text: content Anxiety and Stress Updated: 08/26/2004 ABSTRACTS Effect of green tea rich in gamma-aminobutyric acid on blood pressure of Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Abe Y, Umemura S, Sugimoto K, et al.Am J Hypertens. 1995 Jan; 8(1):74-9.gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to be involved in the regulation of blood pressure by modulating the neurotransmitter release in the central and peripheral sympathetic nervous systems. This study investigated the antihypertensive effect of green tea rich in GABA (GABA-rich tea) in young and old Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats. GABA-rich tea was made by fermenting fresh green tea leaves under nitrogen gas. In experiment 1, 21 11-month-old rats, fed a 4% NaCl diet for 3 weeks, were given water (group W), an ordinary tea solution (group T), or a GABA-rich tea solution (group G) for 4 weeks. The average GABA intake was 4.0 mg/rat per day. After 4 weeks of the treatment, blood pressure was significantly decreased in group G (176 +/- 4; P < .01) compared with group W (207 +/- 9) or group T (193 +/- 5 mm Hg). Plasma GABA levels were more elevated in group G (111 +/- 54) than in group W (not detectable) or group T (14 +/- 8 ng/mL; P < .01 v G). In experiment 2, 21 5-week-old rats, fed a 4% NaCl diet, were divided into groups W, T, and G. The average GABA intake was 1.8 mg/rat per day. Body weight or chow and beverage consumption did not differ significantly among the three groups. After 4 weeks of the treatment, although blood pressure was comparable in groups W and T (165 +/- 3 v 164 +/- 5 mm Hg, mean +/- SE), it was significantly lower in group G (142 +/- 3 mm Hg) than in the other groups (P < .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Piper methysticum (kava kava.Anon.Altern Med Rev. 1998; 3(6):459-60. Efficacy of kava extract for treating anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis.Anon.J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;(20):84-9. Healing Anxiety Naturally.Bloomfield H. 1998; Gender differences in phobias: results of the ECA community survey.Bourdon KHBJHRDS.J Anxiety Disorders. 1998;(2):227-41. Herbal Prescriptions for Better Health.Brown D. 1996; Aerobic fitness and leisure physical activity as moderators of the stress-illness relation.Carmack CL, Boudreaux E, Amaral-Melendez M, et al.Ann Behav Med. 1999; 21(3):251-7.Exercise as a moderator of the stress-illness relation was examined by exploring leisure physical activity and aerobic fitness as potential "buffers" of the association between minor stress on physical and psychological symptoms in a sample of 135 college students. The goal was to gather information regarding the mechanisms by which exercise exhibits its buffering effects. Researchers have examined both physical activity and physical fitness in an attempt to demonstrate this effect; however, whether both of these components are necessary to achieve the protective effects against stress is unknown. This study examined engaging in leisure physical activity and having high aerobic fitness to determine if both were necessary for the stress-buffering effects or if one factor was more important than the other. Findings suggested a buffering effect for leisure physical activity against physical symptoms and anxiety associated with minor stress. This effect was not found with depression. Additionally, there was no moderating effect for aerobic fitness on physical or psychological symptoms. Collectively, the data suggested that participation in leisure physical activity as opposed to level of aerobic fitness is important to the stress-buffering effect of exercise. Implications for exercise prescription are discussed Kava: Nature's Answer to Stress, Anxiety, and Insomnia.Cass H. 1998; Aromatherapy: a systematic review.Cook BEE.Br J Gen Pract. 2000; 50((455)):493-6. Trauma: the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder.Davidson JR.J Psychopharmacol. 2000; 14(2 Suppl 1):S5-12.Trauma has an enormous impact on both individuals and society as a whole. Recognition of the extent of this impact by the medical profession has been relatively slow but, with our growing appreciation of the prevalence of trauma exposure in civilian as well as combat populations, the true scale of trauma-related psychiatric consequences is beginning to emerge. It has been reported that more than 60% of men and 51% of women experience at least one traumatic event in their lifetimes. Of these, 8% and 20%, respectively, fall victim to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicating that more women are at risk for developing PTSD. Individuals experience severe psychiatric stress that is compounded by significant comorbid illness. This impacts critically upon quality of life resulting in grave functional and emotional impairment. In addition, there is a detrimental cost to society with high financial and social consequences from the significantly elevated rates of hospitalization, suicide attempts and alcohol abuse Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an adaptogen: a closer look.Davydov M, Krikorian AD.J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Oct; 72(3):345-93.The adaptogen concept is examined from an historical, biological, chemical, pharmacological and medical perspective using a wide variety of primary and secondary literature. The definition of an adaptogen first proposed by Soviet scientists in the late 1950s, namely that an adaptogen is any substance that exerts effects on both sick and healthy individuals by 'correcting' any dysfunction(s) without producing unwanted side effects, was used as a point of departure. We attempted to identify critically what an adaptogen supposedly does and to determine whether the word embodies in and of itself any concept(s) acceptable to western conventional (allopathic) medicine. Special attention was paid to the reported pharmacological effects of the 'adaptogen-containing plant' Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae), referred to by some as 'Siberian ginseng', and to its secondary chemical composition. We conclude that so far as specific pharmacological activities are concerned there are a number of valid arguments for equating the action of so-called adaptogens with those of medicinal agents that have activities as anti-oxidants, and/or anti-cancerogenic, immunomodulatory and hypocholesteroletic as well as hypoglycemic and choleretic action. However, 'adaptogens' and 'anti-oxidants' etc. also show significant dissimilarities and these are discussed. Significantly, the classical definition of an adaptogen has much in common with views currently being invoked to describe and explain the 'placebo effect'. Nevertheless, the chemistry of the secondary compounds of Eleutherococcus isolated thus far and their pharmacological effects support our hypothesis that the reported beneficial effects of adaptogens derive from their capacity to exert protective and/or inhibitory action against free radicals. An inventory of the secondary substances contained in Eleutherococcus discloses a potential for a wide range of activities reported from work on cultured cell lines, small laboratory animals and human subjects. Much of the cited work (although not all) has been published in peer-reviewed journals. Six compounds show various levels of activity as anti-oxidants, four show anti-cancer action, three show hypocholesterolemic activity, two show immunostimulatory effects, one has choleretic activity and one has the ability to decrease/moderate insulin levels, one has activity as a radioprotectant, one shows anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities and yet another has shown activity as an antibacterial agent. Some of the compounds show more than one pharmacological effect and some show similar effects although they belong to different chemical classes. Clearly, Eleutherococcus contains pharmacologically active compounds but one wishes that the term adaptogen could be dropped from the literature because it is vague and conveys no insights into the mechanism(s) of action. If a precise action can be attributed to it, then the exact term for said action should obviously be used; if not, we strongly urge that generalities be avoided. Also, comparison of Eleutherococcus with the more familiar Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), 'true ginseng' has underscored that they differ considerably chemically and pharmacologically and cannot be justifiably considered as mutually interchangeable. Accordingly, we recommend that the designation 'Siberian ginseng' be dropped and be replaced with 'Eleutherococcus'. In the case of both Eleutherococcus and true ginseng, problems inherent in herbal preparation use include inconsistencies not only in terms of indications for use, but in the nomenclature of constituent chemical compounds, standardization, dosage and product labeling. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED) Body, Mind and Sport.Douillard JKBJNM. 2001; Massage therapy reduces anxiety and enhances EEG pattern of alertness and math computations.Field T, Ironson G, Scafidi F, et al.Int J Neurosci. 1996 Sep; 86(3-4):197-205.Twenty-six adults were given a chair massage and 24 control group adults were asked to relax in the massage chair for 15 minutes, two times per week for five weeks. On the first and last days of the study they were monitored for EEG, before, during and after the sessions. In addition, before and after the sessions they performed math computations, they completed POMS Depression and State Anxiety Scales and they provided a saliva sample for cortisol. At the beginning of the sessions they completed Life Events, Job Stress and Chronic POMS Depression Scales. Group by repeated measures and post hoc analyses revealed the following: 1) frontal delta power increased for both groups, suggesting relaxation; 2) the massage group showed decreased frontal alpha and beta power (suggesting enhanced alertness); while the control group showed increased alpha and beta power; 3) the massage group showed increased speed and accuracy on math computations while the control group did not change; 4) anxiety levels were lower following the massage but not the control sessions, although mood state was less depressed following both the massage and control sessions; 5) salivary cortisol levels were lower following the massage but not the control sessions but only on the first day; and 6) at the end of the 5 week period depression scores were lower for both groups but job stress score were lower only for the massage group Job stress reduction therapies.Field T, Quintino O, Henteleff T, et al.Altern Ther Health Med. 1997 Jul; 3(4):54-6.BACKGROUND: Job stress among healthcare workers has received more attention in recent years, perhaps because these professionals are prime candidates for high stress levels. METHOD: The immediate effects of brief massage therapy, music relaxation with visual imagery, muscle relaxation, and social support group sessions were assessed in 100 hospital employees at a major public hospital. DESIGN: The effects of the therapies were assessed using a within-subjects pre-post test design and by comparisons across groups. RESULTS: Groups reported decreases in anxiety, depression, fatigue, and confusion, as well as increased vigor following the sessions. CONCLUSION: That the groups did not differ on these variables suggests that these particular therapies, when applied for short periods of time, are equally effective for reducing stress among hospital employees The effects of the transcendental mediation technique and progressive muscle relaxation on EEG coherence, stress reactivity, and mental health in black adults.Gaylord C, Orme-Johnson D, Travis F.Int J Neurosci. 