text:
Juan Manuel de Rosas
|Juan Manuel de Rosas
|Juan Manuel de Rosas around age 52, c.1845. He is wearing the full dress of a brigadier general. Oil painting by Cayetano Descalzi
|17th Governor of Buenos Aires Province
|In office
7 March 1835 – 3 February 1852
|Preceded by
|Manuel Vicente Maza
|Succeeded by
|Vicente López y Planes
|13th Governor of Buenos Aires Province
|In office
6 December 1829 – 5 December 1832
|Preceded by
|Juan José Viamonte
|Succeeded by
|Juan Ramón Balcarce
|Personal details
|Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas
30 March 1793
Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
|14 March 1877
(aged 83)
Southampton, United Kingdom
|Resting place
|La Recoleta Cemetery, Buenos Aires
|Political party
|Encarnación Ezcurra
|Juan Bautista Rosas and Manuela Terrero de Rosas
Juan Manuel de Rosas (30 March 1793 – 14 March 1877), nicknamed "Restorer of the Laws",[A] was a politician, army officer and caudillo who ruled the Argentine Confederation almost uninterruptedly from 1829 until 1852. He fled from Buenos Aires and lived in exile for 20 years in England, where he died in Southampton in 1877.
- 1 Early life
- 2 Rise to power
- 3 Second governorship
- 4 Apogee and downfall
- 5 Later years
- 6 Endnotes
- 7 Footnotes
- 8 External links
Early life[edit]
Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas was born on 30 March 1793 at his family's town house in Buenos Aires, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.[1] He was the first child of León Ortiz de Rosas and Augustina López de Osornio.[2] León Ortiz was the son of an immigrant from the Spanish Province of Burgos who had an undistinguished military career and married into a wealthy Creole family. The greatest influence on young Juan Manuel de Rosas was his mother Augustina, a strong-willed and domineering woman who derived these character traits from her father, "a tough warrior of the Indian frontier who had died weapons in hand defending his southern estate in 1783."[2]
Rosas was schooled at home, as was then common. Later, at age 8, he was enrolled in the finest private school in Buenos Aires. His education was unremarkable, though befitting a son of a wealthy landowner. According to historian John Lynch, it "was supplemented by his own efforts in the years that followed. Rosas was not entirely unread, though the time, the place, and his own bias limited the choice of authors. He appears to have had a sympathetic, if superficial, acquaintance with minor political thinkers of French absolutism."[1]
In 1806, a British expeditionary force was dispatched to the Río de la Plata. A 13-year-old Rosas served in a force, organized by Viceroy Santiago Liniers to counter the invasion, distributing ammunition to troops. The British were defeated in August 1806. The British returned in 1807, and Rosas was assigned to the Caballería de los Migueletes (Cavalry of the Migueletes), although it is thought that he was barred from active duty during this time due to illness.[1]
After the British invasions had been repelled, Rosas departed Buenos Aires with his parents for his family estancia (ranch). His work on the estancia further shaped his character, grounding him in the Platine region's Hispanic-American social framework. In the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, owners of large landholdings (including the Rosas family) provided food, equipment and protection both for themselves and for families living in areas under their control. Their private defense forces consisted primarily of laborers who were drafted as soldiers. Most of these peons, as such workers were called, were gauchos.[B]
For the landed aristocracy of Spanish descent, the illiterate, mixed-race gauchos comprising the majority of the population were an ungovernable and untrustworthy sort. They were treated with contempt by landowners, yet tolerated because there was no other labor force available. Rosas got along well with the gauchos under his service, despite his harsh and authoritarian comportment. He dressed liked them, joked with them, took part in their horse-play, shared their habits and paid them well.[3] He never allowed them to forget, however, that he was their master, rather than their equal.[4] Rosas was, according to Lynch, "a man of conservative instincts, a creature of the colonial society in which he had been formed, a defender of authority and hierarchy."[5] He was, thus, merely a product of his time and not at all unlike the other great landowners in the Río de la Plata region.[6]
Rosas gathered a working knowledge of administration and took charge of his family's estancias beginning in 1811. He was married to Encarnación Ezcurra y Arguibel, the daughter of wealthy Buenos Aires parents, in 1813. He soon afterward sought to forge a career for himself, leaving his parent's estate.[C] He delved into the production of salted meat and began acquiring real property. As the years passed he became a estanciero (rancher) in his own right, accumulating land while establishing a successful partnership with his second cousins, the Anchorenas.[7] His hard work and organizational skills in deploying labor were key to his success, rather than the employment of creative approaches to production.[8]
Rise to power[edit]
The May Revolution of 1810 marked the early stages that would later lead to the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata's independence from Spain. Rosas, like many landowners in the countryside, was suspicious of a movement advanced primarily by merchants and bureaucrats in the city of Buenos Aires. Rosas was specially outraged by the execution of Viceroy Santiago Liniers at the hands of the revolutionaries. According to historian John Lynch, "Rosas did not disguise his preference for the colonial order and its guarantee of peace and unity. Rosas, like many of his kind, looked back on the colonial period as a golden age when law ruled and prosperity prevailed."[9][10]
When the Congress of Tucumán severed all remaining ties with Spain in July 1816, Rosas and his peers accepted independence as an accomplished fact.[9] With independence came a breakup of the territories which had formed the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires and the other provinces clashed over the power to be turned over to the central government versus the amount of autonomy to be preserved by provincial governments. The Unitarian Party supported Buenos Aires preponderance while the Federalist Party defended provincial autonomy. A decade of strife over the issue destroyed the ties between capital and provinces, with new republics being declared throughout the country. Efforts by the Buenos Aires government to quash these independent states were met by determined local resistance.[11] In 1820 Rosas and his gauchos, all dressed in red which gave them the nickname "Colorados del Monte" ("Reds of the Mount"), enlisted in the army of Buenos Aires as the Fifth Regiment of Militia. They repulsed invading provincial armies, saving Buenos Aires.[12]
At the end of the conflict, Rosas returned to his estancias and remained there. He acquired prestige, was given the rank of cavalry colonel and was awarded further landholdings by the government.[13][14] These additions, together with his successful business and fresh property acquisitions, greatly boosted his wealth. By 1830, he was the 10th largest landowner in the province of Buenos Aires (in which the city of the same name was located), owning 300,000 head of cattle and 420,000 acres (170,000 ha) of land.[15][16] With his newly gained influence, military background, vast landholdings and a private army of gauchos loyal only to him, Rosas became the quintessential caudillo, as provincial warlords in the region were known.[17]
Governor of Buenos Aires[edit]
National unity crumbled under the weight of a continuous round of civil wars, rebellions and coups. The Unitarian—Federalist struggle brought perennial instability while caudillos fought for power, laying waste to the countryside. By 1826, Rosas had built a power base, consisting of relatives, friends and clients, and joined the Federalist Party.[18][19] He remained a stalwart advocate of his native province of Buenos Aires, and political ideology was of little concern to him.[18][20] In 1820, Rosas fought alongside the Unitarians because he saw the Federalist invasion as a menace to Buenos Aires. When the Unitarians sought to appease the Federalists by proposing to grant the other provinces a share in the customs revenues flowing through Buenos Aires, Rosas saw this as a threat to his province's interests.[18] In 1827, four provinces led by Federalist caudillos rebelled against the Unitarian government. Rosas was the driving force behind the Federalist take-over of Buenos Aires and the election of Manuel Dorrego as provincial governor.[18] Rosas was awarded with the post of commandant general of the rural militias of the province of Buenos Aires on 14 July, which increased his influence and power.[18]
In December 1828, the Unitarian Juan Lavalle seized and executed Dorrego.[21] With Dorrego gone, Rosas filled the vacant Federalist leadership and rebelled against the Unitarians. He allied with Estanislao López, caudillo and ruler of Santa Fe Province, and they defeated Lavalle at the Battle of Márquez Bridge in April 1829.[22][23] When Rosas entered the city of Buenos Aires in November of that year, he was hailed both as a victorious military leader and head of the Federalists.[22] Rosas was considered a handsome man,[24][25] 1.77 meters (5 ft 10 in) tall,[26] with blond hair and "piercing blue eyes".[27] Charles Darwin, who met him during his circumnavigation aboard HMS Beagle, considered Rosas "a man of extraordinary character".[D] An Englishman said that in "appearance Rosas resembles an English gentleman farmer—his manners are courteous without being refined. He is affable and agreeable in conversation, which however nearly always turns on himself, but his tone is pleasant and agreeable enough. His memory is stupendous: and his accuracy in all points of detail never failing."[28]
On 6 December 1829, the House of Representatives of Buenos Aires elected Rosas governor and granted him facultades extraordinarias (extraordinary powers)—in other words, "unbridled dictatorial powers".[29] This act marked the beginning of his regime, described by historians as a dictatorship.[30] He saw himself as a benevolent despot, saying: "For me the ideal of good government would be paternal autocracy, intelligent, disinterested and infatigable... I have always admired the autocratic dictators who have been the first servants of their people. That is my great title: I have always sought to serve the country."[10][31] He silenced his critics with censorship and banished his enemies.[32] Rosas believed that these measures were necessary, as he later recalled: "When I took over the government I found the government in anarchy, divided into warring factions, reduced to pure chaos, a hell in miniature..."[33]
Desert Campaign[edit]
The early administration of Rosas was preoccupied with pressing matters. He had inherited a government saddled by severe deficits, large public debts and currency devaluation.[34] A great drought that began in December 1828, which would last until April 1832, greatly impacted the economy.[35] The Unitarians were still at large, controlling several provinces which had banded together in the Unitarian League. The capture of José María Paz, the main Unitarian leader, in March 1831 resulted in an end to the Unitarian—Federalist civil war and the collapse of the Unitarian League. Rosas was content, for the moment, with granting recognition of provincial autonomy in the Federal Pact.[36][37] In an effort to alleviate the government's financial issues, he improved revenue collection (while not raising taxes) and curtailed expenditures.[38]
