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Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine. Bennink HJ, Schreurs WH Br Med J 1975 Jul 5;3(5974):13-5
Fourteen pregnant women were shown by the oral glucose tolerance test to have gestational diabetes. In 13 an increased urinary xanthurenic-acid excretion after an oral load of L-tryptophan indicated a relative pyridoxine deficiency. All patients were treated with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) 100 mg/day for 14 days by mouth, after which the pyridoxine deficiency disappeared and the oral glucose tolerance improved considerably. Only two patients then had sufficiently impaired glucose tolerance to justify the diagnosis of gestational diabetes; Our results substantiated our hypothesis that increased xanthurenic-acid synthesis during pregnancy may cause gestational diabetes. Treatment with vitamin B6 makes the production of xanthurenic-acid normal by restoring tryptophan metabolism and improves the oral glucose tolerance in patients with gestational diabetes.
Vitamin B6 status in pregnancy. Heller S, Salkeld RM, Korner WF Am J Clin Nutr 1973 Dec;26(12):1339-48
No abstract.
[Study of vitamin B6 metabolism during various stages of experimental diabetes] Shuvalova TI, Smurnov MI Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 1970 Jan-Feb;16(1):79-81
[Studies on vitamin B6 deficiency during pregnacy and in various pathological states using pyridoxine saturation test] Karlin R, Croizat P, Revol L, Pommatau E, Viala JJ, Dumont M Pathol Biol 1968 Nov;16(21):917-24
[Studies on carbohydrate metabolism in vitamin B6-deficient albino rat] Watanabe K Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi 1968 May 20;44(2):154-67
[Contribution to the study of latent B6 avitaminoses in pregnant women] Karlin R, Dumont M Gynecol Obstet (Paris) 1967 Jun-Aug;66(3):339-46
[Effect of vitamin B6 on the lecithin-cholesterin ratio and protein fraction of the blood serum of patients with diabetes mellitus] Shifrin MA Ter Arkh 1966 Jan;38(1):96-9
[Clinical studies on the relation between endocrine function and vitamin B6 metabolism. II. Vitamin B6 metabolism in patients with pituitary, adrenal diseases and diabetes mellitus] Azechi S Naika Hokan 1966 Apr;13(4):205-16
Dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, obesity, waist-hip ratio, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes in postmenopausal women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Barrett-Connor E, Ferrara A Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996 Jan;81(1):59-64
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels were determined in morning specimens from 659 fasting postmenopausal women who were not using estrogen therapy or antidiabetic medication. All women had concurrent oral glucose tolerance tests and measurements of body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR). DHEA levels were weakly and inversely associated with BMI but not with WHR or glucose tolerance status. DHEAS levels were not associated with BMI but were positively associated with WHR, diabetes, and impaired glucose tolerance. In analyses adjusted for or stratified by WHR, the DHEAS association with abnormal carbohydrate tolerance was reduced but still independent of fat distribution. Because this was a cross-sectional study, it was not possible to determine whether DHEAS levels were raised by central obesity or vice versa. At a minimum, these data strongly suggest that the positive association of DHEAS with both central obesity and abnormal glucose tolerance does not support the thesis that DHEAS protect against diabetes or obesity in older women as had been suggested by animal studies.
Differences in substrate metabolism between selperceived 'large-eating' and 'small-eating' women. Clark DG, Tomas FM, Withers RT, Brinkman M, Berry MN, Oliver JR, Owens PC, Butler RN, Ballard FJ, Nestel PJ CSIRO, Division of Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995 Apr;19(4):245-52
OBJECTIVE: To compare different aspects of intermediary metabolism in self perceived 'small-eating' females and selperceived near normal weight 'large-eating' females and relate the data to those reported for Pima Indians who have the world's highest prevalence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity.
DESIGN: Make repeat measurements of rates of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and blood metabolites in 'large-' and 'small-eating' females at rest, during different activities and after ingestion of a standardised liquid meal.
SUBJECTS: Nine self perceived, 'large-eating' females and nine self perceived 'small-eating' females.
MEASUREMENTS: Resting metabolic rates (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ) values and plasma insulin, glucagon insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-SO4) and glucose.
RESULTS: RMR (adjusted for FFM) averaged 3891 +/- 93 J/min in the 'small-eaters' and 3375 +/- 107 J/min in the 'large-eaters' for ten consecutive measurements conducted at 30 min intervals during the control period for the measurement of the thermic effect of food. Over this period the average RQ for the 'small-eating' women (0.81) was significantly greater than that of the 'large-eating' women (0.78). The two groups responded similarly to an oral glucose tolerance test but the concentration of DHEA-SO4 in plasma was 35% higher in the 'small-eaters'.
CONCLUSION: The 'small-eating' women may have a greater risk of weight gain but they counteract this tendency by maintaining high activity levels.
[43 cases of primary empty sella syndrome: a case series] Bragagni G, Bianconcini G, Mazzali F, Baldini A, Brogna R, Iori I, Sarti G Divisione di Medicina Generale, USL 30 di Cento. Ann Ital Med Int 1995 Apr-Jun;10(2):138-42
Primary empty sella syndrome (ESS) is an anatomo-radiological picture characterized by the presence of an arachnoid herniation filled with liquor that compresses the pituitary against the sellar wall. ESS occurs particularly in obese, hypertensive, cephalalgic women. It is often asymptomatic but may be associated with ophthalmologic, neurologic and non-characterizing endocrine disorders. We report here 43 cases of primary ESS observed and assessed in our Departments of Internal Medicine from June 1983 to May 1993. The following endocrinological diagnostic procedures were carried out: hormonal (RIA) basal profile: FT3, FT4, TSH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, 8.00 a.m. and p.m., blood cortisol, aldo, PRA, DHEA-S, FTe, E2, P, PTH, CT, and calcemia and phosphoremia; provocative tests: TRH, GnRH, etc.; inhibition tests: high dose dexamethasone. Clinical, neurologic (skull radiographs, sellar stratigraphy, computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance), and ophthalmologic (fundus, visual fields) assessments were also made. Our findings fit with the data in the literature concerning common symptoms of ESS, associated endocrinopathies and other illness. We found obesity (62.7%), oligo-amenorrhea (16.6%), galactorrhea (14.6%), hyperPRL (11.6%), hypopituitarism (9.3%), hypogonadism (4.6%), diabetes insipidus (2.3%), (micro-)polycystic ovary syndrome (19%), hyperACTH (2.3%). In 9.3% of the cases, endocrinopathy referred to pituitary adenomas. Moreover, we noted a high frequency of psychological disorders, to our knowledge not previously reported in the literature, including anxiety or dysthymic disorders with altered behavior (chiefly oral compulsion). We also make the hypothesis that obesity (occurring in 62.7% of our patients) and hypertension (62.7%) may be related to hypothalamic alterations.
Differential expression of hepatic oestrogen, phenol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphotransferases in genetically obese diabetic (ob/ob) male and female mice. Borthwick EB, Burchell A, Coughtrie MW Department of Biochemical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, UK. J Endocrinol 1995 Jan;144(1):31-7
Sulphotransferases (STs) are a family of closely related enzymes playing a key role in regulation of the bioavailability and activity of important endogenous molecules such as steroid hormones. A relationship between the expression of steroid STs and the diabetic state has been demonstrated in various laboratory animal models, and steroid sulphates such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate are known to have anti-diabetic properties. In order to further our understanding of the molecular basis for the association of steroid hormone sulphation and diabetes, we have examined the expression of oestrogen, phenol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) STs in mice carrying the obesity mutation (ob), which in the homozygous state (ob/ob) produces mice which are obese and diabetic. Our data show that, in male mice, ST activities towards oestrone (E1), oestriol (E3), DHEA and the xenobiotic 1-naphthol are elevated in ob/ob mice, whereas in female mice, only the oestrogen ST activities were elevated, with the DHEA and 1-naphthol ST activities reduced. Using antibodies directed against oestrogen ST, it was demonstrated that the induction of E1 and E3 ST activity in ob/ob mice correlated with the expression of an ST isoenzyme not constitutively expressed in control mouse liver.
