text:
Same-sex unions in the United States
Same-sex unions in the United States are legally recognized in some states and municipalities in various forms. These are same-sex marriage, civil unions, domestic partnerships, and reciprocal beneficiary relationships. Legally recognized same-sex unions can be formed in twenty-two states and the District of Columbia.[1][2]
Hawaii was the first state to legally recognize same-sex unions, doing so in 1997 in the form of reciprocal beneficiary partnerships.
- 1 Federal law
- 2 Marriage
- 2.1 California
- 2.2 Connecticut
- 2.3 Delaware
- 2.4 District of Columbia
- 2.5 Hawaii
- 2.6 Illinois
- 2.7 Iowa
- 2.8 Maine
- 2.9 Maryland
- 2.10 Massachusetts
- 2.11 Minnesota
- 2.12 New Hampshire
- 2.13 New Jersey
- 2.14 New Mexico
- 2.15 New York
- 2.16 Oregon
- 2.17 Pennsylvania
- 2.18 Rhode Island
- 2.19 Vermont
- 2.20 Washington
- 2.21 Native American Tribal Jurisdictions
- 3 Civil unions
- 4 Domestic partnerships
- 5 Employment benefits
- 6 Limited recognition of same-sex unions
- 7 Same-sex unions under federal litigation
- 7.1 Supreme Court
- 7.2 Fifth Circuit
- 7.3 Sixth Circuit
- 7.4 Ninth Circuit
- 7.5 Tenth Circuit
- 8 Same-sex unions under state litigation
- 9 Same-sex union referenda under consideration
- 10 See also
- 11 References
Federal law[edit]
The legal issues surrounding same-sex marriage in the United States are complicated by the nation's federal system of government. Traditionally, the federal government does not attempt to establish its own definition of marriage. Instead, any marriage recognized by a state was recognized by the federal government, even if that marriage was not recognized by one or more other states (as was the case with interracial marriage before 1967 due to anti-miscegenation laws). According to the federal General Accounting Office (GAO), more than 1,138 rights and protections are conferred to U.S. citizens upon marriage by the federal government; areas affected include Social Security benefits, veterans' benefits, health insurance, Medicaid, hospital visitation, estate taxes, retirement savings, pensions, family leave, and immigration law.
The federal Defense of Marriage Act in 1996, prompted by fears of an adverse result in Hawaii's lawsuit Baehr v. Miike, defined a marriage explicitly as a union of one man and one woman for the purposes of all federal laws (See 1 U.S.C. § 7), which was ultimately ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in United States v. Windsor on June 26, 2013. Other legal cases based on the same point of law had been 'on hold' until the Supreme Court ruled on Windsor. As a result, shortly after Windsor was decided, a number of federal areas ranging from veteran benefits to immigration were clarified as applying equally to same-sex couples.
Windsor only affects federal law. Individual states were unaffected by the case, and remain free as before to define marriage as they see fit, subject to any legal challenge or constitutional restrictions.
Some aspects of marriage law are still decided by a combination of state and federal law, such as federal marriage benefits (determined by the state where the marriage was issued or the state of current residence), leaving somewhat open the question of how federal benefits would apply in states that do not recognize same-sex marriage.[citation needed]
Same-sex marriage has been fully legalized in nineteen states and one district—California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and the District of Columbia. The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) also permits states to refuse to recognize unions "treated as a marriage" under the laws of another state, which many states have done.
On May 15, 2008, the California Supreme Court ruled that domestic partnerships, although granting nearly the same rights as marriage, were not sufficient under the California constitution.[3] As a result, the court struck down Proposition 22 and the parts of the Marriage Act defining marriage as between one man and one woman. The court denied bids to reverse the decision and to stay the decision until after the November 4, 2008, election and clarified that the ruling took effect on June 16, 2008. The California legislature had previously passed legislation legalizing same-sex marriage, but it was vetoed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger stating that, depending on how the court ruled in In re Marriage Cases, the law was either unconstitutional or irrelevant.[4] On November 4, 2008, the ruling was annulled when voters passed Proposition 8. In the Strauss v. Horton case, the court upheld Proposition 8, but allowed existing same-sex marriages to stand (under the Grandfather clause principle). As a result, all out-of-state same-sex marriages are given the benefits of marriage under California law, although only those performed before November 5, 2008 are granted the designation "marriage".[5] United States district court Judge Vaughn Walker overturned Proposition 8 on August 4, 2010 in the case Perry v. Schwarzenegger.[6] Judge Walker issued an injunction against enforcing Proposition 8 and a stay to determine suspension of his ruling pending appeal.[7][8] Walker lifted the stay on August 12, 2010, thus allowing same-sex marriages to be performed as of August 18, 2010[9] On August 16, 2010, the Ninth Circuit granted the motion to stay, ordered expedited briefing on the merits of the appeal, and directed the parties to brief the issue of why the appeal should not be dismissed for lack of standing.[10][11] On August 17, 2010, the same Ninth Circuit panel ordered expedited briefing on the Imperial County appeal.[12] The court also ordered both appeals calendared for oral argument during the week of December 6, 2010, in San Francisco. It was upheld by the Ninth Circuit on February 7, 2012. The case, then known as Perry v. Brown, was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court on July 31, 2012.[13] The Supreme Court granted review of the case, renamed Hollingsworth v. Perry, on December 7, 2012 and issued a final decision on June 26, 2013.[14] The Supreme Court vacated the judgment of the Ninth Circuit and the case was remanded with instructions to dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. The Ninth Circuit dismissed the appeal on June 28, 2013 and released their stay on the matter, with same-sex marriages resuming almost immediately in California.[15]
On October 10, 2008 Connecticut became the third state in the U.S. to recognize same-sex marriage; the court ruling took effect November 12, 2008.
In March 2012, Governor Markell said he thought that the legalization of same-sex marriage in Delaware was "inevitable" and would be passed "probably within the next few years".[16] In April 2013, the Delaware House of Representatives passed a same-sex marriage bill. On May 7, 2013, the Senate passed the bill, after which Governor Markell immediately signed it. The legislation took effect on July 1, 2013.
District of Columbia[edit]
Same-sex marriage in the District was legalized on March 3, 2010.
In 2011, the Hawaii state legislature passed a bill recognizing civil unions. Governor Neil Abercrombie signed the bill on February 24, 2011. The law took effect on January 1, 2012. In January 2013, a bill was introduced in the Hawaii State Legislature that would legalize same-sex marriage. Despite the support of Governor Abercrombie and the Hawaii Congressional delegation, the Legislature adjourned without voting on the legislation.[17] Following the U.S. Supreme Court rulings in United States v. Windsor and Hollingsworth v. Perry, lawmakers considered a special session for the bill. In September, Governor Abercrombie called the Hawaii State Legislature into special session on October 28 to consider the same-sex marriage bill.[18] On October 30, the Hawaii senate passed the bill by a vote of 20–4. On November 8, the Hawaii house passed an amended version of the bill by a vote of 30–19, sending it back to the senate.[19] The senate passed the bill 19-4 on November 12. Governor Abercrombie signed it on November 13. The law went into effect on December 2, 2013.
Openly gay representative Greg Harris introduced a bill to legalize civil unions for both same- and opposite-sex couples.[20] On March 21, 2007, the House Human Services Committee recommended the bill to be voted on by the full House by a 5–4 margin. On November 30, 2010, the House voted to approve the bill, and on December 1, 2010, the Senate did as well. The bill was signed by Governor Pat Quinn on January 31, 2011, and the law took effect on June 1, 2011. In February 2013, the Illinois Senate approved a bill legalizing same-sex marriage. The bill failed to come up for a vote in the Illinois house before the end of the spring session. On November 5, 2013, the Illinois House passed by 61–54 an amended version of the bill, having it take effect on June 1, 2014 instead of January 1, 2014. The Illinois Senate concurred an hour later by a vote of 32–21.[21] Governor Pat Quinn signed the bill on November 20, 2013.
In a unanimous decision released April 3, 2009, the Iowa Supreme Court ruled that the statute prohibiting same-sex marriage violated the equal protection clause of the state constitution.[22] The court ruling took effect April 29, 2009.
A same-sex marriage bill passed the Maine legislature and was signed by the governor on May 6, 2009. The law was subsequently repealed by voters on November 3, 2009.[23] However, a separate voter initiative allowing same-sex marriage in Maine passed on November 6, 2012.
