text: Difference between revisions of "Initramfs" Revision as of 17:06, 5 August 2014 (view source)Duncan.britton (Talk | contribs)m← Older edit Revision as of 17:09, 5 August 2014 (view source) Duncan.britton (Talk | contribs) Newer edit → Line 109: Line 109: Below are examples of different use cases for better-initramfs and how your /etc/boot.conf should be configured for them. Below are examples of different use cases for better-initramfs and how your /etc/boot.conf should be configured for them. {{fancynote| Realize that your enc_root, root, and rootfstype variables may be different from the examples provided below.}} {{fancynote| Realize that your enc_root, root, and rootfstype variables may be different from the examples provided below.}} + +==== Regular ext4 root ==== +{{file|name=/etc/boot.conf|desc= |body= +"Funtoo Linux" { + kernel vmlinuz[-v] + initrd /initramfs.cpio.gz + params += root=/dev/sdaX rootfstype=ext4 +} +}} + ==== Encrypted root with lvm ==== ==== Encrypted root with lvm ==== {{file|name=/etc/boot.conf|desc= |body= {{file|name=/etc/boot.conf|desc= |body= Revision as of 17:09, 5 August 2014 Contents 1 What is initramfs? 2 Do I need an initramfs? 3 better-initramfs 3.1 Installation 3.2 Building /initramfs.cpio.gz 3.2.1 Note 3.3 Configuring /etc/boot.conf 3.3.1 Options 3.3.2 Examples 3.3.3 Note 3.3.4 Regular ext4 root 3.3.5 Encrypted root with lvm 3.3.6 Encrypted root with lvm and RAID What is initramfs? Wikipedia defines initramfs as: initramfs, abbreviated from "initial ram file system", is the successor of initrd. It is a cpio archive of the initial file system that gets loaded into memory during the Linux startup process. The Linux kernel mounts it as root file system and starts the init process from it. This will complete certain tasks before the real root file system is loaded; thus, initramfs needs to contain all of the device drivers and tools needed to mount the real root filesystem. Do I need an initramfs? The reason to build a kernel with an initramfs is mostly for interoperability (e.g. live-cd's) and special features like an included busybox, ssh, etc. But mostly, and that's why we are doing this here now, to have a proper kernel up and running quick'n dirty in a reasonable time without fighting hours and days until a more or less exotic hardware is perfectly run by the kernel. After having a proper basic kernel running with the help of an initramfs, I really recommend you to go a step further and build a true kernel with all features includes without an initramfs. However, relying only on a kernel to boot a system can be quite time consuming, so we have provided several initramfs options for Funtoo. If you have decided to use an initramfs, not just a kernel, check out the options below and choose the one that you like the most. better-initramfs Piotr's better-initramfs is a popular approach among Funtoo'ers to building an initramfs. It is quick, nice, and shiny. The biggest plus is that, once built, it is kernel version independent. Installation To install better-initramfs on your system, change to the /opt directory (or any other directory that you deem suitable) and clone the better-initramfs repository from bitbucket. # cd /opt # git clone https://bitbucket.org/piotrkarbowski/better-initramfs.git Building /initramfs.cpio.gz Now that you have better-initramfs on your system, we can make the initramfs.cpio.gz image and move it to /boot. Note do not run make prepare or make image until you have configured your kernel. If you have not installed / configured a kernel yet, check out: Building a Kernel From Source and Funtoo Linux Kernels. # cd better-initramfs # bootstrap/bootstrap-all # make prepare # make image # cp output/initramfs.cpio.gz /boot Configuring /etc/boot.conf Now that the initramfs.cpio.gz file is in /boot, we can configure what we want the initramfs to do for us when the system boots. Below is a table of options that better-initramfs supports (from better-initramfs Bitbucket page): Options Option Description rescueshell Drop to the rescueshell before mounting rootfs to /newroot sshd Run the sshd server when the initramfs loads. This allows you to ssh into your initramfs to fix any errors that may have occurred while booting. sshd_wait=x Wait x number of seconds after starting sshd to continue booting the system. sshd_port=x Change the port that sshd "listens" on. The default port for sshd is port 22. binit_net_if=interface Choose which interface the network should be configured on. For example: wlan0, eth0, etc. binit_net_addr=<ipaddr/cidr> Configure ipaddr with cidr netmask. For example: 220.127.116.11/24. If you do not add a netmask, the netmask is assumed to be 32. Furthermore, you will have to configure binit_net_gw. binit_net_gw=ipaddr The address of your gateway. Only needed if you want to connect to WAN. rw Mount the rootfs as read-write. By default, the rootfs is mounted as read only. mdev Use mdev instead of devtmpfs. This option can prove handy on older kernels. softraid Detect and run RAID arrays. init= Change the init system. For example, if you are using systemd, change this to /usr/lib/systemd/systemd. The default for this option (/sbin/init) will work fine with OpenRC. tuxonice Try resuming with TuxOnIce. uswsusp Try resuming the system with userspace software suspend. This depends on the resume option. swsusp Try resuming the system with in-kernel suspend. This depends on the resume option. resume=<device/path> Specify the device and path from which you want to resume. lvm Scan for volume groups. If any are found, activate them. luks Run cryptsetup luksOpen on the enc_root variable. luks_trim Enable support for TRIM on your LUKS encrypted root device. This option is very helpful for those using SSDs. enc_root=<device> The device that you wish to decrypt using cryptsetup luksOpen. root=<device> The name of your root device. rootfstype=<fstype> Specify the type of filesystem that your rootfs uses. rootdelay= How long the initramfs should wait before attempting to mount devices. rootflags=x Pass x flags to mount as it mounts your rootfs. Examples Below are examples of different use cases for better-initramfs and how your /etc/boot.conf should be configured for them. Note Realize that your enc_root, root, and rootfstype variables may be different from the examples provided below. Regular ext4 root /etc/boot.conf "Funtoo Linux" { kernel vmlinuz[-v] initrd /initramfs.cpio.gz params += root=/dev/sdaX rootfstype=ext4 } Encrypted root with lvm /etc/boot.conf "Funtoo Linux" { kernel vmlinuz[-v] initrd /initramfs.cpio.gz params += enc_root=/dev/sdaX lvm luks luks_trim root=/dev/mapper/funtoo--vg-root rootfstype=ext4 } Encrypted root with lvm and RAID /etc/boot.conf "Funtoo Linux" { kernel vmlinuz[-v] initrd /initramfs.cpio.gz params += enc_root=/dev/md0 lvm luks luks_trim softraid root=/dev/mapper/funtoo--vg-root rootfstype=ext4 } Retrieved from "http://www.funtoo.org/index.php?title=Initramfs&oldid=5039" Category: Kernel


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NEW YORK — Apollo Group Inc., the country's largest for-profit school company, said Monday that it has laid off 700 full-time employees, mostly in student admissions, as enrollment drops off sharply.
In October, Apollo said it expected new students enrolling at University of Phoenix campuses to drop 40 percent in the quarter ending in November and withdrew its profit outlook for its upcoming fiscal year.
It has been expecting a steep fall-off in new students as the broader sector remains under increasing scrutiny from the Department of Education and lawmakers because of surging student loan defaults. Critics have accused schools like the University of Phoenix of using aggressive enrollment counselors to sign up students unprepared for college classes. The schools receive government-backed student aid, the bulk of their revenue, even if students eventually drop out of classes burdened with debt.
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"This is a period of transition for us, and we're going to be very diligent about managing our costs through the transition," said spokesman Alex Clark.
The layoffs took place across the school's U.S. campuses, Clark said. As of Aug. 31, Apollo had 21,777 employees and 35,194 full- and part-time faculty. Apollo said in a regulatory filing that it expects to book charges of $5 million for the quarter ending Nov. 30 connected to the layoffs, but expects to start saving about $8 million per quarter starting in its fiscal second quarter.
A Phoenix radio station, News/Radio 92.3, first reported the layoffs on Monday citing anonymous sources.
Apollo shares fell 16 cents to close earlier at $34.30 and were up 2 cents in aftermarket trading.
© 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
NCCC celebrates 50 yearsby jmaloni
by Susan Mikula Campbell
Niagara County Community College will celebrate its 50th anniversary this weekend with plenty of balloons rising into the sky, as well as three days of activities and entertainment.
Although these balloons are as colorful as regular-sized party balloons, the smallest of NCCC's balloons is 60 feet tall, and most of the others range from 70 to 80 feet tall.