[Isolated gonadotropin deficiency and secretory discrepancy of cortisol and adrenal androgen by hemochromatosis secondary to congenital dyserythropoietic anemia] Okano J, Yanase T, Takayanagi R, Mimura K, Nawata H Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi 1994 Jan 20;70(1):57-64
A 37-yr-old woman was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis and primary amenorrhea. Serological and hematological examinations revealed that she suffered from hemochromatosis secondary to congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA), characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and erythropoietic dysplasia. Iron deposition was suggested by MRI on the pancreas, liver and pituitary gland. Endocrinological examinations demonstrated that she had isolated gonadotropin deficiency and ovarian failure, resulting in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In addition, despite normal responses of serum cortisol and plasma aldosterone to ACTH and furosemide-standing tests, respectively, serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) responded poorly to ACTH test, suggesting selective damage of zona reticularis in adrenocortical steroidogenesis in association with hemochromatosis.
Decreased testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations are associated with increased insulin and glucose concentrations in nondiabetic men. Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Mykkanen L, Stern MP, Katz MS Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78284 Metabolism 1994 May;43(5):599-603
Although many studies indicate that increased androgenicity is associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, relatively few data are available on this relationship in men. We examined the association of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), total and free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-SO4), and estradiol to glucose and insulin concentrations before and during an oral glucose tolerance test in 178 men from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Total and free testosterone and DHEA-SO4 were significantly inversely associated with insulin concentrations. Free testosterone and DHEA-SO4 were also significantly inversely correlated with glucose concentrations. SHBG was weakly positively associated with glucose concentrations. Estradiol was not related to glucose or insulin concentrations. After adjustment for age, obesity, and body fat distribution, insulin concentrations remained significantly inversely correlated with free testosterone (r = -.23), total testosterone (r = -.21), and DHEA-SO4 (r = -.21; all P < .01). In conclusion, we observed that increased testosterone and DHEA-SO4 are associated with lower insulin concentrations in men. This is in striking contrast to women, where increased androgenicity is associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.
Enhanced adrenocortical activity as a contributing factor to diabetes in hyperandrogenic women. Buffington CK, Givens JR, Kitabchi AE Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis. Metabolism 1994 May;43(5):584-90
The high incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO) is believed to occur secondary to the insulin resistance associated with their androgenicity. In the present study, we have examined the interrelationships between glucose tolerance, androgenicity, and various in vivo and in vitro parameters of insulin sensitivity in 11 obese PCO patients with NIDDM, 14 PCO patients without diabetes, and 14 weight-matched controls. Both groups of PCO patients were hypertestosteronemic, hyperinsulinemic, and insulin-resistant when compared with a group of weight-matched controls. However, PCO patients with NIDDM differed from those without diabetes in that they had elevated basal and corticotropin-stimulated adrenal steroids (cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEAS]). The hyperglycemia of our diabetic patients was not related to their elevated testosterone levels or to their degree of insulin resistance, but was significantly and positively correlated with adrenal hypersecretion, which in turn was associated with postreceptor defects in insulin action. These findings would suggest that enhanced adrenocortical activity may be an important factor underlying the development of NIDDM in women with PCO.
Obesity, body fat distribution and sex hormones in men. Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Stern MP, Katz MS Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7873. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993 Nov;17(11):643-9
An unfavourable body fat distribution may cause metabolic abnormalities including diabetes and dyslipidemia. These effects may be mediated by alterations in sex hormones. In women the available data suggest that upper body adiposity is related to increased androgenicity (especially as indicated by low concentrations of sex hormone binding globulin). Few data, however, are available on these relationships in men. We therefore examined the association of total testosterone, free testosterone, oestradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-SO4) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) to waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and conicity index in 178 men from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The conicity index is equal to the abdominal circumference divided by 0.109 x the square root of (weight/height). The conicity index and WHR were significantly inversely related to DHEA-SO4 and free testosterone. SHBG was only weakly associated with body mass index (r = -0.18, P < 0.05). After adjustment for age and body mass index, DHEA-SO4 remained inversely correlated with WHR (r = -0.22, P < 0.01) and conicity index (r = -0.31, P < 0.001) and free testosterone remained inversely associated with conicity index (r = -0.21, P < 0.01). Thus, in men, the association between unfavourable body fat distribution and increased androgenicity is inverse in contrast to the situation in women.
Relationship of sex hormones to lipids and lipoproteins in nondiabetic men. Haffner SM, Mykkanen L, Valdez RA, Katz MS Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993 Dec;77(6):1610-5
Although many studies show that increased androgenicity is associated with increased triglyceride (TG) and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol in both pre- and postmenopausal women, relatively few data are available on the association of sex hormones to lipids and lipoproteins in men. We examined the association of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), total and free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-SO4), and estradiol with lipids and lipoproteins in 178 nondiabetic men from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The TG concentration was significantly inversely related to SHBG (r = -0.22), free testosterone (r = -0.15), total testosterone (r = -0.22), and DHEA-SO4 (r = -0.16). High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly positively correlated to SHBG (r = 0.21), free testosterone (r = 0.15), total testosterone (r = 0.17), and DHEA-SO4 (r = 0.16). Total testosterone was significantly related to total cholesterol (r = -0.17) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.15). After adjustment for age, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, and glucose and insulin concentrations, TG concentrations remained significantly related to SHBG (r = -0.20), free testosterone (r = -0.15), and DHEA-SO4 (r = -0.18), and HDL cholesterol remained significantly associated with SHBG (r = 0.17), free testosterone (r = 0.15), total testosterone (r = 0.14), and DHEA-SO4 (r = 0.16). In conclusion, we observed a less atherogenic lipid and lipoprotein profile with increased testosterone concentrations. This was not explained by differences in glucose or insulin concentrations. However, sex hormones explained only a small percentage of the variation in total TG and HDL cholesterol concentrations. These findings are in striking contrast to data from women, in whom increased androgenicity is strongly associated with increased TG and decreased HDL cholesterol levels.
Adrenal steroid and adrenocorticotropin responses to human corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus. Ghizzoni L, Vanelli M, Virdis R, Alberini A, Volta C, Bernasconi S Department of Pediatrics, University of Parma, Italy. Metabolism 1993 Sep;42(9):1141-5
To determine whether abnormalities of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function occur in type I diabetes mellitus, corticotropin, cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), androstenedione (D4-A), dehydroepiandroste rone (DHEA), and DHEA sulfate (DS) levels were measured after an intravenous (IV) injection of 1 microgram/kg human corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in diabetic adolescents and normal age-matched subjects. CRH produced a consistent increase in corticotropin blood levels that was comparable in the two groups. In contrast, both baseline and stimulated cortisol concentrations were greater in diabetic patients. Levels of 17-OHP increased after CRH administration, and the magnitude of increase was similar in all subjects. Stimulation with CRH determined an attenuated integrated DS response in diabetics compared with normal subjects with a different pattern of the hormone secretion, whereas no differences in D4-A concentrations were detected between the two groups. DHEA serum levels of subjects from both groups underwent similar changes following administration of CRH. In conclusion, patients with type I diabetes have a discrete response of adrenal steroids to CRH stimulation that appears to be independent of corticotropin secretion. This phenomenon might be related to a direct effect of insulin on enzyme systems involved in the biosynthetic pathway of adrenal steroids or, alternatively, to an intra-adrenal CRH/corticotropin mechanism acting on the adrenal cortex in a paracrine manner.
