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Last Updated: Wednesday, July 2, 2014 7:24 AM
Chapter 2- Natural Environment Study
- 2-1 Introduction
- 2-2 Background Research
- 2-3 Issue Identification/Scoping
- 2-4 Field Survey Methods
- 2-5 Evaluating Effects and Providing Input on Significance
- 2-6 Mitigation Measures
A Natural Environment Study (NES) describes the existing biological environment and how the project alternatives affect that environment. The NES summarizes technical documents (e.g., focused species studies, wetland assessments, biological assessments, etc.) related to effects on biological resources in the Biological Study Area (BSA) for use in the environmental document.
To gather information on the biological resources in the BSA, the District Biologist must review the proposed project description and materials, be familiar with the BSA, consider comments received during the project scoping process, and review existing sources of information known about the BSA.
An initial site visit to observe the type of natural communities and their condition in the BSA will help focus the collection of background information. Background information is used to plan the extent of biological studies needed prior to conducting field investigations. This initial planning step is necessary to ensure that studies address resources of concern that may be affected by the project while at the same time avoiding lengthy discussions of the local or regional biota. Biological resources addressed in the NES are limited to those pertaining to the BSA and those likely to be effected by the project. The BSA limits are determined in coordination with the Project Development Team (PDT) (refer to section 2-3.2).
The District Biologist reviews substantive resource issues identified during the project scoping process before initiating biological studies. From the information obtained in the background research and the comments received during the scoping process, the District Biologist develops a list of sensitive species and habitats that may be present within the BSA, as well as records of any additional biological considerations, such as the presence of invasive species.
Information about biological resources in the BSA is available from a myriad of sources. Some of the common sources of biological information include:
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
- Endangered Species Program provides special status species information
- Threatened and Endangered Species Database (TESS) provides species lists and information
- National Wetlands Inventory Maps allows you to view wetlands maps using a mapping interface
- Survey Protocols and Other Guidelines for federally listed, threatened, endangered species
- California Department of Fish and Game (DFG)
- Status of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Plants and Animals of California 2000-2004
- Rare Plant Program coordinates conservation activities for the State's listed plants, including listing, plant collecting, and research
- Protocols for Surveying and Evaluating Impacts
- Vegetation Classification and Mapping Program (VegCAMP) develops and maintains maps and the classification of all vegetation and habitats in the state to support conservation and management decisions
- California Natural Diversity Data Base (CNDDB) is a program that inventories the status and locations of rare plants and animals in California
- Survey and Monitoring Protocols and Guidelines contains specified survey protocols for plants, invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
- More Common Sources:
- California Native Plant Society's (CNPS) Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California provides information on the distribution and habitat requirements of sensitive plant taxa
- California Native Plant Society's (CNPS) A Manual of California Vegetation has been adopted as the standard vegetation classification system used by state and federal agencies
- Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) provides a listing of soil surveys and maps
- California Department of Food and Agriculture (USDA) provides a state noxious weed list
- California Invasive Plant Council (CalIPC) protects California wild lands from invasive plants through restoration, research, and education, and maps the distribution of invasive plant populations
Environmental documents prepared for nearby projects and documents prepared by resource agencies concerning species potentially found in the study area are also helpful informational resources. A 10-mile radius from the project site normally provides a useful frame of reference for developing a list of sensitive taxa to be considered during project studies. As a rule, the biologist considers all species whose range includes the BSA and whose life requirements may be met by the habitat and vegetation that is present within the survey area.
The scoping process identifies many of the issues that require discussion in an environmental document. The District Biologist supplements this process on an as needed basis, with site visits and interviews with local experts and agency personnel familiar with sensitive resources potentially found in the BSA.
2-3.1 Level of Detail
The level of detail must be sufficient to determine if the project will result in any considerable effects. The NES describes the project setting in detail that project planners and the public have a clear idea of the nature, distribution, and abundance of resources. The NES must address whether a sensitive or biologically important resource occurs in the BSA, whether the resource will be affected, and whether the project effects are considerable.
As the sensitivity of the resource increases, the level of detail in the NES will also increase. Rare, threatened and endangered species, as well as proposed species, candidate species, and some special status resources require a thorough analysis of potential project effects. A determination of the potential for take of a listed species or critical habitat is required.
2-3.2 Area of Direct, Indirect and Cumulative Effects
The District Biologist coordinates with the PDT to develop the limits of the BSA. A BSA includes the footprint of the completed project, new right-of-way (ROW) limits, areas needed for utility relocation, construction access roads, driveway realignments, and construction easements. Within these limits the biologist evaluates biological resources for both direct and indirect effects. If effects resulting from the project extend beyond the project limits, the effected areas must be included in the analysis
Area of Direct Effect. The area of direct effect is where construction activity results in the removal of biotic resources and landforms. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Regulations define direct effects as those "which are caused by the action and occur at the same time and place." Resources lost under the footprint of the action are obvious direct effects, such as filling a wetland to build a highway. Less obvious direct effects might be where a natural process has been blocked, such as blocking a migration corridor or disrupting a breeding cycle.
Area of Indirect Effect. As defined in the NEPA Regulations, indirect effects are those "which are caused by the action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable. Indirect effects may include growth inducing effects and other effects related to induced changes in the pattern of land use, population density or growth rate, and related effects on air and water, and other natural systems, including ecosystems."
When evaluating an action for indirect social effects, the District Biologist coordinates with the Environmental Planner to determine indirect social changes that may occur from the construction of a project. The environmental planner determines probable changes likely to occur in the BSA. The District Biologist evaluates the biological resources that will be affected because of these indirect social effects.
Area of Cumulative Effect A cumulative effect is defined in the NEPA Regulations as "the impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency (Federal or non-Federal) or person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative effects can result from individually minor yet collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time."
Effects definitions for FESA and CESA may vary from the NEPA definition. Chapter 4 provides more detail on these definitions.
2-3.3 Contacts with Agencies and Individuals
Throughout the development of the NES, the District Biologist contacts individuals and agencies for information or negotiation purposes. A section within the NES discusses the coordination that has taken place and agreements that have been made. Contacts are made primarily to gather information or to negotiate modifications in the project design.
Information. As needed, the District Biologist will interview individuals who are familiar with the biological resources of the BSA, including local agency and academic personnel who are experts on the biota of the study area. These experts may provide additional, unpublished information regarding the distribution and importance of resources within the BSA. A District Biologist should attend the project's public information meetings and workshops to establish contacts with property owners. Property owners can supply knowledge of prior and current land uses and the ecological character of the area.
Negotiation. These contacts are established for the purpose of project modification to avoid or lessen an effect on biological resources. These negotiations typically involve State, Federal, and local agencies. The Project Manager is responsible for determining any project obligations. Negotiation meetings are frequently followed with a letter confirming the final agreements. This process is referred to as consultation when threatened or endangered species are involved. Chapter 4 in Volume III, Endangered Species Act Procedure, discusses this process in detail.
Prior to conducting field surveys, the District Biologist compiles lists of potential sensitive resources as well as other biological considerations, such as invasive species, likely to occur within the vicinity of the BSA. The limits of the project are known and delineated on project plans and/or aerial photos. If possible, the area is surveyed and delineated with survey markers or flagging.
