarian government halted deportations on 6 July 1944, by which time over 437,000 of Hungary's 725,000 Jews had died.[77][80] In spite of the orders to stop, Eichmann personally made arrangements for additional trains of victims to be sent to Auschwitz on 17 and 19 July.[81]
In a series of meetings beginning on 25 April, Eichmann met with Joel Brand, a Hungarian Jew and member of the Relief and Rescue Committee (RRC).[82] Eichmann later testified that Berlin had authorised him to allow emigration of a million Jews in exchange for 10,000 trucks equipped to handle the wintry conditions on the Eastern Front.[83] Nothing came of the proposal, as the Western Allies refused to consider the offer.[82] In June 1944 Eichmann was involved in negotiations with Rudolf Kasztner that resulted in the rescue of 1,684 people, who were sent by train to safety in Switzerland in exchange for three suitcases full of diamonds, gold, cash, and securities.[84]
Eichmann, resentful that Kurt Becher and others were becoming involved in Jewish emigration matters, and angered by Himmler's suspension of deportations to the death camps, requested reassignment in July.[85] At the end of August he was assigned to head a commando squad to assist in the evacuation of 10,000 ethnic Germans trapped on the Hungarian border with Romania in the path of the advancing Red Army. The people they were sent to rescue refused to leave, so instead the soldiers helped evacuate members of a German field hospital trapped close to the front. For this Eichmann was awarded the Iron Cross, Second Class.[86] Throughout October and November, Eichmann arranged for tens of thousands of Jewish victims to travel by forced marches in appalling conditions from Budapest to Vienna, a distance of 210 kilometres (130 mi).[87]
On 24 December 1944, Eichmann fled Budapest just before the Soviets completed their encirclement of the capital. He returned to Berlin, where he arranged for the incriminating records of Department IV-B4 to be burned.[88] Along with many other SS officers who fled in the closing months of the war, Eichmann and his family were living in relative safety in Austria when the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945.[89] Historian Richard J. Evans estimates that 5.5 to 6 million Jews, representing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, were exterminated by the Nazi regime.[90]
After World War II[edit]
At the end of World War II, Eichmann was captured by the Americans and spent time in several camps for SS officers using forged papers that identified him as "Otto Eckmann". He escaped from a work detail at Cham when he realised that his actual identity had been discovered. He obtained new identity papers with the name of "Otto Heninger" and relocated frequently over the next several months. Moving to the Lüneburg Heath, he initially got work in the forestry industry and later leased a small plot of land in Altensalzkoth, where he lived until 1950.[91] Meanwhile, at the Nuremberg Trials of major war criminals starting in 1946, damning evidence about Eichmann's activities was given by former commandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Höss and others.[92]
In 1948 Eichmann obtained a landing permit for Argentina and false identification under the name of "Ricardo Klement" through Bishop Alois Hudal, a Nazi Austrian cleric then residing in Italy.[93] These documents enabled him in 1950 to obtain an International Committee of the Red Cross humanitarian passport and the remaining entry permits that would allow immigration to Argentina.[93][c] He travelled across Europe, staying in a series of monasteries that had been set up as safe houses.[94] Departing via ship from Genoa on 17 June 1950, he arrived in Buenos Aires on 14 July.[95]
Eichmann initially lived in Tucumán Province, where he worked for a government contractor. He sent for his family in 1952, and they moved to Buenos Aires. Eichmann held a series of low-paying jobs until finding employment at Mercedes-Benz, where he rose to department head.[96] The family built a house at 14 Garibaldi Street (now 4261 Garibaldi Street) and moved in during 1960.[97]
For four months beginning in late 1956, Eichmann was extensively interviewed by Nazi expatriate journalist Willem Sassen with the intention of producing a biography. Tapes, transcripts, and handwritten notes by Eichmann were produced.[98] The memoirs were later used as the basis for a series of articles that appeared in Life and Der Stern magazines in late 1960.[99]
Capture in Argentina[edit]
Several Jews and other victims of the Holocaust dedicated themselves to finding Eichmann and other Nazis. Among them was the Jewish Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal.[100] Wiesenthal learned from a letter shown to him in 1953 that Eichmann had been seen in Buenos Aires, and he passed along that information to the Israeli consulate in Vienna in 1954.[101] When Eichmann's father died in 1960, Wiesenthal made arrangements for private detectives to surreptitiously photograph members of the family, as Eichmann's brother Otto was said to bear a strong family resemblance and there were no current photos of the fugitive. He provided these photographs to Mossad agents on 18 February.[102]
Also instrumental in exposing Eichmann's identity was Lothar Hermann, a German half-Jew who had emigrated to Argentina in 1938.[103] When in 1956 Hermann's daughter Sylvia began dating a man named Klaus Eichmann who boasted about his father's Nazi exploits, Hermann alerted Fritz Bauer, prosecutor-general of the state of Hesse in West Germany.[104] Sylvia, sent on a fact-finding mission, was met at the door by Eichmann himself, who said he was Klaus's uncle. Informed that Klaus was not home, she sat down to wait. When Klaus returned, he addressed Eichmann as 'Father'.[105] In 1957 Bauer passed along the information in person to Mossad director Isser Harel, who assigned operatives to undertake surveillance, but no concrete evidence was initially found.[106] On 1 March 1960 Harel dispatched to Buenos Aires the Shin Bet chief interrogator Zvi Aharoni,[107] who over the course of weeks of investigation was able to confirm the identity of the fugitive.[108] As Argentina had a history of turning down extradition requests for Nazi criminals, Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion made the decision that Eichmann should be captured rather than extradited, and brought to Israel for trial.[109][110] Harel himself arrived in person in May 1960 to oversee the capture.[111] Mossad operative Rafi Eitan was named leader of the eight-man team, most of whom were Shin Bet agents.[112]
The team captured Eichmann near his home on Garibaldi Street in San Fernando, Buenos Aires, an industrial community 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the centre of Buenos Aires on 11 May 1960.[113] The agents had arrived in Buenos Aires in April 1960 after Eichmann's identity was confirmed.[114] After observing the suspect's routine for many days, they determined that he arrived home by bus from work at around the same time every evening. They planned to seize him when he was walking beside an open field from the bus stop to his house.[115] The plan was almost abandoned on the designated day when Eichmann was not present on the bus he usually took home.[116] Finally, almost half an hour late, Eichmann got off a bus. Mossad agent Peter Malkin engaged him, asking him in Spanish if he had a moment. Frightened, Eichmann attempted to leave, but two more Mossad men came to Malkin's aid; the three wrestled Eichmann to the ground and, after a struggle, conducted him to a car where they hid him on the floor under a blanket.[117]
Eichmann was taken to one of several Mossad safe houses that had been set up by the team.[117] He was held there for nine days, during which time his identity was double-checked and confirmed.[118] During these days, Harel tried to locate Josef Mengele, the notorious Nazi doctor from Auschwitz concentration camp, as the Mossad had information that he was also living in Buenos Aires. He was hoping to bring Mengele back to Israel on the same flight.[119] Mengele had already left his last known residence in the city, and Harel was unable to get any leads on where he had gone, so the plans for his capture had to be abandoned.[120]
Near midnight on 20 May, Eichmann was sedated by an Israeli doctor on the Mossad team and dressed as a flight attendant.[121] He was smuggled out of Argentina aboard the same El Al Bristol Britannia aircraft that had a few days earlier carried Israel's delegation to the official 150th anniversary celebration of Argentina's independence from Spain.[122] After a tense delay at the airport getting the flight plan approved, the plane took off for Israel, stopping over in Dakar, Senegal, to refuel.[123] They arrived in Israel on 22 May, and Ben-Gurion announced Eichmann's capture to the Knesset—Israel's parliament—the following afternoon.[124] In Argentina, the abduction was met with a violent wave of antisemitism carried out by far-right sectors, including the Tacuara Nationalist Movement.[125]
In June 1960, after unsuccessful negotiations with Israel, Argentina requested an urgent meeting of the United Nations Security Council to protest, as they regarded the capture as a violation of their sovereign rights.[126] On 23 June the Council passed Resolution 138, which agreed that Argentine sovereignty had been violated and requested that Israel should make reparations.[127] After further negotiations, on 3 August, Israel and Argentina issued a joint statement agreeing to end the dispute.[128] In Eichmann's trial and subsequent appeal, the Israeli court determined that the circumstances of his capture had no bearing on the legality of his trial.[129]