Excess androgenicity only partially explains the relationship between obesity and bone density in premenopausal women. Haffner SM, Bauer RL Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992 Nov;16(11):869-74
Obese subjects have increased bone density relative to non-obese subjects yet this relationship is not fully understood. We examined whether alterations in sex hormones or binding proteins might explain the effect of obesity on osteoporosis in 83 premenopausal women from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of diabetes. We measured total testosterone, oestradiol, oestrone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-SO4). Bone density was assessed by a Hologic dual photon absorptometer. Lumbar spine and femoral neck density were positively correlated with body mass index (BMI). In addition, femoral neck density was positively correlated with DHEA-SO4. BMI was negatively correlated with SHBG. After adjustment for sex hormones by multiple linear regression a positive association between bone density and obesity still exists suggesting that the association between obesity and bone density is at least partially independent of sex steroids in premenopausal women.
Lower endogenous androgen levels and dyslipidemia in men with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Barrett-Connor E Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0607. Ann Intern Med 1992 Nov 15;117(10):807-11
OBJECTIVE: To compare plasma androgen levels in diabetic and nondiabetic men and to determine their relation to diabetic dyslipidemia.
DESIGN: A population-based, case-control study.
SETTING: Community.
PARTICIPANTS: Men 53 to 88 years of age from the Rancho Bernardo, California, cohort who were screened for diabetes using an oral glucose tolerance test.
MEASUREMENTS: Plasma androgen levels were compared in 44 men with untreated non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and 88 age-matched men who had a normal glucose tolerance test. The relation of lipid and lipoprotein levels to androgen level and diabetic status was assessed before and after adjusting for covariates.
RESULTS: Men with diabetes had significantly lower plasma levels of free (4.96 nmol/L compared with 5.58 nmol/L) and total testosterone (14.7 nmol/L compared with 17.4 nmol/L), dihydrotestosterone (428 pg/mL compared with 533 pg/mL), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (1.92 mumol/L compared with 2.42 mumol/L) than nondiabetic men. They also had significantly lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and significantly higher triglyceride levels. Differences were not explained by obesity, alcohol use, or cigarette habit. Overall, the total testosterone level, but not the free testosterone level, was positively correlated with the HDL cholesterol level (P = 0.009) and negatively correlated with the triglyceride level (P = 0.0001). Similar associations were seen in analyses restricted to the men without diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS: Lower levels of endogenous androgens are seen in older diabetic men, and low androgen levels are associated with diabetic dyslipidemia.
Increased testosterone in type I diabetic subjects with severe retinopathy. Haffner SM, Klein R, Dunn JF, Moss SE, Klein BE Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio. Ophthalmology 1990 Oct;97(10):1270-4
Diabetic retinopathy rarely occurs before puberty, suggesting that changes in sex hormones may influence the development of this condition. The authors measured serum testosterone, estradiol, DHEA-S, and sex hormone binding globulin levels in 26 men and 22 women with type I diabetes from the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy (WESDR), a population-based study of diabetic complications. The mean age was 23 years and the mean duration of diabetes was 14 years. Subjects with proliferative or preproliferative retinopathy (greater than or equal to retinopathy level 51-80) were matched by duration of diabetes (+/- 2 years) and sex to subjects with minimal or no retinopathy (less than or equal to retinopathy level 21). Seven stereoscopic retinal photographs of each eye were obtained and photographs were read by the University of Wisconsin Reading Center. Serum testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in male diabetic subjects with proliferative retinopathy (648 +/- 36 ng/dl) than in male diabetic subjects with minimal or no retinopathy (512 +/- 43 ng/dl) (P = 0.017). No other statistically significant differences in sex hormones between subjects with and without proliferative retinopathy were observed. Although these results should be regarded as preliminary because of the small number of subjects, they support the hypothesis that testosterone concentrations may be associated with the development of retinopathy in type I diabetic patients.
Increase in plasma 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol glucuronide as a marker of peripheral androgen action in hirsutism: a side-effect induced by cyclosporine A. Vexiau P, Fiet J, Boudou P, Villette JM, Feutren G, Hardy N, Julien R, Dreux C, Bach JF, Cathelineau G Diabetology and Endocrinology Department, Hopital Saint-Louis, Paris, France. J Steroid Biochem 1990 Jan;35(1):133-7
Dose-dependent hypertrichosis is a common dermatological side-effect affecting the majority of patients treated with cyclosporine A (CSA). Previous studies have not demonstrated the influence of CSA on specific sex hormone levels. The aim of this study is to investigate whether CSA increases the activity of 5 alpha-reductase, an enzyme which transforms androgens into dihydrotestosterone in peripheral tissues. The metabolite which best reflects this activity is 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol glucuronide (Adiol G). The study was carried out on 49 insulin-dependent diabetes patients participating in the double-blind "Cyclosporine-Diabete-France" clinical trial, of which 28 were treated with CSA (16 males and 12 females), and 21 received only placebo (10 males and 11 females). All patients underwent extensive clinical and laboratory evaluations prior to and during the present study. In addition to Adiol G, testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA S) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were assayed. Levels of Adiol G increased significantly in CSA-treated groups: males, 11.86 +/- 2.58 vs 7.83 +/- 2.30 nmol/l; females, 4.48 +/- 2.70 vs 2.10 +/- 1.22 nmol/l; P less than 0.02 (comparison of means). There were no significant differences in this parameter before and during treatment in either the male or female placebo groups (paired t-test). During the treatment period, T, DHEA S, SHBG and the T/SHBG ratio did not significantly change with respect to their baseline values in any of the groups studied (comparison of means). Comparison (using paired t-test) showed a significant increase of DHEA S in CSA-treated groups: males, delta = 3.08 +/- 3.33 nmol/l, P less than 0.01; females, delta = 0.98 +/- 1.13 nmol/l, P less than 0.05. In conclusion, it is possible that CSA induces hypertrichosis or hirsutism by increasing 5 alpha-reductase activity in peripheral tissues. Nevertheless the role of increased DHEA S as a possible Adiol G precursor cannot be excluded.
[Dehydroepiandrosterone. Renaissance after 13 years] Sonka J Cas Lek Cesk 1989 Sep 8;128(37):1157-60
DHEA, a steroid precursor of androgens and estrogens has also an inhibitory effect on several enzymes, namely on 11 beta-hydroxylase, NADH oxidase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The latter is the rate limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate cycle. This metabolic pathway provides the cells with extramitochondrial NADPH and pentose phosphates. NADPH is used for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids. Together with ribose 5-phosphate, NADPH (as coenzyme of folate reductases) is required for the synthesis of nucleic acids. A deficient production of DHEA has been found to be responsible for several diseases obesity, diabetes type 2, hypertension, arteriosclerosis and hyperuricemia as well as malignant growth (low DHEA syndrome). DHEA administration favourably modified several of these metabolic disorders. These studies were started in our laboratory in 1962 and stopped in 1976 because we were short of DHEA. At that time the response to our results was rather theoretical, but the last years a new wave of interest in DHEA called for two consecutive symposia, where important findings were presented (Paris in January and Jena in April 1989). It is a damage that this new trend, started in our laboratory, could not be pursued up to now without interruption.
[Effect of androgen on the onset of diabetes in the KK mice treated with monosodium aspartate] Higuchi N, Sasaki M, Arai T, Oki Y Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nippon Veterinary and Zootechnical College, Tokyo, Japan. Jikken Dobutsu 1989 Jan;38(1):25-9
Obese diabetes was induced by monosodium aspartate (MSA) administration in KK male mice and the diabetic KK mice were divided into two groups, younger (12-week-old) and older (35-week-old). The diabetic KK mice were castrated and administered with androgen and effect of androgen on glycosuria appearance was investigated. Androgen dependent tear proteins (Mtp-M) were detected by the method of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Blood androgen level was estimated by observation of change of the pattern of Mtp-M. In the younger mice group, glycosuria disappeared temporarily after castration and then appeared naturally again. The Mtp-M declined with castration, but did not disappear in this experimental period. In the older mice group, glycosuria and Mtp-M disappeared completely and blood glucose level decreased considerably after castration. However, in the castrated older mice, the glycosuria and the Mtp-M appeared again after the administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and the increasing of blood glucose level was observed. These results strongly suggested that androgen had an important role in the onset of diabetes in the KK mice treated with MSA.