1989 May; 46(1-2):77-86.Eighty-three black college students, staff and adults were pretested on EEG coherence, skin potential (SP) habituation to a series of loud tones, psychometric measures of mental health (Tennessee Self-Concept Empirical Scales and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and IQ. They were then randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: the Transcendental Meditation technique (TM); Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PR); or cognitive-behavioral strategies (C). Approximately one year later, they were posttested. TM and PR increased significantly on an overall mental health factor (p less than .036) and anxiety (p less than .0006). TM showed a greater reduction in neuroticism than PR and C (p less than .032). TM also showed global increases in alpha and theta coherence among frontal and central leads during the TM period compared to eyes closed (p less than .016), whereas PR and C did not show EEG state changes. The coherence increases during TM were most marked in the right hemisphere (F4C4). TM showed faster SP habituation at posttest compared to pretest (p less than .047) whereas PR did not (data was missing for C). None of the groups showed longitudinal changes in EEG, perhaps due to lack of regularity of participation in the treatment programs Premenstrual symptoms are relieved by massage therapy.Hernandez-Reif M, Martinez A, Field T, et al.J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2000 Mar; 21(1):9-15.Twenty-four women meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn; DSM-IV) criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD) were randomly assigned to a massage therapy or a relaxation therapy group. The massage group showed decreases in anxiety, depressed mood and pain immediately after the first and last massage sessions. The longer term (5 week) effects of massage therapy included a reduction in pain and water retention and overall menstrual distress. However, no long-term changes were observed in the massaged group's activity level or mood. Future studies might examine the effects of a longer massage therapy program on these symptoms. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that massage therapy may be an effective adjunct therapy for treating severe premenstrual symptoms Medicinal Mushrooms.Hobbs C. 1996; Efficacy of Tai Chi, brisk walking, meditation, and reading in reducing mental and emotional stress.Jin P.J Psychosom Res. 1992 May; 36(4):361-70.Tai Chi, a moving meditation, is examined for its efficacy in post-stressor recovery. Forty-eight male and 48 female Tai Chi practitioners were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: Tai Chi, brisk walking, mediation and neutral reading. Mental arithmetic and other difficult tests were chosen as mental challenges, and a stressful film was used to produce emotional disturbance. Tai Chi and the other treatments were applied after these stressors. After all treatments, the salivary cortisol level dropped significantly, and the mood states were also improved. In general the stress-reduction effect of Tai Chi characterized moderate physical exercise. Heart rate, blood pressure, and urinary catecholamine changes for Tai Chi were found to be similar to those for walking at a speed of 6 km/hr. Although Tai Chi appeared to be superior to neutral reading in the reduction of state anxiety and the enhancement of vigour, this effect could be partially accounted for by the subjects' high expectations about gains from Tai Chi. Approaches controlling for expectancy level are recommended for further assessment Full Catastrophe Living.Kabat-Zinn J. 1990; Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders.Kabat-Zinn J, Massion AO, Kristeller J, et al.Am J Psychiatry. 1992 Jul; 149(7):936-43.OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a group stress reduction program based on mindfulness meditation for patients with anxiety disorders. METHOD: The 22 study participants were screened with a structured clinical interview and found to meet the DSM-III-R criteria for generalized anxiety disorder or panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Assessments, including self-ratings and therapists' ratings, were obtained weekly before and during the meditation-based stress reduction and relaxation program and monthly during the 3-month follow-up period. RESULTS: Repeated measures analyses of variance documented significant reductions in anxiety and depression scores after treatment for 20 of the subjects--changes that were maintained at follow-up. The number of subjects experiencing panic symptoms was also substantially reduced. A comparison of the study subjects with a group of nonstudy participants in the program who met the initial screening criteria for entry into the study showed that both groups achieved similar reductions in anxiety scores on the SCL-90-R and on the Medical Symptom Checklist, suggesting generalizability of the study findings. CONCLUSIONS: A group mindfulness meditation training program can effectively reduce symptoms of anxiety and panic and can help maintain these reductions in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or panic disorder with agoraphobia Wherever You Go There You Are.Kabat-Zinn J. 1994; Inhibiting effects of theanine on caffeine stimulation evaluated by EEG in the rat.Kakuda T, Nozawa A, Unno T, et al.Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000 Feb; 64(2):287-93.In this study, the inhibiting action of theanine on the excitation by caffeine at the concentration regularly associated with drinking tea was investigated using electroencephalography (EEG) in rats. First, the stimulatory action by caffeine i.v. administration at a level higher than 5 micromol/kg (0.970 mg/kg) b.w. was shown by means of brain wave analysis, and this level was suggested as the minimum dose of caffeine as a stimulant. Next, the stimulatory effects of caffeine were inhibited by an i.v. administration of theanine at a level higher than 5 micromol/kg (0.781 mg/kg) b.w., and the results suggested that theanine has an antagonistic effect on caffeine's stimulatory action at an almost equivalent molar concentration. On the other hand, the excitatory effects were shown in the rat i.v. administered 1 and 2 micromol/kg (0.174 and 0.348 mg/kg) b.w. of theanine alone. These results suggested two effects of theanine, depending on its concentration Exercise intensity and self-efficacy effects on anxiety reduction in healthy, older adults.Katula JA, Blissmer BJ, McAuley E.J Behav Med. 1999 Jun; 22(3):233-47.The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of varying exercise intensities and changes in self-efficacy on anxiety reduction in a sample of healthy, older adults. Eighty older adults from a randomized controlled exercise trial participated in this study and completed measures of self-efficacy and the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) prior to and following light-, moderate-, and high-intensity exercise. Latent growth curve modeling analyses revealed that although anxiety was reduced following the light-intensity condition, no significant changes in anxiety occurred following the moderate-intensity condition, and anxiety increased following the high-intensity condition. In addition, changes in self-efficacy were related to anxiety responses only in the moderate-intensity condition. An analysis of SAI items indicated that although the light-intensity condition resulted in decreased arousal and anxiousness, the high-intensity condition resulted in increased arousal and decreased anxiousness. These results are discussed in terms of social cognitive theory and the appropriateness of the SAI for use in exercise settings Between Heaven and Earth: A Guide to Chinese Medicine.Korngold E. 1991; [D,L-kavain in comparison with oxazepam in anxiety disorders. A double-blind study of clinical effectiveness].Lindenberg D, Pitule-Schodel H.Fortschr Med. 1990 Jan 20; 108(2):49-4.In a placebo-controlled double blind clinical trial, 38 out-patients with anxiety associated with neurotic or psychosomatic disturbances were treated with D,L-Kavain (Neuronika) or Oxazepam. The anxiolytic effectiveness of the two preparations was judged by means of the Anxiety Status Inventory (ASI) and the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) of Zung. The substances proved to be equivalent in the nature and potency of anxiolytic action. No adverse drug reactions occurred Development of the cerebral cortex: XII. Stress and brain development: I.Lombroso PJ, Sapolsky R.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998 Dec; 37(12):1337-9. Stress due to exams in medical students--role of yoga.Malathi A, Damodaran A.Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1999 Apr; 43(2):218-24.A student under optimal stress does bring out his or her best, However extremes of stress can result in stress induced disorders and deteriorating performance. Can yoga be of benefit in stress induced effects in medical students? The present study was conducted in first MBBS students (n = 50) to determine the benefit if any of yogic practices on anxiety status during routine activities and prior to examination. Feedback scores were assessed to determine how the students had benefited from the practices. Anxiety status as assessed by Spillberger's anxiety scale showed a statistically significant reduction following practice. In addition the anxiety score which rose prior to exams showed a statistically significant reduction on the day of exam after practice. These results point to the beneficial role of yoga in not only causing reduction in basal anxiety level but also attenuating the increase in anxiety score in stressful state such as exams. The results of the exam indicated a statistically significant reduction in number of failures in yoga group as compared to the control group. The improvement in various parameters such as better sense of well being, feeling of relaxation, improved concentration, self confidence, improved efficiency, good interpersonal relationship, increased attentiveness, lowered irritability levels, and an optimistic outlook in life were some of the beneficial effects enjoyed by the yoga group indicated by feedback score The impact of a new emotional self-management program on stress, emotions, heart rate variability, DHEA and cortisol.McCraty R, Barrios-Choplin B, Rozman D, et al.Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1998 Apr; 33(2):151-70.This study examined the effects on healthy adults of a new emotional self-management program, consisting of two key techniques, "Cut-Thru" and the "Heart Lock-In." These techniques are designed to eliminate negative thought loops and promote sustained positive emotional states. The hypotheses were that training and practice in these techniques would yield lowered levels of stress and negative emotion and cortisol, while resulting in increased positive emotion and DHEA levels over a one-month period. In addition, we hypothesized that increased coherence in heart rate variability patterns would be observed during the practice of the techniques. Forty-five healthy adults participated in the study, fifteen of whom acted as a comparison group for the psychological measures. Salivary DHEA/DHEAS and cortisol levels were measured, autonomic nervous system function was assessed by heart rate variability analysis, and emotions were measured using a psychological questionnaire. Individuals in the experimental group were assessed before and four weeks after receiving training in the self-management techniques. The experimental group experienced significant increases in the positive affect scales of Caring and Vigor and significant decreases in the negative affect scales of Guilt, Hostility, Burnout, Anxiety and Stress Effects, while no significant changes were seen in the comparison group. There was a mean 23 percent reduction in cortisol and a 100 percent increase in DHEA/DHEAS in the experimental group. DHEA was significantly and positively related to the affective state Warmheartedness, whereas cortisol was significantly and positively related to Stress Effects. Increased coherence in heart rate variability patterns was measured in 80 percent of the experimental group during the use of the techniques. The results suggest that techniques designed to eliminate negative thought loops can have important positive effects on stress, emotions and key physiological systems. The implications are that relatively inexpensive interventions may dramatically and positively impact individuals' health and well-being. Thus, individuals may have greater control over their minds, bodies and health than previously suspected [Stress and hippocampus. An update on current knowledge].McEwen BS.Presse Med. 1991 Nov 14; 20(37):1801-6.Glucocorticoids are major protectors during and after stress. Centrally, glucocorticoids counterbalance and regulate three neurochemical systems active during stress: the noradrenergic system, the serotonin system and the GABA benzodiazepin system. But glucocorticoids can compromise immune defence systems leading to nerve cell destruction in the hippocampus. Certain types of stress can also lead to loss of neurons in the hippocampus, one of the most stress susceptible regions. Tianeptine decreases morning hypersecretion of glucocorticoids induced by a contention (1 hour) stress. Moreover, tianeptine inhibits the decrease in the number of type I glucocorticoid receptors induced by isolation stress. Tianeptine inhibits the increase in the tryrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA, also induced by isolation stress. Finally, tianeptine tends to increase dendrite ramifications of the hippocampus' pyramidal neurons (CA3) in isolated rats, thus counteracting the effect of isolation stress. Because of the positive results obtained with tianeptine on the hypophyseal-adrenal gland function and on the hippocampus, the authors are persuing further investigations to determine whether tianeptine can inhibit the loss of hippocampus nerve cells induced by repeated glucocorticoid administration or repeated stress and whether it potentializes the beneficial effects of glucocorticoids on the noradrenergic, serotonin and GABA benzodiazepin systems Possible mechanisms for atrophy of the human hippocampus.McEwen BS.Mol Psychiatry. 1997 May; 2(3):255-62.Recently published work using MRI to image the human brain has revealed that the hippocampal formation undergoes a selective atrophy in diverse conditions such as Cushing's syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, recurrent depressive illness, normal aging preceding dementia and in Alzheimer's disease. Hippocampal shrinkage is usually accompanied by deficits in declarative, episodic, spatial and contextual memory performance and the hippocampal changes provide a neural substrate for changes in cognitive function that have been recognized to accompany these various conditions. The hippocampus has long been known as a target of stress hormones, and it is an especially plastic and vulnerable region of the brain. However, the prominence of the hippocampus as a glucocorticoid target has obscured the fact that other factors besides glucocorticoid hormones are involved in the process of hippocampal atrophy. Excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors are prominent in their involvement in an animal model of hippocampal atrophy as well as in neuronal death. Further-more, the finding of hippocampal atrophy does not necessarily imply a permanent loss of cells, and this aspect deserves careful investigation, both to analyze the underlying anatomical changes and to investigate the possibility of pharmacological treatment to reverse the process. In cases where atrophy is due to cell loss, the time course of the disease process will provide much useful information about mechanism and offer the possibility of early intervention to arrest or slow the pathological process Stress effects on morphology and function of the hippocampus.McEwen BS, Magarinos AM.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997 Jun 21; 821:271-84.The hippocampal formation, which contains high levels of adrenal steroid receptors, is vulnerable to insults such as stroke, seizures, and head trauma, and it is also sensitive and vulnerable to the effects of stress. We have discovered that the hippocampus of rodents and tree shrews shows atrophy of pyramidal neurons in the CA3 region. Psychosocial stress and restraint stress produce atrophy over approximately 3-4 weeks. Atrophy is blocked by inhibiting adrenal steroid formation and by blocking the actions of excitatory amino acids using Dilantin or NMDA receptor inhibitors. Glucocorticoid administration also blocks CA3 atrophy, but Dilantin administration blocks this as well, indicating that excitatory amino acid release mediates the atrophy, which likely involves disassembly of the dendritic cytoskeleton. Studies with in vivo microdialysis in several laboratories have shown that glutamate release in the hippocampus increases in stress and that stress-induced glutamate release is reduced by adrenalectomy. Recent electron microscopy of mossy fiber terminals on CA3 neurons has revealed a depletion of synaptic vesicles as a result of repeated stress. The mossy fiber terminals appear to be responsible for driving atrophy of CA3 neurons, which involves principally atrophy of the apical dendrites. These results are discussed in relation to data from MRI showing atrophy of the whole human hippocampus in Cushing's disease, recurrent depressive illness, PTSD, and normal aging as well as dementia Stress and hippocampal plasticity.McEwen BS.Annu Rev Neurosci. 1999; 22:105-22.The hippocampus is a target of stress hormones, and it is an especially plastic and vulnerable region of the brain. It also responds to gonadal, thyroid, and adrenal hormones, which modulate changes in synapse formation and dendritic structure and regulate dentate gyrus volume during development and in adult life. Two forms of structural plasticity are affected by stress: Repeated stress causes atrophy of dendrites in the CA3 region, and both acute and chronic stress suppresses neurogenesis of dentate gyrus granule neurons. Besides glucocorticoids, excitatory amino acids and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are involved in these two forms of plasticity as well as in neuronal death that is caused in pyramidal neurons by seizures and by ischemia. The two forms of hippocampal structural plasticity are relevant to the human hippocampus, which undergoes a selective atrophy in a number of disorders, accompanied by deficits in declarative episodic, spatial, and contextual memory performance. It is important, from a therapeutic standpoint, to distinguish between a permanent loss of cells and a reversible atrophy Effects of adverse experiences for brain structure and function.McEwen BS.Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Oct 15; 48(8):721-31.Studies of the hippocampus as a target of stress and stress hormones have revealed a considerable degree of structural plasticity in the adult brain. Repeated stress causes shortening and debranching of dendrites in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and suppresses neurogenesis of dentate gyrus granule neurons. Both forms of structural remodeling of the hippocampus appear to be reversible and are mediated by glucocorticoid hormones working in concert with excitatory amino acids (EAA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, along with transmitters such as serotonin and the GABA-benzodiazepine system. Glucocorticoids, EAA, and NMDA receptors are also involved in neuronal damage and death that is caused in pyramidal neurons by seizures and by ischemia. A similar mechanism may be involved in hippocampal damage caused by severe and prolonged psychosocial stress. Studies using magnetic resonance imaging have shown that there is a selective atrophy of the human hippocampus in a number of psychiatric disorders, as well as during aging in some individuals, accompanied by deficits in declarative, spatial, and contextual memory performance. It is therefore important to appreciate how hippocampal dysfunction may play a role in the symptoms of the psychiatric illness and, from a therapeutic standpoint, to distinguish between a permanent loss of cells and a reversible remodeling to develop treatment strategies to prevent or reverse deficits. Remodeling of the hippocampus may be only the tip of the iceberg; other brain regions may also be affected Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders.Miller JJ, Fletcher K, Kabat-Zinn J.Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1995 May; 17(3):192-200.A previous study of 22 medical patients with DSM-III-R-defined anxiety disorders showed clinically and statistically significant improvements in subjective and objective symptoms of anxiety and panic following an 8-week outpatient physician-referred group stress reduction intervention based on mindfulness meditation. Twenty subjects demonstrated significant reductions in Hamilton and Beck Anxiety and Depression scores postintervention and at 3-month follow-up. In this study, 3-year follow-up data were obtained and analyzed on 18 of the original 22 subjects to probe long-term effects. Repeated measures analysis showed maintenance of the gains obtained in the original study on the Hamilton [F(2,32) = 13.22; p < 0.001] and Beck [F(2,32) = "9.83;" p < 0.001] anxiety scales as well as on their respective depression scales, on the Hamilton panic score, the number and severity of panic attacks, and on the Mobility Index-Accompanied and the Fear Survey. A 3-year follow-up comparison of this cohort with a larger group of subjects from the intervention who had met criteria for screening for the original study suggests generalizability of the results obtained with the smaller, more intensively studied cohort. Ongoing compliance with the meditation practice was also demonstrated in the majority of subjects at 3 years. We conclude that an intensive but time-limited group stress reduction intervention based on mindfulness meditation can have long-term beneficial effects in the treatment of people diagnosed with anxiety disorders Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review.Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S.Altern Med Rev. 2000 Aug; 5(4):334-46.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to review the literature regarding Withania somnifera (ashwagandha, WS) a commonly used herb in Ayurvedic medicine. Specifically, the literature was reviewed for articles pertaining to chemical properties, therapeutic benefits, and toxicity. DESIGN: This review is in a narrative format and consists of all publications relevant to ashwagandha that were identified by the authors through a systematic search of major computerized medical databases; no statistical pooling of results or evaluation of the quality of the studies was performed due to the widely different methods employed by each study. RESULTS: Studies indicate ashwagandha possesses anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antistress, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hemopoietic, and rejuvenating properties. It also appears to exert a positive influence on the endocrine, cardiopulmonary, and central nervous systems. The mechanisms of action for these properties are not fully understood. Toxicity studies reveal that ashwagandha appears to be a safe compound. CONCLUSION: Preliminary studies have found various constituents of ashwagandha exhibit a variety of therapeutic effects with little or no associated toxicity. These results are very encouraging and indicate this herb should be studied more extensively to confirm these results and reveal other potential therapeutic effects. Clinical trials using ashwagandha for a variety of conditions should also be conducted NIMH Epidemiology Note: Prevalence of anxiety disorders.Narrow WERDSRDA. 7777 Efficacy of kava extract for treating anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis.Pittler MH, Ernst E.J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000 Feb; 20(1):84-9.Synthetic anxiolytic drugs are effective for treating anxiety, but they are burdened with adverse effects. Constraints on resources and time often render therapies such as psychologic interventions impracticable. Thus, an effective oral medication with few adverse effects would be a welcome addition to the therapeutic repertoire. This systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed at assessing the evidence for or against the efficacy of kava extract as a symptomatic treatment for anxiety. Systematic literature searches were performed in the computerized databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, AMED, CISCOM, and the Cochrane Library (all from their respective inception to June 1998). The search terms used were kava, kawa, kavain, Piper methysticum, and Rauschpfeffer (German term for Piper methysticum). Experts on the subject were contacted to provide further information. There were no restrictions regarding the language of publication. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of oral kava extract for the treatment of anxiety were included. All publications were blinded before assessment by a person not involved in the study. Data were extracted in a standardized, predefined fashion independently by the two reviewers. The methodologic quality of all trials was assessed. Superiority of kava extract over placebo was suggested by all seven reviewed trials. The meta-analysis of three trials suggests a significant difference in the reduction of the total score on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety in favor of kava extract (weighted mean difference, 9.69; 95% confidence interval, 3.54-15.83). These data imply that kava extract is superior to placebo as a symptomatic treatment for anxiety. Therefore, kava extract is an herbal treatment option for anxiety that is worthy of consideration Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study 1991.Robins LN. 1991; Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: a unifying theory.Salmon P.Clin Psychol Rev. 2001 Feb; 21(1):33-61.Until recently, claims for the psychological benefits of physical exercise have tended to precede supportive evidence. Acutely, emotional effects of exercise remain confusing, both positive and negative effects being reported. Results of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are more consistent in indicating that aerobic exercise training has antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and protects against harmful consequences of stress. Details of each of these effects remain unclear. Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects have been demonstrated most clearly in subclinical disorder, and clinical applications remain to be exploited. Cross-sectional studies link exercise habits to protection from harmful effects of stress on physical and mental health, but causality is not clear. Nevertheless, the pattern of evidence suggests the theory that exercise training recruits a process which confers enduring resilience to stress. This view allows the effects of exercise to be understood in terms of existing psychobiological knowledge, and it can thereby provide the theoretical base that is needed to guide future research in this area. Clinically, exercise training continues to offer clinical psychologists a vehicle for nonspecific therapeutic social and psychological processes. It also offers a specific psychological treatment that may be particularly effective for patients for whom more conventional psychological interventions are less acceptable Why stress is bad for your brain.Sapolsky RM.Science. 1996 Aug 9; 273(5276):749-50. Stress, Glucocorticoids, and Damage to the Nervous System: The Current State of Confusion.Sapolsky RM.Stress. 1996 Jul; 1(1):1-19.An extensive literature demonstrates that glucocorticoids (GCs), the adrenal steroids secreted during stress, can have a broad range of deleterious effects in the brain. The actions occur predominately, but not exclusively, in the hippocampus, a structure rich in corticosteroid receptors and particularly sensitive to GCs. The first half of this review considers three types of GC effects: a) GC-induced atrophy, in which a few weeks' exposure to high GC concentrations or to stress causes reversible atrophy of dendritic processes in the hippocampus; b) GC neurotoxicity where, over the course of months, GC exposure kills hippocampal neurons; c) GC neuroendangerment, in which elevated GC concentrations at the time of a neurological insult such as a stroke or seizure impairs the ability of neurons to survive the insult. The second half considers the rather confusing literature as to the possible mechanisms underlying these deleterious GC actions. Five broad themes are discerned: a) that GCs induce a metabolic vulnerability in neurons due to inhibition of glucose uptake; b) that GCs exacerbate various steps in a damaging cascade of glutamate excess, calcium mobilization and oxygen radical generation. In a review a number of years ago, I concluded that these two components accounted for the deleterious GC effects. Specifically, the energetic vulnerability induced by GCs left neurons metabolically compromised, and less able to carry out the costly task of containing glutamate, calcium and oxygen radicals. More recent work has shown this conclusion to be simplistic, and GC actions are shown to probably involve at least three additional components: c) that GCs impair a variety of neuronal defenses against neurologic insults; d) that GCs disrupt the mobilization of neurotrophins; e) that GCs have a variety of electrophysiological effects which can damage neurons. The relevance of each of those mechanisms to GC-induced atrophy, neurotoxicity and neuroendangerment is considered, as are the likely interactions among them Coffee and tea intake and the risk of myocardial infarction.Sesso HD, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, et al.Am J Epidemiol. 1999 Jan 15; 149(2):162-7.The authors investigated the association of caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea with myocardial infarction in a study of 340 cases and age-, sex-, and community-matched controls. The odds ratio for drinking > or = 4 cups/day of caffeinated coffee versus drinking 1 cup/day of decaffeinated coffee versus nondrinkers was 1.25 (95% CI 0.76-2.04). For tea, the odds ratio for drinking > or = 1 cup/day versus nondrinkers was 0.56 (95% CI 0.35-0.90). In these data, only tea was associated with a lower risk of myocardial infarction Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on medical and premedical students.Shapiro SL, Schwartz GE, Bonner G.J Behav Med. 1998 Dec; 21(6):581-99.The inability to cope successfully with the enormous stress of medical education may lead to a cascade of consequences at both a personal and professional level. The present study examined the short-term effects of an 8-week meditation-based stress reduction intervention on premedical and medical students using a well-controlled statistical design. Findings indicate that participation in the intervention can effectively (1) reduce self-reported state and trait anxiety, (2) reduce reports of overall psychological distress including depression, (3) increase scores on overall empathy levels, and (4) increase scores on a measure of spiritual experiences assessed at termination of intervention. These results (5) replicated in the wait-list control group, (6) held across different experiments, and (7) were observed during the exam period. Future research should address potential long-term effects of mindfulness training for medical and premedical students Reorganization of the morphology of hippocampal neurites and synapses after stress-induced damage correlates with behavioral improvement.Sousa N, Lukoyanov NV, Madeira MD, et al.Neuroscience. 2000; 97(2):253-66.We recently demonstrated that stress-induced cognitive deficits in rats do not correlate with hippocampal neuronal loss. Working on the premise that subtle structural changes may however be involved, we here evaluated the effects of chronic stress on hippocampal dendrite morphology, the volume of the mossy fiber system, and number and morphology of synapses between mossy fibers and CA3 dendritic excrescences. To better understand the mechanisms by which stress exerts its structural effects, we also studied these parameters in rats given exogenous corticosterone. Further, to search for signs of structural reorganization following the termination of the stress and corticosterone treatments, we analysed groups of rats returned to treatment-free conditions. All animals were assessed for spatial learning and memory performance in the Morris water maze. Consistent with previous findings, dendritic atrophy was observed in the CA3 hippocampal region of chronically stressed and corticosterone-treated rats; in addition, we observed atrophy in granule and CA1 pyramidal cells following these treatments. Additionally, profound changes in the morphology of the mossy fiber terminals and significant loss of synapses were detected in both conditions. These alterations were partially reversible following rehabilitation from stress or corticosterone treatments. The fine structural changes, which resulted from prolonged hypercortisolism, were accompanied by impairments in spatial learning and memory; the latter were undetectable following rehabilitation.We conclude that there is an intimate relationship between corticosteroid levels, hippocampal neuritic structure and hippocampal-dependent learning and memory Effect of Korean red ginseng on psychological functions in patients with severe climacteric syndromes.Tode T, Kikuchi Y, Hirata J, et al.Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1999 Dec; 67(3):169-74.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of psychological dysfunction and levels of stress hormones in postmenopausal women with climacteric syndromes and effect of Korean red ginseng (RG) on them. METHODS: ACTH, cortisol and DHEA-S in peripheral blood from 12 postmenopausal women with climacteric syndromes or 8 postmenopausal women without any climacteric syndrome were measured before and 30 days after treatment with daily oral administration of 6 g RG. Blood samples were collected in the early morning on the bed-rest. In postmenopausal women with climacteric syndromes such as fatigue, insomnia and depression, psychological tests using the Cornell Medical Index (CMI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were performed before and 30 days after treatment with RG. RESULTS: CMI score as well as anxiety (A)-state in STAI score in postmenopausal women with climacteric syndromes was significantly higher than that without climacteric syndrome, while DHEA-S levels in postmenopausal women with climacteric syndromes were about a half of those without climacteric syndrome. Consequently, cortisol/DHEA-S (C/D) ratio was significantly higher in postmenopausal women with climacteric syndromes than in those without climacteric syndrome. When postmenopausal women with climacteric syndromes were treated with daily oral administration of 6 g RG for 30 days, CMI and STAI A-state scores decreased within normal range. Although the decreased DHEA-S levels were not restored to the levels in postmenopausal women without climacteric syndrome, the C/D ratio decreased significantly after treatment with RG. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement of CMI and STAI scores in postmenopausal women suffering climacteric syndromes, particularly fatigue, insomnia and depression, by RG seemed to be brought about in part by effects of RG on stress-related hormones as shown by a decrease in C/D ratio Neurotoxicity of glucocorticoids in the primate brain.Uno H, Eisele S, Sakai A, et al.Horm Behav. 1994 Dec; 28(4):336-48.Severe and prolonged physical and psychological stress is known to cause brain damage; long-term torture victims in prison have later developed psychiatric disorders and cerebral cortical atrophy observed in CT scans (Jensen, Genefke, Hyldebrandt, Pedersen, Petersen, and Weile, 1982). In nonhuman primates, we observed degeneration and depletion of the hippocampal neurons in African green monkeys that had been severely abused by cagemates and died with complications of multiple gastric ulcers and adrenal cortical hyperplasia (Uno, Tarara, Else, Suleman and Sapolsky, 1989). In our previous studies the administration of dexamethasone (DEX) (5 mg/kg) to pregnant rhesus monkeys at 132 to 133 days of gestation induced degeneration and depletion of the hippocampal pyramidal and dentate granular neurons in the brains of 135-gestation-day fetuses, and these changes were retained in the brains of fetuses at near term, 165 days of gestation (Uno, Lohmiller, Thieme, Kemnitz, Engle, Roecker, and Farrell, 1990). We also found that implantation of a cortisol pellet in the vicinity of the hippocampus in adult vervet monkeys induced degeneration of the CA3 pyramidal neurons and their dendritic branches (Sapolsky, Uno, Rebert, and Finch, 1990). Thus, hippocampal pyramidal neurons containing a high concentration of glucocorticoid receptors appear to be highly vulnerable to either hypercortisolemia caused by severe stress or to exposure to exogenous glucocorticoids. To study the long-term postnatal sequelae of prenatal brain damage, eight rhesus monkeys were treated with either DEX (5 mg/kg), 5 animals, or vehicle, 3 animals, at 132 to 133 days of gestation. After natural birth, all animals lived with their mothers for 1 year. At 9 months of age, we found that DEX-treated animals had significantly high plasma cortisol at both base and post-stress (isolation) levels compared to age-matched vehicle-treated animals. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the brain at 20 months of age showed an approximately 30% reduction in size and segmental volumes of the hippocampus in DEX-treated compared to vehicle-treated animals. Measurements of whole brain volume by MRI showed no significant differences between DEX and vehicle groups. Prenatal administration of a potent glucocorticoid (DEX) induced an irreversible deficiency of the hippocampal neurons and high plasma cortisol at the circadian baseline and post-stress levels in juvenile rhesus monkeys. These results suggest that the hippocampus mediates negative feedback of cortisol release; a lack or deficiency of the hippocampal neurons attenuates this feedback resulting in hypercortisolemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) [Psychosomatic dysfunctions in the female climacteric. Clinical effectiveness and tolerance of Kava Extract WS 1490].Warnecke G.Fortschr Med. 1991 Feb 10; 109(4):119-22.Within the framework of a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study, two groups each containing 20 patients with climacteric-related symptomatology were treated for a period of 8 weeks with kava WS 1490 extract 3 X 100 mg/day or a placebo preparation. The target variable - the HAMA overall score of anxiety symptomatology - revealed a significant difference in the drug-receiving group vis-a-vis the placebo group already after only 1 week of treatment. The course of such further parameters as depressive mood (DSI), subjective well-being (patient diary), severity of the disease (CGI), and the climacteric symptomatology (Kuppermann Index and Schneider scale) over the overall period of treatment demonstrate a high level of efficacy of kava extract WS 1490 in neurovegetative and psychosomatic dysfunctions in the climacteric, associated with very good tolerance of the preparation A comparison of kava special extract WS 1490 and benzodiazepines in patients with anxiety.Woelk H.Z Allg Med. 1993;(69):271-7. Reduction effect of theanine on blood pressure and brain 5-hydroxyindoles in spontaneously hypertensive rats.Yokogoshi H, Kato Y, Sagesaka YM, et al.Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1995 Apr; 59(4):615-8.The effect of theanine, one of the components of green tea, on the blood pressure and brain 5-hydroxyindoles in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) was investigated by intraperitoneally administering theanine. The effect of glutamine, which is structurally similar to theanine, was also examined. When SHR were injected with various amounts of theanine (0, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg/kg), the change was dose-dependent, and a significant decrease in blood pressure was observed with the high doses (1500 and 2000 mg/kg). A dose of 2000 mg/kg of theanine did not alter the blood pressure of WKY, while the same dose to SHR decreased it significantly. On the other hand, glutamine administration to SHR did not change either the blood pressure or the heart rate. The brain 5-hydroxyindole level was significantly decreased by theanine administration to both WKY and SHR, the decrease being dose-dependent Hypotensive effect of gamma-glutamylmethylamide in spontaneously hypertensive rats.Yokogoshi H, Kobayashi M.Life Sci. 1998; 62(12):1065-8.The effect of gamma-glutamylmethylamide(GMA), one of the components of green tea extract, on the blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was investigated. The effect of glutamic acid and r-glutamylethylamide (theanine), which is structurally similar to GMA, was also examined. When SHR were injected with glutamic acid (2000mg/kg), the blood pressure was not altered. The same dose of theanine decreased it significantly. GMA administration to SHR reduced the blood pressure significantly, and its degree of hypotensive action was more effective than that by theanine administration Effect of theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on brain monoamines and striatal dopamine release in conscious rats.Yokogoshi H, Kobayashi M, Mochizuki M, et al.Neurochem Res. 1998 May; 23(5):667-73. Theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, is one of the major components of amino acids in Japanese green tea. Effect of theanine on brain amino acids and monoamines, and the striatal release of dopamine (DA) was investigated. Determination of amino acids in the brain after the intragastric administration of theanine showed that theanine was incorporated into brain through blood-brain barrier via leucine-preferring transport system. The concentrations of norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) in the brain regions were unaffected by the theanine administration except in striatum. Theanine administration caused significant increases in serotonin and/or DA concentrations in the brain, especially in striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus. Direct administration of theanine into brain striatum by microinjection caused a significant increase of DA release in a dose-dependent manner. Microdialysis of brain with calcium-free Ringer buffer attenuated the theanine-induced DA release. Pretreatment with the Ringer buffer containing an antagonist of non-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) glutamate receptor, MK-801, for 1 hr did not change the significant increase of DA release induced by theanine. However, in the case of pretreatment with AP-5, (+/-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid; antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptor, the theanine-induced DA release from striatum was significantly inhibited. These results suggest that theanine might affect the metabolism and/or the release of some neurotransmitters in the brain, such as DA


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NEW YORK President Obama plans to nominate Meredith M. Broadbent as a member of the U.S. International Trade Commission.
Broadbent is a senior advisor at Washington think tank Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). She also served for several years as....
NEW YORK President Obama plans to nominate Meredith M. Broadbent as a member of the U.S. International Trade Commission.
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Go Big or Go Home
In 2009, the average American home was 2,343 square feet, well more than double the average in 1950.
But in the aftermath of the housing bust, interest in tiny homes has grown dramatically among young people and retiring Baby Boomers, said Kent Griswold, who runs the Tiny House Blog, which attracts 5,000 to 7,000 visitors a day.
"In the last couple years, the idea's really taken off," Griswold said. "There's been a huge interest in people downsizing and there are a lot of young people who don't want to be tied down with a huge mortgage and want to build their own space."
Builders are projecting the square footage of new homes to continue trending downward. Even in the higher-end market, families are demanding smaller homes with more amenities, said Tommy vice president of Byrnes/Ostner Investments, in a recent article about Shelby County's building permits.