Eichmann was taken to a fortified police station at Yagur in northern Israel, where he spent nine months.[130] The Israelis were unwilling to take him to trial based solely on the evidence in documents and witness testimony, so the prisoner was subject to daily interrogations, the transcripts of which ran to over 3,500 pages.[131] The interrogator was Chief Inspector Avner Less of the national police.[132] Using documents provided primarily by Yad Vashem and Nazi hunter Tuvia Friedman, Less was often able to determine when Eichmann was lying or being evasive. When additional information was brought forward that forced Eichmann into admitting what he had done, Eichmann would insist he had not had any authority in the Nazi hierarchy and had only been following orders.[133] Less noted that Eichmann did not seem to realise the enormity of his crimes and showed no remorse.[134]
Eichmann's trial before the Jerusalem District Court began on 11 April 1961.[135] The legal basis of the charges against Eichmann was the 1950 Nazi and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law,[136][d] under which he was indicted on 15 criminal charges, including crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes against the Jewish people, and membership in a criminal organisation.[137][e] The trial was presided over by three judges: Moshe Landau, Benjamin Halevy, and Yitzhak Raveh.[138] The chief prosecutor was Israeli Attorney General Gideon Hausner, assisted by Gabriel Bach of the Department of Justice and Tel Aviv District Attorney Yaacov Bar-Or.[139] The defence team consisted of German lawyer Robert Servatius, legal assistant Dieter Wechtenbruch, and Eichmann himself.[140]
The Israeli government arranged for the trial to have prominent media coverage.[141] Many major newspapers from all over the globe sent reporters and published front-page coverage of the story.[142] The trial was held at the Beit Ha'am (today known as the Gerard Behar Center), an auditorium in downtown Jerusalem. Eichmann sat inside a bulletproof glass booth to protect him from assassination attempts.[143] The building was modified to allow journalists to watch the trial on closed-circuit television, and 750 seats were available in the auditorium itself. Israelis had the opportunity to watch live television broadcasts of the proceedings, and film was flown daily to the United States for broadcast the following day.[144]
The prosecution case was presented over the course of 56 days, involving hundreds of documents and 112 witnesses (many of them Holocaust survivors).[145] Hausner's intention was to not only demonstrate Eichmann's guilt but to present material about the entire Holocaust, thus producing a comprehensive record.[136] Defence attorney Servatius repeatedly tried to curb the presentation of material not directly related to Eichmann, and was mostly successful.[146] In addition to wartime documents, material presented as evidence included tapes and transcripts from Eichmann's interrogation and Sassen's interviews in Venezuela.[145] In the case of the Sassen interviews, only Eichmann's hand-written notes were admitted into evidence.[147]
Some of the evidence submitted by the prosecution took the form of depositions made by leading Nazis.[148] The defence demanded that the men should be brought to Israel so that the defence's right to cross-examination would not be abrogated. But Hausner, in his role as Attorney General, declared that he would be obliged to arrest any war criminals who entered Israel.[148] The prosecution proved that Eichmann had visited places where exterminations had taken place, including Chełmno extermination camp, Auschwitz, and Minsk (where he witnessed a mass shooting of Jews),[149] and therefore was aware that the deportees were being killed.[150]
When the prosecution rested, the defence opened its case with a lengthy direct examination of Eichmann.[151] Observers such as Moshe Pearlman and Hannah Arendt have remarked on Eichmann's ordinariness in appearance and flat affect.[152] In his testimony throughout the trial, Eichmann insisted he had no choice but to follow orders, as he was bound by an oath of loyalty—the same superior orders defence used by some defendants in the 1945–1946 Nuremberg Trials.[153] Eichmann asserted that the decisions had been made not by him, but by Müller, Heydrich, Himmler, and ultimately Hitler.[154] Servatius also proposed that decisions of the Nazi government were acts of state and therefore not subject to normal judicial proceedings.[155] Regarding the Wannsee Conference, Eichmann stated that he felt a sense of satisfaction and relief at its conclusion. As a clear decision to exterminate had been made by his superiors, the matter was out of his hands; he felt absolved of any guilt.[156] On the last day of the examination, he stated that he was guilty of arranging the transports, but he did not feel guilty for the consequences.[157]
Throughout his cross-examination, prosecutor Hausner attempted to get Eichmann to admit he was personally guilty, but no such confession was forthcoming.[158] Eichmann admitted to not liking the Jews and viewing them as adversaries, but stated that he never thought their annihilation was justified.[159] When Hausner produced evidence that Eichmann had stated in 1945 that "I will leap into my grave laughing because the feeling that I have five million human beings on my conscience is for me a source of extraordinary satisfaction", Eichmann said he meant "enemies of the Reich" such as the Soviets.[160] During later examination by the judges, he admitted he meant the Jews, and said the remark was an accurate reflection of his opinion at the time.[161]
The trial adjourned on 14 August, and the verdict was read on 12 December.[135] The judges declared him not guilty of personally killing anyone and not guilty of overseeing and controlling the activities of the Einsatzgruppen.[162] He was deemed responsible for the dreadful conditions on board the deportation trains and for obtaining Jews to fill those trains.[163] He was found guilty of crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes against Poles, Slovenes, and Gypsies. He was also found guilty of membership in three organisations that had been deemed criminal at the Nuremberg trials: the Gestapo, the SD, and the SS.[164][e] When considering the sentence, the judges concluded that Eichmann had not merely been following orders, but believed in the Nazi cause wholeheartedly and had been a key perpetrator of the genocide.[165] On 15 December 1961, Eichmann was sentenced to death.[166]
Appeals and execution[edit]
Servatius appealed the verdict, mostly relying on legal arguments about Israel's jurisdiction and the legality of the laws under which Eichmann was charged.[167] Appeal hearings took place between 22 and 29 March 1962.[168] Eichmann's wife Vera flew to Israel and saw him for the last time at the end of April.[169] On 29 May, Israel's Supreme Court rejected the appeal and upheld the District Court's judgement on all counts.[170] Eichmann immediately petitioned Israeli President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi for clemency. Prominent people such as Hugo Bergmann, Pearl Buck, Martin Buber, and Ernst Simon spoke up on his behalf.[171] Ben-Gurion called a special cabinet meeting to resolve the issue, and at 8 p.m. on 31 May Eichmann was informed that the appeal had been declined.[172]
Eichmann was hanged shortly before midnight on 31 May 1962, at a prison in Ramla, Israel. He refused a last meal (preferring instead a bottle of wine) as well as the traditional black hood.[173] His last words were:
Long live Germany. Long live Argentina. Long live Austria. These are the three countries with which I have been most connected and which I will not forget. I greet my wife, my family, and my friends. I am ready. We'll meet again soon, as is the fate of all men. I die believing in God.[174]
Within four hours Eichmann's body had been cremated at a secret location, and his ashes scattered in international waters in the Mediterranean by an Israeli Navy patrol boat.[175]
The trial and the surrounding media coverage sparked renewed interest in wartime events, and the resulting increase in publication of memoirs and scholarly works helped raise public awareness of the Holocaust.[176] The trial received widespread coverage by the press in West Germany, and many schools added material studying the issues to their curriculum.[177] In Israel, the testimony of witnesses at the trial led to a deeper understanding of the impact of the Holocaust on survivors, especially among younger citizens who had never suffered state-sponsored oppression.[178]
Political theorist Hannah Arendt, a Jew who fled Germany after Hitler's rise to power, reported on Eichmann's trial for The New Yorker. In her subsequent book Eichmann in Jerusalem, Arendt calls Eichmann the embodiment of the "banality of evil", as he appeared to have an ordinary and normal personality, displaying neither guilt nor hatred.[179][180] Stanley Milgram interpreted Arendt's work as stating that even the most ordinary of people can commit horrendous crimes if placed in certain situations and given certain incentives. He wrote: "I must conclude that Arendt's conception of the banality of evil comes closer to the truth than one might dare imagine."[181] Professor Majid Yar of the University of Hull interprets Arendt's stance to be that Eichmann unthinkingly followed orders without taking into account the consequences of his actions.[182] In his 1988 book Justice, Not Vengeance, Wiesenthal said: "The world now understands the concept of 'desk murderer'. We know that one doesn't need to be fanatical, sadistic, or mentally ill to murder millions; that it is enough to be a loyal follower eager to do one's duty."[2]
Eichmann's son Ricardo says he is not resentful toward Israel for executing his father.[183] He does not agree that his father's "following orders" argument excuses his actions and notes how his father's lack of remorse caused "difficult emotions" for the Eichmann family. Ricardo is now a professor of archaeology at the German Archaeological Institute.[184]
Summary of SS career[edit]
- SS number: 45,326[185]
- Nazi Party number: 899,895
- Primary positions: Sub-Department IV-B4 (Gestapo), RSHA
- Waffen-SS service: SS-Untersturmführer der Reserve (9 November 1944)
Dates of rank[edit]
Nazi awards and decorations[edit]
See also[edit]
- ^ In September 1939, this department was renamed Section IV B4 of the SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA; Reich Main Security Office).
