text: Final Fantasy XIII Adamantoise/Shaolong Gui Guide Version 1.0 Copyright (c) Arthellinus (arthellinus[at]yahoo[dot]com) 2010, all rights reserved. =============================================================================== Obligatory Legalese =============================================================================== This FAQ is for personal use only and is not to be reproduced for any other reason. It CANNOT be placed either in part or in its entirety on any website other than the following: http://www.gamefaqs.com/ or otherwise distributed publicly without advance written permission from the author. Use of ANY part of this guide on any other website or as a part of any public display is strictly prohibited, and a violation of copyright. =============================================================================== Version History =============================================================================== Version 1.0 (06/16/10) - Enjoy. =============================================================================== Contents =============================================================================== 1. Introduction ........................................................ [010] 2. Adamantoise ......................................................... [020] a. Before postgame .................................................. [02a] b. After beating the game ........................................... [02b] c. Preparation ...................................................... [02c] d. Key points ....................................................... [02d] e. Farming .......................................................... [02e] 3. Shaolong Gui ........................................................ [030] a. Preparation ...................................................... [03a] b. Farming .......................................................... [03b] =============================================================================== 1. Introduction [010] =============================================================================== Let's go with a Q&A for the intro this time. Q: What is this guide? A: This guide teaches you how to farm Adamantoises and Shaolong Guis in Final Fantasy XIII. Q: Why do I need to farm them? A: You will need to farm them if you want to upgrade ultimate weapons or obtain the Treasure Hunter trophy/achievement. By the way, I won't cover Treasure Hunter in great detail here. You can refer to another guide for that. Q: Okay, but what's so special about these two enemies? A: Selling Platinum Ingots dropped by Adamantoises is the fastest way to get gil, which you'll need a lot of if you want to do either of the things in the previous question. Shaolong Guis drop Dark Matter, which cost a whopping 840000 gil if you were to buy one. You don't want to do that. Q: Well, no, I meant why dedicate a guide just to these two enemies? A: The amount of preparation and strategy required to farm these two enemies far eclipses that needed for any other enemy. Note that I said farm, not defeat. You'll be fighting these things a lot, so you definitely want to have an approach down. Conversely, you'll only be fighting the hardest marks in FFXIII once or maybe a few times to five-star the missions, and when the objective is simply to figure out a way to win the battle, it's more fun to come up with your own approach. When the objective is to farm, it's more useful to establish a sort of standard in terms of how to do things efficiently. And no, you shouldn't farm Long Gui. He's not worth the hassle. You can lump him in with the missions. Don't fight him any more than you have to, unless it's for sport. Q: What about Adamantortoises? Should I farm them? A: No/not really, depending on who you ask. I don't find them to be any easier than Adamantoises (or rather, 'toises are not any harder than 'tortoises) but others disagree. Also, the time it takes to respawn 'tortoises compared to what you can do with 'toises will add up such that any time advantage you may have on the actual battles dissipates quickly. In any case, I'll only be discussing 'toises. 'tortoises don't require any radical changes in strategy anyway. Q: Didn't you already write up some of this stuff in your Postgame Guide? A: Yes, but I'm not sure that the Adamantoise/Shaolong sections got enough exposure. There seem to still be plenty of questions as to how to farm, so I want to set the record straight, and at the same time, obviate some of the less efficient strategies so newcomers won't have to wait too long during their playthrough, not knowing that they could have farmed much faster much earlier. Also, I want to take any chance I can to shamelessly plug my youtube videos. ;) Q: What do I need to know before reading this guide? A: If you've made it to the point where you're going to start fighting these things, you should be well-acquainted with the basics of the game. I'm going to assume a baseline in terms of familiarity with the mechanics. I've tried not to be obtuse, but if I overlook any sort of simple explanation pertaining specifically to the content of this guide, I apologize. Feel free to hit me up via email if that is the case. Q: What if I don't want to use your methods? A: Then don't, but if you're not a troll, you can still get something out of this document. Now, I'm not going to throw zillions of numbers or mechanics intricacies at you, but I will try to provide an accessible outline of concepts that, once grasped, will allow you to understand the strategies explored here and help you develop your own, if you should choose to do that. You'll see what I mean. =============================================================================== 2. Adamantoise [020] =============================================================================== You'll spend a lot of the postgame fighting Adamantoises. Contrary to popular belief, it shouldn't be the majority of the postgame if you do it right. It'll just feel that way because you're doing the same thing over and over again. Now, you'll encounter Adamantoises before you beat the game, specifically in Chapters 11 and 12. While you can ignore them completely in Chapter 11, Chapter 12 provides an interesting opportunity to down one because you'll actually be rewarded for doing so (it's just a chest, but hey, a reward is a reward). You'll have access to Stage 9 of the Crystarium, which is all you'll need to simply take one down... but I do NOT recommend farming until you beat the game and do a few other things, which I will cover duly. _______________________________________________________________________________ 2a. Before postgame [02a] Right, so how do we take down that 'toise in Chapter 12? You have one of two options. I'll cover both briefly. Method 1 Select Vanille as your leader. I suggest you bring Hope and Sazh for their buffs. Make sure she knows Death (unlocked at Stage 9 SAB) and is using the Belladonna Wand. Equip a Blessed Talisman (Auto-Faith) if you have it. If you don't have one, it's cheap to make. Start the battle in SAB/SYN/SYN. Let your Synergists Haste everyone, then summon Hecatoncheir. The 'toise will fall down. Stick as many debuffs as you can on it, then just keep using Death and hope that it hits before it gets back up. Having your Synergists refresh Faith will boost your chances. That's it. Method 2 (Stage 1 method) I prefer this method because it's not luck-based. Anyway, did you get the Pleiades Hi-Powers in Oerba? I hope you did, because you'll need them for this method. You'll want to upgrade them to the Tier 2 version, Hyades Magnums, then max those out. This gives Sazh a whopping +1140 to his Strength. This comes at the expense of 40% of his HP, but that doesn't matter for our purposes here. You might be inclined to gripe about the cost, but it's basically equivalent to one Platinum Ingot, which, in the long run, is insignificant. With Sazh as your leader, take Fang and either Lightning or Snow as your support. Start the battle in a SYN paradigm, cast Bravery and Haste on Sazh immediately, then summon. I'm feeling lazy now, so I'll just paste a link and let the video do the talking: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57ssbWK3yhY Full Paradigm and equipment setup shown at the end of the video. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- As you can see, I did this fight after beating the Chapter 11 boss (just to show that you can) before heading on to Chapter 12. Sazh had two stages' worth of SAB for an early Deprotect and Deshell. That's not necessary, so don't worry about it if you don't have the CP to spare. Just make sure Fang does her job. Pretty simple so far, right? You might be tempted to farm using these methods, but I don't recommend it. You need to recharge TP by engaging in trash fights in between 'toises, and at this point, it's not really worth it. Just move on and beat the game. _______________________________________________________________________________ 2b. After beating the game [02b] You've beaten the game and you're itching to prove your mettle against these giant turtles. Maybe you just want to use summons, TP recharging be damned. Be patient. You don't ever need to do that. Let's do a few other things and beef up your characters at the same time. Now, to plant the seeds for my methods, I'm going to ask you to start preparing by properly developing Fang, Vanille, and Snow. First, get the fourth accessory slots for all three characters. Then, specifically: Fang Lv 5 COM Lv 2 SYN Two stages of RAV (Lv 1 - Fire and Thunder learned) Vanille Lv 5 RAV Lv 5 SAB Two stages of COM (Lv 1 - Ruin learned) Snow Lv 5 RAV Lv 2 SAB One stage of MED (Lv 1 - Cure learned) These should be your immediate goals for the Crystarium. Complete these missions in this (most efficient) order, if you haven't done so already: 01 (Archylte Steppe - Central Expanse) 02 (Archylte Steppe - Central Expanse) 03 (Archylte Steppe - Central Expanse) 04* (Yaschas Massif - Tsubaddran Highlands) 06* (Yaschas Massif - Paddraean Archaeopolis) 05 (Yaschas Massif - The Ascendant Scarp) 08* (Vallis Media - Base Camp) 09* (Archylte Steppe - Central Expanse) 20* (Taejin's Tower - The Palisades) 21-26 (story requirement so you'll have these done regardless) 28* (Oerba - Village Proper) 07 (Yaschas Massif - Paddraean Archaeopolis) <- also unlocks R&D Depot shop 12 (Archylte Steppe - Central Expanse) 13 (Archylte Steppe - Central Expanse) 14 (Archylte Steppe - Western Benchland) 17* (Archylte Steppe - Northern Highplain) 18* (Mah'habara - Twilit Cavern) 19* (Sulyya Springs - Ceiling of Sky) 30 (Archylte Steppe - Haerii Oldroad) 31* (Archylte Steppe - Haerii Archaeopolis) 34 (Archylte Steppe - Way of the Ancients) 55 (Oerba - Deserted Schoolhouse (Roof)) 63 (Sulyya Springs - Subterranean Lake) The stone location is in parentheses. Teleport waystones are marked with asterisks. Mission 63 is an Adamantortoise. Use one of the two methods prescribed in the previous section to take him out. You'll get a Genji Glove as a reward, which is absolutely crucial for farming. Mission 55 nets you the Growth Egg. You'll want this as soon as possible. Consult another guide (the Postgame Guide has a basic strategy, but you can probably find better-tuned versions of it elsewhere). Even though this section is short, doing the things listed here will take you quite a bit of time. Along the way, you'll be developing your characters and acquiring several key pieces of equipment. Once you're done with everything here, you're almost ready to start farming. _______________________________________________________________________________ 2c. Preparation [02c] Now you'll need to set up your equipment. Do the following (again, I won't go into detail because you can readily obtain this information elsewhere) in order of priority, from highest to lowest: - Obtain 2 Clay Rings and 1 Siltstone Ring. - Upgrade the above to 3 maxed Gaian Rings. - Upgrade Snow's Feymark to Tier 2 (Soul Blazer) and max it. - Upgrade Vanille's Belladonna Wand to Tier 2 (Malboro Wand) and max it. - Upgrade any of Fang's weapons EXCEPT for Taming Pole, Partisan, or Shamanic Spear to Tier 2 and max it. - Obtain 1 maxed Weirding Glyph. - Obtain 2 of either Tetradic Tiara or Shield Talisman. - Obtain 2 maxed Power Gloves. - Obtain 3 Sprint Shoes (you might have done this already). - Upgrade a Collector Catalog to a Connoisseur Catalog (again, you may already have one). - Obtain 1 Morale Talisman. Between the goodies you (should have) got(ten) from Bhakti and selling miscellaneous stuff you've acquired along the way, you should have enough money for this. You might be wondering why we're collecting more accessories than we have room for, but don't worry. They'll all see use, I promise. Finally, we'll need to have a look at our characters' stats and skills. By this point, you should be at least close to the guidelines I set in the previous section. Once you have fulfilled every one of those requirements, go back to primary roles and grab as much HP as you can. 13000 is enough to start farming. Without Death, summons, or shrouds. I'm not pulling your leg. _______________________________________________________________________________ 2d. Key points [02d] The premise behind an Adamantoise fight is this. If you take out its legs, it will fall over and be unable to do anything for a while, just like what happens when you use a summon. Before you take out the legs, it is very hard to damage. Now, before we start fighting, I'm going to outline a number of other things about an Adamantoise battle. Once you understand these, the actual method should be fairly easy to follow. Trust me, it'll help a lot if you take some time to study these nuggets of info. (1) With no protection at all, your characters will take approximately 11000 damage from one Adamantoise stomp. Your characters will take even more damage if they are close to the legs. The stomp is both physical- and Earth-based. (2) Highwind can one-shot a leg if it's staggered, but the percentage required depends on Fang's Strength and whether or not Bravery or Bravera is active. Typically, two hits are delivered to a leg. The second hit is twice as strong as the first. A leg has a bit under 360000 HP. Therefore, the first hit must do at least 120000 damage in order for Highwind to one-shot a leg. (3a) The default target is the Left Foreleg. Once the left leg is taken out, the target defaults to Adamantoise (its head) and NOT the Right Foreleg. (3b) One of Highwind's hits may MISS if the leg moves during Fang's animation (i.e. to perform a stomp) or if Fang approaches from too far to the side (i.e. if she were to down one leg and then immediately target the other one). (3c) With a Tri-disaster paradigm, using three Lv 5 RAVs, a leg can be staggered within 15-18 ATB bars. If you do not have three Lv 5s, it'll take a few more. (4) If you take too long to down the legs, Adamantoise will use Quake, which does a truckload of damage even if you have Gaian Rings. Dally even more and he'll pull out Roar, which might as well be (and usually is) Game Over. Quake usually comes after the sixth stomp. (5) If a character is standing beneath the Adamantoise when it falls over, he or she can take up to three hits of approximately 1000 physical damage per hit. (6) Adamantoise can be inflicted with Deprotect, Deshell, Imperil, Slow, Curse, and Daze once downed. A target inflicted with Daze will take double damage from all attacks. Daze has a maximum duration if the inflicted target is not attacked. Even if it is attacked, it has a minimum duration. An AI SAB will spam Daze repeatedly if there is nothing else for him or her to do. All debuffs are removed when the Adamantoise gets back up. Why the numbering? We are going to cite each of these points when we go over the methods. Here we go... _______________________________________________________________________________ 2e. Farming [02e] Let us first assume that you are at the absolute bare minimum requirements to farm. You're at 13000 HP, with maxed Tier 2 weapons, with your character roles developed as I've suggested. Let's take a look at the "Stage 2" video. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sciEeeVx-G0 Again, full setup shown at the end of the video. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I will provide a sort of play-by-play and note how the previously listed points come into play. - Protectra, combined with Gaian Ring, reduces stomp damage to roughly 30%. (1) - Tetradic Tiara (or Shield Talisman) reduces damage for Vanille and Snow before Fang can cast Protectra on them. (1) - Soul Blazer and Weirding Glyph are used to guarantee that Snow does not run up to a leg, wasting valuable time and putting him at risk for high damage. (1) - With no Bravery or Bravera, Fang needs a high stagger percentage before being able to take out a leg. (2) - After taking out the left leg, manually direct up to one full round of Ruin to the right leg to reset the target and avoid stomp damage. (1)(3a) - You should actually be able to get away with only refreshing Protectra on Fang after Highwinding the left leg; it'll stay up long enough on Vanille and Snow to absorb the next stomp. That'll save you some valuable time. Remember, you don't want to be anywhere near Quake. (4) - Wait until after you take the fall damage to begin buffing. You don't want to be interrupted. (5) - You'll do 200000+ damage per Attack at 700+% when you sync with Daze. (6) Hopefully, this was pretty straightforward. By the way, one thing that I didn't mention but works as a general rule of thumb: Lightning (the element) is by far the fastest in the game. Every other element involves some sort of projectile, but Lightning is instantaneous. That is why Thunder is so important for Fang to learn, and especially in this case, when the projectiles have a long way to go to reach the legs, and you cannot afford to slack on staggering them. Now, you can do this for a while, and after you acquire some CP to level up more (go for HP and role levels), and possibly acquire a Trapezohedron to upgrade Fang's weapon to Tier 3, you can move on to the "Stage 3" method. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsVzhw8ybjk Setup is shown at the end of the video. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- At this point, we have enough HP to skip Protectra and go straight away on the offensive. Here, we use Auto- accessories to speed up taking out the legs, and instead of staggering and Highwinding one at a time, we will stagger both and then Highwind both. Be very careful when Highwinding the right leg. Give Fang some time to reorient herself before you confirm selection. (Point 3b) You can tell when it's okay to confirm when you see her backing DIRECTLY away from the right leg. You can ride Stage 3 through to the end of postgame. If you want pure speed, replace Vanille with Lightning once you're completely maxed out in the Crystarium. Lightning will be faster at staggering the legs. Finally, I have one more method to show you. You should entertain this method if you fulfill one of the following conditions: - You think the Stage 2 method is too slow and wouldn't mind grinding for CP to get a bit more HP, AND you are quick and familiar with all the basics of an Adamantoise battle, OR - You have enough HP for the Stage 3 method but find that you don't have enough Strength to be able to Highwind a leg right after stagger, perhaps because you cannot upgrade to a Tier 3 weapon or do not wish to just yet. In that case, the "Stage 2.5" method is for you. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8EGqY6hwS94 Setup shown at the beginning of video (for once). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- It's an ideal bridge between Stages 2 and 3, but unless you have a decent amount of HP, you'll need to know pretty much exactly what you're doing. In particular, you have to be incredibly precise about timing your turns to stagger both legs as soon as possible. (Point 3c) You can only take two stomps' worth of damage, so you can't muck around. Also, if he manages to get off his first stomp with the RIGHT leg before Fang can complete her first turn, you might want to consider retrying, not because you'll die necessarily, but because the timing is such that you will be trying to Highwind the right leg just as it goes up for the third stomp, which is problematic. (Point 3b rearing its ugly head) Fortunately, this doesn't happen all that often. Finally, the optimization of my strategy can be found here. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDf1ZpBClgo Setup shown at the end of video. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I mean "optimization" in the sense that here you can see just how well you can do with relatively meager stats. And that is how you farm Adamantoise. Remember, you will NEVER NEED to use a summon to farm if you are efficient. I hope this answers all of your questions, or at the very least, helps you develop your own method if you don't want to use mine. =============================================================================== 3. Shaolong Gui [030] =============================================================================== You'll need a minimum of 5 Dark Matter to complete Treasure Hunter, but some people want many more to max more accessories (most notably Kaiser Knuckles and Magistral Crests). The only cost-effective way to get them is to fight Shaolong Guis, who, by the way, can easily wipe out an entire party even at max Crystarium. Thankfully, you can prevent them from doing so by killing them before they can kill you. It's as simple as that. To streamline things as much as possible, here's one rule. Never, ever start farming them until you have a completely maxed Crystarium. There's no advantage to doing so before then. Adamantoises are a better use of your time for both CP and gil. _______________________________________________________________________________ 3a. Preparation [03a] Preparations are simple after fighting Adamantoises. In addition to maxed Crystarium and the equipment you'd already have, you'll need the following: - 1 additional Genji Glove (complete Mission 51 or 62) - 1 additional maxed Power Glove - 2 Aurora Scarves That's all you need for my method, which doesn't even use Tier 3 weapons. Before we dive into the videos, you may want to know some general facts about Shaolong Gui (don't worry, it won't be a case study like it was with Adamantoise and there won't be citations). (1) He'll always open with Quake. (2) After that, he'll typically stomp three times. (3) Then, he'll use Ultima shortly after the last stomp. (4) One more stomp, then Bay. You never, ever want to see Bay. It removes buffs, does huge damage, and has a chance to Daze you. It'll screw you up 90% of the time. (5) After that, he'll go crazy for a while with Ultima and Quake. You don't ever want to reach this phase either. (6) After this, he'll repeat the whole sequence. Sometimes, he'll preempt any of Steps 3-5. Unfortunately, there's nothing you can do to change his pattern. All you can hope to do is trip him up with Slow and/or Daze. If he uses Bay preemptively, you may want to and probably should retry the battle. It's not a big deal. The only rule of thumb in dealing with his attacks is to ALWAYS shift to Tortoise (SEN/SEN/SEN) when he does anything other than stomp. This includes the opening Quake. Now, read on. _______________________________________________________________________________ 3b. Farming [03b] The key to piling on the damage is Enfire (or any other En-) skill. He can be weakened to any element once you inflict Imperil. Therefore, if you're going to rely on an AI SYN (by using Fang as the leader, for example), you have to make sure Imperil is up as soon as possible, maybe even try to sneak it in before you shift to Tortoise against the opening Quake. It's a lot easier to use Lightning or Sazh to manually cast Enfire. Then you don't have to worry about getting Imperil specifically up immediately. My method involves using Lightning because I prefer to use Sazh to spam Daze. Why Sazh and not Snow, you ask? Because Sazh's slow casting speed actually works better when you are trying to sync your attacks with Daze. In addition, Sazh can make up any debuffs you missed along the way. Here is the farming method, using only Tier 2 weapons. Use SEN/SEN/SEN to absorb Quake and the first stomp, then go all-out on him. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xjMej3ulu8 Setup shown at the end of video. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fast and consistent, or as consistent as farming Shaolongs can be anyway. If you have Tier 3 weapons, you can utilize the "speed method" shown in this next video. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ilcqsvz6lfs Setup shown at the end of video. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The key difference, aside from the stats, is the +1 ATB from the Tier 3 weapon, which allows you to open with SYN/SAB/SAB instead of SYN/SYN/SAB, which will speed up the debuffing process. As I mentioned before, Fang and Sazh lead against Shaolongs just as well, but I thought, why not let Lightning have some of the spotlight? That's it and that's all. Hope you had fun reading, learning, and/or experimenting, and happy farming. =============================================================================== Acknowledgments =============================================================================== You, the reader!


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I first saw this tv outside a workshop as hard rubbish. I didn't think it worked anymore and certainly didn't after someone smashed it. Some arty person took it and added some and it is now a sculpture of sorts. It is still in the carpark behind the Penny Black in Brunswick.


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NASCAR Tweaks Rules For 2015Coming changes include a ban on testing, engines with less horsepower, & fewer pit road officials.
Logano testing in TexasPLUS: Brendan Gaughn gets his mojo back
The Chase continues this weekend in New HampshirePLUS: The Camping World Truck Series races at the Magic Mile for the first time in 3 years
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Chase Underdogs Need to Step It Up!Qualifying for the Chase For The NASCAR Sprint Cup is one thing. Actually contending is quite ...
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Testing at New Hampshire and CharlottePLUS....Denny hamlin, Matt Kenseth and Greg Biffle on momentum heading into The Chase
Kahne makes ChasePLUS....Crew Chief Kenny Francis describes how they did it and what's next


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Paul Georgy serves as president/CEO of Allendale, Inc., a worldwide agricultural advisory and research firm that provides agricultural commodity price research and risk management alternatives for producers, major food companies, international corporations, foreign governments, and major news vendors.
Good Morning! Paul Georgy with early morning comments for July 3, 2013 at 5:00 am. Grain futures are higher as traders even up positions before the holiday. Trading volume this week has been very light and would appear to be more of the same going into the 12 noon close today. We must, however, plan ahead for July 5th. Historically corn and soybeans have sharp moves on the first trading day after the July 4th holiday. Changes to the weather forecast and world economic situations need to be kept in mind. When we start trading again on Friday morning the long-term weather forecasts will hit the pollination slot for the majority of late planted corn. The unrest in Egypt will be monitored closely as the Suez Canal is a major shipping passage way for oil. Tight supplies of old crop corn and soybeans will continue to impact nearby contracts. The July contract will go off the board on July 12th, one week from Friday. Some are suggesting Sept contracts could rise to the level of July due to late planting. Moore Research data suggests otherwise. Allendale's staff is working on option strategies which will provide down side protection and upside opportunities. A lot of numbers are being crunched after the planted acreage report and ending stocks could jump to over 2.0 billion bushel for corn when adjusting for yield and export demand. Soybean ending stocks could push 300 million bushel. Allendale's price targets can be found in the Allendale Advisory Report. Livestock futures are being impacted by activity in the outside markets and a slowdown of demand from the retailer. Boxed beef was higher on Tuesday with choice up .46 and select up .84. Pork cutout values were down 1.50. The CME Feeder Cattle Index was up .86 to 140.08. We wish everyone a safe and enjoyable Independence Day Weekend. Our next Wake-up-Call will be Monday Morning. Tune into the "Morning Coffee" on YouTube Friday before the opening.