"It is no secret that when we get out of this recession, the homebuilding business will be different," said Byrnes. "We built houses in the heyday where each kid had their own walk-in closet and their own study area, but that's just not going to happen anymore."
The following are the past five years of new home permits' average square footage for Shelby County, according to the real estate company Chandler Reports, www.chandlerreports.com:
- 2006: 3,034 square feet
- 2007: 2,880 square feet
- 2008: 2,980 square feet
- 2009: 2,972 square feet
- 2010: 2,847 square feet
Couple size reduction with green initiatives, and you've killed two birds with one stone on reducing your carbon footprint. Check out this "18 Incredible Small Green Homes That Live Large" slideshow – one is 70 square feet!
To learn more about green homes in Shelby County, check out my upcoming story running Jan. 26.


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Volume 25 - Issue 3 - March 2012
Feature »
How To Address Onychomycosis In Patients With Diabetes
The complications of diabetes can desensitize patients to the effects of onychomycosis and complicate management of the condition. Given the increased prevalence of onychomycosis in this patient population, these authors discuss common pathogens and assess the available treatment options.
Feature »
Emerging Vascular Interventions In The Diabetic Foot
Ensuring adequate vascularity can be critical to facilitating the healing of diabetic foot ulcerations. Accordingly, these authors discuss current mainstay approaches in vascular surgery as well as emerging techniques that could make a difference in the future for limb salvage in patients with diabetes and chronic wounds.
News and Trends »
March 2012
The prevalence of diabetes has increased in recent years and is projected to keep rising. However, a recent study in Diabetes Care may offer a silver lining: Non-traumatic lower extremity amputation rates have fallen in patients with diabetes over the age of 40.
Diabetes Watch »
Issues And Answers In Diagnosing Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis
Any podiatric medical student could tell you that the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis is bone biopsy. This is obviously an important diagnosis to reach with a high degree of confidence. From a clinical standpoint, we utilize bone biopsy results: to decide on the course and duration of antibiotic therapy; to determine the need for subsequent wound debridement; as an indication for hyperbaric oxygen therapy; to assess the timing of wound closure; and to ascertain the level of lower extremity amputation.1-13
Surgical Pearls »
Reassessing Surgical Options For Recalcitrant Hallux Limitus In An Active Population
Hallux limitus is generally responsive to conservative care consisting of anything from changing foot gear, changing activity and exercises to orthoses, injections, anti-inflammatory medication and physical therapy.1 When these things fail, surgery is necessary.
Wound Care Q&A »
Minimizing The Risk Of Perioperative Infection In Patients With Wounds
Given the delicate nature of the wound environment, one must be vigilant in reducing the incidence of perioperative infection. Accordingly, these expert panelists discuss skin preparation before surgery, the use of prophylactic antibiotics, hand hygiene protocol and wound irrigation techniques.
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ATSDR Studies How Chemicals Affect Our Health
Did you know that more than 80,000 chemicals are registered for use in the United States? Chemicals make our lives easier and are included in everyday items like foods, personal care products, prescription drugs, household cleaners, and lawn care products. However, we do not know the effects of many of these chemicals on our health. Though relatively few chemicals are thought to pose a major risk to human health, we may be exposed to chemicals when they become pollutants in our air, water, or soil. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) works to protect public health by understanding a chemical's toxicology. In other words, ATSDR identifies both the effects of these chemicals and at what levels of exposure they may become hazardous to humans.
Computational Toxicology is helping ATSDR scientists to get a better understanding of the public health impacts of exposure to chemicals for which little or no information is available. By using a scientifically credible, timely, and less expensive alternative to traditional toxicology testing, scientists learn important information about a chemical's health impact. ATSDR relies on the latest advances in computational toxicology to support its mission to protect the public's health by providing trusted health information to prevent harmful exposures and diseases related to toxic substances. Learn more about how ATSDR is using computational toxicology!
CompTox Lab Services
Housed within ATSDR's Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, the Computational Toxicology Laboratory (CompTox Lab) protects public health by developing and applying three state-of-the-art methods to determine and characterize risks from exposure to hazardous substances.
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) techniques allow scientists to make scientifically sound estimates about how an unknown substance will interact with the body by looking at similar substances for which much information is already available.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK) models allow scientists to predict how a substance will interact with the body, especially which areas of the body (brain, liver, etc.) may be affected following exposure to hazardous substances. PBPK modeling is also helpful in predicting if a substance will be absorbed or expelled by the body.
Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling helps scientists determine the safest possible level of exposure for certain chemicals. This is done by identifying health effects of chemicals at doses that have not yet been tested.
ATSDR uses its CompTox Lab in a Variety of Ways
Emergency Response and Bioterrorism
- After Hurricane Katrina, ATSDR's CompTox Lab used QSAR techniques to assess the dangers of approximately 200 chemicals that people in the affected areas were in danger of encountering in the days following the storm.
- QSAR techniques are being done on a group of chemicals from the CDC/ATSDR Chemical Terrorism List. Early results show that QSAR may be useful for providing limited data for use in acute exposure scenarios for chemical terrorism substances that currently have no available toxicity data.
- In response to an urgent congressional request for information on the toxicity of one of the chemicals spilled at a chemical factory in New York, QSAR analysis predicted the chemical to be mildly irritating to the skin, but revealed no threat of cancer-causing substances. ATSDR provided these results to the Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment at the New York State Department of Health (DOH), and follow-up consultations were held shortly after.
- Based on a QSAR analysis performed by CompTox Lab scientists, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) initiated a study of a drinking water contaminant in the Toms River area of New Jersey.
- International collaborations with TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Netherlands used PBPK models developed in the ATSDR's CompTox lab to investigate interactions between trichloroethylene, benzene, lead, and methyl mercury.
- CompTox Lab scientists recently collaborated with researchers at the University of Georgia to develop PBPK models to investigate polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs.
Children's Health
Child-based PBPK models for certain substances were developed to determine if younger age groups are more sensitive to chemical exposures than adults. Thus far, results of the modeling efforts show that very young children are more susceptible to chemical toxicity by inhaling or ingesting certain substances than adults exposed to identical environmental conditions.
More Information
- Page last reviewed: August 9, 2010 (archived document)
- Content source:
- Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Digital Media Branch, Division of Public Affairs
- Page maintained by: Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Digital Media Branch, Division of Public Affairs


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Thanks GP! Do read the book, it's a stunner!
Awesome map, Ravs! Now I have to read the book.
Big time congrats, have some REP!
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That is absolutely incredible Ravs. What a winner. A great map in every respect. I'm gobsmacked. Love your work man!
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I must be very humble or something, but I don't think it holds a candle to your maps, Torq, or GPs or especially Bohunk's, Torstan's, Ascension's and Toff's whose maps I just salivate over everytime I see them.
I think it may have something to do with looking at the same thing for a week rather than seeing it all at once when it's finished.
Love it - though now I won't be able to look at that peninsula the same way again.
As for the different styles - I think it has something to do with knowing precisely how something is constructed. I look at maps like these and don't really have the first idea how to put one together, whereas I know all the dirty secrets that go into mine
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I think you might be right...I think I'm cheating somehow.
Although I'll tell you what, the final layer on this map was a parchment texture which I set to multiply and lowered the opacity a bit....the effect was amazing, it deepened all the colours and made them richer but in a way in which they still all worked with each other. A curve layer adjustment (with the usual S shape) on top of that and thing just came alive.
Last edited by ravells; 03-14-2009 at 07:18 PM.
Absolutely astounding! Dude, that rocks...hard! The colors are simply perfect and evocative of something only slightly grungy despite being old. I like the mix of "real" terrain (mountains) with other artsy elements (rivers, text). Think I prefer the bold coast...brings the style together for me but I like it either way. Excellent stuff, bro. Now gimme a tut
If the radiance of a thousand suns was to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the Mighty One...I am become Death, the Shatterer of worlds.
-J. Robert Oppenheimer (father of the atom bomb) alluding to The Bhagavad Gita (Chapter 11, Verse 32)
My Maps ~ My Brushes ~ My Tutorials ~ My Challenge Maps
I'm so glad you said that! That was exactly the look I was shooting for (in empathy with the book) - mixing real and graphic is usually dangerous. Tut coming...I't's already 3/4s written....you won't believe how easy it is.
The forests are officially spot-on. Lookin' forward to that tutorial.
Beautiful map there. Is there going to be an outflow on that lake next to Shaktur Rep heading your way if I am able.
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Host Anderson Cooper arrives for the CNN Heroes: An All-Star Tribute at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California in this file photo taken December 2, 2012. CNN, the global cable news channel, could end up like its erstwhile sister properties, AOL, Time Warner Cable and Time Inc as a stand alone publicly traded company. CNN's fate remains in the balance as Twenty-First Century Fox - home to the Fox News Cable channel - made a bid to buy CNN parent Time Warner Inc for about $80 billion. REUTERS/Jason Redmond/Files (UNITED STATES - Tags: ENTERTAINMENT BUSINESS MEDIA)
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text:
Thieves used oil to slip ladders off the roof of a vehicle in Blackbird Leys.
