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Response to posts waxes and wanes due to interest and ability to post something that's relevant to the thread. I generally only post in threads that I can contribute to or to just say "Thats really good" and this thread is "really good"
Thanks for those comments, they're very encouraging. Being still fairly new here it's hard to tell what is a normal amount of response and what isn't. I'll continue posting, perhaps on a weekly basis.
Unfortunately, central place theory isn't my strong suit though, so you might need to wait a while for that one.
Response to posts waxes and wanes due to interest and ability to post something that's relevant to the thread. I generally only post in threads that I can contribute to or to just say "Thats really good" and this thread is "really good"
I am the breath of Dragons...The Song of Mountains...The Stories of Rivers....The Heart of Cities.... I am A Cartographer....
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Everything I post is free for use and redistribution under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 licence, except where noted otherwise in the thread.
New member Okami recently asked where people start with their maps, and since I've been neglecting my duties in this thread (it's harder than I realised to think of new topics), I thought I'd post some ideas. These are ideas for starting new worlds, not new maps, but I'm finding the line between the two is starting to get rather blurry.
So, you want to start a new world, do you?
Unfortunately, because of the topic, I'll have to try not to ramble all over the place.
The first step is to decide why you want to create the world. There's the obvious answer (eg. setting for a fantasy novel or game), but what specifically do YOU get out of it – is worldbuilding just a chore that has to be done, or does the activity itself give you pleasure? If the first is the case, you'll probably want it over quickly; if the latter, you'll be more willing to put time and thought into your work.
Because that's the second thing – how much time are you willing to spend on this? If you plan on working out every detail of your world from the Big Bang to the present day, you'll still be going when your 83 years old, and that's even if you started when you were nine and spend 22 hours of every single day working on it. If you worldbuild for the fun of worldbuilding, that type of commitment might suit you. If you plan on publishing your book next year (and you are not approaching your 83rd b'day), maybe not.
Of course, everybody has their own way of doing things. Some people like to start at the beginning, and work each detail out in a systematic way (top-down); others like to start with one thing (a town, a city, a country, a person) and develop it in extreme detail before expanding to the next area (bottom-up); a third and sometimes underestimated approach is to just start wherever you feel like. All of these have advantages and disadvantages.
This is where you are trying to create the planet in a systematic way. I think most people realise that everything is interrelated, and the changes from one thing to the next are usually causal (i.e. one event is the cause of the next). To make this approach work, it is best to be clear on certain universal constants – water runs downhill; geographic features experience erosion from wind and water; heat is distributed on a planet according to distance from the sun. So, putting that together, here's an example:
• you want to include forest-dwelling elves;
• you need to know where the forests are going to occur;
• to find your forests, you need to know about rainfall and temperature (and, depending on how detailed you choose to get, things like soil fertility could also be considered);
• temperature and rainfall are affected by topography (both of these contain some universal constants; I might write about them sometime, but, in the meantime, look online for Geoff's Climate Cookbook, a great resource for meteorological world-builders); and
• topography is affected by plate tectonics (also contains universal constants; also something I might write about sometime).
Plate tectonics, generally speaking, are where you get to be creative – they should follow some rules, but otherwise, you can make them up. For this reason, people often like to start with plate formation or landmasses. I would actually recommend starting a little earlier than that – begin with your planet's star, moon/s and solar system (this applies to fantasy AND sci-fi – remember, jsut because the inhabitants of your world don't know about planets orbiting suns, doesn't mean YOU can leave it out). Why do outer space first? Mainly because you'll need to do them eventually, they're not too tricky, and it's handy to get them out of the way. Also they do have some visible effects – eg. on daylight hours in different latitudes, average temperatures, year length, even tides (not to mention whether said planet can sustain any life at all). I'll possibly write about solar systems/stars in the future too – I seem to be getting quite a list ready.
(Here's a personal tip – another place to start is with a name. I find names really difficult, and if you've got a name, it automatically makes your world a bit unique, and that means you've got a bit more of an attachment to it).
Advantages of top-down: as you keep going, you know that everything is consistent, because it is all worked out from beginning to end, rather than middle to end to beginning, back to end, and then returning briefly to the middle etc. If you like to have this certainty and/or you like to have highly realistic and consistent worlds, this is the method for you. Top-down also helps you to include things you might overlook, like mineralogy – this could seem like overkill, but wouldn't it be handy to know your iron-age Empire does, in fact have access to iron?
Another advantage, entirely dependent on your personality, is that top-down is a great way to learn. To do it 'properly', you need to become a scholar of geology, meteorology, anthropology, linguistics, biology etc. (By scholar, I simply mean, spend some time googling, perhaps get a book about the topic etc; research each topic until you are comfortable with your level of knowledge). This leads to the...
...Disadvantages: top-down is a LOT of work. It is, in fact, physically impossible to finish a top-down world. Obviously, therefore, you need to find shortcuts – I've developed a shortcut system for doing cultures, which I'll write about tomorrow (even more to add to the list), so see that for an example.
Another disadvantage is that, if you started your world wanting an elven forest civilisation, you might get to the end and find that, realistically, there are no suitable forests for those elves to occupy. The only suggestion I can make is to either swear and give up on elves ('bugger!'), start again ('BUGGER!!!'), or relax your standards for realism and just add the bloody forest wherever you feel like ('phew!').
Lastly, top-down can get boring. Here's a personal example – I went back to the beginning with a world I had been working on for about a decade, to try and redo it top-down style. Even though I like learning all that great sciency stuff, I never got beyond the meteorology. You can end up getting bogged down, and if you partuclarly like creating cities/histories/personalities etc, you might get disheartened if after many months you still have started a single war, or drawn a single map.
The bottom-up approach begins with a single, small-scale starting point, and builds outwards from there. Where you choose to start depends entirely on what aspect of a world you most want to craft – if kingdoms are your thing, start with a kingdom; if you're into monsters/intelligent lifeforms, start with those. If you're a complete beginner, my main advice is, don't bite off more than you can chew. A simple village can be more than enough – you can spend time working out the local history, politics, economy, and fauna/flora, as well as who's who, where's where, and what's what. I think you'll also find that whoever your audience is (readers, gamers, online map-making enthusiasts) will appreciate a really well-fleshed out but small location, much more than a huge but vague landscape.
Advantages: as mentioned earlier, if you're a bottom-up kind of person, you can start where you want to start. This makes it perhaps a bit more interesting for you. Also, this approach might reveal things to you about your world that you didn't know – if you've ever heard writers saying that 'the characters tell me what to do' and haven't understood it, take heed: it does actually happen; those writers are not completely bonkers (but they are almost certainly slightly bonkers). When you are writing a character – say, Sir Heroic the Hero – and on every page Sir Heroic does some good deed, you, the writer, do not have the power to make Sir Heroic do something bad (at least, not without some damn good explaining): you have lost control of the character. The same is true of worlds: if your precious village is located in a desert, you cannot sudeenly decide they all wear heavy furs. Getting a bit off topic here: the main point is, knowing a great deal about one thing can help you to develop those things nearest to it, and so on.
Also, when everything else in your world is going badly, it feels good to know that at least one part is done well, and you can always scrap the crap and keep what's sweet.
Disadvantages: if you are keen on realism (or more specifically, in-world plausibility, an UTTERLY ESSENTIAL ASPECT OF ALL WORLDBUILDING), and you have your carefully crafted village (or whatever), you might be a bit miffed if it turns out that your village, when placed in its wider context, is not realistic at all.
I should say, to be honest, I don't have too much experience with bottom-up methods, so I might have left important things out. I'd appreciate it if someone could perhaps give some of their own experiences about the pros and cons of bottom-up worldbuilding.
That's probably enough for today. I had intended on doing the third approach as well, but this has (as usual) become rather a long post. If you're still with me (frankly I'm amazed you made it this far), I'll try to include the 'wherever you want' approach with my culture suggestion tomorrow. I'm also happy to take any questions/comments. Till then, happy worldbuilding!
PS: Check out Okami's post that I mentioned at the beginning – jbgibson's answer I think is particularly good. (URL: Where Do You Start?)
Last edited by TheHoarseWhisperer; 02-22-2013 at 06:28 PM.
As promised heres part two of starting new worlds (also a quick apology for the utterly unacceptable typos yesterday; Im ashamed). Previously, in Tips for Worldbuilding I talked (at great length) about the advantages and disadvantages of a top-down and bottom-up approach, and tried to give an idea of where to start for each. This time, I thought Id look at the start wherever you want approach.
Starting wherever you want simply means starting your world/map with an idea that really appeals to you. Maybe you want to create a world inhabited by walrus-people. Or a planet with two suns. Or an archipelago in the shape of a spiral. All of these are fine. If, however, you dont have any ideas, try thinking differently about old ideas (but do not, under any circumstances, create a world that is basically a copy of someone elses work). The worst type of constructed world that exists (in my opinion) is a clone of Tolkien (or any other fantasy writer who has ever existed); one of the best types of constructed world are ones which slightly twist the Tolkien/fantasy stereotypes. Try comparing Terry Pratchett with the Warhammer universe both of them are full of fantasy cliches, but the difference is, Terry Pratchett has twisted the cliches, and Warhammer sticks them in virtually unchanged. The same is true of historical inspirations why bother creating The Empire when you might as well just say Rome. This is my personal mantra as well as pet peeve if theres no real difference, then theres no real point in doing it; its been done.
So, if you are still struggling to come up with ideas, here are a few (hopefully) useful ways of twisting the old cliches:
1. Think them through to their conclusions. Heres an example I used in a world of my own: you are a dwarf, you have short legs, lots of muscles, and cannot run very fast. Someone wants you to charge at the enemy lines wielding an axe. What do you say? If it was me, Id be saying Is this a JOKE!!! Why on Earth would dwarves want to fight their enemies up close? Logically, it makes much more sense for them to keep their distance hence, in that particualr world, dwarves are famous for their marksmanship, rifles, and crossbows, not for their berserker strength. See, its logical? See? See?
2. If you look at the old stereotypes, there are some things that cannot be easily changed. Eg. what is a phoenix it is a bird that resurrects itself in a ball of flames. Thats a cert, right? So, think of the ways you can change within those boundaries. Phoenixes are always portrayed as eagle-like why? Because it is more majestic, and everyone agrees a phoenix should be majestic. Thats where you have a chance what if you dont want majestic phoenixes? What if you want yours to be more like a magpie than a falcon? What does it mean if they are? In the same world as my gun-totin dwarves, I said that the phoenix is about the size of a pigeon, and very common. From that simple idea I was able to deduce that they are probably also urban pests if, like pigeons, they roost in roofs and eaves, every time a phoenix dies it risks starting a fire that could destroy the whole city. Damn nuisances. So the old cliche is twisted by thinking differently about it. Here are some free examples for you: are dragons always carnivores? How do wizards earn a crust? Is necromancy always wrong? Try challenging your own views/beliefs, and see what you come up with.
3. This is probably the easiest method: simply add something which seems normal to the cliche. Most fantasy tropes are too simplistic, thats their problem. Elves are always this, dwarves are always that, and orcs are always, yknow. Your elves might seem like the old stereotype of forest-lovin hippies, but they could be IN ADDITION TO THAT, really keen on competitive sports, like football. What if your orcs, as well as being brutish and warlike, were also nationalists they want a country of their own, to represent orc-interests in the diplomatic scene. What if you have centaurs forming communist parties? Fantasy worlds are not just about dirty cities, wars, feudalism, and some trade they should be just as complicated in their politics, philosophy, culture and so forth as the real world. At least, if you want them to seem plausible.
So, a summary is probably in order:
First, remember its your world. Make it however you want to make it; put in as much detail as you want to put in; leave out as much as you want to leave out. I would also add: make it something you are proud of; you chose to make this, so make it the best you can.
Be original it is better to come up with your own ideas than to simply rehash other peoples and your audience will thank you for it.
Be aware of why you are doing this it is a lot of work, no matter which approach you choose, so be sure that you are actually getting some kind of reward out of it, even if (especially if?) it is only your own satisfaction.
I would say happy worldbuilding at this stage, but instead its straight on to
I also promised yesterday to include a method for creating cultures. This is the method I use, and its purpose is to A. speed things up, B. make your cultures interesting, and C. ensure your cultures are developed in response to their historical/environmental circumstances. You should know, though, that this is not a quick-fix it might be faster, but you still need to put in some work. Also, clearly, this is what works for me, it might work for you. If you dont like this, if it aint down with your respective grooves, try something else.
Anyway, here goes. Think of a culture like a family tree. You have a starting culture in the way distant past, which has diverged into new cultures, which also diverge and so forth. This is how the Indo-Europeans developed the Proto-Indo-Europeans split into the Anatolians, Celts, Germanic peoples, Balts, Slavs, Greek-peoples etc. The Anatolians then became the Hittites, Lydians, Lycians etc., while the Greeks became Arcadian, Aeolic, Ionic, Doric etc. Now expand that out to each branch of the language group (i.e. culture family), and more than just two generations, and you have a lot of cultures. I dont recommend doing something that extensive keep your groups a bit smaller only two or three divergences each time, and about four or five generations: a total of 1+3+(3x3)+(2x3)+(2x3) = 25.
Okay, thats still a lot, but heres where things get a bit simpler. Think of one thing about your original culture lets say, their word for king is bubbles. Now, those first three cultures will all have a variation on the word bubbles for king bupples, tubbles, bobbles. The cultures that come from them also make variations: buples, buphles, bupres; tibbles, tebbles, tabbles; bobbles, pobbles, wobbles, and so forth. Language is another of my not-strong-suits, but if I can, Ill give some guidance on linguistics sometime. My main point is, in this instance, with only small variations along the way, you have 25 languages for the price of your one starting language (and thats only the modern languages; say nothing of the historic ones you made up along the way).
So heres my method start with our first culture, and think of something interesting/unique about it, that is linked to its circumstances/environment. Once done, move onto the next generation. Now you have two tasks think of how the previous cultural trait will have changed (if at all), and think of a new one. Keep doing this until you get your modern cultures.
Heres an example from one of my worlds a long time ago: a people known as the proto-Darians were hunter-gatherers; whenever a baby was born, the father would go on a hunting party for one animal, and the child would be named after that animal. For example, you might be the proud father of little Bear, or Fox, or Owl. And young Bear would be expected to grow up to be strong, while Fox will one day becme cunning, and so forth. The child could only be named when the father had brought back an animal (and, obviously, if your a father-hunter and you see a rabbit, you leave it alone, because no-one wants to be Rabbits dad, do they?).
The proto-Darians became the Darians, and the Darians are farmers. Therefore the original business of hunting an animal becomes obsolete, and those names (Bear, Fox, Owl etc.) are given without all that fuss, although probably to bestow the same characteristics. Voila, I have a method for naming all successive cultures that come from this one, and it only took one idea. The Darians also introduce something new they tie ribbons to the eaves of their buildings, of different colours, to represent the winds. This then gets added to the list of traits to be thought of next time. Continue with this until you reach the present day.
Now, granted, that does ound like a lot of work, doesnt it? It really isnt. You only need one idea for each culture, after all. Depending on how inventive you are, you can get an entire culture family which might amount to as little as half a continent, and sometimes a whole lot more in about a day, maybe two or three.
The question remains, why choose my method rather than just inventing a culture for all your modern nations/tribes? The reason is, by going my way, you get a much more fleshed-out culture you dont have one thing per culture, you have one thing that is unique to that culture, as well as all that ancestry that theyve inherited. And thats the second thing because cultural traits are shared by sibling nations, you develop a plausible level of similarity between different nations, without them being identical. Think of Europe, for example the culture of modern Spain is very different from that of Germany or Russia (despite having some similarities), but only slightly different from Portugal, while Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark have similarities, but also important differences. Thats the effect Im trying to get, and hopefully youre trying to achieve, too.
Of course, you can complicate things if you want you could take into account transfer between contemporaneous cultures, some cultures not surviving to the present, some cultures dominating others and so forth. The beauty is, this method allows you to choose how much effort you want to put in.
Well, I hope people found that useful. To be honest, I think I presented it as a bit of a sales pitch, so if anyone does try it and find it good/bad/whatever, I would really like to know, as well as questions/comments etc. Also Im aware theres a whole lot more to culture that isnt covered here fear not, Ill get there eventually. These last few posts have been a bit ranty Ill try retunring to the more scientific stuff next time. Happy worldbuilding.
Very informative and helpful, thank you for sharing!
Thanks. Glad you like it.
Excellent resource! Well thought out!
Great thread! I've really enjoyed reading through it.
Something I'd like to add, and it applies to both populating the world and it's cultures, is the consideration of topography and climate. Going back to Britain, the land is mostly rocky and suitable for hardier, more sure-footed animals, such as sheep. The sheep is very well suited to both the land and climate of the British Isles and pre-modern England was economically built upon its wool market. During the 1200's, England had a population density of roughly 40 people per square mile and the diet consisted mainly of simple grains, tubers, and the ocassional lamb. It wasn't until the Admiralty really got going in the 14 and 1500's that England decided they could kick everyone's buttocks and became a world power/empire. Conversely, France has a population of almost triple England's density due to a favorable climate and far fewer rocks in the local gardens, and they were able to expand their power center beyond the Isle de France much more quickly then England could get off the cliffs of Dover. France also had a bit more room to expand initially. Spain of the time, being largely hills and plateau, developed a bit more slowly than France but more rapidly than England. A better food supply in the existing realm allows for quicker growth in that same realm.
Fantastic read - I like the way you point out how in order to do a proper top-down, you need to learn more stuff. Informative!