Biological field surveys are conducted to obtain information needed to determine the project's level of effects, including consideration of long-term and short-term effects, and the cumulative effects of the project on the biota in the area. Prior to collecting biological data, the District Biologist formulates questions and issues that need to be investigated during the field surveys. Pertinent questions include:
- What is the significance of the effected resources on a local or regional scale?
- What is the rarity or abundance of the resource in the region and elsewhere?
- What is the resilience of the resource?
- Are there invasive species currently in the BSA and will the action promote the spread of invasive species?
In some cases, where species require a specific survey method protocol or survey permit, it will be necessary to coordinate with resource agencies to obtain approval of the field survey methodology.
The District Biologist walks the project study area to develop an accurate description of the BSA, determines the presence of sensitive habitats and species, observes for any invasive species present, and evaluates the effects of the proposed project on the BSA. All field surveys to determine the presence of special status species (any species of fish, wildlife, or plant that is officially listed as rare, threatened, endangered, or candidate for rare, threatened, or endangered species listing under the state or federal Endangered Species Acts, or of local importance) are conducted at the appropriate blooming or active period for each resource. A determination of the presence of some sensitive resources may require sampling over more than one season. Some listed species require handling in order to determine their presence in the project vicinity. The District Biologist must obtain the required permits for handling these species or hire a qualified consultant who possesses the required permits prior to conducting the field surveys.
If the BSA is too large to adequately survey, the District Biologist will use aerial photos and maps to investigate the total area. The biologist then conducts meandering transects that traverse the BSA, being sure to investigate areas of potential sensitivity found from the pre-survey information search and aerial photo interpretation.
Field safety is extremely important when conducting field surveys. It is the responsibility of the District Biologist to become familiar with Caltrans' Safety Manual and Surveys Manual. For example, as discussed in the Surveys Manual biologists must use the buddy system during field surveys, as well as provide a trip itinerary or study plan to their supervisor, wear appropriate clothing, and consider other safety precautions.
Guidelines were set forth May 22, 2002, in a memorandum signed by Caltrans' Right of Way, Environmental and Legal programs which describe the responsibilities Right of Way and Environmental Planning & Engineering have in obtaining permission to enter upon property (see Policy Related Memos; Right of Entry Guidelines for Environmental Work). The guidelines require written permission from the property owner in situations where the work performed could be considered to cause substantial interference or be invasive or damaging in nature, ie., boring, trenches, digging with hand tools, cutting vegetation, or any activities affecting any site improvements. However, an informational letter may be sent to the property owner in those situations where entry does not interfere with the property owner's use, or is clearly non-invasive in nature, such as walk-on visual inspections, taking photographs, etc. The letter will inform the owner or lessee of the purpose and effect of such entry together with the approximate time of the entry and further advise the property owner or lessee to contact an identified person only if they have objections to such entry or have specific instructions they wish to have observed during such entry (personal contact before entering, closing livestock gates, instructions concerning dogs, etc.). It is important that the District Biologist coordinate with the District ROW Unit for assistance to determine any actions that might be necessary prior to survey work on private property. Obtaining Rights of Entry (ROE) could be a time consuming process and it is important that requests for ROE be coordinated in the initial planning phases of the project. Environmental and Right of Way staffs are encouraged to work together to make this process successful.
2-4.1 Mapping
The District Biologist maps the survey area as early as possible during field investigations to provide base maps for subsequent biological work and a preliminary assessment of effects. Mapping should be at a scale large enough to show vegetation types and important biological features such as habitat for sensitive species, wetlands unique plant assemblages, and the presence of state listed noxious species. Vegetation community map units must be selected on the basis of a recognized classification system and referenced appropriately in the NES. The current standard for vegetation classification is "A Manual of California Vegetation" published by the California Native Plant Society in conjunction with DFG. This manual should be used as a basis for the habitat descriptions and the vegetation map. If another vegetation classification system is used, the report must reference the system and provide the justification for its use.
District Biologists should use a combination of aerial photo interpretation and ground truthing to delineate vegetation types. Descriptive information for each mapping unit includes the distribution of the unit within the study area, an estimate of total acreage, the dominant plant species, and the relative sensitivity of the vegetation type. All plant and animal taxa encountered during site visits should be listed by vegetation type in an appendix to the NES. The biologist will identify each species observed to the extent necessary to determine whether it is threatened or endangered. In addition to identifying species, the biologist will identify natural communities whose status is being tracked by the CNDDB.
There may be times when it is appropriate for a biologist to do more than map and calculate the area of the vegetation communities in a BSA. A biologist may need to develop a detailed discussion of communities in the BSA when communities of state or local significance, such as oak woodlands or wetlands, will be effected. Information on the degree of canopy cover, tree density, species frequency, and functions and values of specific habitats may be necessary in order to evaluate and develop mitigation. Collecting a greater level of detail will assist the biologist in developing mitigation that appropriately offsets the project effects. By discussing effects to these vegetation communities in greater detail within the NES, any associated mitigation costs or project scheduling adjustments can be included in the early planning stages of the project. Investigation of specific habitat or community characteristics will help ensure that proposed mitigation matches project effects.
2-4.2 Waterways, Wetlands, and Jurisdictional Areas
Caltrans biologists identify, delineate, and discuss effects to riparian and aquatic communities, including rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands, and other waters of the United States to satisfy the requirements of Executive Order 11990, Section 10, of the Rivers and Harbors Act (33 U.S.C. 401 et seq.), Section 404 and Section 401 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251-1376), National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1271-1287), NEPA, the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), Sections 1601-1603 of the Fish and Game Code, and the California Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (P.R.C.5093.50 et seq).
Streams, Rivers, and Lakes. Caltrans is required to notify DFG prior to any project that would divert, obstruct, or change the natural flow, bed, channel, or bank of any river, stream, or lake under Sections 1602 of the Fish and Game Code. Preliminary notification and project review generally occurs during the environmental process. When an existing fish or wildlife resource may be adversely affected, DFG is required to propose reasonable project changes to protect the resource. These modifications are formalized in a Streambed Alteration Agreement (e.g. 1602 agreement). The District Biologist must identify in the NES those areas that may pertain to Section 1602 of the Fish and Game Code.
Wetlands and Other Waters of the United States. As discussed in greater detail in Chapter 3 of Volume III, Waters of the U.S. and the State, to determine the presence of a wetland, the District Biologist uses the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) joint definition: "Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions." Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas.
A District Biologist will use the procedures described in the USACE Wetlands Delineation Manual (January 1987) to make the wetland determination. The wetland determination requires the identification of three criteria:
- Presence of wetland hydrology;
- Hydric soils; and
- A prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation. An in-depth discussion of wetland identification and report format is included in Chapter 3 of Volume III, Wetlands.
When wetlands occur in the BSA, the NES will include a Wetland Assessment. The purpose of an assessment is to map the wetland area and discuss the functions, values, and potential effects on wetlands. For most projects, the discussion of wetland issues is included entirely within the NES. In cases where the discussion of wetland issues is lengthy and/or project effects are significant, a separate Wetland Assessment will be prepared, summarized within the NES, and included in the NES as a technical appendix.
