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Brazil: A good bet for sports and stocks
The FIFA World Cup and Olympics will been a boon to Brazil's economy. These investments could benefit.
Brazil will be heavily in focus over the next couple of years since they are hosting two of the largest world sporting events: the FIFA World Cup in 2014 and the Olympics in 2016. Both will be held in Rio de Janeiro.
Either of these events is a big deal on its own. Hosting both is both a huge coup and a tremendous opportunity from a business point of view. Both events will require a dramatic upgrade to the infrastructure within the country, which should spur a considerable amount of economic activity.
Beyond these major sporting events, Brazil has enjoyed rare political stability for number of years and that combined with sustained growth for the last decade has transformed the country into a blossoming economic powerhouse.
Brazil has a number of things going for it including scale, abundant natural resources, and a politically favorable world position.
It has no significant enemies and a large world customer base, particularly China which is anxious to acquire lots of iron ore and oil, of which Brazil has plenty.
As a result, economists are predicting that Brazil's GDP growth should average about 4% over the next three years.
That's slower than the growth rate in recent years but a lot better than what both the Europeans and the North Americans are looking at; in fact it's probably double what we might expect.
No story is complete without some caveats and it's true that Brazil has battled inflationary pressures for years, with the rate now running around 7%. This is causing their central bank to keep interest rates high, which could be a drag on growth going forward.
Corporate taxes are likely the highest in any of the emerging markets, running over 35%, and there is still a strong socialist streak that runs through the country's leadership.
But these caveats aside, it is likely that over the next couple of years investors will see significant returns by having some exposure to Brazil.
Political interference aside, both the huge and profitable iron ore company Vale (VALE) and the country's crown jewel, Petrobras (PBR) are great companies and I think you could take a position in either or both now.
Another popular ADR is AmBev (ABV), or Companhia De Bedidas, which is the number one brewer of beer and distributor of soft drinks in the country.
I also own shares of Banco Santander Brazil SA (BSBR) which is currently trading 44% below its 52-week high but has a yield of 8.5% and a p/e ratio of less than eight.
There are two other banks you could consider: Itua Unibanco (ITUB) and Banco Bradesco (BBD). Both are larger in Brazil than BSBR but all three tend to trade in unison so I tend to buy the least expensive issue with the highest yield.
Of course, most investors buy Brazil through various ETFs or mutual funds that focus on the area.
The largest by far in terms of assets is the iShares MSCI Brazil Index Fund (EWZ). It has had a huge run this past month, rebounding by nearly 20%, but is still down about 18% year to date.
This ETF holds many of the issues mentioned above but spreads out the risk that may be involved with any particular equity.
Since this gives you the whole country in one neat package, it's the best choice for someone who wants to add some Brazilian exposure to a portfolio without being forced to decide between individual stocks. It's my top pick for this month.
To sum up, there are many ways to get involved with what appears to be a bright future in Brazil and since their markets have lagged this year you are buying some of these assets at discounted prices. That's not going to last forever.
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My father invested in Petrobras over 20 years ago. He has Made NOTHING on his Investment. You would be insane to invest in that Country. They are SOCIALIST. The Govt takes what it wants. I am married to a Brasilian. The poverty and crime still exist. Wait until all the fools go to Rio for World Cup and Olympics. They will be robbed AND the cost to stay...HAHAHA. You will pay a FORTUNE for Hotels, Taxis and Food.
Taxi from the Aeroport will cost you over $100. Want to buy a pair of shoes...$200-$300. Over priced and poor quality. Warren Buffet tried to invest there and he bailed out real fast.
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Spain protests: Over a million march against harsh austerity [RT]
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Over a million of government workers and trade union members marched in Barcelona, Madrid and dozens of smaller cities to protest against the latest round of harsh austerity measures designed to cut Spain's bloated deficit. In almost 80 cities held demonstrations on Thursday which came after concerns over Spain's attempts to restore market confidence in its economy resurfaced after a bond auction went poorly and its borrowing costs edged higher.
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Police in Troy have arrested a 23-year old man after he was caught using illegal flashing lights on his Cadillac Escalade.
Investigators say on Saturday they got a call from a driver who was following a car that had pulled up behind him, flashed emergency lights and when he pulled over sped around him and took off.
A Troy officer located and stopped both vehicles and it was determined the Cadillac had red and blue lights in the grille area, which is a violation of a city ordinance. The Hamtramck man admitted he activated the lights saying he was upset because he felt the other driver had cut him off.
He was arrested for possession of flashing, oscillating or rotating red/blue lights.
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Police Blotter - November 7
Crow Wing County Sheriff
BURGLARY: Report on Oct. 29 of a house broken into on the 7000 block of County Road 18 in Pequot Lakes.
Report on Nov. 2 of a burglary on County Road 106 in Emily.
Report on Nov. 2 of a shed and trailer broken into on Strawberry Lake Road in Pequot Lakes.
THEFT: Report on Nov. 3 of theft of a purse on Old Highway 371 in Pequot Lakes.
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Boulder, Colorado - Posted on: Wednesday 07/02/14
The University of Colorado Boulder Facilities Management (FM) department welcomes applicants for a sustainability program manager. The sustainability program manager will serve to develop, manage and coordinate a department-wide program of environmental stewardship, energy conservation, applied environmental science and policy research, and environmental literacy and community outreach. The program manager reports to the assistant vice chancellor of Facilities Management and works in collaboration with each of the FM Division directors (Operations, Planning, Design and Construction, Business Services, Utility Services, and Human Resources) on their programs.
We are looking for someone with strong problem solving and interpersonal skills, who possesses a thorough understanding of sustainability theories and initiatives and is able to develop and execute new programs within an institutional setting. The position must be able to work with constituents at different levels both on and off campus.
This is an excellent opportunity for someone who would like to help advance the CU Boulder goal of becoming a leader in environmental excellence among higher education institutions.
Who we are:
Facilities Management is responsible for the overall physical development and maintenance of the campus. The mission of the department is to provide a safe physical environment that promotes the advancement and transfer of knowledge.
What your key responsibilities will be:
As the sustainability program manager, you will be responsible for:
- Sustainability Policy: Collaborate in developing a strategy to integrate sustainability principles and practices into the operations and culture of the FM department. Research and maintain working knowledge of best practices with regards to sustainability and educational institutions. Work toward the CU Boulder goal of becoming a leader in environmental excellence among higher education institutions.
- Outreach: Identify opportunities to promote and improve the CU Boulder Facilities Management department's sustainability efforts and provide recommendations to department and campus decision makers. Create and implement a department-wide sustainability policy and action plan for CU-Boulder Facilities Management. Assess effectiveness of approved plan. Work with FM staff, CU Boulder students and professors, and campus leadership team to build support and understanding of sustainability projects and issues. Engage with campus leadership to foster sustainability broadly across other campus units and departments. Work in a collaborative manner to develop productive relationships with other campus constituents, along with local, state and national governmental entities. Coordinate and consults with other colleges, universities, and industry thought leaders. Serve as the FM department spokesperson on sustainability issues. Represent the FM department at professional conferences.
- Implementation: Encourage and facilitate sustainability programs initiated by staff, and involve students, professors and community members by encouraging suggestions, sharing information, and coordinating communication. Program initiatives spanning multiple department programs including but not limited to: energy (efficiency, renewables, audits, transportation, green buildings), chemicals (toxics minimization, pollution prevention), resources (existing building practices, new construction, material recycling, waste minimization), systems (tools for measuring, rating and managing environmental performance) and education (staff engagement, student and faculty involvement, research, collaboration efforts).
- Planning: Development responsibility for grant funding, corporate partnerships, rebate programs and other potential savings programs. Make recommendations regarding methods and technologies to reduce waste, save energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase environmental awareness within the department. Establish outcomes and assessment criteria for program success related to campus sustainability initiatives. Develop and maintain sustainability metrics for the FM department such as energy and natural resource usage, waste generation and recycling statistics.
- Bachelor's degree or higher in energy management, environmental science, policy, engineering, sustainable development, institutional planning
or related field
- Five years of experience implementing sustainability or environmental/resource conservation programs with substantial relevant leadership expertise.
Substitution: Additional experience in energy management, environmental science, policy, engineering, sustainable development, or institutional planning may be substituted on a year-for-year basis for the bachelor's degree.
- Understanding of sustainability theories as well as local, national and global sustainability initiatives and best practices.
- Proven ability to develop and execute new programs within an institutional setting.
- Expertise in working with local and state governments including utilities.
- Understanding of how to institutionalize new sustainability efforts.
- Practiced at public speaking and curriculum development.
- Problem
solving skills, thinking
analytically and
developing sustainability programs that support the department's strategic objectives and mission.
- Excellent oral and written communication skills.
- Ability to listen and learn and engender trust among various constituencies.
- Skill in application of the principles and practices of effective leadership, management, and supervision
- Excellent relationship building and networking skills.
Desired Qualifications
Preferred qualifications may be used to further reduce the pool of applicants to those who are most highly qualified.
- Master's degree in energy management, environmental science, policy, or engineering, sustainable development, institutional planning or related field
- Relevant experience in corporate, university, government, or non-profit setting will be given strong consideration.
Related Links
Interested candidates please apply online at: https://www.jobsatcu.com/login