Balloons Over Niagara returns to the campus, July 27 to 29, repeating the excitement of 25 hot air balloons taking to the sky in 2008 to celebrate the county's bicentennial.
This time, about 50 hot air balloons from as far away as Michigan and Florida will be participating, according to Bob Fritton of Gasport. He and his wife, Jenny, are licensed balloonists and own the rainbow-colored Déjà Vu, at 60 feet tall, the smallest balloon participating in the event.
All of the balloons are colorful, but also look for some that are a bit different, such as the Sugar Bear from Michigan, shaped like the head of the famous cereal mascot, and from Georgia, the Eddie-Rickenbacker, featuring Snoopy and the Red Baron, honoring the World War I flying ace and the U.S. Army Air Corps.
Jenny is the balloonmeister for Balloons over Niagara. The balloonmeister conducts weather briefings for the pilots at a balloon festival and decides if it is safe to fly.
Things that can cancel a flight include fog, thunderstorms, rain (the protective coating on the nylon balloons starts to deteriorate when wet) and, of course, the wind.
"The general public has no idea of what calm winds are," Jenny stresses, noting that balloonists look for winds generally less than 10 mph on the surface.
Flights are up to about an hour long, traveling five to 10 miles from the campus launch site.
"We go with the wind. You can't steer a hot air balloon," Jenny pointed out, although the pilot does have some control by changing altitude.
Because of this, when it's time to put down, balloonists might alight in a cut hayfield or even someone's back yard. The balloonist's ground crew does try to find the landowner, and it's tradition that the pilot presents that landowner with a bottle of champagne as a thank-you gift.
Those balloonists with commercial pilot's licenses will be offering rides for $250 at NCCC. Also, if the winds are calm enough, tether rides (a short ride up and down in a balloon tethered to the ground) will be available at a much smaller cost.
"I don't know anybody who's made a lot of money (taking passengers). They do it because they love it and try to support their hobby," Jenny said.
Come to the balloon field and look for the tent bearing the sign "balloon rides." Anyone wanting an evening balloon ride should be there by 6 p.m. and for a morning ride, by 5:45 a.m. Balloons fly early or late, because after about 9 a.m. thermal winds start as the ground heats up, causing unstable wind currents.
Balloon flight times, which are weather dependent, are at 6 p.m. Friday; 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. Saturday; and 6 a.m. Sunday. The balloon glow (also depending on weather), when all the balloons on the ground turn on their burners, is 9 to 10 p.m. Friday.
Jenny, 42, has been flying balloons for 20 years.
"It's just a beautiful way to see the world ... very peaceful," she said.
"Balloons Over Niagara is a celebration of Niagara County Community College's 50 years of service to the community," said NCCC President James P. Klyczek. "We are excited to welcome thousands of individuals and families from all over Western New York to join in the fun this weekend. With 50 hot air balloons to celebrate our 50 years, this weekend will be nothing short of spectacular."
Activities vary each day. In addition to the balloon glow, Friday night will feature the Alumni 5K run, a chicken barbecue and a performance by 90 West.
Saturday's highlights include a scavenger hunt, demonstrations in horticulture and pastry decorating, a tribute to military personnel and a fireworks display at the end of the night. A classic car show will take place on Sunday. Dozens of artisans and crafters, as well as live entertainment and the LPCiminelli Kid's Corner, will be available all weekend.
Admission and parking are free. Enter the event by Route 31 or Route 429.
To view a full schedule of events, visit http://niagaracc.suny.edu/balloons/.
Balloons Over Niagara schedule:
Friday, July 27
- Baseball Tournament, 3 to 9 p.m.
- Community Chicken BBQ, 4 to 10 p.m.
- Beer Tent, 4 to 11 p.m.
- Barnes & Noble Tent, 4 to 10 p.m.
- Food Vendors, 4 to 11 p.m.
- Amateur Radio Station, 5 to 9 p.m.
- In Jest with Nels Ross, 5 to 7 p.m.
- 50 Years of NCCC Photo Exhibit, 5 to 8 p.m.
- Blacksmith, 5 to 8 p.m.
- 5K Run, 6 to 7 p.m.
- Balloon Launch, 6 to 7 p.m.
- Band: 90 West, 7 to 11 p.m.
- Carriage Rides, 7 to 9:30 p.m.
- Balloon Glow, 9:30 to 10 p.m.
Saturday, July 28
- Balloon Launch, 6 to 7 a.m.
- Pekin Pancake Breakfast, 7 to 10 a.m.
- Baseball Tournament, 8:30 a.m. to 8:30 p.m.
- Community Craft and Vendor Fair, 9 a.m. to 8 p.m.
- Carriage Rides, 9 a.m. to 10 p.m.
- Barnes & Noble Tent, 9 a.m. to 10 p.m.
- Kids Corner, 9 a.m. to 8 p.m.
- Bounce Houses, 9 a.m. to 8 p.m.
- North Forty Pony Rides and Petting Zoo, 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
- Blacksmith, 9 a.m. to 8 p.m.
- Amateur Radio Station, 9 a.m. to 9 p.m.
- Food Vendors, 9 a.m. to 11 p.m.
- Brauers Aviators, 9 a.m. to 9 p.m.
- Tech Wars, 9 a.m. to 2 p.m.
- 50 Years of NCCC Photo Exhibit, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.
- Paws For Celebration, 10 a.m. to 8 p.m.
- HPE GEO Cashe Scavenger Hunt, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
- Beer Tent, 11 a.m. to 11 p.m.
- Lockport Chorale, 11 to 11:40 a.m.
- Great Lakes Kite Flyer Society, Noon to 4 p.m.
- Red, White and Blues - Blues Hounds, Noon to 2 p.m.
- Mike Randall Magic-Puppet, 1 to 2 p.m.
- Zoo Mobile, 2 to 4 p.m.
- Niagara Climbing Wall, 2 to 5 p.m.
- Horticulture Demo, 2 to 8 p.m.
- Niagara Dance Studio, 2:30 to 3 p.m.
- Drummers, 3:30 to 4:30 p.m.
- Tanzen Dance Company, 5 to 6 p.m.
- Balloon Launch, 6 to 7 p.m.
- Band: Teasers, 7 to 11 p.m.
- Balloon Glow RAIN DATE, 9:30 to 10 p.m.
- Sky Lanterns Flight, 9:30 to 10 p.m.
- Fireworks, 10 to 10:30 p.m.
Sunday, July 29
- Balloon Launch, 6 to 7 a.m.
- Pekin Pancake Breakfast , 7 to 10 a.m.
- Baseball Tournament, 8:30 a.m. to 3 p.m.
- Brauers Aviators, 8:30 to 10:30 a.m.
- Community Craft and Vendor Fair, 9 a.m. to 2 p.m.
- Carriage Rides, 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
- Barnes and Noble Tent, 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
- Kids Corner, 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
- Bounce Houses, 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
- Amateur Radio Station, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.
- North Forty Pony Rides and Petting Zoo, 9 a.m. to 2 p.m.
- Blacksmith, 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
- Food Vendors, 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
- Car Show, 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
- DJ Van - Oldies to '90s, 9:30 a.m. to 3 p.m.
- 50 Years of NCCC Photo Exhibit, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
- Zoo Mobile, 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.
- Buffalo Jills, 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m.
- Beer Tent , Noon to 3 p.m.
- Magic Man, Noon to 1 p.m.
- Sky Divers, Noon to 2 p.m.
- Niagara Climbing Wall, Noon to 3 p.m.


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Artist Karen O'Leary depicts the city with intricate hand-cut webs of positive and negative space. The network of streets are left as lines, while water and land are cut away to leave the irregular shapes.
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Hamline Law Review Is a student managed and operated publication of the Hamline University School of Law in Saint Paul, Minnesota. We are dedicated to providing a forum for legal professionals, academics, and students to discuss contemporary legal issues. We are the flagship academic journal of the School of Law at Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota. The law review is published three times annually by the students of Hamline University School of Law. The Hamline Law Review was established in 1978. Today, it is in the top 20% of the Most Cited Law Reviews (tied with Energy Law Review at #379), based upon the number of times its articles have been cited by other journals.