Federally funded projects must abide by Federal Executive Order 11990, - Protection of Wetlands (May 24, 1977), which directs "all Federal agencies to refrain from assisting in or giving financial support to projects which encroach upon public or private wetlands unless the agency determines there are no practicable alternatives to such construction and that the proposed action includes all practicable measures to minimize harm." In accordance with Executive Order 11990, federally funded projects must provide an opportunity for early public involvement for all actions involving wetlands. For actions requiring a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) or an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), notices for a public hearing and notices of availability must indicate whether alternatives are located in wetlands. A Wetlands Finding is necessary for actions requiring a FONSI or EIS. Federal Highway Technical Advisory T 6640.8A (October 30, 1987) provides guidance for addressing wetland effects. Guidelines for compliance with these requirements are discussed in Chapter 3 of Volume III, Waters of the U.S. and State.
2-4.3 Plant Survey Techniques
Botanical surveys are conducted to determine effects of a proposed project on rare, threatened, and endangered plants, natural communities, as well as risks for invasive species. Caltrans follows the DFG "Protocols for Surveying and Evaluating Impacts to Special Status Native Plant Populations and Natural Communities."
The purpose of these protocols is to facilitate a consistent and systematic approach to the survey and assessment of special status native plants and natural communities so that reliable information is produced and the potential of locating a special status plant species or natural community is maximized. This universal understanding of the quality and methods is accepted broadly by experts and resource agency reviewers.
2-4.3A Invasive Species (Executive Order 13112)
Executive Order (E.O.) 13112 signed February 3, 1999 requires Executive agencies to work cooperatively to prevent and control the spread of invasive plants and animals. This E.O. was followed by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Guidance on Invasive Species dated August 10, 1999. On October 22, 1999, Caltrans issued a memo to implement the FHWA guidance (found in SER Policy Memo Section). The Guidance states that FHWA will not give final NEPA compliance for an action unless appropriate analysis of the probability of the action to cause or promote the introduction or spread of invasive species has been accomplished. If analysis indicates that the disturbances caused by the action have the potential to promote the introduction or spread of invasive species, all feasible and prudent measures taken to minimize this likelihood will be identified.
According to the Guidance, it is required that Caltrans use the state noxious weed list to define invasive plants until such time as a National List is developed. The National Invasive Species Council was established in 2001 and maintains a collection of databases related to invasive species throughout the country. This database source has taken the place of a "national list" and should be used in the evaluation of invasive species in the BSA.
2-4.4 Wildlife Survey Techniques
Given the variety and number of wildlife species and types of habitats found in California, it is impossible to present all of the techniques for surveying each species and type of habitat. As mentioned previously, all wildlife surveys are conducted during a species active period, such as nesting or migration. In cases when surveys must be conducted at times that animals are less likely to be observed, a thorough investigation of the animal's potential habitat should be made. Investigations and careful record keeping should report the presence (e.g., tracks, scat, nests or dens, trails, or any other indicators) that are specific to the animal. The surveys for wildlife must be commensurate with the magnitude of the project and the importance of potential effects to the expected resource. Specialized surveys are usually reserved for those instances where a sensitive resource is expected in the BSA. Surveys for many of the species listed as threatened or endangered must follow a specified protocol established by DFG or FWS and may require a permit (e.g., California red-legged frog survey protocol by FWS).
The DFG Survey and Monitoring Protocols and Guidelines contains specified survey protocols for plants, invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The protocols and guidelines available are from various sources and are recommended as tested and reviewed methods for their intended purposes. These purposes include determining the presence or support for a negative finding (e.g., habitat not suitable) for a particular species or its local status. In some cases, these protocols and guidelines represent what DFG believes to be the best available methodology. The FWS has issued Survey Protocols and Other Guidelines for federally listed, threatened, endangered species. FWS also maintains a list of plants and animals native to the United States that are candidates or proposed for possible addition to the Federal list, as well as other guidance concerning wildlife survey techniques.
A California Native Species Field Survey Form should be completed and sent to CNDDB when sensitive species are located. The information requested in the survey form includes the location of the species (e.g., county, landowner, GPS location), habitat description (e.g., plant communities, dominants, associates, substrates/soils, aspects/slope), site information (e.g., overall site, occurrence quality/viability, etc.), animal information (e.g., number of adults, juveniles, larvae, etc.), and plant information (e.g., phenology).
A sampling of references that describe wildlife survey techniques is presented. However, this is not an exhaustive list. Protocols for conducting wildlife surveys must be chosen carefully to ensure the results are appropriate for the circumstances. Each biologist must select the methods with which they feel most comfortable.
Brookhout, T. A., editor. 1994. Research and management techniques for wildlife and habitats. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, MD. 740 pp.
Cooperrider, A. Y., R. J. Boyd, and H. R. Stuart, editors. 1986. Inventory
and Monitoring of Wildlife Habitat.
U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Service Center. Denver, CO., 858 pp.
Davis, D. E. 1990. CRC Handbook of Census Methods for Terrestrial Vertebrates. CRC Press. 375 pp.
Hays, R. L., C. Summers, and W. Seitz. 1981. Estimating Wildlife Habitat
Variables. FWS Report
FWS/OBS- 81/47. 111 pp.
Leedy, D. L. and L. W. Adams. 1982. Wildlife Considerations in Planning and Managing Highway Corridors. FHWA Report. FHWA-TS-82-212. 93 pp.
Meese, Robert J., Shilling, Fraser M., Quinn, James F., and California Department of Transportation,
Environmental Division, supervised by Amy Pettler. 2007. Wildlife Crossings Guidance Manual and associated Wildlife Crossings Website.
Nathanson, J. A., M. Lanzafama, and P. Kissam. 2006. Surveying Fundamentals and Practices, 5/E.
Prentice Hall. 512 pp.
Ralph, C. J., G.R. Geupel, P. Pyle, T.E. Martin, and D.F. DeSante. 1993.
Handbook of Field Methods for
Monitoring Land Birds. Pacific Southwest Research Station Report. PSW-GTR-144. 41 pp.
Technical documents do not include the "determinations of significance," rather the District Biologist evaluates the effects of the project on the biotic resources in the BSA and reports them in the technical documents. This evaluation of the direct and indirect effects (as discussed in Section 2-3.2), the long-term and/or short-term effects, and the cumulative effects resulting from the project are used by the PDT in the determination of significance to report in the Environmental Document.
2-5.1 Evaluating Level of Effects
Per NEPA guidelines, effects are evaluated by assessing the context and intensity. Context and intensity are defined by the CEQ Regulations (see Vol. 1 of the SER).
CEQA Guidelines has similar approaches to determine the level of effects.
A brief synopsis of mitigation is discussed in this chapter as it pertains to the NES. A detailed discussion can be found in Chapter 5 of Volume III, Mitigation and Monitoring.
The District Biologist takes the lead in developing and implementing biological mitigation measures for the proposed action. Only mitigation measures approved by Caltrans management in conjunction with the resource agencies requesting the measures will be discussed in the mitigation section of the NES. All approved mitigation measures are included in the environmental documents. Recommendations from consultants concerning mitigation measures and significance will not be included in the NES, but are discussed in the Official Memo transmitting the consultant document to the Contract Administrator.