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At the opening of this masterful debut novel, Vishnu lies dying on the staircase he inhabits while his neighbors the Pathaks and the Asranis argue over who will pay for an ambulance. As the action spirals up through the floors of the apartment building we are pulled into the drama of the residents' lives: Mr. Jalal's obsessive search for higher meaning; Vinod Taneja's longing for the wife he has lost; the comic elopement of Kavita Asrani, who fancies herself the heroine of a Hindi movie. Suffused with Hindu mythology, this story of one apartment building becomes a metaphor for the social and religious divisions of contemporary India, and Vishnu's ascent of the staircase parallels the soul's progress through the various stages of existence. As Vishnu closes in on the riddle of his own mortality, we wonder whether he might not be the god Vishnu, guardian not only of the fate of the building and its occupants, but of the entire universe.
Winner of the Barnes & Noble 2001 Discover Great New Writers Award for Fiction; finalist in the First Fiction category of the 2002 Book Awards. "Vibrantly alive, beautifully written, full of wonderfully rich and deeply human characters."
Now part of American film and literary lore, Tom Ripley, "a bisexual psychopath and art forger who murders without remorse when his comforts are threatened" (New York Times Book Review), was Patricia Highsmith's favorite creation. In The Boy Who Followed Ripley(1980), Highsmith explores Ripley's bizarrely paternal relationship with a troubled young runaway, whose abduction draws them into Berlin's seamy underworld. More than any other American literary character, Ripley provides "a lens to peer into the sinister machinations of human behavior" (John Freeman, Pittsburgh Gazette).
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Chocolate Banana Bran Muffins
So easy-to-make, these treats are healthy but still satisfy my chocolate-loving family. Stir in raisin bran instead of bran flakes for a little extra flavorful fun. —Tracy Chappell, Hamiota, Manitoba
12 Servings
Prep/Total Time: 25 min.
1 cup all-purpose flour
1/2 cup sugar
2 tablespoons baking cocoa
1 teaspoon baking powder
1 teaspoon baking soda
1/2 teaspoon salt
1 cup bran flakes
2 eggs
1 cup mashed ripe bananas (about 2 medium)
1/3 cup canola oil
1/4 cup buttermilk
Preheat oven to 400°. In a large bowl, whisk the first six
ingredients. Stir in bran flakes. In another bowl, whisk eggs,
bananas, oil and buttermilk until blended. Add to flour mixture;
stir just until moistened.
Fill foil-lined muffin cups three-fourths full. Bake 12-14 minutes or
until a toothpick inserted in center comes out clean. Cool 5 minutes
before removing from pan to a wire rack. Serve warm. Yield: 1 dozen.
Nutritional Facts:
1 muffin equals 169 calories, 7 g fat (1 g saturated fat), 35 mg cholesterol, 278 mg sodium,
© Taste of Home 2014
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Chocolate Banana Bran Muffins
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Makes 8 servings
Ingredientsadd to shopping list
- 4 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
- 4 large artichokes
- 2 pounds Yukon Gold potatoes, thinly sliced
- 4 large portobello mushroom caps, thinly sliced
- 6 ounces soft fresh goat cheese
- 3 garlic cloves, minced
- 3 tablespoons freshly grated Parmesan cheese
- 1/2 cup dry white wine
Preheat oven to 425°F. Brush 13x9x2-inch glass baking dish with 1 tablespoon oil. To trim artichoke, add the juice from half a lemon to a large bowl of cold water. Cut off the artichoke's stem; rub cut surface with the other lemon half. Peel off all the leaves. Cut off top one inch of artichoke. Using a spoon with a serrated edge, scrape out the fibrous choke from the center. Rub the artichoke all over with lemon and drop it into lemon water. Drain before using.
Slice artichoke hearts. Arrange half of potatoes in dish, covering bottom completely. Top with half of artichoke hearts and half of mushrooms. Coarsely crumble half of goat cheese over. Sprinkle with half of garlic, salt, and pepper, then 1 tablespoon Parmesan. Drizzle with 1 tablespoon oil. Cover with remaining mushrooms, then artichokes, goat cheese, garlic, 1 tablespoon Parmesan, and 1 tablespoon oil. Top with remaining potatoes. Pour wine over; drizzle with remaining 1 tablespoon oil. Cover dish with foil. Bake 40 minutes. Reduce oven temperature to 400°F. Sprinkle top with remaining 1 tablespoon Parmesan. Bake uncovered until potatoes are tender and top is brown, about 25 minutes. Cool slightly and serve.
my notes
Nutrition Informationper serving (8 servings) POWERED BY Edamam
- Calories278
- Carbohydrates30 g (10%)
- Fat13 g (20%)
- Protein11 g (22%)
- Saturated Fat5 g (25%)
- Sodium248 mg (10%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat1 g
- Fiber7 g (28%)
- Monounsaturated Fat6 g
- Cholesterol13 mg (4%)
recipe at a glance
type: Casserole/Gratin
main ingredients: Mushroom, Goat Cheese, Potato, White Wine, Artichoke
cuisine: American
dietary considerations: Vegetarian, High Fiber
holiday/celebration: Spring