Current Issue: Volume 37, Issue 2 (2014)
When Everything Matters, Nothing Matters: Minnesota's Unprincipled Approach for Determining Domicile in Tax Disputes, and a Path Forward
Joseph E. Cooch
The Trouble with Protecting the Vulnerable: Proposals to Prevent Developmentally Disabled Individuals from Giving Involuntary Waivers and False Confessions
Patricia Devoy
The Tax Code's Crowdfunding Dilemma: The Temptation of Kickstarter Creators to Use the Gift Exclusion Under Section 102(a)
Eric Dietz
The Threat to Interest-Free Home Financing: The Problem of State Governments' Prohibition of Islamic-Compliant Financing Agreements
Matt Anderson
For Every Wrong, a Remedy: A Narrow Interpretation of the Locomotive Inspection Act's Preemptive Scope in Asbestos Cases
Andrew Malzahn
Resisting Putting the Cat in the Bag: The Case Against Extending Minnesota's Dog Attack Strict Liability Statute to Cats
Julianna Passe
Understanding Bobadilla v. Holder: A Pragmatic Approach to Analyzing Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude for Eighth Circuit Attorneys
Jocelyn E. Bremer
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text:
Voters named the Walker guest house on Sanibel Island the top residential building in Florida. There are several features that make the home truly unique.
The competition was sponsored by the Florida chapter of the American Institute of Architects.
"When you walk in the door of this cottage even though you're inside you feel like you're outside, it's relaxing., the simplicity gives you peace and contentment," said Carla Murray who takes care of the guest house.
When Murray stays at the Walker guest house she feels open to the world around her.
The home's walls literally open using a system of pulleys and weights.
Designed by architect Paul Rudolph-- the house invites guests to be surrounded by nature.
Architect Joyce Owens says its design blends functionality and minimalism.
"It's a very simple modern home that was built post-war. After the austerity of World War II, this was an experiment with new material and new ideas," said Owens.
One of those new ideas was to raise the home to let air flow underneath, cooling its floors – and guests inside.
"Our lives are cluttered up with too much stuff. You could live the rest of your life in this house. You could get rid of all of your clothes, all of your possessions and live simply," said Murray.
Voters selected the Miami Beach Fontainebleau Hotel as the top site statewide.
3719 Central AvenueFort Myers, FL 33901Main Phone: (239) 939-2020Newsroom Phone: (239) 939-6223


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The Carnival of Real Estate rolled into town again in Phoenix. From Super Bowls, BCS Championships and numerous other sporting championships, our area is very familiar with hosting big time events. Heck we've even already hosted multiple carnivals! Now how many cities can say that?
This time the carnival arrived in a most interesting holiday – Halloween. While the theme is not entirely Halloween related, I did include a "scary" category to my selections. There were exactly thirty entries and the quality of posts were very good. I have selected my top three picks and then provided honorable mentions by category.
The Top Three
Number 1: Kevin Boer take the top honors this week with his post What The Microsoft-Facebook Deal Means For Real Estate — Part 2: Revisiting Move.com Vs. ActiveRain, this is posted at Three Oceans Real Estate.
I always thought Active Rain lacked imagination when it came to positioning for business success. Kevin does a nice job comparing the failed Active Rain – Move.Com transaction with the more successful Facebook-Microsoft one. It is truly scary to think how much money AR could have made if it had the business acumen of Facebook.
Number 2: Jim Watkins takes the second slot with Investors Working on Foreclosure Deals: Avoid Fraud Suspicion – Disclose!, this is posted at Real Estate Investing For Real | A BiggerPockets Blog.
Jim tackles the very controversial topic of taking over pre-foreclosures by signing over a Warranty Deed. I've worked with a few borrowers who have been burned by this techniques, but Jim seems to know what he's doing and isn't out to screw the homeowner. I think he presents a good blueprint for those seeking to take over pre-foreclosures.
Number 3: Cliff Jacobson takes the third slot with ERA Lands On Zillow, One Small Step For A Search Engine, One Giant Step Toward A National MLS, this is posted at WebHomeUSABlog.
The main reason why I liked this post was because Cliff gives us a starting point on begining to understand the ERA-Zillow relationship. This past summer real estate blogs were buzzing with Zillow talk, and not all the chatter was positive. Cliff gives us a summary of what we've been through this past summer also poses some very controversial questions for the future. I liked this as a consumer of real estate.
Scary – (Parental Guidance Advised)
Selling real estate next to cemeteries and living to write about it! Now isn't that something you should all be doing? That is exactly what Kevin Warmath presents on Dead Neighbors Make the Best Neighbors, this is posted at North Fulton County (Georgia) Real Estate Blog. While I would never take Kevin's advice, I am sure there are some of us in our midst who would…. haaaaaaaa…. haaaaaaa…..
Congress is a scary institution as it is, but for mortgage brokers, this Halloween, Barney Frank could haunt us out of a career. Morgan Brown explains why Barney Frank is a Broker's Worst Nightmare, this is posted at Blown Mortgage. As always Morgan brings his excellent analysis skills. He breaks down every significant component of a very complicated piece of legislation and explains why if this bill goes through, we can all kiss mortgage brokers good bye! Now that is scary!
Bentley Humphreys presents a very comprehensive run down on how to maximize "flip†profits through smart renovations, this is posted at boozwatt.com. I enjoyed this article for its careful treatment of the details.
For the Techno Geek
Dee Copeland presents Mobile Technology to Change How We Communicate Real Estate this is posted at Texas Realty Blog. Dee makes a good case for why real estate agents need to be thinking ahead to the up and coming mobile customer. Think today's 20 year olds in five years! That's not too hard is it?
Colleen Corgan presents MapMyPix AIR Application, this is posted at GeekEstate Blog. The technology Drew introduces appears to have a lot of potential in the real estate community. It has the ability to help you market your listings and also to make your buyers experience more efficient.
My Soft Spot: Lenders Corner
Mike Mueller presents Pick a Pay – Understanding the Recast, this is posted at Mike's Minute. Mike does a good job making the option ARM a bit less scary – for those who want to understand it and use it as a financial tool. I debated putting Mike Mueller's article in the scary section. The reason being that a co-worker of mine went to a Halloween party last weekend dressed as an "option ARM". I haven't seen pictures yet to know how she pulled that one off, but it shows where we are today!
Addressing a very common question in the mortgage industry John Crenshaw presents What's the Point in Paying Points?, this is posted at Truthful Lending dot Com. John provides some compelling reasons to pay points to buy down your rate. For the disciplined borrower sersious about financial success, I would highly recommend John's advice.
Well, that about wraps things up here. I hope you have a safe Halloween. Next weeks carnival will be hosted by Real Estate Convergence. You can start submitting your posts here. Thanks for reading
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Victoria Beckham is a lot of things. Former popstar. Fashion icon. Mother of four. Wife of the hottest man on earth. But super sleuth? Well, that is what she turned into after her bike was recently stolen in New York City.
She had chained her ride to a bike rack only to find that thieves had taken off with everything but wheel. "So I won't be riding home tonight then! x vb," she tweeted, along with the photo of wheel.But she didn't just let the whole mess end there. Posh decided to go on the hunt for her property. "Searching for the missing bike! X vb," she wrote, including a photo of a city police car.
You go Posh! It doesn't appear as though she actually found her precious wheels but we are impressed that she actually bikes around town. We imagined door to door limo service for the star, especially during Fashion Week. I suppose with a hunky husband like David Beckham, looking great isn't just about being thin. It's about being fit too.
Are you surprised Victoria Beckham bikes around Manhattan?
Not at all.You're allowed anonymity in N.Y.
Now she does!
I thought someone stole her lunch, which would explain why she is the size of a toothpick...or maybe her good looks, although I don't recall her ever being good looking. Makes me wonder how she ended up with that yummy man?? hmm...
You never lock a bike up by the tire! My mom taught me when I was like 8 to slide the chain through the center frame of the bike. There is no way to steal it without getting noticed that way!
jealous chicks out today!


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Hand Sewing Needles Tube of 10 by The Wm and Smith Co.
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June 2013 Opinions
Please click on Opinion number to view entire opinion.
Official opinions will be posted as they are issued, generally within 24 to 48 hours. Please check this page at regular intervals to determine whether additional opinions have been issued.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Official opinions represent the attorney general's analysis of current law based on his thorough research of existing statutes, the Virginia and United States constitutions, and relevant court decisions. They are not "rulings" and do not create new law, nor do they change existing law. Creating and amending laws are the responsibility of the General Assembly, not the attorney general.