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VOLUME 53, ISSUE 60 Wednesday , March 10, 1993 SCIENTIFIC BREAK-THROUGH WSU professor discovers way to help environment, oil companies. See page 3. JZ3A F'"ll""1 B ( m i lit WEBER STATE UNIVERSITY OGDEN, UTAH r- ' .i-'"7 - ri - - s ' - " - it f , - - f 7 t & .4 f ' ' j. . ) I Y " v .V' '. - ' V-'..- ' -" r " r , ...... ' .. -S ' " .: . ' A . ' PHOTO ILLUSTRATION BY DANIELLE MABEY THE SIGNPOSf ChilHn' out for spring fever As the end of the quarter rapidly approaches, Weber State University students are beginning to prepare for the week-long vacation from classes, books, tests and homework during the break between spring and winter quarters. WSU lacks mulficulfural environment By LAURIE M. WIRTH & MICHELLE NICOLSON Signpost staff writers Although Weber State University surpasses other Utah institutions of higher education in hiring ethnicminoritiesand promoting females, administrators agree the university still has a long way to go. A look at WSU's figures shows: There are no ethnic minority faculty members in the College of Applied Engineering and Technology, and only one minority faculty member in the College of Health Professions. Fewer than 17 percent of tenured faculty are female. In the College of Health Professions, women make up 83 percent of the faculty, but only 27 percent of the tenured positions. Males comprise 17 percent of the faculty, but 57 percent are tenured.In the College of Applied Engineering and Technology, women comprise 13 percent of the fac- WSU's ' 1 hu Engineering & Technology Social Sciences Education Business & Economy Arts & Humanities 0 1 234 567 8 9 B Asian EHJ African American E9 Caucasian Native American Hispanic source: wsu insiiiuiionai studies ulty, but 43 percent of them are not on tenure track. However, 91 percent of males are on the coveted tenure track. . President Paul H. Thompson is a major promoter of diversity since taking over in 1990. He acknowledges WSU lacks a multicultural environment. "We have a long way to go," Thompson said. "We may have gone an inch in a 1,000-mile journey."Utah's reputation is a barrier in bringing qualified minority and women faculty from out of the state, said Barry Gomberg, director of affirmative action and equal opportunity employement. "Utah is about the whitest place around," he said. "We're not viewed as being enlightened with women's issues. People know we don' t ha ve a large minority popu-. lation." Nationally, women hold 29 percent of faculty positions in colleges and universities. WSU's faculty is35 percent female, although the average of the Utah public institutions is 26 percent. About 7 percent of WSU's faculty members represent ethnic mi-norities, compared to Utah's minority population of 8 percent. Nationally, minorities represent more than 20 percent of the population.WSU's women and ethnic minorities tend to fall into traditional gender fields. For example, the greatest percentage of women are in the College of Health Professions, which includes women-dominated fields like nursing and dental hygiene. The lowest percentage of women and minorities is in the College of Applied Engineering and Technology, which includes traditionally male-dominated fce Diversity page 2 H ODAY'S EWS ARTS WSU presents "Diversity in Dance," an American Dance Festival presentation. See page 10. PORTS Women's golf deemed varsity sport status, soccer team denied. See page 13.
Object Description
|Signpost (Weber, Utah), 1993-03-10, Vol. 53, No. 60
|Weber State University
|Associated Students of Weber State University; A generous grant from the Utah State Library and the Institute of Museum and Library Services.
|Weber's current student newspaper, the Signpost, first appeared on September 29, 1937. For two years prior to that time, campus news was disseminated via announcements posted on a bulletin board known as the "Signpost". As a result, the masthead of the first issue of the paper itself featured a rudimentary wooden sign with the title spelled out in rustic-looking letters. Over the years the paper has been published continuously, though the look, size and style has changed several times.
|Date Original
|College student newspapers and periodicals; Weber State University
|Digital Format
|Publisher Digital
|Stewart Library, Weber State University
|Date Digital
|University Archives LD5893.W55 S5, Stewart Library, Weber State University
|Digital Identifier
|Rights Management
|Public Domain. Courtesy of University Archives, Stewart Library, Weber State University.
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Financial Aid and Scholarships for International Opportunities
Scholarships Available for Spring 2014 Study Abroad >
An international experience during your college years is an investment in your future. The eye-opening experiences you will be exposed to and the long-term benefits you will gain make it well worth any extra cost.
Planning ahead and saving your money should be your first step. Start early to identify sources of financial assistance--don't wait until you've been accepted, or even until you've chosen a program. Know what's available now.
The best study abroad experiences are generally had by those who have saved and planned and dreamed and prepared. You are investing in your future. Study abroad is an experience that you will never regret.
How Can I Afford It?
Financial Aid
If you qualify for financial aid (federal aid, grants, loans, scholarships, etc.) through SUNY Cobleskill, in most cases you can transfer that aid to an approved study abroad program. If you are currently receiving aid, you should apply for renewal of financial aid just as you would if you were staying on campus. The study abroad coordinator can help you create a budget for your particular study abroad program. This budget will serve as the basis for determining your financial need with the Financial Aid Office for the term abroad. If the expense budget is higher than expenses at SUNY Cobleskill, you may request additional funds, in the form of loans, to cover the excess expense, or apply a larger portion of your financial aid toward the abroad term. Some restrictions do apply, so discuss financial aid with the study abroad coordinator early in your planning.
In addition to the financial aid that will apply toward study abroad, many scholarships, grants, and awards exist to assist with costs. It is imperative that you begin the process of searching for scholarships early in your planning process. Carefully review the scholarship resources in the Study Abroad Scholarship Resources link above to help identify awards that you and/or your study abroad program are eligible for. In addition, some programs offer their own grants and awards, so be sure to ask your program representative early in the process.


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(FOX 11) A man trying to break up a fight on a bus in downtown Los Angeles between several women ends up getting cut with a knife.
According to the LA County Sheriff's Transit Bureau, the 40-year-old man was hurt as he was trying to break up a fight between three women.
It happened near the intersection of seventh and hill streets on an MTA bus, which runs between Compton and downtown LA.
The man suffered a minor hand injury from one of three women carrying the knife. She ended up getting away.
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Whole House Approach to Cooling & Heating.
REEIS provides reliable and experienced air conditioning and heating service to greater Phoenix area homeowners. At REEIS, our staff looks at more than your air conditioning and heating systems. Our goal is to deliver guaranteed comfort solutions. To do so, we evaluate your entire house, including:
- Air conditioning & heating system
- Insulation
- Duct work, duct leakage & air flow
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- Pressures
Get it Done Right at the Right Price with REEIS.
A conventional A/C - heating contractor won't evaluate -- or repair -- many issues that affect your heating and cooling system's performance. REEIS identifies issues outside of a conventional contractor's scope, and fixes what we find. Many of our clients need only minor repairs to their homes, yet still see significant improvements to comfort and energy efficiency.
When you take a Whole House approach, you'll save more over time because of:
- Lowered electricity & gas bills
- Longer lifespan of A/C - heating equipment
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Ready to feel more comfortable in your home?
Schedule a FREE consultation to evaluate your home and A/C - heating system. Or, if you're ready to make home improvements now, you can book a comprehensive home performance audit for just $99.
Either way, you'll feel cool and comfortable knowing REEIS offers guaranteed solutions and results.
T. L. A/C. (Tender Loving Air/Conditioning)
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Your home does a lot for you: keeps you safe, dry, and of course, cool during the heated months. But sometimes, we forget to take care of our home, too. REEis will give your air conditioner and your home the attention it deserves with preventative maintenance, before it is too late. REEis offers a variety of air conditioning maintenance service packages, so you, your A/C, and your home can feel properly cared for.
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Arizona is known for its extremely long and hot summers with triple digit temperatures. During these hot summer months, air conditioning becomes a necessity. When your air conditioning unexpectedly breaks, it can be unbearable. REEis offers quick and reliable air conditioning repair service with knowledgeable and experienced technicians. Whether your A/C is acting up with strange noises, not cooling properly or simply stopped working all together, REEis can help so you can feel cool and comfortable again.
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B.A.P returns to Inkigayo with "Power"
B.A.P released their second single, "Power," on April 27th Earlier this year, rookie group B.A.P debuted with the track "Warrior" and the members were all blonde. This time around, the members of B.A.P have undergone a massive image transformation.
B.A.P released their second single "Power" which contains the title track and three other songs, "Fight For Freedom," "What The Hell," and "Everything Is A Lie," earlier this week. The music video for "Power" was released on April 27th as well.
B.A.P performed their first live comeback stage of "Power" on this week's episode of Music Bank. Last night, B.A.P performed their second live comeback stage of "Power" on Music Core.
Tonight on Inkigayo, the members of B.A.P performed their third live comeback stage. With their new choreography B.A.P performed "Power" and showed their charismatic stage presence.
Check out B.A.P's third live comeback stage of "Power" from tonight's episode of Inkigayo, below!
Source: shu35151224 and chiehchiehl