- ^ German historian Christian Gerlach and others have claimed that Hitler did not approve the policy of extermination until mid-December 1941. Gerlach 1998, p. 785. This date is not universally accepted, but it seems likely that a decision was made at around this time. On 18 December, Himmler met with Hitler and noted in his appointment book "Jewish question – to be exterminated as partisans". Browning 2004, p. 410. On 19 December, Wilhelm Stuckart, State Secretary at the Interior Ministry, told one of his officials: "The proceedings against the evacuated Jews are based on a decision from the highest authority. You must come to terms with it." Browning 2004, p. 405.
- ^ In May 2007, a student doing research on Eichmann's capture discovered the passport in court archives in Argentina. BBC 2007. The passport is now in the possession of the Argentina Holocaust Museum in Buenos Aires. See Fundacion Memoria Del Holocausto.
- ^ This law had previously been used to prosecute about 30 people, all but one of them Jewish Holocaust survivors, who were alleged to have been Nazi collaborators. See Ben-Naftali & Tuval 2006.
- ^ a b Eichmann was a member of three of the organisations that had been declared criminal at the Nuremberg Trials: the SS, the SD, and the Gestapo. Arendt 1994, p. 246.
- ^ After the Night of the Long Knives, the SS revamped its rank structure and adopted new titles. Eichmann's actual rank did not change, but the title of his rank was renamed from Oberscharführer to Scharführer in July 1934.
- ^ Shirer 1960, Footnote, p. 978.
- ^ a b Levy 2006, pp. 157–158.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 19, 26.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 19–20.
- ^ Lipstadt 2011, p. 45.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 21.
- ^ a b Cesarani 2005, p. 21–22.
- ^ Levy 2006, p. 98.
- ^ a b Cesarani 2005, p. 34.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 28, 35.
- ^ Goldhagen 1996, p. 85.
- ^ Evans 2003, pp. 179–180.
- ^ Ailsby 1997, p. 40.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 28.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 35.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 37.
- ^ Levy 2006, p. 101.
- ^ Padfield 2001, p. 198.
- ^ Levy 2006, pp. 103–104.
- ^ Porter 2007, p. 106.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 47–49.
- ^ Levy 2006, p. 150.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 44, 69.
- ^ Glass 1995.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 49, 60.
- ^ Longerich 2010, pp. 67–69.
- ^ Longerich 2010, p. 127.
- ^ Evans 2005, pp. 555–558.
- ^ Levy 2006, pp. 105–106.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 55.
- ^ Levy 2006, p. 106.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 62.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 65.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 67.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 67, 69.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 71.
- ^ Longerich 2010, p. 132.
- ^ Longerich 2010, pp. 148–149.
- ^ Longerich 2012, pp. 469, 470.
- ^ a b Cesarani & 2005, p. 77.
- ^ Longerich 2010, pp. 151–152.
- ^ Longerich 2010, p. 153.
- ^ a b c d Cesarani 2005, p. 81.
- ^ Longerich 2010, p. 156.
- ^ Longerich 2010, p. 159.
- ^ a b Evans 2008, p. 57.
- ^ Longerich 2010, p. 157.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 83–84.
- ^ Longerich 2010, p. 160.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 452–453.
- ^ Longerich 2010, p. 167.
- ^ Browning 2004, p. 87.
- ^ Browning 2004, p. 88.
- ^ Longerich 2010, p. 164.
- ^ Longerich 2012, p. 523.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 93.
- ^ Browning 2004, p. 315.
- ^ a b Snyder 2010, p. 416.
- ^ Browning 2004, p. 362.
- ^ Longerich 2000, p. 2.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 96.
- ^ Browning 2004, p. 410.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 112.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 112–114.
- ^ a b Cesarani 2005, p. 118.
- ^ Longerich 2010, p. 320.
- ^ Longerich 2010, p. 332.
- ^ Evans 2008, p. 512.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 119.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 121, 122, 132.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 124.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 131–132.
- ^ a b Evans 2008, p. 616.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 162.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 160–161.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 170–171, 177.
- ^ a b c Longerich 2010, p. 408.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 168, 172.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 173.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 160, 183.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 183–184.
- ^ a b Cesarani 2005, p. 175.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 180.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 178–179.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 180, 183, 185.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 188–189.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 190–191.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 195–196.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 201.
- ^ Evans 2008, p. 318.
- ^ Levy 2006, pp. 129–130.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 205.
- ^ a b Cesarani 2005, p. 207.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, pp. 70–71.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 209.
- ^ Levy 2006, pp. 144–146.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 221.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, pp. 87–90.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, p. 307.
- ^ Levy 2006, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Walters 2009, p. 286.
- ^ Walters 2009, p. 281–282.
- ^ Lipstadt 2011, p. 11.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 221–222.
- ^ Lipstadt 2011, p. 12.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 223–224.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, pp. 123.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 225–228.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 225.
- ^ Arendt 1994, p. 264.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 228.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, p. 153, 163.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, pp. 219–229.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, pp. 165–176.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, p. 179.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, p. 220.
- ^ a b Bascomb 2009, pp. 225–227.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, pp. 231–233.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, p. 254.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, p. 258.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, pp. 274, 279.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, p. 262.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, pp. 288, 293.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, pp. 295–298.
- ^ Kiernan 2005.
- ^ Lippmann 1982.
- ^ Bascomb 2009, p. 305.
- ^ Green 1962.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 259.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 237, 240.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 238, 242–243.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 242.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 245, 248.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 244.
- ^ a b Arendt 1994, p. 244.
- ^ a b Cesarani 2005, p. 252.
- ^ Arendt 1994, pp. 244–246.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 255.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 249–251.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 241, 246.
- ^ Birn 2011, p. 445.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 327.
- ^ Arendt 1994, p. 4–5.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 254–255.
- ^ a b Cesarani 2005, p. 262.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 264.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 272.
- ^ a b Birn 2011, p. 464.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 99.
- ^ Arendt 1994, pp. 87–89.
- ^ Arendt 1994, p. 223.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 257.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 284, 293.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 273, 276.
- ^ Arendt 1994, p. 93.
- ^ Arendt 1994, p. 114.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 281.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 284.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 285.