By the end of his first term, Rosas was generally credited with having staved off political and financial instability.[36] He still faced increased opposition in the House of Representatives, however. All of the House members were Federalists, as Rosas had restored the legislature that was seated under Dorrego, and which had subsequently been dissolved by Lavalle.[39] A liberal Federalist faction, which accepted dictatorship as a temporary necessity, called for the adoption of a Constitution.[40] Rosas was unwilling to govern constrained by a constitutional framework and only grudgingly relinquished his dictatorial powers. His term of office ended soon after, on 5 December 1832.[36]
While the government in Buenos Aires was distracted with other matters, ranchers had begun moving into territories in the south that were occupied by indigenous peoples. The resulting uncontrolled land grab and conflict with native peoples necessitated a government response.[41] Rosas steadfastly endorsed policies which supported this expansion. During his governorship he had granted lands in the south to war veterans and to ranchers seeking alternative pasture lands during the drought.[42] Although the south was regarded as a virtual desert at the time, it possessed great potential and resources for agricultural development, particularly for ranching operations.[42] The government gave Rosas the command of an army with the directive to subdue the Indian tribes in the coveted territory. Rosas was generous with those Indians who submitted, rewarding them with animals and goods. Although he personally disliked killing Indians, Rosas relentlessly hunted down those who refused to yield.[43] The Desert Campaign lasted from 1833 until 1834, and Rosas successfully subjugated the entire region. The conquest of the south by Rosas opened up many additional possibilities for yet further territorial expansion, and he correctly predicted: "The fine territories, which extend from the Andes to the coast and down to the Magellan Straits are now wide open for our children."[44]
Second governorship[edit]
Absolute power[edit]
While Rosas was away on the Desert Campaign in October 1833, a group of Rosistas (Rosas's supporters) laid siege to Buenos Aires. Inside the city, Rosas's wife, Encarnación, assembled a contingent of associates to aid the besiegers. The Revolution of the Restorers, as the Rosista coup came to be known, forced the provincial governor Juan Ramón Balcarce to resign. In quick succession, Balcarce was followed by two others who presided over weak and ineffective governments. The Rosismo (Rosism) had become a powerful faction within the Federalist Party, and it pressured other factions to accept a return of Rosas, endowed with dictatorial powers, as the only way to restore stability.[45] The House of Representatives yielded, and on 7 March 1835, Rosas was reelected governor and invested with the suma del poder público (sum of public power).[46][47]
A plebscite was held to determine whether or not the citizens of Buenos Aires city approved of Rosas's reelection and his assumption of dictatorial powers. The result was predictable: 99,9% voted "yes".[48] Under Rosas, the election process had been reduced to a farce. Since 1829, he had installed loyal associates as justices of the peace, powerful officeholders with administrative and judicial functions who were also charged with tax collection, leading militia and presiding over elections.[49] Through the exclusion of voters and intimidation of the opposition, the justices of the peace delivered any result Rosas favored.[50][51] Half of the members of the House of Representatives faced reelection each year, and the opposition quickly vanished due to election-rigging. The legislature became a docile instrument of the will of Rosas. The legislature was stripped of any control over finances and input into legislation brought before it for approval and its rubber stamp was retained largely to provide a democratic veneer and ostensible backing for the governor's dictates.[51][52]
In a country where most of the population was illiterate and uneducated, Rosas argued that rigged elections were the only form compatible with stability.[53] The governor acquired absolute power over the province with the assent and support of most estancieros and businessmen—people who shared his views.[54][55] However, the estancia formed the power base on which Rosas relied. Lynch said that there "was a great deal of group cohesion and solidarity among the landed class. Rosas himself was the center of a vast kinship group based on land. He was surrounded by a closely knit economic and political network linking deputies, law officers, officials, and military who were also landowners and related among themselves or with Rosas."[56]
Totalitarian regime[edit]
Rosas's authority and influence spread far beyond the House of Representatives. His cabinet was composed of powerless figures, and Rosas noted: "Do not imagine that my Ministers are any thing but my Secretaries. I put them in their offices to listen and report, and nothing more."[57] He also exercised tight control over the bureaucracy. His supporters were rewarded with positions within the state apparatus, and anyone he deemed a threat was purged.[58][59] Opposition newspapers were burned in public squares.[60] Rosas created an elaborate cult of personality. According to Lynch, the "populace was relentlessly indoctrinated by a regime that controlled all the means of communication. Rosas was built into a great figure, a one-man government, a protector and father of the people"[61][62] His portraits were carried in street demonstrations and placed on church altars to be venerated.[63] Rosismo was no longer a mere faction within the Federalist ranks; it had become a political movement. As early as 1829, Rosas confided that he was not a true Federalist: "I tell you I am not a Federalist, and I have never belonged to that party."[35] During his governorship, he still claimed to have favored Federalism against Unitarianism, although in practice Federalism had by that time been subsumed under the Rosismo movement and Unitarianism into the anti-Rosismo term.[61]
The Argentine governor established a totalitarian regime, in which the government sought to dictate every aspect of public and private life. It was mandated that the slogan "Death to the Savage Unitarians" be inscribed at the head of all official documents.[64] Anyone on the state payroll—from military officers, priests, to civil servants and teachers—was obliged to wear a red badge with the inscription "Federation or Death".[65] Every male was supposed to have a "federal look", i.e., to sport a large mustache and sideburns. Many resorted to wearing false mustaches.[66] The red color—symbol of both the Federalist Party and of Rosismo—became omnipresent in the province of Buenos Aires. Soldiers wore red chiripás (blankets worn as trousers), caps and jackets, and their horses sported red accouterments.[66] Civilians were also to wear the color. A red waistcoat, red badge and red hat band were required for men, while women wore ribbons in that color and children donned school uniforms based upon Rosismo paradigms. Building exteriors and interiors were also decorated in red.[67]
Clergy of the Catholic Church in Buenos Aires willingly backed Rosas and his regime.[68] The Jesuits, the only ones who refused to acquiesce, were expelled from the country.[59][69] The lower social strata in Buenos Aires, which formed the vast majority of its populace, experienced no improvement in the conditions under which they lived. When Rosas slashed expenditures, he cut resources from education, social services, general welfare and public works.[70] None of the lands confiscated from Indians and Unitarians were turned over to rural workers (including gauchos).[71] Neither did blacks see any improvement in their lot. Rosas owned slaves and even helped revive slave trade, prior to its eventual ban.[72] Even though he had done little to nothing to promote their interests, he remained highly popular among blacks and gauchos.[73] Rosas did not hold prejudice along racial lines. He employed blacks, patronized their festivities and attended their candombles.[74] The gauchos admired his strong leadership and willingness to fraternize with them (though only to a certain point).[3]
State terrorism[edit]
Purges, banishments and censorship were not the only measures Rosas brought to bear against the opposition and anyone else he deemed a threat. He resorted to what historians have considered state terrorism.[75] Terror was a tool used to intimidate dissident voices, to shore up support among his own partisans and to exterminate his foes.[76][77] His targets were denounced as having ties (real or invented) to Unitarians. Those victimized included members of his own government and party who were suspected of being insufficiently loyal. If actual opponents were not at hand, the regime was capable of finding other quarry who could be punished in order to serve as cautionary examples. A climate of fear was created to underpin unquestioning conformity to the leader's dictates.[78]
A judiciary branch still existed in Buenos Aires. Rosas removed any independence the courts might have exercised, either by controlling appointments to judgeships, or by circumventing their authority entirely. He would sit in judgement over cases on his own; issuing fines, sentencing to service in the army, imprisoning or condemning to death.[79][80] Terrorism was orchestrated rather than a product of popular zeal, was targeted for effect rather than indiscriminate. Anarchic demonstrations, vigilantism and disorderliness were antithetical to a regime touting a law and order agenda, and the exercise of terror was firmly in the hands of Rosas. Not even subordinates who carried out his government's oppressive policies had any authority to enforce them as they saw fit or any discretion as to whom would be persecuted. The state's terror was exercised intermittently, systematically and with focus to enforce the regime's will.[77][81] Foreign residents were exempted from abuses, as were people who were too poor or inconsequential to make effective examples. Victims were selected for their usefulness as tools of intimidation.[77]
State terrorism was carried out by the Mazorca, which was an armed parapolice unit of the Sociedad Popular Restauradora political organization. The Sociedad Popular Restauradora and the Mazorca were creations of Rosas, who retained tight control over both.[76][82] The tactics of the mazorqueros included neighborhood sweeps in which houses would be searched and occupants intimidated. Others who fell into their power were arrested, tortured and killed.[83] Executions were generally by shooting, lance-thrusting or throat-slitting.[84] Castration, scalping of beards and cutting out tongues were also used.[85] Modern estimates report around 2,000 people were executed from 1829 until 1852.[86] Terrorism was also used on the battlefield: "Armies were exterminated; prisoners were rarely taken or, if taken, were then killed; fugitives were hunted down, their throats cut, their heads exhibited."[78]
Apogee and downfall[edit]
Rebellions and foreign threat[edit]
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Ruler of Argentina[edit]
When Rosas was elected governor for the first time in 1829 had no power outside the limits of the province of Buenos Aires. There was no national government nor a national parliament. The former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata had given rise to the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, which by the 1830s had been increasingly known as the Argentine Confederation, or simply, Argentina.