Mitigation development is coordinated with the appropriate resource or regulatory agency (USACE, FWS, DFG, NMFS , Coastal Commission, etc.) and all Caltrans programs affected by the proposed measures. Development of the mitigation plan may involve Design, Construction, Landscape Architecture, Maintenance, Hydraulics, and Environmental.
In some cases the District Biologist must produce a Mitigation Plan, separate from the NES, which outlines measures to avoid, reduce, or offset adverse biological effects associated with transportation projects. This plan will inform personnel associated with the project of the agreed upon mitigation measures, the goals and objectives to be achieved, procedures for their implementation, and practicable monitoring techniques.
Mitigation measures as defined in the CEQ Regulations (40 CFR Part 1508.20) shall include:
- Avoiding the effects altogether by not taking a certain action or parts of an action;
- Minimizing effects by limiting the degree or magnitude of the action and its implementation;
- Rectifying the effects by repairing, rehabilitating, or restoring the effected environment;
- Reducing or eliminating the effects over time by preservation and maintenance operations during the life of the action; and
- Compensating for the effect by replacing or providing substitute resources or environments.
The level of mitigation required will be a consequence of the significance of the effects on the biotic resources.


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Former Gov. Mark Sanford and Elizabeth Colbert Busch are campaigning into the final hours before election day in the state's 1st Congressional District.
Sanford is stumping with some Republican heavyweights. He talked to patrons at a diner in Mount Pleasant on Monday with former Gov. Jim Edwards at his side. Later he campaigns with the state GOP chairman.
Colbert Busch met with 50 supporters at a barber shop in Ladson, driving up in her blue and white campaign bus that has been crisscrossing the district in recent days.
Both candidates say they are optimistic about Tuesday.
The sister of comedian Stephen Colbert says she would change nothing about her campaign. Sanford says he feels the momentum has been moving his way since last week's debate.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.


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Received my chest cabinet less than a week, which really impressed me. It was very easy to assemble, the manual w/ pictures helped a lot. i like the fact that each drawer provides a lot of room and each drawer is very solid with sturdy base. Actually the whole chest itself is very sturdy and can handle a lot of things. I also like how low the price was, especailly with the quality that I received. I'm very happy with my purchase, I really got my money's worth.
I purchased this dresser in Beech to be used in a closet. This fits the purpose perfectly. It took me approx. 2-1/2 hours to assemble and the assembly was relatively easy. For an engineered piece, this dresser looks very nice and the drawer glide smoothly. I am very pleased with this purchase. The only reason I didn't rate this as a 5 star is the huge mess that I had to clean up. The manufacture uses styrofoam packing material, which during transportation is reduced to very fine pieces of annoying styrofoam that goes everywhere during assembly. The manufacture should look into a different packing material that is sustainable and doesn't break down in transit.
The box was well packaged and arrived intact with no damage. The finished product is a nice size and looks beautiful, and very sturdy. I did a lot of research before buying this dresser. This is the largest, best reviewed, most solid dresser for the lowest cost that we could find. It has lots of rooms for my clothes, and it doesn't take up a lot of room in my bedroom. I love it! I'm so glad I did my research and found the dresser that looks very elegant, low price, and very roomy.
Great chest for the price. Is made of good quality materials and is easy to assemble. It took me 3 hours by myself to assemble but would go a lot faster with two people. The drawers are durable and have godo depth. Have owned my chest for about a month and have had no issues at all. If you are looking for a good quality chest and dont want to spend an arm and leg, this is a good buy.
This dresser is a solid product. It is simple, well constructed for the price and the build-it-yourself variety. Putting it together was easy enough. The drawers roll out nicely. It is a great height. It was slightly unstable just sitting on our carpet (with nothing in it yet) so we anchored it to the wall. Now we have a flat screen TV sitting on top of it and it is the perfect perch for it! Overall, I am very pleased with this dresser and would highly recommend it for someone looking for a cheap dresser that looks simple, but nice.
This is literally the worst piece of furniture I've ever purchased in my life. It is made of cheap materials. When putting together, you have to be careful the screws don't come out the other side because the material is so cheap. Also, once put together it is not very sturdy. I bought it for my 2 year olds room and plan on getting rid of it because I'm afraid it will fall on him. Save your money and splurge a little more for wood veneer or real wood. Wish I would have known and done that!
The price is right on this piece. I am very pleased and look forward to purchasing another one. The quality and the sturdiness of this dresser is very nice. it took me about 2 1/2 hours to put it together. Other than that I am very happy with the whole experience. Thanks Overstock!!
Delivery was very fast. The drawer was packaged very nicely, it had no damage. Its very functional and stores a lot. Great buy, I highly recommend this drawer!!
Great chest.. Bought one about 6 months ago and I had to get another one!! assembly is pretty straight forward.
Thought the drawers were bigger and better material but still very satisfied with what i got especially for this price.
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NORFOLK - A Navy pilot initially declared dead after getting shot down the first night of the Persian Gulf War in 1991, actually lived and was secretly kept captive in Iraq for up to14 years. That's the premise of a new book from a Norfolk author and historian.
Amy Waters Yarsinske has written her second book about Navy pilot Scott Speicher. The new tome, published this week, is called "An American in the Basement, the Betrayal of Captain Scott Speicher and the Cover-up of his Death."
"The betrayal in the title of the book comes immediately from the people he would've thought would've been all over trying to get him back, and that would include his chain of command, the Navy itself at that time in the theater of operation," said Yarsinske. "They left him on the ground to die."
Yarsinske contends the cover-up reached all the way to the White House, through the administrations of George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.
"This is an issue that would've gone all the way to the president of the United States and successive presidents of the United States," said Yarsinske. "It would not have just stayed within the secretary's office, the Secretary of Defense. It would've gone all the way."
Speicher was initially declared dead following the 1991 shoot-down and crash of his F/A-18 Hornet jet. In 2001, his official status was changed to "missing." And in 2002, it was changed to "missing/captured." His remains were found in the Iraqi desert in 2009.
WVEC-TV reached out to the Navy's Chief of Information's office at the Pentagon for reaction. The TV station received no response.


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The Foot and Ankle Deformities Program provides care for babies, children and teens with conditions that affect their feet or ankles. Some of these conditions may be present at birth (congenital). Others may develop later as your child grows. All can affect the way your child's foot or ankle works, feels or looks.
It's normal for feet and ankles to look different from child to child and from child to adult. It's also normal for the shape of your child's feet and ankles to change over time. For example, almost all children start out with flatfeet and develop arches later. If the differences or changes do not cause problems or are not expected to cause problems, they do not need treatment.
But if your child has pain or other symptoms or has trouble being active or fitting into shoes, treatment may help. For babies with congenital foot or ankle deformities, it's important to assess their condition and often to begin treatment right after birth.
The conditions we treat include accessory navicular, cavus foot, cleft foot, clubfoot, flatfoot, macrodactyly, polydactyly, skewfoot, tarsal coalition, vertical talus and others. We mainly see children who:
Seattle Children's has experts who understand foot and ankle problems in children. Dr. Vincent S. Mosca, chief of foot and ankle medicine and surgery at Seattle Children's, is a leader both in the United States and worldwide in caring for children with these conditions.