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Tetanus is caused by a bacterial infection. A toxin from the infection affects the nervous system. It can lead to severe muscle spasms. Such spasms lead to lockjaw. This spasm makes it impossible to open or close the mouth. Tetanus can be fatal.
Nervous System
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Tetanus bacteria are found in soil, dust, or manure. It enters your body through a break in the skin.
When it is in your body, the bacteria create a toxin. This toxin causes tetanus.
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The best means of prevention is immunization. The immunization schedule for tetanus is as follows:
If you or your child has not been fully vaccinated, talk to the doctor. There are catch-up schedules available.
In addition to the vaccine, you can prevent tetanus by taking proper care of wounds:
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ACOG Committee Opinion No. 566: Update on immunization and pregnancy: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(6):1411-1414.
Tetanus (lockjaw) vaccination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/tetanus/default.htm. Updated February 7, 2013. Accessed June 2, 2014.
1/24/2011 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (tdap) vaccine from the advisory committee on immunization practices, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(1):13-15.
11/4/2011 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women and persons who have or anticipate having close contact with an infant aged <12 months—Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:1424-1426.
4/1/2014 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Bridges CB, Coyne-Beasley T, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older—United States, 2014.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014. 63(7):110-112.
Akinsanya-Beysolow I, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedules for persons aged 0 through 18 years - United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(5):108-109.
Last reviewed May 2014 by Rimas Lukas, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2012 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.
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Zombies - $5.00
Zombie Kids 12 & Under - $3.00
Humans - $2.00
Special Offer - Receive $1 off admission with your canned food donation to Mission Outreach!
Adults: $2.00
Kids (12 & Under): $1.00
Registration - 5:00pm
Costume Contest - 7:00pm
Walk - 8:30pm
Non-profit groups (civic organizations, school clubs, etc.) interested in running a booth as a fundraiser at this year's Zombie Walk, please email email@example.com. Keep in mind booths need to be zombie themed! (I have ideas if you need them!)
goYWP, in partnership with Adam's Florist, will provide a photo booth for $2.00 per print with proceeds benefiting Main Street Paragould. The booth will be setup from 5:30 to 8:30 the night of the Zombie Walk.
Zombies are welcome before and after the Downtown Paragould Zombie Walk!
Let's face it. Zombies can be a little messy...maybe even oozy! So we asked area Downtown Paragould businesses to let us know if zombies are welcome. You'll find this sign at Zombie Friendly restaurants, bars, and night clubs!