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2 posts tagged winter in nyc
2 posts tagged winter in nyc
New York Winter. 5th Avenue in the snow. Midtown.
This is one of my favorite scenes from last Friday night's snowstorm. Quite a few people asked me how I was able to take photos without having snow and water droplets on my camera lens. It was quite a production actually. As I explained in my initial post, I wrapped my camera lens in plastic and then poked a hole in a plastic bag and threaded the lens through that hole. The rest of the plastic bag went over the camera as a covering. I secured the plastic with a lens hood which came in handy during periods of blowing snow. When I wasn't taking a photo I would point the camera down lens to the ground so that when snow blew towards me, it would blow and collect on the outside of the lens hood keeping the lens relatively dry and clean. I also had a lens filter on the lens.
This meant that I only had a tiny amount of time to shoot each shot. I shoot in manual mode because it's a long-standing preference of mine so I already had set up the settings that worked for the majority of shots (I did have to adjust a lot once I got to the Times Square area due to the lighting there). In the event that there was a shot I wanted to go for that was in the direction of blowing snow, I would just quickly take the shot and then scurry towards an awning, scaffolding cover, or dry entrance where I would wipe the lens down with a lens wipe.
I finally got around to putting some of the more popular photos from my winter storm Nemo in NYC set that I took and shared this past weekend during the (non) blizzard in my main portfolio and store. They are scattered throughout the rest of my photos. A number of people asked when I was going to put them up for sale so I have been slowly putting the photos from the set into my portfolio - store. I actually have more photos that I haven't even touched from that night that I hope to go through in the next few weeks and eventually share.
I really didn't expect the response I got for the photo set over on Flickr! Over the weekend, my Flickr was viewed 175,000 times and the winter storm Nemo photoset (in its entirety) has been viewed nearly 30,000 times (with each photo being viewed anywhere from 900 to over 4000 times). Over on G+, the main photo that I shared has been viewed 189,000 times. Craziness! Thanks all for all of the awesome messages, comments, shares and love for New York City in the snow :).
View this photo with a comment thread on my Google Plus page
Buy "New York Winter Night - Midtown in the Snow" Posters and Prints here, email me, or ask for help.
Lower East Side, Manhattan.
It's a very cold night…
(Clicking through the photo will take you to where it is located on Flickr where you can see larger versions and/or more information.)


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Air Force officials say Monday's event has servicemen and women meet to help each other overcome adversity and grow stronger in spite of potentially life-altering events.
America's military services have begun to focus on such issues in order to help the military cope with the difficulties of deployments and dealing with the stresses of years of combat.
Monday's program is one of four that will be held throughout the year. Others will focus on physical, social and spiritual fitness.
Officials say the day is part a program called "Every Airman Counts" begun by the Vice Chief of Staff Gen. Larry Spencer.
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Adult & Pediatric First Aid/CPR/AED Class
Saturday, June 7, 2014
9am – 3:30pm
West Carrollton Fire Department
125 W. Central Ave, West Carrollton
The Adult and Pediatric First Aid/CPR/AED course incorporates the latest science and teaches students to recognize and care for a variety of first aid emergencies such as burns, cuts, scrapes, sudden illnesses, head, neck, back injuries, heat and cold emergencies and how to respond to breathing and cardiac emergencies to help victims of any age - adults (about 12 years and older) and pediatric (infants and children up to 12 years of age). Students who successfully complete this course will receive a certificate for Adult and Pediatric First Aid/CPR/AED valid for two years.
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Hi dear,
Is me Mercy Dion.
Please contact me with my email ID ok,
I hope to hear from you soon. Thanks
hey sorry i havent talked to you in a while but things are crazy here
Inbox is messed up... How are you? so, Those Dreams/Visions have returned... Why do they repeat themselves?
Talk to you later hopefully in private next time...
Take care of yourself,
The old Bats are well if you catch my drift.
And nothing is new on that end.


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International Appetite for US Defense Stocks is Still Strong
Edgar is a member of The Motley Fool Blog Network -- entries represent the personal opinion of the blogger and are not formally edited.
United States military expenditures account for 19% of our total federal spending and 28% of our revenues. For 2012 our estimated defense budget is expected to be in the range of $1.0 - $1.4 trillion. There is no question that when it comes to military spending, America still remains to be in the lead from China and Russia. But our military strength sometimes forces investors to forget about the international demand for US defense stocks, which doesn't care whether GOP or Democrats are running the show. Our advancement in technology is not only recognized, but is also preferred across the globe.
One of those technologies that is not kept in secret is AeroVironment's (NASDAQ: AVAV) first robotic hummingbird that can pester insurgents and simultaneously gather information. This two winged hummingbird, which was introduced last year, could fly in and out of small entrances recording its surroundings for 10 minutes with a tiny attached camera for reconnaissance missions. AeroVironment lost nearly 20% since then, but the company is beginning to see international contracts this year. Danish Armed Forces recently selected AeroVironment's Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Puma AE by placing a $9.6 million contract, but the international revenue is only a drop in the bucket from the 7,500 unmanned aircrafts that are already in the Pentagon's inventory.
The other half of AeroVironment's international revenue isn't derived from military spending, but from the Efficient Energy Systems business segment. In 2012, the company rolled out thousands of 240-Volt EV charge docks throughout the U.S. and Canada as well as won new home charging contracts from BMW and Mitsubishi Motors. Despite volatile earnings surprises, Aerovironment delivered a 16% fully diluted EPS growth rate and an 11% revenue growth. This small cap trades with a high P/E ratio of 18.47, compared to the Aerospace & Defense industry's 13.3, and is showing strong support near $22 per share.
Back in the 1940's Raytheon (NYSE: RTN) began manufacturing guided missiles, and it was in 1950 when its Lark missile was able to destroy a target aircraft in flight. Fast forward 60 years and it was testing its ray gun on prisoners of Castaic jail and using them as test subjects for a new non-lethal weapon system that fires an invisible heat beam which is capable of causing unbearable harm. In 1980s and 1990s Raytheon aggressively grew through a series of acquisitions of Beech Aircraft Corp., E-Systems, and Defense Systems & Electronics Group, at the time a defense unit of Texas Instruments (NASDAQ:TXN). Currently, this $18 billion defense technology stock has international orders and operations all over the globe, including Canada, Japan and Spain. It received its international exposure during the Persian Gulf War when its Patriot missile shocked the world with its success rate. Raytheon's sales from this surface-to-air missile systems skyrocketed from countries such as Germany, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Japan, Israel, Netherlands, and Spain.
Although dividend lovers cling to Raytheon's 3.64% yield, the stock attracted a new wave of Foolish growth investors with its impressive 30% run in the last twelve months. It beat earnings five consecutive quarters and trades with a P/E of 9.55. With international orders expected to comprise 40% of their total backlog, Raytheon definitely has more room for upside.