Platine War[edit]
The Platine War (18 August 1851 – 3 February 1852) was fought between the Argentine Confederation and an alliance consisting of the Empire of Brazil, Uruguay and the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes. The war was part of a long-running contest between Argentina and Brazil for influence over Uruguay and Paraguay, and hegemony over the Platine region (areas bordering the Río de la Plata). The conflict took place in Uruguay, on the Río de la Plata, and northeastern Argentina.
In 1850, the Platine region was politically unstable. Although as Governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas used his position to gain dictatorial control over other Argentine provinces, his rule was plagued by a series of regional rebellions. Meanwhile, Uruguay struggled with a long-running civil war which started after acquiring independence from Brazil in 1828. Rosas backed the Uruguayan Blanco party in this conflict, and further desired to extend Argentine borders to areas formerly occupied by the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. This meant asserting control over Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia. Rosas's objective also threatened Brazilian interests and sovereignty since the old Spanish Viceroyalty had also included territories which had since been assimilated into Brazil's province of Rio Grande do Sul.
Brazil actively pursued ways to eliminate the Rosist threat. In 1851, it allied with the Argentine breakaway provinces of Corrientes and Entre Rios (led by Justo José de Urquiza), and the anti-Rosas faction in Uruguay. Brazil next secured the south-western flank by signing defensive alliances with Paraguay and Bolivia. Faced with an offensive alliance against his regime, Rosas declared war on Brazil. Allied forces then advanced into Uruguayan territory, defeating the Rosas-aligned faction led by Manuel Oribe. Afterwards, the allied army was split, with the main arm advancing by land to engage Rosas's main defenses and the other launching a seaborne assault directed at Buenos Aires.
The Platine War ended in 1852 with the allied victory at the Battle of Caseros, establishing Brazilian hegemony over much of South America. The war's result further ushered in a period of economic and political stability in the Empire of Brazil. With Rosas gone, Argentina began a process which would result in a more unified state. However, the end of the war did not completely resolve other issues within the Platine region. Turmoil continued in subsequent years, with internal disputes among political factions in Uruguay, a long civil war in Argentina, and an emergent Paraguay asserting its claims. Two more major international wars followed during the next two decades, sparked by territorial ambitions and conflicts over influence.
Later years[edit]
Exile and death[edit]
Rosas was forced to flee to England, where he spent the last years of his life as a farmer. First buried in Southampton, his body was repatriated in 1989 and now rests in Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires.
Serious attempts to review Rosas's reputation began in the 1880s with the publication of scholarly works by Adolfo Saldías and Ernesto Quesada but revisionism would only flourish under the Nacionalismo (Nationalism) in the early 20th century. Nacionalismo was a political movement that appeared in Argentina in the 1920s and reached its apex in the 1930s. It was the Argentine equivalent of the authoritarian ideologies that arose during the same period, such as Nazism, Fascism and Integralism. Argentine Nationalism was an authoritarian,[87] anti-Semitic,[88] racist[89] and misogynistic political movement with support for racially-based pseudo-scientific theories such as eugenics.[90] The Revisionismo (Revisionism) was the historiographical wing of Argentine Nacionalismo.[91] The main goal of Argentine Nacionalismo was to establish a national dictatorship. For the Nacionalismo movement, Rosas and his regime were apotheosized as paragons of governmental virtue.[92] Revisionismo served as a useful tool, as the main purpose of the revisionists within the Nacionalismo agenda was to rehabilitate Rosas's image.[93]
Despite a decades-long struggle, the Revisionismo failed to be taken seriously. According to Michael Goebel, the revisionists had a "lack of interest in scholarly standards" and were known for "their institutional marginality in the intellectual field".[94] They also never succeeded in changing mainstream views regarding Rosas. William Spence Robertson said in 1930: "Among the enigmatical personages of the 'Age of Dictators' in South America none played a more spectacular role than the Argentine dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas, whose gigantic and ominous figure bestrode the Plata River for more than twenty years. So despotic was his power that Argentine writers have themselves styled this age of their history as 'The Tyranny of Rosas'."[95] More than 30 years later, in 1961, William Dusenberry said: "Rosas is a negative memory in Argentina. He left behind him the black legend of Argentine history—a legend which Argentines in general wish to forget. There is no monument to him in the entire nation; no park, plaza, or street bears his name."[96]
In the 1980s, Argentina was a broken and deeply divided nation, having faced a military dictatorship and a defeat in the Falklands War. President Carlos Menem decided to repatriate Rosas's remains and take advantage of the occasion to unite the Argentines. Menem believed that if the Argentines could forgive Rosas and his regime, they might do the same regarding the more recent and vividly remembered past.[97] On 30 September 1989, following an elaborate and enormous cortege organized by the government, the remains of the Argentine ruler were interred at his family vault in La Recoleta Cemetery, Buenos Aires.[98] Although the repatriation was well-accepted in Argentina, Rosas is still a controversial figure among Argentines, whom "have long been fascinated and outraged" by him.[99]
- ^ The full title was "Restorer of the Laws and Institutions of the Province of Buenos Aires". It was given to Rosas by the House of Representatives of Buenos Aires on 18 December 1829.(Sala de Representantes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 1842, p. 3) After the Desert Campaign (1833–34) he was called the "Conqueror of the desert" (Conquistador del desierto).(Lynch 2001, p. 19) As his dictatorship became more repressive, Rosas became known as the "Tiger of Palermo", after his main residence in Palermo, then located outside the town of Buenos Aires.(Lynch 1981, p. 9)
- ^ Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham described them as "herdsmen, who lived on horseback... In their great plains, roamed over by enormous herds of cattle, and countless horses in semi-feral state, each Gaucho lived in his own reed-built rancho [ranch] daubed with mud to make its weathertight often without another neighbor nearer than a league away. His wife and children and possibly two or three other herdsmen, usually unmarried, to help him in the management of the cattle, made up his society. Generally he had some cattle of his own, and possibly a flock of sheep; but the great herds belonged to some proprietor who perhaps lived two or three leagues away."(Graham 1933, pp. 121–122)
- ^ An anecdote circulated in which Rosas supposedly related how he left his parents' house with no belongings, determined to start a new life, never to return. The story says that he went so far as to change the spelling of his surname at that point. Rosas denied the version of events contained in this tale.(Lynch 1981, p. 14) Although he was left a portion of his father's estate, he assigned this to his mother. He did not reclaim the inheritance upon his mother's death, and instead split it between her maid, his siblings and charities.(Lynch 1981, p. 14)
- ^ Charles Darwin wrote in his journal in 1833: "He is a man of extraordinary character, and has a most predominant influence in the country, which it seems that he will use to its prosperity and advancement." Later, in 1845, he added a note to his assertion: "This prophecy has turned out entirely and miserably wrong."(Darwin 2008, p. 79)
- ^ a b c Lynch 2001, p. 2.