text: The best way to learn about MTI is to visit our campus. We will make a visit exciting and interesting, showcasing what your are interested in. Whether you choose to come to a scheduled visit day or wish to set up your own campus tour, we'd love to have you.


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Mike Gallagher is a nationally syndicated radio host, Fox News Channel contributor and guest host, and author of the book "Surrounded by Idiots: Fighting Liberal Lunacy in America."
There Is A Conservative Wave Coming In November
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Don't Count On An Election-Day Tsunami
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Max De Pree has the answer to Ferguson
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Why Ezra Klein is an Idiot
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Why Farmers Need Keystone XL
| Katie Kieffer
Narcissism and Social Media: Where Should Conservatives Draw the Line?
| Rachel Alexander
Stiglitz vs. Krugman on Scotland
| Mike Shedlock
Big Pens Prepare Coming Political Assassinations
| Shawn Mitchell
Targeting Libertarians with Clever Humor…and Not-So-Clever Humor
| Daniel J. Mitchell
A Wee Problem for the UK
| John Browne
Quotes of the day | Allahpundit
At Ohio State, you may be guilty of sexual assault if… | Jazz Shaw
Actress Daniele Watts handcuffed for failing to show ID to police | Jazz Shaw
North Korea sentences U.S. citizen to six years in a labor camp | Noah Rothman
Poll: Americans have little confidence in Obama's ISIS 'strategy' | Noah Rothman
NFL Week 2 open thread | Ed Morrissey
Thief Steals Car with Toddler to Teach Lesson
Not All U.S. Army Merchandise is Made in USA
World's Largest Golf Club in Action is Ridiculous
Health Insurance Reform Commission Discusses ACA Coverage
Stop Criminalizing Parenting
No double dips: Candidate offers up his $90K NJ pension
| Mark Lagerkvist
In Nashville, taxpayers pay for 'art' few people want to look at
| Chris Butler
Union leaders get rich on backs of Ohio's working class
| Jason Hart
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Requesting Items from the SRLF In Person
The SRLF is about a twenty-five-minute walk from the Charles E. Young Research Library. A campus map showing the location of the SRLF is available.
Users can request and pick up items in person at the SRLF reception desk Monday through Friday from 1 to 5 p.m.
Limited parking is available for those with blue campus parking permits. Other permit holders should inquire at a campus parking kiosk before going to the facility. Parking may be available for those without UCLA permits; ask at a campus parking kiosks. Parking Services charges $9 per entry, and a permit for one lot is not transferable to any other lot.


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Looking for a fun, family-friendly destination for spring break? Well, there's this city in Florida called Orlando, and it has a bunch of theme parks ... maybe you've heard of it? Just kidding! We're thinking off the beaten path -- and maybe a little closer to home. Here are six vacation destinations the whole family will love, including the parents.
1. Washington D.C.: It's not just for politicians. Our nation's capital is chock-full of historical sites and mostly free museums with something for every kind of kid. The Mall alone could keep you busy, but there's also the National Air and Space Museum a short drive away. Cherry blossom season at the Tide Pools lives up to the hype, if you happen to be there in early April.
2. Colonial Williamsburg: This historic destination takes you back in time to the 1700s, re-created as Great Hopes Plantation. You can put your kids to work doing chores in period costume and watch cannons being fired (from a safe distance). And, if you burn out on the history, the rides at Busch Gardens are nearby.
3. Lake Tahoe: This spectacular shimmering lake in the mountains is perfect for active, outdoorsy families. There's hiking, biking, swimming, boating, and kayaking. Big seasons are winter (skiing) and summer, but in the spring, you'll find deals and you'll still enjoy Tahoe's abundant sunshine.
4. Zion National Park: Another great destination for outdoorsy families. Zion in Southern Utah is punishingly hot in the summer, but ideal in the spring. You kids will thrill to the other-worldly rock formations. The park has ranger-led guided walks. Nearby Bryce Canyon is also spectacular. I recommend this for elementary-aged kids and older. It's more challenging for parents of babies and toddlers.
5. Grand Bahama Island: Just 50 miles off the coast of Florida, this island has resorts for all budgets. But as packed as this island is with vacationers, there's still plenty of nature to explore on land and by kayak. And, of course, the beaches are everything you'd want them to be.
6. Great Wolf Lodge: If you want the feeling of "getting away" without actually traveling very far, there's this chain of water park resorts, 10 around the nation. In addition to the indoor water fun, there are "dry" activities like bowling, an arcade, a kids' spa, and other adventures.
Are you planning a trip this spring break?
Image via cherry let/Flickr
Our Spring Break has passed, but it sure would have been nice to hit up one of these places or somewhere warmer!
We just got snow today, some where warmer would be nice! I have taken my children to Great Wolf Lodsge before and they really enjoyed it. I think we are staying close to home this spring break.
I agree wholeheartedly with Colonial Williamsburg and DC. I've spent a good amount of time in both places. I'd especially recommend supporting Colonial Williamsburg because it is keeping the past alive not only how people dressed and lived but their attitudes and motivations.
I really want to get to Colonial Williamsburg some day (soon!). We love going to Washington DC & will be back there again this summer.
Washington DC :-)
Our spring break is already over. I had eye surgery so going on a vacation was a bust. Id love to go to Grand Bahama Island. I think going to look into going.
No trips for us.
Great Wolfe Lodge sounds like fun.
Thanks for sharing these places, I ahve heard good things about some of them. =)