The influence of genetic background on the expression of mutations at the diabetes locus in the mouse. V. Interaction between the db gene and hepatic sex steroid sulfotransferases correlates with gender-dependent susceptibility to hyperglycemia. Leiter EH, Chapman HD, Coleman DL Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609. Endocrinology 1989 Feb;124(2):912-22
Steroid sulfurylation represents a potential mechanism for controlling the level of active steroids within a tissue. We have elucidated an inbred strain background-dependent interaction between the diabetes (db) mutation and steroid sulfotransferase (ST) enzymes, potentially modulating the level of active steroid hormones or their precursors in the liver. Gonadectomized mutants were analyzed to correlate how strain- and gender-dependent variation in ST activities interacted with db to achieve diabetogenesis. Both sexes on the C57BL/KsChp (BKs) background developed severe early-onset hyperglycemia, and gonadectomy failed to prevent diabetes. In contrast, C3HeB/FeChp (C3HeB)-db/db males, but not females, were diabetes susceptible, and the male susceptibility was completely dependent upon endogenous testes-derived testosterone. The female resistance, in turn, was dependent upon ovarian sex steroids. The differential requirements of BKs- and C3HeB-db/db males and females for gonadal sex steroids could be explained on the basis of the differential strength of the interaction between the db mutation and hepatic ST activities. Hepatic ST from normal adult females sulfurylated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), whereas this activity disappeared in cytosols of normal adult males by 8 weeks of age. This sexually dimorphic inability to sulfurylate (pre)androgens was controlled by testosterone. Diabetogenic susceptibility in BKs mutant mice of both sexes was associated with marked depression of preandrogen/androgen sulfurylation [female mutants exhibiting at least a 5-fold reduced DHEA sulfurylation at a near-physiological concentration (0.2 microM)]. This reduced preandrogen/androgen sulfurylation occurred concomitant with a 10-fold acceleration of estrone (E1) sulfurylation at a limiting (0.2 microM) concentration, essentially producing a hyperandrogenized hepatic tissue state. These extreme shifts in ST substrate preferences were not observed in the diabetes-resistant C3HeB-db/db females. Kinetic analysis of semipurified hepatic ST from BKs-db/db females showed a 10-fold decrease in Km for E1 (apparent Km = 0.9 microM in mutants vs. 9.0 microM in normals). Whereas the Km for DHEA did not differ from the control value, hepatic ST from BKs-db/db females showed a 10-fold decreased maximal velocity for DHEA sulfurylation (1230 vs. 12750 pmol/mg.h in control preparations). The antihyperglycemic effects of dietary E1 therapy were associated with enhanced androgen sulfurylation in BKs-db/db females and restoration of androgen sulfurylation in BKs-db/db males.
Therapeutic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its metabolites in obese-hyperglycemic mutant mice. Coleman DL Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609. Prog Clin Biol Res 1988;265:161-75
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) fed at 0.4%, and its metabolites, 3 alpha-hydroxyetiocholanolone (alpha-ET) and 3 beta-hydroxyetiocholanolone (beta-ET), fed at 0.1%, had marked anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obesity properties in mutant mice with single gene obesity mutations (diabetes, db; obese, ob; viable yellow, Avy). The therapeutic effects differed depending on the mutation as well as the inbred background on which the mutation was maintained. These steroids prevented onset of hyperglycemia and reduced the rate of weight gain in C57BL/6J-db/db and ob/ob mice, whereas in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice, only hyperglycemia was prevented. The viable yellow (Avy) mutant, exhibiting a more slowly developing obesity condition, responded to all steroids with a marked decrease in rate of weight gain associated with decreased plasma insulin concentrations. Steroid treatment of most mouse mutants was associated with normal or increased food intake, a feature that suggests a decrease in metabolic efficiency. In order to assess any potential energy wastage by steroid stimulation of futile cycles we looked at the rates of lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis and oxygen consumption in steroid-treated normal and mutant mice. With the possible exception of the rate of gluconeogenesis that in obesity mutants was consistently reduced to normal by treatment, no metabolic changes were of sufficient magnitude to account for the marked decrease in metabolic efficiency. All treatments potentiated the action of insulin. This potentiation may change the hormonal balance such that minor changes in the rates of many metabolic pathways may interact to produce a large decrease in metabolic efficiency.
Hormonal intervention: "buffer hormones" or "state dependency". The role of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), thyroid hormone, estrogen and hypophysectomy in aging. Regelson W, Loria R, Kalimi M Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988;521:260-73
Modulation of growth, differentiation and carcinogenesis by dehydroepiandrosterone. Gordon GB, Shantz LM, Talalay P Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205. Adv Enzyme Regul 1987;26:355-82
Dehydroepiandrosterone (3 beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one; DHEA) and its conjugates are abundant circulating steroids that originate largely from the adrenal cortex. Their levels decline profoundly with age in human beings of both sexes, as the incidence of most cancers rises. Low levels of these steroids have been associated with the presence and risk ofdevelopment of cancer. Administration of DHEA to rodents produces protection against spontaneous tumors and chemical carcinogenesis, suppresses weight gain without significantly affecting food intake, ameliorates the severity of diabetes in genetically diabetic mice, and restrains autoimmune processes. DHEA and related steroids also depress the mitogenic effects of carcinogens, tumor promoters and plant lectins, and block viral and carcinogen-induced cell transformations. DHEA and certain congeners are also potent and quite specific inhibitors of mammalianglucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases. We have observed that the conversion of 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A preadipocyte clones to the adipocyte phenotype, in response to appropriate differentiation stimuli (fetal calf serum, insulin, dexamethasone, and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine), is blocked by DHEA and other steroidal inhibitors of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The structural requirements for blocking adipocyte differentiation and for inhibiting glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are closely correlated. Evidence is reviewed suggesting that the inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase is central to the anticarcinogenic and differentiation-blocking actions of DHEA and related steroids. The 3T3 preadipocyte clones provide a valuable system for the analysis of the mechanisms of the effects of DHEA on growth, differentiation and carcinogenesis. (94 Refs.)
Androgenic and estrogenic metabolites in serum of mice fed dehydroepiandrosterone: relationship to antihyperglycemic effects. Leiter EH, Beamer WG, Coleman DL, Longcope C Metabolism 1987 Sep;36(9):863-9
The steroid prehormone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has potentanti hyperglycemic effects when fed in the diet of genetically diabetic C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze changes in sex steroid levels in serum of mice fed DHEA, and to compare the antihyperglycemic potencies of the various metabolites in order to clarify the mechanism of DHEA action. Steroid radioimmunoassays showed that dietary DHEA entered the blood in high concentrations and was actively metabolized to both androgens (testosterone, T; dihydrotestosterone, DHT) and estrogens (estrone, E1; 17 beta-estradiol, E2). This metabolism did not require intact adrenal glands or gonads. In C57BL/KsJ normal (+/+) males, conversion of DHEA to androgens was the prominent feature; in db/db males, DHEA feeding not only increased serum T and DHT, but also serum E1 and E2 levels. The db/db mice had increased amounts of adipose tissue that sequestered more intravenously injected 3H-E2; this additional body fat could account for increased aromatization of DHEA-derived estrogen precursors. Comparisons of the relative antihyperglycemic potencies of androgenic and estrogenic steroid metabolites of DHEA in db/db mice showed that the estrogens and metabolites with estrogenic properties (androstenediol) or those convertible to estrogens (DHEA sulfate) were the most potent. Although 17 beta-E2 was effective by injection or per os, DHEA was effective only when administered per os, implicating alimentary tract conversion of DHEA to more biologically active reactants. Based on the pivotal position of DHEA as a prehormone for androgens, estrogens, andetiocholanolones, an explanation of the seemingly paradoxical effects exerted by this compound in blocking autoimmune disease, hyperglycemia, obesity, and neoplasia was proposed.