- ^ Knappmann 1997, p. 335.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 300.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 305–306.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 310–311.
- ^ Arendt 1994, pp. 245–246.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 312.
- ^ Arendt 1994, p. 248.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 315.
- ^ Arendt 1994, pp. 248–249.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 318.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 314, 319.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, pp. 319–320.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 320.
- ^ Kotes-Bar 2012.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 321.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 323.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 325.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 334.
- ^ Cesarani 2005, p. 331–332.
- ^ Arendt 1994, p. 252.
- ^ Levy 2006, p. 355.
- ^ Milgram 1973, p. 75.
- ^ Yar 2005.
- ^ Sedan 1995.
- ^ Glick 2010.
- ^ SS service record, NARA.
- Ailsby, Christopher (1997). SS: Roll of Infamy. Motorbooks Intl. ISBN 0-7603-0409-2.
- Arendt, Hannah (1994) [1963]. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-018765-0.
- Bascomb, Neal (2009). Hunting Eichmann: How a Band of Survivors and a Young Spy Agency Chased Down the World's Most Notorious Nazi. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-85867-5.
- Ben-Naftali, Orna; Tuval, Yogev (2006). "Punishing International Crimes Committed by the Persecuted: The Kapo Trials in Israel (1950s–1960s)". Journal of International Criminal Justice 4 (1): 128–178. doi:10.1093/jicj/mqi022.
- Birn, Ruth Bettina (2011). "Fifty Years After: A Critical Look at the Eichmann Trial" (PDF). Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 44: 443–473. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
- Browning, Christopher R. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942. Comprehensive History of the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1327-1.
- Cesarani, David (2005) [2004]. Eichmann: His Life and Crimes. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-944844-0.
- Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8.
- Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3.
- Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4.
- Gerlach, Christian (December 1998). "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews" (PDF). Journal of Modern History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) 70 (4): 759–812. doi:10.1086/235167.
- Glass, Suzanne (7 August 1995). "'Adolf Eichmann is a historical figure to me.' Ricardo Eichmann speaks to Suzanne Glass about growing up the fatherless son of the Nazi war criminal hanged in Israel". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
- Glick, Dor (6 July 2010). "Coffee with Eichmann". Ynetnews. Yedioth Internet. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- Goldhagen, Daniel (1996). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8.
- Green, L. C. (1962). "Legal issues of the Eichmann trial". Tulane Law Review 37: 641–683. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
- "Hallaron pasaporte utilizado por Adolf Eichmann: será conservado en el Museo del Holocausto de Buenos Aires" (in Spanish). Fundacion Memoria Del Holocausto. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
- Kershaw, Ian (2008) [2000]. Hitler: A Biography. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
- Kiernan, Sergio (15 May 2005). "Tacuara salió a la calle" [Tacuara hit the streets]. Página/12 (in Spanish) (Fernando Sokolowicz). Retrieved 23 November 2013.
- Knappmann, Edward W. (1997). "The Adolf Eichmann Trial, 1961". Great World Trials. Detroit: Gale Research. ISBN 978-0-7876-0805-7.
- Kotes-Bar, Chen (11 February 2012). "על השחיטה: האיש שתלה את אייכמן משחזר" [On the Shechita: Account of the man who hanged Eichmann]. Nrg Maariv (in Hebrew). Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- Levy, Alan (2006) [1993]. Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File (Revised 2002 ed.). London: Constable & Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84119-607-7.
- Lippmann, Matthew (1982). "The trial of Adolf Eichmann and the protection of universal human rights under international law". Houston Journal of International Law 5 (1): 1–34. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
- Lipstadt, Deborah E. (2011). The Eichmann Trial. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-8052-4260-7.
- Longerich, Peter (2000). "The Wannsee Conference in the Development of the 'Final Solution'" (PDF). Holocaust Educational Trust Research Papers (London: The Holocaust Educational Trust) 1 (2). ISBN 0-9516166-5-X.
- Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5.
- Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6.
- Milgram, Stanley (December 1973). "The Perils of Obedience". Harper's Magazine 247 (1483): 62–77. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- Padfield, Peter (2001) [1990]. Himmler: Reichsführer-SS. London: Cassel & Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35839-7.
- Porter, Anna (2007). Kasztner's Train: The True Story of an Unknown Hero of the Holocaust. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-55365-222-9.
- Sedan, Gil (9 June 1995). "Eichmann's son: 'There is no way I can explain' deeds". Jewishsf.com. San Francisco Jewish Community Publications. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
- Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9.
- SS service record of Adolf Eichmann. College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration.
- Staff (29 May 2007). "Argentina uncovers Eichmann pass". BBC News. Archived from the original on 6 June 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
- Walters, Guy (2009). Hunting Evil: The Nazi War Criminals Who Escaped and the Quest to Bring Them to Justice. New York: Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-2873-1.
- Yar, Majid (22 July 2005). "Hannah Arendt (1906–1975)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. University of Tennessee at Martin. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Further reading[edit]
- Aharoni, Zvi; Dietl, Wilhelm (1997). Operation Eichmann: The Truth About the Pursuit, Capture and Trial. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 978-1-85409-410-0.
- Friedman, Tuviah (1990). My Role in Operation Eichmann: A Documentary Collection. Haifa. OCLC 233910342.
- Harel, Isser (1975). The House on Garibaldi Street: The First Full Account of the Capture of Adolf Eichmann. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-38028-8.
- Mulisch, Harry (2005). Criminal Case 40/61, The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: An Eyewitness Account. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3861-3.
- Pearlman, Moshe (1961). The Capture of Adolf Eichmann. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. OCLC 1070563.
- Rassinier, Paul (1976). The Real Eichmann Trial or The Incorrigible Victors. Torrance: Institute for Historical Review. ISBN 0-911038-48-5.
- Stangneth, Bettina (2014). Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-95967-6.
- Steinacher, Gerald (2011). Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-964245-8.
- Yablonka, Hanna (2004). The State of Israel vs. Adolf Eichmann. New York: Schocken. ISBN 0-8052-4187-6.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adolf Eichmann.
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Adolf Eichmann
- Adolf Eichmann at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website
- "Uncovering the Architect of the Holocaust: The CIA Names File on Adolf Eichmann" at the National Security Archive, George Washington University
- "Eichmann Tells His Own Damning Story". LIFE magazine (The Nizkor Project) 49 (22). 28 November 1960.
- Benson, Pam (7 June 2006). "CIA papers: U.S. failed to pursue Nazi".
- Cesarani, David (17 February 2011). "Adolf Eichmann: The Mind of a War Criminal". BBC.
- The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of Proceedings
- The Eichmann Trial on YouTube
- "With Me Are Six Million Accusers" an online site marking the 50th anniversary of the Eichmann Trial
- "The Eichmann Trial: 50 Years After": selected documents from the Israel State Archives
- "Eichmann Prosecutor Interview: A Conversation with Justice Gabriel Bach, Senior Prosecutor in the Adolf Eichmann Trial" by Frank Tuerkheimer, Professor at the University of Wisconsin Law School
- Adolf Eichmann
- 1906 births
- 1962 deaths
- Blood for goods
- Dachau concentration camp personnel
- Escapees from United States military detention
- Executed Nazis
- German escapees
- German expatriates in Argentina
- German people convicted of crimes against humanity
- German people executed abroad
- The Holocaust in Hungary
- Holocaust perpetrators
- Kidnapped German people
- Mossad
- Nazi concentration camps
- Nazis convicted of war crimes
- Nazis in South America
- People executed by Israel by hanging
- People from North Rhine-Westphalia executed by hanging
- People from the Rhine Province
- People from Solingen
- Porajmos perpetrators
- Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
- Recipients of the War Merit Cross, 1st class
- Recipients of the Honour Chevron for the Old Guard
- Recipients of the SS Honour Ring
- Reinhard Heydrich
- RSHA personnel
- SS-Obersturmbannführer
- Universal jurisdiction


text:
Six Degrees You Could Earn in Two Years
Earning a practical college degree doesn't have to mean spending at least four years cracking the books.