The Civil Marriage Protection Act was signed by Governor Martin O'Malley on March 1, 2012, providing that same-sex couples can obtain a civil marriage license and that religious institutions will be protected from performing any marriage in violation of their doctrine.[24] Opponents of the law obtained enough signatures in a referendum petition to place the law on the ballot for approval or rejection by the voters. On November 6, 2012, voters upheld the law by approving ballot Question 6, becoming one of the first U.S. states, alongside Maine and Washington, to legalize same-sex marriage through popular vote.[25] The law became effective on January 1, 2013.
|Legalization date
|Effective date
|November 18, 2003
|May 17, 2004
|May 15, 2008
|June 16, 2008
|August 4, 2010
|June 28, 2013
|October 10, 2008
|November 12, 2008
|April 3, 2009
|April 27, 2009
|April 7, 2009
|September 1, 2009
|New Hampshire
|June 3, 2009
|January 1, 2010
|New York
|June 24, 2011
|July 24, 2011
|November 6, 2012
|December 6, 2012
|Legislature & voters
|November 6, 2012
|December 29, 2012
|November 6, 2012
|January 1, 2013
|Legislature & voters
|Rhode Island
|May 2, 2013
|August 1, 2013
|May 7, 2013
|July 1, 2013
|May 14, 2013
|August 1, 2013
|New Jersey
|September 27, 2013
|October 21, 2013
|November 13, 2013
|December 2, 2013
|November 20, 2013
|June 1, 2014
|New Mexico
|December 19, 2013
|December 19, 2013
|May 19, 2014
|May 19, 2014
|May 20, 2014
|May 20, 2014
The first state to legalize same-sex marriage was Massachusetts. In 2003 the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled in favor of same-sex couples seeking marriage in a 4–3 decision. It required the legislature grant same-sex couples the rights afforded to married couples. In a separate opinion, the court rejected attempts to opt for civil unions instead, insisting that same-sex marriage was the only appropriate remedy. The ruling took effect on May 17, 2004. The 1913 law was repealed on July 31, 2008 (which bypassed the standard 90-day waiting period and made the law effective immediately). It had prevented out-of-state same-sex couples from getting married in Massachusetts if the marriage was unrecognized or illegal in their home state (originally it had prevented out-of-state interracial couples from getting married in Massachusetts for the same reason).[26][27] An attempt to reintroduce the 1913 law failed in August 2008.[28]
On May 9, 2013, the Minnesota House of Representatives passed a bill to legalize same-sex marriage on a vote of 75 to 59. On May 13, 2013, the Minnesota Senate passed the bill on a vote of 37–30. Governor Mark Dayton signed the bill into law on May 14. It went into effect August 1, 2013.
New Hampshire[edit]
A same-sex marriage bill was signed into law by Governor Lynch on June 3, 2009. It became effective on January 1, 2010.
New Jersey[edit]
After a ruling by the New Jersey Supreme Court, the state provided civil unions. The ruling, similar to the ruling in Vermont, required the state grant all the benefits given to opposite-sex couples to same-sex couples. Prior to the ruling, same-sex couples enjoyed a broad range of benefits under the state's domestic partnership law. The Civil Union Act took effect on February 19, 2007. On February 16, 2012, the New Jersey Legislature passed a measure providing for same-sex marriage, but Governor Chris Christie returned the bill with an amendatory veto, the amendment being that the bill would be presented to the voters as a referendum.[29] After the United States v. Windsor decision, the legislature considered overriding Chris Christie's veto and a lawsuit challenging the current civil union law was filed.[30] On September 27, 2013, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Mary Jacobson, in Garden State Equality v. Dow, ruled that the state must allow same-sex couples to marry by October 21. Governor Christie appealed the ruling and requested a stay, but on October 18 the New Jersey Supreme Court denied the stay.[31] On October 21, the governor dropped the appeal.
New Mexico[edit]
The county clerk of Doña Anna County began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, on his own initiative, on August 21, 2013. Soon after, other counties began issuing marriage licenses under court order. Eight counties now offer same-sex marriage. On August 29, 2013, all 33 of New Mexico's county clerks asked the New Mexico Supreme Court for a ruling on the legality of same-sex marriage in the state. The New Mexico Supreme Court heard the case on October 23. The New Mexico Supreme Court ruled Same-Sex Marriage to be legal on December 19.[32]
New York[edit]
After a 2006 New York Court of Appeals decision in which the Court upheld the constitutionality of New York State's opposite-sex definition of marriage, New York gay rights groups vowed to push for same-sex marriage in the legislature. During his 2006 gubernatorial campaign, Eliot Spitzer said that he would push to legalize same-sex marriage if elected,[33] and Spitzer proposed a same-sex marriage bill to the state legislature as governor on April 27, 2007. This legislation passed the New York State Assembly on June 19, 2007, but died in the Republican-controlled New York State Senate and was returned to the Assembly.[34] Same-sex marriage in New York was legalized on June 24, 2011.
On October 15, 2013, two couples, a pair of unmarried lesbians and two men already married in Canada, filed a lawsuit, Geiger v. Kitzhaber, in U.S. district court in Eugene, Oregon, challenging the Oregon constitution's ban on same-sex marriage.[35] Two more couples filed another same-sex marriage case on October 15, 2013, with this latter case captioned Rummell and West v. Kitzhaber. On January 22, 2014, Judge Michael McShane consolidated the two lawsuits and scheduled oral arguments for April 23.[36] On noon May 19, 2014, Judge McShane issued his opinion, ruling that the state's constitutional ban of same-sex marriage violates the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution.[37] Same-sex couples throughout the state began immediately marrying.[38]
On July 9, 2013, following the U.S. Supreme Court decision in United States v. Windsor, the ACLU filed suit in U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania on behalf of 23 plaintiffs—10 couples, 2 of their children, and a widow—seeking to overturn Pennsylvania's 1996 statutory ban on same-sex marriage.[39] The case, originally Whitewood v. Corbett, was assigned to Judge John E. Jones III.[40] On May 20, 2014, Judge Jones ruled in Whitewood v. Wolf that Pennsylvania's same-sex marriage ban is unconstitutional, striking it down.[41] Same-sex couples began receiving marriage licenses immediately after the ruling,[42] and Pennsylvania Governor Tom Corbett elected not to appeal the ruling or seek a stay within the 30 day period after Judge Jones' ruling.[43]
Rhode Island[edit]
In June 2011, the Rhode Island General Assembly passed a bill that would establish civil unions beginning on July 1.[44] On July 2, 2011, the bill was signed by Governor Lincoln Chafee.[2] On May 14, 2012, Governor Lincoln Chafee signed an executive order recognizing out-of-state same-sex marriages.[45] In 2013, the General Assembly passed a bill legalizing same-sex marriage and Governor Chafee signed it on May 2, 2013. It went into force on August 1, 2013.[46]
A same-sex marriage bill passed the Vermont legislature on April 2, 2009, but Governor Jim Douglas vetoed the bill on April 6.[47] However, on April 7, both houses of the legislature voted to override the governor's veto, making Vermont the first state in the U.S. to legalize same-sex marriage through legislative means.[48] The law has been effective since September 1, 2009.
On February 13, 2012, Governor Chris Gregoire signed a same-sex marriage bill that had previously been passed by both houses of the state legislature. The law was meant to take effect 90 days after signing, but opponents were able to interrupt its implementation by collecting enough signatures to put it on the next ballot as Referendum 74. Voters approved the referendum on the November 6, 2012, by a 54–46% margin. The law took effect on December 6, and the first marriages were celebrated on December 9, 2012.
Native American Tribal Jurisdictions[edit]
There are currently eight Native American Tribal Jurisdictions that perform same-sex marriage. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, The Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, The Coquille Tribe, The Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, The Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, The Santa Ysabel Tribe, The Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe and The Suquamish tribe all perform same-sex marriage.
Civil unions[edit]
Civil unions are a means of establishing kinship in a manner similar to that of marriage. The formalities for entering a civil union and the benefits and responsibilities of the parties tend to be similar or identical to those relating to marriage. Various names are used for similar relationships in other countries, but civil union was first applied in Vermont.
The Supreme Court's invalidation of DOMA Section 3 in 2013 heightened the difference between marriage and civil unions; while marriage provides federal benefits, civil unions do not.
Colorado is the only state that has civil unions but not same-sex marriage.
The states Vermont, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Delaware which have legalized same-sex marriage, previously offered civil unions to same-sex couples though no longer.
Despite having legalized same-sex marriage, civil unions are allowed in Hawaii and Illinois. Governor John Hickenlooper signed a bill to establish civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples in Colorado on March 21, 2013. The law took effect on May 1, 2013.
