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Monday, 27 June 2011 11:22
MISSION - Stephanie Leann Gongora died Tuesday, June 21, 2011, at Mission Regional Medical Center.
PENITAS - Miguel Chapa, 70, died Friday, June 24, 2011, at Mission Regional Medical Center. The funeral service was held June 28 at Iglesia de Pueblo Church in Mission. Burial followed at Lord and I Cemetery in Palmview.
Ellis Nix, 82 was born on May 13, 1929, and went to be with the Lord on Saturday, June 25, 2011 at Mission Nursing Home.
MISSION - Pablo Fidel "PF/Chief" Navarro Jr., 71, passed away on Saturday, June 25, 2011, at McAllen Medical Center.
MISSION - Ercilia Garza, 75, passed away June 28, 2011 at Mission Nursing and Rehabilitation Center.
MISSION - Arminda Chapa, 60, went to be with Our Lord on Wednesday, June 22, 2011 at Mission Regional Medical Center. She was born to Octavio and Guillermina Flores on August 5, 1950 in Diaz Ordaz, Tamps. Mexico.
MISSION – Josefina S. "Josie" Ayala passed away on Thursday, June 23, 2011, at Doctors Hospital at Renaissance in Edinburg.
MISSION - Visitation for Rodolfo Lutz will be from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. Thursday, June 23, 2011, at Ric Brown Family Funeral Home in Mission.
MISSION - Salvador Barrientos Herrera, 24, died Monday, June 20, 2011.
MISSION - Stephanie Leann Gongora died Tuesday, June 21, 2011, at Mission Regional Medical Center.
MISSION - Lilia De La Garza Flores, 86, passed away on June 21, 2011, at Rio Grande Regional Hospital in McAllen.
MISSION - Visitation for Joselyn Palacios will be from 3 to 9 p.m. Wednesday, June 22, 2011, with a 7 p.m. prayer service at Ric Brown Family Funeral Home in Mission.
Funeral service for Joselyn Palacios will be at 10 a.m. Thursday, June 23, 2011, at Ric Brown Family Funeral Home in Mission. Burial follows at Valley Memorial Gardens Cemetery.
Mission – Leonor Rangel, 86, passed away on June 21, 2011, at Solara Hospital in Edinburg.
MISSION – Dr. George Sona Eyambe, 55, passed away Saturday, June 18, 2011 at Mission Regional Medical Center.
MISSION - Sheila Ann Young, 72, died Thursday, June 16, 2011.
MISSION – Michelle Nicole Trevino was born in Mission on December 12, 1986 and went to be with the Lord on June 18, 2011 in San Antonio.
She is survived by Gabriel Leija and their children, Jake Kurtis Leija and Kiri Kay Leija; Edgar Rodriguez and their children: Kaleb Ulysses Rodriguez and Brigette Elaine Rodriguez; mother, Melissa Sanchez Handy (Pete); father, Phillip Trevino; sisters, Felicia and Cecily Handy; grandmother, Elia Bazan Hooks; paternal grandfather, Luis Trevino; and numerous aunts, uncles and cousins that loved her.
Preceding her in death were her infant son, Brian Leija; grandfathers, Jose Oscar Sanchez Sr. and Benito Hooks Sr.; and a grandmother, Paula Trevino.
Michelle enjoyed listening to music and was a good artist. She loved her family and friends. She has left a special place in our hearts.
Visitation will be held Tuesday, June 21, at Ric Brown Family Funeral Home in Mission from 11 a.m. to 9 p.m. with a prayer service at 7 p.m. Graveside services will be held Wednesday, June 22, at Valley Memorial Gardens at 2 p.m.
MISSION - Margaret Ruth Shane, 91, died Sunday, June 19, 2011, at Mission Nursing and Rehabilitation Center.
She was born January 12, 1920 in Savannah, Georgia and educated in Savannah schools, Armstrong Junior College, and Episcopal Convent in Catonsville, Maryland. After the convent, she worked a number of jobs in the Baltimore and Washington D.C. area, mostly in food service.
She married Edwin H. Shane in Gaithersburg, Maryland on February 1, 1960, and resided in Takoma Park, MD until transferred with the Army Finance Center in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1974.
She retired from Carmel Clay Schools in 1980. An avid camper, they settled in Enchanted Valley Ranch in 1999.
She is survived by her husband, Edwin Shane; sister, Florence McGill of Longmont, Colorado; brother, Donald Tucker of Savannah, Georgia; and many nieces and nephews. She and Ed celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary on her 90th birthday on January 17, 2010.
Memorial contributions may be made to Children's Haven International, 400 E. Minnesota Rd. Pharr, TX 78577.
Page 159 of 174
The Progress Times is the hometown newspaper for the local communities of Mission, Sharyland, Alton, Palmview, La Joya and surrounding areas in Western Hidalgo County. We have a staff of veteran reporters who work diligently every week to bring our readers the latest news as it affects their hometown area and people.
© Copyright 2012 Progress Times, All Rights Reserved


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E-mail this story
Officials call for limits on use of super-toxic rat poison
D-CON kills rats and mice, the label reads. And, according to state and federal officials, it can kill hawks, owls, eagles, foxes, bobcats, mountain lions and other non-targeted wildlife too.
By Kenneth R. Weiss
December 12, 2012

subset: commoncrawl


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Narrow your search
This free TV service makes its debut with the Samsung Galaxy S Lightray 4G on MetroPCS.
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Cingular's EDGE service isn't the fastest or cheapest cellular data service in the land, but it is among the most widely available.
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If you're thinking about ditching your landline, SunRocket is a potential contender. A low price and lots of features are attractive, but the voice quality of your calls may vary.
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The Viewsonic VX2235wm isn't the best performer and it's not packed with extras, but it's worth a look, thanks to its size and relatively low price.
Cricket's Muve Music plan is a bright idea that's priced to sell to audiophiles, but there's still work to be done to overcome hardware and software flaws.
The Zubie Connected Car Service keeps good track of the family car and can help people be better drivers, but the lack of fuel economy information is a big miss.
This 22-inch monitor packs on the features, including full HD video support and specialized picture and color enhancements. If you're looking for a great display to view photos, look no further.
For boardrooms and public spaces in need of a LCD conversation piece, the Dell Crystal might find a home. For those not operating on a bloated corporate budget, however, there are plenty of other 22-inch LCDs that cost a fraction of the cost.
The Twitter Peek does not deliver a positive Twitter experience, which is especially disappointing because that is its only purpose.
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Thanks to its stellar performance and affordable price, the Nexus 7 is the Android tablet to get.


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Southern California Linux Expo 2011
Open Source Stars
Now in its ninth year, the Southern California Linux Expo (SCaLE) continues to gain ground as its popularity grows throughout the open source community.
SCaLE 9x, featuring a star-studded crowd of open source speakers, vendors, and attendees, shared the city of Los Angeles, California, with the 83rd Annual Academy Awards when it held its conference February 25-27, 2011.
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Tag Cloud
Mozilla Labs Shuts Down
Mozilla's product think tank sinks silently into history.
Internet Giants Launch Collaboration to Improve Open Source
TODO group will focus on open source tools in large-scale environments.
Fedora Announces New Partition Manager App
New tool will look like GParted but support a wider range of storage technologies.
Mozilla Releases a New Firefox
New public key pinning feature will help prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.
Tool Predicts Which Websites Will be Compromised
Carnegie Mellon researchers say 3 million pages could fall down the phishing hole in the next year.
SSH Key Management Guidelines
The US government rolls new best-practice rules for protecting SSH.
Knoppix 7.4 Released
Klaus Knopper announces the latest version of his iconic Live Linux system.
PHP Attack Puts WordPress and Drupal at Risk
All websites that use these popular CMS tools could be vulnerable to denial of service attacks if users don't install the updates.
Heartbleed Bleeds On
According to a report, many potential victims of the Heartbleed attack have patched their systems, but few have cleaned up the crime scene to protect themselves from the effects of a previous intrusion.
Drone Brain Goes Open Source
DARPA and NICTA release the code for the ultra-secure microkernel system used in aerial drones.