Dr. Mosca and his team do a careful assessment to learn about your child's foot and ankle structure and their exact symptoms to pinpoint the problem. Your child's body doesn't stop at their foot and ankle. That's why we look at the whole child, including their legs, spine, strength, movement and other features that might play a role in the deformity, such as nerve problems.
This allows us to choose the best treatment for your child – which might differ from the treatment for another child who has the same condition but different symptoms. Our approach is conservative. It may not involve surgery at all, or at least not at first.
If your child does need surgery, Dr. Mosca is a skilled pediatric orthopedic surgeon who has focused his practice on treating deformities of the child's foot for over 25 years. He developed many of the treatment algorithms and surgical procedures that doctors around the world use for foot and ankle deformities in children. He's also a leader in clinical research about these conditions.
Members of our Orthopedics and Sports Medicine team will treat your child's foot or ankle. Providers in the Foot and Ankle Deformities Program include:
Type the first or last name you are searching for or select a specialty.
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Seattle Children's provides healthcare without regard to race, color, religion (creed), sex, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, national origin (ancestry) or disability. Financial assistance for medically necessary services is based on family income and hospital resources and is provided to children under age 21 whose primary residence is in Washington, Alaska, Montana or Idaho.
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Today, the White House kicks off the Bipartisan Health Care Summit, which "may be the end of the beginning for health care reform." Republicans have already declared that they would not bring new ideas to the table. They plan to reiterate their criticism of the existing Democratic legislation and speak in generalities about how the private market can lower health care costs and achieve "universal access." Today, former Bush strategist Karl Rove instructs Republicans that it is "necessary" for them to criticize the president, because they have "facts, ideas, and most of the American people on their side." While their poll-tested talking points may sound convincing, the ideas the Republicans are proposing actually shift the costs and risks of insurance onto individuals and divide the market into low-cost plans for the healthy and high-cost insurance for the sick. In response to these talking points, the Wonk Room's Igor Volsky has published a Viewers Guide to the Bipartisan Health Care Summit. Here is what the GOP will say and why they're wrong.
A guide to debunking Republican talking points at the health care summit.
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Global Color! Colorful Tableware from Around the World
The kickoff yesterday of Apartment Therapy's Room for Color contest has us in a colorful mood. We have been noticing some colorful pieces for the table and the kitchen from around the world, so here's a quick trip through some favorites from Japan, England, Finland, and Europe.
We love lush, warm colors on our dinner table, and since days are getting shorter now, we're looking for a splash or two of color to warm up our evening meals. Besides the color on the plates (of your food!) what are some ways you like to bring color to your kitchen and your dining table? Here are a few lovely pieces we have been eyeing — mostly from all over the world.
• 1 Awesome oven gloves, €15.49 at Envelop in Europe
• 2 Duralex-style colored glasses, 840円 at iNest in Japan
• 3 Greek mug and dish, £15 - 29.00 at Toast in England.
• 4 Kierto Tablecloth, $95 from Textile Arts. From Marimekko in Finland.
• 5 Watercolor Bowls, $55 at MoMA. By Yoshitaka Kato, from Japan.
• 6 Kalamkari Tablecloth, $48 at Ten Thousand Villages. From India.
• 7 Set of three screenprinted linen tea towels, $52 at Shaky Isles in New Zealand.
• 8 Paint By Number Dessert Plates, $12 at Anthropologie in the US.
• 9 Coloured handblown glasses, £25 at Toast in England
Have you bought anything new and colorful for your kitchen lately?
Related: Handmade Color: 10 Colorful Etsy Finds For the Kitchen
3 Comments
those oven mitts are sooo freakin! COOL!!!
(now if only i can find an apron like that...)
There are some fabulous colours around for tableware this autumn and you have picked a great bunch. Agreed, the oven gloves are brilliant and would make an ideal gift. If you like the coloured glasses check out the Guzzini Glasses and LSA Glasses as they have some stunning colourful hand made glasses in blue and green.
Guy On the Table
I've had that tablecloth for about ten years now! I bought it at the Ten Thousand Villages shop in Portland. It's a little faded, but still very pretty.


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|Latest News
CLC Announces Head Start/Early Head Start Grant
Childcare Learning Centers of Stamford is proud to announce that they have been awarded approximately $13 million in a 5-year non-competitive grant from the federal government to operate its Head Start and Early Head Start programs. These funds allow CLC to continue to provide high quality comprehensive services to 236 children of low-income families in the catchment areas of Stamford, Darien and Greenwich. More
Thank you to:
The Steven A. and Alexandra M. Cohen Foundation, Inc. for a $25,000 grant to support CLC's Head Start food program.
First County Bank Foundation for a $15,000 grant for Teachers Education Initiative.
August 16, 2014 - CLC Participates In Optimus Health Care Festival
August 9, 2014 - CLC Kickball Team Wins Trophy
July 2, 2014 - Connecticut Early Childhood Alliance Awards
Be sure to check us out on Facebook and Twitter.


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News about Louvre, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Chronology of Coverage
Aug. 31, 2014
French museum show The Disasters of War, 1800-1914, at Louvre-Lens branch of Paris museum, highlights how depictions of war have changed throughout centuries. MORE
Jul. 14, 2013
Maureen Dowd Op-Ed column describes exhibition depicting history of undergarments in the Louvre complex at the Museum of Decorative arts in Paris; holds that while it has been commonly thought that the point of lingerie has always been to incite the lust of men, exhibit shows that women have also used underwear to assert their power and status. MORE
May. 12, 2013
Louvre-Lens, gleaming glass museum in former mining town of Lens, France, is born out of appeal by French government for major Parisian cultural institutions to decentralize; museum had drawn more than 400,000 visitors since opening in December. MORE
Apr. 4, 2013
Jean-Luc Martinez, archaeologist and art historian who is head of Louvre's department of Greek, Etruscan and Roman antiquities, is named the museum's new director. MORE
There are no additional abstracts to display.
Horror Is a Constant, as Artists Depict War
"The Disasters of War, 1800-1914," a French museum show, illustrates how depictions of war have changed through the centuries.
August 31, 2014, Sunday
MORE ON LOUVRE AND: War and Revolution , Art , Louvre Museum , Louvre-Lens , France , Holocaust and the Nazi Era
1939: Anger Over Art Restoration
Highlights from the International Herald Tribune archives: Art experts condemned a robber who retouched a painting from the Louvre in 1939.
August 15, 2014, Friday
MORE ON LOUVRE AND: France , Louvre Museum , Art , Restoration and Renovation
Masterworks vs. the Masses
Visitors from all over are lining up at the Louvre, the Vatican and the Uffizi museums, posing problems for institutions trying to balance accessibility with art preservation.
July 29, 2014, Tuesday
MORE ON LOUVRE AND: National Gallery (London) , Uffizi , Museums , British Museum , Louvre Museum , Rijksmuseum , Europe , Prado Museum , Vatican Museums
2 Crucifixes From the Hand of Michelangelo, Perhaps
The works with unconfirmed authorship by the artist have been included in a Michelangelo exhibition at the Capitoline Museums in Rome and are inciting debate over issues of attribution.