And we cant leave out the giant of the aerospace and defense industry, Boeing Co. (NYSE: BA). Its latest $5 billion Boeing 737 orders from Alaska Airlines is just a speck of what's backlogged internationally. After losing the order for 35 Dreamliners from Qantas Airlines, the company still boasts a backlog of more than 900 planes. Judging by the chart below and how many of its planes Boeing has actually delivered, the manufacturer is not in a position to worry of cancellations, its suppliers are! The green bar indicates the number of completed planes by Boeing for a specific airline out of the total order count indicated by the light blue bar.
The cancellation was a struggle for Qantas Airlines to compete with middle eastern airlines due to overall traveling slowdown, nothing company specific that could be pegged to the plane manufacturer. With Boeing having plenty on its books to strive until 2015, right now would be a great entry opportunity.
Stay Foolish My Friends!
edgarambart30 has no positions in the stocks mentioned above. The Motley Fool owns shares of Raytheon Company. Motley Fool newsletter services recommend AeroVironment. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.If you have questions about this post or the Fool's blog network, click here for information.


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Welcome neighbor! Visit campus to explore our educational and recreational offerings designed with you in mind
Ever wonder what was beyond that Mount Ida sign on Dedham Street? We invite you, our Newton, Needham and nearby neighbors, to visit our beautiful 72-acre campus and learn about the educational and recreational opportunities available for you and the family to enjoy. Besides our best-in-class professional signature associate, undergraduate and master's degree programs and continuing education programs, here is a small sampling of the community services and cultural and recreational resources we offer:
Longfellow Preschool. Has been serving the Newton community for nearly 45 years. This hidden treasure in the heart of campus enrolls a little more than 30 students per year, ages 2.9 to 5 years old. Our laboratory preschool also serves as a place of learning for our undergraduates enrolled in our Professional Studies in Education Program.
The Dental Education Center & Community Dental Clinic at Mount Ida. As part of the College's Dental Hygiene Program, we offer basic preventative and restorative dental care services with an experienced visiting dentist at discounted rates. The Dental Education Center & Community Dental Clinic accepts MassHealth and other insurances.
Conference and Events. Does your nonprofit organization need space for its next conference or event? If your nonprofit shares our educational mission, contact Conferences and Events to learn more.
The Gallery at Mount Ida College. Enjoy the very best in regional, national and international design and fine art, including exhibitions of photography, painting, sculpture, video and other innovative art forms. The gallery is free and open to the public Tuesday through Saturday, from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m.
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Epigenetics--What You Do To Yourself Changes Your Gene Expression
Posted 05 November 2011 - 05:05 PM
This is really illuminating my whole understanding of the intersection of diet / lifestyle / acne.
I'm brand new to this board, but I'm here to join the conversation. I'm developing a course on curing acne with diet / lifestyle, taking an epigenetics / nutrigenomics tack - I'm hoping to spread this idea as far as I can, because it looks like it can help a lot of people.
At this point, nutrigenomics itself doesn't really change how you would approach curing acne with diet/lifestyle, it seems, but it sure puts down a great theoretical foundation. More of a motivator to change behavior, I think - if people see actual studies that demonstrate how you can switch on/off genes with diet. They're more likely to believe that food plays a big determining role in acne that way, I'm hoping.
@ alternativista, I'm REALLY digging your posts. This is really big stuff.
Posted 01 January 2012 - 06:04 PM
Although in skimming, it looked like in most of the examples, the twins were pretty much the same. Mentions methylation again.
Posted 23 March 2012 - 09:25 AM
Someone posted this in the accutane board. No sources
Anyways,I don't know if this has any merit or not, I saw this recently speaking of epigentic effects and it's possible effect on the intestines....
Side effects of Accutane need to be examined. Accutane inhibits rapidly growing cells like the crypt stem cells in the intestinal villi. Accutane (Isotretinoin) is a retinoid that acts on the GC (Guanosine/Cytosine) rich SP-1 promoter in gene transcription. Retinoids are reported to enhance SP-1 promoter function. However, if levels of Accutane are high enough to raise alkaline phosphatase, it will suppress Sp-1. Accutane is reported to have late effects possibly mediated through persistent epigenetics. Accutane lowers androgen, Vit. D. and tryptophane synthesis and increases histamine.
It came up when I searched for this thread.
Edited by alternativista, 29 May 2013 - 02:36 PM.
Posted 27 March 2012 - 01:01 PM
I actually read a study that looked at women who were pregnant in NYC during 9/11. Both the women and their children showed signs of post traumatic stress disorder. I've also heard that there are similar symptoms for descendants of Holocaust survivors.
People keep mentioning methylation, and I don't know if it's already been defined in this topic, but from my understanding it's the addition of methyl groups (CH3) to DNA causing it to pack tightly together. This in turn prevents the DNA from being transcribed and translated into proteins. Essentially the methylated gene is silenced.
Similar epigenetic regulation comes from the way the DNA is packed to either increase or decrease it's expression.
Posted 27 March 2012 - 01:21 PM
Certain genes that control coat color are located on the X-chromosome. Male cats with only one X simply express those genes and show that phenotype. Female cat embryos silence one of their X chromosomes (because they only need one). Some cells will silence one chromosome while other cells will silence the other (btw, this is through the methylation). When the cells begin to replicate (mitosis) the daughter cells inherit the silenced X chromosome. So, looking at a fully grown calico cat, you can see where groups of cells descended from the cells that silenced the one X chromosome and the groups of cells that descended from the cells that silenced the other X chromosome. That's why their fur is splotchy and multicolored.
Human females also silence one of X chromosomes, but I don't know of any implications of this.
Posted 27 March 2012 - 03:12 PM
I googled 'a diet rich in methyl groups' as mentioned in the Nova episode study on mice.
Summary of mice study:
Both mice and people have a gene called agouti. When a mouse's agouti gene is completely unmethylated it has a yellow coat color, is obese and prone to diabetes and cancer. When the agouti gene is methylated (as it is in normal mice) the coat color is brown and the mouse has a low disease risk. Fat yellow mice and skinny brown are genetically identical. You can think of the fat yellow mice as looking different because they have an epigenetic "mutation."
It's mostly your sulfur containing amino acids such as methionine and cysteine and other sulfur compounds like the sulfurophane in the veggies we are always telling you to eat. But other nutrients are also required/beneficial as methyl donors and to aid in histone acetylation (which I haven't googled yet, but apparently it's a less understood factor):
Sesame seeds, brazil nuts, fish, peppers, spinach
SAM synthesis
Folic Acid
Leafy vegetables, sunflower seeds, baker's yeast, liver
Methionine synthesis
Vitamin B12
Meat, liver, shellfish, milk
Methionine synthesis
Vitamin B6
Meats, whole grain products, vegetables, nuts
Methionine synthesis
SAM-e (SAM)
Popular dietary supplement pill; unstable in food
Enzymes transfer methyl groups from SAM directly to the DNA
Egg yolks, liver, soy, cooked beef, chicken, veal and turkey
Methyl donor to SAM
Wheat, spinach, shellfish, and sugar beets
Break down the toxic byproducts of SAM synthesis
Red wine
Removes acetyl groups from histones, improving health (shown in lab mice)
Soy, soy products
Increased methylation, cancer prevention, unknown mechanism
Broccoli (and all the other members of the brassica family and more)
Increased histone acetylation turning on anti-cancer genes
A compound produced in the intestine when dietary fiber is fermented
Increased histone acetylation turning on 'protective' genes, increased lifespan (shown in the lab in flies)
Diallyl sulphide (DADS)
Garlic, (and everything else in the onion family)
Increased histone acetylation turning on anti-cancer genes
And not listed on that site:
epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol from green tea, can prevent deleterious methylation dimmer switches from landing on (and shutting down) certain genes.