States with Civil unions or Domestic partnerships (table)[edit]
Note: This table shows only states that currently have same-sex relationship laws other than full marriage. Some states that now have same-sex marriage originally had civil unions or domestic partnerships (or still do), but those states are not shown here.
|State population
(US Census estimate 2013[49])
|Legislation date
|Effective date
|Legislation name
|May 31, 2009
|October 1, 2009
|Domestic Partnership Responsibilities Act
|June 29, 2009
|August 3, 2009
|2009 Wisconsin Act 28 (limited domestic partnerships)
|March 21, 2013
|May 1, 2013
|Colorado Civil Union Act
(4.4% of the U.S. population)
Domestic partnerships[edit]
Domestic partnerships are any of a variety of relationships recognized by employers or state or local government. The benefits of domestic relationships range from very limited rights to all the rights afforded to married people by the state, except where federal law makes providing benefits impossible. While most domestic partnership schemes grant those partners limited, enumerated rights, the Oregon, Washington, and Nevada schemes provide substantially the same rights as marriage and are therefore, essentially, civil unions. In Oregon, same-sex couples can access domestic partnerships or marriage, as of May 19, 2014.
Government domestic partnership registries[edit]
- For a full list of cities and counties see the following page: Cities and counties in the United States offering a domestic partnership registry
Some U.S. cities, including New York, San Francisco, and Toledo, offer domestic partnership registries. These registries afford registered partner specified rights otherwise reserved to married couples. The rights afforded include access to city services and rights created by city ordinances. Some private employers within such cities use the domestic partnership registries for the purpose of determining employee eligibility for domestic partner benefits.[50]
Six U.S. states and the District of Columbia have some form of domestic partnership. One of these, Hawaii, calls its scheme a "reciprocal beneficiary" registry. Domestic partnership benefits vary widely, ranging from enumerated lists of benefits similar to municipal domestic partnerships to benefits equal to marriage.
When state governments legalize same-sex unions in some form, municipalities and counties in these states may sometimes choose to sunset their own domestic partnership registries (as Cook County, Illinois did in May 2011), while others which enacted such local registries prior to the state's own registry may retain their registries for various reasons. Such registries continue to be separate from state-level registries and unions, and usually must be filed after the dissolution of a state-level union. Those states include California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, New Jersey, and Washington.
States offering domestic partnerships[edit]
Since October 1, 2009, same-sex couples and opposite-sex couples over 18 have been able to enter into domestic partnerships.[51]
The Wisconsin legislature passed its 2009–2010 Budget on June 26, 2009. Governor Jim Doyle included language in the bill to allow for domestic partnership registrations for all unmarried persons. Wisconsin is the first state to offer such domestic partnership benefits despite having a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage and comparable alternatives, like civil unions. A legal analysis found on May 15, 2009, that adding such language to the budget despite the bans was likely legal,[52] and the state Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal to a lower court ruling affirming the law.[53] The law became effective on August 3, 2009. When the Court declined to take the case, WFA filed its suit, Appling v. Doyle, in Dane County District Court in 2010. The state hired outside counsel the defend the registry law, but on May 13, 2011, Governor Scott Walker asked to withdraw the state's defense of the domestic partnership registry.[54] Fair Wisconsin, an LGBT advocacy organization, intervened to defend the registry, assisted by Lambda Legal.[55] On June 20, 2011, Dane County Judge Dan Moeser ruled that the domestic partnership registry does not violate the state constitution, finding that the state "does not recognize domestic partnership in a way that even remotely resembles how the state recognizes marriage".[56] On December 20, 2012, a three-judge panel of the Fourth District Court of Appeals unanimously upheld Wisconsin's domestic partner registry, affirming Moeser's ruling.[55] On Wednesday, October 23, 2013, the Wisconsin Supreme Court held oral arguments on the case. A decision is expected summer 2014.[57]
Other states[edit]
Even in states where official recognition of their relationships is lacking; LGBT partners can conclude cohabitation agreements. Many states recognize through their judicial systems cohabitation agreements and common law partner agreements concluded between two partners in a relationship.These are de facto domestic partnerships that protect both parties and allow for shared property and court recognition of their relationships.[58][58]
Employment benefits[edit]
Some public- and private-sector U.S. employers provide health insurance or other spousal benefits to same-sex partners of employees, although the employee receiving benefits for his or her partner may have to pay income tax on the value of the benefit.
Partner benefits are more common among large employers, colleges and universities than at small businesses. The qualifications for and benefits of domestic partnership status vary from employer to employer; some recognize only same-sex or different-sex couples, while others recognize both.[50]
According to data from the Human Rights Campaign Foundation, the majority of Fortune 500 companies provided benefits to same-sex partners of employees as of June 2006.[59][60] Overall, 41 percent of HR professionals indicate that their organizations offered some form of domestic partner benefits (opposite-sex partners, same-sex partners or both).[61]
Because the U.S. federal government does not recognize same- or opposite-sex partners, tax benefits provided to opposite-sex spouses are generally not available to same-sex partners and spouses or opposite-sex partners.[62] While there are certain exceptions, generally under the Internal Revenue Code Section 152, the imputed value of the benefit will be considered taxable income. The proposed Tax Equity for Domestic Partner and Health Plan Beneficiaries Act would remove the disparity in tax treatment between such partners and married people, who are not taxed on benefits.
Limited recognition of same-sex unions[edit]
Some judicial decisions or executive orders have given same-sex couples limited recognition of their unions in certain states.
An Alaskan Supreme Court decision ruled that same-sex couples are entitled to the same property rights as opposite-sex couples.[63]
In November 2013, Governor Jay Nixon issued an executive order allowing for married same-sex couples to file joint tax returns with the state. They will not, however, be able to use state-level exemptions, deductions, or credits.[64]
Although the state is not recognizing the same-sex couples who married in the state between December 20, 2013 and January 6, 2014, couples who are eligible to file joint federal tax returns will be allowed to file joint state returns.[65]
Same-sex unions under federal litigation[edit]
Within a year after the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Section 3 of DOMA in 2013, lawsuits against state constitutional and statutory bans were filed in all the remaining states where same-sex marriage was not legal.
|District Court Date
|Circuit Court
|Circuit Court Date
|Baskin v. Bogan
|May 8, 2014
|In favor
|June 25, 2014
|August 26, 2014
|September 4, 2014
|Bishop v. Oklahoma
|Decided on briefs
|In favor
|January 14, 2014
|April 17, 2014
|July 18, 2014
|Bostic v. Rainey
|February 4, 2014
|In favor
|February 13, 2014
|May 13, 2014
|July 28, 2014
|Bourke v. Beshear
|Decided on briefs
|In favor
|February 27, 2014
|August 6, 2014
|De Leon v. Perry
|February 12, 2014
|In favor
|February 26, 2014
|DeBoer v. Snyder
|February 25, 2014
|In favor
|March 21, 2014
|August 6, 2014
|Henry v. Himes
|Decided on briefs
|In favor
|April 14, 2014
|August 6, 2014
|Jackson v. Fuddy
|Summary judgement
|August 8, 2012
|September 8, 2014
|Kitchen v. Herbert
|December 4, 2013
|In favor
|December 20, 2013
|April 10, 2014
|June 25, 2014
|Latta v. Otter
|May 5, 2014
|In favor
|May 13, 2014
|September 8, 2014
|Obergefell v. Himes
|Decided on briefs
|In favor
|December 23, 2013
|August 6, 2014
|Robicheaux v. Caldwell
|June 25, 2014
|September 3, 2014
|Sevcik v. Sandoval
|Decided on briefs
|November 29, 2012
|September 8, 2014
|Tanco v. Haslam
|Decided on briefs
|In favor
|March 14, 2014
|August 6, 2014
|Wolf v. Walker
|March 27, 2014
|In favor
|June 6, 2014
|August 26, 2014
|September 4, 2014
Supreme Court[edit]
The following cases have petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari.
Tenth Circuit[edit]
The Tenth Circuit covers Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, and Wyoming. New Mexico allows same-sex marriage.
On January 14, 2014, U.S. District Court Judge Terence C. Kern ruled that Oklahoma's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. He stayed enforcement of his judgement pending appeal. Oral arguments were held on April 17. On July 18, the ruling was affirmed.