Do you want to go back to school to help you launch a new career, but aren't too gung-ho on the idea of spending until 2016 - or longer - chasing a bachelor's degree?
Well, don't dis your degree plans just yet. There are plenty of associate's degree programs in various fields that can be completed in as little as half the time of a typical bachelor's degree.
It also could be a very practical approach to pursuing your career goals.
"School is a big commitment of time, especially for adults with jobs and families, so they often can't or don't want to spend four years for a degree." says Velvet Miscione, a counselor with Southern California's Coastline Community College (CCC). That's why she says that earning an associate's degree - which could be completed in as little as two years - is a smart move.
And unless you've got a hankering to go into rocket science, there's probably an associate's degree in the industry of your choice.
So read on for six smart associate's degree options.
Smart Degree #1: Associate's in Medical Assisting
Have you always had a strong desire to work in the medical field, but aren't so keen on spending years in grueling classes? Good news: An associate's degree in medical assisting could help you gain valuable health skills in as little as two years.
Why it's a Smart Choice: "I expect many opportunities for graduates of this degree," says Cathy Summa-Wolfe, communications director at the College of Marin, in the North San Francisco Bay area. Why? Because "Medical assistants are part of health care, which has great demand."
And she's right. The Department of Labor projects 31 percent job growth in this field from 2010 to 2020. That translates into a whopping 160,000 new jobs.
Next step: Click to Find the Right Medical Assisting Program Now.
What You'll Learn: In a medical assisting program, you'll learn everything from taking vital signs to keeping patient's medical records, says the College Board, a nonprofit research organization that promotes higher education. A line-up of typical classes might range from medical office administration and insurance, to medical terminology and diagnostic procedures.
Smart Degree #2: Associate's in Accounting
Are you good with numbers? Do you like the number two more than the number four? Great - because an associate's degree in accounting, which could be completed in as little as two years, could be very much to your liking.
Why it's a Smart Choice: Accounting is a degree that Summa-Wolfe thinks very highly of for its practicality. She says that it teaches skills that are in demand in a variety of businesses, like bookkeeping and budgeting.
"Getting this degree gives students marketable skills to jump into the job market," says Summa-Wolfe.
Next step: Click to Find the Right Accounting Program Now.
Stuff You'll Learn: So just what other in-demand, practical skills could you learn in this major? According to the College Board, you'll study how to "gather, record, analyze, interpret, and communicate information about an individual's or organization's financial performance and risks." Yep, sounds practical.
Smart Degree #3: Associate's in Information Technology (IT)
Are you a lover of technology who has the desire to learn more about how computers work? You could turn your passion into a practical pursuit with an associate's degree in information technology (IT).
Why it's a Smart Choice: "IT is a great associate's degree now because there's such a demand for it. The number of jobs that are open in that field have increased in the last five to ten years, whereas a lot of other fields have declined," says Miscione.
She adds that this is not surprising since computers are becoming more prolific in our society seemingly every day. "Everything is moving toward electronic communication and someone has to manage that," she says.
Next step: Click to Find the Right Information Technology Program Now.
What You'll Learn: The College Board says you'll learn a variety of things about computers, from the details of the hardware, to the complex ways we use them to communicate with each other. Your course load might include classes such as computer systems and architecture, introduction to computer science, and web technologies.
Smart Degree #4: Associate's in Business Administration
Do you want to improve your business knowledge and prepare for your climb up the corporate ladder? Or perhaps you have a great idea for your own business, but lack the skills to make your dream reality. Either way, an associate's degree in business administration could help you reach your career goals.
Why it's a Smart Choice: Summa-Wolfe says business degrees are very popular among those looking for an advantage in the business world. "A business degree teaches skills that are applicable in the private or public sector," she says.
Miscione is a fan of an associate's degree in business as well, saying that students in this major have often been business professionals for years, but never went to school. "They feel that to take their career to the next level, they need a business degree to make themselves more competitive," she says.
Next step: Click to Find the Right Business Administration Program Now.
Stuff You'll Learn: According to the College Board, students in this field learn how to plan, organize, and direct an organization's activities. Common coursework might include classes like financial management, accounting, economics, marketing, and a host of others. In fact, the list seems as eclectic as the world of business itself.
Smart Degree #5: Associate's in Paralegal Studies
Do you picture yourself a legal eagle but can't picture yourself spending four or more years learning how to spread those law-loving wings? You're in luck, because an associate's degree in paralegal studies can be completed in as little as two years.
Why it's a Smart Choice: Summa-Wolfe sees this degree as one that is very practical since it teaches very specific skills. "Students can apply their knowledge to the legal profession, but also in many aspects of business," she says.
For instance, Summa-Wolfe says understanding contracts, legal matters, and how to research all these subjects are skills that are very important to many businesses. And these are all things you might learn as a paralegal studies major (more on this below).
Next step: Click to Find the Right Paralegal Program Now.
Stuff You'll Learn: In a paralegal studies program, you'll learn many aspects of the legal process, including how to do things like legal research, investigations, and keeping legal records, according to the College Board. As for typical classes? It ranges from criminal law and procedure, to litigation and legal research and writing.
Smart Degree #6: Associate's in Health Information Technology
Does the medical field fascinate you, but not enough to want to play a hands-on role when it comes to treating patients? Studying the field of health information technology could satisfy that health care craving, while keeping it on an administrative level.
Why it's a Smart Choice: "This degree is in the area of health care, a growing field with a lot of job opportunity. So I think for those students who want a practical degree that gives them skills for an industry that will probably have a lot of jobs, this is a good choice," says Miscione.
And how's this for a lot of jobs? According to the U.S. Department of Labor, medical records and health information technicians are projected to experienced a 21 percent job growth from 2010 to 2020.
Next step: Click to Find the Right Health Information Technology Program Now.
Stuff You'll Learn: We all know how important medical records are to doctors in their fight to keep patients healthy, not to mention to insurance companies. As a health information technology student, you'll learn how to prepare and maintain those all-important medical records and systems, with help from classes like medical terminology, health care law, introduction to coding, and more.
Next Article: College Degrees Employers Want Most »
Written on

subset: commoncrawl


text:
All Items : Pottery and Stoneware : McCoy : Pre 1970 item #1123174 (stock #B100065)
Packrats Plunders
McCoy Frog and Water Lily Planter. Beautiful green, as McCoy always has. Displays very well, but has a very small chip on lip, and two hairline cracks on same side. Unmarked, but is the real McCoy. Stands about 3" tall and is close to 5" from his backside to the far side. This item will also be displayed for sale at Best Antique Mall, Lincoln, Mo. so please check with me regarding availability


text:
|Volume 15, Number 1, 2005
Coping with Identity Theft
Millions of consumers have experienced the devastating impact of identity theft in which someone uses personal information surreptitiously to commit fraud or other crimes. The FTC's identity theft program conducts outreach to both consumers and businesses about how to stymie the high incidence of this crime.
In Step with the Changing Marketplace
Identity Violations Spur Changes to Fair Credit Reporting Act
Check 21: A Step on the Path to Electronic Banking
Condo Conversions: Gauging the Impact on Affordable Housing
2004 Highlights for Community Affairs


text:
Appalachian Trail
John Muir Trail
Click here to find out
Distributed by:
Pocket Profiles are the perfect tool for moment by moment reference on the trail. Weighing in at just 4 grams, these information filled strip-maps features overview Trail Map information on one side and Elevation Profile with altitudes and trail data and town information on the other. Trail data information includes trail mileage, shelter locations, camp sites, water sources, resupply points, lodging, outfitters, medical facilities, post offices, and much more.
This is a serious tool for trail use and hike planning.