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Is This Semiconductor Stock a Buy?
Meena is a member of The Motley Fool Blog Network -- entries represent the personal opinion of the blogger and are not formally edited.
In mid-July, Intel (NASDAQ: INTC) reported its results for the second quarter of the year. Revenue was down 5% versus a year earlier, as shifts in consumer preferences continue to reduce demand for PCs and therefore, for many of Intel's products. Operating expenses, including R&D and SG&A, have not changed much and as a result, the company recorded a 29% decline in net income. This is about in line with what Intel had experienced in the first quarter of the year. Markets have not been very positive on Intel's prospects over the last year, and as a result, the stock price is down 9% while the S&P 500 index has risen 25% over the same period.
Intel currently trades at 12 times trailing earnings; while Wall Street analysts expect some degree of increase in earnings per share next year (aided, one would assume, by a continuation of the company's buyback program), the level of improvement they are looking for is low, and so, the P/E multiple is 12 on that basis as well. Generally, at that valuation, investors should expect at least small increases in earnings per share in the future, so Intel would have to hold its net income steady going forward (and then generate EPS growth through repurchases) in order for the current price to make sense in value terms. As with many troubled tech companies, Intel does offer a high dividend yield (at least for now) at 3.9%, and so, income investors who are comfortable with its prospects may want to consider it.
Who owns it
Insider Monkey tracks quarterly 13F filings from hundreds of hedge funds and other notable investors as part of our work researching investment strategies; we have found, for example, that the most popular small cap stocks among hedge funds earn an average excess return of 18 percentage points per year (learn more about our small cap strategy). According to our database, billionaire Ken Fisher's Fisher Asset Management owned about 19 million shares of Intel at the end of the first quarter of 2013 (find Fisher's favorite stocks). Renaissance Technologies, founded by billionaire Jim Simons, reported a position of a little less than 17 million shares (see Renaissance's stock picks).
Comparing Intel to its peers
The closest peer for Intel is Advanced Micro Devices (NYSE: AMD), and it can also be compared to Texas Instruments (NASDAQ: TXN) ,and to Microsoft and NVIDIA (NASDAQ: NVDA), given those two companies' exposure to shifting consumer tastes.
Microsoft is coming off a big earnings miss, which sent the stock down about 10%. It now carries trailing and forward P/Es of 12 and 10, respectively, though investors should be wary of the company's recent performance and the fact that earnings are likely to be temporarily higher thanks to new versions of Windows and Office. Advanced Micro Devices has also struggled recently, with adjusted earnings being negative in each of the last four quarters, and analysts are expecting net losses for this year as well. Revenue has been down over 10% from its levels a year ago, and 16% of the float is held short as many market players are bearish on the company.
NVIDIA managed to improve on both top and bottom lines in its most recent quarter compared to the same period in the previous fiscal year, but the sell-side considers the company's growth short lived: they expect earnings per share to be lower in the fiscal year ending in January 2015 than what NVIDIA has done on a trailing basis. With the forward earnings multiple being 17, investors should probably avoid the stock for now.
Texas Instruments has been seeing weak revenue numbers, with little change in operating profit. The stock is valued at more than 20 times trailing earnings, a pricing which seems somewhat aggressive and certainly depends on the company delivering higher profits in the future. It does offer a dividend yield of 3%, but the combination of its recent financial performance and its valuation is not appealing.
Intel generally trades at a discount to its peers, whose valuations are often at a level where investors are counting on increased earnings going forward. In absolute terms, however, the valuation of 12 times trailing earnings is tough to justify considering that financials have been weak recently, and that this can be attributed to what are likely to be permanent shifts in the consumer technology landscape. Buybacks can help, but would not be enough by themselves to reverse the impact on EPS of continued declines in Intel's business.
It's incredible to think just how much of our digital and technological lives are almost entirely shaped and molded by just a handful of companies. Find out "Who Will Win the War Between the 5 Biggest Tech Stocks?" in The Motley Fool's latest free report, which details the knock-down, drag-out battle being waged by the five kings of tech. Click here to keep reading.
This article is written by Matt Doiron and edited by Meena Krishnamsetty. Meena has a long position in MSFT. The Motley Fool recommends Intel and NVIDIA. The Motley Fool owns shares of Intel. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy. Is this post wrong? Click here. Think you can do better? Join us and write your own!


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After leaving virtually the same dull inclement weather closing message one after the other for parents and students, one Kentucky elementary school principal and drama teacher decided to spice it up a little bit.
Using a little wit and creativity, the pair recorded a very memorable and clever message for their snow day, set to the melody of Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody.
"School is closed, school is closed, sorry parents for another day…school is canceled (school is canceled), school is canceled (because it's cold-old-old-old)…So everyone, grab a snuggie and watch TV, play the wii, and maybe read!!"
This video was uploaded onto a channel called "NuttySchoolClosings." It has gotten more than 70,000 views.
"We love our jobs - I hope you can tell!" said the video description.
Viewers have given very positive feedback to this video.
"Do you take requests? Lol" asked Jarod Morris.
"awesome sauce…and on key too," wrote Kristoff Rand.
Join FOX 29's Mike Jerrick and the Good Day Philadelphia team for a tasty night of yummy treats benefiting local youth.
35 Skyline DriveLake Mary, FL 32746
Phone: (407) 644-3535News Tips: (866) 55-FOX35


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Library Policies - General & Circulation
These guidelines have been established to ensure the delivery of effective library services as Tarleton State University:
Damaged Materials Policy
Patrons who return library materials with damage will be charged a damage fee or replacement + processing fee as determined by a library supervisor.
Damage fee:
A damage fee of no less than $10.50 will be assessed for materials with minor damage that can be repaired and placed back into the collection.
This includes but is not limited to: cover damage, minor damage caused by pets, damage caused by post-it notes, page markers, bent pages, underlining, highlighting, and/or writing on pages.
Lost item fee:
Materials damaged by the user that cannot be repaired will be considered damaged beyond use. The user will be assessed a lost item fee (current replacement price of item + $10.50 processing fee).
Items that may be deemed lost are those items returned with permanent non-repairable damage, including water, paint, ink, cut, torn, or chewed pages.
Book Replacement Option:
Users returning materials determined to be a complete loss have the option of bringing in a replacement copy of the item and paying a reduced processing fee of $7.50 instead of paying the normal lost item fee (current replacement price of item + $10.50 processing fee).
If you notice an item is damaged at the time of checkout, notify staff so that they can make a notation on the book pocket describing the damage along with their initials and date. It is important for users to examine materials and notify staff of any questionable damage before checking out materials to prevent themselves from being charged.
Document Retention and Privacy Policy
It is the policy of the Dick Smith Library, Tarleton State University to protect the privacy of patrons. The circulation system does not compile a list of past loans. Circulation records created to document the loan of library materials to patrons are retained until the transaction is complete, and then destroyed. Only current loans are maintained on patron accounts. All printed documents containing sensitive personal material are shredded by staff, with no back-up records.
The privacy of all borrowers of library materials shall be respected in compliance with federal and state laws and professional standards. The library will not reveal identities of individual users or reveal what information sources or services they consult. This policy applies to all resources regardless of their format or means of delivery as well as all services offered by the library.
The library will not reveal what books are charged to any individual. Borrower information, including names, borrowing habits, fines, addresses, phone numbers, and social security numbers will not be given to anyone other than the owner of the information after providing staff with appropriate identification. All information included in the patron database, published on circulation notices or reports are considered confidential.
Current borrower's records are not made available to anyone other than the appropriate library staff. They are not made available to any government agency "except pursuant to such process, order, or subpoena as may be authorized of, and pursuant to, federal, state, or local law relating to civil, criminal, or administrative discovery procedures or legislative investigatory power" (ALA policy on Confidentiality of Library Records).
Study Room & Meeting Room Policies
- Reservations that are not claimed within 30 minutes will automatically be canceled unless prior arrangements have been made.
- All meeting and study rooms are free to non-profit activities ONLY. For-profit groups must contact the Library Director, Donna Savage, at 254-968-9138 to negotiate room rental fees.
- Paid tutoring sessions will only be allowed in room 251 IF the tutor is Tarleton student or employee AND IF the tutee is a Tarleton student. If either one of these descriptions is missing, the patron must contact Donna Savage at 254-968-9138.
- Only covered beverages are allowed in the meeting rooms. No food is permitted in the upstairs meeting rooms. Food and beverages are allowed in rooms 106 and 127 only through prior approval.
- Users are responsible for any cleaning and/or repair cost brought about by their use of the room(s). Report any problems or mishaps that may arise to the front desk immediately.
- Keep noise to a minimum. Violators will be required to leave the library.
- Do NOT attach anything to the walls.
- Do NOT use candles or anything flammable in the meeting rooms.
- Rooms MUST be left clean and tidy. All trash must be removed from the premises.
- During the week of finals, no reservations will be accepted for use of any of the upstairs meeting rooms. All rooms will be first come, first serve only. Rooms 106 and 127 will still be available for reserve.
- Tarleton is a smoke free campus. No smoking or use of smokeless tobacco is allowed on the library premises.
- It is at the discretion of the library staff to cancel any and all room reservations for groups that do not comply with the library meeting room policies.
Study Rooms (First Come, First Serve) - Room 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 233, 237, 238, & 239
Each study room has seating for up to 6 people. AV equipment may be requested at the Circulation Desk. Equipment will be checked out on your library account, so bring proper identification. The patron borrowing the equipment assumes responsibility of the equipment until it is returned by the borrower to the Circulation Desk.
Meeting Rooms (For Reserve Only) - Room 106, 127, 225, & 251
- Reservations for Library meeting rooms should be made through the Circulation Desk in person or at 254-968-1895.
- A contact name, email address, phone number, group name, number of people attending and specific dates and times are required when making a reservation.
- Reservations can be made for groups of 4 or more, for a maximum of 4 hours.
- Room 106 (Seating for up to 14)
- Room 127 (Seating for up to 60 with tables and 112 without tables)
- Room 225 (Seating for up to 8)
- Room 251 (Seating for up to 6)
- Reservations that are not claimed within 30 minutes will automatically be canceled unless prior arrangements have been made.
- Library staff is not responsible for setting up rooms or operating equipment.
- If the patron reserved room 127, they must sign in at the Circulation Desk before attending their meeting. Patrons reserving rooms 106, 225, and 251 are not required to sign in to their rooms. A circulation staff member will then escort them to the room and unlock the door.
- AV equipment should be requested at the same time the reservation is made. AV equipment should be picked-up at the circulation desk if the patron is reserving 106, 225, or 251. Room 127 has all the equipment available in the room.
- Equipment will be checked out on your library account, so bring proper identification. The patron borrowing the equipment assumes responsibility of the equipment until it is returned by the borrower to the Circulation Desk.
- Reservations can be made for groups of 4 or more, for a maximum of 4 hours.
ILL Overdue Fee Policy
The library will charge $1.00/day late for interlibrary loan materials borrowed from other libraries.
The Division Exchange overdue policy will remain unchanged. Killeen will continue to charge late fees according to their current policy.
ILLIAD FEE: We will not enforce the charge until the user reaches the 2nd ILLiad overdue notice stage.
When user reaches the 2nd notice in ILLiad
- Block the ILLiad account.
- Block the user in Banner (Students only).
- Bill the user in Sirsi $10.00
When the user reaches the 3rd notice in ILLiad
- Bill the user an additional $15.00 in Sirsi.
When the user reaches the 4th notice in ILLiad
- Request an invoice from the lending institution.