- ^ a b Lynch 2001, p. 1.
- ^ a b Lynch 2001, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 46.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 40.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 38–39.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 2, 8, 26.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 28.
- ^ a b Lynch 2001, p. 3.
- ^ a b Shumay 1993, p. 119.
- ^ See:
- Bethell 1993, p. 18,
- Lynch 2001, p. 9,
- Rock 1987, p. 93.
- ^ See:
- Lynch 2001, p. 9,
- Rock 1987, pp. 93–94, 104,
- Szuchman & Brown 1994, p. 214.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 9.
- ^ Szuchman & Brown 1994, pp. 214–215.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Bethell 1993, p. 24.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 1, 8, 13, 43–44.
- ^ a b c d e Lynch 2001, p. 10.
- ^ Bethell 1993, pp. 19–20.
- ^ Bethell 1993, pp. 20, 22.
- ^ See:
- Bethell 1993, p. 20,
- Lynch 2001, p. 11,
- Rock 1987, p. 103.
- ^ a b Lynch 2001, p. 12.
- ^ Rock 1987, p. 103.
- ^ Shumay 1993, p. 117.
- ^ Geisler 2005, p. 155.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 125.
- ^ See:
- Castro 2001, p. 69,
- Crow 1980, p. 580,
- Geisler 2005, p. 155,
- Lynch 1981, p. 121,
- Shumay 1993, p. 117.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 86.
- ^ See:
- Bethell 1993, p. 20,
- Lynch 2001, p. 12,
- Rock 1987, p. 104,
- Shumay 1993, p. 117.
- ^ See:
- Bethell 1993, p. 20,
- Clayton & Conniff 2005, p. 72,
- Edwards 2008, p. 28,
- Goebel 2011, p. 24,
- Hooker 2008, p. 15,
- Kraay & Whigham 2004, p. 188,
- Leuchars 2002, p. 16,
- Lewis 2003, p. 47,
- Lewis 2006, p. 84,
- Lynch 2001, p. 164,
- Meade 2010, p. 140,
- Rein 1998, p. 73,
- Rock 1987, p. 106,
- Rotker 2002, p. 57,
- Shumay 1993, p. 113,
- Whigham 2002, p. 53.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 75, 163.
- ^ See:
- Lynch 2001, p. 16,
- Rock 1987, p. 105,
- Shumay 1993, p. 117.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 164.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 22.
- ^ a b Lynch 2001, p. 15.
- ^ a b c Lynch 2001, p. 16.
- ^ Rock 1987, p. 105.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 16, 22.
- ^ Lynch 1981, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Lynch 1981, pp. 49, 159–160, 300.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 17.
- ^ a b Lynch 2001, p. 18.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 6, 18–20.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 20.
- ^ Lynch 1981, pp. 160–162.
- ^ Lynch 1981, p. 162.
- ^ Rock 1987, p. 106.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 90.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 51.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 49–50.
- ^ a b Bethell 1993, p. 26.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 81.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 50.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 38–40, 78.
- ^ Shumay 1993, p. 118.
- ^ Lynch 1981, p. 38.
- ^ Lynch 1981, p. 175.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 82.
- ^ a b Bethell 1993, p. 27.
- ^ Lynch 1981, pp. 180, 184.
- ^ a b Lynch 2001, p. 77.
- ^ Shumay 1993, pp. 118–120.
- ^ See:
- Bethell 1993, p. 27,
- Lynch 1981, pp. 165, 183,
- Shumay 1993, p. 120.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 83.
- ^ See:
- Bethell 1993, p. 27,
- Lynch 1981, p. 178,
- Rock 1987, p. 106.
- ^ a b Lynch 1981, p. 179.
- ^ See:
- Bethell 1993, p. 27,
- Lynch 1981, p. 180,
- Rock 1987, p. 106.
- ^ See:
- Bethell 1993, p. 27,
- Lynch 2001, p. 84,
- Rock 1987, p. 106,
- Shumay 1993, p. 119.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 85.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 22, 91.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 49.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 53–54.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 76–77.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 55–56.
- ^ See:
- Bethell 1993, p. 29,
- Hooker 2008, p. 15,
- Lewis 2003, p. 57,
- Loveman 1999, p. 289,
- Lynch 2001, pp. 96, 108, 164,
- Rock 1987, p. 106,
- Shumay 1993, p. 120.
- ^ a b Bethell 1993, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Lynch 2001, p. 96.
- ^ a b Lynch 2001, p. 97.
- ^ Lynch 2001, pp. 81, 97.
- ^ Bethell 1993, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Bethell 1993, p. 30.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 102.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 101.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 99.
- ^ Lynch 1981, p. 214.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. 118.
- ^ See:
- (Rock 1995, p. 102);
- (Goebel 2011, pp. 43–44);
- (Chamosa 2010, pp. 40, 118);
- (Nállim 2012, p. 38).
- ^ See:
- (Rock 1995, pp. 104–105, 119);
- (Goebel 2011, p. 43);
- (Chamosa 2010, pp. 40, 118).
- ^ Rock 1995, pp. 103, 106.
- ^ Rock 1995, p. 103.
- ^ See:
- (Rock 1995, p. 120);
- (Goebel 2011, pp. 7, 48);
- (Chamosa 2010, p. 44);
- (Nállim 2012, p. 39).
- ^ See:
- (Rock 1995, pp. 108, 119);
- (Nállim 2012, p. 39);
- (Deutsch & Dolkart 1993, p. 15).
- ^ See:
- (Johnson 2004, p. 114);
- (Goebel 2011, p. 50);
- (Miller 1999, p. 224);
- (Chamosa 2010, p. 44);
- (Nállim 2012, p. 39).
- ^ Goebel 2011, pp. 56, 115–116.
- ^ Robertson 1930, p. 125.
- ^ Dusenberry 1961, p. 514.
- ^ Johnson 2004, pp. 118–125.
- ^ Johnson 2004, pp. 125–128.
- ^ Lynch 2001, p. ix.
- Bethell, Leslie (1993). Argentina since independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43376-2.
- Castro, Donald S. (2001). The Afro-Argentine in Argentine Culture: El Negro Del Acordeón. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-7389-0.
- Chamosa, Oscar (2010). The Argentine Folklore Movement: Sugar Elites, Criollo Workers, and the Politics of Cultural Nationalism, 1900-1955. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2847-9.
- Clayton, Lawrence A.; Conniff, Michael L. (2005). A History of Modern Latin America (2 ed.). Belmont, California: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center. ISBN 0-534-62158-9.
- Crow, John Armstrong (1980). The Epic of Latin America (3 ed.). Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03776-6.
- Darwin, Charles (2008). The Voyage of the Beagle. New York: Cosimo. ISBN 978-1-60520-565-6.
- Dusenberry, William (November 1961). "Juan Manuel de Rosas as Viewed by Contemporary American Diplomats". Hispanic American Historical Review (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press) 41 (4).
- Deutsch, Sandra McGee; Dolkart, Ronald H. (1993). The Argentine Right: Its History and Intellectual Origins, 1910 to the Present. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. ISBN 0-8420-2418-2.
- Edwards, Todd L. (2008). Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-986-3.
- Geisler, Michael E. (2005). National Symbols, Fractured Identities: Contesting The National Narrative. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. ISBN 1-58465-436-8.
- Goebel, Michael (2011). Argentina's Partisan Past: Nationalism and the Politics of History. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-8463-1238-0.
- Graham, Robert Bontine Cunninghame (1933). Portrait of a dictator. London: William Heinemann.
- Hooker, Terry D. (2008). The Paraguayan War. Nottingham: Foundry Books. ISBN 1-901543-15-3.
- Johnson, Lyman L. (2004). Death, Dismemberment, And Memory: Body Politics In Latin America. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-3200-5.