The Appalachian Trail series of Pocket Profiles is an abbreviated version of the very popular and most up-to-date trail guide - the A.T. Guide by David "AWOL" Miller. Use the A.T. Guide or other guide books in the shelters or tent at night for reference and use the Pocket Profile on the trail when other guide books would melt in the rain or require a pack-off break to use.


text:
Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
Gelnaes will not be a city. Gelnaes will be the starting zone for the Worgen. As I've seen in it's map it doesn't have a capital city. Instead, the Worgen will have a Worgen district in Stormwind (similar to trolls in Orgrimmar and Gnomes in Ironforge). It's also rumored that the Gnomes will get a part of Gnomeregan back as their capital city to balance things out between the alliance and the horde.
There is will be a Gelnaes themed BG (WSG is themed for Ashenvale, AB is themed for Arathi highlands, AV is themed for Alterec Mountains). The Alliance battlemasters for that BG will be Worgen, while the Horde battlemasters will be forsaken.


text:
Yes, they exist. They probably shouldn't.
Yes, they exist. They probably shouldn't.
Brice Sander 15 minutes ago
Those of us who are born with dimples, are part of a secret society that have been placed on earth to bring joy to all.
SP Jackson 15 minutes ago
"Reindeers are better than people"… except Kristoff
emilyc109 a half hour ago
For the academic in us all.
drlivingston a half hour ago
When the jailhouse is rockin', don't come a knockin'.
J.M. Escobar a half hour ago
Give it a rest already, internets.
caitywasdenc an hour ago
All new levels of Creepiness!
AudioFuzz an hour ago
What can't this kid do?!
SadeASpence an hour ago
Chances are, if you were a bit of a nerdy kid you got into Lego Technic. Chances are you're probably still into it as an adult. One of the best things there has always been about Lego was to use your imagination to it's limits as you tried to create mini replicas of you favorite cars, trucks, diggers, trains, planes, and well, pretty much anything that floated your boat as a kid, even if the end result looked nothing like the original. Things have come a long way since those days with an amazing approach to detail, workings and reconstruction of the real thing and you'll find out in this video just how much workthat goes behind the design of a Lego Technic 42030 Volvo L350F Wheel Loader, it's very appealing. To create the toy version of this real world piece of construction equipment the design team went to meticulously-detailed lengths. The result is a complex, remote-controlled model which replicates all the features of the actual L350F, the largest of Volvo's wheel loaders.
wesbo an hour ago
When you want to make a room smell like cinnamon and burn something at the same time, scented candles are perfect. But modern science has allowed candle makers to run amok, and these 10 real scents prove it.
DanKing an hour ago
Get Will Smith on the phone quick because I, Robot has just taken one step closer to becoming reality, the next gen of SSD cards has arrived and, according to this video, it can turn into a robot, travel the world at incredible speeds and charm the pants of any woman. But maybe those last three should be taken with a pinch of salt. Oh yeah, it can also run your computer pretty damn fast as well, but that doesn't seem a biggie for the new Samsung 850 Pro. Introducing Victo the robot, powered by SSD 850 PRO with 3D V-NAND, the first SSD available to the consumer that uses Samsung's 3D V-NAND technology, which stacks memory cells vertically. What does that mean? Well it means you get greater capacity, speed, endurance, and more effective power usage. So if you are looking for an ultra-fast computer and something that might start making a play for your girlfriend when you are not around then this could be what you need.
wesbo an hour ago
See below and beware.
MorganTheScribe 3 hours ago
It's October already? Time does fly when you're caught up in a good book. Here's a selection of the books due out in October (and a couple from late September) that have caught our eyes!
AndrewLiptak 3 hours ago
Welcome to the land of excessive rainfall.
Bethany Opler 3 hours ago
Because Luke Bryan's ass, mainly.
Therese Schwenkler 3 hours ago
Digital artist Evan Anthony created an animated GIF story about a boy and girl who fall in love. When an evil wizard casts a spell to stop time, they have to use their combined powers to restart the clock!
Mike Duca 4 hours ago
The world is poised for a new expression. So if we're smart about this whole "Boink!" thing, there's a real opportunity. We can be partners!
Alex 4 hours ago
"As you can see right there, I am Dartmouth undergrad and Dartmouth medical, so I have double Ds."
OliviaRoat 4 hours ago
betsynicole 4 hours ago
Nostalgia comin' your way.
StaceyGrant91 5 hours ago
It's October and that means one thing: Halloween. While the kids are out trick-or-treating use these 40 Halloween drink recipes to have some adult fun of your own.
Andrew P. 5 hours ago
Procrastination + No Sleep = An Education?
Zakiya Jamal 5 hours ago
One big nope.
Drew Debois 5 hours ago
In the land of the rich, drunk and passive aggressive, who is queen?
Erin Fenton 6 hours ago
Don't be shy.
Sheridan Watson 6 hours ago
See how many of these obscure holidays you can celebrate!
kriskross22 6 hours ago
He's cool as ice!
Nick Bebel 6 hours ago
If you search The Princess Bride on Etsy you can easily be overwhelmed by the amount of adorable/retro/cult crap, so I have condensed all of the cutest stuff into one place, you're welcome.
Nicole Holcroft-Emmess 8 hours ago
After Murder House, Asylum, Coven and Freak Show, what could possibly be next? LET'S SEE.
Caitlin Joan 9 hours ago
Get your pumpkin spice latte ready, fall is here.
Drew Debois 10 hours ago
Big Bang or Big Burp? Regardless, here's how to draw one!
offplanetfilms 12 hours ago
Auditory learners have it hard.
JamieLPinto 12 hours ago
What do Jim Carrey, Axl Rose, and your mom's ankle all have in common?
RichMonahan 12 hours ago
Workers of the world, unite! All you have to Smurf are your chains!
RichMonahan 14 hours ago
Just don't make it angry and maybe it'll be good…
tlucero 15 hours ago
After reading too many news stories and gossip blogs, in addition to hearing her hit songs around the clock and seeing her first SNL performance last weekend—You no longer know where Ariana ends and you begin. Here are some indications you might slowly be turning into the pint-sized pop star.
Katie Sheridan 15 hours ago
October is the best month for scary movies and for those of us with someone else's Netflix password, there are plenty of options. Make sure to check out these 31 awesome scary movies to get you into the Halloween mood.
DanKing 15 hours ago
Because we all wish we could be DJ Tanner's trusty sidekick.
kqmccarth 15 hours ago
Here we are, once again, it's October. Pumpkin flavored everything is taking over the world and the Halloween mind set is setting in. These are just a few thoughts that go through my mind while choosing a costume.
Marnie Thompson 16 hours ago
Some Disney Princesses are praised a perfect amount, while there are some that are getting too much attention or not enough at all.
chrispan91 16 hours ago
Hocus Pocus is not just an epically awesome Halloween flick. It is a profound guidebook for your life. Happy October!
aleximelvin 17 hours ago
In August, the Humans of New York team began a 50 day trip around the world to photograph the people and share their stories. Here is just a small sample of the beauty our world…
Jessica Henry 19 hours ago
"If she can see it, she can be it." - Geena Davis
briannarose15 19 hours ago
For many people, YouTube has now replaced the radio and we are no exception. So here is our list of (underrated) covers that the rest of the world must listen to.
Rachel Cheng 19 hours ago
Can a degree be used as a flotation device?
Natalie Morin 20 hours ago
Last weekend I attended the 1989 Secret Session in Nashville. Here's how it went down.
Last weekend I attended the 1989 Secret Session in Nashville. Here's how it went down.
Last weekend I attended the 1989 Secret Session in Nashville. Here's how it went down.
johnmarkconklin 21 hours ago
These transmitters tell scientists where a sloth is, what it is doing, and how much energy it uses. They're also adorable.
Kimberley Collins 21 hours ago
16 years ago today, Britney Jean Spears gifted the world with the most epic pop song of all time. To commemorate this monumental day in history, the following are 16 Spearitual facts about the original hit – "…Baby One More Time."
ericg622 21 hours ago
The original N64 version, not the DS one.