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- Admissions Home
- Apply
- Request Information
- Meet the Staff
- See the Campus
- Visit
- Events
- LR on Tour
- Viewbook
- Admissions Requirements [PDF]
- Cost & Financial Aid
- Transfer Students
- Graduate Programs
- What's Hickory Really Like?
- High School Programs
- Study Abroad/Int'l Students
- Lifelong Learning
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First-Year Student Schedule for Red & Black Days
Check-in will take place outside the Cromer Center on Shaw Plaza. Of course, if it's raining, you'll find us inside the Cromer Center… but, we've got Pastor Weisner working overtime to help see that rain is not part of our agenda!
- Check-In ~ 8:00am – 9:15am
- *The Opening Session will begin at 9:30am in P.E. Monroe Auditorium.
- 10:30 ~ A Challenge for Inquiring Minds-Student Session. Also at 10:30, General Information Session-Parent Session
- Lunch
- Following lunch, students will be in Advising and Registration beginning at 12:30
- 1:00-3:30 Check Point Fair ~ Representatives from our many services will be available to answer questions.
What I Need to Bring:
- Enrollment Deposit if not paid
- Health and Immunization Records
- Financial Aid Documents if any outstanding
- Official End-of-Year Transcript
- Sample Course Schedules
- Community Service Project School Supply Items
Checklist of Important Items
Please join us in the afternoon for refreshments and our Check Point Fair. This final activity for the day will take place in the Cromer Lobby & Bears' Lair (lower level of Cromer Center ) and will feature representatives from:
- Athletic Coaches/NCAA
- Business Office/Student Accounts (Tuition Payment Information)
- Study Abroad
- Housing & Residence Life
- Student Health
Campus Tours
For those of you who would like to take an abbreviated campus tour during your visit, we ask that you please arrive as close to 8:00am as possible. Campus tours will depart from the check-in area and will include focal points on campus. These tours will not include the residence halls. The final tour for the day will depart at 8:25am to return for the 9:30am Welcome Session. Due to time and staffing constraints, we will not be able to offer campus tours at other times throughout the day.
Picnic Luncheon
Lunch is complimentary for all incoming students. We welcome other guests and family members to join us for $8.00 per person. Lunch tickets may be purchased during check-in (children under 6 will not be charged). *Note: A vegetarian option will be available for lunch.
Advising and Course Registration
After lunch, students only will go to Advising and Registration. Faculty will be available to help students choose their Fall classes, and Staff will assist them with the registration process. Students will leave with their Fall schedules in hand!
Financial Aid
Financial Aid appointments will be arranged during check-in. Appointments will begin during the morning and continue during free times throughout the day. A representative will be available during check-in to collect any documents that need to be dropped off and/or to arrange your appointment.
Residence Hall Information
Morgan Hall and Isenhour Hall, Freshman Residence Halls, will be available for viewing during an afternoon "drop-in" session. Staff members will be available to answer any questions. A representative from the Residence Life Office will also be available at the afternoon Check Point Fair for questions.
Take Charge of Tomorrow Apply Today


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Gas prices are starting higher in 2013 than they were this time last year, but we may not feel as much pain at the pump this year.
We paid more for gasoline in 2012 than ever.
The folks at AAA say the national average price for gas last year was $3.60 per gallon.
That eclipsed the previous year's record of $3.51.
Some drivers told us those high prices definitely hurt their wallets last year.
"I think not only I, but many Americans across the nation have felt the pinch, especially the middle class. If you got a job that you don't get a lot of raises at, it really hurts," said driver Scott Sealy.
AAA projects gas prices will remain high in 2013, but they don't expect them to be as high as last year.
They say higher crude oil prices and tension in the Middle East caused price spikes in 2012.
Copyright 2013 WALB. All rights reserved.
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JIMMY KIMMEL LIVE - Emmy Award-nominated "Jimmy Kimmel Live" airs every weeknight (11:35 p.m. - 12:41 a.m., ET), packed with hilarious comedy bits and features a diverse lineup of guests including celebrities, athletes, musicians, comedians and humorous human interest subjects. The guests for WEDNESDAY, JULY 31 included actor Johnny Knoxville ("Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa"), actor Logan Lerman ("Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters") and musical guest Queens of the Stone Age.
Use a Facebook account to add a comment, subject to Facebook's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Your Facebook name, photo & other personal information you make public on Facebook will appear with your comment, and may be used on ABC's media platforms. Learn more.


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Another milestone: Mike Smith approaches his 500th game
Story | Aug 25, 2012 | 5:37 AM
Another milestone: Mike Smith approaches his 500th game
Story | Aug 25, 2012 | 5:37 AM
Aug. 19, 2001: It's back to college for Al Groh
Story | Nov 27, 2009 | 3:09 PM
His CD collection includes The Cowboy Junkies, Sade and Van Halen. his vocabulary is liberally sprinkled with "cool,'' and he's crazy enough to wear a sweatshirt during practice on a 95-degree day. He's as polished as Bill Clinton -- minus the baggage,...
The weekend college football/TV schedule
Story | Oct 18, 2012 | 9:24 PM
The National Football Foundation sends this out every week. Look for your favorite announcers. ACC Date Time Game Network (Talent) Sat., Oct. 20 12 p.m. Virginia Tech at (13) Clemson ABC (Mike Patrick, Ed Cunningham, Jeannie Edwards) Sat., Oct. 20 12:30...
Towson football coach Rob Ambrose accused of breaking rules and making offensive remarks
Story | Oct 24, 2012 | 4:22 PM
Lehigh fans, and certainly the Lehigh football coaching staff, know all about Rob Ambrose, the Towson football coach who took the program to new heights last season before Lehigh beat Towson in the second round of the NCAA FCS playoffs in Maryland....


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Posts: 28
Jun 2009
a character (little help please)Looks like Psylocke to me.
Best and Worst of the Week: Sept. 1 (4 comments)
Best and Worst of the Week: Sept. 1
in Best/Worst of the Week by Guigar
Tuesday, September 01, 2009 - 12:00 AM
It was a week of reveals, squeals, deals and, in Venom's case, squirrels. Let's take a look at recent events in comics. If you can't read the words, click on the image for a larger view.
Fits Like A Second Skin. Or A Third
Dark Avengers #8
Sometimes you see a panel like this in a comic and it doesn't hit you until three-or-four pages later. In Dark Avengers #8 Psylocke* is in a deep-sea-diver-style wet suit, accompanying a "Madison Jeffries" on an underwater mission. When she returns to the ship, she peels off the skin-tight suit. Only to reveal another equally-skin-tight costume underneath.
Once I Had A Secret Love, Part One
Dark X-Men #3
As long as we're all wet, let's swim over to stoic Prince Namor, allowing psychic Emma Frost access to the inside of his mind. It's aquatic of course (please, no "water on the brain" jokes). And she floats over to see three locked doors -- representing, Frost muses, his strategies for coping with the surface world: Attack, Negotiate and Sue.
Tongue planted firmly in cheek, Frost remarks, "Odd, I never imagined you'd be one for legal action."
Once I Had A Secret Love, Part Two
Blackest Night Green Lantern #45
Meanwhile, Carol Ferris, in her Star Sapphire persona, goes toe-to-toe with a very führeresque Sinestro. She encases him in a sapphire crystal that revels the little bit of love left in Sinestro's "little black heart."
It turns out that the Yellow-Ringed One had a thing for partner, Abin Sur's kid sister, Arin Sur. And, according to the flashback, it ended very, very badly.
Kudos to penciller Doug Mahnke for inverting Sinestro against the foreground of his recollections. The effect has a wonderful Nosfaratu effect on Sinestro's character. The page is a show-stopper.
Love's Got Nothing To Do With It
Batman: The Widening Gyre #1
Continuing the theme of show-stopping pages (and leaving love far, far in the distance) is this page from the new Kevin Smith-penned Batman story. It's a six-issue series, and the first issue is a grabber.
In the story, Poison Ivy encases Arkham Asylum in weeds (or, as it turns out later, simple weed to a certain extent). when Batman arrives to straighten everybody out, he's granted with Ivy, naked, swinging from some vines, delivering what may be one of the all-time great run-on come-ons:
Y'know what I've always liked about you, Batman? I mean aside from your rock-hard abs, and what I'm sure is -- under not as adversarial but no less aggressive nocturnal conditions -- a tireless tongue?
I had to read that three times before I got it.
And then I read it about four more times.
Creepiest Moment of the Week
Fantastic Four #570
Maybe it's just me, or maybe it's because I have little boys, but I've got an incredibly low tolerance for any kind of image depicting little kids suffering.
I mean, I guess that isn't an incredibly deep statement. I don't think anyone in their right mind enjoys it. But as a father, it hits ya where ya live, y'know?
The creepiest moment of the week for me was when Mister Fantastic busts in on the Wizard, discovering that Wizard is growing clones of himself to do his battles for him. In the corner crouches a little boy of about six or seven, hooked up to God-knows-what.
And here you thought I was gonna talk about the short-sleeved 'roided Reed.
Trust me, I'm getting to it. Soon.
Creepy Moment
© 2005-2010 Brad J. Guigar. All rights reserved. Use of content or images without the consent of the author is prohibited. Privacy policy.


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|Abstract submissions (Deadline: March 7th, 2012) and early-early bird registrations (special rate for the first 50 registrants!) are now open for the 5th World Congress on Social Media, Mobile Apps, and Internet/Web 2.0 in Health, Medicine, and Science (also known as Medicine 2.0), the top ranked conference in this field.
Once again, JMIR is the official journal of Medicine 2.0, meaning that research, practice, and business presentations presented at the congress enjoy a discounted Article Processing Fee and a good chance of being published in JMIR (including videos of the presentation)!
Call for Abstracts (Deadline: March 7th, 2012)
Pre-register here if you haven't attended a Medicine 2.0 event before
Medicine 2.0 Core Topics
Please login at http://www.medicine20congress.com and check your notification preferences for Medicine 2.0'12 to receive notifications for this conference. If you do not have an account with this site, please pre-register here to be on our mailing list.
For sponsorship opportunities and proposals please contact the conference producer.