Official opinions are legal advice, not personal opinions, and do not reflect the attorney general's personal views about what the law should be. Such advice is provided to ensure clients/the requester are in compliance with the law. While the opinions may be given deference by the courts, they are not binding on the courts.
The official opinions issued by the attorney general are part of the duties of the office (see Code § 2.2-505). A person authorized by statute, such as the governor, a member of the General Assembly, a constitutional officer, or the head of a state agency, can ask the attorney general for an official opinion on the law. Members of the general public are not authorized to ask for opinions.
Opinion #
The Honorable William A. Hazel, Jr.,M.D.
Some of the appropriations inquire about are appropriations to a charitable institution for benevolent purposes, and thus, are impermissible because they violate Article IV, § 16 of the Constitution of Virginia. Some other appropriations identified are permissible, because the language of the appropriation explicitly or implicitly authorizes a state agency to enter into a bona fide contract with the charitable entity. Other appropriations may be permissible, but because the appropriation's language does not articulate clearly the goods or services to be purchased, the agencies administering those appropriations must be able to enter into bona fide contracts in order to comply with Article IV, § 16. Other appropriations comport with Article IV, § 16 because the entity receiving funds is owned or controlled by the Commonwealth or the Commonwealth is passively distributing federal funds. Finally, whether certain appropriations violate Article IV, § 16 cannot be determined without knowing the specific terms of the grant or other particularized facts related to those appropriation.
The Honorable Jennifer R. Sims
A subordinate mortgage giving a security interest to the Department of Housing and Urban Development is subject to state and local recordation taxes.
The Honorable Dana Lawhorne
The jail sentence is not tolled during the period when the inmate is temporarily transferred to another jurisdiction for a court appearance. As a result, the outside jurisdiction may not prohibit the Alexandria Detention Center from giving the inmate credit for the period of his temporary transfer out of Alexandria.
The Honorable Scott A. Surovell
On and after July 1, 2013, if a driver operates a vehicle on a highway recklessly or at a speed in a manner so as to endanger the life, limb, or property of any person, while using a hand held personal communication device, that driver can be charged and convicted of reckless driving regardless of whether there are grounds to support a violation of § 46.2-1078.1. Nonetheless, Virginia case law makes clear that the mere happening of an accident or use of a hand held personal communication device likely would be insufficient, standing alone, to support a conviction of reckless driving.
The Hononrable Joe T. May
The Loudoun County School Board does not currently have the legal authority to fund capital renovation costs for school property that it does not lease and which is fully owned and operated by the Fairfax County School Board.
The Honorable Rosalyn R. Dance
Virginia law does not create a verbal Durable Do Not Resuscitate Order. Further, a physician, physically present with a patient in cardiac or respiratory arrest and for whom a Durable Do Not Resuscitate Order has not been issued, has the authority to issue any orders he deems in his professional judgment to be appropriate under the circumstances.
The Honorable Brenda L. Pogge
Allowing agriculture "by right" in areas zoned Rural Residential does not constitute a zoning classification as used in § 3.2-301.
The Honorable Joe T. May
Law enforcement officers may enforce against trail users stop signs installed on the Washington &Old Dominion Park if such signs represent a rule or regulation of the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority.
William H. Hefty, Esquire
On July 1, 2013, Surry County will not be subject to the regional transportation taxes and fees included in the 2013 Transportation Funding Bill.
The Honorable Robert B. Bell
The City of Charlottesville may lawfully erect signs to regulate parking on city-owned property, including signs that state "Reserved Parking" for "Low Emitting/Fuel Efficient Vehicles Only."
The Honorable John T. Frey
The term "state-certified" as used in § 18.2-308(G)(7) and (P1)(7) refers to a firearms instructor that is certified by any state in the United States.
Scot S. Farthing, Esquire
While "tourism" has not been defined for purposes of § 58.1-3819, it is generally considered to be a domestic and international travel market that is important to the economy of the Commonwealth. The requirement in § 58.1-3819 for the specified localities is that any transient occupancy tax imposed in excess of two percent must be spent to attract travelers to the locality, increase occupancy at lodging properties, and to generate tourism. Further, the determination on spending requires input from the local tourism industry. Finally, localities have reasonable discretion in determining what are "local tourism industry organizations," but the inclusion of representatives of lodging properties is required.
The Honorable La Bravia J. Jenkins
The results of the preliminary breath tests described may be admissible for the offenses of underage possession of alcohol, possession, or consumption of alcoholic beverages by an interdicted person and public intoxication at the discretion of the trial judge and subject to the proper foundation.


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A main break sent water rushing in an area along Hurricane Road Saturday night.
Tennessee Valley doctors report allergy sufferers are getting an unwanted head start on
the fall allergy season as a side effect of the region's cool, wet summer.
"The runny nose, the
itchy eyes, the sneezing... it's started earlier. That's typically
what we hear," said Huntsville family doctor Tim Howard.
After a summer marked by unusually cool temperatures and frequent heavy rain,
Howard said the air is ripe with mold spores and pollen the likes of which are
routinely associated with autumn. "As
the weather starts to cool,' he said, 'the changes, the fall, the leaves
changing, those kinds of things, we'll see the big surges [in allergens]. But we're already starting to see that now."
Howard said he routinely suggests patients try rinsing their sinuses with
saline, something he does every day. "Just
a pump spray bottle of nasal saline," he suggested. "One of the things I
tell my patients all the time is if you get a screw top bottle you can refill
it with saline for contacts. If it's safe for your eyes, it's safe for
your nose. It's extremely inexpensive and it works."
As for whether the early start to what is normally an "autumn" allergy season
means an early end, Howard offered little hope for such a lucky break. "It could just be
longer," he said, "unless you have a cold snap earlier and then that might do
it. But typically when it starts earlier, it's just going to last
In the quest for relief, Howard said nasal irrigation techniques like neti pots
can also be helpful but are more work and mess than simple saline
sprays. He also said popular over-the-counter medications such as
Mucinex, Claritin, Allegra and Zyrtec are also effective.
Copyright 2013 WAFF. All rights reserved.
1414 North Memorial Parkway
Huntsville, AL 35801
WAFF Is a Proud Member
of the Raycom Family of Stations
FCC Public File
EEO Report
Closed Captioning


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Husband and wife Scott and Julie Brusaw are the winners of the first GE Ecomagination Challenge for their Solar Roadway concept. As winners they've been awarded $50,000 in cash to buy tramadol 300 develop the idea.
The concept for the solar roadway is just what it sounds like: a road made up of solar panels. The Brusaws are working with university researchers to develop a glass encasing for the panels that is www.bm-cultura.de as strong as or stronger than pavement. Once that major hurdle is cleared, the team foresees stretches of roads and parking lots made from these panels that would power nearby businesses and EV charging stations.
The cash award will be used towards research and bringing in experts to work on developing the idea.
The Solar Roadways concept received 74,000 votes to win the levitra online switzerland cheap cialis 50mg challenge and the process has garnered a lot of attention and only here cialis rx support for the idea. The Brusaws say they now have a large worldwide following.
via Wired Autopia
written by Anh Do, October 14, 2010
written by TipThePlanet, October 16, 2010
written by Sarah L., October 17, 2010
Can this special glass be recycled? Does it get etched by regular wear and have to be replaced in order for the solar panels to work?
written by Asaf Shalgi, October 17, 2010
written by brent, October 17, 2010
written by Kat, October 18, 2010
Combine solar roads with wireless charging and cheap levitra uk you might end up being able to make super-light cars that have tiny batteries.
written by Ovi, October 20, 2010
written by Jay, October 20, 2010
written by Ian, November 03, 2010
written by George E. Smolka, March 13, 2011
The problem of canadian healthcare fall vegetation(mainly leaves) is one i haven't solved yet- give me time. As for winter ice and snow- several options present. 1 tunable reflectors, LCD types under the solar panels, that can be cycled from light to dark and back depending on the sfachc.org the incident luminous flux. 2 Snow plows with flexible rubber guards that take off all but 1-2 cm of the snow, leaving the last bit to be melted off by the reflectors. Country people, in cold regions know how to drive on less than an inch of snow. The damn plows sometimes don't come through for several days in those areas- so what new. So whats to keep brain-dead Sam from running his old plow on his pick-up, on the public road, and tearing up the solar rd.? If he is getting his house current from that rd., his wife(significant other) and children will see to obtain viagra without prescription it that does not do it more than once in his life time, or his life time will become a lot shorter.