Three same-sex couples filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Utah on March 25, 2013. The court heard arguments on December 4. On December 20, District Judge Robert J. Shelby struck down the same-sex marriage ban as unconstitutional and Salt Lake County began issuing marriage licenses immediately.[66] The state appealed the decision to the Tenth Circuit and requested an emergency stay pending appeal. The stay was denied by the court on December 22. The state also requested a stay from Judge Shelby, but it was denied on the 23rd, along with a second request for a stay from the Tenth Circuit. A third request was denied the following day. A final request for a stay was filed with Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor, who oversees the Tenth Circuit, on December 31. On January 6, 2014, the stay was granted by the Supreme Court pending a decision by the Tenth Circuit.[67] About 1,400 same-sex marriages were performed in Utah before the stay was issued.[68] These same-sex marriages are set to be recognized by June 9, 2014.[69] Oral arguments were held on April 10, 2014. On June 25, the Tenth Circuit affirmed the judgment of the district court but stayed their mandate pending petition for writ of certiorari from the Supreme Court.
Seventh Circuit[edit]
The Seventh Circuit covers Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana. Illinois allows same-sex marriage.
On June 25, 2014, Judge Richard L. Young for the U.S. District Court for southern Indiana ruled Indiana's statute banning same-sex marriage unconstitutional. He did not issue a stay and a few counties began issuing marriage licenses. Indiana Attorney General Greg Zoeller appealed the District Court's decisions to the 7th Circuit. On June 27, a stay was granted pending appeal. Oral arguments were heard on August 26. On September 4, the 7th Circuit affirmed the district court's decision.
On February 3, 2014, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the law firm of Mayer Brown filed a lawsuit in U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin on behalf of four same-sex couples, including a lesbian couple married in Minnesota in 2013. It challenged the state constitution's ban on same-sex marriage as well as Wisconsin's marriage evasion law, which makes it a crime to leave the state to establish a marriage that is not valid in Wisconsin punishable with up to nine months in jail and a fine of as much as $10,000. The suit named Governor Scott Walker, several state officials, and two county clerks as defendants.[70][71] The case was assigned to U.S. District Judge Barbara Brandriff Crabb, who scheduled a hearing for March 27.[72] On June 6, 2014, Crabb concluded that the state's constitutional and legislative ban on same-sex marriage interferes with the fundamental right to marry, violating the due process clause of the Constitution of the United States, and discriminates on the basis of sexual orientation, violating the equal protection clause.[73] Although Judge Barbara Crabb had not yet enjoined state officials from continuing to enforce the ban,[74] county clerks and deputized officials in most counties began issuing marriage licenses and performing ceremonies for same-sex couples. Attorney General J. B. Van Hollen said the ban remained in effect and filed for an emergency stay from Crabb to stop further marriages.[75] Crabb denied the motion. Van Hollen also requested a stay from the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals in Chicago, which was also denied.[76] A week after her initial ruling, Crabb formally enjoined the defendants from enforcing the ban but stayed the injunction and the declaration of unconstitutionality pending appeal.[77][78] Oral arguments were heard on August 26. On September 4, the 7th Circuit affirmed the district court's decision.
Fourth Circuit[edit]
The Fourth Circuit covers Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. Maryland allows same-sex marriage.
On July 18, 2013, two gay men filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage. Judge Arenda L. Wright Allen heard oral arguments on February 4, 2014. On February 13, she ruled that Virginia's statutory and constitutional ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. She stayed enforcement of her ruling pending appeal as the state had requested. Oral arguments were held on May 13. On July 28, the circuit court affirmed the district court's decision. The ruling was to go into effect on August 21, but the Supreme Court stayed it on August 20.
Fifth Circuit[edit]
The Fifth Circuit covers Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi.
In July 2013, a lawsuit was filed in the U.S. Eastern District Court of Louisiana. The court dismissed the suit in November 2013 because it found that the only named defendant, the state attorney general, had taken no specific action with respect to the plaintiffs' marriages. On February 5, 2014, the Robicheaux plaintiffs refiled their suit, naming as principal defendant the state director of health, along with the secretary of revenue, with case styled Robicheaux v. George. Forum For Equality, a Louisiana LGBT activist group, filed a separate suit on behalf of four couples on February 12, seeking recognition of same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions. On March 18, 2014, Judge Martin Feldman consolidated the two cases under the name Robicheaux v. Caldwell. On September 3, Judge Feldman ruled for the defendants.
In November 2013, a lesbian couple married in Massachusetts and an unmarried gay couple challenged the state's same-sex marriage ban. Federal District Judge Orlando Garcia heard oral arguments on February 12, 2014. On February 26, he ruled against Texas' ban on same-sex marriage. He stayed enforcement of his ruling pending appeal to the Fifth Circuit. Attorney General Greg Abbott said the state would appeal the decision.
Sixth Circuit[edit]
Every state in the Sixth Circuit had a case before the court on August 6, 2014.
Gregory Bourke and Michael Deleon married in Ontario, Canada, in 2004. On July 26, 2013, they filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky challenging Kentucky's refusal to recognize their marriage on behalf of themselves and Deleon's two adopted children. In a decision issued February 12, 2014, Judge Heyburn found that Kentucky must recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions because withholding recognition violates the U.S. Constitution's guarantee of equal protection. On February 27, 2014, Heyburn ordered Kentucky to recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions.[79] He set an effective date of March 21, but on March 19 he stayed his ruling pending appeal to the 6th circuit.[80] Oral arguments were heard on August 6, 2014.
In 2004, voters passed a same-sex marriage ban. On January 23, 2012, a lesbian couple filed a federal lawsuit challenging the state's ban on adoption by same-sex couples so they can jointly adopt their children. It was amended to include the state's same-sex marriage ban. A hearing was held on March 7, 2013, but Judge Bernard A. Friedman announced he would delay a ruling pending the outcome of Hollingsworth v. Perry and United States v. Windsor at the Supreme Court. A trial was held from February 25 to March 7, 2014. On March 21, he ruled in favor of the plaintiffs and did not stay his ruling. Attorney General Bill Schuette filed an emergency stay and appeal to the 6th Circuit.[81] Four counties began issuing marriage licenses on March 22 before a stay was granted. A stay was in effect until March 26 while the 6th Circuit decided whether to grant a longer extension, which it then did.[82] Oral arguments were heard on August 6, 2014.
On December 23, 2013, federal judge Timothy Black for the U.S. District Court for Southern Ohio declared Ohio's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Wymyslo, but limited the ruling to death certificates.[83] On January 16, 2014, the decision was appealed to the Sixth Circuit.[84] On April 14, 2014, Judge Timothy Black ordered the state of Ohio to recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions in Henry v. Himes.[85] On April 16, 2014, he stayed enforcement of his ruling except for the birth certificates sought by the plaintiffs.[86] Both cases had oral arguments on August 6, 2014.
On October 21, 2013, several local attorneys supported by the National Center for Lesbian Rights filed a lawsuit in U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee on behalf of four Tennessee same-sex couples seeking to require Tennessee to recognize their marriages. They argued that the state's policy constitutes discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and violates their rights to due process and equal protection, as well as their right to travel.[87] One of the couples married in New York left the case and the number of defendants was reduced by one. On March 14, 2014, U.S. District Judge Aleta Trauger granted a preliminary injunction requiring the state to recognize the marriages of the three plaintiff couples. The Tennessee Attorney General filed an interlocutory appeal asking the circuit court to stay the injunction that forces the state to recognize plaintiffs' marriages. On April 25, 2014, the Sixth Circuit issued a stay.
Ninth Circuit[edit]
The Ninth Circuit covers Hawaii, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California, Arizona, Nevada, Idaho, and Montana. Three cases were heard on September 8, 2014. California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington allow same-sex marriage.
On December 7, 2011, a same-sex couple filed suit in U.S. district court to obtain marriage licenses in Hawaii, which at that time denied licenses to such couples. The initial suit was styled Jackson v. Abercrombie, after first-named-plaintiff Natasha Jackson and first-named-defendant Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie. In an order issued on August 8, 2012, U.S. District Court Judge Alan Kay rejected the plaintiffs' claims and granted defendants' motion for summary judgment, upholding Hawaii's ban on same-sex marriage. The plaintiffs in Jackson appealed Judge Kay's ruling to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. The appeal was initially scheduled to be heard on a parallel track with Nevada's case until both cases were placed on hold, pending Supreme Court decisions in two other same-sex marriage cases, Perry and Windsor. Those cases were resolved on June 26, 2013, and on November 13, Hawaii enacted the Hawaii Marriage Equality Act, ending its ban on same-sex marriage. Despite that legislation, the plaintiffs have not withdrawn their suit as moot, but have pressed their appeal seeking to have the lower court's order overturned.