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Healthy Aging Month
Facts About Americas Seniors:
"Our families are our greatest hope for the future. Families span generations. They offer us comfort, security and sustenance. And older members of our families, grandparents, parents, relatives and even neighbors provide us with the historical perspective that enables us to move forward and contribute to our nations greatness and prosperity as so many have done before. It is this multi-generational perspective upon which we must continue to build. We must work to ensure health and human services reach across generations, where we have young people working as volunteers to assist our elders, and at the same time, we have older adults working with youth. Stronger multi-generational programs result in stronger individuals, who are more connected to their communities. Stronger individuals result in stronger communities, and stronger communities create a stronger nation overall." Josefina G. Carbonell Assistant Secretary for AgingFor more information, please visit the Healthy Living Center and the Senior Health Center.
Portions of the above information is provided with the kind permission of the United States Census Bureau.
Last Editorial Review: 8/22/2003


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Daily Quran Mobile
5,000 - 10,000 downloadsAdd this app to your lists
+ By Infinite Monkeys apps
The app contains daily ayat (verses) from all of the Surah, at your fingertips.
Selected for the day, season or Holy Day.
Browse the Holy Qu'ran already in Arabic, English, Bahasa and Swahili. Insha'Allah, we will have more languages built into the app soon, so that more may enjoy it.
This app also allows you to listen to the recitation while you are on the move, right on your phone.
We hope you enjoy this app. It is simple, but we will improve it whenever we can. Please make suggestions.
Fi Amanullah
الحمد لله
Tags: logo alquran.png, quran mobile 5 apps, daily quranic verse widget, quran mobile, dailyquran.
- improved display on tablets
- various bug fixes
(67 stars)
Anything written by my Lord is beautiful.
(67 stars)
(67 stars)
(67 stars)
Such a pain.starts with blinkin screen and it can never open a page or verse from quran.sorry to developer but really didnt work in note 2 and dont know how to work it out.
(67 stars)
Look elsewhere.
(67 stars)
It is giving errors, giving a message saying"oops something went wrong'" but it was a good app?
(67 stars)
Doesnt work keeps crashing has ads for dice games etc and worst of all the logo exists of a monkey and says infinate monkeys! Strange name for a muslim company!


