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Slijpers two-legged goat - developmental plasticity
by Diderot
Tags: developmental, goat, plasticity, slijpers, twolegged
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Nov6-12, 10:30 AM
In her treatise 'Developmental plasticity and the origin of species differences' (PDF), Mary Jane West-Eberhard argues 'that the origin of species differences, and of novel phenotypes in general, involves the reorganization of ancestral phenotypes (developmental recombination) followed by the genetic accommodation of change'.
As an example West-Eberhard writes about 'the famous two-legged goat described in 1942 by the Dutch morphologist Slijper'. 'Slijper's two-legged goat was born with a congenital defect of the front legs so that it could not walk on all fours, and so it learned to walk and run by using its hind legs alone.' After its accidental death Slijper documented 'remarkable changes in muscle and bone, including striking changes in the bones of the hind legs; the leg muscles, including a greatly thickened and elongated gluteal tongue and an innovative arrangement of small tendons, a modified shape of the thoracic skeleton, and extensive modifications of the pelvis.'
According to West-Eberhard 'a very large body of evidence shows that phenotypic novelty is largely reorganizational rather than a product of innovative genes.' And it is 'genetic change that follows, and is directed by, the reorganized condition of the phenotype.'
My questions are:
1. What is doing the reorganization?
2. How is genetic change directed by the reorganized condition of the phenotype?
Nov17-12, 03:01 PM
The goat with two legs was not different from conception. The chemicals that made up the goat were not different. The same enzymes were present in this goat as in any other goat. The cellular structure of the goat was the same in this goat as in any other goat. Even the steps in development were probably the same. The differences in this goat were made by the timing in what happened, not in the list of what happened.
The individual cells in the front legs did not "know" they were supposed to make a front leg. Their programming, if there is any, told them what to do when they were in a limb bud. Turn left, turn right, divide, stop dividing, stick together, don't stick together. A cell responds to its immediate environment at the moment that a gene expresses itself. So what mutations do is change the response in the immediate environment. So on a molecular level, the mutation was really about when something occurred. Not what occurred. This is reorganization, not novelty.
There was no gene for front legs that disappeared due to mutation. What probably happened is that the part of the gene that determines timing changed, not the part that codes for the enzyme. The genes that made the enzyme for bone growth did not turn on in the limb bud at the precise time necessary to grow the front limb. The genes that made enzymes for muscle growth in the limb bud probably did turn on, but the muscles attached to different tissues because there was no bone available.
"In developmental recombination, phenotypic traits are expressed in new or distinctive combinations during ontogeny, or undergo correlated quantitative change in dimensions. In the most easily visualized examples, elements of the phenotype controlled by switches are turned off or on in novel combinations."
The mutations that this person is talking about occur in the switch, not the sequence. The mutation causes a delay or a speed up in the time where the associated protein is made. The activity of the cell during development is determined by when that protein is made relative to when other proteins are made.
The phenotype is effected by the genetic change indirectly. There could be a mutation that affects the sequence of amino acids that defines the protein. I think this is what the article means by novelty. However, it is more likely that a mutation affects when a particular protein is made. I think this is what the author thinks of as reorganization.
Whether the change occurs in the switch or the sequence, it is the series of events that is changed when the genes are changed. The resulting phenotype is the consequence of the series of events. If events occur in a different order, the anatomical form of the final animal is going to be in a different order.
Thin origami, not sculpture.
1) When a new form is made in origami, who is doing the reorganization?
2) How does someone direct the change in origami form?
Repeat with balloon animals.
Nov22-12, 09:32 AM
Mr. Darwin123, the front legs of the goat, or rather the lack thereof, are not worthy of your attention. Please direct your focus to the area of the hind legs. What is in need of explanation is 'the expression of a whole suite of correlated and adaptive changes in behavior, muscle, and bone.'
Slijper's goat developed into a 'new' coherent animal that in some respects looks more like a kangaroo than a goat. How do we explain this 'suite of correlated and adaptive changes'? How can the kangaroo-like development be explained considering the goat's hereditary makeup?
Nov22-12, 08:16 PM
Slijpers two-legged goat - developmental plasticity
A lot of this has to do with the goats brain. The brain with associated memory is an organ which evolved to give the organism plasticity. Some brains are ruled by instincts, which are specific behaviors that the animals inherits which don't involve learning. Some brains also have drives, which are specific behaviors that the animals develops which involves learning.
Goat's are very smart animals. The goat has a drive to move around. In the wild, it does a lot of climbing. Whenever it learns something that gives it mobility, the goat is rewarded. If it is forced to stand still, it suffers. Eventually, it learns what behaviors are necessary to get it prancing.
Note: I am not discounting heredity. The goat inherits a brain that can learn and drives which force it to do so. However, the resulting "learned behavior" may be very different from the learned behavior of other goats without the disability.
Muscles that get used more get larger. This is an inherited capability. The result would be muscles that had already developed will get stronger with use. If the goat learns to dance with its hind legs, then the muscles of the hind legs will get larger. This is a type of training.
As for prenatal changes in the hind legs, I don't know. However, you haven't provided any evidence that the hind legs of this goat are fundamentally different from the hind legs of any other goat. Your comparison of this goat to kangaroos is just an analogy. You could have equally compared the goat to a bird or any other bipedal animal.
Maybe the goat was born with the same hind legs as any other goat. In the adult, training muscle made the proportions of the muscles vary from other goats. However, the topology of the muscles was much the same. It's brain learned how to walk on two legs the same way that all animals learn to walk on two legs by trial and error. The circuitry of the brain was different, but because of learning.
Does the author of this article really make a comparison between this goat's morphology and the morphology of a kangaroo? Why not make the comparison between the legs of this goat and a bird? Birds, kangaroos and two legged goats hop.
Note that there are dogs that learn to walk on hind legs with no training from humans. Some individual dogs just like to walk on two legs. A lady that I met showed me her Yorkie. The Yorkie walked on hind legs. She swore that she never trained it to do so. It just liked to do so.
I walk on all fours sometimes. It is useful when I dropped something on the floor. There are people who can walk on their hands. The anatomy of the limbs involved have not changed dramatically. However, they have learned to do so.
Please note that memory is mediated by those genetic switches that I was talking about. Furthermore, both tissues that I have talked about, muscles and nerves, have prion proteins. Prions are proteins which can copy structures from other prion proteins. I conjecture that some of the ability of nerves and muscles to train may have something to do with the prions.
Nov23-12, 10:27 AM
Nov24-12, 11:31 AM
Page 6545, Second column.
"Then, when it died an accidental death, Slijper dissected it and documented remarkable changes in muscle and bone, including striking changes in the bones of the hind legs; the leg muscles, including a greatly thickened and elongated gluteal tongue and an innovative arrangement of small tendons, a modified shape of the thoracic skeleton, and extensive
modifications of the pelvis (ref. 5, p. 53).
It doesn't sound like anything is controlling it but the goat. It still sounds like intelligence, muscle training, and courage coming from the goat. Even the changes in the pelvic bones are part of its muscle training. Exercise changes the texture and even the shape of bone, especially when young. The direction of these changes is determined by the "free will" of the goat as an organized system.
Page 6545, Second column.
"Similar effects on behavior and morphology are quite common in quadripedal mammals, including primates, forced or trained to walk upright (ref. 5, p. 42, figure 3.12 on bipedal baboon; ref. 25; see also descriptions of a bipedal macaque in ref. 62 and a bipedal dog in ref. 63)."
Maybe it was the same dog?
I am going to use "free will" as an analog to plasticity. "Free will" is a concept used in moral and legal discussions. It is ambiguously defined. However, "free will" is sometimes used as a synonym for plasticity. In your post, "direction" seems to be a synonym for "coercion". So let me say that the goat isn't being "coerced" to walk on two legs. The organized system called Slijper's goat is made a decision.
"Free well" describes the sequence of expression for some of the genes. The sequence of behavior, including thoughts, is determined by the sequence of certain genetic switches in the brain. The sequence that goes off varies considerably with the environment that the brain features. There is even some "randomness" caused by the motion of the individual molecules, which you mentioned before. Therefore, there is no way to predict with certainty how different goats will deal with the situation at birth. The sequence of switching aren't controlled by "free choice", they are the "free choice".
The expansion of muscles due to exercise is also caused by switches that go off in the brain. Transcription proteins, including neurohumors and hormones, switch genes "on" and "off". However, these switches are triggered by certain behaviors determined by the brain, which also works by "switching". I would rather not say that the switching controls the choice. I think it is more accurate to say that the sequence of switching is the choice.
The article is really interesting but not for the reasons that you are stating. What the article suggests is the "choices" made by the organism can produce changes comparable in size to some of the changes brought on by natural selection. Every genome carries a "wardrobe" of adaptations that it may or may not express in a certain environment. The "random" choice of what adaptation to "wear" may greatly influence natural selection itself.
Here is where your article gets interesting.
On page 6546m first column,
"Recurrent phenotypes, similar or identical phenotypic traits with discontinuous phylogenetic distributions, are quite common in a wide diversity of taxa (5). Their similarity is sometimes attributed to parallel evolution, the independent origin of phenotypic similarity due to selection and adaptative change in similar environmental conditions."
Scientists have been assuming certain variations are the result of variations in genetic sequence. There are many species that are said to have converged in some feature by natural selection. The author is suggesting that this is sometimes a mistake. Even the shape of a bone can be greatly modified by exercise, diet, and so forth. S
He also suggests that natural selection of genetic traits can sometimes be influenced by this "free choice". This sounds like a generalization of the "Baldwin effect."
To summarize: the only one directing the development of the hind legs is the goat. The sequence of genes controlling the hind legs provided the choices, but the epigenetic switch network made the final choice.
You didn't give enough credit to the goat. The goat, as a network of epigenetic switches, chose its path. In my value system, it chose well.
Nov25-12, 08:36 AM
Besides muscle training you offer 'gene expression', 'epigenetic switches' and 'some randomness' as an explanation for the correlated shift in morphology in Slijper's goat. For reasons beyond my comprehension you equate 'gene expression' and 'epigenetic switches' with free choice, free will, courage, the goat as a whole, intelligence, only to take it all back and state that there really are no such metaphysical things. This juggling act with words has no explanatory value at all with regard to the correlated shift in morphology and merely illustrates the fact that in the Neo-Darwinian mindset there is no room for phenomena like 'free will' or 'a goat'. Like Daniel Dennett said about organisms: "(…) all that purposive hustle and bustle, and yet there's nobody home.". Since there is nobody home you should not say things like: "the only one directing the development of the hind legs is the goat" and offer it as a kind of explanation.
By the way, how about the 'innovative arrangement of small tendons', explicitly mentioned by West-Eberhard? Can this also be 'explained' by muscle training or 'free will' (which according to you really isn't 'free will' but in fact a sequence of expression of genes)?
Nov25-12, 04:03 PM
Each of us has a little knowledge, or at least experience, with our own thoughts. We all know that our thoughts, by influencing choices, can often influence development. Let me point out that thoughts are really mediated by genetic switches that are turned on and off in the brain. Just like computers. Instead of solid state switches, the brain uses genetic switches. So when we way that the brain can innovate, we are really saying the some genetic switches can innovate.
I think that the patterns of epigenetic expression are in some ways analogous to thought. The whole is more than its parts. The individual parts don't think or plan.
Christopher Reeve started a rather intensive regime of exercise after he broke his neck. He tried exercises that have never been tried before. For example, he had his hands and feet tied to a motorized bicycle that moved his arms and legs in circles for at least an hour a day. He made up his exercise regime.
At the end of a few years, he could feel in his fingers. He could even move, just a little. Very little. This amazed scientists. This level of healing had been seen in salamanders, not mammals. His healing was "innovative".
If you were a scientist investigating this, what would you look for? A difference in his Chakra or a difference in his behavior? I submit it was his behavior that made the crucial difference from other quadroplegics. Every quadroplegic has a Chakra but not every quadroplegic exercised this way.
I propose that there was no force fields involved that made his nerves like salamander nerves. There was no difference in heredity that made his nerves able to heal better than the nerves of other people. There were choices. He tried something and it worked a little. Now, more quadroplegics may try it. So in a way, natural selection is choosing for this exercise behavior.
His personal choices were just a subset of the switching pattern of his genes. His choices did not change his genome. The genes provided the opportunity. However, his genome did not determine all the switching that went on.
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The recent revelation that he has regained feeling all over his body is a testament to the fantastic power of his therapy."
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Nov25-12, 07:26 PM
Nov26-12, 07:34 PM
The arrangement of hind leg muscles were said to show "innovation". However, I read "innovation" different from you. I read "innovation" as "serendipity". The arrangement in the hind leg muscles was random. The "innovation" was in the way the goats nervous and endocrine systems used the "random" arrangement of muscles to walk.
Some environmental condition or genetic mutation caused the hind legs to disappear and caused a rearrangement of the hind leg muscles. There was no foresight or mercy in the process that altered this goat. However, the other systems in this animal had feedback loops to change both behavior and morphology to compensate for environmental conditions. Feed backs that occur in the brain are sometimes called "trial and error".
The goat was born a freak but learned to walk through trial and error. If it tried one way and felt extremely bad, it stopped. If it tried another way and felt better, it continued. This trial and error capability probably evolved so a four legged goat could climb hills. It did not evolve so that a two legged goat could move across a meadow. Some muscles, glands and nerves were probably stretched to the very limit of their capability.
If a different arrangement of hind leg muscles had come about, the goat may also have learned to walk. Or maybe not. Maybe a different arrangement of muscles would have been too hard. However, the goat with this arrangement of muscles learned by trial and error to walk on two legs with the muscles that it had been given "randomly". The director here is "trial and error".
Features that are "plastic" have a parameter that is adjusted to the environment. There are feedback loops that have evolved that change the parameter to somewhere in the range. Usually, these loops have evolved to help an organism survive over the range of environments experienced over the lifetime of its ancestors. However, there are some conditions that push these parameters to the limit of their ranges. It does not matter if these feedback loops had evolved to counter an entirely different type of environmental change.
Studying the individual parts is useful even though the whole is greater than the parts. The reason is that the whole is never free of the parts. Sliijper's necropsy of the goat revealed an unusual arrangement of hind leg muscles. The fact that the goat was able to use this unusual arrangement tells us something about the feed back systems inside the goat. The size of its muscles and the strength of its bones tell us about the limits of exercise in changing the morphology of animals. However, Slijper's study does not show that exercise has an unlimited ability to affect animals.
The parts have the same limits that they always had. The limits of the parts can be rearranged but not changed. The whole may have great limits because limits of the parts can be rearranged.
So the parts are still useful. The better the electronic flip-flops, the greater the potential of the computer. It is still useful to design better flip-flops. However, piling flip-flops on top of each other doesn't make a computer.
One thing that article of yours does is show us the limits of some assumptions in neo-Darwinian theory. For instance, there is an assumption sometimes made that saltations (i.e., extreme mutations) never contribute to evolutionary change. The assumption is that saltations usually die, or at least their offspring dies. However, plasticity makes this condition a bit weaker.
Slatations can survive for generations using plasticity. Saltation die young, except if they find a way to survive by trial and error. Saltations never leave progeny, except if they find new ways to mate.
I would be interested if this goat left any progeny. Not only for the question of whether its phenotype could be inherited. Usually, I would not expect a two legged goat to mate with other goats. My assumption would have been that such a goat is immobile. Therefore, all its genes would die with it, not just the mutated gene. However, this goat could have mated with lots of other goats before it died. Therefore, it could have had offspring both with and without the mutated gene.