In November 2013, four Idaho lesbian couples filed a lawsuit in U.S. district court challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage. The case was heard before Chief U.S. Magistrate Judge Candy Dale on May 5. On May 13, 2014 she declared the state's statue and constitutional ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution. She stayed her ruling until May 16. Governor Butch Otter requested a stay pending appeal to the Ninth Circuit. A temporary stay was granted by the 9th circuit on May 15. A full stay was granted on May 20 and the case was expedited.
On April 10, 2012, Lambda Legal filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada on behalf of eight same-sex couples. Judge Robert C. Jones scheduled oral argument for November 26 on all issues in the case, but on September 19 he canceled the oral argument and announced he would rule on the basis of the briefs alone. On November 29, Jones ruled against the plaintiffs. An appeal was filed on December 3, 2012 with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. The Court placed the case on hold pending the Supreme Court rulings in Hollingsworth v. Perry and United States v. Windsor. On October 18, 2013, Lambda Legal filed its opening brief. On January 21, 2014, the state of Nevada submitted its reply brief. That same day, the Ninth Circuit's decision in SmithKline Beecham Corporation v. Abbott Laboratories established that laws that make a distinction based on sexual orientation are subject to "heightened scrutiny". On February 10, Nevada Attorney General Catherine Cortez Masto withdrew the state's brief defending Nevada's ban on same-sex marriage. The court agreed to expedite the case on February 12.[88]
Tenth Circuit[edit]
Same-sex unions under state litigation[edit]
On July 2, 2013, eleven same-sex couples, some of whom had married in Iowa and some of whom were registered as domestic partners in Eureka Springs, along with two of their children, filed a state lawsuit challenging Arkansas Constitution Amendment 83's definition of marriage and its denial of recognition to same-sex unions established in other jurisdictions. They claimed violations of their rights to privacy, due process, and equal protection, as well noncompliance with the full faith and credit clause. On May 9, 2014, Sixth Judicial Circuit Judge Chris Piazza struck down Arkansas's same-sex marriage ban. Arkansas Attorney General Dustin McDaniel, who came out in favor of same-sex marriage on May 3, said that he would appeal the ruling. He filed an appeal of the ruling on May 10, 2014 and, two days later, submitted a petition for an emergency stay to the Arkansas Supreme Court. In a per curiam opinion delivered on May 14, 2014, the Arkansas Supreme Court found that Judge Piazza's order was not a final one, and thus it is without jurisdiction to hear the appeal, as it was premature. The state supreme court denied the request for a stay as well, noting that the circuit court's order left in place Arkansas's statutory ban on same-sex marriage, Ark. Code Ann. § 9-11-208(b). The high court noted that the dismissal of the appeal was without prejudice, meaning the state may file an appeal once the circuit court issues a final order. On May 15, 2014, the Wright plaintiffs filed a motion for clarification of judgment with Judge Piazza, with the relief sought is clarification that the statutory ban is overturned along with the constitutional ban. Defendants did not object to clarification, but sought a final order, and renewed their demand for a stay. Circuit Judge Piazza issued his clarified order the same day. On May 16, the state Supreme Court enforced a stay on Piazza's ruling, preventing any further same-sex marriages from taking place while the appeals process occurs. About 450 same-sex marriages were performed in the state before the stay was issued.[89]
Colorado's same-sex marriage ban was struck down by a state district court on July 9, 2014 but the ruling was stayed pending appeal.
Same-sex union referenda under consideration[edit]
Referenda to repeal same-sex union bans are being considered in the following states:
Two ballot proposals have been approved for signature collections. One ballot proposal by Arkansans for Equality would repeal Amendment 83, but not legalize same-sex marriage; it would leave the statute ban in place.[90] Arkansans for Equality decided to suspend their ballot initiative in light of Arkansans's same-sex marriage ban being struck down.[91] The other ballot proposal by Arkansas Initiative for Marriage Equality would legalize same-sex marriage in the state.[92]
In 2013, the state legislature began work on legislation that repeals the constitutional ban and substituting a gender neutral definition of marriage.[93][94] The Senate approved the legislation on April 22 on a 12–9 vote.[95] and the Assembly passed the resolution on May 23 by a 27–14 vote.[96] It requires approval by the 2015 legislature and by voters in the 2016 election to take effect.[97]
See also[edit]
- Civil union in the United States
- Domestic partnership in the United States
- Same-sex marriage in the United States
- LGBT rights in the United States
- ^ The issue nationwide is at a tipping point illinoisissues.uis.edu. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
- ^ a b Belenky, Alexander (July 2, 2011). "Rhode Island Same Sex Civil Unions Bill Signed By Governor Lincoln Chafee". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
- ^ "Text of the decision in In re Marriage Cases". Supreme Court of California. May 15, 2008. Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008.
- ^ "In re Marriage Cases, footnote 17, pages 29–30". Supreme Court of California. May 15, 2008. Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008.
- ^ http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/opinions/archive/S168047.PDF – For a review see: Thomas Kupka, Names and Designations in Law, in: The Journal Jurisprudence 6 (2010) 121–130.
- ^ "Ruling by United States District Court". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
- ^ Egelko, Bob; Bulwa, Demian (August 4, 2010). "Judge strikes down ban on same-sex marriage". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
- ^ Keys, Matthew (August 4, 2010). "Federal Judge: Same Sex Marriage Ban Under Proposition 8 Violates Constitution". FOX40.com. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
- ^ McKinley, Jesse (August 12, 2010). "Judge Sets End to Ban on Gay Marriage in California". New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ Joel Rosenblatt and Edvard Pettersson (August 16, 2010). "California Gay Marriage Remains Banned During Appeal". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
- ^ Ninth Circuit: "Order," August 16, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2010
- ^ Ninth Circuit: "Order," August 17, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2010
- ^ "U.S. Supreme Court Asked to Hear Prop. 8 Case". American Foundation for Equal Rights. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
- ^ Liptak, Adam (December 7, 2012). "Justices to Hear Two Challenges on Gay Marriage". New York Times. Retrieved December 8, 2012. (archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6ClunjOCb)
- ^ Winter, Michael; Weise, Elizabeth (June 28, 2013). "Same-sex marriages resume in California". USA Today. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ Katayama, Fred (March 2, 2012). "Delaware governor says gay marriage is "inevitable" in his state". Reuters. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ^ "Governor Urges Lawmakers to Hear Marriage Equality Bills". Maui Now. February 11, 2013.
- ^ "Gov. Abercrombie Calls Special Session on Marriage Equity". Governor of Hawaii. September 9, 2013.
- ^ "Hawaii Legislature Passes Marriage Equality". Think Progress. November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
- ^ Bellware, Kim (November 5, 2013). "Illinois Gay Marriage Bill Passes As State Poised To Become 15th To Legalize Same Sex Marriage". Huffington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
- ^ "Iowa Supreme Court upholds Hanson's ruling; marriage no longer limited to one man, one woman". Des Moines Register. April 3, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
- ^ Susan M. Cover (November 4, 2009). "Mainers vote down gay marriage law". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved November 4, 2009. "The measure is repealed in a close vote, 53–47 percent"[dead link]
- ^ "2012 General Election Ballot Question Language". elections.state.md.us. Maryland State Board of Elections. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
- ^ Press, Associated. "Maine, Maryland Vote to Legalize Gay Marriage". Swampland.time.com. Retrieved November 7, 2012.[dead link]
- ^ Writer, Staff. (August 1, 2008) Governor signs law allowing out of state gays to marry in Massachusetts. PinkNews.co.uk.
- ^ Writer, Staff. (July 16, 2008) Massachusetts moves to allow out of state gays to get married. PinkNews.co.uk.
- ^ Anti-gay group attacks same-sex marriage in Massachusetts. PinkNews.co.uk (August 18, 2008).
- ^ Zernike, Kate (February 17, 2012). "Christie, as Promised, Vetoes Bill to Legalize Gay Marriage". New York Times.
- ^ Wiener, Rachel. "New Jersey: The next battleground for gay marriage". Washington Post. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ "Court: Same-sex marriages can start Monday in New Jersey". CNN. October 20, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^ Pollon, Zelie (2013-12-19). "New Mexico Supreme Court rules to allow same-sex marriage". Reuters. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
- ^ Hakim, Danny (October 6, 2006). "Spitzer Vows to Push for Gay Marriage". The New York Times. Retrieved May 29, 2008.
- ^ "Assembly Bill 8590".
- ^ Erica Nochlin (October 15, 2013). "Lawsuit filed to overturn Oregon's same-sex marriage ban". KATU news.