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A small hedge fund is hoping to make a big splash with an Ackman-style presentation on the "biggest stock promotion ... since Sino-Forest"» Read More
Economist Nouriel Roubini has revealed the key flashpoints that are keeping him up at night, which he believes could hit "rationally complacent" financial markets.
Global airline stocks fell sharply on Wednesday after the CDC confirmed the first case of Ebola in the country.
Ray Dalio, founder of the world's biggest hedge fund Bridgewater Associates, says the Fed should wait for inflation signs before hiking interest rates.
America's manufacturing industry expanded in September, while employment in the sector grew at its best pace since March 2012.
The goal of social impact investing is to enhance risk-adjusted returns, while generating a positive social and environmental impact.
Billionaires Buffett, Bezos and Henry are hoping to save the newspaper industry through a mix of civic pride and digital innovation.
The dollar on Wednesday hit a new high six-year high against the yen, breaching 110 for the first time since August 2008.
The former Pershing Square analyst who told his roommate about Bill Ackman's big Herbalife short early is not who you think.
Hedge funds and other big money managers in Hong Kong aren't panicking about the democracy protests sweeping the city.
Steel companies are finally getting their arms around the need to deleverage, consolidate and restructure.
Most traditional indicators show inflation in the U.S. to be well under control, but bacon cheeseburger eaters know better.
The AIG bailout trial may help cleanse a lot of lingering resentment, says NYSE floor trader Kenny Polcari.
Many strategists seem nervous that economic data going forward will come in lower than expected. Thus far, those fears seem well-founded.
Pimco Total Return ETF saw $448M in outflows Friday and $98M in outflows Monday, a company spokesperson said.
The measure signed by California Gov. Jerry Brown was inspired by the $2.5-million fine levied against Donald Sterling. The LA Times reports.
Odds are the stock market will have a pretty good fourth quarter after it begins on Wednesday, but it's almost certain to be a volatile one.
The U.K. economy grew more than previously thought in the second quarter of 2014, new data showed on Tuesday.
India's central bank kept its key policy repo rate unchanged at 8.0 percent on Tuesday, as widely expected, while expressing concerns about risks to its target to bring consumer inflation down to 6 percent by January 2016.
For the first time, Fed officials have offered an account that differs significantly from the versions that, for many, have hardened into history.
Royal Bank of Scotland will release £800 million from provisions it had set aside to cover losses on bad loans.
Get the best of CNBC in your inbox
Investigations into lending practices and concerns about the exits of investors have some warning that trouble could lie ahead.
Relational Investors will be winding down its operations and dissolving its $6 billion portfolio by the end of the year.
A hedge fund is hoping to make a big splash with a presentation on the "biggest stock promotion ... since Sino-Forest"


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Organ offers are based on the following criteria, in this order: blood type of recipient, matching of tissue typing of recipient to donor, and waiting time. There is no urgency status for kidney recipients. The average wait times for an organ from a deceased donor is between four and seven years.
For kidney transplant, an organ is donated by either a living donor, or the family of a deceased donor consents to organ donation.
A deceased organ donor can provide a kidney and pancreas, or the pancreas alone can be transplanted after the recipient has already received a living donor kidney. This procedure is known as PAK (pancreas after kidney) transplant.
Surgery for a combined kidney/pancreas (K/P) or PAK (pancreas after kidney) can take six to eight hours. The incision for K/P or PAK is straight up and down the center of the abdomen; the pancreas is connected to part of the intestine.
Inova, 8110 Gatehouse Road, Falls Church, VA 22042
1-855-MY-INOVA | Contact Us


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Lenoir County deputies covered all of their bases during a county-wide drug round-up this week.
Their crackdown landed 14 people in jail, each facing multiple charges; Most for possessing, selling and delivering narcotics.
Lenoir County Sheriffs seized more than 28 grams of powder cocaine, 1.5 grams of crack cocaine, 69 grams of marijuana, a 12 gage shotgun, and $1,500 in cash.
Detectives also worked with Jones County Deputies to find and arrest two men for meth lab charges.
3221 South Evans StreetGreenville N.C. 27834
Telephone: 252.355.8500
Fax: 252.355.8568
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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CATOOSA — The Cameron Special Olympics Basketball Team won the Area Basketball Games event on Saturday by beating Jenks twice.
The coaches were very proud of the team, and the athletes played with a lot of heart — and left all their fans happy.
The Yellowjackets will compete in the State Basketball Games Jan. 14, 2012, in Norman with the hopes of bringing home the first-ever gold medal to LeFlore County.
The day before, Jan. 13, 2012, the 'Jackets will compete in the State Singles Bowling Competition, also in Norman.
Visitors survey the interior of the $8.1 million Donald W. Reynolds Community Center during dedication activities Thursday in Poteau.
Kenneth Burton Ford, 75, of Little Axe died Wednesday, Nov. 16, 2011, in Norman. Kenneth was born April 24, 1936, in Poteau to John Burton and Edith A. (Green) Ford. He was in the U.S. Marine Corps for 11 years. Kenneth was a truck driver. He worked at the docks and drove trucks. He was preceded in death by his parents, and brothers, Denver Ford and Don Ford.
The first LeFlore County high school football school will begin its basketball season tonight when the Bokoshe Lady Tigers and Tigers tip off the 2011-12 season tonight. The Lady Tigers and Tigers will welcome the Leflore Lady Savages and Savages to Bokoshe Tigers Fieldhouse for a pair of games which will begin at 6:30 p.m. tonight with the girls' game followed by the boys' contest at 8 p.m.
The Lady Tigers are coming off a 20-7 season last year and got all the way to the Class B Area Tournament, and return everybody from that team.
WISTER — In a battle of LeFlore County schools on the hardwood Tuesday night at the Wister Gym, Cameron and Wister split their basketball doubleheader.
The Yellowjackets flew out to a big lead, but had to weather a late surge by the Wildcats to post a 46-45 road victory.
In the girls' game, the Lady 'Cats proved to be too much for the visiting Lady 'Jackets as Wister prevailed 56-24.
HOWE — The Howe High School basketball teams entered the Thanksgiving break on high notes Tuesday night at the Howe Gym with a pair of wins over McCurtain.
The Lions clawed the Bulldogs 67-42 right after the Lady Lions roared past the Lady Bulldogs 70-22.
RED OAK — The Whitesboro High School basketball teams suffered a pair of losses Tuesday night against Red Oak at C.C. Gillespie Field House.
The Eagles flew past the Bulldogs 78-51, while a third-quarter rally allowed the Lady Eagles to fly past the Lady Bulldogs 62-49.
The Whitesboro teams will end up entertaining Buffalo Valley tonight, with the girls' game at 6:30 p.m., followed by the boys' contest at 8 p.m. When the two next meet on Dec. 2, the games will take place at Buffalo Valley.
PANOLA — The Leflore High School basketball teams split their games Tuesday night against Rock Island Conference opponent Panola.
The Savages handled the Bearcats 62-57, but the Lady Savages fell to the Lady 'Cats 44-28.