In any case, the walking behavior that it learned gave it a small chance of passing on its genes. In that way, the plasticity of the goat could affect evolution. Not by directly changing the genome, but by giving the genes an increased probability of survival.
Nov27-12, 06:44 AM
In her opinion randomness as an explanation is ruled out, because too many similar cases like Slijper's goat have been documented. W.E.: "Similar effects on behavior and morphology are quite common in quadripedal mammals, including primates, forced or trained to walk upright (…). These observations raise the possibility that the two-legged-goat effect, or ''phenotypic accommodation'' has played a role in the evolution of bipedal locomotion in vertebrates, including humans, as suggested by Slijper (…)". (p. 6545, second column)
This lays the fundament for her idea: "Here, I argue that the origin of species differences, and of novel phenotypes in general, involves the reorganization of ancestral phenotypes (developmental recombination) followed by the genetic accommodation of change. "(p. 6543, first column)
Calling developmental recombination 'not random' is an obvious deflection from the Neo-Darwinian doctrine, because the prescribed 'explaining from the parts' would compel her to say it is all random; like you just did. I think it is quite clear that she is suggesting that there is a 'phenotype' (a whole / 'the goat') who has the power to induce and direct non-random developmental recombination.
I would like to add two more quotes by W.E. from her book 'Developmental Plasticity and Evolution' (Oxford UP, 2003):
"Phenotypic plasticity enables organisms to develop functional phenotypes despite variation and environmental change via phenotypic accommodation -- adaptive mutual adjustment among variable parts during development without genetic change".( p. 51.)
"Responsive phenotype structure is the primary source of novel phenotypes."( p. 503)
Nov27-12, 12:11 PM
The primary assumption in neoDarwinian theory was not violated here. The mutation is the change in base sequence of DNA or whatever subsystem of heridedity. The probability of the change in base sequence of DNA was completely independent of the survival of the goat.
There is a secondary assumption in neoDarwinian theory that the phenotype is strictly determined by the base sequence of DNA. By "secondary", I mean that no one actually states it as a hypothesis. However, the mathematics and computations made by neoDarwinian theory often include this hypothesis. The evidence of this hypothesis is somewhat weak. It probably is good as an approximation most of the time, but it is easy to think of exceptions.
The very existence of plasticity shows that the phenotype is NOT precisely determined by the genome alone. If the phenotype were precisely determined by the genome alone, then the morphology of the organism would be the same regardless of the environment. Obviously, some parameters can vary.
The morphology of the goat in the later stages of development were not random with respect to the survival and reproduction of the goat. In the embryo, muscles attach to any bone that they come into contact with. Obviously, if a bone is gone they will attach to some other bone. Once born, the goat tries things for the stimulus. The exercise it does makes whatever muscles that work grow. Motion that gives it pleasure are likely to be learned. The final morphology of a goat can vary quite a lot from other goats with the same genome.
Even the differences between identical twins violates the secondary hypothesis of neoDarwinism. Identical twins are never truly identical, though they have an identical base sequence in DNA. I submit that the final differences between "identical" twins are not random with respect to the survival of the twins. Every variation in environment, prenatal and post natal, contributes to the differences between the twins.
Maybe I didn't understand your question. You originally asked what directs the construction of the new phenotype. I provided two examples of what can direct a phenotype: brain learning and muscle conditioning. There must be others, but I suggested two. You said that I was wrong. You seem to be claiming that learning and conditioning do not change the phenotype.
Exercise and learning rearrange the sequence of genetic expression. I remember studies of birds learning songs where it was shown that remembering a song changes the sequence of expression of the genes (not the sequence of base pairs). Similarly, processes that grow muscles involve changing the sequence of expression in genes. Some of this is caused by hormones made by glands, which themselves are timed by the sequence of expression in genes. So learning and exercise both "reprogram" expression.
There probably are others, but I was just providing two that I hypothesize were important in Slijper's goat.
2) Why do you think that learning and conditioning are not included in what W. E. means?
I know about "genetic recombination" in organisms. However, I have never read the phrase "developmental recombination" before. I assumed that it simply meant a rearrangement of the sequence of genetic expression, rather than a rearrangement of base sequence pairs.
3) What does the phrase "developmental recombination" mean to you?
There is nobody home on the molecular length scale. However, the phenotype exists on a macroscopic scale. On the molecular length scales, the motion is random with respect to the survival of the whole organism. The molecule knows nothing.
Nov27-12, 12:58 PM
I am not sure that you are reading that article the way the author intended it. When the author talks about feed back loops, she is talking about macroscopic phenomena that emerge from microscopically random events. She says again and again that the event that caused these changes are "random". The feed back loops are what make the phenotype not random.
She is claiming that these feedback loops can cause large changes that are biased in favor of the survival of the organism. She is not saying that the molecules can do anything independent of these feed back loops. Perhaps you could give me your own example of a feed back loop, as you understand them.
I believe that the author would agree with me that exercise and learning change the phenotype. Here are some links connecting gene expression to the behavior of the organism as a whole.
Birds "learn" songs by changing their gene expression. he change their gene expression by singing. This is what I call a feed-back loop.
Brain learning involves feed back loops. Here are some links concerning bird songs and gene expression.
" Several other studies have looked at seasonal changes in the morphology of brain structures within the song system and have found that these changes (adult neurogenesis, gene expression) are dictated by photoperiod, hormonal changes and behavior.
The gene FOXP2, defects of which affect both speech production and comprehension of language in humans, becomes highly expressed in Area X during periods of vocal plasticity in both juvenile Zebra Finches and adult canaries."
"Along the same lines, the IEGs studied thus far do not appear to be induced in the SS of awake birds by acoustic stimuli (14–17), even by the tutor song (as Bolhuis et al. report for the first time in ref. 18), but are strongly activated in SS nuclei when the bird sings (39, 40). Of course, specific genes that are responsive to acoustic stimulation in the SS may yet be identified; a song playback-induced increase in the high vocal center (HVC) of a DNA-binding protein linked to many activity-induced genes, phosphorylated CREB (cAMP response element binding protein), hints at this possibility (41). Moreover, a lack of gene expression does not necessarily indicate a lack of neuronal excitation."
Muscles "learn" too, mostly by changing gene expression.
"Exposure to exercise stress initiates adaptation in gene expression, cellular protective mechanisms, and remodelling, which help protect muscle during subsequent bouts of exercise [49]."
"This study examined alterations in skeletal-muscle growth and atrophy-related molecular events after a single bout of moderate-intensity endurance exercise. … This study provides the groundwork for future investigations designed to optimize the metabolic conditions necessary to positively influence the cellular mechanisms specific to skeletal-muscle protein turnover during recovery from endurance exercise."
Effects of resistance exercise with and without creatine supplementation on gene expression and cell signaling in human skeletal muscle
In conclusion, 5 days of creatine supplementation do not enhance anabolic signaling but increase the expression of certain targeted genes."
Here is W.E. reviewing another book that I strongly recommend. I bought "Evolution in Four Dimensions" and read it very carefully. I would take some of the conclusions with a grain of salt. However, the authors present their book as merely showing milestones in what is turning into "a new synthesis."
It isn't entirely clear to me the differences between Jablonka's theories and hers. However, there is clear agreement that the expression of genes in different forms is one important "director" in development.
If you read her review, you will see that she doesn't think "anybody is home" on a microscopic level. She basically agrees that the molecules do their thing with short range interactions that are basically mindless.
"Evolution in Four Dimensions, by Eva Jablonka and Marion Lamb, is a disarmingly good-humored book that challenges the overly gene-centered 'Neo-Darwinian' (mid-20th-Century-Synthesis) view of evolution via selection on phenotypes affected by random changes in DNA.
Given that reinforcement learning is extremely widespread in animals, including in unicellular species and others that lack cross-generational transmission of learned traits, the evolutionary effect of learning for the origins of novelty is probably great, and its evolutionary effect is probably usually via genetic rather than via nongenetic inheritance."
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This is a stellar bottling of Acero, with bright fruit in the nose reminiscent of key lime and tangerine harmonizing with mineral and floral notes. On the palate it is fresh and vibrant, with great balance, full flavors and a dry, long finish. It is easy to drink and perfect with foods like tapas and light dishes.
"There's no oak on this beautiful Chardonnay, but it's so rich, you won't even notice. Enhanced with crisp acidity and minerality, it's potent in lime, citron, green apple, pear and honeysuckle flavors, with a vanilla sweetness."
92 Points
Wine Enthusiast
"Clean and sleek, with a trim beam of fresh apple, honeydew melon, citrus and Key lime flavors. Medium-bodied, ending with a lovely mouthwatering finish. Drink now through 2016."
90 Points
Wine Spectator
Built in 1992 with a capacity of 15,000 cases, the winery sits on a hill surrounded by vines. The production wing is outfitted with carefully selected equipment, to allow the careful control essential to producing a wine based on minimal handling. Its three barrel rooms with independent temperature and humidity controls provide flexibility to experiment with various vinification techniques, in order to best express the fruit's character. The Marimar Torres Estate wines appeal to the small segment of consumers who enjoy having the finest.We pride ourselves in producing food-friendly wines.
The Russian River Valley is named as such due to its proximity to the Russian River, the river itself named for the Russian fur traders who came down from Alaska in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Russian River is agricultural land. While there is a focus on wine, beyond the vineyards are many small, family-owned farms cultivating everything from cattle to...Read More About Russian River
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Punjabi/About Punjabi
|Dropdown Menu
|About Punjabi • About Punjabi Wikibook • About Using Punjabi Wikibook • About Contributors
|Row 1 • Vowels • Diacritics • Row 2 • Row 3 • Row 4 • Row 5 • Row 6 • Row 7 • Row 8 • Conjuncts • Practice
|First row • Second row • Third row • Fourth row • Fifth row • Sixth row • Seventh row • Full muharni
|Colors • Weekdays • Months • Birds • Animals • Relations • Body parts • Flowers • Plant • Trees • Vegetables • Fruits • Food • Transport • Sports • Health • Metals • Furniture • Numbers • Miscellaneous
|Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10
|Parts of speech • Noun • Pronoun • Adjective • Verb • Participle • Adverb • Postposition • Conjunction • Interjection
Punjabi Language[edit]
Punjabi is a robust and vibrant language, as is Punjabi culture, rich in literature with traditions in folk and modern literatures alike. Though it is mother tongue of the natives of Punjab in India and Pakistan, it is now spoken internationally by an estimated 100 to 125 million people. The language finds a place of pride in many countries including Canada where it is the fourth most spoken language. It is also the second official language of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Delhi states of India and the de facto sacred language of Sikhs, the Sikh scriptures and religious literature being written in it. In Pakistan though, Urdu and English are the official languages, Punjabi speakers form the largest single linguistic group.
Punjabi, as noted above, is spoken as a minority language in several other countries, including Afghanistan, as well as many nations where Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers, such as Britain, Canada, Australia and the United States. However, Punjabi culture much like its Bengali counterpart, suffered a split between India and Pakistan during the Partition of 1947. As such, Punjabi language and culture tend to be uniting factors for the people of India and Pakistan in spite of national and religious affiliations.
Like other North Indian languages, is derived from Sanskrit and therefore belongs to the Indo-European family. Modern Punjabi has shown much flexibility and has borrowed extensively from other languages, including Hindi, Urdu and English. In addition, like English, Hindi and Urdu, it has a substantial number of borrowed words from Persian, and even a few from Turkish. It uses the Gurmukhi script though Pakistan Punjabis use a modified Arabic script called Shahmukhi. The script has evolved over centuries and passed many phases from Brahmi to Landas and finally with the great contribution of Sri Guru Angad Devji, the second Guru has assumed the modern day form, though it continues to evolve. Like other Indic scripts it is most scientifically ordered.
Much like English, Punjabi has moved around the world and developed local forms by integrating local vocabulary and cultures. While most loaned words come from English, Hindi and Urdu and indirectly from Persian, Punjabis around the world have integrated terms from such languages as Spanish and Dutch. A distinctive "Diaspora Punjabi" is thus emerging.
Punjabi Literature[edit]
During medieval times, Punjab repeatedly bore the brunt of Afghan invaders and internal battles, and these warring times were not exactly feasible for any sort of literary or cultural expansion. Punjabi literature as such came into existence only from the end of the 16th century, when Punjabi was already in its Middle Period and was evolving fast, though the origins of Punjabi Literature can also be traced back to the 12th century. Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, gave a new lease of life to the language. The fifth Guru, Arjun Dev compiled the Sikh scripture, the Adi Granth or Sri Granth Sahib. Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708), the tenth and last Guru, composed a number of religious works mainly in Brajji and Farsi with the exception of Chandi-di-Var which is in Punjabi.
The period between 1600 and 1850 covers the entire Middle Punjabi literature. Hindu and Sikh writers wrote in Punjabi during that period, but it were Muslim Sufi Saints who were the most creative. Their compositions, entirely Punjabi in spirit and content, form an integral part of Punjabi literature. Bullhe Shah (1680-1758) is perhaps the greatest Sufi poet who wrote Kafis which are very popular. Ali Haidar (1689-1776), one of his contemporaries, wrote a large number Si-harfis. Shah Hussain was another great contemporary Sufi poet. The tragic love story of Heer and Ranjha became the source of many a Kissa, a distinct Punjabi literary genre, written by various writers, but the most extensive and popular was the one rendered by Waris Shah in 1766. Waris is regarded as the greatest poet of Punjabi literature before the start of the modern age. Shah Mohammad's Jang Nama, a fine piece of poetry, describing the fall of Sikh rule is another landmark in Punjabi literature.
The Modern Punjabi Literature period is characterized by the advent of prose writers viz., Bhai Vir Singh, Prof Puran Singh and later Nanak Singh and Gurbakhsh Singh. Among the poets the most popular poet of the `modern' age is Mohan Singh who has been described as occupying 'the central place in Punjabi letters today'. He brought in a modern outlook in life and everything related to Punjabi. Other noteworthy poets in Punjabi are Pritam Singh Safir, Shiv Batavi, Surjit Patar and Amrita Pritam, a Jnanpeeth awardee. I C Nanda and Balwant Gargi are eminent dramatists. The wealth of Punjabi literature can be regarded as the finest that the Punjabis possess.
Punjabi Culture[edit]
Ancient Punjabi Culture during the period of the Indus valley civilization is one of high sophistication and many world firsts, such as the world's first planned cities and is a counterpart of ancient Chinese, Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Greek cultures. Scholars believe, at its peak, it surpassed the sophistication and cultural achievements of its counterpart fellow cultures, during that time, to become the world's leading advanced civilization.
The folklore traditions and legends link Punjab to e.g. Ramayan through Lahore (Luv), Kasur (Kush) and Khemkaran (where Sita forgave Ram). The medieval period saw the birth and rise of a new world-religion in Punjab, Sikhism. This had a dramatic effect on the Punjabi culture and gave it additional dimensions self-sacrifice and martialism. The Modern Punjabi culture is marked both by richness and variety exhibited in all walks of Punjabi life. The Punjabi festivals have a special significance in its rich heritage, bringing together the people in a spirit of love and harmony and of celebrating it collectively, in an atmosphere of sharing and caring, forgetting all distinctions of caste, creed and religion. The numerous fairs and festivals like Diwali of Amritsar, Maghi of Muktsar, Hola Mohalla of Anandpur Sahib, Basant Panchami, Karva Chauth and Raksha Bandhan signify both the religious and secular traditions of Punjabi life. The modern Punjabi life continues to be intimately intertwined with agriculture celebrated through Baisakhi, the harvest festival.
Any description of Punjabi culture is incomplete as long as the dance and music traditions of Punjab do not find a mention. Bhangra and Gidda are world famous and are irresistible to any one of any age or sex from any nook or corner of the world. The spirit of Punjabi boy and girl is amply exhibited by the pop element of the Bhangra and Gidda as also by their apparel and jewelry, the Kaintha and the Jhanjar. The Punjabi cuisine, the Makke di roti and Sarson da saag and the Makhan and lassi are no less irresistible than the Punjabi dance and music.
Due to the large Punjabi diaspora distributed throughout the world many people are increasingly experiencing the Punjabi culture and becoming influenced by it the world over. Traditional Punjabi culture is being strengthened and expanded in the Western world e.g. U.S., UK, EU, Canada and Australia etc. The added pop touch borrowed from Western cultures lends even more color to Punjabi culture and it continues to thrive.