June 19, 2014, Thursday
MORE ON LOUVRE AND: Louvre Museum , Florence (Italy) , Museums , Capitoline Museums , Buonarroti, Michelangelo , Rome (Italy) , Crosses and Crucifixes
The Art Gallery as Destination
To compete with art fairs, galleries have had to become destinations, moving to ever-grander premises and showing rare, museum-quality works.
June 16, 2014, Monday
MORE ON LOUVRE AND: Hauser & Wirth , Art Basel (Festival) , Miro, Joan , Balthus , Riley, Bridget , Gagosian Gallery , Frick, Henry Clay , Zwirner, David , Louvre Museum , Art , Katz, Daniel , Museum of Modern Art , Auctions , Collectors and Collections , Tate Britain , Picasso, Pablo , London (England) , Sotheby's
In Our Pages: June 13
Highlights from the International Herald Tribune archives: a spying scandal broke out between Switzerland and Germany in 1889 and a famous painting was stolen from the Louvre in 1939.
June 12, 2014, Thursday
MORE ON LOUVRE AND: Germany , Switzerland , Louvre Museum , Robberies and Thefts , Espionage and Intelligence Services , Art
A Paris Hotel Offers Cultural Excursions for Kids
Children's programs at Le Royal Monceau Raffles Paris include walking tours of bakeries and scavenger hunts in the Louvre.
April 25, 2014, Friday
MORE ON LOUVRE AND: Paris (France) , Musee d'Orsay , Louvre Museum , Travel and Vacations , Hotels and Travel Lodgings , Art
Abu Dhabi Labor Standards
The director of the Guggenheim Museum, which plans a branch in Abu Dhabi, says work conditions are improving there.
April 8, 2014, Tuesday
MORE ON LOUVRE AND: New York University , Guggenheim, Solomon R, Museum , Museums , Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) , Louvre Abu Dhabi
Peninsula Hotel Will Open in Paris
A Peninsula hotel scheduled to open in Paris this summer will be the brand's first European property.
April 4, 2014, Friday
MORE ON LOUVRE AND: Paris (France) , Peninsula Hotels , Louvre Museum , Travel and Vacations , Hotels and Travel Lodgings
High Culture and Hard Labor
Art and academic institutions must protect gulf workers' rights.
March 29, 2014, Saturday
App Smart | Guides to Visiting Paris
Kit Eaton reviews three apps that will help you better navigate Paris, from its transit system to the Louvre.
New Islamic Galleries at the Louvre
Ten years in the making, the project was financed in part by the French government, along with Prince Alwaleed bin Talal of Saudi Arabia.
Nan Goldin at Matthew Marks
Ms. Goldin's multimedia project "Scopophilia" — a term that means "love of looking" — pairs her photos with photos of works from the Louvre.
'David, Delacroix, and Revolutionary France'
Images from the exhibition at the Morgan Library & Museum.
'David, Delacroix, and Revolutionary France'
Images from the exhibition at the Morgan Library & Museum.
Rue de Rivoli
Paris, France
General Information: 33-1-40-20-53-17
Monday 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Tuesday Closed
Wednesday 9 a.m. to 10 p.m.
Thursday 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Friday 9 a.m. to 10 p.m.
Saturday 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Sunday 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
€9, before 6 p.m.; €6 after 6 p.m. on Wednesdays and Fridays
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text: Paleo Chocolate Chip Ice Cream. The ice cream part is frozen organic banana, and the chocolate chips part are raw organic cacao nibs. The bitter cacao nibs go perfectly with the sweet banana. Ultra-healthy dessert, and pure paleo (warning: unprocessed cacao nibs are nothing like the sweet processed chocolate you're used to)! Ugga-Bugga! Here's a video on how to make more flavors!


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NBC Universal
David McNew/Getty Images
News about NBC Universal, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Darrell Hammond to Replace Don Pardo as the Announcer for 'Saturday Night Live'
Mr. Hammond, who will be only the second regular announcer of the show, is stepping in for Mr. Pardo, who died in August at 96.
September 19, 2014, Friday
MORE ON NBC UNIVERSAL AND: Hammond, Darell , Pardo, Don (1918-2014) , Saturday Night Live (TV Program) , Television , Michaels, Lorne , National Broadcasting Co
What Was So Great About 1994?
Several articles have popped up dedicated to the music, movies and television shows of 1994. Was it the year that was great, or our memories of who we were then?
September 17, 2014, Wednesday
MORE ON NBC UNIVERSAL AND: AOL Inc , National Broadcasting Co , Netflix Inc , September 11 (2001)
NBC Lands Another First-Place Finish Among Networks
The network will end the television calendar year next week ahead of CBS, ABC and Fox among viewers between the ages of 18 and 49.
September 17, 2014, Wednesday
MORE ON NBC UNIVERSAL AND: Television , Advertising and Marketing , ABC Inc , CBS Corporation , Fox Broadcasting Co , National Broadcasting Co
Hostage Saved, Time to Get the Kids
"The Mysteries of Laura," on NBC, stars Debra Messing as a smart-mouthed detective who is also raising incorrigible twin boys.
September 17, 2014, Wednesday
MORE ON NBC UNIVERSAL AND: Television , The Mysteries of Laura (TV Program) , National Broadcasting Co , Messing, Debra , Lucas, Josh
Tune In to The Times
Highlights from New York Times reporters and contributors' interviews regarding their coverage and other top news stories.
September 12, 2014, Friday
MORE ON NBC UNIVERSAL AND: Arango, Tim , Rose, Charlie , Bush, Kate , Goodell, Roger , Macur, Juliet , Maddow, Rachel , Miller, Claire Cain , Perlroth, Nicole , Ratliff, Ben , Rhoden, William C , Rice, Ray (1987- ) , Baghdad (Iraq) , CBS Corporation , Home Depot Inc , MSNBC , National Football League , New York Times , Public Broadcasting Service , WNYC , News and News Media , Newspapers , Radio
'Live From New York': First Hosts for 40th Year
Chris Pratt, from NBC's "Parks and Recreation," and Sarah Silverman, a "Saturday Night Live" alumna, will each host one of the first two "S.N.L." shows this year.
September 11, 2014, Thursday
Meet the Host: Defying the Rules
Chuck Todd began his new role as host of NBC's "Meet the Press" on Sunday and provided a reprieve from the pomposity and punchy diction common on the Sunday talk shows.
September 8, 2014, Monday
MORE ON NBC UNIVERSAL AND: Television , Todd, Chuck , News and News Media , National Broadcasting Co , Meet the Press (TV Program)
Characters Inspired by You-Know-Who
"Madam Secretary," "State of Affairs" and other new prime-time dramas offer heroines who advise the Oval Office and influence global events.
September 7, 2014, Sunday
MORE ON NBC UNIVERSAL AND: Television , Clinton, Hillary Rodham , ABC Inc , CBS Corporation , FX (TV Network) , National Broadcasting Co , Leoni, Tea , Davis, Viola , Madam Secretary (TV Program) , State of Affairs (TV Program)
Modern Romance, With Laughs
ABC's "Manhattan Love Story" and NBC's "A to Z" are taking the same unusual approach to romantic comedies.