The ladders, which were locked and chained, were stolen in Sandy Lane overnight last Monday.
Thames Valley Police said oil had been used to grease the ladder clamps and prevent any noise alerting people living nearby.
Call police on 101 or the Crimestoppers charity anonymously on 0800 555111 if you have any information.
Top News
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11:20am Monday 28th July 2014
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Our top stories
New: Get Oxford Mail news alerts sent direct to your phone via Whatsapp
11:50am Tuesday 3rd June 2014
OXFORD Mail readers can now sign up to get major breaking news alerts sent direct to their mobile phones with a new service using Whatsapp.
Set for a battle of Blenheim over 1,500 homes plan
9:00am Tuesday 9th September 2014
RESIDENTS in Woodstock have vowed to "fight until the bitter end" against plans to build up to 1,500 homes east of the town.
Delays of up to 40 minutes on bus services across the county
9:00am Tuesday 9th September 2014
STAGECOACH Oxfordshire has warned that passengers face delays of up to 40 minutes this morning.
Harassment cop sacked for gross misconduct
8:30am Tuesday 9th September 2014
A DETECTIVE has been sacked after harassing a member of police staff, the force said yesterday.
Fears as boat owners' group claims new area of riverbank
8:00am Tuesday 9th September 2014
RESIDENTS say they are worried about another attempt by boat owners to grab land alongside waterways in the city.
Mum cleared of breaking baby daughter's leg
6:30am Tuesday 9th September 2014
A TEENAGER accused of breaking her baby daughter's leg broke down in tears as she was cleared yesterday.


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Save $10 on Warner Bros. DVDs & Blu-Rays
Use your Visa® card and experience the wonderful world of Warner Bros. and save $10 on ordering DVDs and Blu-rays totaling $50 or more.
Warner Bros. is home to beloved movies and television. Films like The Lego Movie, Harry Potter, The Hobbit, Lord of the Rings, The Dark Knight, Superman and television shows like Veronica Mars, ER, and Friends have entertained millions. These titles and many more are now available to you through this special offer.
Go to WBShop.com, the official shop of Warner Bros. Studios, browse through thousands of titles and find your favorite films and television shows.
To redeem this offer, click the Redeem button and ensure WBVISA10 is in the promotional code field at checkout. Or, call 866-373-4389, to place your order. You must mention promotional code WBVISA10 to receive your discount.
Valid 05/22/2014 to 10/31/2014
Terms & Conditions
Terms & Conditions
- Offer applies to DVDs and Blu-ray Discs only. Not valid on charity items, restricted titles, digital downloads, soundtracks, video games, digital rentals or DVDs and Blu-ray Discs produced or released under the HBO, BBC, IMAX, TNT, Turner, Sesame Street, VIZ Media or LucasFilm brands.
- Offer is redeemable at WBShop.com or by calling 866-373-4389 only.
- Minimum purchase requirement excludes shipping and applicable taxes. Offer valid on in-stock merchandise only; not valid on special orders or previous orders or with other coupons or discounts.
- One offer per customer, one time use only. Offer is non-transferable and not redeemable for cash or gift certificates. In the event of a return that lowers the total purchase amount below the offer minimum purchase requirement, the offer savings amount may be deducted from your refund.
- Other restrictions may apply, call 1-866-373-4389 for details. Offer expires at 11:59pm PST on 12/31/2014. Offer may be withdrawn any time.
- Offer subject to change, and is based on individual merchant's terms and conditions.
- Void where prohibited or restricted by law.
- Offer valid only when you pay with your Visa card.
- Any taxes are the sole responsibility of the purchaser.


text:
'Tis the season for temptations, with holiday dinners and treats nearly everywhere we turn. So stick a fork into these 10 tips from the UCSF Center for Prevention of Heart and Vascular Disease.
Latest News
December 20, 2010
November 03, 2010
As San Francisco prepares to celebrate the 2010 World Series champions with a parade today, UCSF's Stuart Lustig explains why fans are so excited about the San Francisco Giants.
January 19, 2010
Researchers hope that gentle yoga and active stretching will prove enjoyable and sustainable for people with metabolic syndrome, while also improving their health.


text:
7 U.S. Code § 2009dd–6 - Rural endowment loans program
(a) In general
The Secretary may provide long-term loans to eligible community foundations to assist in the implementation of regional investment strategies.
(b) Eligible community foundations
To be eligible to receive a loan under this section, a community foundation shall—
(2) match the amount of the loan with an amount that is at least 250 percent of the amount of the loan; and
Source(Pub. L. 87–128, title III, § 385G, as added Pub. L. 107–171, title VI, § 6030,May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 408; amended Pub. L. 110–234, title VI, § 6028,May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1193; Pub. L. 110–246, § 4(a), title VI, § 6028,June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 1955.)
Pub. L. 110–234and Pub. L. 110–246made identical amendments to this section. The amendments by Pub. L. 110–234were repealed by section 4(a) ofPub. L. 110–246.
2008—Pub. L. 110–246, § 6028, amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section provided for competitive innovation grants to be made to Regional Boards.
Effective Date of 2008 Amendment
Amendment of this section and repeal of Pub. L. 110–234by Pub. L. 110–246effective May 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, see section 4 ofPub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8701 of this title.
The table below lists the classification updates, since Jan. 3, 2012, for this section. Updates to a broader range of sections may be found at the update page for containing chapter, title, etc.
The most recent Classification Table update that we have noticed was Tuesday, August 13, 2013
An empty table indicates that we see no relevant changes listed in the classification tables. If you suspect that our system may be missing something, please double-check with the Office of the Law Revision Counsel.
|Description of Change
|Session Year
|Public Law
|Statutes at Large
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
View thousands of job listings from private employers statewide. Upload your resume and apply for jobs online. Manage and track your job search efforts.
Our Creative Job Search Guide provides the advice you need to plan and launch a successful job search, even in the most challenging times.
If you've been laid off or had your work hours greatly reduced, you may qualify for Unemployment Insurance benefits.
UI benefits provide a temporary partial wage replacement to workers who become unemployed through no fault of their own.
All you, all the time. At WorkForce Centers that's our only focus.
With nearly 50 centers located throughout the state, it's easy to get the job-search and career guidance you need.
Lost your job and wondering what's next? Don't know how to begin a job search? Need help with your resume? Looking for job leads? At any stage in your job search, we've got the resources and expertise to help.
Apply for unemployment insurance benefits. Get help if you're facing a layoff. Find additional community resources.
Search thousands of online job listings on MinnesotaWorks. Check out special employment programs for targeted groups.
Get expert job-search and career-planning advice. Sign-up for workshops. Join networking groups and job clubs.
Employment and career services to help people who are blind and visually impaired live and work as independently as possible.
Counseling, training and job skills. Services to help people with disabilities prepare for, find and keep a job.
Transition assistance. Employer advocacy. Career guidance and planning. Services to help Minnesota veterans return to work.
Learn about the job-search process. Write a winning resume. Perfect your interview skills. Master the art of follow-up.
Read about job fair dos an don'ts to get good job leads and ultimately land a great new job.
If your job search has stalled or needs a boost, consider setting up informational interviews to get back on track.
Join us on September 23 for the 18th Annual St Cloud Job Fair.
In partnership with Normandale Community College and DEED, Express Scripts will be holding a Hiring Event on September 24.


text:
|Wet And Puffy
Click here to visit site
|Short review: Theyve taken one of the most seksy parts of a females body and bare it in its fully excited state. As the fervor builds, so does that swelling and theyre placing the cam so very close to the vaginal area, youre not going to miss one detail of fineness. There are some choices for vid play, and the pics are attractively presented as well. More content is needed though.


text: File:Github guide-api token.jpg Revision as of 05:55, 27 April 2014 by Maintenance script (Talk) (diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) File File history File usage MetadataNo higher resolution available. Github_guide-api_token.jpg (599 × 170 pixels, file size: 47 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment current06:04, 27 April 2014599 × 170 (47 KB)Maintenance script (Talk)Importing file 05:55, 27 April 2014599 × 170 (47 KB)Maintenance script (Talk)Importing file You cannot overwrite this file. File usage There are no pages that link to this file. Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified file. Software used Adobe Photoshop CS5 Windows Retrieved from "http://www.funtoo.org/index.php?title=File:Github_guide-api_token.jpg&oldid=3701"


text:
Spark Tablet Coming Soon
Spark device with KDE is completely open.
Aaron J. Seigo, developer of the Spark tablet, has posted a lengthy Q&A detailing the new device's specifications. According to Seigo's blog, Spark pre-order registration will open next week, and units are expected to begin shipping in May 2012. At that time, it will be available for order online worldwide.
The device, which will run Mer with the KDE Plasma Active interface, is completely open and can be altered to suit customers' needs. Seigo says that Spark is the device most suited to adaptation for vertical applications available today. Depending on order volume, Spark tablets can be shipped with customizations pre-installed and pricing incentives.