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NFL Network
If the prosecution is correct, Hernandez will prove to be a pretty dumb criminal.
At 2:10 a.m., prosecutors say they have evidence that Hernandez stopped at a gas station and purchased several items including Bubbalicious blue cotton candy gum.
Later, prosecuters claim to have found a piece of Bubbalicious blue cotton candy gum in a dumpster that was used to clean the rental car, according to Jenny Wilson of the Hartford Courant. Prosecutors claim the gum was originally discovered under a seat in the car next to a shell casing. The shell casing, a .44 caliber, matched five casings found at the crime scene.
Presumably, DNA testing can be performed to match the gum to Hernandez and place him in the vehicle.
Earlier in the evening, at approximately 10:30 pm, prosecuters claim Hernandez was seen on surveillance video with a gun and made a statement that "he can't trust anybody anymore."
Lloyd's sister saw her brother get into a silver Nissan Altima at 2:30 am. Prosecuters say Hernandez had been renting a silver Altima.
Several minutes after that, prosecuters claim Hernandez is seen on surveillance video returning to his house which is only "a two minute drive" from where Lloyd's body was found.
At that point, the prosecution says surveillance video shows somebody walking into Hernandez's house holding what appeared to be a gun. Shortly after that, the surveillance video stops.
In addition, investigators found keys in one of Lloyd's pockets. Those keys were traced back to a car that was rented by Hernandez.
The defense claims the case is based on circumstantial evidence. But if the prosecution can prove these points, it paints an ugly picture for Hernandez.