3. Potassium based salts could be used infrequently in an emergency, they do far less damage to the rd adjacent vegetation or farm fields( not zero but much less). As for maintenance- the counties currently have to maintain rds. anyway. With a better designed surface that does not have to be graded, ditched, weeded or treated with road oil their rd costs will drop. Since the rd will be generating revenue, nobody is going to give away the electricity. Some of the maintenance cost will be in the bill, some will come from local taxes, some should come from federal subsidies, and some should come from vehicle taxes since it is rd maintenance. With a diffuse highly distributed funding network nobody will or should feel abused except the energy pirates who currently make our lives miserable. Contrary to popular myth the private sector is not the most efficient( look at the health care debacle- if you want proof;write me at the above e-mail i will choke your computer with at least megabytes if not terabytes) This kind of generator should be put in where the adjacent owners will get a big benefit and it's cool canadianpharmacy will support it. Light industry, replacing existing sprawl(long term many bedroom communities will not be sustainable) would benefit from such rds.but might need denser output(a staged covered solar road, where the idea of one commentator{ cover the road with solar panels}is very good if you choose your panels to use high frequency radiation by the upper panels and long wavelength by the rd panels {double dipping} supplemented by solar roofs,focusing collectors, and direct solar cooling(yes Virginia there is canadian phamacy a Santa Clause- write me if you want info on this-above e-mail)
This is all pie in the sky- the reality is much harder BUT you must have vision if you want change. If you can't see the peaks in the distance, you will never reach the www.ncitech.co.uk top of Denali in your Aircam.
written by umar hussaini , April 27, 2011
written by Chris Skinner, September 23, 2012
But I never got any recognition for being way ahead of everybody else.Instead,ignorant and corrupt conservatives persecuted and detroyed my entire life and everything I could have done with it.They called me a crackpot who gets everything out of magazines and slandered me with the corrupt quackery of psychiatry and mental illness nonsense.All they ever want to do is maintain the status-quo for extremely arrogant,mediocre and pathetic people.... who falsely pretend to be better and more productive than everybody else.
I filed lawsuits against all the radical WRONG-wing conservative J.R.Simplot criminal thugs and Mormons who run the backward and corrupt State of Idaho.None of my complaints were upheld.All the corrupt officials were totally one-sided in taking sides with the perpetrators.And when President Bill Clinton and Bill Lee of the Justice Department tried to help me,they retaliated against Clinton with the sex scandal they masterminded(with the help of Linda Tripp and Monica Lewinsky).And when I tried to expose their stalking behavior and organized criminal harassment through the National Enquirer,they(J.R.Simplot scoundrels,the Mafia and the Mormons)retaliated against Democrats and liberal news medias with anthrax bio-terror attacks.
The crooked and corrupt F.B.I. and phony Injustice Department even to this day continues to take sides with the perpetrators(corrupt J.R.Simplot scoundrels,the Mormon Church,the Mafia,and etc....)by slandering me with corrupt psychiatry and mental illness nonsense....and by making an innocent Bruce Ivins the scapegoat and patsy to blame for their anthrax attacks.
Well,so much for a potential career as an inventor completely destroyed.... by all the incredibly arrogant and corrupt radical WRONG-wing conservative thugs and criminals above the law who run this country.
written by Chris Skinner, September 23, 2012
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Ajay Kishtoo's working day as a spa trainer is varied and exciting. Here's a look at a typical day for Ajay at Constance Le Prince Maurice, Mauritius.
I wake up at 6am and have a light breakfast. I have to be ready to catch the hotel bus by 7am. Once I arrive at the hotel, I check the schedule for the day, help the therapists with the set up and organise training with the staff.
Launching a new treatment
Today, I've got a long day ahead of me as we're finalising the last assessment for a new treatment we'll be offering – Fusion Massage. Fusion full body massage is inspired by occidental and oriental massages like Thai, shiatsu and Swedish.
The treatment launches tomorrow, and we have to make sure that all our therapists understand the benefits of the treatment and are able to use the different movements confidently.
Before we launch a new treatment, our therapists and receptionists experience the massage themselves so they really understand what they're selling.
My inspiration
It was my mother who inspired me to get into this type of work. She has a real gift for healing people who suffer from back pain. She's never trained formally but she's helped so many people during her life.
Seeing my mother doing something that makes her so happy has inspired me and my brothers. We used to pretend to do massage on each other. Little did we know that later in life we'd develop a real passion for our work as therapists. Together, we've created a school for youngsters who want to train in this type of work.
What I really love about my job
What I really love about my job is the notion that I'm sharing my knowledge with people but also learning from others. All therapists have slightly different techniques and views, and it's good to take these on board and to share our thoughts with each other.
I enjoy every moment of my day in the spa – particularly the sharing, and seeing the satisfaction of a client after their treatment.


text:
Age: 68
Education: Master's degree from the
degree from the
Family: Married to Ellyn Smith – son Brian & Daughter Alix - 5 grandchildren
One other thing: Mother, Doris Smith & Sister, Cheryl Hardison from
Why are you running for office?
Having grown up in
What are your qualifications?
I have served as the President of numerous boards, all representing the public interest. These leadership roles provided me with the skills to lead executive boards, such as our city Board of Alderman. I will be a full time Alderman which will give me ability to resolve issues in a timely manner.
* Masters' degree in Administration
* School Principal – provided me with people and problem- solving skills
* President Florida Association of School Administrators – I worked with state Representatives, Senators and the Governor's office. President Hillsborough Association of School Administrators. President University of South Florida Alumni Association. It is important that our Alderman have the ability to bring people together to provide positive outcomes. I have proven leadership and board experiences that lead to success.I served as a Staff Sergeant in the US Air Force working out of Andrews AFB and the Pentagon.
What's most pressing issue?
It is important that
What is your solution?
I will develop a strong working relation with our county commissioners and with our elected state legislators. We need to work together to accomplish common needs and goals which will lead to lower cost and efficiency. We can accomplish much if we just take the time listen and respect our citizens and their concerns.
What other changes would you seek?
I will provide the kind of leadership that respects the opinions of others and seeks the advice of our informed citizens. I will ensure that our board of alderman act as professionals when representing our citizens and elected officials.


text:
Pp. 164
$16.95 (paper) ISBN 0-415-92762-5
With Making the Grade, Tony Wagner contributes another
work in a series of his publications calling for the reformation
of schools in the United States (Wagner, 1993; 1996a; 1997; 1998;
1999; 2001a; 2001c). Like others on Wagner's vita (2001b),
this offering analyzes education's ills, describes the
"new" world in which children live and will live as
adults, outlines what they will need to know to succeed in said
environment, and prescribes his remedy for the reinvention (he
resists the term "reform") of American education.
Readers of leadership literature (e.g. Evans, 1996; Heifetz,
1994; Schussler, 2003; Senge, 1990; Sergiovanni, 1992), school
reform research (e.g. Bryk & Schneider, 2002; Datnow &
Castellano, 2001; Desimone, 2002; Shipps, 2003; 2001; C. N.
Stone, 1998; Wohlstetter, Malloy, Chau, & Polhemus, 2003),
and/or particularly Wagner's earlier works will tread on no
new ground here. Rather, Wagner distills the conclusions of other
authors (Cotter, 2002; Goleman, 1995; Meier, 2002; Murnane &
Levy, 1996; Stigler & Hiebert, 1999) and repackages many of
his prior practitioner oriented articles (1993; 1995a; 1995b;
1996a; 1997; 1998) in crafting his vision for "new village
schools" (1997; 1999). Targeted more for practicing school
leaders and teachers, researchers may yearn for more data to
"chew on" in this book. Moreover, its target audience
will likely find the book long on improbabilities. However, in
the world of ideas, Wagner asks some important questions and
challenges the status quo on both the right and the left ends of
the edu-political spectrum.
Wagner begins his plan for reinvention by building a case for
its necessity. He observes:
For while there is agreement on the basic goal of raising
the achievement of all students, most people are confused about
what's really wrong with our schools, why large numbers of
students seem to be doing so poorly, and what it will take to
solve the problem. (p. 1)
In diagnosing "what's really wrong with our
schools," he practices the art of framing (Schön,
1979; 1994). According to Schön (1979, p. 268), "the
ways in which we set [or frame] social policy problems determines
both the kinds of purposes and values we seek to realize, and the
directions in which we see solutions." In that effort,
Wagner briefly recounts and rejects the now familiar
"schools are failing" verdict. "Rather,"
he concludes, "the American system of education has become
obsolete" (p. 9).