September 7, 2014, Sunday
MORE ON NBC UNIVERSAL AND: Television , ABC Inc , National Broadcasting Co , A to Z (TV Program) , Manhattan Love Story (TV Program)
Chelsea Clinton to Leave Well-Paid NBC News Job
Ms. Clinton said she would step down from the $600,000-a-year position to focus on philanthropic work at her family's foundation.
August 30, 2014, Saturday
MORE ON NBC UNIVERSAL AND: Clinton, Chelsea , NBC News , News and News Media , Appointments and Executive Changes
Shades of Hillary in TV Dramas
Shows like "State of Affairs," "Madam Secretary" and "Political Animals" have characters with uncanny similarities to former Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton.
Snowden's Interview With Brian Williams
Edward J. Snowden, the former National Security Agency contractor who leaked classified documents, said in his first interview with an American television network that he had been "trained as a spy."
Times Minute | Profiting From Marijuana
Also on the Minute, the roots of the violence in Ukraine's opposition groups and watch for record online viewership for today's hockey match between the U.S. and Canada.
TV Talk: The Fall Season
Bill Carter and Brian Stelter, reporters at The New York Times, assess the latest offerings by television networks to score primetime hits in the fall season.
Trying Out for 'SNL'
Fred Armisen recalls his audition for "Saturday Night Live."
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UNDATED (WSAU-Wheeler News) Mary Burke's campaign for governor says a donation from a domestic abuse suspect will be given to charity. Daniel Rottier, who heads a large personal injury law firm, gave $4,500 to Burke's campaign before he was accused of using a cane to beat his wife.
Online court records indicate that a plea deal has been set in Rottier's Dane County case, and a hearing is set for tomorrow in Madison. He's currently charged with misdemeanor battery. Prosecutors said the 62-year-old Rottier was drunk when he caned his wife, as the two argued about plans to take their children to a movie.
Burke campaign spokesman Joe Zepecki tells the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel that Rottier's donation will be given to the Domestic Abuse Intervention Services of Madison. The non-profit agency operates a shelter for domestic abuse victims. State G-O-P director Joe Fadness said Burke changed course after she was called out on the subject -- and he agrees the donation is a better use of Rottier's money.


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Nature's Answer organic licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) alcohol extract is produced using alcohol, water and coconut glycerin, utilizing a cold bio-chelated proprietary extraction process which yields a holistically balanced standardized extract. Liquid extracts are absorbed faster than tablets or capsules and are more potent than tinctures. Holistically balanced guarantees that the constituents of the extract are in the same synergistic ratios as in the plant.
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As a dietary supplement take one capsule two times a day, preferably with food or water.
Keep out of reach of children. Do not use if safety seal is damaged or missing. If pregnant, nursing or on medication consult with your healthcare practitioner. Do not use for more than six weeks or if suffering from high blood pressure. Store in a cool, dry place.


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Juke Van Oss 9:30 AM - 11:30 AM
On Air Now.
On Air Now.
DON'T - do a winter pose just to have a seasonal theme. If your family doesn't usually enjoy cold weather activities you could end up with a photo where everyone looks miserable!
DO - pose for a winter photo scene if your family enjoys the season's activities, your love of "snowy" fun will genuinely show.
DON'T select a "posed" studio shot to use for your cards. These portraits are wonderful family keepsakes for you but they aren't as interesting to your card recipients.
DO use a photo of your kids being who they are "everyday", which is when the real smiles occur instead of the forced formal ones.
DON'T - use the awkward family "pile on" pose unless you are trying to make sure your card's photo ends up on an "awkward family photo" website.
DO - show your togetherness as a family with a natural, comfortable pose instead of piling on top of each other like football players going after a fumble.
DON'T - pick a photo where the scenery steals the show from the card's true stars, your family. This photo shows a beautiful scene but it is more about the pumpkins than people.
DO - consider using photos with beautiful and interesting natural backgrounds that create interest without taking the focus off of your family.
DON'T - feel like you have to dress up like Santa or stand by a Christmas tree in your photo to make your card feel like a holiday one. If it's manufactured it will look manufactured.
DO - use a simple photo that puts the focus on your family, the photo card background you pick will allow you to use holiday colors and themes on your card.
DON'T - forget to think about what you are wearing in any family vacation photos you are considering to use. A swimsuit photo at the beach might make Aunt Edna uncomfortable.
DO - select a photo that tells the story of where your vacation was and shows what a great time you all had instead of what a great tan you all got.
DON'T - dress everybody up in outfits that are color coordinating, it drives all of the attention to your clothes instead of to your family. The same rule applies to patterns that conflict.
DO - select a picture with clothing that is simple and neutral with complimentary colors. What you wear shouldn't pull the viewer's attention away from everyone's face.
DON'T - get so caught up in showing the world an action photo featuring an activity you all love that the action becomes the main focus.
DO - select a photo that highlights everyone's love of an activity but still lets friends and family really see you. (Instead of wondering who is behind all of those ski masks).
DON'T - mix colored clothing near faces when trying to create a monochromatic white portrait. It has the same effect as color matching outfits - distracting
DO - create a monochromatic white family portrait at least once in your life (where all members white/ivory shirts). All white or all black clothing are the only "matching" outfit photos that truly emphasize the people in the portrait.
If you always wear a Santa hat in your photo - go for it! The most important thing to remember for a great holiday card is to pick an image that shows who you really are. Be Authentic
Even though we suggested staying away from formal portraits - the reason this one works is that the focus is on the children not their clothing, the pose and their expressions feel real and comfortable.


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Fifty years ago Wednesday, John Lewis was the youngest speaker to address the estimated quarter-million people at the March on Washington.
"Those who have said be patient and wait — we must say that we cannot be patient," the 23-year-old chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) said that day. "We do not want our freedom gradually. But we want to be free now."
Aug. 28, 1963, also was the day Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous "I Have A Dream" speech, and few are as thoughtful about the significance of the day as Lewis, now a Democratic congressman from Georgia and civil rights icon.
That summer, the nation had seen black children attacked by dogs and fire hoses in Birmingham, Ala., and the murder of NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers.
In his 1963 speech, Lewis thundered: "Where is the political party that would make it unnecessary to march on Washington?"
Lonnie Bunch, director of the National Museum of African American History and Culture, says Lewis originally planned to give a much angrier speech.
"Unlike all the other leaders there, John, coming out of the SNCC leadership, really experienced that violence," says Bunch. "He experienced that violence as a Freedom Rider. He experienced that violence at the sit-ins. He found himself saying how crucial it was not to wait for freedom, because waiting for freedom also meant that there would be years more violence."
Lewis acknowledges that he did plan a more direct speech.
"I did say in my original text, 'Listen, Mr. Kennedy. Listen, Mr. President. Listen, members of Congress. You're trying to take the revolution out of the streets and put it in the courts. You tell us to wait. You tell us to be patient. We cannot wait."