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McSweeney's brings irreverent style to children's books
A funny thing happened to the publishing company McSweeney's: Children began to appear. Just as their fan base started to think about procreating, so did the tight-knit staff, which publishes the quarterly literary journal "Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern," the monthly magazine "The Believer," an assortment of book imprints and other upscale, stylized publications.
"We're a small staff, and a lot of us were in our early 20s when we started working at McSweeney's," recounts Brian McMullen, who started working for the operation in 2002 as an intern. "McSweeney's has always been eclectic; it's always been open to publishing any kind of book irrespective of genre. The only real qualifying thing (to have us publish it) is that it's interesting to us as editors and as readers."
And what slowly became interesting to the full-time staff of nine were children's books. "We found ourselves saturated in children's literature more than we used to be," McMullen remembers. Since its launch, McSweeney's would publish an occasional children's book here and there, but once they saw the commercial and artistic appeal of them, they decided to devote an imprint solely to publishing creative, interesting kids books. And so, under the guidance of McMullen, the McSweeney's McMullens children's imprint was born. Its first book came out in the summer of 2011 and as of next month, it'll have published 12 picture books and three novels.
As the editors soon discovered, children's books are very fitting with the McSweeney's brand. "There's so much potential with a picture book," says McMullen, who notes he has an invaluable, in-house marketing focus group for his books: his two sons, ages 5 and 3. "I've always been an editor and a designer, so I've always loved working with the push and the pull of the editorial and the art and design side of the book; I love being able to see the whole thing at once, thinking about the shape and the size and how the story should go and what the art should be all about," he says.
Below, McMullen, now the editorial and art director of the imprint, discusses some of his favorite books, all of which are available at your favorite bookstore or online.
"The Night Riders" by Matt Furie
"This is a wonderful, wordless picture book. Furie took an entire year to draw it by hand with colored pencil. I think half the customers of that book are people who bought it as a coffee-table book because they love the art so much. They're treating it almost like a monograph. There's a lot of slippage sometimes between what's an art book and what's a book for kids. I think a lot of the books we're producing get classified as both."
"Crabtree" by Jon and Tucker Nichols
"This is probably our best-reviewed and best-distributed book yet. Tucker Nichols is a gallery artist in San Francisco; he worked with his brother Jon on this, their first kid's book together. Tucker uses his style that he uses for all of his artwork, which usually hangs in galleries, on this book for kids. It's very funny, witty and so re-readable. It's just a beautiful book all about a guy who is an intensive collector and he has to go through all of his belongings and try to find his missing false teeth. At a glance, sometimes our books get misconstrued as being primarily art books, and it can be enjoyed on that level, but our first goal is to please the children in our lives and be able to hand them something that we're proud to sit down and read with them or give to somebody who can sit down and read with their child."
"Hang Glider and Mud Mask" by Jason Jägel and Brian McMullen
"This is a book I wrote with art by Jason Jägel. It's a book constructed in a Z shape; it has two spines. It's essentially a book you can start reading from either end and has a looping narrative. You can start from one end and get one character's side of the story or you can start from the other side of the book and get the other character's side of the story. The characters meet in the physical middle of the book; it's a very sweet narrative and you can keep reading it in a continuous loop with your child until they get tired of reading it. We try to be very playful with our formats. With picture books, you can be so inventive and playful. It's probably the best form of any kind of book for visual storytelling. It's a fantastic art form, and I think we're only going to see more and more of an appreciation of it as the years go by."
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- deepak nayar
- Fullerton, CA
- United States
This conversation is closed.
what is the difference between Patriotism and Terrorism ?
I guess depends on which side you are fighting for or against, you may be called a patriot or a terrorist. so as a global community, we need to address this as a fundamental question, and then and only then we can expect sustainable peace.
Showing single comment thread. View the full conversation.
Lawren Jones 30+
Da Way
Oct 4 2013: 'All is fair in love and war.'
There are many sayings which are complete nonsense yet won't die off. This is one of them.
I think you are more refereeing to craig lastname's comment, as he mentioned the nuclear bombs, but let me try to answer that.
The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not 'the only way', and a conscious decision was made NOT to go for an alternative way to force Japan to surrender.
In fact, both cities have become a 'live experiment' of this new military technology to gain first hand empirical data on human guinea pigs. This may sound cruel to say this, but as the alternative has not been tried, there is no other way to interpret this bombing attack.
At that time, the destructive power of nuclear weapons was well enough understood to know about its 'kinetic impact', yet what remained highly unclear, was its radiation effect, short and long term, on the population.
If it was 'just' to stop Japan in its 'tragic slaughter' the alternative way which wasn't chosen was to 'demonstrate' the military superiority by dropping a nuclear bomb in plain sight yet in save distance into the North Pacific Ocean. Not just randomly on one fine morning, but clearly announced and combined with a clear warning message and conditions.
This would have not only allowed Japan to experience the tremendous power of that weapon, but also to consider the consequences if this weapon was dropped on their island. We'll never know if a demonstration of power would have changed the minds of Japanese authorities at that time to finally surrender, but the chance was clearly missed, that they might have.
Therefore we should be careful in using the conception of an 'only way', as it often proves itself as 'misconception' as there are often alternatives out of a broader perspective.
Interestingly, the concept of 'no alternatives' is often used to cover or to justify political decisions, and whenever this phrase is used, it is well worth to have a really deep look into it ..
Oct 4 2013: :)))I'm very surprised you dislike the famous saying so much that you've sentenced it to death! And I'm very glad to hear your different point of view on "only", different voices of others always help me get rid of my ignorance of misunderstanding on things. But I'd like to say in my perspective, "only"can be interpreted into "have to", in the war, with the tremendous casualty having occurred and still continuing rising in the front line,the Japanese still didn't give up killing your people, how can you waste any time to think about the enemy's people more, the first response must be to keep your own people survive and to stop the war as quick as possible.Throwing the bomb was the quickest way to destroy their evil power to stop more people suffering. And according to my resource of historic information, American used to plan to throw it onto the Japanese ancient city Kyoto,but they actually did weigh the consequences on morals and decided not to throw it in that city. It may be inhumane to say this but if those Japanese citizens hadn't died in the atom bomb explosion, they would still have to die for their evil government.As you have said,whether the bad influence of the power of the bomb was long or short was still unclear, I think nobody expected it to be long on purpose. So of two evils choose the least. Japanese wagged the war and didn't want to stop killing and surrender at all.To stop the war completely and quickly to save more people's lives and families, I think this was the only way at that emergency. I'd like to say if someone broke into my house and wanted to kill me and my family, I would use everything possible to protect ourselves first at that moment instead of considering how much the thief would suffer or how to catch him more humanely and smartly.
Thanks for your excellent comment which brought me a lot to think and learn.
Oct 4 2013: Yoka, I didn't need to sentence this saying to death, as it never was alive in the first place.
The frequency in which a false statement is claimed, does not change its validity.
I do not agree with your explanation why there was no alternative in dropping the bombs, especially as humanity has freely chosen to define a basic set of moral rules to be applied in war between nations and this regardless of their aggressive or defending status.
These laws of war do not bare conflicts of interests within their intentions, yet the competing concepts of 'Ending war as quickly as possible' can by no means justify unnecessary suffering of combatants and noncombatants. If this ever was tolerated, there was no need whatsoever, to have those laws in the first place.
The end does not justify the means, not even in wartimes. The fact that the laws of war have been violated in the past and will be violated at present and in the future, does not absolve those responsible.
If someone broke into your house, you are not expected to take care of the intruder at all and rightly so, as you act out of self-defense for your family and yourself. But if you would extent your self-defense into the intruders house to kill innocent members of his family, you would have gone to far and therefore become a criminal yourself.
In Nagasaki, as well as in Hiroshima the military targets and military infrastructure was completely embedded within an non-military environment, which, given the destructive power of nuclear weapons, could never have been spared whatsoever.
The delay in ending the war by setting an example first, may well have cost the live of American soldiers, yet as cruel as it may sound, the body-count would have been in favor of humanity, if the example would have worked out. Yet we'll never know.
Just recently I read an article about the breaking of the German Enigma code by Polish and British specialists during WW2.
Oct 4 2013: This code was used by the German Wehrmacht to encrypt their communication and it was falsely seen by the Germans to be 'unbreakable' by its method.
Nevertheless, Polish and British mathematicians cracked the code and by doing so, they created a moral dilemma. As the code could be cracked within 20 minutes of any day, all German military communication was known to the allied forces. But how could they use this information, without making the Germans understand that their code got cracked?
It would not have taken long for Germany to realize, that their tactics have leaked to their enemies, which would have resulted in the making of an even stronger encryption code immediately.
This knowing, the allied forces had no other choice but to pretend in many cases not to know what was about to happen, which caused thousands of soldiers and civilians loosing their lives, which could have been prevented, but wasn't, out of strategic considerations.
Sacrificing the lives of your own people, willingly, to maintain an military advantage, is one of the worst moral dilemma I can picture to be in. But it has been done this way and will be in the future.
I bring this example to make clear, that the body-count of single battles, get weighted in a greater context than 'just' in those battles. Humanity, even in war-times, got to have this wider context to be weighted in. Humanity is indivisible into nationalities! At all times!
This is why I consider the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki a war crime. As well as the bombing of Tokyo by incendiary bombs, which was just as destructive before.
A crime is a crime is a crime. The context makes no difference!
Oct 4 2013: Let me give you another example of an moral dilemma, which relates to more recent events in world history.
After 9/11 an the killing of thousands of innocent people on that very day, a debate started in German weather or not it should be legal to shoot down a hijacked passenger plane to prevent it to be used as a weapon. The question was, if on German territory the German air-force, or other forces, was to be allowed to shoot a hijacked plane out of the sky to prevent terrorist attacks of the same kind, or not.
In simple words, are we willing to sacrifice a view innocent people who happened to be hijacked to prevent a larger number of innocent people of getting killed by the hijackers.
This is a difficult decision to make, but I agree with the decision Germany made for itself.
We decided it to be illegal to shoot down a hijacked plane under any circumstances.
Even if the plane was heading straight for the next nuclear power-plant and the risks for additional 'collateral' damage while bringing it down was zero.
The leading argument in this decision is based on the principle, that the 'possibility' of an event is by no means equal to the 'reality' of an event and therefore does not allow 'possibility' to be chosen over 'reality' under no circumstances.
Your view on this would be interesting to me if you'd like to share it.
Oct 5 2013: I'm surprised again that you have brought me so much good information to discuss with you.:)))))))
I think moral is for human beings ,not for beasts in human's clothing or like those zombies in the films. If the laws could resolve the intrusion crime, then the ww2 wouldn't have happened. Only if just people can live and implement the laws, will the laws be effective. In that war, it's not that only Americans were suffering, we Chinese suffered the most from the inhumane Japanese intrusion and slaughter. So the atom bomb explosion actually helped to save innocent Chinese in time as well. From the general view of the war,I think the bomb played an important part in stopping the Japanese' crime successfully. It's an alliance strategy and benefited many parties.And it also stopped more Japanese suffering from the war. Those innocent Japanese citizens are a pity and victims in the war. They were used to drive back the Japanese' attacks.This crime should be counted on their governors.They didn't love their people and let them bleed in the war!
We also have these kind of victims and sacrifice in Chinese wars. Sometimes soldiers will have to choose to organize suicide squad or a forlorn hope to distract enemy's attention for other main force of the army to defeat the enemies.Some people knew they'd never come back and they still preferred to contribute their lives to their people. And we regard them as heroes and under those circumstances there's no other way out.
I think without sacrifice, victory will never come true. If it's military tactics , sacrifice in the war can't be avoided. In the ww2, human wave tactics played most important part in the war. People sometimes were tools to gain the victory in the battles. If there were robots and other advanced technologies, everything would have been different.
I don't think your example related to the bombing intruder's house match the situation like this war.No one will do that because obviously this can't stop his crime.
Oct 5 2013: And I like your next example in Germany very much. Thanks for sharing it.
I personally think if the hijacked plane with lots of innocent people appeared in the reality like 911 again, I think those passengers were already dead on the plane.I really don't want this to happen, so I'd like to develop some new technology like a super powerful magnet launched to the plane to stop it moving.But at this moment I think it's impossible. I think those living people are already dead based on the fact that they are just tools for the terrorists to destroy more innocent people and destined to be victims. So if time permits, I'd like to inform all the relatives of the passengers to make them understand the situation and ask their permissions to stop or destroy the plane. Another way is to make it in the airline code of conduct of the unexpected accidents in advance to make people agree on it.Those victims will be heroes and memorized by us forever, all the benefited ones will afford all the compensations to the victims' family and support them mentally. Imagine if the hijacked plane aimed at destroying a powerful device that can eliminate all the mankind, will you still stick to the normal moral standard and wait for the end of the world? If there's no mankind, why does moral standard and other laws matter? I'd like to choose to act positively.