Click to go to the Life Extension Foundation Web Site


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During our recent holiday up Australia's east coast (only as far as Sydney, this is a bloody big country!), we had the great pleasure of enjoying a bushwalk as a family. It was the LGBB who insisted on the 5km bush and beach trek. I'm so glad we did it. There were some really amazing treats on the well worn, overgrown track. Tiny birds, big rosellas, little lizards, crazy fungus formations, whole copses of fallen beach shrubs that were stunning in themselves despite being long dead and flattened.
It was a humbling experience, coming from the beachside holiday spot in Lakes Entrance and walking just a short distance to get to the point of the actual Entrance itself. So untouched yet so close to all the modern conveniences. I'm quite impressed, actually, that they have conserved this area. It's only a great pity there are not more of these pockets of nature. It really contrasts with the paved roads, the industry, the devastation of tracts of land to make way for more "progress".
Along the way, there were many stops by me and the trusty Canon DSLR. Too many photos to share here but some of my best captures of what we saw are below.
First though… Any guesses what this is?
I'll show you the whole photo in a post later in the week, give you a chance to have a good guess.
Apologies for the pesky copyright watermarks. I'm just a tad protective.
|On the boardwalk
|Perfect natural borders!
|Gnarly, dude
|Perfect flowers
|The reward at the end – 2.8km in.

subset: commoncrawl


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Li Na forced to quit
Two-time grand slam winner Li Na has announced her retirement from the sport after struggling to overcome knee problems.
|Participant name
|All odds
Novak Djokovic
Rafael Nadal
Andy Murray
Roger Federer
Stan Wawrinka
Two-time grand slam winner Li Na has announced her retirement from the sport after struggling to overcome knee problems.
Gael Monfils reached the quarter-finals of the Moselle Open with a comfortable win over Poland's Michal Przysiezny.
Andy Murray will play for Great Britain in the Davis Cup match against the United States - whatever happens in Scotland.
Caroline Wozniacki scraped past Jarmila Gajdosova to reach the last eight at the Toray Pan Pacific Open.
Second seed Alice Cornet is through to the semi-finals of the Guangzhou Open after beating Hsieh Su-wei of Chinese Taipei.
Wildcard Maria Kirilenko fought back from a set down to claim the scalp of third seed Klara Koukalova at the Korea Open.
Two-time grand slam winner Li Na is set to announce retirement from tennis, according to reports.
Andy Murray has declared his support for the Yes campaign in the independence referendum.
Angelique Kerber came through a tough test against Elina Svitolina to reach the Toray Pan Pacific Open quarter-finals.
Agnieszka Radwanska and Karolina Pliskova both booked their places in the quarter-finals of the Kia Korea Open.


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Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers combined with diuretic
How It Works
Angiotensin II receptor blockers inhibit a substance that causes blood vessels to narrow (constrict). As a result, blood vessels relax and widen (dilate), making it easier for blood to flow through the vessels, which reduces blood pressure. These medicines also increase the release of water and salt (sodium) to the urine, which in turn lowers blood pressure as well.
Preventing the blood vessels from constricting helps improve blood flow, which reduces the backup of blood in the heart and lungs. It also decreases the pressure that the left ventricle of the heart must pump against.
Angiotensin II receptor blockers also act directly on the hormones that regulate sodium and water balance.
Why It Is Used
Angiotensin II receptor blockers can be used to treat coronary artery disease or heart failure in some people who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors or who have kidney disease from diabetes (diabetic nephropathy) and in people with type 2 diabetes.
An angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) may be used instead of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor if you are not able to tolerate certain side effects of an ACE inhibitor. ACE inhibitors can cause an annoying cough. This cough may be hard for some people to live with. So doctors may prescribe an ARB instead, because ARBs are less likely to cause a cough.
How Well It Works
ARBs can lower the risk of death from heart failure. ARBs also reduce the number of people with heart failure who need to go into the hospital. ARBs have been shown to work as well as ACE inhibitors for heart failure.1
For people with type 2 diabetes, ARBs reduce the amount of protein in the urine and protect the kidneys from diabetic nephropathy.
For advanced heart failure, an ARB may be taken with an ACE inhibitor to help lower the risk of dying or needing to go into the hospital.1 But if you take an ARB with an ACE inhibitor, you have a higher risk for kidney problems and for potassium levels that are too high. For this reason, you will likely need close monitoring.
Side Effects
Low blood pressure is the most common side effect with angiotensin II receptor blockers. Lightheadedness and dizziness are the most common signs of low blood pressure. ARBs can also make kidney function worse and raise potassium levels.
ARBs may interact with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antacids, potassium supplements, certain diuretics, and lithium. If you are taking one of these medicines, talk with your doctor before taking any other medicines.
See Drug Reference for a full list of side effects. (Drug Reference is not available in all systems.)
What To Think About
ARBs may increase potassium levels in the blood and may make kidney function worse in people who have diabetes or reduced kidney function. ACE inhibitors also have the same potential complications.
If you are pregnant or could become pregnant, do not take ARBs.
Complete the new medication information form (PDF)(What is a PDF document?) to help you understand this medication.
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
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To learn more visit Healthwise.org
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Located in West Lafayette, Indiana, and founded in 1869, Purdue University is part of an academic system that enrolls the largest student body of any university in Indiana. Its academic system includes eight colleges and fourteen schools offering both undergraduate and graduate programs in more than 200 areas of study. In recent years, Purdue has devoted a significant portion of its endowment to research activities, particularly in the areas of emerging high technology fields related to bioscience and bioengineering.
With plans to create a virtual campus, a team from the Purdue Envision Center For Data Perceptualization wanted to create a 3D replica of their West Lafayette campus. This general use virtual tool would demonstrate the capabilities of various display systems within the Purdue Envision Center. This project called for a powerful, space efficient graphics cluster that could serve as a dual-boot machine.
Initially, it seemed that their quest to find a system to meet their graphics, power, and spacing needs was nearly impossible to achieve. After contacting Advanced Clustering Technologies regarding their needs, the Purdue team found the solution they had hoped for. Our sales and engineering teams ultimately designed a graphics cluster utilizing Nvidia Quadro graphics cards in 3U chassis.
Advanced Clustering Technologies developed a cluster that fit a very specific bill for Purdue's research. The result -- a highly specialized graphics Apex Cluster used to drive one of the largest known passive stereoscopic tiled wall displays in the United States. The 13-node dual Xeon cluster would be used for Purdue University's Envision Center For Data Perceptualization. Utilizing Mellanox's Infiniband fabric and PNY's Nvidia QuadroFX 3000G video cards to drive a 12' x 7' rear projected tile wall, this cluster has a 6 degree-of-freedom interaction capability.
Purdue's Apex cluster is now used as part of a high performance computing visualization showcase to aid in research and teaching at Purdue University. The cluster is used for several research areas including:
The scope of uses for the Virtual Campus has grown since its inception. The campus is being used as a communications tool in a study of how location awareness affects the learning process. Additionally, the Virtual Campus is being used to visualize future campus plans such as new buildings and street layouts before any physical construction has taken place.
Purdue has more than 350 buildings total, and the makeup of the campus is ever-changing. Introducing a temporal component to the Virtual Campus not only provides them a display of their present and future architecture, but also allows them the ability to see how the campus has evolved through the years. Additional information can be combined with the Virtual Campus project to better perceive data such as wireless Internet coverage across campus, or visualizing traffic flow across campus during high-population events, such as football games or move-in days before the start of a semester.


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Local college: Wombats tennis teams blank Cougars.
The UW-Sheboygan men's and women's tennis teams each earned 3-0 wins Wednesday over the UW-Waukesha Cougars.
Shawn Miller and Sam Kuhn each earned singles wins for Sheboygan before teaming up to notch a doubles victory.