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Welcome to 52 weeks to simplify your life (from the inside out)! If you are not yet familiar with what this year long challenge is please go read the longer post outlining the idea.
First let me clarify what this challenge is NOT …
- a quick fix where you will magically wake up and find you are now where you want to be. Trust the process and don't expect an overnight transformation.
- a household management challenge. We will include this topic, but we are going well beyond our cupboards and routines.
- a guide where I tell you exactly what to do every day like a prescription.
What to expect from the simplify your life challenge …
- We will be going to the roots of our problems to affect lasting change
- We will be using a building block method to start with a solid foundation and build on that over the months ahead
- A judgement free zone – I want everyone to share their journey honestly and to feel supported. There are no right or wrong answers and there will be huge variations in how this challenge plays out for each family/ participant.
- There will be accountability and support via a "linky" for those writing about their journey (or in the comments of my posts)
- This is a collaboration – if some topics are ones you have under control please don't skip those weeks. Instead I ask you to write your own blog posts sharing your journey and what worked for you. The more ideas and successes shared, the more we can all learn and grow.
- There will be prizes that complement the themes (depending on what I source) and every post linked up will be in the running for random selection and being a featured participant
What topics and life areas will we tackle? (subject to changes)
Who are you? (starts now)
We will take time to identify our values, draft a mission statement / family guide, examine where we are right now and where we want to go, create a vision board of some kind and look at happiness simplified
Inner / Mental Clutter
Time Management
Our Stuff / Possessions
Household Management
Health / Beauty / Wellness
Relationships and family
Money and work
Holidays and rituals
How it will work (the nitty gritty)
- Every Monday I will post on a topic and include a challenge at the end of the post.
- A "linky" will be at the end of the Monday post and will stay open for the week. Those who want to blog their journey and gain support can link up a post about the previous week's challenge (or any challenge as we go along – if you join in later on I want everyone to start with the inner workings first as that is the key difference between this challenge and many others)
- Those that link up will be in the running for random prizes through the year.
- If you link up, please visit at least two other blogs and support the participants. You do not have to offer words of wisdom (but share if you do), but knowing others are cheering you on can be a boost. Try to spread the love to different people.
- There is a button in the sidebar of the blog – please add that and/or a link to the my blog or post in your linked post. (get in touch if you are not familiar with linking up)
- I am on facebook a lot, but thought some of you would prefer to tweet about the challenge as you go so please use the hashtag #syl12 in any tweets about the challenge. You can set up a search for syl12 and easily track who is tweeting about it and connect that way. I am @findyoursimple on twitter and if you sign in with your twitter handle on comments here (only need to do it once) your twitter ID will appear with all your comments.
- If you are not blogging please add your comments and updates on my blog posts! You will still get feedback and support here. (note: you can get a free blog and create one just for this challenge with no cost or pressure – I have created a post with answers to questions people have had about this)
- Some topics will require more information than one blog post so I will support it in 1 or 2 additional related posts in the week. Some will be interviews, guest posts or resource information.
Week #1 Challenge: Create a list of everything that went "right" in 2011
At this time of year most people are focused on what they want to change, where they feel they failed or did not meet their expectations or previous "resolutions". We will start in the same tone as my blog and this challenge – positivity! What you focus on will grow and as much as you are here for change I can bet money that you had some successes and blessings in 2011. Some prompts to get you thinking (you do not have to respond to each question – they are more a guide if you need a push to find things that were positive).
What energised you?
What made you feel happy?
What made you feel at peace?
What positive people lifted you up?
What filled your "tank"?
What worked to bring your family together?
What is something that made you feel excited to dive right in?
What did you learn (positive things)?
What are you grateful for?
Answer the challenge however works for you – write it out, journal pages, craft it your own way, do a vlog if talking it out is more your thing, show us somehow what 2011 was good for so you have a positive place to start from!
I don't know about you, but just writing this post made me feel energised! I hope you are excited and interested and patient. I know many of you are currently stressed out, overwhelmed, lacking energy and time and many other feelings that are related to your current state of affairs. Please know that I promise to be here every week, reading your stories and challenges and I promise that if you stick with me for the long haul you will be in a much better place come December 31!
Since there is no linky until next week I would love for you all to let me know you are "in" by commenting below. Feel free to note your blog, where you are from, anything you want to share about why you are here or any of your hopes! Think of this as your community of change. Let's get to know each other better.
Find your simple,
Image credits:
The SYL button was created by Bianca at A little delightful (go check out her wonderful blog)
Be Positive is a painting I found online but the etsy shop has not been updated – contact the artist directly if her work speaks to you


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49 U.S. Code § 32706 - Inspections, investigations, and records
(a) Authority To Inspect and Investigate.— Subject to section 32707 of this title, the Secretary of Transportation may conduct an inspection or investigation necessary to carry out this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter. The Secretary shall cooperate with State and local officials to the greatest extent possible in conducting an inspection or investigation. The Secretary may give the Attorney General information about a violation of this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter.
(b) Entry, Inspection, and Impoundment.—
(1) In carrying out subsection (a) of this section, an officer or employee designated by the Secretary, on display of proper credentials and written notice to the owner, operator, or agent in charge, may—
(A) enter and inspect commercial premises in which a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment is manufactured, held for shipment or sale, maintained, or repaired;
(B) enter and inspect noncommercial premises in which the Secretary reasonably believes there is a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment that is an object of a violation of this chapter;
(2) An inspection or impoundment under this subsection shall be conducted at a reasonable time, in a reasonable way, and with reasonable promptness. The written notice may consist of a warrant issued under section 32707 of this title.
(c) Reasonable Compensation.— When the Secretary impounds for inspection a motor vehicle (except a vehicle subject to subchapter I of chapter 135 of this title) or motor vehicle equipment under subsection (b)(1)(D) of this section, the Secretary shall pay reasonable compensation to the owner of the vehicle or equipment if the inspection or impoundment results in denial of use, or reduction in value, of the vehicle or equipment.
(d) Records and Information Requirements.—
(1) To enable the Secretary to decide whether a dealer or distributor is complying with this chapter and regulations prescribed and orders issued under this chapter, the Secretary may require the dealer or distributor—
(B) to provide information from those records if the Secretary states the purpose for requiring the information and identifies the information to the fullest extent practicable; and
(e) Administrative Authority and Civil Actions To Enforce.—
(1) In carrying out this chapter, the Secretary may—
(B) order a person to file written reports or answers to specific questions, including reports or answers under oath; and
(2) A witness summoned under this subsection is entitled to the same fee and mileage the witness would have been paid in a court of the United States.
(3) A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary under this subsection may be brought in the United States district court for any judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary is conducted. The court may punish a failure to obey an order of the court to comply with the subpena or order of the Secretary as a contempt of court.
Source(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e),July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1052; Pub. L. 103–429, § 6(35),Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380; Pub. L. 105–102, § 2(19),Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205.)
|Revised Section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §§ 414(a)–(c), 416; added July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, § 408(2), 90 Stat. 985, 988.
In subsection (a), the words "Subject to section 32707 of this title" are added for clarity. The words "appropriate" and "consistent with the purposes of this subsection" are omitted as surplus. The words "The Secretary may give the Attorney General information" are substituted for "Information obtained . . . may be referred to the Attorney General for investigative consideration" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "duly" and "stating their purpose and" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "any factory, warehouse, establishment, or other" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b)(2), the words "shall be commenced and completed" are omitted as surplus. The words "a warrant issued under section 32707 of this title" are substituted for "an administrative inspection warrant" for clarity.
In subsection (c), the words "the authority of" and "any item of" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "the Secretary may require" are substituted for "as the Secretary may reasonably require" and "as the Secretary finds necessary" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "such officer or employee" and "reason or" are omitted as surplus. In clause (C), the words "duly" and "upon request of such officer or employee" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (d)(2), the words "and subsection (e)(1)(B) of this section" are added for clarity.
In subsection (e)(1), before clause (A), the words "In carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this subchapter", "In order to carry out the provisions of this subchapter", "relevant to any function of the Secretary under this subchapter", and "relating to any function of the Secretary under this subchapter" for consistency. The words "or, with the authorization of the Secretary, any officer or employee of the Department of Transportation" and "or his duly authorized agent" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(b). In clause (A), the words "inspect and copy" are substituted for "have access to, and for the purposes of examination the right to copy" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "records" is substituted for "documentary evidence" for consistency. The words "having materials or information" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the word "order" is substituted for "require, by general or special orders" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "in such form as the Secretary may prescribe" and "shall be filed with the Secretary within such reasonable period as the Secretary may prescribe" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). In clause (C), the words "sit and act at such times and places" are omitted as being included in "conduct hearings".
In subsection (e)(3), the words "A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary under this subsection may be brought in the United States district court for the judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary was conducted" are substituted for 15:1990d(c)(4) (words before last comma) for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.
Pub. L. 103–429
This amends 49:32706(e)(3) to clarify the restatement of 15:1990d(c)(4) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1053).
Pub. L. 105–102
This amends 49:32706(c) to correct a cross-reference necessary because of the restatement of subtitle IV of title 49 by the ICC Termination Act (Public Law 104–88, 109 Stat. 803).
1997—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–102substituted "subchapter I of chapter 135" for "subchapter II of chapter 105".
1994—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 103–429substituted "any judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary is conducted." for "the judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary was conducted."
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 ofPub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.
The table below lists the classification updates, since Jan. 3, 2012, for this section. Updates to a broader range of sections may be found at the update page for containing chapter, title, etc.
The most recent Classification Table update that we have noticed was Tuesday, August 13, 2013
An empty table indicates that we see no relevant changes listed in the classification tables. If you suspect that our system may be missing something, please double-check with the Office of the Law Revision Counsel.
|Description of Change
|Session Year
|Public Law
|Statutes at Large
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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The Mommy Files
A local mom's take on raising kids by the Bay.
Posts filtered on Tag
Restaurant gives family discount for well-behaved kids
A mother and father were eating out at a small restaurant in Poulsbo, Wash., with their three kids, ages 2, 3 and 8. Sound like a recipe for disaster? Well, actually, the children were so beautifully behaved that the server rewarded the family by giving them a free bowl of ice cream to share, subtracting […] [Read More]


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News - Afghanistan
Heavy snowfall has cut road access to more than 10 districts in the northern Badakhshan province, local officials said Tuesday.
The districts include Ashkashim, Sheghnan, Kohistan, Raghistan and Shekay, according to Provincial Spokesman Abdul Maroof Rasikh.
He warned that the food aid sent by the National Disaster Management Authority to these districts before the snowfall is insufficient and called on the government to send more food and supplies to the province.
"If the roads remain blocked the same as last year, the residents of these 10 districts will face major issues," Rasikh warned.
Dozens were killed and several others went missing in avalanches last year.
Shekay District, which borders Tajikistan, was completely swept away.
Badakhshan is one of the country's poorest and most remote regions. Parts of it are shut off by heavy snow for at least six months of the year.