But this is just my assumption and answer.
Oct 5 2013: Sorry, let me make an additional remark on the hypothetic terrorists' hijack .
I think if the statement of measures to stop unexpected terrorists written in the airline code of conduct in advance, it will reduce the possibility of these air attacks because the terrorists know their conspiracy can't succeed at all, which actually protects the passengers from being hijacked more effectively.
Oct 5 2013: So you make hostages agree of being intentionally killed by authority in order to separate the criminal from his blackmailing argument?
With all due respect, Yoka, that is plain nonsense.
If an airline was allowed to make you sign this sort of suicide agreement to discourage potential hijackers, why don't we just allow our governments to make all of us sign such suicide agreements in order to discourage all other potential criminals and kidnapper right in their tracks as well?
This would certainly ease the professional life of any police-sniper, as it wouldn't matter anymore who gets killed, the hostage or the kidnapper, as the hostage was perfectly fine to sacrifice its life in order to bring the surviving criminal to justice.
You may sign those agreements if you like, I wouldn't, as I am not suicidal.
Oct 6 2013: Morning~!
"So you make hostages agree of being intentionally killed by authority in order to separate the criminal from his blackmailing argument?"
NO,I don't mean that. I mean if the hijacked plane is heading towards any other buildings to hurt or kill more innocent people, people on the plane should have the consciousness to let the relevant authorities to take possible measures to stop or destroy the plane to save other people's lives. If the plane is only hijacked, of course you should let the police and all parties try all out to rescue the passengers abducted. Imagine one is on the plane and he finds the terrorists are operating the plane to head towards the building which your wife and your children happen to be staying in, do you still think you'll wait for the accident happening? I think the hostages are not only on the plane, but also the ones you can't predict that the terrorists are targeting at. Why do you only think about the ones on the plane?
Under the circumstances I mentioned, you needn't commit suicide, just to trust and permit and think of other people outside of the plane is enough. If you can fight against the gangsters and win to regain the operation of the plane, that'll be the best.
Oct 6 2013: 'Why do you only think about the ones on the plane?'
Because the people of a hijacked plane are the only ones of which I now for sure they are in danger. Anything else, unless it gets realized, is just an assumption of what may happen.
Assumption isn't knowledge, it is guessing and can therefore be wrong. This is the key!
Before 9/11, hijacked planes have not been used as a physical weapon, they got hijacked to take the passengers and the crew as hostages. And this will happen again.
Now, how does your 'concept' know what the plan of the hijackers is? You can only assume that it will be used as a physical weapon again, but unless this is going to happen, it remains an assumption. And this is not just my view on this matter, this is simple logic.
Because we don't know what is going to happen next with a hijacked plane, Therefore the only people endangered in such an scenario of which we can be certain without any doubt, are the hostages on the plane. Anything else is only imaginative, speculative and can therefore not be taken to make a decision to kill the hostages in advance to prevent an imaginative case in which may be more innocent people get killed. It is the 'may be' which does not allow for such things.
Imagine the following scenario. There is a regular plane in the sky, which suddenly has technical difficulties. The radio doesn't work anymore and the steering system has serious problems as well. The radar operator on the ground at flight-control noticed, that the plane goes off course, so he alarms the air-fore as part of an anti-terror procedure and soon after, fighter jets take off to check the situation. The passenger plane is loosing hight dramatically, because the steering doesn't work very well, and the pilots do anything possible to prepare for emergency landing. The fighter jets and flight control find on their radar, that the passenger jet is now heading towards a large city and that no contact via radio can be made.
Oct 6 2013: Meanwhile the pilots of the passenger plane are trying desperately to gain hight again to be able to fly over the city to avoid crashing into it and to seek for a better landscape for an emergency landing. Their radio doesn't work, so they can not inform anybody about their troubles.
The fighter jets are now within fire distance of their air to air missiles and start to log in on their target, the passenger plane, which still remains silent and keeps heading fast for the city.
3 minutes left before the passenger plane reaches the city...
At this very point, your concept of what to do next deviates from mine the most.
According to your procedure, you assume the passenger plane was hijacked and will therefore intentionally been used as a weapon which is going to crash some target within the city. As this intentional crash is assumed to kill more civilians on the ground than there are on the plane, the fighter jets fire their missile and the plane gets successfully shut down 1.5 km before the suburbs of that city. All passengers and crew are dead.
Would that have made any sense?
I could give you many examples, in which your 'concept' is not working in your 'intention' yet consequently kills innocent people.
This is what makes the difference in what you know for sure and what you only assume. And this is a tremendous difference! Not just logically, also ethically.
Oct 6 2013: I think people can learn from their experiences. It's not only assumption but also evaluation and possible evidence on the situation. If they can't make a judgement whether it's a terror attack or normal air crash, people won't be allowed to stop or destroy the plane. But if there's any obvious evidence to show it's an terror attack(some terrorists release the attack or other possibility) , the code of conduct could be effective.
Oct 6 2013: Any plane-bomb criminal would act accordingly to undermine your concept by taking away exactly that evidence which you now require.
There is no learning curve in killing civilians due to assumptions. Your predictions won't get more accurate by this experience.
Either way you take it, you kill out of assumption.
What meaningful evaluation can you possibly make for a situation of which you are not part of? And this within just minutes of effective reaction time?
No, this 'evaluation' or 'evidence' will not be available to you to shape your assumptions any better.
Criminals aren't stupid, they will exactly do what it takes to block your strategy.
Oct 6 2013: Looking back to the example you gave me starting with :"After 9/11 an the killing of thousands of innocent people on that very day, a debate started in German weather or not it should be legal to shoot down a hijacked passenger plane to prevent it to be used as a weapon....." So the premise of the discussion is the terror hijacked plane excludes the normal air crash.;)
And I don't want to argue with you about whether the intelligence of the terrorists is higher than the police's . That's something related to the technology development and personal opinion. I did hear some news about the police successfully stopped and defeated some terrorists' bombing plans in some places in foreign countries. And people all miss sometimes, if the only chance is caught by the police, can the police help to stop the tragedy like 911 in the way I mentioned.People should develop the hi-tech to audit the plane and learn to compare the data of the plane's moving to judge whether it's normal crash or hijacked attack.
Oct 6 2013: Yoka, the premise of the discussion is, weather or not 'assumptions' are legal justifications for intentional killing of innocent people.
Anything else are examples to make the consequences become more visible.
Applied hi-tech and data analysis does not free you from any decision on that very premise.
Computers and software can only do what programmers tell them to do. Behavior recognition and analysis is by its intrinsic nature based on assumption and statistics and is weighted and defined by humans.
If 9 out of 10 criminals would scratch their heads before they take your money, how do you relate this data with all the other people around you who are scratching their heads because their heads are itching? You just can't!
I understand your motivation to hope for hi-tech technology to fix this dilemma, but technology is only a tool without any moral authority.
I understand your motivation to have to have a 'faster than humans' approach to gain as much information possible in just a short amount of time to make your predictions as precise as possible.
But regardless how many data you put into a prediction within the given context, it remains just a prediction.
This is what I am trying to make you understand, but it seems I am failing.
Oct 6 2013: I don't agree with you. Technology can help us to see what's happening on the plane. It's not an assumption but real pictures or voices. And our disagreement is if it is a terror hijack towards other buildings to cause huge casualty, I prefer to destroy the plane to save what we can save , but you insist on letting it be visible and happen because of the lives on the plane.I think I understand your thinking.
I appreciate your effort on trying to persuade me to accept your opinion. But I'm afraid you've failed. And neither do I want to persuade you to agree with me. Thank you for sharing your opinion with me.
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1. Once everyone is healthy, the offense will be almost unstoppable.
With the possible exception of the opener against the Jets, the Cowboys have not had all of their offensive weapons healthy at the same yet this year. Despite the multitude of injuries, they are still averaging close to 25 points a game. Miles Austin, Dez Bryant, Romo, Witten, and Felix Jones have all been banged up to varying degrees. The bye week should provide them all with a chance to return to 100%. Once everyone is healthy, the only thing that can stop this offense is themselves.
2. Despite the impressive start and Sean Lee doing a convincing Superman impression, the defense is still a work in progress.
The 'points against' statistic doesn't capture how effective Rob Ryan's defense has been. Remember, the offense gave up 14 points against the Lions, there was a blocked punt for a TD against the Jets, and several short fields have been handed to opponents as a result of turnovers.
We all know that Ryan runs an extremely complex defense and that they are playing without the benefit of having a full offseason to install his complicated schemes. The longer this unit plays together, the more they will gel, and the more comfortable they will become with Ryan's scheme. Moreover, the longer they are able to practice together and the more time they have in the classroom, the more complex and exotic Ryan can get with his play calling. Ryan basic strategy is premised on confusing the offense; as the playbook gets bigger and bigger, the ability to consistently cause confusion will grow.
The defense is ranked 4th in the league in terms of yards given up. In my mind, the most important stat is that the Cowboys are ranked #1 against the run: opposing offenses are averaging a paltry 3.1 yards per carry for less than 62 yards a game. The longest run they have surrendered is a very tolerable 19 yards.
If the old adage that it gets harder and harder to pass effectively as the season wears on is true, the Cowboys are in good shape.
3. The NFC East is not the powerhouse it used to be.
Call me crazy if you want, but I still think that the Boys can win this division. They have already beat the Redskins on the road, and the Skins beat NY. The Giants are getting gouged for over 116 yards rushing per game. The G-men are giving up over 21 points a game, and they have not faced a team with the offensive firepower of the Cowboys. And the Dream Team Eagles? Well, they are 1-3. The Eagles have the 3rd worst run defense in the league, giving up almost 140 yards per game. The Eagles have really struggled to protect Vick. If they lose Vick for even a couple of games, it will be very difficult for them to win now that Kolb is a Cardinal.
The point is simple: they Boys are capable of beating every team in the division.
4. Barring some kind of serious mental disability or learning impairment, both Romo and Garrett had to have learned something from the loss to the Lions.
I have made an effort to not read any of the anti-Romo verbiage this week. The truth is that no matter how many unfathomable mistakes he makes, Romo will also make almost as many, if not more, eye-popping and jaw-dropping positive plays. Moreover, Romo is not going anywhere anytime soon; he still gives this team their best chance to win. So, love him or hate him, he is the QB of the Dallas Cowboys for the foreseeable future. Get over it.
Let's be honest: Romo has committed his fair share of costly mistakes in the past, but I can not think of anything that even comes close to being as bad as the colossal meltdown that occurred against the Lions. I have to believe that the loss to the Lions has had a dramatic impact on him. He also has a whole extra week to contemplate what happened; he has to wait an agonizing extra 7 days before he has any hope of getting that awful taste from his mouth. I also have to believe that the loss to the Lions will renew his dedication to protecting the ball. More importantly, I hope that he realizes that he doesn't have to score a TD (or even get a 1st down in the case of the Lions game) on every possession to win football games. It would not surprise me if the loss to the Lions is the sort of 'rock-bottom' experience that really causes lasting changes.
As my previous articles have argued, I believe that Garrett deserves as much of the blame for last weeks loss as Romo. If Garrett is even close to being as intelligent as everyone says he is and his education suggests, he must have learned something from the loss. He should be able to make the necessary adjustments to ensure that such a catastrophe never befalls this club again.
5. The offensive line should get better and better.
Given their inexperience and limited time playing together as a unit, the OL has played reasonably well. I have to believe that Costa's errant snaps were an aberration. Conventional wisdom says that the more the young guys get some game experience and the more they play together as a unit, the better they will play. There is some evidence to support that assertion already:
The running game has improved since week one. Felix actually rushed for over a 100 yards against the Skins, albeit mostly because of 2 long runs. Against the Lions, Jones rushed for an almost respectable 3.6 average on 16 carries; Choice had 39 yards on just 6 carries. I am not suggesting that the Boys have a formidable running game yet, but they are improving. I do not think that this is ever going to be a team that wins by running the football, but I do believe that the running game should continue to improve to a point where the rushing attack is not an insurmountable weakness.
The pass protection has also improved. You could easily argue that the OL had their best game against the Lions. Romo was sacked 4 times against the Jets, but only once a game since then. Against the celebrated DL of the Lions, the OL held up fairly well. Doug Free bounced back from a poor outing against the Skins, and the line played well as a group. One of the most dominating interior lineman in the game, Suh, was a non-factor.
The OL still has a long way to go before it has any hope of being anything other than the weak link of the offense, but their gradual improvement provides us with reasonable hope that they will eventually play like a solid unit. (I am trying to forget that an injury to either Smith or Free could be devastating because Jeremy Parnell is the only other OT on the roster.)