To illustrate this framing of the issue, Wagner devotes the
entire first chapter to describing how "a changing world is
shaping today's young people and their future" (p.
15). He defines change in four categories: work, learning,
citizenship, and motivation for learning. For anyone moderately
well-read in neo-liberal thought and education (Fowler, 1995),
his description of the "new" state of affairs comes
as no surprise:
Framing the current education system as obsolete in a changing
world, Wagner begins outlining his remedy with a look at
outcomes, that is, what students need to know. For Wagner, the
current state of affairs "has gotten us into serious
trouble" (p. 37). Through reliance on technocracy and the
oversight of political ideologues, student outcomes evolved into
long lists of seemingly irrelevant and disconnected standards and
recall-level standardized tests. The latter particularly offends
Wagner, as evidenced by his repeated pillories of them throughout
the book.
Instead, Wagner redefines intellectual rigor as
competencies rather than the current emphasis on coverage.
"In an age of instant access and information overload,
mastery of real skills is much more important than
memorization" (p. 44). Citing National Urban League
president Hugh Price and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
for whom he serves as a senior advisor, Wagner advocates
"six clusters of competence" all high school students
must master: English literacy, mathematical competence, problem
solving, scientific literacy, good citizenship, and advanced
technology skills.
His vision of student and school accountability
encompasses these clusters. Rather than standardized tests,
Wagner calls for the use of portfolios as a more authentic
measure of performance based competencies. He holds up Central
Park East Secondary School and the work of the Coalition of
Essential Schools as a model in this practice. Indeed, Central
Park East, the Coalition, Deborah Meier, and Ted Sizer loom large
throughout Wagner's work.
Of course, portfolios are not new ideas, even
though Wagner appears to portray them as such ("Students
document their work in what the school calls
'portfolios'" [p. 63]), and since their
introduction critics have questioned their reliability and
efficiency (Griffee, 2002; Shapley & Bush, 1999). In
addressing the first, Wagner advocates the use of an auditing
system in which learned individuals from outside the school
review and assess student portfolios.
However, the second criticism, efficiency, remains
largely unanswered. Wagner acknowledges the superior cost and
time efficiency of standardized tests, but fails to provide a
compelling commiserate argument for portfolios, particularly in
the minds of those who have direct experience with them. Even in
the decentralized school model he proposes, reliably reviewing
the portfolios of all the graduating seniors in a given
year is a Herculean task, especially when using outside
For Wagner, Meier, et al. performance-based
competencies and portfolios also play a central role in school
wide accountability and the creation of learning communities.
Wagner clearly states his agreement on the need for
accountability but disagrees with current systems that emphasize
multitudinous and divergent standards and the requisite bevy of
standardized tests.
Instead, he proposes an accountability system in
which "licensed" public school operators adhere to
their chosen set of "licensed" standards and are
evaluated via multiple forms of assessment, which include the
aforementioned performance-based portfolios and a national
literacy and numeracy test (essentially a redesigned NAEP).
"Licensed" standards would differ from current
practice in that "[r]ather than being in the business of
creating and administering academic standards and accompanying
tests…states [would] license multiple academic standards
providers" (p. 80). These providers would create different
"licensed" academic content standards and
accompanying curricula and assessments.
While intriguing in theory, it seems fraught with
practical impediments. For example, at some point in the
licensing process a decision-maker at the state level will have
to declare a set of standards worthy based on some set of
criteria, in other words, standards. Likely, these latter
criteria will be developed by some committee composed of
bureaucrats, politicians, and technocrats—the people Wagner
explicitly seeks to excise from the educational process. For
those attuned to educational politics, wresting away control over
standards and excluding politicians and bureaucrats from major
portions of the process remain highly improbable.
However, the other "licensed" part of
Wagner's accountability process is more than probable, it
is reality. Although he demurs at a voucher system, Wagner
advocates what he calls a "'private' public
education system" (p. 83) in which "individuals or
groups would apply for a license to run a public school. If
successful, they would be granted a contract, which would spell
out the kind of program to be provided, budgets, evaluation
criteria, and so on" (p.78).
He is, of course, describing charter schools,
which he has advocated for a decade. In earlier articles, Wagner
(1994; 1996b) saw charter schools as a way to dismantle
bureaucracy and spur educational innovation. In this book, he
believes choice, in the form of charters, plays a critical role
in implementing his accountability system, meeting different
student needs, and creating learning communities.
The latter garners particular attention in this
book. Repeatedly Wagner makes clear his disdain for politicians
and bureaucrats "who don't even have an elementary understanding
of the education problems we face" (p. 121). His solution is to
decentralize the current system into thousands of charter schools
managed by communities of teachers, parents, business leaders,
and other interested parties. These learning communities would
make the important decisions about curricula, discipline,
assessment, and outcomes, and as a result students and teachers
would not perform out of compliance but flourish due to
If present charter schools fulfilled all these
expectations, convincing the public, bureaucrats, politicians,
and teachers unions of the necessity to change might be a little
easier. However, thus far research on charter performance remains
mixed. While some conclude charter schools lead to greater
student achievement than traditional public schools (Greene,
Forster, & Winters, 2003)or incubate much needed educational
innovation (Finn, Manno, & Vanourek, 2000), others find quite
the opposite (Good & Braden, 2000; Paglin, 2001).
Additionally, Wagner acknowledges two possible
pitfalls of choice: inequality of educational opportunity and
greater racial and religious separatism. While he recognizes the
first, he provides no remedy. Indeed, on its face a choice system
of education seems incongruent with equal opportunity. If schools
can choose their own standards from among those
"licensed" by the state and implement the curriculum
of their choosing, inequalities are inevitable.
However, it is in the free market theory Wagner
seems reluctant to embrace that possible answers lie. As the
theory goes, offerings in fact will not be the same in a system
of choice, but neither are the needs and desires the same from
family to family or child to child. Returning to Schön
(1994), Wagner's dissonance about choice may lie in how he
frames equal opportunity: (a) Everyone has access to the same
offering, or (b) everyone has the same opportunity to choose from
among different offerings.
If Wagner remains unsettled about the first
pitfall, no such worry persists on the second. In fact, he
asserts just the opposite would transpire. That is, with greater
choice would come greater collaboration and community. To support
this assertion he cites his own experience as a classroom teacher
encouraging student individuality in class assignments. In so
doing, "Students were more ready to appreciate one another
and to work together…" (p. 118).
On its face, such logic appears to typify the
fallacy of representativeness in which errant judgments about a
whole are made from its parts (Kahneman, Slovic, & Tversky,
1982). Yet, demographic research on charter schools supports
Wagner's claim. Despite fears of "creaming,"
greater segregation, and the like, charter schools are serving
populations at least as diverse as traditional public schools, if
not more so (Cobb, Glass, & Crockett, 2000; Lacireno-Paquet,
Holyoke, Moser, & Henig, 2002; Weiher & Tedin, 2002).
Wagner ends his treatise with a look at "what
leaders must do" (p. 121), specifically politicians, those in the
business world, and educational leaders. As is clear from prior
discussions, Wagner's role for politicians in his new educational
order would be minimal. They would eliminate high stakes
standardized testing, adopt the recommendations laid out in this
book (specifically greater flexibility and autonomy for schools),
and include educators in decision making just as they do business
The latter particularly irks Wagner:
"…[Politicians] are trying to unilaterally impose solutions
on educators. They would never treat business leaders and their
problems that way. They would discuss the issues and problem
solve together. Why should educators be treated as second-class
citizens?" (p. 121). One can only assume Wagner poses the
question as a vehicle to spur his readers into some state of
moral outrage rather than asking out of a genuine naivete about
For even to a mildly interested observer of
politics the answer to the question is plain: educators
are second class citizens. Politicians, like everyone
else, act out of self-interest. They respond to constituents
under the pressure of re-election. The reason for the difference
in how they treat business and education stems from the power
business people hold in the form of money, a relatively scarce
commodity among educators. The exceptions, of course, are the
teachers' unions, but the agendas of teachers' unions share
little in common with Wagner's reinvention plans.