StaceyGrant91 22 hours ago
No, I have never met Kim Kardashian. No, Californiacation is not accurate.
mikawish11 22 hours ago
white girls love Twitter.
Tay Mabelitini 22 hours ago
Back when the Mickey Mouse empire decided to capitalize on their newfound success by guaranteeing almost every blockbuster franchise its own TV show.
Jose Acevedo 23 hours ago
Here's what happens when the most innocent person in the world tries to bring too much toothpaste on a plane.
Todd Boudreaux a day ago
A Whole New Woooorld…
Dan de La Bastide a day ago
Let your 'tips do the talking
Alice a day ago
It's streaming on Netflix/Amazon and it's #trailGAYzing. Yes, I'm trying to make #trailGAYzing happen.
Desmond Moran a day ago
Sex Dog Boys!)
Serr a day ago
Minus the murder and cannibalism.
rhianna shaheen a day ago
"Everyone just pretend to be normal."
StaceyGrant91 a day ago
Wine can sometimes be confusing, right? Cote de what now? This style goes with this food, you should serve it at this temperature…all these 'rules'! But, my friend…. rules were made to be broken. The International Wine Challenge is all about demystifying the sometimes heady world of wine, to make sure you get the most enjoyment out of your wine, however you like it. So here is a list of some wine myths we think deserved to be debunked. Now, pop that cork….or screw cap :)
julianbiyo a day ago
In our moment of advertisement-heavy social networking, the creators of Ello are attempting something that could potentially lead many people to break ties with Facebook.
JacobA a day ago
I don't have pet peeves, I have whole kennels of irritation. - Whoopi Goldberg
VictoriaMaryRey a day ago
She def ain't no hollaback girl!
SadeASpence a day ago
Because Better-than-sex cake also needed a pumpkin version…it felt left out.
Nellie and Bellie a day ago
Does it get better than tiny humans masquerading as tiny versions of other things?!
alaynac a day ago
Go ahead and cheat on Dino Nuggets. You deserve it.
Tara Mastroeni a day ago
Fall is finally here! Oh wait…never mind, false alarm.
Nia Alavezos a day ago
And lying to your parents about your secret-high-school boyfriend doesn't count.
Diamond Coleman a day ago
It's been a while since we've seen each other. So what do you think? It'll be fun!
Alex a day ago
There's a new favorite literary Tumblr making the rounds, and if you're not already following Pop Goes the Penguin well then you're just not living. Here are 18 of the best. Can you name each pop culture homage?
Rachael Berkey a day ago
The German Spitz canines moved to the United States with German immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries.
laurensk a day ago
Seriously, dem' curls doe….
jbspence a day ago
There are going to be moments in life where you are completely humiliated. The worst ones are those little things that could happen at any given moment.
Rosina Ayling a day ago
Come on, let's be honest we all know that Neville Longbottom was the real hero. Harry definitely couldn't have killed Voldy if Nev hadn't manned-up taken the sword of Gryffindor to Nagini's slithery little throat.
Nicole Holcroft-Emmess a day ago
This video will show you the 10 most secret places in Paris. And the good news is that they are All FREE for anyone to visit, nothing to pay, no tickets, no waiting lines, no dress codes, just a little bit of curiosity and an open mind.
Mathieu S. a day ago
HBO's New Thriller Series The Leftovers is The Summer's Craziest, Addicting, Amazing, Freaky and The Best New Show of 2014. Here are the 5 Reasons why The Leftovers is the Best New Show of The Year.
Drew Christopherson a day ago
Dois anos sem Hebe Camargo.
Gaspar José a day ago
Survival of the fullest.
Matthew Young a day ago
As the season of Comic-Cons is coming to a close, let's take a second to remember why Static Shock is one of the greatest superheroes ever and why we deserve to see him on film.
Jazmin Michole a day ago
Yeah, whatever, Gladiator. We all know what movie really entered the cinematic pantheons in 2000.
Erin Fenton a day ago
From the producers of "Latino Stereotypes for Dummies" and the musical parody sketch, "I Feel Crampy" The Comedy Girls brings you it's latest creation, "RATCH.com". It's quicker than Tinder, sexier than Grindr, more ratchet-er than Badoo - it's RATCH.com!!!!
Jenni Ruiza a day ago
Make life (and eating) a little easier with these awesome products.
Mathew Guiver a day ago
Getting high on your own supply…
Lucy Huang a day ago
The unspoken language of best friends.
aleximelvin a day ago
HP movies, how do I loathe thee? Let me count the ways.
Anya Jaremko-Greenwold a day ago
They won't pinch…hard.
BrennaHouck a day ago
And is completely adorable while doing so…
midnighttwice a day ago
What's really going on in your head when you're given a task.
BrennaHouck a day ago
( Island life is the best life )
californiazores a day ago
You've been warned.
kaitlynk11 a day ago
Advil for breakfast.
JamesHarness a day ago
September is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Awareness Month. As many as 5 million women in the United States are affected.
GinnyIsaad a day ago
Some people just don't understand that not all Asians are exactly the same.
Kara Skye a day ago
There's a lot of crossever between the genres and a lot of similarities, but how can you tell them apart?
KlaatuBaradaNikto a day ago
Why would you want to live anywhere else?
TennesseeBound a day ago
"I don't want to ruin it for you, but like, someone totally dies."
Will GH a day ago
In honor of her new movie 'Gone Girl' premiering next week, here are some reasons we need to all be obsessed with her, immediately.
mikawish11 a day ago
Of course as children, we were all excited for book fairs to snatch up the latest Goosebump book. I personally was too afraid because the titles alone gave me nightmares. Here is a list of the Top 7 that I didn't even need to read to get goosebumps.
J. Lux a day ago
EMAIL email@example.com
TWITTER @arielle07
EMAIL firstname.lastname@example.com
TWITTER @catesish
EMAIL email@example.com
TWITTER @SpencerAlthouse
EMAIL firstname.lastname@example.com
TWITTER @fanaticalscribe
BuzzFeed is currently working with select partners to help them track what's hot on their sites using the same advanced social tracking and analytics tools used on BuzzFeed.com.
If you're interested, contact us at email@example.com.


text:
Written by:
When we think about life and start to fret
About things we have done that we truly regret
Bad things that we would really want to forget
Just know that things in life we should learn to accept
No reason for our eyes with tears to get wet
We should think about our loved ones and friends we have met
And try to realize that there is no reason to be upset
People care and their love we should take in with every breath
We should let nothing hurt us now, not even death
Life isn't fair but we should remember and get our minds set
That in this world there is love and there is hope yet
There is hope yet. I would like to invite all soup members who reads this poem to
view the Roses From The Heart site and sign the guestbook. Friends I have here
makes me feel sure that there is indeed hope. Read Carol's blog
entitled "Please" for the site addy. Let us give others hope.Thanks!


text:
PowerPoint - Sept. 1, 2010
Lift Christ up
September 1, 2010
"And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all people to myself."
--John 12:32
There are many today who suggest that the church would be better off if we watered down the message of the Gospel for the sake of our witness.
These people say things like, "You're too hard on people. Don't be so dogmatic regarding Christ's teaching. You're going to run people off."
Well, you know what? The very opposite is true. You and I have been given clear instruction and teaching in the Scripture on how we should behave and how we are to perpetuate Christ's teachings in the world.
So what is our message and how do we present it to a hostile world?
Part of the message that we carry as Christ-followers states unapologetically that there is a right and wrong when it comes to cultural, ethical, and moral issues. It's clearly written in God's Word. And we've been given a message of hope and transformation that the world desperately needs to hear and to embrace.
So when you engage those whose opinions are diametrically opposed to yours, be respectful. But remember who you represent. We aren't here to champion our own opinion, but to lift up Christ and his Truth!
Treasure and defend the hope and love that Christ has deposited within you! Never deny your faith but be faithful to lift up Christ Jesus! And when you do, he will draw men to himself!