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YAKIMA, Wash. (AP) — Supporters of an initiative that would require labeling of genetically engineered foods say consumers have the right to know more about what they eat and farmers have the right to preserve their market share in the global economy.
Opponents counter that such a step is unnecessary, because genetically engineered foods are healthy, and consumers already have the option not to purchase them by buying organic.
People on both sides of Initiative 522 lined up to offer testimony to a state lawmakers Thursday in Olympia. The ballot initiative would require food and seeds produced entirely or partly through genetic engineering and sold in Washington to be labeled as such, beginning July 1, 2015. Raw foods that are not packaged separately would have to be labeled on retail shelves.


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More Cannes Fashion: Gorgeous Gowns and Hideous Hooded Dresses
Yellow satin? Gold sequins? Lace jumpsuits? Neon slink? Just another day in formal wear in the south of France. »
Yellow satin? Gold sequins? Lace jumpsuits? Neon slink? Just another day in formal wear in the south of France. »
As Cannes rolls on we're seeing more acres of chiffon and and more whisper-light tulle and more haute couture on the red carpet. Below, some ensembles from yesterday's premieres. More more more, how do you like it? »
Some stunning gowns floated down the red carpet over the weekend at the Cannes International Film Festival. Oh you haven't heard? The real show — the real drama — is not on a screen in a theater. »
Grace of Monaco opened the Cannes Film Festival last night, and by all accounts, it was a horrible thing to endure. »
The Cannes Film Festival is underway, and yesterday's premieres included the new film Grace of Monaco, starring Nicole Kidman. Cue the couture and glamour. »
The Gatsby ripple effect. »
Would you look at the size of those rocks in those ear fobs. »
Architectural. Ang Lee-approved. »
Last week, Chopard jewelry was stolen from a hotel room in Cannes, during the film festival, specifically the same night as the premiere of The Bling Ring. Somehow, the festival has forged ahead, though perhaps ever-so-slightly less radiant. Today, the AP reports that there's been another robbery: »
That dress! Walks in beauty like the night of cloudless climes and starry skies and shit. »
Apparently these are David Yurman rock crystal and diamond earrings. »
Vive le volume! »
Keanu Reeves arrived at the Cannes Film Festival yesterday, where he is presenting his just-finished directorial debut, A Man of Tai Chi. Keanu gave a speech in which he gushed about his love of kung fu movies (calling them "beautiful, wonderful, empowering") and his intentions to market his film to Chinese and… »
Yesterday in France, A-listers hit the red carpet for the opening ceremonies of the 66th annual Cannes Film Festival. Nighttime in the seaside village means high glamour and full-on formal. The more extravagant the better. "Every time I go to Cannes, it feels like I'm entering the helicopter scene in La Dolce Vita," … »
Celebrities in Cannes have been spending the past week partying on yachts and attending glamorous film premieres. Thus, their fashion crimes deserve no clemency. »
After more than a thousand female filmmakers signed a U.S. petition in support of French feminists who claim that this year's Cannes Film Festival is just a big circle jerk, the Cannes board denied charges of sexism, saying that it completely endorses General Delegate Thierry Fremaux's decision not include a single… »
Each year, the giant red carpet of the Cannes Film Festival is the stage for some of the more interesting and risky fashions of international film stars and socialites. Predictably, actress Fan Bing Bing is the coolest girl there, but there were still plenty of (horrible) surprises. »


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Jaya Trivedi, M.D.
Associate Professor
Department: Neurology & Neurotherapeutics
Associate Professor
Department: Neurology & Neurotherapeutics
|Medical School
|SMT NHL Municipal College (1992)
|Seth Kanaiyalal Motilal (1993), Internal Medicine
|Seth Kanaiyalal Motilal (1995), Internal Medicine
|Overlook Hospital (1997), Internal Medicine
|UT Southwestern Medical Center (2000), Neurology
|UT Southwestern Medical Center (2001), Neuromuscular Disease
Featured Publications
Clinical Review of Muscle-Specific Tyrosine Kinase-Antibody Positive Myasthenia Gravis.
Wolfe G.I., Trivedi J.R., Oh S.J. Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease 2007 8 217-224
Von Hippel-Lindau disease associated with thymoma and myasthenia gravis
Sheth MN, Nations SP, Wolfe GI, Trivedi JR J Clin Neuromusc Dis December 2005 7 59-61
Primary lateral sclerosis: clinical and laboratory features in 25 patients.
Singer MA, Kojan S, Barohn RJ, Herbelin L, Nations SP, Trivedi JR, Jackson CE, Burns DK, Boyer PJ, Wolfe GI J Clin Neuromusc Dis Winter 2005 7 1-9
Denture cream: An unusual source of excess zinc, leading to hypocupremia and neurologic disease.
S. P. Nations, P. J. Boyer, L. A. Love, M. F. Burritt, J. A. Butz, G. I. Wolfe, L. S. Hynan, J. Reisch, and J. R. Trivedi. Neurology August 2008 71 639-643
Painful peripheral neuropathy and its non-surgical treatment
Wolfe GI, Trivedi JR Muscle and Nerve July 2004 30 3-19
Transverse Myelitis in Systemic Sclerosis
Torabi AM, Patel RK, Wolfe GI, Hughes, Mendelsohn, DB, Trivedi JR Arch Neurol 2004 61 126-128
Adult polyglucosan body disease presenting with levodopa-responsive tremor
Trivedi JR, Wolfe GI, Nations SP, Burns DK, Bryan WW, Dewey RB Archives of Neurology May 2003 Volume 60 764-766
Polyneuropathy associated with antisulfatide antibodies
Trivedi JR, Wolfe GI Gilman S, Goldstein GW, Waxman SG, eds. Medlink-Neurology 2003 In press-Medlink Co.


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LANCASTER- The Veterans of Foreign Wars Post No. 7275 is looking for new members returning home from Afghanistan and Iraq, among others. Those looking...
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It was a battle of crosstown rivals Saturday afternoon (Sept. 27) at Tudor Stadium, where Starpoint hosted Lockport in a non-league matchup.The...
If you asked your dad to build a stage for you in the backyard, would he? Chances are he would probably say no or to build it yourself, but that wasn't...
We've worked out deals with some of our area's best restaurants and businesses to give you 1/2 off gift certificates - That's right, 50% off food and more!
Each week we will feature a business of the week. We'll open up the ONLINE store for that week's business. But you have to be fast - we are only able to provide a limited number of gift certificates per week.
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Forum Index »
General Lightweight Backpacking Discussion »
2013 5th Annual Gathering of Gear Geeks
2013 5th Annual Gathering of Gear GeeksSpecial Announcement by Ron of Six Moons Designs of future products and collaboration with founder of ULA Equipment
Edited by Valshar on 02/16/2013 01:03:09 MST.
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Israeli Court: 'Army not guilty for Activist Rachel Corrie's 2003 death' [Ronnie Barkan © RT]
- Knewtube
- uploaded: Aug 29, 2012
- Hits: 691
An Israeli judge has exonerated a military investigation that acquitted the IDF of the killing of a US activist by a bulldozer. The judge reiterated that the death was "an accident," while the victim's family insists she was purposefully run over.
2 comments
Knewtube August 30, 2012 2:07:43 PM CEST
Something tells me their days are numbered! The Goyim is waking up to this Zionist deception!
Wizard1313 August 30, 2012 4:08:33 AM CEST
What would you expect from an Israeli court. The army could have shot her point blank and the court would have found in the armies favor. This is how they treat all non-jews.