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BIG HORN—The Big Horn Women's Club is having their first fall meeting Friday at 1:30 p.m. at the clubhouse. Participants will be informed of the history and etiquette of tea by French pastry chef and food historian Louise Morand. Dress for a tea party, including hats. Prizes will be given for the best hats. The meeting is free and open to all women. For more information call Kathy Hosford at 674-7656. The clubhouse is located at 314 S. Second St.
SHERIDAN — Join instructor Dr. Jackie Canterbury for "Birding at the Brinton" on Saturday from 8-10 a.m.
All ages and abilities are welcome, especially beginners.
This event is free and open to the public.
The museum is located 239 Brinton Road in Big Horn.
For more information call Sarah Mentock at 763-0976.
SHERIDAN—The Girl Scouts of Montana and Wyoming is seeking members and volunteers. They will be at the Walmart Subway on Saturday from 3-5 p.m. If you sign up for the Girls Scouts, you will receive a free six inch sub sandwich, and bring a sock for a fun craft. For more information contact Jean Harn at firstname.lastname@example.com or Mackenzie Ivie at firstname.lastname@example.com.
SHERIDAN — The next and final Sheridan Farmers Market will be held Thursday on Grinnell Plaza. From 5-7 p.m. vendors will sell produce, arts and crafts and more as live music, children's activities, demonstrations and nonprofit booths are hosted. This week's activities include an acoustic set by Bill Heide. Attendance is free for customers and vendor booths are available to rent. For more information or to sign up as a vendor call Bonnie Gregory at the Downtown Sheridan Association 672-8881 or visit sheridanfarmersmarket.org online.


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Krups KP110F40 Dolce Gusto Oblo - Orange
- In Stock
2 reviews
- Delivery
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Create your perfect cappucino in seconds with the Krups Dolce Gusto Oblo Coffee Maker in stylish Orange.
The striking design is sure to shine in your kitchen and the results are equally impressive thanks to 15 bars of pressure.
There is a great range of Nescafe Dolce Gusto capsules to choose from and you can tailor your drinks for strength and temperature to suit you.
The thermoblock heating system takes less than a minute to warm up, so there's no hanging around, and the Oblo automatically switches itself off after it has sat idle for 5 minutes to save on your energy bill.
You get a FREE variety pack of trial flavours in the box to get you started on your journey of sensational coffee flavour discovery!
Useful info:
- 15 bars of pressure
- Automatic and manual settings
- Comes with FREE variety pack of trial flavours
- 0.8 litre water tank
- 11 espressos (70ml cup), 3 cappuccinos (240ml cup)
- 1500-watt motor
- Tailor your drinks with manual beverage control
- Transparent water tank
- Removable and height adjustable drip tray
- Fast heat up thermoblock heating system
- Automatic shut-off after 5 minutes of non-usage
- Dishwasher safe parts
- Krups Dolce Gusto Oblo Coffee Maker KP110F40
Krups Nespresso XN100F40 Inissa - Orange
- In Stock
0 review
- Delivery
- Next day delivery available
Nespresso XN100F40 Inissa - Orange.Colour: Orange.


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Medicine, Science and Culture (MeSC): Research in the NHS: Procedural ethics and ethics in practice
Starts: 28 March 2012
Wednesday 2-4pm, 28 March 2012, Glamorgan Building (Room 0.85)
The Medicine, Science and Culture Research Interest Group present:
Research in the NHS: Procedural ethics and ethics in practice
This session will be dedicated to thinking through ethics in practice and the acquisition of ethical approval in social research, with a particular focus on studies conducted within the NHS. The session will proceed with two informal presentations followed by an open debate involving all attendees. The debate will concern both the presentations, related issues in the field, and what events members would like to be organised in the coming academic year.
All are welcome and there is no need to register. If you require any more information, please contact Gareth Thomas (firstname.lastname@example.com) or Rebecca Dimond (email@example.com).
Our speakers for this session are Prof. Adam Hedgecoe and Dr. Paul White:
Prof. Adam Hedgecoe (Cesagen Associate Director, Cardiff)
Research Ethics Committees, trust and the regulation of biomedical research
Based on an ethnographic study of RECs in the NHS, this paper explores a key aspect of REC decisions making - derived from the anticipatory nature of ethics review - that of trust. This paper presents a number of ways in which RECs decide whether an applicant is trustworthy and should be allowed to carry out a particular piece of research.
Dr. Paul White (Lecturer, Swansea University)
Judging the ethics of ethnographic work: an ethnography of ethics, organisation and legitimation in healthcare
There is much academic literature that makes explicit the tensions of qualitative health research and institutional review (e.g. Boden, et al., 2009; Hedgecoe, 2008; O'Reilly, et al., 2009), the ambivalence of who participates in ethical judgement (Dyer, 2004), whilst professional literatures have been situated within a context of opposition to such ethical review (e.g. Richards & Schwartz, 2002; While, 1995). This has been viewed pejoratively as part of a bureaucratisation of ethics (Boden, et al., 2009) and the rituals of verification (Power, 1999) demanded by ethical committee as regulator (McGuinness, 2008) which has broader implications for the conduct of organisational research examining healthcare. Consequently, we may question the ethics of institutions that act as moral guardians to research sites, particularly as ethics becomes closely aligned with the good reasons and justifications of audit, a process designed to create legitimacy (Strathern, 2000). Such issues are made more prescient as healthcare ethical review has become the template for how 'ethics' should be judged across academic disciplines (Boden et al., 2009; Hedgecoe, 2008) including business schools, rather than regulating clinical research.
This paper draws upon some strategic contingencies of an ethnographic investigation of the impact of organisational processes within hospital intensive care units (White, 2008; 2009). In particular, through processes of securing ethical approval for research, judgements made by committee members have effects on the research beyond the creation of ethical subjects and ethical subject matter, those issues within the domain of such committees, such as 'improving' the quality of research (Hedgecoe, 2008). Tracing the cultural accomplishments of transparent and closed door decision making, this paper examines the dependence and departure (Hickson, et al., 1971) of researcher and research from a line of ethnographic inquiry; a line of enquiry agreed and approved of by funding bodies, gatekeepers, collaborators and research sites. As a result, one aspect of this paper focuses upon how unanticipated research issues, such as the negotiation of ethical processes, are themselves a legitimate subject of inquiry, of how the individual researcher returns as both subject and object of ethnographic writing (Clifford & Marcus, 1986).
Ethnographic research has long been associated with a fluid and dynamic approach to understanding the social world and cultural forms (cf. Geertz, 1973); the ethnography from which this paper is based being no exception. What is significant here is how the impact of ethical reasoning by committee provided significant insights into the mechanisms of institutional control beyond post hoc rationalisations and justifications (O'Reilly, 2009; Hedgecoe, 2008; cf. Garfinkel, 1967). Rather the focus here is upon the methodological effects of such decisions and the cultural performance of control (Munro, 1999) upon individual social actors (Rapport, 1997). A play is in place here between discourses, rhetorics and concerns of ensuring patient safety and the individual (cf. Mills, 1959), where the knowledge and skills of the researcher are reconstituted as a risk (Beck, 1992) to research subjects and rituals of verification gain primacy over conduct. This representation of research aims to contextualise the ethics of the 'ethical committee' as a legitimation device (Muniesa, et al., 2007; Bauman, 1989; 1991; Lyotard, 1986; Arendt, 1977) and the significance of ethical reasoning for organisational researchers and the research sites. Through examining the strategic contingencies available to ethnographers and the nature of an ethnographic craft, the strength of ethnography to show what is being accomplished and what is at stake in organisational life can be brought to the fore.
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When voters defeated the marriage amendment on Election Day, the battle over same-sex marriage in Minnesota seemed to abate -- but after a couple of months, both sides are gearing up again.
With a Democratic majority heading to the state Legislature, it seems the debate is entering Round 2. Leaders on both sides of the marriage equality issue have met with their members and have decided to keep going.
This time, instead of fighting over a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, the discussion is now shifting to whether gay marriage should be legalized in the state.
When the Vote No campaign workers learned the marriage amendment had failed to pass, the room erupted in cheers. Now, they say they are ready to take the next step.
Organizers with Minnesotans United for All Families initially said there were no plans beyond defeating the ballot initiative, but they now plan to lobby state lawmakers to legalize same-sex marriage in the next legislative session.
The group says they know lawmakers have other priorities -- including erasing a billion-dollar deficit, but they believe marriage equality can be a priority too.
"We realized that this was a great opportunity to continue the conversation we started 18 months ago," said Jake Loesch. "Bring it to a close and make sure that all the loving and committed couples have the freedom to marry in Minnesota -- and 2013 is the year we want to accomplish that."
They already have at least one state lawmaker on their side. The day after the election, Sen. John Marty said he wanted to introduce a bill to legalize same-sex marriage within the first few weeks of the new session -- and Gov. Mark Dayton has said he would sign a marriage equality bill.
Yet, opponents of same-sex marriage say the push to legalize proves the marriage amendment was needed, and the group Minnesotans for Marriage insists the issue is hardly decided because the effort to define marriage as solely between a man and a woman passed in 75 of Minnesota's 87 counties.
"People who voted no or left it blank -- it wasn't necessarily that they wanted to legalize gay marriage," Autumn Leva said. "It was because they were promised nothing would change."
Both campaigns still have many connections to advocate their positions. Campaign Manager Richard Carlbom will remain with Minnesotans United, which boasts tens of thousands of volunteers and a mailing list believed to be one of the most valuable in the state. On the other hand, Minnesotans for Marriage says it still has 90,000 supporters ready to defend traditional marriage.
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Australian Weather Calendar - February 2014
Cumulonimbus framed by gold and blue
This thunderstorm was generated by a low pressure trough—often known as an easterly, or inland, trough— extending through central Queensland and central New South Wales. This area of low pressure marks the boundary between warm, moist air and cool, dry air. The cool air can push under the warm air and lift it, causing water vapour to condense and form clouds. While capturing the 'weather' is essential for a photograph to have any chance of appearing in the Bureau calendar, Geoff Wheeler of Dubbo had greater artistic ambitions when he spotted a 'spectacular' cloud near Gunnedah: he waited until he could frame it in a canola field, a hill and a windmill.