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A new Tennessee law protects teachers who explore the "scientific strengths and scientific weaknesses" of evolution and climate change, a move science education advocates say could make it easier for creationism and global warming denial to enter U.S. classrooms.
The measure, which became law Tuesday, made Tennessee the second state, after Louisiana, to enable teachers to more easily teach alternative theories to the widely accepted scientific concepts of evolution and human-caused climate change. At least five other states considered similar legislation this year.
The heart of the law is protection for teachers who "help students understand, analyze, critique, and review in an objective manner the scientific strengths and scientific weaknesses of existing scientific theories covered in the course being taught."
Science education advocates say this leaves latitude for teachers to bring in material on creationism or climate change denial, which they consider unsound science.
The law was billed as a triumph of academic freedom by proponents of creationism or intelligent design, who reject the concept that human beings and other life forms evolved through random mutation and natural selection.


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Kindly allow this comment directed at dog owners / dog lovers in particular. Abina in Amstelveen, a rather unique mix. Downstairs, the party centre of the area. To a fair extend including Amsterdam, a few miles away. Full marks. Upstairs, as for the room and shared sanitary facilities, yesteryears. With due respect, somewhat hard to give it a single star.... More
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The Global Volcanism Program has no activity reports for Mombacho.
The Global Volcanism Program has no Weekly Reports available for Mombacho.
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
12/1980 (SEAN 05:12) Small intermittent plume
03/1982 (SEAN 07:03) Four hot-springs located
01/1988 (SEAN 13:01) Noisy gas emissions from fumarole in collapse crater
02/1991 (BGVN 16:02) Continued gas emission
11/1994 (BGVN 19:11) Venting continues from fumarole in south crater; two other fumarole areas located
02/2012 (BGVN 37:02) Seismicity and fumarole characteristics from 2000 to 2011
12/1980 (SEAN 05:12) Small intermittent plume
In late 1980 a small, intermittent plume was visible, rising from the SE section of the summit.
Information Contacts: R. Stoiber, S. Williams, H.R. Naslund, L. Malinconico, M. Conrad, Dartmouth College; M. Carr, J. Walker, Rutgers Univ.; A. Creusot, Instituto Nicaraguense de Energía.
03/1982 (SEAN 07:03) Four hot-springs located
"Paolo Pisani, a consultant to INE, reported finding four previously unknown low-temperature hot springs on the S side of Mombacho. These are not believed to be new, however."
Information Contacts: S. Williams, R. Stoiber, Dartmouth College; I. Menyailov, V. Shapar, IVP, Kamchatka; D. Fajardo B., INETER.
01/1988 (SEAN 13:01) Noisy gas emissions from fumarole in collapse crater
A fumarole emitting gas with a loud noise has been seen in the southern collapse crater in 1986 and 1987.
Information Contacts: B. van Wyk de Vries, H. Rymer, and G. Brown, Open Univ; P. Hradecky and H. Taleno, INETER.
02/1991 (BGVN 16:02) Continued gas emission
"The fumarole in the S collapse crater continued to emit gas."
Information Contacts: B. van Wyk de Vries, O. Castellón, A. Murales, and V. Tenorio, INETER.
11/1994 (BGVN 19:11) Venting continues from fumarole in south crater; two other fumarole areas located
The fumarole that has been active since at least 1986 continued to vent vapor in November and December 1993. A strong sulfur odor was detected even when the wind was blowing towards the fumarole. This observation led to the discovery of two other previously unreported fumarole fields (figure 1). Vapor was seen rising from both, but they were not approached closely; neither appeared to be a new feature.
|Figure 1. Map of the Mombacho summit area, showing locations of reported and previously unreported fumarole areas. Courtesy of B. van Wyk de Vries and P. Hernandez.
Information Contacts: B. van Wyk de Vries, Open Univ; Pedro Hernandez, INETER.
02/2012 (BGVN 37:02) Seismicity and fumarole characteristics from 2000 to 2011
Our BGVN reports discussing Mombacho volcano have discussed variable fumarolic gas emissions and characteristics of hot springs since 1980. Data collection from three distinct fumaroles became available by the Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) starting in 1994 (BGVN 19:11). Since January 2000, the Geophysics Department of INETER has published "Sismos y Volcanes de Nicaragua," a monthly bulletin for volcanoes throughout Nicaragua. Status and seismicity reports for Mombacho appear as early as December 2000. Here we present a summary of field observations including local seismicity from 2000 to 2010, and thermal measurements from Mombacho's fumaroles from July 2001 to December 2011.
Local seismicity from 2000 through 2010. INETER reported a significant number of earthquake magnitudes and hypocenter locations in 2000 (table 1). A total of 14 events were registered and located during July-October. Few earthquakes were registered after 2000, with the largest magnitudes being ML 2.6-2.7. One seismic station with a radio repeater is located on Mombacho's flanks ~1.5 km to the NW of the summit.
Year # of EQs ML Range of focal Avg. focal depths (km) depths (km)
2000 14 2.1-2.9 0-6 2.9 2002 4 2.3-2.7 2-14 6 2004 2 2.5-2.6 4-18 11 2010 1 2.7 70 70
Fumarole temperature monitoring from 2001 to 2011. There are three well-established fumarole areas near the summit of Mombacho located above 800 m asl (figure 1 in BGVN 19:11). Fumarole temperatures were collected intermittently between July 2001 and December 2011 (table 2). Depending on surface conditions (local rockfalls often covered fumaroles), one to five different point sources were visited during this time period. Temperatures had a wide range and were frequently low; the lowest temperatures were recorded in November 2009 (81°C), March 2011 (61.5°C), and June 2011 (81°C). Temperatures greater than 125°C were rare; the highest measurements of 398°C were measured in August 2009, August 2010, and December 2011. INETER made numerous visits to Mombacho's fumarole fields from 2000 to 2011 however, it wasn't always possible to take measurements. Campaigns to fumarole sites were encumbered by dense vegetation; new trails needed to be cut for each visit, even with a time lapse as small as three months during the dry season. Temperatures were measured at fumaroles with a digital thermometer. INETER observed that landslides frequently covered fumarole sites and reported the extent of debris in their field reports: 19 August 2009, 14 May 2010, July 2010, 19 August 2010, 15 June 2011, 12 December 2011.
Year Month Temp. Range, °C
2001 July 100-110 2002 February 100-120 2003 April 96.5-120.6 July 96.5-121.0 2005 April 98.4-110.5 2007 August 95.3-123 2008 November 96.1-125 2009 August 92-398 November 81-94 2010 February 90-99 May 99-117 July 90-112 August 92-398 November 90-93 2011 March 61.5 June 81-86 December 96-302
Field observations. Field visits from December 2000 to December 2011 by INETER consistently encountered the effects of landslides within Mombacho's southern crater. The steep walls, especially the E and W scarps, shed debris that collected within the crater. Evidence of large rockfalls was typically encountered after major rain events such as Hurricane Keith in September 2000 and a tropical storm in October 2010.
The southern crater is one of two dramatic collapse amphitheaters (figure 2). The collapse scars show up as high relief features in satellite imagery and topographic maps. At least three large-volume debris avalanche deposits have been attributed to Mombacho and resulted from catastrophic flank collapse (Shea and others, 2008). The long runout of the northern deposit reached Lake Nicaragua and formed the arcuate peninsula and cluster of islands, Isletas de Granada, ~11 km NE from Mombacho's summit (close-up photos and captions are available in the GVP Photo Archive).
|Figure 2. Satellite image centered on Mombacho using near-, mid-infrared, and infrared bands (Landsat bands 4,5,7). Recent rockfalls and water-poor soils appear cyan; brown-to-red areas indicate moist soils; water is black. Small ponds (irregular black shapes) are found within the Lagunetas de Mecatepe Reserve in an area mapped as debris avalanche deposits (Shea and others, 2008). Three yellow asterisks mark fumarole areas near the summit and local place names note major landmarks in the area including the city of Granada (N of the summit). The three circular features (~400 m diameter) located SW of the city of Granada, are the Granada Fissure Vents, sometimes called the La Joya alignment. Landsat acquired this ETM+ image on 27 January 2000 and it was processed by GVP (NASA Landsat Program, 2003).
Several investigations into the debris avalanche deposits of Mombacho revealed new ideas about the likely factors that led to flank failure. The geologic setting of Mombacho includes the extensive pumice-rich ignimbrite deposits from Apoyo and Las Sierras and potentially lake sediments from Lake Nicaragua (figure 3). These relatively weak units that underlie Mombacho's edifice may have promoted gravitational spreading if the weight of the volcanic edifice caused deformation of the substratum. The near-vertical southern scarp exposes hydrothermally altered rock. This clay-rich material could have contributed to the weakening process that triggered the S-directed collapse. Deposits linked to the S-facing scarp have been mapped to the southernmost edge of the Lagunetas de Mecatepe Nature Reserve (~12 km from the summit).
|Figure 3. (A) The top figure is centered on the W coast of Nicaragua where major Quaternary volcanoes are aligned in the Central American Volcanic Front (CAVF). Mombacho (M) is located on the shore of Lake Nicaragua, within the enlarged area of this map, as well as other major sites: Las Sierras (LS), Apoyo (A), and Zapatera (Z). (B) Starting in the NW, the numbers correspond to major volcanic sites: 1 Chiltepe shield (Apoyeque and Jiloa Calderas), 2 Las Sierras caldera complex, 3 Masaya caldera complex, 4 Apoyo caldera, and 5 Mombacho volcano. This composite image is modified from Shea and others (2008) and van Wyk de Vries (1993).
References. NASA Landsat Program (2003) Landsat ETM+ scene 7dt20000127, SLC-Off, USGS, Sioux Falls, Jan. 27, 2000.
Shea, T., van Wyk de Vries, B., and Pilato, M. (2008) Emplacement mechanisms of contrasting debris avalanches at Volcan Mombacho (Nicaragua), provided by structural and facies analysis. Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 70, p. 899-921.
van Wyk de Vries, B. (1993) Tectonics and magma evolution of Nicaraguan volcanic systems. [PhD thesis] Milton Keynes, The Open University, UK.
Information Contacts: Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER), Apartado Postal 2110, Managua, Nicaragua (URL: http://www.ineter.gob.ni/geofisica/); Global Land Cover Facility (URL: http://http://www.glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS E/SP23, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/).
Mombacho is an andesitic and basaltic stratovolcano on the shores of Lake Nicaragua south of the city of Granada that has undergone edifice collapse on several occasions. Two large horseshoe-shaped craters formed by edifice failure cut the summit on the NE and southern flanks. The NE-flank scarp was the source of a large debris avalanche that produced an arcuate peninsula and a cluster of small islands (Las Isletas) in Lake Nicaragua. Two small, well-preserved cinder cones are located on the volcano's lower northern flank. The only reported historical activity was in 1570, when a debris avalanche destroyed a village on the south side of the volcano. Although there were contemporary reports of an explosion, there is no direct evidence that the avalanche was accompanied by an eruption. Fumarolic fields and hot springs are found within the two collapse scarps and on the upper northern flank.
Summary of Holocene eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).
|Start Date
|Stop Date
|Eruption Certainty
|Activity Area or Unit
|[ 1850 ]
|[ Unknown ]
|[ 1570 ]
|[ Unknown ]
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
|Feature Name
|Feature Type
|Posintepe, Cerro
|Mombacho is a stratovolcano on the shores of Lake Nicaragua that has undergone edifice collapse on several occasions. Two horseshoe-shaped craters cut the summit on the NE and south flanks, modifying the profile of the volcano. The NE-flank scarp, whose NE wall forms the left skyline, was the source of a large debris avalanche that produced an arcuate peninsula and the Las Isletas chain of islands in Lake Nicaragua. The only reported historical activity was in 1570, when a debris avalanche destroyed a village on the south side of the volcano.
Photo by Jaime Incer, 1977.
|Las Isletas, a group of islands NE of Mombacho volcano, were created by a large Holocene debris avalanche from Mombacho that swept into Lake Nicaragua. The avalanche traveled at least 12 km from Mombacho. The hummocky debris from the avalanche created an arcuate peninsula that extends into the lake as well as hundreds of small islands. This morphology is common where debris avalanches enter shallow bodies of water.
Photo by Jaime Incer, 1972.
|These angular boulders are part of a debris-avalanche deposit that originated from the south side of Mombacho volcano (seen in the background), most likely in 1570 AD. The avalanche traveled 13 km from Mombacho, and destroyed a village, killing 400 persons.
Photo by Jaime Incer, 1972.
|The south side of Mombacho volcano contains a horseshoe-shaped crater that was the source of a large debris avalanche in 1570 AD that swept over a village south of the volcano, killing 400 persons. The avalanche traveled 13 km to the south; contemporary accounts note that if it had occurred to the north, it would have reached the city of Granada. Contemporary accounts indicate that the volcano "exploded," but eruptive activity associated with the collapse has not been documented.
Photo by Jaime Incer.
|The south side of Mombacho volcano is cut by a large horseshoe-shaped depression that left two major summit peaks. Recent landslips scar the face of the higher easternmost peak. The depression was formed during collapse of the volcano, which produced a large debris avalanche that traveled to the south. The 2-km-wide depression merges with a scarp from a NE-flank collapse, which lies on the other side of the notch in the center of the photo.
Photo by Jaime Incer, 1996.
|Volcán Mombacho rises above cattle ranches on the plain of Nandaime, south of the volcano. The volcano's irregular summit with two major peaks reaching 1222 and 1333 m resulted from collapse of the top of the volcano, which left the horseshoe-shaped depression in the center of the photo. Mombacho is the centerpiece of the Mombacho Volcano Reserve, whose forested terrain contains exotic orchids, birds and primates.
Photo by Jaime Incer, 1966.
|Mombacho volcano in the background collapsed during the late Pleistocene, producing a debris avalanche that swept into Lake Nicaragua, deposting debris that accumulated to form the Aseses Peninsula in the foreground. The surface of the avalanche deposit lies below the lake surface immediately offshore of the mainland, creating the Bay of Aseses in the middle of the photo. Portions of the deposit rise above the lake surface, forming hundreds of small islands.
Photo by Jaime Incer.
|Las Isletas, or Isletas de Granada, are a cluster of about 500 small islands flanking the Aseses Peninsula extending into Lake Nicaragua. They were formed when the NE flank of Mombacho volcano collapsed, producing a debris avalanche that swept into the lake. A road leads down the peninsula to the settlement of El Diamante seen above the center of the photo. The peninsula is a resort area visited frequently from the nearby city of Granada. Many of the islands host vacation residences.
Photo by Jaime Incer.
|The arcuate Aseses Peninsula extending 5 km into Lake Nicaragua was formed when the NE flank of Mombacho volcano collapsed producing a highly mobile debris avalanche that swept into the lake. Flanking the peninsula are hundreds of small islands, known as Las Isletas, or Isletas de Granada. These are the tops of hummocky terrain formed of debris from the avalanche, which traveled as far as 12 km from the volcano.
Photo by Jaime Incer.
|An aerial view of Mombacho from the SW shows the higher eastern summit of the twin-peaked volcano at the right. In the foreground is the southernmost of two large collapse scarps that cut the edifice. The other scarp, out of view on the NE flank beyond the ridge below the summit, was the source of a large debris avalanche that swept into Lake Nicaragua, forming the Aseses Peninsula and Las Isletas at the upper left.
Photo by Franco Penalba (courtesy of Jaime Incer), 1994.
|These small forested islands are hummocks of a large debris avalanche from Mombacho volcano that swept into Lake Nicaragua. The horizon is formed by Isla Zapatera volcano, SE of Mombacho.
Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).
|A small boat plies the waters of Ensenada de Aseses, with Zapatera Island forming the horizon to the SE. In the middle distance are the small island hummocks of Las Isletas, formed by a debris avalanche from Mombacho volcano, out of view to the right. The conical peak on the distant left horizon is Concepción volcano; the low, rounded peak to its left is Cerro las Banderas, a pyroclastic cone on the NE tip of Zapatera Island.
Photo by Paul Kimberly, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).
|Two major scarps cutting Mombacho volcano (left-center) were the sources of major debris avalanches. The arcuate peninsula and island chain extending into Lake Nicaragua (known as Las Isletas or Isletas de Granada) was produced by collapse of Mombacho to the NE. The island at the right is Zapatera, a small shield volcano and maar complex. The lake at the far left fills late-Pleistocene Apoyo caldera, and the roughly N-S-trending Granada cinder cone alignment lies NNW of Mombacho and east of Lake Apoyo in this NASA Space Shuttle image (with north to the upper left).
NASA Space Shuttle image STS081-742-25, 1997 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).
The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title.
Carr M J, 1984. Symmetrical and segmented variation of physical and geochemical characterisitics of the Central American volcanic front. J Volc Geotherm Res, 20: 231-252.
Cecchi E, van Wyk de Vries B, Lavest J-M, 2005. Flank spreading and collapse of weak-cored volcanoes. Bull Volc, 67: 72-91.
IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior..
Incer J, 1987. . (pers. comm.).
Mooser F, Meyer-Abich H, McBirney A R, 1958. Central America. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 6: 1-146.
Parsons Corporation, 1972. The Geology of Western Nicaragua. Nicaragua Tax Improvement and Natural Resources Inventory Project, Final Technical Rpt, v. IV.
Sapper K, 1925. The Volcanoes of Central America. Halle: Verlag Max Niemeyer, 144 p.
Shea T, van Wyk de Vries B, Pilato M, 2008. Emplacement mechanisms of contrasting debris avalanches at Volcan Mombacho (Nicaragua), provided by structural and facies analysis. Bull Volc, 70: 899-921.
Siebert L, Alvarado G E, Vallance J W, van Wyk de Vries B, 2006. Large-volume volcanic edifice failures in Central America and associated hazards. In: Rose W I, Bluth G J S, Carr M J, Ewert J W, Patino L C, Vallance J W (eds), Volcanic hazards in Central America, {Geol Soc Amer Spec Pap}, 412: 1-26.
Vallance J W, Schilling S P, Devoli G, 2001. Lahar hazards at Mombacho volcano, Nicaragua. U S Geol Surv Open-File Rpt, 01-455: 1-14.
van Wyk de Vries B, Borgia A, 1996. The role of basement in volcano deformation. In: McGuire W J, Jones A P and Neuberg J (eds) {Volcano Instability on the Earth and Other Planets}, Geol Soc London Spec Pub, 110: 95-110.
van Wyk de Vries B, Francis P W, 1997. Catastrophic collapse at stratovolcanoes induced by gradual volcano spreading. Nature, 387: 387-390.