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Dental Health: Tooth Decay Prevention
Tooth decay is the destruction of tooth structure and can affect both the enamel (the outer coating of the tooth) and the dentin layer of the tooth.
Tooth decay occurs when foods containing carbohydrates (sugars and starches) such as breads, cereals, milk, soda, fruits, cakes, or candy are left on the teeth. Bacteria that live in the mouth digest these foods, turning them into acids. The bacteria, acid, food debris, and saliva combine to form plaque, which clings to the teeth. The acids in plaque dissolve the enamel surface of the teeth, creating holes in the teeth called cavities, or caries.
To prevent tooth decay:
Researchers are developing new means to prevent tooth decay. One study found that a chewing gum that contains the sweetener xylitol temporarily retarded the growth of bacteria that cause tooth decay. In addition, several materials that slowly release fluoride over time, which will help prevent further decay, are being explored. These materials would be placed between teeth or in pits and fissures of teeth. Toothpastes and mouth rinses that can reverse and "heal" early cavities are also being studied.
Reviewed by the doctors at The Cleveland Clinic Department of Dentistry.
Reviewed by Jay H. Rosoff, DDS, on March 1, 2007
Last Editorial Review: 6/18/2008


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The seasonally adjusted index fell by 1.9 per cent between the third and fourth quarter of 2012. This was the largest quarter on quarter fall since the first quarter of 2009. The largest contributions to the quarterly fall came from the mining & quarrying sector, falling 11.0% and the manufacturing sector falling 1.3%. The fall in mining and quarrying was due to an extended and later than usual maintenance period at the UK's largest North Sea oil field and an unplanned shutdown at the Theddlethorpe gas terminal. Manufacturing experienced falls across 9 of the 13 sectors. The colder temperatures in October and November saw demand increase in the energy supply sector which partially offset the quarterly fall, rising 2.3%.
Between December 2011 and December 2012 the index fell 1.7%, largely due to the falls of 9.3% in mining & quarrying and 1.5% in manufacturing.
A slightly different picture month on month where the index increased by 1.1%: manufacturing rose 1.6% and mining & quarrying rose 1.2%, offset by the energy supply sector which fell by 0.9% and water & waste management which fell by 0.2%.
Source: Office for National Statistics
Details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/assessment/code-of-practice/index.html or from the Media Relations Office email: email@example.com
These National Statistics are produced to high professional standards and released according to the arrangements approved by the UK Statistics Authority.