The device has a 1.3Mpx webcam on the front and 800x480 screen resolution. It has two USB ports, a microSD slot, a 3.5mm audio jack, a power jack, and standard 802.11 b/g WiFi. The first run of Spark devices, which are based on the Zenithink C71, will not offer built-in 3G or GPS, although there are plans to provide those features later depending on market demand.
For developers, Seigo recommends QtQuick for creating applications targeting the Spark. The device also has KDE libraries, including the Plasma framework. However, Spark can support non-Qt apps. Developers also will have access to the add-ons store, so according to Seigo, getting your apps to Spark users will be "dead simple." You can read the entire post at http://aseigo.blogspot.com/.
Issue 168/2014
Buy this issue as a PDF
Tag Cloud
Mozilla Labs Shuts Down
Mozilla's product think tank sinks silently into history.
Internet Giants Launch Collaboration to Improve Open Source
TODO group will focus on open source tools in large-scale environments.
Fedora Announces New Partition Manager App
New tool will look like GParted but support a wider range of storage technologies.
Mozilla Releases a New Firefox
New public key pinning feature will help prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.
Tool Predicts Which Websites Will be Compromised
Carnegie Mellon researchers say 3 million pages could fall down the phishing hole in the next year.
SSH Key Management Guidelines
The US government rolls new best-practice rules for protecting SSH.
Knoppix 7.4 Released
Klaus Knopper announces the latest version of his iconic Live Linux system.
PHP Attack Puts WordPress and Drupal at Risk
All websites that use these popular CMS tools could be vulnerable to denial of service attacks if users don't install the updates.
Heartbleed Bleeds On
According to a report, many potential victims of the Heartbleed attack have patched their systems, but few have cleaned up the crime scene to protect themselves from the effects of a previous intrusion.
Drone Brain Goes Open Source
DARPA and NICTA release the code for the ultra-secure microkernel system used in aerial drones.


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> Subscribe Now!
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Patina Restaurant Group's first O.C. shop reawakens under new executive chef Alfonso Ramirez, whose almost rustic dishes recall the venue's finest early years. The refined setting retains the trappings of a Provençal chateau complete with mammoth fireplace and limestone archway. Notable are the primo charcuterie, a delicate duck confit salad, and lamb rib-eye with vadouvan spices. Two garden rooms create a charming patio.
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text:
Don't waste money on a warranty for those new tires
Chances are good your money will be benefitting the dealer more than helping you keep your tires in good shape.
A while back I bought four new tires for my 1997 Honda Civic. The tires came with a pro-rated 65,000-mile guarantee and were $74 each, or just under $300 for the entire set.
As the salesman was tallying up the bill he asked me if I would like to purchase the extended warranty for my brand new tires.
"And how much is that?" I sheepishly asked.
"It's only $9.95," came the salesman's immediate reply.
"Is that per tire?"
"Well, yes."
"So it's not really $9.95, right? What you should have said is that it's going to cost me an extra $40."
I think I caught the salesman off-guard because he immediately tried to assure me that he wasn't trying to pull a fast one. I nodded my head, but my raised eyebrows belied my true feelings.
That's when the guy looked me straight in the eye and insisted that the extended warranty was "a really good deal that most people take advantage of."
I passed on the warranty but, if what that salesman told me is true, it troubles me that there are a lot folks out there who insist on wasting their money for dubious services.
Prorated tire warranties
Almost all tires come with a pro-rated warranty from the manufacturer that typically cover only workmanship defects. Reimbursement is prorated, depending on how much tread is remaining when you make the claim. The rest comes out of your pocket.
Of course, new tires are rarely defective, but when they are, a defect usually becomes apparent soon after the tire has been purchased.
Extended tire warranties
Extended tire warranty plans are meant to cover what prorated manufacturer warranties usually don't: replacement or repair of damaged tires and rims from road hazards like nails, pot holes, sharp debris, and other hazards. They don't usually cover alignments, however, which are may be required if your car hits a curb, pothole or other hazard hard enough. Even so, that sounds like a pretty good idea, right?
Not really.
Here are a few reasons why you may be better off taking your chances by not paying for an extended tire warranty:
Some tires may come with free road hazard warranties. Although uncommon, some manufacturers and dealers actually offer free road hazard warranties. Ask your tire salesman to double-check and see if your tires already come with one. After all, why pay for something if it's being offered for free?
The odds favor the dealer. If extended warranties weren't to the dealer's benefit, they wouldn't be offering them. I've driven more than 500,000 miles in my lifetime. Over that time, I've driven over a nail or some other debris that has punctured my tire and caused a flat on just two occasions; that's an incident rate of less than once every 250,000 miles. In my case, considering the new tires I bought are only expected to last 65,000 miles, it made little sense to insure them.
The cost-risk ratio is too high. Despite the low risk of tire damage due to road hazards, let's say I did run over a nail that damaged my tire. The cost of replacing the tire is $74. Considering that I would have to pay $40 for the extended warranty, my ultimate savings would be $34. It makes little sense to spend $40 in the off-chance that I might save $34.
Smart Spending on the go: Get our app for Android or iPhone
Remember, insurance and extended warranties are supposed to protect us from high risk events and losses that we can't afford to replace. For most car owners, a flat tire is a low-risk low-cost affair that can be easily offset by scrounging up loose change hiding under the sofa cushions.
OK, OK. You'll probably have to raid your change jar too. But you get the drift.
More from Len Penzo dot Com:
- Is cell phone insurance really worth it?
- The 7 most popular ways to commit financial suicide
- What it really feels like to be a billionaire
i agree that you always have to look at the risk versus the premium paid for any kind of "insurance". Although the cost of the warranty is only a fraction of the total cost of the 4 tires, the likelihood is that if you do have a road hazard, it will be to only 1 tire. Therefore it does not make sense to me to pay $40 to offset a potential $70 risk. Even if it were 2 or 3 tires that would not be too expensive to replace.
Most of the problems I have ever had with tires is running over a nail and having a flat. Usually a flat likely that can be patched, good as new. My shop does that for free.
Save your money and put it in your IRA.
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Occupy Wall Street bought and forgave the student loan debt of more than 2,700 Everest College students.
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- Video: Easy DIY smoked meats at home
A charcuterie master shares his process for cold-smoking meat at home.
- Jetpacks about to go mainstream
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text: DULUTH, MN (KDAL) - UMD has announced that the search for a Director of Intercollegiate Athletics is now underway. The new Athletic Director will fill the hole created when Bob Nielson resigned to accept a head football coaching job at Western Illinois University. Professor Vince Magnuson, former Vice Chancellor for Academic Administration at UMD will serve as chair of the seach committee. The national search will focus on candidates that focus on someone with strong leadership skills to foster the continued prominence of UMD athletics and promote new levels of excellence. After a review of applications, on-campus interviews of the candidates should begin in early April.


text:
Furman Magazine
First published in December 1951, the Furman Magazine contains rich historical content about the consolidation of Greenville Woman's College and the old campus of Furman University, the construction of the current campus, and the accomplishments of University professors, alumni, and friends. Recent issues of the Furman Magazine have the "Class Notes" section redacted for privacy purposes.
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text:
An article in the Evening Standard understated the amount of hard data in GDP estimates and quoted a City commentator questioning the value of the preliminary estimate. Joe Grice wrote defending the ONS figures.
You say that the Office for National Statistics' second and third estimates of GDP contain only 60 per cent and 80 per cent respectively of the final data ('Recovery may be faster than expected but it will be a long slog', 23 February). This is not correct: the true figures are 77 per cent for the second estimate and 92 per cent for the third estimate. Mr Ostwald, whom you quote, is entitled to his opinion on the value of our preliminary estimate, but it is no 'guesstimate'. Our published research shows that the average revision over the last five years is less than 0.2 per cent and there is no consistent bias up or down.
Yours faithfully,
Joe Grice
Chief economist
Office for National Statistics
Government Buildings
Cardiff Road
Newport NP10 8XG


text:
IssueCertificates linked to Microsoft Base Smart Card Crypto Provider were not supported by the SafeGuard LAN Crypt Client. The user received following error message:The user certificate is linked to the unsupported Microsoft Base Cryptographic Service ProviderKnown to apply to the following Sophos product(s) and version(s)SafeGuard LAN Crypt Client 3.71
The user certificate is linked to the unsupported Microsoft Base Cryptographic Service Provider
Operating SystemWindows XP SP2/SP3 32bitWindows 7 (Ultimate / Enterprise / Professional) 32bitWindows Vista (Ultimate / Enterprise / Business) SP1/SP2 32bit
Please install SafeGuard LAN Crypt client 3.71 to solve the above issue.
If you need more information or guidance, then please contact technical support.
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text:
WAUSAU, WI (WSAU) - Wausau Police are investigating a Saturday evening armed robbery. It happened at the Oriental Foods at 514 Fulton Street. Authorities say an Asian male about 5-foot 5-inches tall walked in with a handgun and demanded money. The suspect is still at large. Police are not saying if anything else was taken.
Anyone with information about the suspect or the robbery is encouraged to contact Wausau Police or your nearest law enforcement agency.