Megan Zielke and Connor Dlugopolski also combined for a doubles win while each also notched a singles win. ...


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College students aiming to earn a degree in any of these 10 majors would have a virtually 0% unemployment rate in the work force today. School student counseling? Who knew. Read the full list
September 18, 2014
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College students aiming to earn a degree in any of these 10 majors would have a virtually 0% unemployment rate in the work force today. School student counseling? Who knew. Read the full list
By Julie Samrick As political, social and religious wars rage around the world and we hear of the bloodshed of children, the most innocent among us, most other topics seem petty to discuss. Yet the new
By Julie Samrick I wanted to let you know I'll be taking a short leave from writing articles for Kid Focused while I work on a clean, kid friendly, novel. I've always wanted to tackle a book and have finally found
Julie Samrick Rated PG Overall Kid Focused grade: B- Running time: 1 hour, 29 minutes Three childhood friends Tuck, Alex, and Munch are on a mission to save their suburban neighborhood
By Julie Samrick Three-year-old Joseph's flu-like symptoms were the first indicator something was wrong. "It was odd because he was only vomiting at night and he was really lethargic during the day," said his mother
By Julie Samrick As we sat around the campfire last weekend I pulled out an old Girl Scout goody for the 11 kids in our party. My Aunt Tilly, she died last night, she died last night, did she die? At first
By Julie Samrick On Oct. 6, 2012, the Braun family's golden retriever Murphy, startled by a gun shot, bolted into the Tahoe National Forest near an off-trail campsite at Hell Hole
Overall Kid Focused grade: A- Rated PG Running time: 1 hour, 45 minutes By Julie Samrick Since dragons were banned, then accepted, in the first How to Train Your Dragon movie, dragon
By KaixinFun Keeping kids busy while they are at home during the warm summer months is a challenge for any parent, older sibling or babysitter. It's not easy to fill an 8 hour+ day with fun activities for your little
By Ann Van De Water Over the counter "Swimmer's Ear" drops contain alcohol. The prescription is an antibiotic and does not contain alcohol. I learned this the hard way. My daughter had been complaining of ear pain so I told my husband I thought she had swimmer's ear and that I'd make a ... Read more
By Mario Vittone The new captain jumped from the deck, fully dressed, and sprinted through the water. A former lifeguard, he kept his eyes on his victim as he headed straight for the couple swimming between their anchored sportfisher and the beach. "I think he thinks you're ... Read more
By Lowry Manders I recently heard author Bruce Feiler interviewed on NPR about his book The Secrets of Happy Families and as I listened I thought to myself, "I have got to get a book published!" He is echoing so much of the things I preach (and try to live) about how to create happy families in ... Read more
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The Basic Referee Course is required certification for a volunteer to referee U10 through U12, and to assistant referee through U19.The Basic Referee Course is also acceptable as certification to referee U6 through U8 (the U8 Official Course is the … Continue reading
Basic Referee Course in Temple City, Monday 9/22 and Wednesday, 9/24
Opening Day Ceremonies and Picture Day!!!
Hi -This coming Saturday is our 42nd Opening Ceremonies AND our Picture Day!!!Opening Ceremonies will be at Jackie Robinson (near/behind Kid Space) and Pictures will be at Brookside park (near Aquatic Center) Details for Opening Ceremonies are in this link - http://ayso13.org/wp-content/uploads/OpeningCeremonies2014.pdfDetails for … Continue reading
The Launch Clinics are back!!!
The Launch Clinics are back!!!All U10, U12 and U14 players are invited to join in on 5 sessions of soccer fun. The clinics are run by Launch Soccer with professional coaches focusing on fine tuning players' techniques. I strongly encourage … Continue reading
Referee Assignment Guidelines
Here are details of the Region 13 Referee Assignment Process:Definition of a Referee:Must be a currently registered volunteerMust have Safe Haven certificationMust have Concussion Awareness certificationMust have appropriate Referee certification:U6 U7 U8Must have at least "U8 Official" Referee certificationU10 and … Continue reading
Practice and Game Schedules are posted and New Picture day (9/20)
Hi -We have posted our practice and game schedules!!Please visit our website and click on the Practice Schedule and Game Schedule Hot Buttons.If your team has a Monday practice, please check with your coach about Monday, Labor Day.Not all coaches … Continue reading
Region 13 U5 Program
Region 13 U-5 DivisionThe U-5 division is separate from U-6 as there are significant social, emotional and physiological differences between U-5 and U-6 players.Normally, AYSO's membership year begins on August 1 each year and extends to the following July 31. … Continue reading
2014 -2015 Region 13 Board of Directors
During the Region 13 Annual Board of Directors meeting on February 6th, 2014, the 2014-2015 Board of Directors were voted into office. Effective March 1, 2014, the 2014-2015 Region 13 Board of Directors will be... Regional Commissioner Al PradoAssistant Commissioner Marco … Continue reading
Game Cards
Divisions U10, U12 and U14 are competitive divisions. We keep track of the scores, and the standings are affected by referee participation and by sportsmanship. (Remember, the AYSO Team is more than just the players!) The game cards are the … Continue reading
Sideline Etiquette
AYSO strives to create a healthy environment for our children and our community. One of the ways we do this is by maintaining a high standard of conduct at our games: Negative comments and complaints about officiating are prohibited. In … Continue reading


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Frugality in Practice: Shaking That New Car Itch
Published on - May 19th, 2006 (Modified on - March 12th, 2009) (by J.D. Roth)
I want a new car. An Audi. Or a BMW. I've got that New Car Itch.
I've never been a fan of my Ford Focus. I like the leather seats, it's true, and I know it's relatively safe, but the car just doesn't suit my style. It's no fun to drive. Acceleration is unresponsive. Every little piece of it rattles and squeaks. Sometimes the road noise is oppressive. The whole car just feels cheap.
It's not that I'm a Car Guy. I'm not. I'm the kind of guy who buys a practical new car and then drives it until it dies. But my dislike for the Focus is so strong that I've spent the past couple days researching new vehicles, trying to calculate whether I can afford to purchase one. And if I can afford it, ought I purchase a new vehicle or a used one? (There are pros and cons to each choice.)
And what kind of automobile should I buy? The Toyota ECHO is cheap — $12,000 new — and gets 38mpg while providing excellent customer satisfaction, yet it's small and not very safe and surely cheaply made. The Acura TL looks appealing with its agile handling and near-luxury status, yet could I really afford $35,000 for a car? That seems obscene!
What about the new Scions? They're the ugliest cars I've ever seen, yet they get fantastic gas mileage and offer decent customer satisfaction. Hondas are always good. And Toyotas. (I've always wanted a Toyota Camry V6 XLE.)
But I'm frugal, right? I don't need a new car — it's just a want.
Rather than incur another debt, I've made it a goal to pay off all my remaining debt, and then reward myself by purchasing whichever car I choose, without compromise. If I want an Audi A4, I'll buy one. If I want a BMW 330i, I'll buy one. Because it'll take me two or three years to meet this goal, and my Focus will then be nearly ten years old, it'll make more sense to retire it and get a new vehicle. (And I will probably have changed my mind by then, and be content just driving it until it dies.)
In the meantime, I've made some small upgrades to my current vehicle, making it more fun for me. I changed the fluids. I cleaned it, inside and out. I bought an FM transmitter so that I can listen to my iPod over the radio. I'll research what it would cost to have a moonroof installed. Maybe there are some other little things I can do to make the car more appealing.
I know I ought to save this money for other things, but if $100 can keep from succumbing to the New Car Itch, I consider it money well-spent.
I once knew a fellow who, when he got this itch, would rent a fancy car for the weekend. He'd drive it around town, trying to get the feel for what it was like. On Monday morning, he'd return the car. He was always satisfied to return to his little Ford.