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Home > Academics > Holocaust Resource Center > Library Holdings
Library Holdings
For the first 12 years of its existence, the HRC was housed on the second floor of the Nancy Thompson Library at Kean University. After the library underwent major renovation and expansion in 1995, the center moved to the larger quarters on the new second floor wing.
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Projective spaces are the most basic algebraic varieties we know (at least in some sense) and rational varieties are those that are as close as possible to being projective spaces. Informally, a rational variety is one admitting a parametrization by projective space. The project of determining which varieties are rational (or not) has led to the development of a large amount of rich and beautiful theory – and many (seemingly straightforward) questions are still open. On a historical note, the rationality probelm for quadric and cubic surfaces was settled "classically", that is, over one hundred years ago. The rationality of quadric hypersurfaces in general is also relatively easy to deal with, and occupies the bulk of this post. It wasn't until the 1970s that Clemens and Griffiths proved that smooth cubic threefolds are not rational by identifying a cohomological obstruction – a method involving the intermediate Jacobian. Showing that a given variety is not rational is usually quite difficult; as an example, the problem of determining whether all smooth cubic fourfolds are rational or not is (I believe) still open. There has also been much recent work in identifying other classes of varieties which are "close" to being rational – but that discussion will have to wait for another day. The goal of this post will be more modest, I'll discuss the definitions and some more basic examples of rational varieties. (more…)
September 2008
September 27, 2008
Rational Varieties — An Introduction Through QuadricsPosted by Matt DeLand under AG From the Beginning, Algebraic Geometry
[4] Comments
September 23, 2008
Resolution in positive characteristic?Posted by Charles Siegel under Uncategorized
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Ok, rumor has it that Hironaka is claiming a proof of resolution of singularities in positive characteristic. Anyone know anything more about this? Do we have any readers at Harvard that can confirm this rumor or squash it? Do I need to haul myself to Boston on the double? Please, news!
Source: Not Even Wrong
September 16, 2008
Toric Geometry I – DefinitionsPosted by Charles Siegel under Algebraic Geometry, Toric Geometry
[3] Comments
Ok, so I'm going to mostly be posting on toric geometry for the near future, and in particular, working out what we need to do some mirror symmetry with it. I'll be following various things by David Cox, so check out his webpage for more info. Anyway, this post is mostly going to be background on fans, polytopes, and cones so that we can do toric geometry properly next time. In fact, varieties will not be mentioned.
September 9, 2008
Group Schemes and Moduli (IV)Posted by Matt DeLand under AG From the Beginning, Algebraic Geometry, Examples
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Unless there is some specific interest, I think this will be the final post in the series about taking quotients of varieties by actions of group schemes. Recall that everything is being done over an algebraically closed field, . I'll discuss what happens in the projective case in this post. To cover such a topic completely is of course impossible, but hopefully this post will illlustrate some of the major ideas and results. There are also some more or less completely worked through, hands on, examples to show this subject is still rooted in polynomial computations!
September 8, 2008
Oral Exams ResultPosted by Charles Siegel under Uncategorized
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And the results are in…I got out of the exam less than a half hour ago. I passed! Whee, I'm now officially a PhD Candidate. I should be able to resume posting next week, once I've finished recovering and done some reading.
September 1, 2008
Group Schemes and Moduli (III)Posted by Matt DeLand under AG From the Beginning, Algebraic Geometry, Uncategorized
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Finally we're ready to discuss what sorts of quotients exist when group schemes act on (some) other schemes. Recall that for simplicity, every scheme/variety/morphism in sight is assumed to be over the spectrum of a fixed algebraically closed field, . For further simplicity, assume all schemes are of finite type. In this post, we'll begin the discussion with the simplest case, that is, the main results involving taking quotients of reductive group schemes acting on affine schemes. This will be the main motivation for generalizing results to the non-affine case which we also begin to do here. This theory is well developed and sometimes a bit technical though I've tried to avoid anything too difficult below and hopefully the examples illustrate some of what's going on. (The main reference is Mumford's GIT, and proofs of unproven facts can be found there.)