Also, more on the badness of plastics - how BPA screws with your genes:
Of Toxins and Supplements
Chemicals and additives that enter our bodies can also affect the epigenome. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a compound used to make polycarbonate plastic. It is in many consumer products including water bottles and tin cans. ...
When pregnant yellow agouti mothers were fed BPA, more yellow, unhealthy babies were born than normal. Exposure to BPA during early development had caused decreased methylation of the agouti gene. However, when BPA-exposed, pregnant yellow mice were fed methyl-rich foods, the offspring were predominantly brown. The maternal nutrient supplementation had counteracted the negative effects of exposure.
Of course, those mice studies are about what your mother ate does to you. We need more on what we can do.
Homecysteine is something that can be tested to measure if you don't have enough methylation going on.
when your body uses the amino acid, methionine to join with your body's proteins and DNA, it produces a bi-product called homocysteine which needs to be methylated, or joined with methyl-related nutrients in order to convert it back to methionine. If methylation does not occur, homocysteine's presence increases your risk of heart disease, high cholesterol, Alzheimers, liver disease and depression. Methylation processes are happening throughout your body to keep your systems running well.
Read more: http://www.livestron.../#ixzz1qLo5iON3
Another summary of nutrients:
Methyl-related nutrients are found in three groups of compounds: B Vitamins, Betaine and SAMe, S-Adenosyl-Methionine. In food sources, methyl-related nutrients can be found in foods rich in natural folate, or Vitamin B9, including strawberries, citrus fruits and leafy green vegetables. Good sources of Vitamin B12 are fish, meat, milk, and eggs. Choline oxidizes to form a source of methyl called Betaine, which is found in its highest concentration in beef liver. Toasted wheat germ and eggs are also excellent sources of choline, with cod, beef, brussel sprouts, broccoli, shrimp and salmon being good sources as well. Two large eggs contain 252 mg choline, nearly half of the recommended 550 mg per day for men.
Read more: http://www.livestron.../#ixzz1qLo5iON3
And a fairly neat explanation of the whole thing:
Human Genome
The human genome describes the unique nucleotide sequence that makes up your DNA. In the nucleus of every cell, the approximately 3 billion nucleotides that make up your DNA are arranged in units called genes. Genes contain all the information to produce the proteins necessary to create your cells and tissues and to sustain life.
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Gene Expression
The process of creating a new protein in your cells is referred to as gene expression. Gene expression is highly regulated by your body to ensure the correct protein is produced in the correct amount, and at the appropriate time. Mistakes in gene expression have the potential to lead to illnesses such as cancer. There are many levels of control of gene expression. According to an article published in the February 2010 issue of "Nutrition Reviews," one type of regulation is linked to the epigenetic structure of the genome.
Epigenetic modifications are changes made to the genome without changing the nucleotide sequence. A common type of epigenetic modification is the addition of methyl groups to DNA. A methyl group is simply a carbon with three hydrogens attached to it. The epigenetic addition or removal of methyl groups to DNA physically alters the structure of the DNA. According to the article in "Nutrition Reviews," this can have effects on gene expression. Environmental interactions with your genome, including dietary components, can alter the methylation pattern of your DNA.
Diet and Epigenetics
The effects of diet on epigenetic changes are currently being researched. As reported by an article published in the Novemeber 2010 issue of "Advances in Nutrition," several dietary components such as resveratrol from red wine, genistein from soy and the vitamins folate and B12 have all been shown to have an effect on DNA methylation and other epigenetic modifications. Experts in nutrition believe these epigenetic changes can affect the expression of certain genes. This could have implications for fetal development, cancer, aging and other biological processes. The research in this field is in the early stages and much is still unknown about this area of nutrition. However as researchers learn more, they will have a better understanding of the best dietary recommendations to reduce the risk of disease and improve health.
Read more: http://www.livestron.../#ixzz1qLp3okWL
And another from this discovery mag article http://discovermagaz...start:int=1&-C=:
genes themselves need instructions for what to do, and where and when to do it. A human liver cell contains the same DNA as a brain cell, yet somehow it knows to code only those proteins needed for the functioning of the liver. Those instructions are found not in the letters of the DNA itself but on it, in an array of chemical markers and switches, known collectively as the epigenome, that lie along the length of the double helix. These epigenetic switches and markers in turn help switch on or off the expression of particular genes. Think of the epigenome as a complex software code, capable of inducing the DNA hardware to manufacture an impressive variety of proteins, cell types, and individuals. ....
More and more, researchers are finding that an extra bit of a vitamin, a brief exposure to a toxin, even an added dose of mothering can tweak the epigenome—and thereby alter the software of our genes—in ways that affect an individual's body and brain for life.
The even greater surprise is the recent discovery that epigenetic signals from the environment can be passed on from one generation to the next, sometimes for several generations, without changing a single gene sequence....
One form of epigenetic change physically blocks access to the genes by altering what is called the histone code. The DNA in every cell is tightly wound around proteins known as histones and must be unwound to be transcribed. Alterations to this packaging cause certain genes to be more or less available to the cell's chemical machinery and so determine whether those genes are expressed or silenced. A second, well-understood form of epigenetic signaling, called DNA methylation, involves the addition of a methyl group—a carbon atom plus three hydrogen atoms—to particular bases in the DNA sequence. This interferes with the chemical signals that would put the gene into action and thus effectively silences the gene.
Until recently, the pattern of an individual's epigenome was thought to be firmly established during early fetal development. Although that is still seen as a critical period, scientists have lately discovered that the epigenome can change in response to the environment throughout an individual's lifetime.
a gene with a defective methylation pattern might very well be encouraged to reestablish a healthy pattern and continue to function. Already one epigenetic drug, 5-azacytidine, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use against myelodysplastic syndrome, also known as preleukemia or smoldering leukemia. At least eight other epigenetic drugs are currently in different stages of development or human trials....
Others have published data on animal subjects suggesting an epigenetic component to inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes.
**** ^ Ah ha - now they are getting close to something that might be of interest to us. But the article doesn't say any more on that subject.****
The article then goes on to discuss research into methylation diets, bringing up research into green tea which wasn't mentioned in the other sites. And then about how epigenetic changes can be passed on to the next generation. And a new take on the old nature (genes) vs nurture debate. It's not either/or because diet and environmental factors change the epigenome.
But nurturing definitely has an affect on the epigenome too. One example: Mother mice licking their offspring 'causes them to release serotonin in the pup's brain, which activates serotonin receptors in the hippocampus. These receptors send proteins called transcription factors to turn on the gene that inhibits stress responses.' Also, 'adults who reported in a questionnaire that they had a poor relationship with their mother were found to have hippocampi that were significantly smaller than average. Those adults who reported having had a close relationship with their mother, however, showed perfectly normal size hippocampi. '
And then some about the impact on society, especially on those affected by things like poverty or war.
early child-parent bonding is made more difficult by the effects of poverty, dislocation, and social strife. Those factors can certainly affect the cognitive development of the children directly involved. Might they also affect the development of future generations through epigenetic signaling?'
Lawrence Harper, a psychologist at the University of California at Davis, suggests that a wide array of personality traits, including temperament and intelligence, may be affected by epigenetic inheritance. "If you have a generation of poor people who suffer from bad nutrition, it may take two or three generations for that population to recover from that hardship and reach its full potential," Harper says. "Because of epigenetic inheritance, it may take several generations to turn around the impact of poverty or war or dislocation on a population."