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Only 3 km south of Patong, this beach is famed for its five-kilometre long white beach sand that squeaks under your feet. Mostly single row sunbeds decked along the stretch offer unsurpassed and unblocked views. Turtles are periodic nocturnal visitors to the beach. Recreational activities at this beach include paragliding, windsurfing, snorkeling, and volleyball. Thai Massage and reflexology are also offered on the beach.


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Guide Gear® 1977 Flannel - lined Denim Jacket, Stonewash
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Cathedral of St Lovro
The showcase of Trogir is this three-naved Venetian cathedral, one of the finest architectural works in Croatia, built from the 13th to 15th centuries. Note first the Romanesque portal (1240) by Master Radovan. The sides of the portal depict lion figures (the symbol of Venice) with Adam and Eve above them, the earliest example of the nude in Dalmatian sculpture.


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Whitworth University seeks to admit academically qualified and well-rounded students who are equipped to succeed in our challenging and supportive environment.
We consider the following factors in evaluating applicants for admission:
Whitworth considers students' SAT or ACT superscore (composite of the highest subscore of each section of the test - potentially from multiple test dates). Scores from the SAT and ACT are considered equally. There is no preference given to one type test over another.
Please have your score report sent directly to Whitworth from the SAT/ACT testing service. When you take the test, list "Whitworth University" as one of the schools to automatically receive your score report.
OR fax a copy of your SAT/ACT score report to 509.777.3758 (Whitworth Admissions Office).
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Whitworth University
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Spokane, WA 99251
Interview Option: Applicants with a cumulative weighted high school GPA of 3.0 or higher, from an accredited high school or home-school program may choose to EXCLUDE their SAT or ACT scores from consideration in the admission application process. Applicants who choose this option will be contacted by the admissions office to schedule a phone interview. The majority of Whitworth applicants who choose this option have SAT scores below 1650 or ACT scores below 24.
Please note: SAT/ACT test scores are considered in awarding Whitworth's Academic Scholarships, though most of the scholarships can be earned based on high school GPA alone. Incoming freshmen enrolled at Whitworth full time will automatically receive the highest academic scholarship for which they qualify. Whitworth will renew the academic scholarship each year a student is enrolled full time and maintains satisfactory academic progress.
After we receive your application, we will e-mail you instructions on how to check the status of your application. If you don't receive an e-mail within two weeks of submitting your application, please call the Whitworth Admissions Office at 800.533.4668 to check on your application status within about two weeks..
Whitworth has a "rolling" admissions process: After all of your application materials are received and processed by the Whitworth Admissions Office, you should expect a letter in the mail regarding Whitworth's decision within about three weeks.
For more information about the freshman admissions process, please visit our Freshman Admissions Frequently Asked Questions page or contact your Whitworth admissions counselor.
Whitworth University is committed to delivering a mission-driven educational program that cultivates in students the capacity to engage effectively across myriad dimensions of diversity; the university therefore complies, in its admission and financial aid policies, with all federal, state and local non-discrimination laws that are applicable to religious nonprofits and does not engage in unlawful discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age or disability.
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"Cock" with a Boston accent. Popularized by Matt Damon in the movie Good Will Hunting. Not to be confused with a male chicken.
Someone with the clap might say, "Ahhh!!! My cack is on fire!!!!"
by Bungalow Bill May 23, 2001
staffordshire english for shit, crap shyte, dung,
arrr looka tha oss cack in the road
by paul hinton May 04, 2006


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Every summer four Randolph students have the opportunity to work in China for Energizer Holdings Inc., which markets a wide variety of products including batteries and personal care items. Students spend the summer working in sales or marketing offices in China, learning how to conduct themselves in international business and immersing themselves in the language.
Students who have taken three levels of Chinese and a business course can apply for the internship by March 1. Energizer provides a stipend for the accepted students.
The Energizer Internship was started in 2010 after Randolph College President John E. Klein invited company executives to the College to meet with students studying Chinese. That partnership continues to help students gain an invaluable experience.