- ^ "Judge consolidates Oregon gay-marriage lawsuits". Washington Post. January 22, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
- ^ Hubbard, Saul (May 19, 2014). "Oregon's gay marriage ban struck down".
- ^ KGW Staff (May 19, 2014). "Gay couples getting married after Oregon ban overturned".
- ^ "A.C.L.U. Lawsuit Aims to Overturn Pennsylvania's Ban on Gay Marriage". New York Times. July 9, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ^ Lord, Rich (July 10, 2013). "Judge named to handle case trying to legalize gay marriage in Pennsylvania". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
- ^ Reuters (20 May 2014). "Federal judge strikes down gay marriage ban in Pennsylvania". Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ "U.S. judge strikes down Pennsylvania law barring gay marriage". Reuters. May 20, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
- ^ Associated Press (21 May 2014). "Pennsylvania governor: I won't appeal court's gay marriage ruling". The Guardian.
- ^ MacDougall, Ian (June 29, 2011). "RI Senate passes civil unions bill". Greenwich Time. Associated Press. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
- ^ Niedowski, Erika (May 14, 2012). "Lincoln Chafee, Rhode Island Governor, Declares State Will Recognize Out-Of-State Gay Marriages". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
- ^ "Chafee signs same-sex marriage bills, making Rhode Island the 10th state to legalize gay marriage". May 2, 2013.
- ^ Gram, Dave (April 6, 2009). "Vermont Gov. Douglas vetoes gay marriage bill". Boston Globe. Retrieved April 7, 2009.[dead link]
- ^ Gram, Dave (April 7, 2009). "Vermont legalizes gay marriage with veto override". Associated Press. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
- ^ "Annual Population Estimates". State Totals: Vintage 2013. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 14, 2014. The Census Bureau population estimate for 2013 was 316,128,839 for the states and the District of Columbia.
- ^ a b "Human Rights Campaign – Defining Domestic Partners for Benefits Purposes". Retrieved March 6, 2008.
- ^ House overrides governor's veto of domestic partners bill[dead link]
- ^ Memo says Wisconsin domestic partnership plan likely legal. Madison.com (October 8, 2012).
- ^ "Wisconsin Supreme Court Rejects Case Seeking to Strip Away Domestic Partnership Protections" (press release), Fair Wisconsin, November 4, 2009.
- ^ "Gov. Walker Wants to Stop Defending Domestic Partnership Registry in Court". WSAW/Associated Press. May 16, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
- ^ a b Marley, Patrick (December 21, 2012). "Wisconsin appeals court upholds domestic partner registry". Journal Sentinel. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
- ^ "Judge rules Wisconsin same sex registry is constitutional". Reuters. June 20, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ^ "State Supreme Court hints it may strike down part of domestic partnership law". October 23, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
- ^ a b Dickler, Jessica (November 2, 2004). "Prenups aren't just for married couples anymore". CNN. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
- ^ Human Rights Campaign Foundation – State of the Workplace for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Americans, 2005–2006. Hrc.org.
- ^ "Human Rights Campaign – GLBT Equality at the Fortune 500". Retrieved March 9, 2008.
- ^ "Employees Undervalue Benefits, SHRM 2007 Survey Finds". Retrieved March 9, 2008.
- ^ Human Rights Campaign – What the Defense of Marriage Act Does. Hrc.org.
- ^ http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/20140425/alaska-supreme-court-decision-affords-gay-couple-equal-property-tax-rights
- ^ "Missouri Will Recognize Same-sex Marriages for Tax Purposes". November 14, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
- ^ Botelho, Greg (January 16, 2014). "As legal fight plays out, same-sex couples get OK to file joint tax returns in Utah". CNN. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
- ^ Dobuzinskis, Alex (December 20, 2013). "U.S. judge strikes down Utah's gay marriage ban". Reuters. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
- ^ Herbert v. Kitchen, 571 U.S. (United States Supreme Court January 6, 2014).
- ^ http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/10/us-usa-gaymarriage-utah-justice-idUSBREA090WI20140110
- ^ http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/utah-ordered-grant-benefits-gay-couples-23786264
- ^ Geidner, Chris (February 3, 2014). "ACLU Filing Lawsuit In Wisconsin Seeking Marriage Equality". Buzz Feed. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
- ^ Johnson, Chris (February 3, 2014). "Wisconsin latest state to face marriage lawsuit". Washington Blade. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
- ^ "Federal judge to hear motion March 27 in Wisconsin marriage equality case". Wisconsin Gazette. February 28, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
- ^ Wolf v. Walker, 14-cv-64-bbc, (W.D. Michigan Jun. 6, 2014) p 3
- ^ Jason Stein; Patrick Marley; Dana Ferguson (Jun 6, 2014). "Federal judge overturns Wisconsin's gay marriage ban". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved Jun 6, 2014.
- ^ "Weddings continue after judge declares ban unconstitutional". Wisconsin State-Journal. June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
- ^ "Wisconsin attorney general files appeal to halt gay weddings". Chicago Tribune. June 9, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
- ^ Stein, Jason; Marley, Patrick; Ferguson, Dana (Jun 13, 2014). "Judge ends gay marriage ban, but stops weddings for now". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved Jun 13, 2014.
- ^ "Opinion and Order, 14-cv-64-bbc, (W.D. Michigan Jun. 13, 2014)". Retrieved Jun 13, 2014.
- ^ Barrouquere, Brett (February 27, 2014). "Same-sex Marriage Now Legally Recognized in Kentucky". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
- ^ Barrouquere, Brett (March 19, 2014). "Kentucky Gay Marriage Recognition Put On Hold By Federal Judge". Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
- ^ Oosting, Jonathan (March 21, 2014). "Gay marriage now legal in Michigan, but marriage licenses may have to wait". mlive. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
- ^ Eligon, John; Eckholm, Erik (March 22, 2014). "For Gay Couples in Michigan, a Day of Joy Ends in Legal Uncertainty". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
- ^ "Ohio's ban on gay marriage ruled unconstitutional in limited case". The Washington Post. December 23, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
- ^ Margolin, Emma (January 16, 2014). "Ohio appeals same-sex marriage victory". MSNBC. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
- ^ http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/04/14/ohio-gay-marriage-court/7691313/
- ^ http://www.metroweekly.com/2014/04/federal-judge-grants-partial-stay-in-ohio-marriage-ban-ruling/
- ^ "4 same-sex couples sue Tennessee over gay marriage". USA Today. October 21, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
- ^ Sevcik v. Sandoval (9th Cir. February 12, 2014). Text
- ^ http://time.com/103572/arkansas-gay-marriage-suspension-ruling/
- ^ "AG Accepts Ballot Title Proposal to Repeal Amendment Banning Same-sex Marriage". Arkansasmatters.com. September 19, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
- ^ http://arkansansforequality.org/press-release-5152014/
- ^ "Ark. AG McDaniel Certifies Ballot Proposal for Same-sex Marriage". Arkansasmatters.com. November 7, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
- ^ Senate Joint Resolution 13
- ^ "Nev. senate panel amends, passes gay marriage bill". Reno Gazette-Journal. April 11, 2013.
- ^ Chereb, Sandra (April 22, 2013). "Gay marriage resolution advances in Nevada". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
- ^ "Nevada Assembly backs resolution to end ban on gay marriage". Las Vegas Sun. May 23, 2013.
- ^ Hagar, Ray (April 28, 2013). "Long road ahead for marriage equality in Nevada". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved May 24, 2013.


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Outstanding collection of six exceptional noble bass instruments, sampled with all imaginable details that answer anyone's wishes. It took more than a year for Chris Hein to produce this outstanding collection of six exceptional noble bass instruments, sampled with all imaginable details that answer anyone's wishes.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Thank you for keeping Maryland beautiful!
The State Highway Administration appreciates your interest in the Adopt-A-Highway program. Your volunteer participation is helping to keep the Free State litter free.
For additional information contact:State Highway Administration Beverly A. Goetz Adopt-A-Highway Coordinator Office of Maintenance 7491 Connelley Drive Hanover, MD 21076 1-877-624-6863 and 410-582-5557


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How may mobile apps for children soon be changing?
The Federal Trade Commission is expected to issue rules Wednesday aimed at keeping cellphone app developers from gathering too much information from preteen users. The FTC will propose prohibiting the use of behavioral marketing techniques that target children and will redefine as personal information the location data that comes from a cellphone or tablet, the device's unique identification number and data-tracking files known as "cookies."
Where is NBC foreign correspondent Richard Engel?