Some thought the first draft of Lewis' speech was scary, so organizers convinced Lewis to tone it down, Bunch says, for fear it could jeopardize the civil rights legislation President John F. Kennedy was supporting.
"There's the fear that this version would not only alienate Congress but it might alienate the potential middle America who might become supporters of this when it's seen as a moral issue," says Bunch.
Lewis is still fighting, he told a crowd Saturday during a march to commemorate the original demonstration 50 years ago.
"There are forces — there are people who want to take us back," said Lewis. "We cannot go back. We've come too far. We want to go forward."
Lewis says he never thought 50 years later that some of the same issues would be back on the table.
"I thought we had completed the fight for the right to vote, the right to participate in the democratic process. I thought we were in a process of reforming the justice system. But when I see something like what the Supreme Court did, or what happened to Trayvon Martin, it tells me over and over again that we're not there yet. We have not finished."
Lewis is referring to the verdict in the killing of unarmed black teen Trayvon Martin, and the Supreme Court's decision in June striking down a key part of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Two years after the 1963 March on Washington, Lewis' skull was fractured as he marched for voting rights in Alabama on what's known as "bloody Sunday."
"I got arrested 40 times during the '60s," Lewis reminded the audience Saturday, speaking from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. "Beaten and left bloody and unconscious. But I'm not tired. I'm not weary. I'm not prepared to sit down and give up. I am ready to fight and continue to fight, and you must fight."
Looking back over 50 years, Lewis says it's "almost too much to believe" that an African-American president resides in the White House and can "come and greet the participants that gather 50 years later" at Wednesday's commemoration of the March.


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Funeral services for Shirley Marian Frazier, 81, of West Monroe, were held at 10:30 a.m. today (Thursday, Dec. 20, 2012) at Oak Grove Baptist Church, Eros. Dr. Scott Thompson and Rev. Don Crosswhite officated. Interment followed at Oak Grove Baptist Church Cemetery under the direction of Kilpartrick Funeral Home, West Monroe.
Mrs. Frazier was born August 6, 1931 in Shongaloo and passed away Dec. 17, 2012 in West Monroe.
She was a retired secretary-receptionist for Hudson, Potts and Bernstein Law Firm.
Mrs. Frazier was preceded in death by her parents, Marvin and Rita Denmon Matthews; brother, Marvin Matthews, Jr.; husband, Charles E. Frazier in January 2012; daughter, Karen Frazier; and a granddaughter, Rose Marie Frazier.
She attended Oak Grove Baptist Church in Eros.
Mrs. Frazier is survived by her son, Robert Wayne Frazier and wife, Terri; two granddaughters, Anna Marie and Summer Marie Frazier; two sisters, Theresa Bunner and Barnell Johnson and numerous loving nieces and nephews.
Visitation was held Wednesday from 5 until 8 p.m. at Oak Grove Baptist Church, Eros.


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Selections from the Indie Photobook Library
November 2–November 20
Gallery 31
Founded in 2010 by Larissa Leclair, the Indie Photobook Library (iPL) is an archive that preserves and showcases self-published photobooks, photobooks independently published and distributed, photography exhibition catalogs, print-on-demand photobooks, artists' books, zines, photobooks printed on newsprint, limited-edition photobooks, and non-English language photography books. Its traveling exhibitions and noncirculating public library provide access to these works, promote development of future discourse on trends in self-publishing, encourage reflection and comparison, and enable scholarly research. Selections from the Indie Photobook Library is curated by Muriel Hasbun, chair of photography, and Susan Sterner, director of photojournalism programs at the Corcoran College of Art + Design.
A reception for Selections from the Indie Photobook Library will be held at the Corcoran on Thursday, November 10, 2011 from 6 to 8 p.m.


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Looking for phones? CNET's reviews of the best phones include photos, video, and user reviews.
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Although the Motorola Moto G with 4G LTE is a bit pricier than its 3G-only sibling, it still has one of the best displays in the budget arena, its processor makes operation enjoyably smooth and its rounded, compact body is both comfortable and attractive. If you're after an affordable all-round entrance into the high speeds of 4G, you've come to the right place.
With its rubber-encased body, waterproof capabilities, and Verizon 4G LTE, the Casio G'zOne Commando 4G LTE is the kind of phone you 'd want around for the apocalypse.
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There are better 4G phones to be found, but none of them come close to the low price tag on the Kogan Agora 4G.
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The Casio G'zOne Commando 4G LTE is largely the same as its immediate predecessor, while adding support for the carrier's high-speed data network.


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Glen Park Village Farmers' Market
Market Schedule
|10:00 AM to 2:00 PM
|March 30, 2014 to November 23, 2014
Market LocationParking lot of the Glen Park BART Station at Bosworth and Arlington in San Francisco Get directions...
About the Glen Park Village Farmers' Market
A farmers' market is now open in Glen Park Village! The partnership of Glen Park Merchants' Association, BART, and the Pacific Coast Farmers' Market Association has brought a farmers' market to the parking lot of the Glen Park BART station. Come enjoy the freshest, locally-grown fruits and vegetables and the company of your friends and neighbors at your farmers' market!
Market Match
The Glen Park Village Farmers' Market is offering the Market Match incentive program that offers a $5 bonus when you purchase at least $10 in CalFresh/EBT tokens at the Farmers' Market. If you receive CalFresh benefits (food stamps), bring your EBT card to the farmers' market every time you shop. See the market manager in the green shirt with the PCFMA logo to purchase tokens to spend in the market and claim your bonus. The Market Match program continues at the Glen Park Village Farmers' Market until October 5, 2014.
Weather Forecast
The farmers' market is open rain or shine, but it doesn't hurt to be prepared. Click here for today's weather forecast for the farmers' market.


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49 U.S. Code § 13303 - Service of notice in proceedings
(a) Agents for Service of Process.— A carrier, a broker, or a freight forwarder providing transportation or service subject to jurisdiction under chapter 135 shall designate, in writing, an agent by name and post office address on whom service of notices in a proceeding before, and of actions of, the Secretary may be made.
(b) Filing With State.— A motor carrier providing transportation under this part shall also file the designation with the appropriate authority of each State in which it operates. The designation may be changed at any time in the same manner as originally made.
(c) Notice.— A notice to a motor carrier, freight forwarder, or broker shall be served personally or by mail on the motor carrier, freight forwarder, or broker or on its designated agent. Service by mail on the designated agent shall be made at the address filed for the agent. When notice is given by mail, the date of mailing is considered to be the time when the notice is served. If a motor carrier, freight forwarder, or broker does not have a designated agent, service may be made by posting a copy of the notice at the headquarters of the Department of Transportation.
Source(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, § 103,Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 858.)
Prior Provisions
Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10329 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, § 102(a).
The table below lists the classification updates, since Jan. 3, 2012, for this section. Updates to a broader range of sections may be found at the update page for containing chapter, title, etc.
The most recent Classification Table update that we have noticed was Tuesday, August 13, 2013
An empty table indicates that we see no relevant changes listed in the classification tables. If you suspect that our system may be missing something, please double-check with the Office of the Law Revision Counsel.
|Description of Change
|Session Year
|Public Law
|Statutes at Large
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Your Overtons.com Session is About to Expire!
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