Here's a brief explanation on histone modification of the epigenome
The nucleosome
There are four core histone proteins that form the nucleosome, a structure which is used to package the DNA in the nucleus. Histone proteins can be modified at a number of different sites by adding or taking away either small chemical groups, termed acetyl-, methyl-, and phosphate-, or larger 'protein' attachments, termed ubiquityl-. The effect of these modifications is to change the nature of the nucleosome in a manner that affects amongst other things how 'open' or 'closed' the chromatinis. There is evidence suggesting that specific combinations of histone modification can be read like a code, determining for example whether the associated gene should be on or off. This is thought to involve a set of factors that recognise and bind to a given modification present at a specific position on a specific histone. In addition to histone modifications there are a number of 'variant' histones, related to one of the four core histones but with specific properties, for example helping to make a nucleosome more 'open' or 'closed'. Finally there is the linker histone, termed H1, that has an important role in regulating how tightly nucleosomes are packaged. Histone modifications and histone variants are central players in epigenetic processes in all organisms.
DNA methylation
DNA is made up of four different bases that represent the four letters of the genetic code, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. Sometimes the small chemical group termed methyl- is added to a base, conferring an extra level of information. In higher organisms (i.e not bacteria) methylation is largely confined to the base cytosine. Methylated cytosine is associated with formation of 'closed' chromatin and therefore with switching genes 'off'. This is thought to involve a set of factors that recognise and bind to the modified base. Cytosine methylation is thought to have first arisen as a 'defence' against invading DNA elements, termed transposons. It has since been co-opted as a mechanism for epigenetic gene regulation. An important feature of DNA methylation is that it can be faithfully copied during the process of DNA replication, i.e. when cells double their chromosomes in readiness for cell division. This provides a nice example of how epigenetic information is transmitted from one cell generation to the next. DNA methylation occurs in many, but not all, higher organisms."
Edited by alternativista, 28 February 2013 - 03:17 PM.
Posted 27 March 2012 - 07:52 PM
So at the bottom of the Discover mag article it says something about the guy/organization that's doing the research on the agouti mice is also investigating the gene that codes for stupidity. I wish them luck.
Anyone who studied a little genetics in high school has heard of adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine – the A,T,G and C that make up the DNA code. But those are not the whole story.
The rise of epigenetics in the past decade has drawn attention to a fifth nucleotide, 5-methylcytosine (5-mC), that sometimes replaces cytosine in the famous DNA double helix to regulate which genes are expressed. And now there's a sixth. In experiments to be published online Thursday by Science, researchers reveal an additional character in the mammalian DNA code, opening an entirely new front in epigenetic research....
Edited by alternativista, 28 February 2013 - 03:18 PM.
Posted 10 May 2012 - 03:36 PM
ScienceDaily (Apr. 9, 2012) — The ranking of a monkey within her social environment and the stress accompanying that status dramatically alters the expression of nearly 1,000 genes, a new scientific study reports. The research is the first to demonstrate a link between social status and genetic regulation in primates on a genome-wide scale, revealing a strong, plastic link between social environment and biology.
Posted 14 June 2012 - 02:55 PM
also, I was recently posting something in some other thread wondering if accutane causes epigenetic changes in some people, and I've posted info on that here in the past.
anyway, bumping because it's interesting.
Posted 10 December 2012 - 03:48 PM
Great News: Your Genes Can Be Influenced!
Epigenetic "malleability" helps to explain why identical twins become distinct as they age, health-wise, and it explains how you can actually tweak your genes for better or worse, too.
In fact, you ARE changing your genetics daily and perhaps even hourly from the foods you eat, the air you breathe, and even by the thoughts you think.
You are the "caretaker" of your genetic roadmap.
As you age, your genome does not change but your epigenome changes dramatically, especially during critical periods of life, such as adolescence. It is influenced by physical and emotional stresses -- how you respond to everything that happens in your environment, from climate change to childhood abuse.
The secret is in the methyl groups that overlie the DNA molecule, which is the realm of the epigenome.
When a gene is turned off epigenetically, the DNA has usually been "methylated." When methyl groups adhere to a segment of DNA, they inhibit the gene from being expressed.
For the most part you do not manifest disease merely by a defective gene, but by the regulation or expression of your gene by epigenetic influences.
This is good news as scientists have discovered it is easier to make epigenetic changes than to fix damaged genes. Your epigenome becomes dysfunctional easier -- but it's also easier to fix.
That's good news -- it means you aren't doomed by bad genes!
Posted 12 February 2013 - 11:10 AM
Study on twins that suggested that sebum output was genetic but acne lesion formation was controlled by environmental factors. There's only an extremely brief abstract at this link. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2965597
And, I must point out that many of us, myself included, have found that their sebum output is affected by diet and activities. Which also affect sebum composition.
Posted 22 February 2013 - 02:44 PM
This is such an important thread. I was reading somewhere that this is the first generation of kids that are worse off than the previous generation. And this would explain why, as our diets have become so toxic/genetically modified.
Posted 22 February 2013 - 04:25 PM
This is such an important thread. I was reading somewhere that this is the first generation of kids that are worse off than the previous generation. And this would explain why, as our diets have become so toxic/genetically modified.
And you are being born to parents that were already pretty far down that path. My parents were older. Sure there was Cambpells soup and sliced mushy white bread and coca cola. But they mostly ate real food and Coke was something you only occasionally. And my mother started out on a farm on home grown food.
And yeah, I need to reread this all the time. For example, the methylation stuff is yet one more reason why greens are so beneficial and people get good results from green smoothies. I never remember that. I usually just remember how they are food for liver health and just plain good sources of nutrients.
Wow, this is really interesting. I actually just started learning about epigenetics in my college Genetics class.
I actually read a study that looked at women who were pregnant in NYC during 9/11. Both the women and their children showed signs of post traumatic stress disorder. I've also heard that there are similar symptoms for descendants of Holocaust survivors.
People keep mentioning methylation, and I don't know if it's already been defined in this topic, but from my understanding it's the addition of methyl groups (CH3) to DNA causing it to pack tightly together. This in turn prevents the DNA from being transcribed and translated into proteins. Essentially the methylated gene is silenced.
Similar epigenetic regulation comes from the way the DNA is packed to either increase or decrease it's expression.
So methylation is what turns a gene on or off.
Edited by alternativista, 29 May 2013 - 02:41 PM.
Posted 28 February 2013 - 03:20 PM
So at the bottom of the Discover mag article it says something about the guy/organization that's doing the research on the agouti mice is also investigating the gene that codes for stupidity. I wish them luck.
Bumping, by quoting one of my favorite posts I've ever made.
Posted 09 April 2013 - 06:34 AM
You can't blame your genes.
After the mapping was done, it turns out we have far fewer genes than previously thought. Not nearly enough to account for all the activity going on in your body.
Following the completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP) in 2003 it is no longer accurate to say that our genes "cause" disease, any more than it is accurate to say that DNA is sufficient to account for all the proteins in our body. Despite initial expectations, the HGP revealed that there are only 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA (genome), rather than the 100,000 + believed necessary to encode the 100,000 + proteins found in the human body (proteome).
Did you follow that? There are not even enough genes in the human body to account for the existence of the basic protein building blocks that make it possible, much less explain the behavior of these proteins in health and disease states!
The "blueprint" model of genetics: one gene -> one protein -> one cellular behavior, which was once the holy grail of biology, has now been supplanted by a model of the cell where epigenetic factors (literally: "beyond the control of the gene") are primary in determining how DNA will be interpreted, translated and expressed. A single gene can be used by the cell to express a multitude of proteins and it is not the DNA itself that determines how or what genes will be expressed.
Rather, we must look to the epigenetic factors to understand what makes a liver cell different from a skin cell or brain cell. All of these cells share the exact same 3 billion base pairs that make up our genetic code, but it is the epigenetic factors, e.g. regulatory proteins and post-translational modifications, that make the determination as to which genes to turn on and which to silence, resulting in each cell's unique phenotype.