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Before you arrive
A research move to NTNU and Norway involves a series of steps to make certain that you have the right paperwork in place before you leave your home country. What follows are links to the most important topics you'll need to address before you make your move.
International Researcher Support
Contact us
Infohuset ("Infohouse")
O. Bragstadsplass 1
Map showing office location
New in Norway
The Norwegian government has produced a comprehensive website that provides official answers to common questions about moving to Norway.


text: How to pick the perfect winter coat Great tips from Karen Kwinter, Canadian Living's style editor-at-large, on buying a winter coat you'll love. By Natalie Bahadur Winter can be long, cold, harsh, and by the time March rolls around, downright miserable. But since we should be used to our nippy northern climate by now, the only remedy is to find the silver lining and make the most of the season. So, as we approach another Canadian winter, why not rejoice in the changing of the seasons? It's the perfect time to do a bit of shopping and update your wardrobe for the weather ahead. And what's the most important wardrobe staple to get you through those long, cold winter days? A warm winter coat. We checked in with Karen Kwinter, Canadian Living magazine's style editor-at-large and she dished on this year's trends. CanadianLiving.com: How do you find the perfect coat to suit your lifestyle? Karen Kwinter: There are many factors that come into play when selecting a winter coat. First, ask yourself: Will this be your only coat or will you be able to have more than one? The next most important question to ask is what function the coat will fulfill: are you looking for a career coat or a casual one? The next question is what level of warmth will be necessary? When getting around, do you drive, walk, take public transportation? The final question to ask yourself is What colours and styles do you generally prefer? Once you've identified the answers to these questions, it's easier to narrow your choices down and start the search for the perfect winter coat.CL.com: Is there a particular style that works really well for everything from daywear (play dates with the kids for example) to an evening out? KK: I think it's unrealistic to imagine having more than two or maximum three coats in a person's wardrobe. The best outerwear to buy is something that can be very versatile. It's best to determine your wardrobe needs first and go from there. Ideally, every wardrobe should have an outerwear jacket and a knee-length coat. Jackets work best when you are looking for something to wear on casual occasions, while coats often look more appropriate when a dressier look is required.CL.com: A big concern during long, cold winters is how to find a coat that's really warm. Should women buy two coats? One that's down-filled, one that's wool? KK: The warmest coat you can find is down-filled. The best-case scenario is to have one wool/cloth coat and one down/polyester-filled coat in your closet.Page 1 of 2 1 2