- Kraay, Hendrik; Whigham, Thomas (2004). I die with my country: perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore. ISBN 978-0-8032-2762-0.
- Leuchars, Chris (2002). To the bitter end: Paraguay and the War of the Triple Alliance. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32365-8.
- Lewis, Daniel K. (2003). The History of Argentina. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6254-5.
- Lewis, Paul H. (2006). Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America: Dictators, Despots, And Tyrants. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-3739-0.
- Loveman, Brian (1999). For la Patria: Politics and the Armed Forces in Latin America. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. ISBN 0-8420-2772-6.
- Lynch, John (1981). Argentine dictator: Juan Manuel De Rosas, 1829–1852. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-1982-1129-5.
- Lynch, John (2001). Argentine Caudillo: Juan Manuel de Rosas (2 ed.). Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. ISBN 0-8420-2897-8.
- Meade, Teresa A. (2010). In the Shadow of the State: Intellectuals and the Quest for National Identity in Twentieth-century Spanish America. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2050-0.
- Miller, Nicola (1999). In the Shadow of the State: Intellectuals and the Quest for National Identity in Twentieth-century Spanish America. London: Verso. ISBN 1-85984-738-2.
- Nállim, Jorge (2012). Transformations and Crisis of Liberalism in Argentina, 1930-1955. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-6203-8.
- Rein, Mónica Esti (1998). Politics and Education in Argentina: 1946-1962. New York: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0209-1.
- Robertson, William Spence (May 1930). "Foreign Estimates of the Argentine Dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas". The Hispanic American Historical Review 10 (2) (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press).
- Rock, David (1987). Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alfonsín. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06178-0.
- Rock, David (1995). Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20352-6.
- Rotker, Susana (2002). Captive Women: Oblivion and Memory in Argentina. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4029-7.
- Whigham, Thomas L. (2002). The Paraguayan War: Causes and early conduct 1. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-4786-4.
- Sala de Representantes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (1842). Rasgos de la vida publica de S. E. el sr. brigadier general d. Juan Manuel de Rosas (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Imprenta del Estado.
- Shumay, Nicolas (1993). The Invention of Argentina. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08284-2.
- Sousa, José Antônio Soares de (1973). "Cartas do general Rosas, no exílio". Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (in Portuguese) (Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional) 300: 66–134.
- Szuchman, Mark D.; Brown, Jonathan Charles (1994). Revolution and Restoration: The Rearrangement of Power in Argentina, 1776–1860. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-4228-X.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Juan Manuel de Rosas.
|Political offices
|Preceded by
Juan José Viamonte
|Governor of Buenos Aires Province (Head of State of Argentina)
|Succeeded by
Juan Ramón Balcarce
|Preceded by
Manuel Vicente Maza
|Governor of Buenos Aires Province (Head of State of Argentina)
|Succeeded by
Vicente López y Planes


text:
Horcoff Hurt?
We knew Shawn Horcoff was somewhat hobbled from a blocked shot, we knew he was one of the players who had the flu. Now we find out that he was in pain after an Andy Sutton hit on Long Island. Robin Brownlee is speculating it might be a separated shoulder.
I know that it must get tiring sometimes talking about "lack of balance" on the roster and not having "enough actual NHL players" but this is getting crazy. Kevin Lowe's team now reminds me of that scene from Planes, Trains and Automobiles where Steve Martin breaks into laughter and tells John Candy "you've don't it to yourself this time."
Only Steve Martin wasn't laughing for long, and we're not laughing at all.

subset: commoncrawl


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Lauren Conrad
Birthday: February 1, 1986
Hometown: Laguna Beach, Calif.
Quote: "I don't have the best dating track record. ... I get bored easily. I can't even commit to shoes right now!" -Lauren Conrad to Cosmopolitan
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Photo courtesy of Splash.


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Welcome to the University of Tromsø!
|Click on a picture to enlarge
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This grain was recently selected by NASA to feed astronauts on their long trips in space. And no wonder why: With it being naturally whole grain, 16% protein, and high in lysine, carbohydrates and minerals; the amaranto is an important part of a balanced and healthy diet. Served alone or with regular flour, this grain provides high amounts of energy and complete nutrition to any baked recipe. Toasted, the amaranto is the perfect cereal and you can mix it with honey, yogurt or milk for a full energy start to the day.
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Items where Author is "Ng, C.W."
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Loh, K.W.; Rani, F.; Chan, E.T.C.; Loh, H.Y.; Ng, C.W.; Moy, F.M. (2012) Association of risk factors for hypertension in a rural population of northern Perak. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 67 (3). p. 350. ISSN 0300-5283
Dahlui, M.; Ng, C.W.; Al Sadat, N.; Ismail, S.; Bulgiba, A. M. (2011) Is Breast Self Examination (BSE) still relevant? a study on BSE performance among female staff of University of Malaya. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 12 (2). pp. 369-372. ISSN 1513-7368
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Center for Teaching Home
.Welcome to the:
Center for Teaching
at The University of the SouthDirected by Jane Benton Fort
These pages are intended to familiarize you with the Center for Teaching and the services we provide to the Faculties here at the University. The Center for Teaching is not so much a place as a program. The office of the Director, Professor Jane Benton Fort, is located in Room 217 of duPont Library. Telephone: (931) 598-1287 or email@example.com.
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Investigating the assassination of the U.S. ambassador to Columbia by drug lords; determined to get the soldiers out of Columbia who were sent on a covert operation.
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Some Gift Cards purchased in the retail stores do not have PIN numbers and cannot be redeemed online.
Lost or stolen Bath & Body Works Gift Cards may be replaced for the value remaining on the card if you are able to provide the gift card number.


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Every week we ask you a different question. Hear what people in London say, then join the conversation!
What lessons for life can you give?
Watch the video to read and hear what some people in London told us.
Join the conversation. What lessons for life can you give? Use the form below to let us know.
The Express English team
These are some of the life lessons people in London have given us:
Live every day as though it is your last.
Enjoy yourself!
Treat others as you would like to be treated.
Don't take life too seriously.
Did you know?
- Fact
The longest living person ever is Jeanne Calment. She was born in France in 1875, and died in 1997 at the age of 122.
- Language tip
'Life begins at forty' is an idiom that means by the time you are forty years old you have enough experience and skill to do what you want to do with your life.
- Cultural tip
In some countries it is rude to ask a woman her age, unless you have a good reason.
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- 1. At 1:15pm on 21 Jul 2011, Elkagirl wrote:
In any good times, use your two eyes to see, two ears to hear and one mouth to speak. In any bad times, use only your one eye, one ear and no mouth.
- 2. At 1:57pm on 21 Jul 2011, ALFONSO wrote:
Lessons for life?...What a chalenge!.....
Well...I think respect for yourself and the others folks around you, be tolerant and accept the tolerance as a gift to build a good living.
All the best.
- 3. At 2:57pm on 21 Jul 2011, Wafi wrote:
Islam teaches me that the happiness in your heart depends on the service you do to others. The more you help , the more joy will be in your heart. This is the " Real Life ".
- 4. At 4:55pm on 21 Jul 2011, kyntire wrote:
I would say "be just and fear not" as to say that you have to have your life marked by a sense of dignity and self respect.
In addition to this, a concept which I would say has become my motto is "live the life the you love and love the life that you live".
It think that is awfully true and inspiring, as we have only one life to live and it's our duty, if I can say so, to get the very best from it.
- 5. At 5:04pm on 21 Jul 2011, DJIMEFO wrote:
As far i am concern, you are the owner of your life.
Thus, anything that appears to you is the result of yours actions. Likewise, your happiness, your sadness only depends of you, no-one else.
- 6. At 5:15pm on 21 Jul 2011, SWEETHEART007 wrote:
Live your gorgeous life and don´t worry about others!!!
- 7. At 5:47pm on 21 Jul 2011, RMSz wrote:
"Practise makes perfect."
And the socond one is "the patience is the key of happiness" :)
- 8. At 7:36pm on 21 Jul 2011, mmodena wrote:
Hi everybody!
Best advise I can give would be the one that you shouldn't be in conflict with yourself at anytime,'cause the way you use to judge yourself, likely is the way people judge you as well.
Just be natural and easygoing, life every day to its fullest and don't ever struggle!
- 9. At 9:20pm on 21 Jul 2011, Jamaluddin wrote:
My life depends on my succes, if I do great and make a good career for me then I can live the best way I like. To live the moment does not mean for me just having fun or being free from hard works, the challenges that I will be faced in the future of my life will influence my life directly.