Engel and his production crew were in Turkey on Tuesday after being held in Syria for five days, The newsman and several members of his crew were captured by pro-regime gunmen who had dragged them from their car, killed one of their rebel escorts and subjected them to mock executions. The gunmen planned to exchange them for prisoners held by the Syrian rebels. They escaped during a firefight at a rebel checkpoint.
How comprehensive is Australia's workers' compensation coverage?
A recent court ruling suggests the coverage is relatively broad. The court determined that a bureaucrat who was injured while having sex on a business trip was eligible for workers' compensation benefits. She was hospitalized when a glass light fitting was torn from its mount above the bed during sex and landed on her face, injuring her nose and mouth -- and eventually causing debilitating depression. A panel of judges ruled that her employer did not have to condone her actions for her injury to be covered.
- The Associated Press contributed to these items.


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You say you bought tickets for the Pearl Jam concert at Wrigley Field for an unbelievable price online? Better check them closely.
With a handful of outdoor music festivals and big-name acts performing this summer, Chicago Police report several cases of counterfeit tickets being sold over the Internet.
Tickets are being offered for sale over social media and online classified sites. But after the victim has made the transaction, they discover the tickets are fake. Cases have included tickets to sporting events and major concerts scheduled for the upcoming weekend, according to police.
Police advise would-be ticket buyers to:
If anyone has information on these crimes, or may be a victim, contact the CPD Financial Crimes Unit at (312) 746-9661.
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Changes related to "FAQ How do I stop the Java editor from showing a single method at once?"
From Eclipsepedia
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold.
No changes on linked pages during the given period.


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Phil & Teds Promenade Double Kit
- In Stock
0 review
- Delivery
- Next day delivery available
This double kit is the second seat for your promenade buggy and comes complete with sun hood. One hand triple position recline seat that converts to a lie flat bed! Maximum seat load 18kg/40lb, maximum lie flat bed load 9kg/20lb.
Phil & Teds Dot Double Kit
- In Stock
2 reviews
- Delivery
- Next day delivery available
Attach the double kit to the Phil&Teds Dot Buggy (sold separately) to turn it into an incline. Can be attached at front or rear.
The double kit adapts your buggy from 1 kid to 2 as your family grows.
- 2 Recline positions.
- One hand recline
- Can be customised with different coloured liners. (Sold separately).
This double kit can be used on the Dot Buggy (sold separately in 3 colours).Colours: Apple, Chilli, Flint.
Phil & Teds Snug Carrycot
- In Stock
0 review
- Delivery
- Next day delivery available
This Phil & Teds Snug Carrycot is the ideal way to keep your little one comfortable when you're on the move.
The padded mattress and sides make it extra cosy and the carry handles are perfect for a quick and easy transfer from the buggy into the house, so if your baby is enjoying a nap you won't have to disturb their slumber.
The simple click and go buggy attachment converts your pushchair into a cosy pram, with an adjustable hood and a removable top cover to keep them nice and snug.
This Phil and Teds Carrycot can be used with the Dot, Promenade and Navigator buggies (available separately) and there are different colour hood available too (item number 3KRLW) so your little one can travel in style.
Useful info:
- From birth to 9 kg
- Padded mattress and sides
- Carry handles
- Click n go buggy attachment
- Removable top cover
- Adjustable hood
- Other hoods available
- Base feet
- Phil & Teds Snug Carrycot
Phil & Teds Navigator Double Kit
- Low stock, selling fast
0 review
- Delivery
This double kit upgrade lets you add a second seat with ease. Simply add to the front or back of your Navigator pushchair.
The navigator double kit is quick and easy to attach and also has an easy to use one hand recline. 2 Recline positions. One hand recline.
Can be customised with different coloured liners (sold separately)Colours: Black, Cherry, Sky.
Phil & Teds Navigator Double Kit
- Low stock, selling fast
0 review
- Delivery
This Phil and Teds Navigator Kit is a quick and simple way to convert your stroller so the whole family can head out on an adventure.
Compatible with the Phil and Teds Navigator Buggy (item number 3VUTV), it's easy to attach and is suitable from birth through to 20 kg in the front position or 15 kg in the rear position.
The 5 point safety harness and neck support ensure your child is nice and secure, with a padded seat and straps for a comfy ride. It also includes a moulded neck support for younger babies with a one hand recline function that's ideal for an afternoon nap.
This kit also includes a sun mesh to protect their delicate skin from harmful rays, meaning they can sit back and relax as you stroll along.
Useful info:
- Compatible with the Navigator Stroller (item number 3VUTV)
- Fits in both front and read facing positions
- Suitable from birth to 15/20 kg depending on position
- Moulded neck support
- 5 point safety harness
- One handed recline function
- Sun mesh included
- Phil and Teds Navigator Kit


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Getting to know Control Center on iOS 7
The simple act of enabling Bluetooth, or disabling Wi-Fi on an iOS device has never been truly simple. The process required way too many taps to navigate to a switch buried deep within the Settings app.
With iOS 7 the process to control things such as Wi-Fi, orientation lock, music, brightness, airplane mode, and Do Not Disturb has been streamlined into a convenient panel. Selecting any of the respective buttons for a service at the top of the panel, such as Bluetooth, will toggle the status of said service.
In addition to quick access to the controls mentioned above, you'… Read more


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As part of our awesome summer festival partnership with Bacardi+, Grooveshark experienced three days of amazing music at Camp Bisco, an annual music festival held in Mariaville, New York. We set out on the road to Bisco early morning Wednesday, July 11, for a music experience that attracts an estimated crowd of 25,000 people. Here's a recap of our time there!
Grooveshark and Bacardi+ ran the Media Tent at Bisco, serving as the hub for all media agents at the festival. Every morning, media teams gathered in the tent to be briefed on festival updates.
With free WiFi, phone charging hubs, Bacardi+ Pre-Mixed cocktails, and a Grooveshark listening station to preview which artists to catch next, our tent saw hundreds of media, artist, and VIP faces throughout the festival.
Above Left: Grooveshark/Bacardi+ tent
Above Right: Look at that swag!
Below Left: Press briefing in progress
Below Right: Grooveshark listening station
VIP's and media agents also visited the tent for free Grooveshark/Bacardi+ gear. We gave away so much! Here's a quick breakdown:
- 250 beach balls
- 500 lighters
- 300 coozies
- 400 bottle openers
- 500 plastic cups
- 600 stickers
- 300 premium ear plugs (courtesy of Bacardi+)
Bassnectar and Skrillex dominated the main stage with awesome sets. Skrillex had a media blackout which was lifted right before his show and allowed us to get some awesome shots
Everyone was wearing bandanas as a result of the massive amount of dust at the festival; however, the rain on the second night made for an enjoyable third day.
The festival also attracted a variety of Go-go dance troupes, notably the Kitty Koalition, who made frequent stops in the tent for dancing and cocktails. These troupes dressed up in outrageous costumes and hustled their ways on stage to dance alongside some of the festival's biggest-named artists.
There were also a lot of remnant bikers scattered around the festival from a motorcycle rally on-site the week before. They were all friendly and added to the diverse culture in attendance.
We experienced a lot of awesome things at Bisco, but one of our favorites was the sunset as viewed by a $5 ride on the ferris wheel.
Want to see more pictures? Head over to the album on Photobucket!
Want to see more work by the photographer? Head over to Jesse Lash Photography to check out his other work!
Love and Fun Festival Times,
Go to Summer Camp for Free
Grooveshark wants to send you to the 12th annual Summer Camp Music Festival for free this year! This awesome 3 day music and camping festival takes place just 2 1/2 hours from Chicago at Three Sisters Park in Chillicothe, Illinois and features over 100 artists on 7 stages. Confirmed 2012 artists include 3 days of moe. and Umphrey's McGee, Jane's Addiction, Primus, Pretty Lights, Common, Weir, Robinson, Greene Acoustic Trio, Gov't Mule, Gogol Bordello, Tedeschi Trucks Band, Lotus, Michael Franti, Shpongle, Yonder Mountain String Band, G Love, and many, many more! So check out the details & submission below to take a shot at getting free tickets to camp out & get down to sweet jams and share awesome music with your friends in the process!
Here's How to Win Those Tickets
- Create a new Grooveshark playlist featuring artists from the Summer Camp lineup.
- To be able to win, playlists must have at least 20 songs and 10 different artists from the lineup.
- Get as many people to subscribe to your playlist as you can.
- The top two playlists with the most subscribers each win a pair of General Admission tickets to Summer Camp 2012 + a code for 1 year of Grooveshark Anywhere.
- 3 runner-ups will get a code for 6 months of Grooveshark Anywhere.