Moreover, epigenetic factors are directly and indirectly influenced by the presence or absence of key nutrients in the diet, as well as exposures to chemicals, pathogens and other environmental influences. Thoughts and emotions also play a role in how these epigenetic factors are articulated, indicating that the flow of genetic information, once thought to be strictly vertical (passage of genetic information from one cell or individual organism to its progeny by conventional heredity mechanisms), also flows horizontally and bi-directionally, opening the door back up for the human soul to return to biological science, having been reduced to a mere "ghost in the machine," since René Descartes (1596-1650), the French philosopher and mathematician, split body and soul asunder, almost five centuries ago.
****In a nutshell, what we eat and what we are exposed to in our environment directly affects our DNA and its expression.*****
Within the scope of this new perspective even classical monogenic diseases like Cystic Fibrosis (CF) can be viewed in a new, more promising light. In CF many of the adverse changes that result from the defective expression of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene may be preventable or reversible, owing to the fact that the misfolding of the CFTR gene product has been shown to undergo partial or full correction (in the rodent model) when exposed to phytochemicals found in turmeric, cayenne, and soybean.
Moreover, nutritional deficiencies of seleniun, zinc, riboflavin, vitamin e, etc. in the womb or early in life, may "trigger" the faulty expression or folding patterns of the CFTR gene in Cystic Fibrosis which might otherwise have avoided epigenetic activation. This would explain why it is possible to live into one's late seventies with this condition, as was the case for Katherine Shores (1925-2004).
The implications of these findings are rather extraordinary: epigenetic and not genetic factors are primary in determining disease outcome. Even if we exclude the possibility of reversing certain monogenic diseases, the basic lesson from the post-Genomic era is that we can't blame our DNA for causing disease. Rather, it may have more to do with what we choose to expose our DNA to, and even more surprisingly: how we choose to think and feel about our embodiment.
Edited by alternativista, 09 April 2013 - 01:18 PM.
Posted 09 April 2013 - 07:58 AM
I wish there was a 'love' feature. Cause i'd love this last post. Thanks for sharing this alternativista
Posted 23 April 2013 - 08:24 AM
This article about 5 cancer and disease fighting foods or spices makes this statement about turmeric:
Turmeric has been scientifically documented to have over 500 applications in disease prevention and treatment. It also has been shown to modulate over 150 distinct biological and genetic/epigenetic pathways of value in health, demonstrating a complexity as well as gentleness that no drug on the planet has ever been shown to possess.
They don't site any studies in the article, but mention they have over 1500 studies on turmeric on their site. Something to look into. I have 20 other things open right now though...
Posted 20 May 2013 - 04:15 PM
Interesting article about Angeline Jolie's reaction to having a mutated gene:
The gist of which is that doctors of all sorts are still operating on faulty pre-genomic mapping beliefs. (kind of like how your derm is operating on what was in their non-updated textbooks they used back in med school when telling you diet has nothing to do with acne, despite all the proof otherwise. some of which goes back many decades.)
Excerpts: The first bit is what I've already posted here. It turns out our bodies do not have nearly enough genes to account for all the things happening to us.
Despite the commonplace refusal of so-called 'evidence-based medicine' to acknowledge the actual evidence of genetics, we moved into a Post-Genomic era over a decade ago following the completion of first draft of the entire human genome in 2000. At that moment, the central dogma of molecular biology – that our DNA controls protein expression, and therefore disease risk – was disproved. Our genome was found to contain roughly 20,000 genetic instructions – not even enough to account for the 100,000 proteins in the human body!
As a result, we must now accept that factors beyond the control of the gene, known as epigenetic factors, and largely determined by a combination of nutrition, psychospiritual states that feed back into our physiology, lifestyle factors, and environmental exposures, constitute as high as 95% of what determines any disease risk. In fact, even the psychological trauma associated with being diagnosed with cancer can drive malignancy via adrenaline-mediated multi-drug resistance,[i] and according to a recent NEJM study, lead up to a 26-fold increased risk of heart-related deaths in the seven days following diagnosis.[ii]
Given this fact, Jolie's decision to have a bilateral mastectomy in order to excise from her body the breast tissue that contains BRCA1/BRCA2 genes which are known to interfere with the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage, rather than focusing on reducing or eliminating all future radiation exposure from her breasts, or incorporating hundreds of nutritional components experimentally confirmed to protect against radiation and associated genotoxic insults to the breast, reflects a iron clad faith in the inevitability of gene-driven cancer vis-à-vis a fundamentally powerless subject, versus trust in the body's ability to prevent and heal all disease, assuming it has the right conditions.
Another common misconception is that you either have, or don't have the "BRACA genes," as if they were monolithic entities, ascertained with the black and white certainty of a pregnancy test. It is a little known fact that thousands of "mutations" in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have already been identified and ..
These mutations are technically known as gene polymorphisms which are naturally occurring variations of a gene present in more than 1% of the populations. It will come to many as a surprise to learn that some of these so-called "mutations" actually REDUCE the risk of breast cancer.
And then it goes on to talk about the common overdiagnosis and overtreatment of breast cancer.
On the other hand, in a woman's health magazine online article I found a statement that said in the case of a BCRA gene, there was a portion missing and nothing to turn on or off and that it was an exception to how your lifestyle/environment can change gene expression and reduce your likelihood of developing the cancer you are genetically predisposed to. But they provided no support for that claim or any other.
Edited by alternativista, 02 July 2013 - 03:09 PM.
Posted 29 May 2013 - 10:01 AM
Magnesium contributes to more than three hundred specific chemical reactions that occur within our bodies, including every reaction that depends on ATP, the universal energy currency of our cells.13Magnesium also activates the enzyme that makes copies of DNA, as well as the enzyme that makes RNA, which is responsible for translating the codes contained within our genes into the production of every protein within our body. This process of translating the DNA code in order to produce proteins is called "gene expression."
Vitamins A and D carry out most of their functions by regulating gene expression, which means they rely directly on magnesium to carry out these functions. They also rely indirectly on magnesium because our cells can only produce their receptors and all the proteins with which they interact with the assistance of this critical mineral.
Zinc is an essential structural component of many vitamin A-related proteins, including the primary protein that transports vitamin A through the blood, the enzyme that carries out the first step in the activation of vitamin A to retinoic acid, and the nuclear receptor that binds to retinoic acid and allows it to regulate gene expression.
Although less well studied, zinc also interacts with vitamin D. Vitamin D and zinc most likely promote each other's intestinal absorption.18 In rats, dietary zinc supports the production of the vitamin D receptor.19 Once the receptor is formed, zinc provides it with essential structural support. Although in the absence of this structural support the receptor still binds to vitamin D, the structural support is needed to allow this vitamin-receptor complex to bind to DNA.20 Studies with isolated cells illustrate the importance of this interaction: adding zinc to these cells increases the rate at which vitamin D activates the expression of genes.21
Altogether, these results suggest that vitamins A and D can only fulfill their functions in the presence of adequate zinc.
Posted 29 May 2013 - 02:44 PM
Exercise can bring about epigenetic changes
The underlying genetic code in human muscle isn't changed with exercise, but the DNA molecules within those muscles are chemically and structurally altered in very important ways. Those modifications to the DNA at precise locations appear to be early events in the genetic reprogramming of muscle for strength and, ultimately, in the structural and metabolic benefits of exercise.
The DNA changes in question are known as epigenetic modifications and involve the gain or loss of chemical marks on DNA over and above the familiar sequence of As, Gs, Ts, and Cs.
Citing study
Romain Barrès, Jie Yan, Brendan Egan, Jonas Thue Treebak, Morten Rasmussen, Tomas Fritz, Kenneth Caidahl, Anna Krook, Donal J. O'Gorman, Juleen R. Zierath. Acute Exercise Remodels Promoter Methylation in Human Skeletal Muscle. Cell Metabolism, 2012; 15 (3): 405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.001
Edited by alternativista, 29 May 2013 - 03:27 PM.
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