[this originally appeared in slightly different form at my personal site]
[...] How much does it affect your cost-per-mile to choose a luxury car instead of something practical? I recently found myself fighting the new car itch. I wanted a new BMW or Audi. A commenter wrote: In The Millionaire Next Door, one of the best-performing groups in terms of net worth was what the authors called something like "used car prone". This class of person buys a car that is 3 to 5 years old, and drives it for many years. The authors spend a lot of time discussing this class because it is statistically most likely to have a very high net worth compared to annual income. [...]
But there's something to be said for getting a car that's insanely fun to drive when you're a daily commuter.
[...] I had the new car itch bad last spring. I was unhappy with my Ford Focus, and wanted something sleek and exciting. I knew it was a bad financial decision for me, though, and eventually was able to kill the urge. I wrote about the experience in Frugality in practice: Shaking that new car itch. [...]
I bought a BMW 325i in February of 2006. Best car I ever owned. Even after driving it for more than a year, I often think to myself "I love this car."
I just bought a used 2003 bmw 325i, for around $16 w/ 38k mint condition and remaining warranty. Let me tell you it is the best money i have ever spent ever.. these cars are amazing smooth, quick, quiet, stick, leather, and enough power wow
I'm at this place now. I have a 10 yr old gas guzzling Suburban. We bought it with every intention of driving it into the ground. But with 3 young kids and 2 large dogs, this vehicle is…well….gross. Plus with gas prices as they are, it's time for it to go! Trying to save as much as possible for the next one, which is at least a year out, but it's tough! I want one NOW! LOL!
From Edmunds True Cost to Own -
Cost over 5 yrs:
BMW 325i $46,535 / 62 cents per mile
Lexus ES330 $42,672 / 57 cents per mile
Honda Accord EX $33,606 / 45 cents per mile
I know most readers here might keep the car longer, but it's interesting to run the numbers.
If you bought a 3 yr old Honda EX every five years vs. the BMW, and increased your retirement contribution by $12,929 each five year period ($215.48 per month) at a conservative 8% you'd have an additonal
$321,142.65 in 30 years.
And you'd save the planet about 91,304 lbs on CO2. And it's built somewhat locally – Ohio.
Don't buy the bimmer. I know 2 people who own bimmers and they are expensive to own.
My bro-in-law got a bimmer 325 I believe. But he says now he regrets buying it. Before he had an Accord, and he says now the bimmer costs so much just for maintenance. He has a cousin who works on bimmers and even with a discount, it costs a lot. He's afraid of how much the major service will cost. So he drives an Acura TL instead.
My other friend has a new 3 series too. He was driving it a lot at first. Recently he told me he takes the caltrain instead to work. He's only 15 to 20 minutes away from work.
Oh just to add, if you are looking for a fun car to drive, check out the new mazda3. It's a top pick from Edmunds.com readers and editors too.
[...] am currently still able to push back the urge courtesy of Shopping for a Car, My Money Management, Get Rich Slowly, Louisville, and Frugal Journey. I question buying brand name cereal, new socks, take shorter [...]
[...] Shaking that new car itch [...]
I bought a "previously cared for" 2003 BMW 330i from a used car dealership. Had to replace the brakepads, rotors, and tires, but that's to be expected. Buying a Certified Pre-Owned bimmer from a proper BMW dealership will get you an extended warranty and free oil changes. Buying a new bimmer will get you 4-years of service 'free' (oil changes, etc etc).
The car is absolutely amazing. 32-33mpg highway (at 90mph). Silky smooth ~225bhp and ~215lb/ft of torque, 0-60 in around 6.5 seconds. Roomy and comfy on the inside, but rear legroom is a bit of a squeeze sometimes. Yes you'll get 'only' 30mpg/highway if you keep the power on, but if you keep the car at 3500rpm, where the torque peaks, you'll get crazyawesome mileage. I commute ~35 miles each way, Monday through Friday, so I put quite a few miles on it. Keep the oil changes regular and the car will last well over 150,000 miles. My rear tires (245/40ZR17s, ~$320 total) had to be replaced after a year, front tires are still good.
Previously I had a 1988 BMW 325iX with 158,000 miles on it. Was still running strong when someone decided to pull a U-turn in front of me, totalling the car.
ps the new 335i twin-turbo inline-6 gets 28mpg highway by EPA estimates. 300bhp and 300lb/ft of torque.
[...] new car though – It's certainly helpful to see everything out on paper to further the need to back away. That's maybe the allure piece grabbing [...]
If you ever do considder a Toyota Echo, I do recommend them. Mine gets 55mpg and is structurally sound. Yes, the insides are plastic, but it's an excellent car! And it runs forever! 175K miles and still working perfect!
I have a 97 Geo Metro. I bought it 10 years ago with 60K miles. I now have 180K miles. This is has been the best investment of my life!!!!!!!!!!!
I paid 1800.00 dollars for it. It's a sissy blue color and no one else wanted it. (I have a very large penis so a being a sissy doesn't bother me)
I got it for 1/4 of blue book.
I pay 220 dollars a year in insurance.
4 tires cost 120 dollars.
It has a carburetor and I can do tune ups, oil changes, brake pads etc myself.
It has two very classy bumper stickers.
One says my other ride is your Mom. And the other says, My other car is a Roth IRA.
But it's dying. It has an exhaust manifold leak. So I am shopping around and disappointed in my options. I'm not sure I can ever get a car as inexpensive to operate a the one I have.


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It may seem a bit hard to believe, given this spring's weather, but plans are being formulated for Decatur's annual Fourth of July fireworks show.
Longtime chief organizer Adam Eguia was on hand at Tuesday night's Decatur City Council meeting to outline some details for the 21st fireworks display and to request the city's annual financial contribution of $375, which was granted, along with permission to hold the event.
Eguia introduced Peggy Norris, a 20-year Navy veteran who, he said, will be assisting him this year.
For further details, see today's print and e-editions.


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Anti-Bully and Harassment Awareness
Bullying and harassment occur on every college community across the nation. Victims of bullying (both students and employees) are forced to deal with the mental, emotional, and physical side-effects of the harassment. There are a lot of national statistics on bullying in elementary and high school settings but very little data when it comes to a college setting; yet the issues of Bullying and Harassment are still visible.
The Anti-Bully Committee (ABC) was developed in the Fall 2010, and is made up of Molloy administration, faculty, staff and students. The Mission of the ABC is to promote the opportunity for change in the Molloy Community by increasing awareness on topics including bullying, exclusion, harassment, and social acceptance.
Feel free to take our Bully Survey at http://www.snapsurveys.com/swh/surveylogin.asp?k=130324031455
ABC Committee Members:
Brian Ciampo - Student
Shannon Fabian - Assistant to Director of Athletics
Robert Houlihan - Vice President for Student Affairs
John Laffey - Assistant Professor - Criminal Justice
Lisa Miller - Director of Human Resources
Dayna Obidienzo - Student
Joanne O'Brien - Associate Dean and Director of Graduate Programs in Education
Evelyn Selesky - Chairperson, Music Department Director of Undergraduate Music Therapy
Carrie Sollin - Director of Personal Counseling - CHAIR of ABC Committee
Melissa Vecchio - Student
Joseph Weinstein - Albertus Magnus Counselor


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What to do in an Emergency
- If you are the victim of a crime
- If you require urgent medical treatment
- If you lose your passport
- If you have been arrested or imprisoned
- If you require assistance in connection with a death abroad
- If you need help accessing funds
- If you need to be repatriated to Ireland
If something does go wrong while you are abroad, you should first contact your family and/or friends at home. They may be able to resolve your difficulty for you or help you to do so without further assistance. If necessary, you should also contact your tour operator representative and travel insurance provider as quickly as possible.
If necessary, the Department of Foreign Affairs in Dublin or the Irish Embassy or Consulate closest to where you are may be able to assist. If you contact our offices abroad outside their normal opening times, telephone answering machines are usually available and are usually monitored outside office hours and over the weekend.