Wagner's role for business leaders appears only
slightly more involved than for politicians. Like the latter,
business leaders need to meet and dialogue with educators rather
than posturing as if "they have all the answers" (p. 125), and
they need to "promote better standards and assessments" (p. 126),
specifically those performance-based in nature. However, unlike
politicians, Wagner sees a direct role for business leaders in
re-inventing education--developing human capital in schools.
Given the social changes Wagner references earlier, he sees
business leaders uniquely situated to teach educators the value
and processes of working in teams, leading meetings, aligning
curricula with the real world, and the like.
As important as this may be, however, educational
leaders, rather than politicians and business people, play the
major change agent roles in Wagner's reinvention plan. To create
the changes he advocates, educational leaders must stimulate
first-tier rather than second-tier change.
"Second-tier change efforts attempt to teach people new or
improved skills without altering--or even discussing--the
organizational culture of the school or district" (p. 130). On
the other hand, "First-tier change means moving from a
bureaucratic school to a knowledge-generating culture" (p. 131).
Wagner defines a knowledge-generating culture as one in which
relationships are highly collaborative and collegial,
responsibility is shared, accountability is face-to-face and
commitment-driven, and expertise is collaboratively
For readers of leadership literature, Wagner's description of
a knowledge-based culture strikes a familiar tone. Such ideas
have been "in the mix" for several decades (e.g. Avery, 1999;
Avolio & Bass, 1999; Bass & Avolio, 1993; Bennis, 1982;
Burns, 1978; Chrislip & Larson, 1994; Giroux, 1991, 1992;
Green, 1994; Kanter, 1983), and it could be argued that Follett
beat them all to the punch as far back as the 1920s (Graham,
1995). Yet, schools continue to function as they have for a
hundred years, including many if not most charter schools. Thus,
one wonders (a) if widespread adoption of such recommendations
would ever occur and (b) if Wagner's "new village school" model
is sufficiently "re-inventionist" to spur such change.
Perhaps anticipating such questions, Wagner
introduces three change-resistance traits he believes
"characterize many in our profession" (p. 132): risk aversion,
autonomy and isolation, and craft expertise. The latter he
defines as the tendency to develop such expertise in the craft of
teaching that one resists change or even the suggestion of it. To
overcome such resistance, Wagner introduces his framework for
change, which he describes as "'constructivist' adult learning"
(p. 135). The three components of this framework incorporate many
of the facets he describes earlier in the book, including:
However, perhaps Wagner's strongest recommendation for change,
spurring reinvention, and creating authentic learning communities
is his call to transform community engagement from "PR" to
An overriding preoccupation of education leaders today is
how to get what they routinely call 'buy in' from teachers,
parents, and community members. They know they need political and
financial support for their school improvement plan or district
change strategy in order to succeed, and so many are looking for
a better public relations plan--one that will guarantee buy-in
from all the "stakeholders." (p. 147)
Instead, Wagner stresses the importance of listening to the
public and creating dialogue. He asserts,
This sustained engagement process creates real
"ownership" of both the problems and the solutions.
For this process to be successful, education leaders have to give
up two common misconceptions; first, the belief that they are the
experts with all the answers; and second, the idea that all they
need from the public to be successful is more political and
financial support--more time and money. (p. 147)
Indeed, ownership involves decision making over the important
aspects of an endeavor. Wagner's inclusion of the community in
developing student outcomes, assessing student work, and
evaluating school quality fulfills such an understanding of
Yet, for the pragmatic reader, particularly one
that has worked in schools or does so currently, nagging doubts
persist concerning Wagner's "new village school" model. The most
striking concerns the widespread probability of the type of
significant change he addresses herein. Certainly the specific
changes Wagner recommends are possible, as he demonstrates with
short case studies, but replicating it on a national scale defies
probability, which is a typical dilemma in school reform (Shipps,
Moreover, Wagner's model and recommendations
depend heavily on "the angels of our better nature." In other
words, Wagner's system assumes the numerous participants in each
learning community, in the special interest groups surrounding
each community, and in the political and bureaucratic sectors
will largely forgo self or group interest to achieve a school's
desired goals. This assumption, too, defies probability, if not
As Shipps (2003) demonstrates, the different groups in reform
coalitions each approach change with divergent agendas. Moreover,
the groups prove remarkably difficult to harness and mobilize:
parents often lack the resources and political and social capital
to affect change; business leaders find school reform unfamiliar
and unappealing; politicians rarely forfeit power over decision
making; and educators resist substantive changes to their
However, if Wagner's "new village school" idea at
times approaches educational utopianism, at least he is willing
to broach important and difficult questions about the alignment
of current practices and contemporary contexts, the needs of
students versus the self-perpetuation of systems and
bureaucracies, and the authentic inclusion of community rather
than the current attempts at "buy-in." Until more people begin
asking such questions and challenging the status quo, we will
naively expect something different by doing the same thing--only
"better," which too closely resembles the layman's definition of
Given how much interest politicians, bureaucrats, special
interest groups, colleges of education, and teachers' unions have
in maintaining the current system (Shipps, 2003; Zhao &
Frank, 2003), fundamental changes akin to Wagner's remain
unlikely. Furthermore, "whether a condition is a…problem
hinges, by definition, on whether a sizable part of the public
accepts it as one" (Edelman, 1988, p. 32). Considering the
approval rating parents give to their children's schools (Rose
& Gallup, 2003), we are also unlikely to hear a critical mass
of the public clamoring for wholesale change. It is little
wonder, then, why Wagner concludes his acknowledgments, "…I
did not merely want to write this book. I had to" (p. xxii).
Avery, C. M. (1999). All power to you: Collaborative
leadership works. Journal for Quality and Participation,
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components of transformational and transactional leadership using
the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Journal of
Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(4),
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational
leadership and organizational culture. Public Administration
Quarterly, 17(1), 112-122.
Bennis, W. (1982, May 31). Leadership transforms vision into
action. Industry Week, 54-56.
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A core resource for improvement. New York: Russell Sage
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper and
Chrislip, D. D., & Larson, C. E. (1994). Collaborative
leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Cobb, C. D., Glass, G. V., & Crockett, C. (2000, April
24-28). The U.S. charter school movement and ethnic
segregation. Paper presented at the American Educational
Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
Cotter, J. (2002). The heart of change. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard Business School Press.
Datnow, A., & Castellano, M. E. (2001). Managing and
guiding school reform: Leadership in success for all schools.
Educational Administration Quarterly, 37(2), 219-249.
Desimone, L. (2002). How can comprehensive school reform
models be successfully implemented. Review of Educational
Research, 72(3), 433-479.
Edelman, M. (1988). Constructing the political
spectacle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Evans, R. (1996). The human side of school change. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Finn, C., Manno, B., & Vanourek, G. (2000). Charter
schools in action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
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implications for federal education policy under Clinton.
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Giroux, H. A. (1991). Educational leadership and the crisis
of democratic culture. Retrieved October 22, 1998, from
Giroux, H. A. (1992). Educational leadership and the crisis of
democratic government. Educational Researcher, 21(4),
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York:
Good, T. L., & Braden, J. S. (2000, June). Charter
schools: Another reform failure or a worthwhile investment.
Phi Delta Kappan, 81, 745-750.
Graham, P. (Ed.). (1995). Mary Parker Follett: Prophet of
management. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Green, M. (1994). Not for wimps or cowards: Leadership in the
post-heroic age. Educational Record, 75(3), 55-60.
Greene, J., Forster, G., & Winters, M. (2003). Apples
to apples: An evaluation of charter schools serving general
student populations. New York: Manhattan Institute.
Griffee, D. (2002). Portfolio assessment: Increasing
reliability and validity. Learning Assistance Review,
7(2), 5-17.
Heifetz, R. A. (1994). Leadership without easy answers.
Cambridge, MA: Belknap.
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Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. London:
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Kanter, R. (1983). The change masters. New York: Simon
and Schuster.
Lacireno-Paquet, N., Holyoke, T. T., Moser, M., & Henig,
J. R. (2002). Creaming versus cropping: Charter school enrollment
practices in response to market incentives. Educational
Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24(2), 145-158.
Meier, D. (2002). The power of their ideas. Boston:
Murnane, R., & Levy, F. (1996). Teaching the new basic
skills. New York: The Free Press.
Paglin, C. (2001). Why charter schools stumble--and sometimes
fall. Northwest Education, 6(3), 20.