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I-35 Rv Park and Resort in the Waco Texas Area is a beautiful campground! It has over 200 big pull throug... more
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The scorching temperatures of a long summer day beckon for any kind of refreshment, and what's more refreshing than a tall glass of iced tea?
A Brew Better Tip to help you brew and enjoy great coffee everyday!
Over the past couple months we've looked at the first two elements of three T's of coffee brewing- Time and Temperature. Time is an important element in coffee brewing, as the amount of time the water is contact with the coffee determines the amount of coffee material extracted. This is the major component that affects flavor.
Brewing coffee is a work of science in which numerous elements, including the three T's of coffee brewing, must align in order to extract the ideal coffee flavor. Last month we looked at Time. Now it's time to take a deeper look at the second T of proper brewing—Temperature.
You've probably never looked at your morning routine of brewing coffee as a work of science, but it is. Numerous elements must align in order to extract the ideal coffee flavor. What are these elements? Water, filtration, grind and the three T's of coffee brewing. The three T's are: Time, Temperature and Turbulence. Let's take a look at the first T -- Time.
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OBJECTIVE: While researchers have increasing insight into the role of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of psychiatric and substance use disorders, they know much less about how such factors influence the dimensions of healthy psychological functioning. METHOD: In a population-based sample of 794 female-female twin pairs, the authors examined, by using multivariate structural equation modeling, six dimensions of mental health: perceived physical health, nonconflictual interpersonal relationships, anxious-depressive symptoms, substance use, social support, and self-esteem. RESULTS: The best-fit model was complex and constituted five common factors (two genetic, one family environmental, and two unique environmental); variable-specific genetic effects for physical health, substance use, and social support; and variable-specific family environmental effects for interpersonal relationships and substance use. Genetic effects were seen for all six dimensions; total heritabilities ranged from 16% to 49%. Family environment was an important influence on interpersonal relationships, substance use, and social support. CONCLUSIONS: Mental health is a complex phenotype that is influenced by a diverse array of genetic and environmental factors. While genetic factors appear to be of moderate etiologic importance in all major dimensions of mental health, the family environment is an important influence on only interpersonal relations, social support, and substance use.
An increasing number of twin, family, and adoption studies are clarifying the role of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of a wide range of psychiatric and substance use disorders (1). By contrast, we understand much less about how these factors influence overall mental health. While twin studies have examined individual variables such as happiness (2), self-esteem (3), and social support (4, 5), these constructs reflect only a part of what is generally considered to be mental health.
In this study, we begin to address this disparity by examining, in a large sample of female-female twin pairs ascertained from a population-based registry, six variables chosen to reflect at least part of the diversity of functions that constitute mental health. We attempt to address the following specific questions about these variables:
1. What is the structure of the genetic factors that influence these dimensions of mental health? Is there a set of mental health genes, or is mental health more genetically complex, with distinct genetic factors that influence certain dimensions?
2. While family environment appears to play little role in the etiology of major psychiatric disorders (1, 6), is the same pattern true of dimensions of healthy psychological functioning? If family environment is important in mental health, does it affect all dimensions or only some? Is there a single factor that reflects a health-inducing family environment, or are there several dimensions of family experience that affect mental health?
3. While individual environmental experiences certainly influence mental health, to what extent do these environmental effects influence all dimensions or selected dimensions of psychological functioning?
The subjects examined in this study were participants in a longitudinal investigation of the risk factors for common psychiatric disorders in women. They were members of Caucasian female same-sex twin pairs from the Virginia Twin Registry (6), a population-based registry formed from a systematic review of all birth certificates in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Twins were eligible to participate if they were born during 1934–1971 and both members had previously responded to a mailed questionnaire. In our first interview, we assessed 92% of the eligible individuals (N=2,163)—90% face-to-face, the rest by telephone. Zygosity was determined blindly by standard questions (7), photographs, and—when necessary—DNA (6, 8). We recently conducted a validation study that involved performing polymerase chain reaction zygosity tests on an additional 269 pairs of twins and oversampling those for which our prior zygosity assignment was uncertain. On the basis of these tests (where the mean number of markers tested per pair was 17.5, SD=8.4), zygosity was changed in 12 pairs (4.5%).
We performed three additional waves of telephone interviews with this sample, but here we use data only from the third interview, which was completed by 1,898 individuals—87.7% of the individual twins from the original sample. The mean number of months between the first interview and the third interview was 61.3 (SD=5.1). The mean age of the participating twins in the third interview was 34.6 years (SD=7.5, range=22–59). From all twins who participated in interview wave 1, pairs in which both members participated in the third wave were similar in age (t=1.33, df=2161, p=0.18) to pairs in which one or both twins did not cooperate in the third wave, but the former group had, on average, approximately 0.6 more years of education (t=5.56, df=2161, p<0.0001). All interviews were conducted by interviewers who were blind to information about the co-twin. Written informed consent was obtained before face-to-face interviews, and oral assent was obtained before telephone interviews.
We chose, a priori, six measures from the first and third interviews that reflected broad aspects of functioning that relate to mental health. For simplicity, we scaled all dimensions so that increasing levels reflected increasing mental health.
Self-perceived physical health was assessed by two items in the wave 1 interview: 1) satisfaction with health and 2) number of days spent sick in bed in the last 12 months. This variable was included because of the strong evidence for a positive association between physical and emotional health (9). The mean scores for these two items were calculated after each was rescaled to contribute equal weight. Cronbach's alpha (10), a standard measure of internal scale reliability, for these two items was 0.41.
Nonconflictual interpersonal relationships were assessed by separate questions from a standard inventory of stressful life events (11), and participants were asked at both the wave 1 and wave 3 interviews about any serious problems getting along during the preceding 12 months with 1) parents, 2) twin, 3) other siblings, 4) other relatives, 5) close friends, 6) neighbors, or 7) in-laws. We examined the mean number of problems across the two interview waves. Cronbach's alpha for these items was 0.61.
Levels of anxiety and depression were assessed by the response to 18 questions asked at both interviews about the experience, for at least 5 days over the last 12 months, of 16 disaggregated symptoms of major depression, as outlined by DSM-III-R (e.g., separate items for weight gain and loss and psychomotor retardation and agitation), and two screening questions for generalized anxiety disorder ("feeling anxious, nervous, or worried" and "your muscles felt tense, or you felt jumpy or shaky inside"). Positive responses to these items, which were adapted from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (12), were not counted if the symptoms were judged to be the result of medications or physical illness. We examined the mean number of symptoms reported across the two waves. Cronbach's alpha for these items was 0.89.
Levels of substance use were measured with three variables that assessed 1) alcohol consumption at both waves, measured as the product of the number of days per month when an alcoholic drink was consumed and the number of drinks consumed on an average day when drinking occurred, 2) the frequency of use of "medicine for your nerves or sleeping medicines," assessed at the wave 1 interview, and 3) the average number of cigarettes smoked per day in the last year, assessed at the wave 3 interview. We examined the first principal component derived from these measures. Cronbach's alpha for these three items was 0.39.
Social support was assessed as the first principal component of a 15-item social interaction scale that was previously developed and used at the Institute for Social Research (13) and with which ratings were obtained at both interviews. These items reflected the frequency and quality of contact with friends and relatives, the frequency of attendance at clubs or other organizations, and the number of friends and confidants. The highest negative loadings on this factor (<–0.40) were for items that reflected interpersonal tensions (e.g., "Do your relatives criticize you? Do your friends make too many demands on you?"), whereas the highest positive loadings (>0.40) were on items that reflected warm relationships (e.g., "Do your relatives express interest in how you are doing? Do your relatives make you feel that they care about you?"). Cronbach's alpha for these 15 items was 0.61.
Self-esteem was assessed by the 10-item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (14), which was completed at the wave 3 interview. We examined the first principal component derived from these items. Cronbach's alpha for this scale was 0.89.
The distributional properties of these variables, even after analysis of principal components, were often highly nonnormal. Therefore, before analysis, we polychotomized all variables into three approximately equal classes that reflected low, intermediate, and high scores. We then fitted to these resulting contingency tables a multiple-threshold model, which assumes a normally distributed underlying latent distribution. We tested the goodness-of-fit of this model separately in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Of the 12 tests, the model failed at the 5% level only twice, a result not different from chance expectations (15); no variable failed in both zygosities. We also examined the relationship between these six variables and age. The highest correlation was with nonconflictual interpersonal relationships (0.13); all other correlations were under 0.05. We did not, therefore, include age in our model.
Our approach to the analysis of twin data has been outlined in detail elsewhere (16, 17) and consists of inferring the action of genetic and environmental risk factors from the pattern of resemblance in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. For this article, we performed a multivariate genetic analysis of our six putative dimensions of mental health. While the goal of univariate genetic analysis is the decomposition of the variance of a trait into its genetic and environmental components, in multivariate genetic analysis, the focus shifts to decomposing sources of covariance among traits. To illustrate the difference between univariate and multivariate twin analysis, the concept of latent or unobserved factors is introduced. In a traditional or phenotypic factor analysis, latent factors are postulated to cause the resemblance (or, more technically, covariation) among items. The goal of factor analysis is to explain the correlations among a large number of variables as a result of the effects of a small number of latent factors. Multivariate genetic analysis is also a method of explaining correlations among multiple items. However, it goes beyond traditional factor analysis in that it provides insight into the causes of resemblance among variables.
As with all our twin modeling, we here assume that the variation and covariation in liability to mental health can be ascribed to three potential sets of factors: 1) additive genetic variables, which contribute twice as much to the correlations between monozygotic twins as they do to the correlations between dizygotic twins (because monozygotic twins share identical genes by descent, whereas dizygotic twins share, on average, half their genes), 2) common or family environment (those familial factors such as parental attitudes that are shared by members of a twin pair), which contribute equally to the correlation between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, and 3) individual-specific environmental factors, which reflect environmental experiences not shared by both members of a twin pair and therefore contribute to differences between them in their reported levels of mental health.
In univariate analysis, information regarding the causes of variation is obtained by comparing the resemblance of monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs for a single variable. In multivariate analysis, the correlation between two or more variables is the primary unit of analysis. By comparing the cross-twin, cross-variable correlation in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, and contrasting that to the cross-twin, within-variable and within-twin, cross-variable correlations, the covariation of two or more variables can be partitioned into its genetic and environmental components.
Two alternative models were tested to describe how genetic and environmental factors may influence covariation. In the common pathway model (17–19), genetic and environmental factors influence covariation through a single pathway. Such a model contains no separate genetic and environmental latent factors. Rather, genetic and environmental variables act conjointly through one or more latent phenotypes. By contrast, in the independent pathway model, genes and the environment can contribute to covariation through separate genetic and environmental latent factors. Because we had only six dimensions of mental health, no model with more than two common factors could be identified. In addition to these common factors, the model estimated additive genetic (A), common or family environmental (C), and/or individual-specific or unique environmental (E) factors that are specific to individual dimensions of mental health. The common and specific factors are identified by subscripts so that AC1 and ES represent, respectively, the first common genetic factor and a unique environmental factor specific to a particular variable.
The form of data for our multivariate genetic analysis is two 12×12 polychoric correlation matrices calculated by PRELIS (20), which gave the tetrachoric correlations within and across twins for the six dimensions of mental health and separately for monozygotic and dizygotic twins. To best describe how genes and the environment influence resemblance among the dimensions of mental health, a series of multivariate models was fitted to these matrices by using Mx software (21) by the method of asymptotic-weighted least squares. The model, which best combined the features of parsimony and goodness-of-fit, was selected by Akaike's information criterion (22), one of the best performing of such indices in a thorough simulation study (23). To identify uniquely second common factors, the loading of these factors on the first variable (physical health) was set to zero.