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La Concordia B&B is very well placed, right in the centre of the Quartieri Spagnoli. If you want to experience the flavour of being in Naples, this is the place to book, clean, charming living rooms, spacious bedrooms, excellent breakfast. The owner, Anna, knows a lot about Naples's history and all that is happening in this fascinating city. She is... More
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Travelocity, Booking.com, Expedia, Hotels.com, Venere, Odigeo and Tingo so you can book your Bed and Breakfast La Concordia reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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A little earthy, a little nutty, a little bitter: The flavor of buckwheat can be intense. But roast buckwheat seeds, or mix buckwheat flour with other flours, and the taste is tamed.
It's a taste more of us are getting to know. The increase in the number of people eating gluten-free diets or more whole grains has been good for the buckwheat business.
"It's unbelievable," said John McMath, a director of Birkett Mills, one of the two major buckwheat-producing companies in the United States. "It's growing by leaps and bounds."
He says the mill, in the Finger Lakes region of New York, has had to push farmers to ramp up production to keep up with the demand.
McMath, who also heads the National Buckwheat Institute, ticks off a list of selling points. Besides being gluten-free, buckwheat is a nutritional powerhouse; it helps lower cholesterol; it can fight adult-onset diabetes: "That's a claim that has been scientifically backed," he said.
It grows well in poor soil and doesn't need fertilizer, herbicides for weed control or insecticides for pest control.
"Very often it's grown organically. It's a very ecological crop, a very unique crop," McMath said.
It's also not technically a grain or cereal, though it's treated as if it is. Buckwheat is the seed of a plant that's part of the rhubarb family.
At the grocery store, it comes in several forms. Buckwheat groats are the plant's hulled seeds. Kasha is groats that have been roasted. Groats and kasha are sold in different grinds, from fine to coarse. Buckwheat flour, the finely milled seeds, can be dark or light, depending on how much of the strongly flavored hull is included.
We tried those permutations in a variety of recipes, from kid-friendly mild pancakes to a clams-and-pasta dish that was a symphony of robust flavors. A bit leery after a run-in with some unfortunate restaurant flapjacks, we were pleasantly surprised by the results. We get it! And we're happy to join the growing ranks of buckwheat fans.
© Copyright The Sacramento Bee. All rights reserved.


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February 07, 2013, 8:29 PM — Amid a flurry of news surrounding the Watson supercomputer, IBM this week released major upgrades to three enterprise storage products, including a self-service software portal for end users.
IBM said the new SmartCloud Storage Access software gives users a portal to provision storage for their own computers. Traditionally, storage is provisioned by an IT administrator, a process which can take hours or even days.
The SmartCloud Storage Access tool can provide users a web-based self-service interface into a corporate private cloud infrastructure that's supported by EMC's Storwize V7000 Unified storage array or IBM's Scale-Our NAS (SONAS) array.
Depending on how the software is configured by a corporate administrator, individual users can add storage capacity, request more capacity, access and manage files and even monitor their cloud storage use history, IBM said.
Admins can set up policy-driven approval processes, create storage classes so data is stored on higher or lower performance drives, define service catalogs and optimize capacity utilization across storage systems. IT admins can set capacity warning thresholds and monitor end-user storage use.
IBM adds 10Gbps Ethernet support to XIV
IBM also announced 10Gbps Ethernet on its XIV Storage System, a high-end, grid-based array that supports virtualized server, analytics and cloud computing environments.
The 10Gbps Ethernet support will allow a 5X bandwidth improvement for iSCSI-connected SANs, the company said.
The upgrade to the XIV Storage System also provides for efficient storage utilization in Windows 2012 server environments, and 16% better energy efficiency through the use of new and advanced power supplies, IBM said.
The upgraded system also uses improved solid-state drive (SSD) caching algorithms to increase performance up to four-and-a-half times for random database workloads, and five times for sequential database workloads, such as OLTP, IBM said.
Real-Time Compression Appliance
IBM also announced a new version of its Real-Time Compression Appliance (model STN7800). Version 4.1 of the appliance offers five times the compression of its predecessor; it can compress primary data by up to 80%, IBM said.
The new version incorporates System x server technology and has sixteen Gigabit Ethernet ports that support eight connections between NAS systems and network switches. The updated appliance also support 10GbE optical, 1GbE copper, or mixed 10GbE and 1GbE connectivity options.
The appliance offloads compression processing from both application servers and storage systems, helping to improve efficiency and performance.


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Longview ISD has said they will "stay the process" in the search for a new superintendent.
Horace Williams, who is currently under contract with the school district as assistant superintendent through the 2014-2015 school year, has been the lone candidate for the position of superintendent of schools. He would take over the job when Dr. James Wilcox retires at the end of that school year if chosen as the replacement for Wilcox. The announcement that he was lone finalist for the position was made on May 21.
However, after much discussion, Longview ISD board members and Williams have not been able to come to an agreement on contract terms, Longview ISD Community and Media Relations Coordinator Adam Holland said. After a closed session Monday night, it was decided to stay the process. No action was taken to remove Williams as a candidate for the position of superintendent, though negotiations will cease, at least for now. No new search is in process at this time, either, according to Holland; there has been no expansion of the search. The board did not give any official reason for suspending the process.
Williams, a Leverett's Chapel native, began his job as an assistant superintendent back in October 2013. Prior to that, he was superintendent of schools in Cedar Hill ISD, as well as Diboll ISD and on Long Island, New York.
Copyright 2014 KLTV. All rights reserved.


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♦ Puritan's Pride provides these articles for information only. They are not approved or recommended by us, do not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and are not meant to replace professional medical advice or apply to any products.
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The information provided on this site is intended for your general knowledge only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment for specific medical conditions. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. The information on this website is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Never disregard medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on the Puritan's Pride site. Product sold on this site are for personal use and not for resale. All orders placed through this website are subject to Puritan's Pride acceptance, in its sole discretion. This means that Puritan's Pride may refuse to accept, or may cancel, any order, whether or not it has been confirmed, without liability to you or any third party. Puritan's Pride reserves the right to discontinue any program or offer.
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Puritan's Pride, 1233 Montauk Highway, PO Box 9001, Oakdale, NY 11769-9001
Supplement Facts
|Serving size 2 Softgels
|(2 g) Servings per container 90
|Amount Per Serving
|Calories 20
|Calories from Fat 18
|Total Fat
|2000 mg 3%
|Saturated Fat
|480 mg 2%
|Monounsaturated Fat
|840 mg •
|Polyunsaturated Fat
|680 mg •
|15 mg 5%
|Vitamin D3 (from Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil)
|Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil
|2000 mg •
|Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids
|520 mg •
|EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid)
|180 mg
|DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid)
|220 mg
|Other Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Octadecatetraenoic Acid,
|120 mg
|Docosapentaenoic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Heneicosapentaenoic Acid, Eicosatrienoic Acid)
|Total Omega-6 Fatty Acids (Linoleic Acid, Arachidonic Acid, Eicosadienoic Acid)
|60 mg •
|Total Omega-5, 7 & 8 Fatty Acids (Myristoleic Acid, Palmitoleic Acid, Margaroleic Acid)
|95 mg •
|Total Omega-9 Fatty Acids (Oleic Acid, Gadoleic Acid, Erucic Acid, Nervonic Acid)
|300 mg •
|Other Omega Fatty Acids
|545 mg •
|Astaxanthin (from Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil)
|5 mcg •
|• Daily Value not established † Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your Daily Values
|may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs.