- Fill out the form below so we can let you know if you win!
Love & Summer Camp Jams,
Grooveshark & Summer Camp


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NEWARK, N.J. (AP) -- Federal prosecutors in New Jersey say three men stole more than $6.5 million from an investor, in part, by claiming they had special access to Facebook shares before the company went public.
Prosecutors say 63-year-old Aaron Muschel of Brooklyn, N.Y., and 47-year-old Alex Schleider and 37-year-old Eliyahu Weinstein, both of Lakewood, N.J., are charged with stealing approximately $6.7 million from the investor.
The U.S. Attorney's Office for New Jersey says Weinstein pleaded guilty in January to money laundering and wire fraud conspiracy charges after admitting his role in what authorities say was a $200 million real estate fraud scheme. He faces up to 25 years in prison on those charges.
The three are due in federal court in Newark Tuesday afternoon.


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Buffalo Campus
18 Agassiz Circle
Buffalo, NY 14214
(716) 880-2000
(800) 292-1582
Rochester Campus
1880 S. Winton Rd.
Rochester, NY 14618
(585) 272-0030
(866) 212-2235
Medaille College will hold its annual Commencement Ceremonies on Friday, May 20, 2011 at 1 p.m. and 7 p.m. at Kleinhans Music Hall in Buffalo.
As in past years, Medaille will hold two separate ceremonies to accommodate the College's graduating classes of master's, bachelor's and associate degree recipients through programs at campuses in Buffalo, Amherst and Rochester.
Mark J. Czarnecki, president of M&T Bank Corporation and its primary subsidiary, M&T Bank, will address graduate degree recipients at the afternoon ceremony. Lois Marie Gibbs, founder and executive director of the Center for Health, Environment & Justice (CHEJ), will deliver remarks during the undergraduate ceremony in the evening. Gibbs has been recognized extensively for her work in the grassroots environmental movement, and for her leading role in raising awareness about Love Canal and the hazardous effects of contamination at that site.
Full biographies of these speakers are available at the Commencement page.
The instructors were knowledgeable and welcomed class discussions, with
respect for each student's contribution. I've learned how to be a more
effective leader. My capstone class gave insight on how to combine all
the education learned to operate a business. That's when I realized how
much I had sharpened my knowledge.
Buffalo: 18 Agassiz Circle, Buffalo, NY 14214 • (716) 880-2000 (800) 292-1582
Rochester: 1880 S Winton Rd, Rochester, NY 14618 • (585) 272-0030 (866) 212-2235


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The views in these blogs are those held by the individual blogger and do not necessarily reflect the views of Everton Football Club.
Dave Hickson: A Tribute
Adam Clark, 23/08/2013 18:01
The grand venue said plenty. That people swarmed from wall to wall, many dressed in blue or clutching scarves, all sharing tales either first-hand or passed down, left no doubt. Dave Hickson was a bona fide Everton hero.
Entered in to respectful silence, his coffin, predictably draped in club colours, journeyed out from Liverpool's vast Anglican Cathedral, as requested, to...
'Je Ne Regrette Rien'
Adam Clark, 22/03/2013 17:25
When international breaks come around these days, it's almost an eerie silence which descends upon Everton's Finch Farm training ground.
So littered is David Moyes' squad with players whose talents are exploited by their nations, for days the air filling the hallways of the Club's state-of-the-art Halewood complex goes almost undisturbed.
Yet there is one man who remains, a player for...
Back From The Brink
Adam Clark, 4/03/2013 15:48
Interviewing Sylvain Distin for our special podcast Back From The Brink was fascinating.
The podcast is online now and can be heard below.
Doing evertontv interviews is great; being at the pulse of breaking news, speaking to the triumphant matchwinner just minutes after the final whistle, getting to fight it out with the big hitting broadcasters in the mixed zones...
999 And Counting
Adam Clark, 8/12/2012 13:03
Should Everton find the net against Tottenham on Sunday, cheer a little louder than usual.
The goal – whoever grabs it and however it comes – will be Everton's 1000th in the Premier League era, bringing up a significant landmark in the Club's history.
Everyone loves a goal – Marouane Fellaini more than most at present – and a quick scan of...


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Press Association
A cyclist in action at the London 2012 velodrome.
Cycling - Track
Ever since a sprint event was staged at the inaugural Olympics of the modern era at Athens 1896, track cycling has guaranteed some of the most thrilling and fast-paced action of the Games.
Originally held on outdoor tracks, the sport was staged indoors for the first time in a specialised velodrome at the Olympics at Montreal 1976.
However, it was 16 years later that the development of the discipline really started to accelerate with the introduction of the ultra-lightweight full carbon-fibre bikes that are now commonplace.
Great Britain's Chris Boardman surprised everyone when he arrived at Barcelona 1992 with a new and untested Lotus bicycle, as well as a futuristic-looking aerodynamic helmet, but he proved the critics wrong by emphatically winning the individual pursuit gold medal - lapping German rival and reigning world champion Jens Lehmann in the final.
That set the trend for the high-tech bikes that are used today, and the sport has continued to embrace change ever since - with engineers now helping cyclists to generate as much speed as possible by making the bikes more aerodynamic and also lighter than ever before.
The blend of technology and athletic excellence helps to make track cycling one of the most exciting sports on the Olympic programme.
Apart from Stockholm 1912, track cycling has appeared at every edition of the Games, with a women's event first introduced at Seoul 1988.
In its current format, both sprint and endurance races take place on a wooden, banked oval-shaped track measuring a minimum of 250 metres long.
The structure of the Olympic programme has changed considerably over the years and events such as the one-kilometre time trial, individual pursuit, points race and the madison have been dropped at recent Games.
The format for London 2012 sees men and women compete in identical events for the first time in Olympic history, with five being staged for each gender (the keirin, sprint, team sprint, team pursuit and omnium), although the distances raced in some of the events vary for men and women.
Great Britain has been the dominant nation in recent track cycling history. Led by triple gold medal winner Chris Hoy, Team GB won seven gold, three silver and two bronze medals at Beijing 2008.


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Your search "ehb" resulted in 1 Article
Kodak EHB (125 iso, 120). How we tortured each other.I recently bought a batch of this Tungsten film, expired in 1972. I wasn't expecting things would get so nasty between us.
Are you new to Lomography?
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Guess That Tag! Rumble: Down the Catwalk We're serving the trendiest and hippest fashion photographs for this edition of Guess That Tag! Rumble. Check it out!
Me, Myself and the LC-A 120: Matej We would like to go where Matej went on his holidays! Here is what he has to say about the new LC-A 120.
To Our Grandparents Rumble Winners Announcement Make sure to thank your granny and gramp for the endless wisdom and tons of tender moments they have shared with you!
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Friday, 04 Dec 2009 06:51 PM
NEW YORK -- Former NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw and his wife say they were involved in a three-car accident on a New York City highway that killed one woman. Neither Brokaw nor his wife was hurt.
The accident happened Friday afternoon on the Bruckner Expressway. Brokaw says he was driving in the highway's left lane when an SUV driver lost control of her vehicle in the right lane.
Special: Get Sarah Palin's New Book – Incredible FREE Offer – Click Here Now.
Brokaw and police say the SUV driver, an unidentified woman, slid into the middle lane, forcing a mail truck in front of Brokaw's car. Brokaw says his car collided with the mail truck.
Police say the SUV driver was thrown from the car and killed. The 69-year-old Brokaw and his wife, Meredith, were not injured.
© Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Sunday, 17 Mar 2013 17:13 PM
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What this country needs is a hard working, adult President....
Your perpetual state of socialist bliss is possible due to the
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Simply indicative of the general ignorant attitudes that prevail about our...
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Learn More About Working at CBO and the Agency's Career Opportunities
April 1, 2013
As ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on March 14, 2013
S. 393 would add 9 miles of the White Clay Creek in Delaware and Pennsylvania to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Based on information provided by the National Park Service, which administers the White Clay Creek unit of the system, CBO estimates that implementing the bill would have no significant impact on the federal budget. The affected segments are already protected for wilderness values and would remain in private or state hands. Enacting the bill would not affect revenues or direct spending; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply.
S. 393 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments.


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good how are you ? Yes, I Love Your New Page :)
My name is Shavon aka ShavonBarbie_31 and I love Nicki Minaj ! :)
FOLLOW ME On Twitter : @ShavonLove_31
Sat, May 7, 2011 at 10:45 PM
Who should Nicki make a song with
I think katy perry Jessie J or some body eles if she hasn't already


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