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From a glace you'd swear he was having more fun that they were.
"Ooooohs" and "Ahhhs" dominated his post-play rhetoric during the NFL's Play 60 clinic on Saturday afternoon at the 60-yard field in the middle of the Indiana Convention Center.
It truly was an NFL Experience for Chris Gronkowski-and he couldn't get enough.
"The Super Bowl is cool," simply said the Colts fullback during a break of running drills from a number of young children. "It's a chance to give back to our fans. A lot of players come down and we meet a lot of fans and do a lot of things for them.
"It's fun and I definitely enjoy it."
This wasn't the first time Gronkowski had the chance to participate in the Play 60 event, having done so when he was with the Cowboys last year when the Super Bowl came to Dallas. But the way he ran around, passing the football and giving a couple of dozen high-fives made it seem like a once-in-a-lifetime experience.
"It's all joy, it's all fun, and they're so much excitement," said Gronkowski-but the actual Super Bowl game will be able to do the same.
No, it's not a problem for the Colts player that the Patriots are in the big game again. In fact, its the reason for the added interest on his part in the battle for the Vince Lombardi Trophy.
"I'll cheer for him all day," said Gronkowski of the Patriots player who will wear his last name on his jersey during the Super Bowl at Lucas Oil Stadium on February 5th.
Rob Gronkowski, the Patriots' Pro Bowl tight end, is the younger brother of Chris and will go for his first NFL championship this week. It comes as a possible cap to a dream season for Rob, who broke the NFL record for receiving yardage (1,327) and touchdowns (17) for a tight end.
"It's awesome," said Chris of Rob's success-and some misfortune for the Colts fullback actually helped him watch his brother a little bit more.
In October, Gronkowski was placed on injured reserve with a pectoral injury to which he had surgery to fix. Because of that, he had the opportunity to watch his brother when the Patriots played the Colts and then for team's two playoff games in January.
"I've been following him ever since I got hurt, I've had the chance to watch his games and go to his last two playoff games," said Gronkowski. "He loves it, he loves the game and its so good seeing him go out there and having fun and doing what he does best."
During the AFC Championship game, Rob did that under some duress. In the second half of the game against the Ravens, Gronkowski had his ankle badly rolled on a tackle by Bernard Pollard. Replays showed what appeared to be a break, but the tight end went back to the locker room and with a tape job was back in the game.
He would help to block on the eventual game-winning touchdown sneak by Tom Brady that sealed a 23-20 win over Baltimore and a spot in Indianapolis.
"I was sitting with my family and we were all kinda down about it and its one of those things that happens in a game," said Gronkowski of his brother's injury. "All the sudden, five plays later and he's back and he's running well and he's doing good and he's looking good out there, running good routes."
One of the biggest storylines around the Super Bowl this week is Gronkowski's ability to do that against the Giants. Speculation has been rampant as to how much mobility the tight end will have once the Patriots' offense takes the field.
For Chris, however, there's no question.
"I can't seem him missing it a game like this," said Chris of Rob. "It's a dream come true, you might never come back."
Gronkowski says he will do so from his pectoral injury next season as he tries to make the Colts roster-and perhaps reverse the family roles from 2012.
"I'm about three months out after surgery and I'm almost have everything back, just working on my strength now, my flexibility is almost there," said Gronkowski of his arm. "Saw some of those passes out there, they were looking good for the right arm, you know."
At least someone on the field Super Bowl Sunday, and that person will have support from a member of a team you wouldn't think.


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Ice and snow sculpturesThe annual snow sculpture competition in Wolkenstein in December and in Ortisei in mid-January attracts numerous visitors. Each artist produces a carving from a block of snow or ice to be judged by a jury. The ice sculptures remain an fascinating sight in the village for as long as the temperatures permit.
Sella Ronda Ski Marathon – FebruaryInternational ski race on the famous Sella Ronda circuit! The route is 42 km long and takes in the famous Dolomite passes Sella, Grödnerjoch, Campolongo und Pordoi.
Gardenissima – end of MarchThe Gardenissima is a very special ski race. The 7 km trail, from Seceda (2500 m) to St. Christina (1400 m), makes it the longest giant slalom in the Dolomites. It attracts World Cup racers and recreational skiers alike. You can enter, too!
Sella Ronda Bike Day – end of JuneOn a Sunday at the end of June, the passes around the Sella massif are closed to motor traffic and the cyclists are king of the road.
valgardenaMusika – July & AugustIn July and August, music lovers are the focus of attention: valgardenaMUSIKA offers a wide range of concerts of classical and modern music with famous performers from all over the world.
Val Gardena in Traditional Dress – AugustVal Gardena is also well known for its traditional dress, which is among the finest in the whole of the Alps. On the first Sunday in August, the three Val Gardena villages take it in turns to organise the traditional procession in national dress and a street festival.
UNIKA – beginning of SeptemberAt the beginning of September, UNIKA's big annual sculpture exhibition is held in the indoor tennis arena in Ortisei. This is a fine opportunity to see local artists at work for three whole days and obtain a rare insight into the creative process.
Extreme Marathon – SeptemberVal Gardena's Extreme Marathon is a spectacular mountain race in the Val Gardena Dolomites. When they cross the finishing line on Langkofelscharte, the athletes have covered a distance of 19 km and 1,475 metres of vertical.
Val Gardena Chrismas Market
The special pre-Christmas atmosphere and the local products makes the little Christmas Market in S. Cristina an unique and unforgettable experience. Ohter (bigger) Christmas Markets in Bressanoner, Bolzano and Merano.
Skiing World Cup – DecemberEvery year a Skiing World Cup downhill race and super-G are held in Val Gardena on the famous Sasslonch trail with its notorious Camel Humps. The fan festival generates an atmosphere all of its own.
Last Minutes


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Isabella Walk, the daughter of Brian and Amanda Walk, wipes the sweat from her brow while riding in the Prairie Days Parade on Saturday.
She was riding with her sister, Jordan. Their entry promoted this year's FuNFest, set for Oct. 4. Jordan is fighting neurofibromatosis, and the FuNFest raises money for the battle against that disease.
As he did as a young lawyer, traveling from circuit to circuit, Abraham Lincoln will be traversing through Central Illinois.
And the Vandalia Statehouse will be one of Lincoln's stops.
The Illinois Historic Preservation Agency announced late last week that a Lincoln historic interpreter will visit state historic sites in Lerna, Bement and Vandalia next Saturday.
The Statehouse is the final stop in his journey, with Lincoln scheduled to be at the state's oldest existing capitol from 7-9 p.m.
After holding a number of public hearings and receiving comments from residents, the Illinois Department of Transportation has formed preferred alternatives for four lanes of U.S. Route 51 through this area.
VANDALIA – Junior Bobby Bradley scored on a 40-yard touchdown run one play after an interception by sophomore Preston Ruckman for the only scoring in last Friday's Red/White scrimmage, giving the Red team a 6-0 victory.
Bradley rumbled down the field and scored with 3:44 left in the 20-minute scrimmage for the longest play of the game. He finished with 59 yards on five carries.
South Central High School graduate Spencer Patton will soon be called up the Texas Rangers, according to a report in Monday's edition of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
According to the report, Patton is the only Rangers prospect that General Manager Jon Daniels would confirm will get a September call-up when MLB rosters expand to 40 players.
KINMUNDY – South Central's defense of the National Trail Conference championship got off to a good start in Monday's season-opener.
The two-time defending regular season champs got a two-run home run from senior Dylan Smith in the sixth inning, senior Dylen Peters tossed a complete game three-hitter and the Cougars earned a 2-1 win against NTC rival Altamont.
Smith singled in his first at-bat of the season, and then clobbered a pitch from Altamont's Klaiton Wolff over the left-field wall in his third at-bat to secure the victory.
RAMSEY – Mulberry Grove will meet Odin on Friday to determine the champion of the Ramsey Tournament.
The Aces and Eagles are both 2-0 in the tournament after each team defeated Ramsey and Patoka.
The deciding game will be played at 5:15 p.m., while Ramsey will play Patoka for third place at 3:15.
Mulberry Grove opened the tournament with an 8-1 win against Patoka on Monday, and then handled Ramsey, 12-2, on Tuesday.
In other games, Odin beat Patoka, 11-0, on Tuesday, and Ramsey lost to Odin, 11-4.
Tuesday, Aug. 26
The high school sports season will open this week for the rest of Fayette County's teams.
VANDALIA – For the second straight season, Vandalia's tennis team has a new coach.
Bill Blythe takes over control of the team from Dana Kern, who last season took over for long-time coach Kevin Schroeder, and he brings with him some familiarity with the current squad.
Blythe's daughter, Hannah, will be a junior on the team, so the elder Blythe has been watching the team for the past two seasons, and has always wanted his chance to help the athletes learn the game.
The Vandalia Youth Organization football teams played their first home games of the season last Saturday.
Copyright © 2014
The Leader Union is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Vandalia, Il, and the surrounding area.


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Delivering Joint Negotiation and Conference Training in Thailand
26 July 2012, Bangkok, Thailand – On 9 and 10 August, at the request of the Government of Thailand, two UNITAR programmes will jointly deliver a "Training on negotiation skills on chemicals management". The Multilateral Diplomacy Programme (MDP) and the Chemicals and Waste Management Programme (CWM) are joining forces to provide training with the objectives to:
• familiarise the participants with the fundamentals of negotiations and equip them with general knowledge of negotiation strategies and techniques;
• strengthen and enhance their negotiation skills in multilateral conference settings; and
• prepare participants with a view to the third session of the International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM-3) in Nairobi, 17-21 September 2012, in the context of the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM).
The training will be hosted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand and will involve the various government officials who are going to attend ICCM-3.
For more information, please contact: firstname.lastname@example.com
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