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Blogger Paula Jones of bell'alimento makes a homemade beauty treatment with a few items from the pantry and fridge.
Refrigerate any leftover mixture or discard.
Ripe bananas can be stored in the freezer until you're ready to use them; the peel will turn black, but the fruit will be fine.


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WHAT: Industry Technology Day at Hartnell College on Thursday, May 8, from 8:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. for more than 200 high school students invited from 10 area high schools, Mission Trails ROP, the Monterey County Alternative Education Department, and the Monterey County One-Stop.
This unique event will involve Hartnell faculty and their industry partners in introducing specific Hartnell degree and certificate programs and their related career opportunities through hands-on experiences and demonstrations.
WHO: Hosted by faculty from the Hartnell College Agricultural Business & Technology Institute, the event will feature Hartnell instructors and industry partners in math and science, ag business and science, welding, precision technology, drafting, diesel mechanics, health occupations, construction, and business. And more than 200 high school students.
WHERE: Throughout the Hartnell College main campus, 411 Central Avenue, Salinas. (e.g., welding area, diesel mechanics area, science laboratories, business computer labs, GPS treasure hunt activity around the whole campus).
WHEN: Thursday, May 8, 8:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m.
WHY: Because it showcases education being fun, because it features great high school students trying to learn about their futures, because it shows industry and education working together, and because photos and videos of fire (welding), medical dummies (nursing), students in hard hats (construction-touring the new construction on campus), and tractors will make a great news story!
CONTACT: Joe DeRuosi, tech-prep coordinator, for more information about the event and for guidance about where particular activities will take place. Cell phone (which he will carry with him on the day!): 831-595-5005.


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This year's Apricot Fiesta, buoyed by a large crowd, ran well into the black, Fiesta President Mike Azevedo reports. The Lions Club served 3,350 plates of chicken in the park.
The Boy Scouts will hold their second annual yard sale this weekend on the Federated Church lawn.
Jennifer McCluskey is replacing Betty Carlson as director of nursing at Del Puerto Hospital. Carlson is retiring.
50 years ago - June 18, 1964
A dozen members of Ted Jackson's U.S. History class have completed writing the 50-year history of Patterson High School. The writing group is composed of Joyce Yamamoto, Marilyn Austin, Rani Goutiere, Jean Anderson, Linda Jackson, Marsha Truman, Mark Pepple, Troy Hale, Mike Slone, Edmundo Chavez, Rick Anderson and John Cox. Their historical reports includes a list of the items placed in the cornerstone of the school's first building in 1915.
The Rev. Charles Silberstein has succeeded Albert Foster as pastor of the Federated Church.
A request from the Harney School District across the line in Santa Clara County to discuss annexing to the Patterson Unified School District has been received here.
Ernie Rose's Lil' Bee had engine problems and did not complete the race Sunday at the Modesto Reservoir, but Patterson still had the winner. That was Wayland Fink's boat which won both heats.
75 years ago - June 16, 1937
A contract for $7,000 has been awarded to a San Francisco firm for interior work in the new high school auditorium.
A German glider attempting to make a flight from San Francisco to Los Angeles made an emergency landing last Friday at the Henry Schmidt place near Westley. It was piloted by the assistant to the German air attaché in Washington and had the Nazi swastika on its wing.
High school football rules will be modified this fall. Forward passes will be allowed from anywhere back of the line of scrimmage, and forward handoffs also will be allowed behind the line. Fourth quarter substitutes will be allowed re-entry without penalty.
The president and secretary of the Patterson Ranch Co., W.W. Patterson and Dudley Kinsell, along with the company's former engineer, H.L. Ward, visited here Monday. Ward put in the levee system here and surveyed the town.
100 years ago - June 20, 1914
The president and secretary of the Patterson Ranch Co., W.W. Patterson and Dudley Kinsell, along with the company's former engineer, H.L. Ward, visited here Monday. Ward put in the levee system here and surveyed the town.
The former Kane-Berlin Co. is now in the City of Berlin and continues to sell stylish clothing.
Elmer Fink is the new manager of Patterson's baseball team. Subscriptions are sought to purchase new uniforms.
Manual training and domestic science departments have been added at both the high school and grammar school level.
—Ron Swift, Museum curator


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Interviews and K-Pop
I've been spending my days finally finishing up my TEFL/TESOL work and having phone interviews with recruiters/schools at night. I was offered a contract at the school I interviewed with last Thursday but they won't do pension so I'm not going to take it. I had one interview lined up that was rescheduled for tonight and I was going to do it, but decided not to because it's with a YBM ECC and I've just heard too many bad things. I know I can't only go by the name but it wasn't exactly what I wanted anyway so I'm not going to risk it. I have a Skype interview Sunday night for a position in Jamsil. Not the area I wanted, but everything sounds good. It's bad enough I'm nervous doing phone interviews but this Skype interview is even more nerve-wracking. Moving to another country where I'm not fluent in the language? No problem. Talking on the phone to English speaking people? Freaking out!
Two of my October weekends have included K-Pop concerts. I was originally reluctant to talk about my interest in Korean entertainment because I'm aware how many perceive those with such interests due to the crazy fans out there or the people only interested in Korea because of the entertainers. However, I am not like that even though it is a big part of my life. In fact, although I was introduced to k-pop in middle school, I was only a casual listener back then. I didn't get really into the music or the dramas and movies until after I found out about teaching overseas and was considering Korea. Besides, this is my blog to track my journey into Korea and I can write about whatever I want. I try not to judge other people's interests and I shouldn't really care if anyone judges mine. So, my next two entries are going to be about those concerts because they were pretty awesome.


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Map It
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Metro Newsroom
LouisvilleKY.gov Links
Friday June 28, 2013
Kentucky Humane Society and Louisville Metro Animal Services Celebrate Pet Independence Adoption Special
WHO: Kentucky Humane Society (KHS) and Louisville Metro Animal Services (LMAS)
WHAT: Pet Independence Adoption Celebration: $4 adoption fees for cats and dogs age four months and older; excludes Jefferson County licensing fees and applicable micro-chip registration fees
WHEN: Saturday, June 29-Wednesday, July 3
WHERE: LMAS Animal House, KHS Main Campus, KHS East Campus, and seven Feeders Supply KHS adoption sites (Fern Creek, Hikes Point, Preston Highway, Springhurst, St. Matthews, Dixie Highway and Clarksville, Ind.)
Louisville Metro Animal Services (LMAS) and the Kentucky Humane Society (KHS) invite the public to help homeless pets enjoy "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" by adopting before the July 4th holiday weekend.
The two agencies are joining together to offer a Pet Independence Adoption Celebration: adoption fees for dogs and cats four months and older are just $4 June 29-July 3. In addition to the $4 adoption fee, adopters pay for applicable Jefferson County pet licensing and microchip registration fees.
"June and July are among the highest intake months for shelters," says Margaret Brosko, senior manager for Louisville Metro Animal Services. "More pets are given up in the summer than any other time of the year, and we want to make sure we do everything we can to find them loving, forever homes."
"Combined, Louisville Metro Animal Services and the Kentucky Humane Society have taken in more than 1,500 pets in June," says Brosko.
"To save more lives and to give homeless pets a second chance, we need more people to choose the adoption option," says Susan Oppel, KHS operations director. "There are so many wonderful pets in our community who end up homeless through no fault of their own. Whatever personality, size or breed adopters want, between our two agencies, we probably have the perfect pet."
All pets adopted from KHS and LMAS have been spayed or neutered, microchipped, vaccinated and given worm, flea and tick preventatives – services which are valued at nearly $250. Visit kyhumane.org or www.louisvilleky.gov/AnimalServices to see all adoptable pets.
For more information, contact KHS at (502) 366-3355 or kyhumane.org or LMAS at (502) 361-1318 or louisvilleky.gov/AnimalServices. The adoption special runs June 29-July 3 and is valid for dogs and cats four months and older. Excludes Legacy Pets at KHS. Adopters must pay for applicable licensing fees and microchip registration. Adoption is pending approval of an application process that usually takes an hour or less.
The ASPCA (the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) selected Louisville as its 2013 Partner Community. The three partner organizations—KHS, LMAS and Alley Cat Advocates, are working together to save more animal lives. The KHS and LMAS joint adoption promotion is an effort to get more pets in the community adopted into loving homes.
# #
About the participating agencies:
The Kentucky Humane Society (KHS) is dedicated to finding proactive solutions to ending pet homelessness through spay/neuter, education and adoption. Located in Louisville, KHS is a local, nonprofit animal welfare agency that is the state's largest pet adoption agency, finding homes for more than 6,000 pets a year. KHS spays or neuters more than 11,000 owned pets a year at its S.N.I.P. Clinic and provides humane education to thousands of children a year. http://www.kyhumane.org
Louisville Metro Animal Services (LMAS) is the only open intake shelter in Louisville Metro. LMAS is committed to caring for the over 10,000 animals that enter the facility every year and giving them a second chance through adoption, rescue, reunification with owners and much more. The department is dedicated to educating and reaching out to all members of the community to make sure responsible pet ownership and compassion are at the forefront. LMAS has a fundamental mission to protect public health and safety, ensure the humane treatment of animals and provide quality customer service to the public. http://www.louisvilleky.gov/animalservices