You will find a list of all our offices abroad and their contact details here.
The Department of Foreign Affairs operates a Consular Assistance Unit in Dublin which provides advice, support and assistance to Irish citizens in emergency situations around the world and to family members in Ireland who are concerned about the welfare of an Irish citizen abroad. The Unit operates during normal Irish office hours (Monday-Friday). Should you require assistance or advice you can make contact with the Unit by telephoning 01 408 2000 or +353 1 408 2000 from outside Ireland.
Outside our normal office hours, an Emergency Duty Officer is available at all other times (including weekends), 365 days a year. The contact number for our after-hours service is as above (01 408 2000 / +353 1 408 2000). Please be advised that the Emergency Duty Officer should only be contacted in the event of a genuine emergency abroad. If your query is not urgent, please wait until the next working day before making contact with the Consular Assistance Unit.
The nearest Irish Embassy or Consulate can help
- If you have been the victim of a crime
- If you require urgent medical treatment
- If you lose your passport
- If you have been arrested or imprisoned
- If you require assistance in connection with a death abroad
- If you need help accessing funds
- If you need to be repatriated to Ireland
- If there is a natural disaster/crisis
If You Have Been The Victim Of A Crime
The Embassy can:
- Inform family or friends of your situation
- Help you to transfer funds from home if this is necessary
- Provide a list of English-speaking lawyers
- Assist in liaising with the local police
- In exceptional circumstances, advance funds to you on the basis of a strict undertaking to repay the funds when you return to Ireland
- Assist in arranging repatriation to Ireland
However, the Embassy does not:
- Give legal advice
- Intervene in court proceedings
- Investigate a crime
- Pay legal costs
If You Require Urgent Medical Treatment
The Embassy can:
- Offer general advice on the local medical services
- Provide a list of local English-speaking doctors
- Assist in liaising with doctors or hospitals
- Arrange interpretation if necessary
- Advise relatives or friends about accidents or illnesses
- Assist in arranging repatriation to Ireland
However, the Embassy does not:
- Pay medical or hospital bills
- Provide medical advice
- Pursue insurance companies about payment of or refund of the cost of medical treatment
- Pursue claims for compensation relating to negligence, injury or any other matter
- Pay for visits by relatives
If You Lose Your Passport
lf you lose your passport abroad you should immediately report the
loss to the local police and then to the nearest Irish Embassy or
Ask the Police for a written statement that you have reported the loss. You will require this to obtain a temporary passport from an Irish Mission.
In certain circumstances, for example when you are returning directly to Ireland, an Emergency Travel Document rather than a passport may be issued. Most Honorary Consuls do not issue passports and can only issue Emergency Travel Documents.
If You Have Been Arrested Or Imprisoned
One of the most important functions of Irish Embassies and
Consulates is to ensure that the rights of Irish citizens who are
arrested or imprisoned abroad are fully respected. If you are
arrested, in many cases the local Authorities will only contact the
Irish Embassy or Consulate if you specifically ask them to do
When the Embassy is informed of the arrest or imprisonment of an Irish citizen, they will respond immediately and provide all possible consular assistance.
The Embassy can:
- Visit you or arrange for you to be visited by an Honorary Consul or by a representative of an Embassy or Consulate of one of our EU partners
- If necessary, provide you with a list of local English-speaking lawyers
- Advise you about the prison system and about your entitlement to visits, mail and other facilities
- Bring details of any medical condition you may have to the attention of prison officials
- Pursue with the prison authorities on your behalf complaints about ill-treatment or discrimination
- Pass messages to and from your family
However, the Embassy does not:
- Secure better treatment for Irish citizens than local or other nationals receive
- Give nor pay for legal advice
- Interfere with or influence the local judicial system
- Provide any financial assistance while you are in prison
The Irish Commission for Prisoners Overseas (ICPO)
is a voluntary agency that provides assistance to Irish prisoners
overseas and to their families in Ireland. The ICPO can be
contacted at:
Irish Commission for Prisoners Overseas
Columba Centre
St Patrick's College
County Kildare
Tel: +353 1 505 3000
Fax: +353 1 601 6401
Email: Irish Commission for Prisoners Overseas
If You Require Assistance In Connection With A Death Abroad
If a member of your family dies while abroad, the Irish Embassy
will provide all possible assistance in dealing with the
formalities that arise in these situations.
The Embassy can:
- Arrange to have the next of kin of the deceased informed by the Garda Síochána
- Assist relatives to appoint a local undertaker
- Assist with procuring documents such as death certificates or medical or police reports
- Assist relatives to communicate with the Police and other Authorities
However, the Embassy does not:
- Investigate the circumstances of the death
- Pay expenses relating to local burial or cremation
- Pay the cost of repatriating the remains
- Pay for relatives to travel to where the death occurred or to accompany the remains to Ireland
- Book flights
If You Need Help Accessing Funds
Due to unforeseen circumstances, Irish citizens travelling abroad
sometimes experience financial difficulties. Such situations can
usually be resolved easily and quickly by transferring money from
Ireland through well-known commercial agencies. Advice about this
is available from Irish Embassies and
Consulates and from the Consular
Section of this Department.
If these channels are not available, the Irish Mission can contact your relatives or friends in Ireland to ask them to send you funds either directly or through the Department of Foreign Affairs. A statutory fee of €35 applies to a transfer of funds made through the Department.
The Department is unable, under any circumstances, to give loans or to pay any hotel or other expenses incurred by Irish citizens abroad.
If You Need To Be Repatriated To Ireland
In very exceptional circumstances, where the health or security of an Irish citizen abroad is at risk and there is no way of dealing with the situation satisfactorily locally, the Department of Foreign Affairs may agree to repatriate the person to Ireland. This will be done at the sole discretion of the Department and subject to strict conditions which will be set out clearly in each case. The conditions include a written undertaking to repay all the expenses incurred as well as a statutory fee of €35.
Natural Disaster/Crisis
Some major catastrophes involving Irish citizens abroad may need exceptional levels of response. It is not easy to define every possible circumstance, but these events may be the result of natural disasters or large-scale accidents, or of terrorism or conflict. No one set of responses will meet all circumstances.
If the Minister for Foreign Affairs considers an event to be a major catastrophe affecting significant numbers of people we can help, we will:
- consider whether exceptional help should be provided from public funds;
- set up public helplines;
- provide information if we have it, and if we believe it to be reliable, to people who have been affected and their family members who we are in contact with; and
- consider sending appropriate extra staff to the country involved.


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This movie is available in streaming format
Description: Edmund G. Brown, Governor of California (1959-1967), speaks about the death of Herbert Hoover in 1964. Includes the carillon bells in the Hoover Tower playing music in tribute to Herbert Hoover.
Source: 1 Reel of 1: Film: 16mm
Collection: Edmund G. Brown Press conference recording
Accession Number: XX613
Rights: Copyright status unknown. This work may be protected by the U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). In addition, its reproduction may be restricted by terms of gift or purchase agreements, donor restrictions, privacy and publicity rights, licensing and trademarks. This work is accessible for purposes of education and research. Transmission or reproduction of works protected by copyright beyond that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be commercially exploited without permission of the copyright owner. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user. Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University attempted to find rights owners without success but is eager to hear from them so that we may obtain permission, if needed. Upon request to firstname.lastname@example.com, digitized works can be removed from public view if there are rights issues that need to be resolved.
Digitized by the California Audiovisual Preservation Project (CAVPP).
This movie is part of the collection: Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University
Producer: Brown, Edmund G. (Edmund Gerald), 1905-1996
Audio/Visual: Sound, Black and White
Language: English
Keywords: californialightandsound; Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; Hoover, Herbert, 1874-1964; Brown, Edmund G. (Edmund Gerald), 1905-1996
Contact Information: Hoover Institution Archives, 434 Galvez Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6010 Archives Reference: (650) 723-3563 Email Archives Reference: firstname.lastname@example.com