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Ever since their first meeting at six years old, Hikari Hanazono has struggled to defeat her rival Kei Takashima at anything, whether it be athletics or academics. To date she has proven unsuccessful, resulting in Kei constantly referring to her as "second place." In reality, Kei has been in love with Hikari for quite some time, but Hikari remains completely oblivious to the fact. Now, as the top two students in a prestigious academy, the duo continues their long-running competition as part of the school's elite class of seven, the Special A. Will Hikari ever surpass Kei... or realize that he loves her?
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Mild hurricane year anticipated as season kicks off
Hurricane season officially kicked off on Sunday and while many New Yorkers are still anxious in the lingering aftermath of […]
Massive storm system takes aim at winter-weary Midwest, East
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The Farmers' Almanac was released Monday and lo and behold, the publication is predicting a blizzard and cold weather for Super Bowl XLVIII.


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MLS Playoffs
CARSON, Calif. – The LA Galaxy announced their annual team awards on Tuesday with Robbie Keane taking home team MVP honors.
Keane enjoyed an MLS MVP-type season with 16 goals and 11 assists in 23 games played earning the team MVP and team Golden Boot. Meanwhile, Omar Gonzalez earned the club defender of the year award after a strong season that saw him finish fourth for the league honor.
Galaxy defender Sean Franklin won the club's Humanitarian of the Year award for his work with the community.
LA Galaxy center back Omar Gonzalez finished third in MLS Defender of the Year voting as New England Revolution defender Jose Goncalves took home the award.
Gonzalez earned 18.37 percent of the club vote, 7.79 percent of the media vote and 15.07 percent of the player vote for a weighted total of 41.23. Coming in second was Sporting Kansas City defender Matt Besler with New York Red Bulls center back Jamison Olave coming in fourth.
The award for the league's top defender wasn't the only awards issued on Tuesday as Hilario Grajeda was voted Referee of the Year and Kermit Quisenberry was voted the Assistant Referee of the Year.


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Henry Kaiser, a Werner Herzog Film Producer and Experimental Guitarist, Screens and Plays Along to Crazy Beautiful Shots of Under-the-Ice Antarctica
Even though he's played with the improvised music legends, appeared on more than 250 records, and lived in California all of his life, Henry Kaiser, whose under-the-Antarctic-ice shots can be seen in several Werner Herzog's films, says that he's 80 percent Antarctica research diver and 20 percent American experimental guitarist.
Henry Kaiser's underwater footage of the Antarctic has appeared in more films and TV shows than any other underwater cameraman.
"In a strange way, I consider myself from Antarctica rather than from California, which is silly because nobody is from there," says Kaiser by phone from his place in Santa Cruz, where he's lived for the past two years after spending most of his life in the San Francisco Bay Area.More »