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Soothes eyes; moisturizes for greater comfort. Recommended for daily wear, extended wear, lenses prescribed for frequent replacement and disposable soft contact lenses.
During wear put two or three drops on contact lens whenever needed. Blink several times. If the lens still does not feel comfortable, add another drop. If discomfort persists, IMMEDIATELY remove lens and contact your eye care professional.
IF YOU ARE ALLERGIC TO ANY INGREDIENT IN THIS PRODUCT, DO NOT USE. Keep the bottle tightly closed when not in use. Keep out of the reach of children.
Active Ingredients
Povidone; Boric Acid; Potassium Chloride; Sodium Borate; Sodium Chloride. Preserved With Edetate Disodium 0.1%; Sorbic Acid 0.1%


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Urgent Care | Insurance Information
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Ray Manzarek Dies of Bile Duct Cancer
Medical Author:
Benjamin Wedro, MD, FACEP, FAAEM
Benjamin Wedro, MD, FACEP, FAAEM
Dr. Ben Wedro practices emergency medicine at Gundersen Clinic, a regional trauma center in La Crosse, Wisconsin. His background includes undergraduate and medical studies at the University of Alberta, a Family Practice internship at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario and residency training in Emergency Medicine at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.
Medical Editor:
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.
Venice Beach, California, 1965. By good fortune, Ray Manzarek runs into Jim Morrison, a former UCLA classmate, and the world is blessed with the music of The Doors. The band sells 100 million albums.
Rosenheim, Germany, 2013. Fortunes turn for Mr. Manzarek, as he passes away from cholangiocarcinoma, bile duct cancer, a rare cancer that afflicts less than 4,000 people a year in the U.S.
Cancer is never fair, but some are just cruel. Bile duct cancer is cruel. It starts small, in the tube that delivers bile from the liver and gallbladder into the intestine, helping digest fats and getting rid of waste products. By the time the tumor is discovered, it has often grown within the liver and spread (metastasized) both near and far. Often the first symptom is jaundice, the yellowish coloration of the skin that signals elevated bilirubin levels in the blood. Bile can't travel though the blocked bile duct and it backs up, causing inflammation of the liver and pancreas. Intense skin itching, or pruritus, accompanies the jaundice and is followed by nausea, diarrhea, and weight loss. Only one-third of affected patients develop early abdominal pain.
Cancers that "hide" (are hard to detect) delay diagnosis making it tough for surgeons to completely resect or cut out the tumor. Depending upon the location and growth pattern of the tumor, surgery may not even be an option. Instead, radiation and chemotherapy may be the treatment of choice. With cancers that are diagnosed late, the question becomes whether treatment is curative or palliative. The quality of life needs to be considered just as much as the quantity.
For bile duct cancers, quantity (how long people live and how long they can survive), depends upon exactly where in the bile duct the cancer is located. If it is within the liver itself, survival rates are dismal. If the cancer begins in the duct after it has left the liver on the way to the intestine, survival is marginally better. The more the cancer spreads beyond the bile duct, to tissue and lymph nodes, the tougher the cancer is to beat.
The best cancer treatment is prevention. Breast cancer is curable if it is found early. Checking stool for blood and colonoscopies can detect early colon cancers. Pap smears can catch early cervical cancers. Bile duct cancers hide deep within the abdomen, hidden by the bulk of the liver, and are largely unable to be detected. With no screening exam, there is no prevention, and therefore, no best treatment.
Still, there is hope. Aside from standard treatments with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, new and potentially beneficial therapies are being explored, and as this is being written, there are 127 clinical trials listed with the National Cancer Institute for potential therapies, looking to enroll patients.
Morning found us calmly unaware
Last Editorial Review: 5/22/2013 3:44:08 PM


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The rise of the $100,000-plus closet
Closets are growing and adding such features as wine bars, breakfast areas, acres of shoe racks and, in a few cases, even an escalator.
Add this to the list of trends among the very rich: closets as big as your house.
And about as expensive, too. Wealthy homeowners are adding custom closets that cost $100,000 or more to outfit, The Wall Street Journal reports.
"We don't call them closets anymore," Gary Drake, a Los Angeles contractor, told The WSJ. The preferred term, just in case you need it for your next social outing, is "dressing room."
Post continues below
If you think $100,000 or more sounds like a lot for a custom closet, know that the costs can go higher – much higher. Clos-ette, a high-end New York closet company, built a $2.5 million, three-story closet with an escalator for a client in Mississippi. The company's usual closet jobs range from $50,000 to $250,000.
"It's a becoming somewhat of a trophy room," Melanie Charlton, the company's CEO, told The WSJ. "[Clients] care about having a nice kitchen, too, but that's old hat at this point."
We found reports of a $5 million closet in a Texas megamansion. That closet, inspired by Coco Chanel, included a $30,000 custom chandelier and a $10,000 area rug.
The shopping website Racked recently ran a series on over-the-top celebrity closets. We like Mariah Carey's space, which has an adjoining room that houses some of her 1,000 pairs of shoes. (She is quoted as saying: "It's not really a traditional closet, but I worked hard for this mess.") No word on exact size or cost.
The Wall Street Journal writes of this trend:
Once a secondary space designed primarily for storage, the humble closet is taking center stage. The latest in high-end master closets go well beyond the typical walk-in and are created to look more like plush lounges or designer stores. Clothing and handbags in glass display cases are lighted like sculptures; custom-designed couches are arranged near Baccarat crystal bars or dedicated breakfast areas.
Some closets also have flat-screen TVs or wine bars, in case you want to invite friends over to look at your clothes. And I thought I was getting a fancy closet when I added drawers, shelves and double hanging racks.
Once they have built these fancy closets, homeowners are using them not just as a place to store clothes but a place to hang out – though you have to wonder why you'd want to hang out in your closet if you lived in a 6,000-square-foot house.
High-end condos are also offering bigger and more tricked-out closets, although a 300-square-foot closet is sounding modest at the moment.
In Boston, Nancy Selldorff's renovations included the addition of more closet space to her 850-square-foot master suite. Her custom space includes Wenge cabinets, a center island and lighted glass racks for shoes and purses.
"I really wanted a place that felt special and was a personal retreat," Selldorff told The WSJ. "When I get dressed every day, it makes it feel like a special event."


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Learn more about our sizing and fits with our Measurement Guide.
Material: 100% Silk
Care Instructions: Hand wash. Line dry.


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-Insert pretty header here-
I got this idea from Duck's How Have You Improved? discussion. In hers it says that you need to remake the first banner you made, well in a lot of cases, we don't have to photos again.
So I decided to post a discussion where you can post your first banner(s) and some new/recent ones to show how you've improved. =)
You can post as many banners as you like to demonstrate how far you've come. =)
Views: 239
wow those recent ones are beautiful :) you done a good job from when you started, they are really lovely, all of them
So this is an interesting discussion.
cool Nikki!
Thanks Annie
O.o You realize all my old banners were on my old computer and so I have like NONE of them now? But since i can't show you guys ALL my improvements, why not just the ones I have had on GIMP, this is my GIMP experice from when i first got it to i think the end of January o.o but er... here ya go?
GAH! simply GORGEOUS Minnie! XD If there was an award for "Most improved" It would DEFINITELY go to you!
Wow this is a great discussion, it's nice to see before banners
and now banners.
Everyone has done such a great job :) and have progressed, these banners are all amazing, I wish I could be that talented lol but I am not so good with banners, Good job everyone
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Are you stocking more inventory today than 18 months ago?
We actually don't know who his investors are. At the point when we are ready, we will investigate further. There are just so many things to handle and there are a lot of items to be considered with the project."
-- Charles C. Mitchell, Barstow city manager