For more from PowerPoint Ministries and Dr. Jack Graham, please visit www.jackgraham.org
Listen to Dr. Jack Graham's daily broadcast on OnePlace.com.
Watch Jack Graham and Powerpoint Ministries Video Online.
Pause: Resting in God Instead of Stressing Out
Dear Friend,
Do the words rested... peaceful... and refreshed describe you today? Or do the words stressed... rushed... and pressured better describe your way of life?
If you're like most Christians, you'd probably have to admit those last three words more accurately describe your life most of the time!
The good news is that it doesn't have to be this way... even when your life is one big pressure-cooker. And in my new book, Pause: Resting in God Instead of Stressing Out, I'll show you why.
Based on the principles from Paul's letter to the Philippians and Psalm 23, Pause: Resting in God Instead of Stressing Out will help you find true peace and rest in a world that is anything but peaceful and restful. It's the perfect "pause" button you need!
So please request your copy of Pause: Resting in God Instead of Stressing Out when you give online today! --Jack Graham
Recently on Daily Word from Pastor Graham
Follow us on Facebook
Get Daily Word from Pastor Graham devotionals directly to your News Feed.
Get Daily Word from Pastor Graham devotionals directly to your News Feed.
Editors' Picks
Have something to say about this article? Leave your comment via Facebook below!
Listen to Your Favorite Pastors
Add Crosswalk.com content to your siteBrowse available content


text:
we build brands. we make clothes.
like a sixties love-child, we conceive the culture. we help it grow. then we send it out into the world.
we are purveyors of cotton. that cotton needs ink. so we screen print, and we screen print well. handmade via premium quality, something a robot just can't do.
like your grandmother used to do... only better. we've been doing this for over 30 years, and we're pretty awesome at it. why? well, because our grandmother taught us, and we ended up doing it better than her... see, we put our money where our mouth is.
@freshprintz® | 19248 Walnut Hills Road, Jeffersonton, VA 22724, United States


text:
Was £50.00
Now £25.00
Now £15.00
70% Off
Save a total of £35.00
Item not in stock
Click & Collect
International Delivery
Gold chunky chain necklace
Item No.0600115241
This gold chunky chain necklace from Finesse features a gorgeous loop interlinked chain and T-bar fastening.
- Costume Jewellery
- Necklace
- Length: 45cm
- Gold Plated
FREE if you pay with your Debenhams card
FREE delivery on all orders over £30 (normally £3.99)
Deliver to store for collection ( 160 participating stores ) FREE
International Delivery £7.00 to £15.00
Debenhams is happy to exchange or refund your purchase within 28 days providing the goods are in a fully resaleable condition (including tags) and not within the exclusion policy*. This policy does not affect your statutory rights. You can return unwanted items either by visiting your local store (the fastest way to get a refund), by arranging a courier collection or returning by post. Exclusions apply to selected products. For instructions on how to return products and information on Debenhams refund policy visit the returns and refunds section of the website.


text:
BILL RISBY www.billrisby.com
"Well this is quite an incredible instrument, this is designed by Wayne Stuart who has given me the honour of being able to play it for a day and there's nothing like it I don't think in the world. The amazing thing about it for me is that it's filled with new ideas that haven't really been tried in the history of the piano so to me – listening to this instrument that resonates better than anything I've played, the harmonics are clearer than any instrument I've played and there's more options for altering the sound with your feet than any piano I've played and because of that it takes a lot more concentration and effort to master the sound – to control it and make it do what you want it to do but it can be enormously rewarding if you put your mind to it, persist, spend some time with it. Only in the last 12 hours or less I've developed a relationship with these instruments (there's one here and there's one sitting over there) and…I've fallen in love."
MICHAEL SZUMOWSKI "The first thing that strikes you when you play a Stuart piano is this incredible clarity and dynamic range which you simply don't have with any other piano I've played. The clarity in the sustain and the harmonics that ensue is something you have to experience to really understand. At first it's almost like, I mean I describe it as someone lifting the blanket off the piano as an instrument – every other piano I've played and I've played some really lovely pianos – none of them have had this focus, this definition and as a writer and a composer it definitely takes you in a certain…it allows you to write and work in a certain way. The piece that I wrote on this piano purely from playing very quiet and actually listening to what's happening after each note rather than the actual attack so it was more about the harmonics and the sustain that dictated where and what I do harmonically and melodically. "
STEVE CLISBY www.miracle8.com "The bottom end for me is like - when you're playing some jazz pieces – it's very responsive. So I guess the main thing is, I guess how I judge an instrument is when I come in to play I've never heard it before, you sit down and the instant you sit down to play you start to compose, period you don't play it, it plays you and that's the feeling I got when I played this and I want to keep going for a while "
YEN WYNDDANCER www.yenwynddancer.com "It was the only piano I'd come across that could deliver a clarity of sound and a constant voice across the whole range of the piano but, particularly, the clarity of the sound is very dear to me and I think evokes an amazing emotional sensitivity in pieces. I'm actually achieving that with the two soft pedals and the sustain pedal as well. So the actual nature of the piano is extremely clean and clear and although it's challenging for the player the amount of control you can have with this piano is quite exciting and quite amazing. "
SEAN HENNESSY-BROSE http://shbart.com "I enjoy the intimacy that I can create using both pedals; I mean to create that close and intimate sound is very difficult on some pianos and really by using these two pedals the instrument sings – this is an interesting soft sound and very intimate and also it can really roar if I need it to. It has a new resonance and a sustain power that I think is going to illuminate the repertoire in all sorts of new ways…interesting. "
MARK GASSER http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gasser "I also think the instrument is very versatile in that it's great for chamber music – because of the fourth pedal we really can control it but as a concerto instrument it can be huge, it can be colossal the sound, and it's great that it's made here in Australia and I think Australia should be very proud of this instrument. I find it quite moving on the frame they've got Terra Australis – it's a nice thing to write. But in some ways it is revolutionary I mean most of my professional life is spent playing Steinways, Bosendorfers although I have toured extensively here on Stuarts, Wayne has almost built on the shoulders of giants because he's taken the best of what's gone before and just subtly redesigned things so in some ways it is revolutionary and in other ways not so much, it's still a piano. I think what he's done though is given the possibility of more colours and he's opened up a new sound world. I think he's rather than exploded the piano expanded it in every possible sense and that's got to be a good thing."


text:
Get help planning your next vacation with Conciergist
The new app Conciergist can help you plan your next trip.
Why 'Help!' is a better Beatles movie than 'A Hard Day's Night'
Since its release, the Beatles screen debut "A Hard Day's Night" has been seen as a cinematic landmark. But "Help!", their second film, may be even better.
How to ask for help
If we want to be supported by others, we need to get comfortable asking for support.
How your Thanksgiving dinner can help charity
In a city of feasts and festivals and dining options by the hundreds, there are sadly far too many people who can't afford to eat spend the holidays hungry.
Typhoon Haiyan survivors in Philippines struggle with scarce supplies
Dazed survivors begged for help and scavenged for food, water and medicine on Monday after Typhoon Haiyan killed an estimated 10,0000 in the central Philippines.
There's nothing wrong with being introverted
Introverts get a raw deal in American society, which tends to encourage and reward extroverted behaviors.
One way to be a better friend: Listen
One of the hardest things we can ever do, and the greatest act of love, is to put aside our own agendas and really listen to another person.
NYPD seek help finding identity of mystery man
The New York Police are seeking help trying identify a male who was discovered unconscious and in medical distress at […]
VIDEO: Police seek arson suspects in Port Richmond car fire
Philadelphia police are asking for the public's help in identifying two arson suspects who allegedly started several car fires in Port Richmond.
VIDEO: Man snatches iPhone from SEPTA bus rider in Hunting Park
Police said a man snatched an iPhone from a 19-year-old riding the SEPTA route R Bus and fled.