We humans are like an ocean's wave , we must move and jump to survive and keep our existense. If we be quite and don't worry about challenges and problems coming in the future , we will miss our existence in real.
I think there are things that we should take too seriously for have a better life, our health is determined in part by what we eat and what we do everyday.
- 10. At 04:11am on 22 Jul 2011, Migue wrote:
Odds no words.
- 11. At 04:16am on 22 Jul 2011, Migue wrote:
Deeds no words.
- 12. At 06:07am on 22 Jul 2011, pomii wrote:
Be easy!
- 13. At 06:28am on 22 Jul 2011, salih wrote:
Living the moment is important for people. But nowadays, unfortunately people cannot do this. People always have to think about future therefore, obsession comes with this result. Nowadays, it is difficult to live peacefully and enjoyable. We take life too seriously. We cannot leave enough time ourselves. It is important to taste life while living. People need to be optimistic rather than pessimistic about future. Inevitably, people find themselves in a life competition for many area. Especially in education and business life. This competition starts when childhood period. Children need to advantage of each other in this race. After that, they have to prepare for business life. When they entered the business life, they need to improve themselves for career. In conclusion, our life is tough and very competitive. This kind of life, sometimes it is difficult to live the moment peacefully.
- 14. At 11:25am on 22 Jul 2011, saperica wrote:
I think we should always act us a team.
In every matter all of as shall consider that we are not the only
one in this world. So we must do things to keep it healthy :
Talk more, to avoid wars.
Take care of our environment, with consideration to future generations.
Solve hunger.
- 15. At 12:39pm on 22 Jul 2011, Charles-Henri wrote:
In a man's life, ther are three times: a period to learn life, a period to live life and a period to tell life.
- 16. At 4:11pm on 22 Jul 2011, Ice wrote:
Life may be short or long. What eve it is it is much better to live with empathy.
Empathy leads you to treat all in with kindness and politeness.
We must always keep in mind not to harm or hurt anybody mentally or physically.
In accordance with the discussion
" Live every day as though it is your last."
Then you would never ill treat anybody.
Enjoy life with all
as a team.
- 17. At 4:23pm on 22 Jul 2011, jorge trujillo pascuas wrote:
I agree with those who say that we should live every day as the last one.
- 18. At 4:57pm on 22 Jul 2011, Edward wrote:
To me, living with happiness is pretty important for everyone in this world. So, just do our best with our abilities, honest and be humble for every day.
- 19. At 5:50pm on 22 Jul 2011, M_Elkhamesy wrote:
Enjoy when you help the people who need you . or we can say Giving pleasure .
- 20. At 6:58pm on 22 Jul 2011, gyorgyi4 wrote:
if you are afraid you unable to love many things
and there are many things what you can get but you live hardly
- 21. At 9:43pm on 22 Jul 2011, hatem zaki wrote:
it's difficult to give lessons to anyone . although I'm 26 years old ,I have nothing to give expect one thing . try to get knowledge by all means . it gives you strength to keep silent for long time to think in yourself and your life .the power of silence is more important then any thing else you can imagine .
- 22. At 10:45pm on 22 Jul 2011, Juan wrote:
Enjoy your life, because there is only one. Be happy and help to the happiness of the others and preserve our environment.
- 23. At 00:51am on 23 Jul 2011, dana wrote:
Actually, By two or three senteces can not define life. There two english expression said " Life is short, but smile is too short" and " Times marches on"
- 24. At 06:42am on 23 Jul 2011, salih wrote:
Patience is nuts and bolts of life. Working as an enjoyable and productive is also important factors. People need to respect and help each other in order to maintain peaceful environment. People need to understand life's valuable things such as love. People who live with love can become more successful and happy in their life. Always live with dreams. Dreams would be comes true in the future. Never give your hope, never be pessimistic. Always remember the value of family in your life.
- 25. At 12:24pm on 23 Jul 2011, Chiao wrote:
Never stop learning & improving!
Oneself in tomorrow must be better than in today!
- 26. At 12:58pm on 23 Jul 2011, Tiago wrote:
Think just positive things. In addiction, when somebody has problems, it's easier to find the solution.
- 27. At 3:01pm on 23 Jul 2011, Trang_sunflower wrote:
every day, i try to live joyfully and not complain about unpleasure things. Live simply, think good things and do enjoyable things will make our life happier and free out of the life pressure. certainly, it is not always easy to lead such a life but we can try day by day.
- 28. At 3:24pm on 24 Jul 2011, David wrote:
As the Bobby McFerry song says: "Don´t worry...be happy" I´ve learnt to take things in easy way. Solutions always come from the heaven
- 29. At 3:33pm on 24 Jul 2011, giao wrote:
I think you should try to enjoy yourself as much as possible.You should try to do everything you want to do.
- 30. At 3:59pm on 24 Jul 2011, hinah wrote:
"Happiness is in the doing what you want, not in getting what you want. " I found this lesson in special movie scripts a few years ago. I think life is the way for searching one's true happiness.
- 31. At 6:28pm on 24 Jul 2011, Nakib Maruf wrote:
Human beings are member of a whole
In creation of one essence and soul
If one member is affected with pain
Other members uneasy will remain
If you have no sympathy for the human pain
The name of human you could not retain
This is a peom writen by Shaikh Sadee, Persian greates poet.
Whenever,I face confilict,violation,discrimintion or any other uneasy items which are very common in my Country (Afghanistan) then i remember these lines and getting a little bit calm and confident virtually.
- 32. At 01:09am on 25 Jul 2011, Rocha wrote:
As everyone says, you have only one life ... So do not waste it on things small and insignificant.
- 33. At 01:36am on 25 Jul 2011, deko wrote:
Any experience in our life, whether it is good or not good one, will always give some hint to solve problems.
- 34. At 08:04am on 25 Jul 2011, Yana wrote:
live in the buzz!
- 35. At 09:03am on 25 Jul 2011, qtpqtp wrote:
Don't think of what already past, think of what to do ...
- 36. At 09:22am on 25 Jul 2011, Ubiratan wrote:
I think that we need to respect others if you desire to be respected, because I believe in the action and reation law, we need to be honest and responsable, love your neighbor as yourself, and the most important Don't worry be Happy!!!
- 37. At 10:35am on 25 Jul 2011, chloe wrote:
Never lose your hope, tomorrow is a new day. It's my favorite words. Actually although I've had much tough time, I struggled to live the life by keeping the words in my mind:" everthing will be OK, everthing will be pass, you can handle it."
- 38. At 10:43am on 25 Jul 2011, chakula wrote:
Life is full with challanges as far as you would be able to over come your challenges you will find what you want so easily and cheaply.
- 39. At 12:13pm on 25 Jul 2011, RainyJuly wrote:
Learn and pray !
- 40. At 1:08pm on 25 Jul 2011, salih wrote:
Well, regarding life lessons, I can say that always read as best you can. Always keep learning something, never give up your ambition about life. Always live with love, passion, fancy. Help other people whenever you can. Never give up your hopes, always keep your perseverance. Always know the value of family, friendship and health.
- 41. At 2:28pm on 25 Jul 2011, Renata wrote:
Always remember that real happines is coming only from everydays' little things.
- 42. At 4:07pm on 25 Jul 2011, castleontheriver wrote:
Personally I believe that them are good lessons for the life: to love and to know others like to itself, looking for all the balance, to differentiate by the reflection each be alive of its circumstance.
- 43. At 7:13pm on 25 Jul 2011, nobia wrote:
we can never feel the beauty of nice events in our life until we go through the bad ones.You ,only you can create from bad event a tune of a beautiful song.Just live seconds and minuets of life as you believe, and believe me you will never regret,what ever happened and what ever you lost..........
- 44. At 8:23pm on 25 Jul 2011, MaXaRaDzzE wrote:
Hey - what is your life for you - you have to decide independently!:) Buttt - you should know some nice things - don't waste your time: love your family, friends and yourself, bring pice in the world and do not afraid to cry if you love and want to be loved!!! Emmmm - ohhh yeap - you have only 1 chance - 1 life! ;0 hehe - enjoy my friends :P
- 45. At 9:34pm on 25 Jul 2011, dirty7 wrote:
Judge people from what they do - not from what they say
- 46. At 07:56am on 26 Jul 2011, ireshani wrote:
not think past worry, you should have good ambition and good neighbour also family. child to grove up as a intelligent and perfect man is need a strong family.