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No. 19/20 Mississippi State at Kentucky
Commonwealth Stadium, Oct. 6, 2012
FINAL SCORE: No. 19/20 Mississippi State 27, Kentucky 14
Team Records and Series Notes
Team Notes
Individual Notes
· Kentucky punter Landon Foster drilled a 56-yard punt in the opening quarter. That was the longest punt of the season for Foster, whose previous long was 53 yards at Louisville. Foster ended the game with four punts over 50 yards.
· Quarterback Jalen Whitlow started for the Wildcats, making his first career start. Whitlow went 10-for-21 in the game for 73 yards. The freshman rushed eight times for 26 yards and a touchdown.
o In the third quarter, Whitlow notched his second rushing touchdown of the season, rushing in from three- ards out on third and goal.
o Whitlow's start marked the first time since 1979 that Kentucky has started three different quarterbacks in three consecutive games, following Morgan Newton at Florida and Maxwell Smith vs. South Carolina.
o In 1979, Mike Shutt, Randy Jenkins and Juan Portela appeared to be the starting QBs in consecutive games against Indiana, Maryland and West Virginia, respectively.
· Truefreshman quarterback Patrick Towles saw his first career action in the game.
o Towlesmade an impact on his first career drive, marching UK 80 yards down the field for a touchdown. The scoring play was a 32-yard pass to La'Rod King. On the drive, Towles was 5-for-5 for 71 yards, while also rushing once for a two-yard gain.
o Towles finished the game 5-for-6 for 71 yards and a touchdown. The freshman sustained an ankle injury on his second drive.
· La'RodKing finished the game with two catches for 43 yards and a touchdown.
o King now has 1,505 receiving yards in his career, passing Tom Hutchinson (1960-62) for sole possession of ninth place. King needs three yards to tie Felix Wilson for eighth all-time.
o King caught a 32-yard touchdown pass in the second quarter, which was his longest reception of the year.
o The touchdown reception for King was the 16th of his career, ranking him in sole possession of sixth place on the all-time career touchdown receptions list. King needs one more touchdown reception to tie Steve Meilinger for fifth place.
· Sophomore tight end Ronnie Shields caught a nine-yard pass on third down and ended the game with two catches for 15 yards. Shields has caught a pass in every game but one this season.
· Junior linebacker Avery Williamson earned 13 tackles in the game, marking his fourth game this season with double-figure tackles. Williamson leads the team with 64 tackles overall. Williamson also added a quarterback hurry and recovered the onside kickoff.
· Junior defensive lineman Tristian Johnson, who has started three consecutive games, ended the game with five tackles, a sack and a tackle-for-loss. Johnson has at least one tackle-for-loss in each of the last three games.
· Kentucky placekicker Joe Mansour successfully executed an on-side kick in the third quarter. It marked the second time this season that UK has successfully converted an on-side kick. UK's Craig McIntosh also had a successful on-side kick attempt against Louisville.
o Mansour handled all the kickoffs for Kentucky, earning one touchback.
· True freshman Khalid Henderson posted five tackles in the game, which was a career high.
· True freshman cornerback Fred Tiller had a solid game, posting three stops and two pass breakups. The two pass breakups were the first of his career.
· Redshirt freshman Farrington Huguenin had four tackles and a fumble recovery in the game. That was his first career fumble recovery and a career-high tackles.
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on orders over $50*
Live Chat or 1.877.364.3865
Just got my canopy's in the mail yesterday. Love the quick 2-day shipping. For anyone who cares, this goggle fits the poc receptor bug perfectly. I know its a notoriously difficult helmet to find goggles that fit it correctly.
I haven't tried it on the slopes yet, but fit perfectly and i love the extra peripheral vision and the fact they cover a little more on my face to keep it warm.
0 Comments
I have this years Burton Moto in a size 10. What size binding would be best, M or L?
1 Answers
I see a large is chest size 46, which to me looks like a normal XL size. Are these hoodies ones you would order a size down from your normal size?
1 Answers
Damn only smalls in right now
What is the L and XL chest sizing? Did not see it in the size guide above. Thanks!
1 Answers
thats dissapointing...i just saw this hoodie when i was up in canada the past week but the shop did not have my size...i'll keep my fingers crossed you get it in
When is this hoodie going to available? and will the cobalt blue be available in a L or XL????
2 Answers
Do WeSC hoodies run larger than your average fleece hoodie? Going by the size chart it seems that way.
1 Answers


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Veterans Information Session @ Falmouth Elks Lodge
When: Tue Apr 9th
6:00 pm - 8:00 pm
Where: Falmouth Elks Lodge | Palmer Avenue | Falmouth
Attention Veterans
Information Night available to all Sponsored by Falmouth Disabled American Veterans Chapter 81
Tuesday, April 9th 6-8pm
At the Falmouth Elks, Palmer Ave, Falmouth
Refreshments available
Representatives of the following organizations will be available to answer any questions that Veterans or Spouses may have.
Representatives from Falmouth Veterans Services in addition, Department of Veterans Affairs Regional
office, Providence, RI; Department of Veterans Affairs MA National Cemetery in Boune; Nam Vets. of Cape Cod.
We look forward to meeting you!


text:
Mike Gallagher is a nationally syndicated radio host, Fox News Channel contributor and guest host, and author of the book "Surrounded by Idiots: Fighting Liberal Lunacy in America."
The Culture of Passing the Buck
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Bomb or Occupy -- or Neither?
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The Ghost In The White House
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When Paul Became Muhammad
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What Do You Call War By Any Other Name? Defeat
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Obama Spreads the Blame Around for ISIS Rise
| Cal Thomas
Marijuana Smoke Gets in Your Rights
| Debra J. Saunders
Amid a Flurry of Other News, Ferguson Story Quietly Looms Over Election
| Matt Towery
Secret Service
| Rich Galen
Can It Happen Here?
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Quotes of the day | Allahpundit
Small California winery to close doors after being fined for using volunteers | Mary Katharine Ham
NC SEN: Is the race 'tight as a tick?' | Matt Vespa
Three words. Tetris. The movie. | Jazz Shaw
Carter: If I had gone to war with Iran, I would have beaten Reagan or something | Matt Vespa
FCC: We'll look into whether "Redskins" is indecent for broadcast | Ed Morrissey
Deadly Ebola Virus Reaches America. Now What?
Bob Beckel Explodes, Gets Bleeped During Fiery Response to 'Unbelievable' Obama Comment
Chris Christie: 'You Need To Be Accountable'
Happy Anniversary, Obamacare
Obama Seeks Traction On Economy Amid Foreign Tests
Poll: Walker opens lead in WI governor's race amid Burke plagiarism scandal
| Adam Tobias
Secret is out: Potentially dangerous oil train shipments roll through Nebraska weekly
| Joe Jordan
Medical lobbyists spend over $1 million to influence VA legislators
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Debby Wong-USA TODAY Sports

The shock of Ilya Kovalchuk's retirement last week from the NHL is still making waves. Whether people are angry for dumping his former team, the New Jersey Devils, or walking away from so much money or any other resaon people can think of, it does not matter anymore. Apparently, Kovalchuk has moved on quickly, and without much regret, from his former team to SKA St. Petersberg in the Russian KHL with a new monster deal already inked.

It seems that money was the deciding factor in Kovalchuk's decision to leave. The U.S. tax system and some financial technicalities in the NHL with players' salaries helped contribute to his decision to leave according to his mother who was quoted in a Russian newspaper. Reports coming out of Russia indicate that Kovalchuk will be making a massive $15-to-$20 million dollars per season playing for his new team. In as little as six years, he could make the money back on his previous contract with his new team.

Another contributing factor is his social ties to the area of St. Petersburg. During the NHL lockout this season, he reportedly liked playing for SKA St. Petersburg and has some old friends working with the club. Of course, this is all in addition to being born and raised in Russia too.

So, although the Devils have been left out in the rain because of all this, Kovalchuk has done what he wanted all in his best interest and it appears to be paying off, for now. I would not expect any NHL team to take a chance on him in the future for the money he wants if he decides to return. It looks like Kovalchuk is gone for good and his NHL playing days are in the past.

View the full article
Ilya Kovalchuk Doing Well: New Team and Deal
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Admissions for primary heroin abuse accounted for 13 percent of TEDS admissions in 1996 (
Table 3.2
Heroin was second to alcohol as the most common primary substance abuse problem among treatment admissions 40 and over, and 35 percent of heroin admissions were at least 40 years old. Although 46 percent of heroin admissions were white, heroin abuse was disproportionately high among Puerto Ricans and Mexican-Americans. About 40 percent of admissions among Puerto Ricans, and 34 percent among Mexican-Americans, were for primary heroin use (
Tables 3.1-3.2
Figure 13
. Heroin/Opiates
Admissions by Sex, Age, and Race/Ethnicity: 1996
The most common route of administration for heroin was injection (72%). However, 24 percent of admissions reported inhalation (snorting) as their preferred route of administration (
Table 3.5
Heroin admissions reported secondary use of non-smoked cocaine (29%), and smoked cocaine (11%) (
Table 3.8
Daily heroin use was reported by 83 percent of heroin admissions (
Table 3.5
Most heroin admissions (nearly 80 percent) had been in treatment before the current episode, and 28 percent had been in treatment 5 or more times (
Table 3.5