Complete data were available from both members of 794 twin pairs, of whom 471 were classified as monozygotic twins and 323 as dizygotic twins.
The complete within- and between-twin correlation matrix for the six variables is shown in t1. Results for monozygotic twins are above the diagonal (the upper-right shaded portion), and those for dizygotic twins are below the diagonal (the lower-left unshaded portion). For both monozygotic and dizygotic twins, the matrix has three parts: correlations within twin 1, correlations between twins 1 and 2, and correlations within twin 2. The following patterns in this complete matrix are noteworthy:
1. The within-twin correlations for the six traits are generally positive and modest and range largely from 0.15–0.30. The strongest correlations are seen between interpersonal relationships and anxiety/depression, interpersonal relationships and social support, and anxiety/depression and substance use.
2. The within-trait, cross-twin correlations (in t1) are higher for all six variables in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins. These results suggest that genetic factors are of etiologic importance for all of these traits. However, the magnitude of twin resemblance for these traits varied widely: for physical health, the traits correlated to 0.09 in dizygotic and 0.28 in monozygotic twins; for substance use, they correlated to 0.47 in dizygotic and 0.70 in monozygotic twins.
3. For any two traits, there were two cross-twin, cross-trait correlations (i.e., trait 1 in twin 1 correlated with trait 2 in twin 2, and trait 2 in twin 1 correlated with trait 1 in twin 2). With few exceptions, these cross-twin, cross-trait correlations were higher for monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins. For example, the correlations between interpersonal relationships and anxiety/depression were considerably higher in monozygotic twins (0.25 and 0.35, respectively) than in dizygotic twins (0.17 and 0.10). This pattern of results was consistent with the hypothesis that genetic factors are in part responsible for the covariance of these traits in the population.
The results of model fitting are outlined in t2. We began by fitting a fully saturated Cholesky model, which fit well but required the estimation of 63 separate parameters. We then attempted to fit two very simple models. The common pathway model allowed for a single factor that influenced all six traits by acting through a common latent variable. This produced a relatively poor fit. The second simple model assumed one genetic, one family environmental, and one unique environmental common factor that acted on the six variables independently of one another. This model (independent pathway model 1 in t2) fit much better than the common pathway model and nearly as well as the saturated model.
We then added to this very simple independent pathway model a second genetic factor (independent pathway model 2), a second family environmental factor (independent pathway model 3), or a second unique environmental factor (independent pathway model 4). All three of these models produced an improvement in Akaike's information criterion, but the best fit was found with independent pathway model 2, which was substantially better than that found with the saturated model.
We then explored whether we could improve the fit yet further with additions to independent pathway model 2. We added a second family environmental factor (independent pathway model 5) and a second unique environmental factor (independent pathway model 6). By Akaike's information criterion, independent pathway model 5 was clearly inferior, but independent pathway 6 produced a slightly superior fit.
We then tested two further variations on independent pathway model 6. We tried dropping the one family environmental factor (independent pathway model 7) and adding a second such factor (independent pathway model 8). Neither improved upon the fit of independent pathway model 6, which we concluded was the model that provided the best overall explanation of the data.
The path coefficients that were estimated from the best-fitting model (independent pathway 6) are seen in F1. t3 presents the proportion of variance in these six aspects of mental health accounted for by the various aspects of the model.
Seven aspects of these results are noteworthy:
1. The first genetic factor has substantial loadings on all six variables, with the highest loadings on anxiety/depression and self-esteem and the lowest loading on substance use.
2. The second genetic factor—which, by definition, did not load on physical health—had its highest loadings on anxiety/depression and substance use and negative loadings on social support and self-esteem.
3. Genetic risk factors for three of the variables (interpersonal relationships, anxiety/depression, and self-esteem) were entirely accounted for by the two genetic common factors. By contrast, substantial variable-specific genetic loadings were found for physical health, substance use, and social support.
4. The single common family environmental factor had substantial loadings on only two variables: interpersonal relationships and social support.
5. Variable-specific family environmental effects were found for two variables—interpersonal relationships and substance use—one of which (substance use) was particularly large.
6. The first unique environmental common factor had substantial loadings on physical health, interpersonal relationships, and anxiety/depression; a modest loading on substance use; and very small loadings on social support and self-esteem. By contrast, the second unique environmental common factor had its highest loadings on social support and self-esteem.
7. Substantial variable-specific unique environmental factors were seen for all of the putative dimensions of mental health.
We sought, in this report, to explore the pattern of genetic and environmental factors that influence important dimensions of mental health in women. We attempted to address three specific questions and will examine our results in turn.
Our first goal was to clarify the structure of the genetic factors that influence healthy mental functioning. One plausible hypothesis is that the genetic component of mental health has a very simple structure; there is a single set of mental health genes that are entirely responsible for the genetic contribution to the dimensions of mental health. This hypothesis might seem analogous to a genetic version of the unitary hypothesis of mental illness (24). An alternative hypothesis is that each dimension of healthy mental functioning is influenced by its own independent genetic factors.
We found, however, that the impact of genes on the dimensions of mental health were owing neither to a single common factor nor to only dimension-specific genetic effects. Rather, our results were more complex than either of these simpler models. We found evidence for two common genetic factors. High levels of the first of these factors tended to produce individuals who had warm, easy interpersonal relationships, were not prone to developing symptoms of anxiety or depression, and were predisposed to feeling good about themselves. High levels of the second genetic factor tended to produce individuals with little propensity toward substance use or anxious/depressive symptoms yet who tended to have surprisingly low levels of self-esteem.
However, these two common factors did not explain all of the genetic variance for mental health. Substantial variable-specific genetic effects were seen for physical health, substance use, and social support. Individuals with high levels of mental health, who functioned well across multiple psychological domains, were likely to have a fortuitous combination of a range of genetic factors.
Genetic studies of typical psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (25), major depression (26), and bipolar disorder (27), rarely find evidence for an etiologic contribution of family environment. Only in the area of substance use or abuse (e.g., references 28–30) is there a consistent impact of family environmental variables. What would we find for dimensions of healthy mental functioning?
Our results indicated that family environment significantly contributed to mental health. One common factor was found that strongly influenced the two variables of interpersonal relationships and social support. The general impact of family background on mental health appears to be in the domain of interpersonal functioning.
However, this single factor did not account for all of the impact of family environment on dimensions of mental health. Specific family environmental effects influenced the rates of conflictual relationships and, especially, substance use. The shared environment of twins might affect the rates of drug use through several mechanisms that cluster in families, including parental monitoring, religious and cultural values, community organizations, and drug availability (31).
The structure of nonshared environmental factors that affect mental health was also quite complex. Two general factors were observed. High levels of the first factor predisposed individuals to low levels of both physical and anxious/depressive symptoms and to nonconflictual relationships. High levels of the second factor tended to produce individuals with good social support, high levels of self-esteem, and low levels of psychological symptoms. While it is difficult to speculate with any precision about the origin of these effects, it is plausible that the second factor results from success in a key life role such as marriage or work.
Unlike the results with genetic and family environmental factors, strong variable-specific, nonshared environmental effects were seen for all six dimensions. The interpretation of these loadings, however, is problematic because they reflect a confounding of true environmental influences and measurement error. Error or unreliability of measurements is likely to be substantial for many of the variables examined here. For example, the test-retest reliability for self-esteem over a 5-year period in this sample was 0.74 (3), which suggests that almost one-half of the variance of our assessment may be short-term fluctuations, actual change, or error.
One of the advantages of genetic multivariate analysis is the ability to peer below phenotypic correlations to clarify the mechanisms of covariation. Standard factor analysis of our six dimensions produced evidence for a single factor with substantial loadings on all dimensions but self-esteem. These results might lead to the conclusion that the causes of the dimensions of mental health would have a simple structure and be very highly intercorrelated. Our findings suggest that this is unlikely.
We were also able to test whether the genetic and environmental causes of mental health had the same underlying structure (as predicted by the common pathway model) or had a different effect on the pattern of covariation of the dimensions of mental health. Our results clearly support the independent pathway model, which further elucidates the complex and distinct ways in which genetic and environmental factors affect healthy mental functioning.
These results should be interpreted in the context of five potential methodologic limitations. First, the sample was entirely women, and our findings may not extrapolate to men. Second, our third interview, data from which contributed to four of our six measures, was performed by telephone. It is possible that different results might have been obtained had this assessment been face-to-face. Third, the traits examined in this study, some of which were based on quite a small number of items, had variable reliability. Only two of them (anxiety/depression and self-esteem) reflected a priori scales, and our measures of social support had only moderate internal reliability because social support was the first principal component of a multidimensional scale (5). In standard twin studies, errors of measurement result in an overestimation of the individual-specific environment and an underestimation of heritability (16). This might be a greater problem for the two of our measures that were obtained at a single wave (physical health and self-esteem) than for the four measures (interpersonal relationships, anxiety/depression, substance use, and social support) for which we averaged results obtained over two waves of assessment.
Fourth, our twin models assume that the exposure to relevant environmental factors was similar in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. We tested the validity of this assumption by examining whether standard measures of the similarity of childhood environments (32) and the current frequency of contact (as assessed at our wave 1 interview) predicted twin similarity for the six measures. Of these 12 analyses, two were significant at the 5% level (frequency of contact predicted twin similarity for physical health and substance use), a result that would occur by chance approximately 12% of the time (15). Of these two, the frequency of twin contact at the wave 3 interview predicted twin similarity only for substance use. Our estimates of the heritability of substance use may be upwardly biased. However, as we discussed previously in the Journal(30), it is also likely that the similarity in twin pairs of substance use patterns or associated personality traits influences the frequency of contact.
Fifth, we make no pretensions to have measured all the possible dimensions of what might constitute mental health. Were different dimensions included (e.g., the capacity to play), our results might have differed substantially. We assessed some important dimensions (e.g., marital adjustment and work satisfaction) but did not include them because they were not available for significant (and nonrandom) portions of our sample (e.g., single women and married homemakers).
Received Jan. 19, 1999; revision received June 21, 1999; accepted July 12, 1999. From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University. Address reprint requests to Dr. Kendler, Department of Psychiatry, Box 980126, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298-0126; email@example.com (e-mail). Supported by NIMH and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism grant MH/AA-49492, NIMH grants MH-40828 and MH-54150, and a NIMH Research Scientist Award (MH-01277) to Dr. Kendler. The Virginia Twin Registry, established by W. Nance, M.D., Ph.D., and maintained by L. Corey, Ph.D., is supported by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development grant HD-26746 and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke grant NS-31564. The authors thank Carol Prescott, Ph.D., for her comments on an earlier version of the article.
Path Estimates of the Best-Fitting Model for Genetic, Family Environmental, and Individual-Specific Environmental Factors in Mental Health Indices for 794 Pairs of Female Twinsa
aPath estimates are standardized partial regression coefficients and must be squared to determine the proportion of variance accounted for in the dependent variable. Observed variables are depicted in squares and latent variables in circles. The following abbreviations are used: A, additive genetic effects; C, common or family environment; E, individual-specific or unique environment. The subscript C indicates a common factor, and the subscript S indicates a factor that is unique to a single variable.
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