- 47. At 11:02am on 26 Jul 2011, Vera_Kuzub wrote:
If you want to be happy - be happy. You have only one life. You should enjoy every moment in your live.
- 48. At 4:30pm on 26 Jul 2011, villaravi wrote:
generally we are want a happy life
- 49. At 12:04pm on 27 Jul 2011, Dimitar Penkov wrote:
Enjoying yourself, respecting the others, start living every day as though it is your last are only part of many ways to adapt yourself in the world and the century you live in, in order to survive.
- 50. At 2:17pm on 27 Jul 2011, thekentaro wrote:
One's life is short and complex. So, try to be optimistic and proactive, and keep trying to know who you are, where you were coming from, and what you value the most in your life. Your life would be enjoyable.
- 51. At 4:55pm on 27 Jul 2011, june wrote:
Being respectful, honest, understanding adn act with love, besides, you will never regret fo keep silence
- 52. At 11:24pm on 27 Jul 2011, mero wrote:
I hope to my language English & take PHD in English literature
- 53. At 01:08am on 28 Jul 2011, jasonnguyen8481 wrote:
don't even too smart even if you are smart
- 54. At 09:34am on 28 Jul 2011, sumoff wrote:
Hello !
If i have to give a lesson of life it will concern about curiosity ! We have to be curious, all days we have to want to understand and discover new thnigs of the world which is new sensations or knowleges, just new things which make us happiest about the life we live !
Have a good day ;)
- 55. At 11:56am on 28 Jul 2011, Julia wrote:
I think the best lesson is not to give lessons. Free advice is no need for evryone. I am always annoyed, when someone (my mother-in-law for example) gives me his points, especially if I already have began to do something. I always ask for advice from my mom, and use it if I think it is necessary.
- 56. At 12:59pm on 28 Jul 2011, Shifaam wrote:
"What other people think of you is none of your business"
- It is impossible to make everyone happy with the choices we make. If you worry about getting everyone's approval, you'd never get anywhere. You'd be right where they some of them want you to be. If you're not following your heart and achieving your dreams, well, that would be just fine with them!
- 57. At 7:49pm on 28 Jul 2011, Rita wrote:
Well I pretty much agree with all the opinios that say that you enjoy life as best as you can and mostly not to take yourself that seriously.
I don't think I can give lessons but maybe share with you things that I've learnt and that helped me realise many things...perhaps be yourself and don't pretend to be someone else just be you and i'm sure people will find you a bit nicer...and do things without expecting anything in exchange...
Best wishes
- 58. At 01:37am on 29 Jul 2011, kim wrote:
l think we should be importance of our life at this moment
that we sometimes have some troubles or happiness,sadness.
we ,ll try to do the best on our life ~~~
Life is often compared to voyage.
- 59. At 09:45am on 29 Jul 2011, Ali wrote:
Life's good. Get most of it. You can't get out of it alive, anyway! As you are alive live fully your life because when you are dead you are dead for ever! Be happy always!
- 60. At 11:50am on 29 Jul 2011, OlgaRu wrote:
The most important resourse for people in their lives is the TIME! Remember about it and don't waste your own time.
- 61. At 2:02pm on 29 Jul 2011, Janilson wrote:
What could I say? "Just live and let live".
- 62. At 5:15pm on 30 Jul 2011, yadanar wrote:
i agree those who says don't take life seriously :) my motto is never give up whatever you do all things are difficult before they are easy! :)
- 63. At 00:21am on 31 Jul 2011, rizan wrote:
life is not easy to live , it is therefore our own responsibilty to live it with happiness. happiness comes when we are satisfied of our duties so always try to fullfill your duties, have good relationships with your family and friends. help others as much as you can this also give you immense pleasure. when you face tough times just show patience and tolerance.
- 64. At 02:20am on 31 Jul 2011, Mary wrote:
I studied all above best comments and suggestions. Really that is useful. But it is difficult to follow up in the real life sometimes. Keep smiling, reminder myself to be happy everyday.
- 65. At 7:56pm on 31 Jul 2011, canis wrote:
Love life and fear of death will never trouble you. And don't worry about the past- the future belongs to you.
Only you yourself and no one else can make your life full of impressions, meetings and memorable events.
Don't waste the time! Enjoy every minute of your life, try to do your best to make your life unique! Best wishes!
- 66. At 08:07am on 01 Aug 2011, manoj wrote:
i think that the term " life" is very complex.it's not means to earn money,degrees(academic achievements), name & fame etc.. that,s not sufficient to meaningful life.instead of it life is the cluster of modern education+ moral values.but in the era of globlization the moral factors disappear that's the severe concern in the entire world.as the prominent personality says that:-"when where the science ends on that place is the starting of religion" .hence we should focus on moral values because that's the roots of social causes like gender aquality etc.
- 67. At 11:03am on 01 Aug 2011, thotho wrote:
The best way to have a friend is to be one
- 68. At 12:55pm on 01 Aug 2011, cloudiness wrote:
"Tomorrow is another day!" Life has ups and downs but it depends on you how to live it. Sometimes change your state of mind and see the world around you from a different angle, maybe you could turn downs into ups. Always believe in yourself and work hard!
- 69. At 01:16am on 02 Aug 2011, heyniceman wrote:
To be true is the best way to happy life.
- 70. At 5:15pm on 02 Aug 2011, fcadventure wrote:
Twenty years from now, you will be more disappointed by the things you did not do than than by the ones you did. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from safe harbor. Explore. Dream. Discover.
This is the quote form Mark Twain.
- 71. At 5:58pm on 02 Aug 2011, Maribel wrote:
We like the positives situation but life is also cry and pessimistic moments, so when you are in that moments, experiment all as you can, allowing the flow, it´s really a gift. Anyway never run away from yourself.


text:
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Taha Ahmad
Lahore, Pakistan
Lahore, Pakistan
I am Taha Ahmad, a visual artist from Lahore Pakistan. I have done my Bachelors honors with Distinction in Communication Design (Graphic Design) (2007-2011) . My specifications in work are wide in dimension.During student age I have done many projects for companies like Red Bull, Levis, and Pelikan.


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As a vegetarian, you learn to scoff at people who question whether your diet provides sufficient protein. Beans, eggs, dairy, fish (for those of us that are pescatarians), whole grains, tofu — the list goes on and on. Sometimes, though, it can be difficult. I find breakfast the most challenging.
I don't want to eat eggs more than three times a week, and that includes when I eat eggs for lunch or dinner (which is far more often than I eat them for breakfast). I have a package of Morningstar veggie sausages that I can nuke as I run out the door, but I rather eat those only on an absolutely necessary basis — they're processed and greasy and salty and can't be all that great for you.
A piece of fruit is always my go-to choice for "first" breakfast; something to fire up my metabolism and hold me over for an hour or so. Late morning is when I have the real deal, typically around 10:30am. It's then that I'm really looking for something with protein and fiber and substance. An egg over-easy with crunchy asparagus is a favorite of mine. As are green smoothies. But I tire of smoothies easily, and don't often want them on consecutive days.
When Greek yogurt entered the mainstream several years ago, it was a game changer. Since then, I've found second breakfast to be a cinch (even in an office setting). Packed with tons of protein, I pair a couple heaping spoonfuls of Greek yogurt with a squeeze of honey, a handful of oats, and sliced fruit or berries. A healthy yogurt parfait in a snap.
Today I opted for homemade museli: oats, goji berries, and cacao nibs. Paired with Greek yogurt the museli made a gorgeous, nutritious breakfast. Fresh sliced pineapple rounded out the meal. Delish.
What do you eat for breakfast? Share your (meat-free) protein and fiber fixes!


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Champions League: Arsenal form concerns assistant Steve Bould
Arsenal are "lacking confidence", said assistant manager Steve Bould after the London club were beaten 2-0 at home by Schalke in the Champions League.
Bould, taking charge in the absence of the Arsene Wenger who was serving out his touchline ban, watched Klaas-Jan Huntelaar and Ibrahim Afellay fire the Germans to victory.
"We haven't looked our best since the international break," said Bould.
"We lacked a bit of confidence. It's a concern we're not making many chances."
Arsenal have struck fewer shots than any other team in this season's Champions League - only 22.
Steve Bould
"We've gone behind in last five games - to keep coming back is tough"
"We normally create chances, so we're not accustomed to this," added former defender Bould, who played for the Gunners between 1988 and 1999.
"It looks like we're lacking confidence on the ball and that's unusual. We looked a bit tired and jaded."
Schalke created the best chances of the match. Huntelaar missed from four yards and failed to connect with a Jefferson Farfan cross from about the same distance, while centre-back Benedikt Howedes fired over from eight yards out.
"If we escaped with a 0-0 draw we would have been delighted," said Bould.
Some Gunners fans booed at the final whistle, and Bould added: "We've lost at home and of course they're frustrated. We are as well."
Arsenal came into the match on the back of a surprise 1-0 loss to Norwich and next face QPR at home on Saturday.
"We have a tough game here on Saturday," added Bould.
"We've gone behind in our last five games - to keep coming back is tough."
Gunners captain Thomas Vermaelen agreed that his team-mates did not test Schalke enough.
"We lost on Saturday [to Norwich] and we wanted to do better here," said the Belgian.
"It was the same story as Saturday - we didn't create enough chances. We gave it 100%, but it was a bit difficult.
"These moments are difficult but you have to work hard."
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Comment number 120.shakydd
27th October 2012 - 12:23
Didn't Arsenal make themselves great on the back of signing emerging talent or their youth setup? Financially, that's a superb strategy - and yet you now all seem to not want to do that? I know you all want success but you'd have to spend way beyond your means to even hope of maybe guaranteeing that (i.e. Man City). Some realism called for, methinks. Not an Arsenal fan but enjoy watching them.
Comment number 119.MD59
27th October 2012 - 2:09
All these so-called supporters who want Arsenal to spend more money on players ought perhaps to buy some shares. They currently cost about £1,700 each. One share will give you 0.000163% of a say in what the club does. Any takers? No, I didn't think so.
Comment number 118.LoonieGoon
26th October 2012 - 19:59
@113 I agree entirely, it's only about money for him. This article in the Guardian about a year ago is quite telling. He speaks of his admiration of the Glazers' methods, which is all you really need to know about him. Doesn't get much more damning than that.
Comment number 117.ronnieboy1
26th October 2012 - 17:38
if every team took wengers attitude , there would be no cups, and the season would be over about january,how any arsenal supporter can accept this attitude is beyond me , just settling for 4th spot what about the great arsenal teams of the past.. whl may 71.. anfield may 89 wheres the passion? ..this is a great club being ruined by wenger.
Comment number 116.Nick
26th October 2012 - 14:33
Sorry i mispelt Kroenke,i'm just enraged with his lies.I'm not saying it's about spending big money all the time,but we should have done more to keep our best players.Selling our best players to our rivals will not help us achieve success.AW has to realise that his policy on transfers isn't working.We need top drawer players like we had years ago like Pires,Henry,Bergkamp,Ljungberg,Vieira etc!
Comments 5 of 120
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Sep 25, 2012 | 11:40 AM
| Lisa Gordon
secondary lead recycling,
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Texas plant,
Lisa Gordon
PITTSBURGH Exide Technologies has initiated plans to lay off employees at its Frisco, Texas, secondary lead recycling facility, which is slated for closure by year-end.
The Milton, Ga.-based company sent a letter to the Texas Workforce Commission indicating that it will cut 120 jobs starting Nov. 30.....
PITTSBURGH Exide Technologies has initiated plans to lay off employees at its Frisco, Texas, secondary lead recycling facility, which is slated for closure by year-end.
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Are you stocking more inventory today than 18 months ago?
We actually don't know who his investors are. At the point when we are ready, we will investigate further. There are just so many things to handle and there are a lot of items to be considered with the project."
-- Charles C. Mitchell, Barstow city manager


text:
The arrival of the cruise ship Norwegian Star at Lerwick Harbour today (Thursday 25 September) marks the end of the Shetland port's best season yet, with two records achieved.
Travel Weekly magazine announced the recipients of its 2014 Magellan Awards, and Holland America Line received eight of the prestigious honors. The line won
The Coast Guard medevaced a 76-year-old man being treated for internal bleeding from a cruise ship 80 miles north of Oahu, Tuesday.
An MH-65 Dolphin helicopter


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Sports agent Rob Plummer calls Minnesota Twins prospect Miguel Sano a unique client
Plummer, 44 and an agent since graduating from the University of Virginia Law School in 1994, has one word to describe his client's future. Video by David Dorsey.
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UNDATED (WHTC) -- The Michigan Secretary of State's Office is partnering with the Michigan Veteran Affairs Agency to make it easier for veterans to prove their status. A veteran designation is available when applying for an original or renewal Michigan license or ID at no additional charge. Adding the information at a later time would require a correction fee. Documentation needs to be presented only upon the initial request for the driver's license or ID. More information can be found by visiting http://michigan.gov/sos
Story by: Diane E Coston


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Ash Dip Board
Handmade in Canada by Stinson Studios.
Item # 5372
You May Also Like
- Handmade in Canada by Sinson Studios.
- Ash finished in vegetable oil and beeswax.
- material: Ash
- style: Home Accent
- country origin: Made in Canada
- measurement: H 16½ x W 8
- category: Serveware
- subcategory: Cutting & Serving Boards
- Hand wash in warm water with mild soap; towel dry immediately.
- Periodically apply a thin coat of Simon Pearce Wood Oil to prevent drying or cracking.
- Do not soak or place in a dishwasher.
- Avoid storing near a heat source.
- Do not place damp metal on wood pieces; this may cause a black stain.
- Never leave wood pieces on a wet surface.


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These are heady times for the Holy Cross hockey team. The Crusaders (10-4-2) are one of just two teams in Atlantic Hockey to crack double digits in victories so far.
And in this week's USCHO.com Division 1 poll, Holy Cross moved into No. 20 — the school's first ranking since March 13, 2006.


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open RP
Joseph Stalin raises his head, a sly twinkle in his eye as he meets the bald man's suggestive gaze. "Walter…" He purrs, dragging his tongue along the underside of his mustache in anticipation. "I see you've finally arrived."
hello police
"Oh, Walter," The man chuckled, mustache quivering in delight. "I am the police."


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repair work. If you are a do-it-yourselfer or know a skilled repair person this
is a terrific value. Condition 4 products are sold AS-IS: they do not come with
a manufacturer's warranty and are not returnable.
This instrument or product has been damaged beyond what we judge is reasonably repairable.
It's best used for spare parts or to practice repairs on, and at this price Condition
5 products are sold AS-IS: they do not come with a manufacturer's warranty and are
not returnable.
Accidental damage, normal wear and power surges are no longer an issue with these comprehensive and affordable plans. We even pay to ship your gear for repairs. More details.
Covers much more than the original manufacturer's warranty:
Limit of Liability: The least of the cost of (1) authorized repairs, (2) replacement with a product of similar features, (3) reimbursement for authorized repairs or replacement or (4) the price that you paid for the product.
*Limitations and exclusions apply. See terms and conditions for program details
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Radial Engineering JDV-Pre Instrument Preamp and DIThe Radial Radial JDV-Pre is one of the eight modules designed to be comprise the Radial Workhorse Rack and Mixer System that combines the popular 500 series platform with an incredibly flexible patching system to let you create the ultimate studio environment.The Radial JDV-Pre is a unique preamplifier designed specifically to capture the natural tone and distinct character of the instrument. This may sound like another 'marketing line', but unlike mic preamplifiers that are centered on 'the microphone', the JDV-Pre is completely focused on the various types of pickups used while transferring the signal without introducing distortion or artifact of any type.The design begins with a 100% discreet class-A amplifier for optimal signal transfer. But unlike all other amplifier designs, the JDV-Pre's front end is completely void of the negative feedback loops normally used to stabilize the circuit. This revolutionary design eliminates the use of phase-cancellation which inevitably degrades the signal. This is augmented with Drag Control load correction that allows the engineer to optimize the load on the instrument pickup for the most natural rendering.The quest for perfection does not stop there. When the impedance is set for piezo pickups, the JDV-Pre remains unbelievably quiet. Accustate gain control not only allows complete freedom over the signal path, but retains the signal-to-noise ratio at all levels. Acoustic instruments are further advantaged with a fully variable high-pass filter that gently rolls of the low end to eliminate troublesome body resonance while allowing each instrument to sit more comfortably in the mix. To address instrument microphones, the JDV-Pre features a transformer coupled balanced mic input with available 48V phantom power for condenser microphones. Connection is made via standard 500 series rack XLR input.
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* Price guarantee valid on all new in-stock merchandise sold by an authorized U.S. Dealer. Guarantee does not apply to discontinued, blemished, damaged, closeout, open box, refurbished or auction items. You will be contacted via email shortly after submission of request.