Rose, L. C., & Gallup, A. M. (2003). The 35th annual
Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of the public's attitudes toward the
public schools. Retrieved January 7, 2004, from
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problem-setting in social policy. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor
and Thought (pp. 254-283). London: Cambridge University
Schön, D. A. (1994). Frame reflection. New York:
Basic Books.
Schussler, D. L. (2003). Schools as learning communities:
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Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and
practice of the learning organization. New York:
Sergiovanni, T. J. (1992). Moral leadership. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Shapley, K. S., & Bush, M. J. (1999). Developing a valid
and reliable portfolio assessment in the primary grades: Building
on practical experience. Applied Measurement in Education,
12(2), 11-32.
Shipps, D. (2003). Pulling together: Civic capacity and urban
school reform. American Educational Research Journal,
40(4), 841-878.
Stigler, J. W., & Hiebert, J. (1999). The teaching
gap. New York: Free Press.
Stone, C. N. (2001). Civic capacity in urban education.
Urban Affairs Review, 36(5), 595-619.
Stone, C. N. (Ed.). (1998). Changing urban education.
Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
Wagner, T. (1993, September). Systemic change: Rethinking the
purpose of school. Educational Leadership, 51, 24-28.
Wagner, T. (1994, June 22). Why charter schools. Education
Week, pp. 56-58.
Wagner, T. (1995a, Spring). Building a shared vision:
Structured dialogues about important questions. New Schools,
New Communities, 11, 19-26.
Wagner, T. (1995b, January). What's school really for anyway?
And who should decide. Phi Delta Kappan, 76, 393-399.
Wagner, T. (1996a, October). Bringing school reform back down
to Earth. Phi Delta Kappan, 78, 145-150.
Wagner, T. (1996b, September). School choice: To what end.
Phi Delta Kappan, 78, 70-72.
Wagner, T. (1997, February). The new village
commons--Improving schools together. Educational Leadership,
54, 25-29.
Wagner, T. (1998, March). Change as collaborative inquiry: A
'constructivist' methodology for reinventing schools. Phi
Delta Kappan, 79, 512-518.
Wagner, T. (1999). Reasons to learn in the new village
schoolhouse. Retrieved April 7, 2004, from
Wagner, T. (2001a, December 5). The case for 'new village'
schools. Education Week, p. 56.
Wagner, T. (2001b, January). Leadership for learning: An
action theory of school change. Phi Delta Kappan, 82,
Wagner, T. (2001c). Making the grade: Reinventing America's
schools. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
Weiher, G. R., & Tedin, K. L. (2002). Does choice lead to
racially distinctive schools? Charter schools and household
preferences. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,
21(1), 79-92.
Wohlstetter, P., Malloy, C. L., Chau, D., & Polhemus, J.
L. (2003). Improving schools through networks: A new approach to
urban school reform. Educational Policy, 17(4),
Zhao, Y., & Frank, K. A. (2003). Factors affecting
technology uses in schools: An ecological perspective.
American Educational Research Journal, 40(4), 807-840.
Dick Carpenter is an Assistant Professor of educational
leadership at the University of Colorado in Colorado Springs. His
diverse background includes experience as a public school
teacher, an administrator, and a public policy analyst for a
national non-profit organization. His research focuses on
educational policy, leadership, communications, school reform,
and the U.S. Presidency.
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Served in the finest restaurants across the South, this welcoming, medium-dark roasted taste of Café Special® is the perfect companion for lunch or a leisurely afternoon. Warm, accommodating and of course, made with only 100% premium quality Arabica coffee beans. These pods are individually sealed for freshness and are compatible with Bunn® Pod Brewers and other pod machines. [10 grams per pod/18 pods per carton]
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Valeria's Free-Flowing Space
Small Cool Contest
Like this entry? Favorite it below!
- Name:
- Valeria
- Location:
- Bologna Italy
- Square Feet:
- 800
- Division:
- International
- What I Love About My Small Home:
- The feeling that space flows freely, the spacious and neat vibe despite the small size, and the fact that every detail has been created with attention to functionality and interesting materials.
- Biggest Challenge of Living in a Small Space
- We wanted two bathrooms, and we achieved our tiny but perfectly functional 2 bathrooms where there used to be just one by changing the angle of the wall at the end of the hallway and by sharing the shower between the 2 bathrooms.
More posts in this series
Small Cool 2012
21 Comments
What a GORGEOUS apartment space you have! And, I absolutely ADORE your shelving in the living room area. It's functional, but completely artistic & chic. I've seen similar shelving @ Ikea. I just may have to pick up afew shelves for myself lol.
I love the way the horizontal lines of that shelving are echoed in the picture below it, and the sofas.
Speaking of which, I want to stretch out on one of those sofas and never get up. Ever. They look like pristine squishy perfection.
I want your shelves! Beautiful! What kind of sofas do you have? They look super comfy, like their special magical is putting everyone who sits on them to sleep, haha. Love them.
AT editors -- a suggestion for next year's contest -- instead of breaking it down teeny tiny, tiny, small, whatever, you should allow a certain number of square feet per inhabitant. Two people living in 800 square feet isn't what I would call small. I have friends who have three kids who live in 700 square feet. THAT's small.
Can't get a sense of the place.
Opened the post because of your beautiful shelving and the way you made this kind-of-alcove with the sofa. Then I saw all of your pics and the layout plan and have to say: wow, congrats on your ingenious use of space! Especially the eating and sitting / TV area.
Very well done!
Antje from Germany
How long did it take you from submitting till they posted?
I love your living room...that, whole. wall with the shelves are to die for!!
Me too, I love the shelves - and I admit that 74 square meters is not so small. However, I also live in Bologna and absolutely want to know who made your shelves: are they made of wood or, more likely, di cartongesso? (I do not know the translatin of cartongesso: may be plaster pannels??). I need the name of these contractors!!!!!!!
Thanks a lot for your comments!
The apartment is "small" because that is the definition of the category in the contest - up to 800 square feet would be small.
I'm glad you like the shelves, they are made of plasterboards (cartongesso!), but I must say I wasn't that happy with the contractor, he did that after my design but the details aren't as good as I wished - he even punched a water pipe and flooded the apartment when he was installing the false ceiling in the bathroom! So I certainly wouldn't recommend him...
The sofas are comfy and I designed them like twelve years ago and then had a local manufacturer make them.
Thanks again and please keep on voting if you like my home!!!
Yep! Two really small bathrooms with a shared-bypass shower! Both with bidet, as we are in Italy :-)
The shared shower is so clever as a tactic to fit in 2 bathrooms. Love it.
I LOVE your washrooms. Wish I could transplant them into my space. ;)
Those shelves are amazing.
I pinned this for the shelves in the living area. Very nice!
thank you all for your nice comments!
Love love love the shelves! Does anyone know how to pull this off without needing a contractor? Just the horizontal part, I mean. Are there any modular shelves or clever hacks I could finagle?
@Heather C well 800 sq ft is pretty big by European urban standards so 2 bathrooms is not shocking, especially if children were to be brought up in here.
Valeria: Your sofas as exactly what I'm looking for. I love deep, cushy sofas.
Any chance you would give the dimensions of one of the sofas - outer size of arm/panels (width and height), length of sofa? I have someone who could make this, but I'm not good on starting without any idea of size.
If you would be so kind as to give me the info, I can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com
So you will "meet" your room mate in the shower, right?
Great idea! Greetings from Germany
That alcove is positively claustrophobia inducing!


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America's Children In Brief
Special Report - July 16, 2012
The majority of American children live with two married parents, over half of high school students have never had sex, and the adolescent birth rate has dropped to record levels, according to the latest report from the federal government on child wellbeing. The annual report, "America's Children in Brief: Key National Indicators of Wellbeing, 2012," is compiled by the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, a working group of 22 federal agencies that uses the latest federal data to compile information on children based on a number of key indicators, including family and social environment, behavior, and economic circumstances.
Among the good news in the report related to child wellbeing:
• 69 percent of all children were living with two parents in 201165 percent of these children lived with two married biological or adoptive parents.
• 46 percent of high school students reported ever having had sex in 2009, down from 48 percent in 2009 (and down from 54 percent in 1991, which was the first year of the survey).
• The rate of adolescent births dropped from 21.7 in 2007 to 17.3 in 2010, "and dropped more than half compared with 1991 (38.6 per 1,000)." The report notes that, "Between 2009 and 2010, the adolescent birth rate declined to record lows for all race and ethnicity groups." As we recently reported, the teen birth rate declined 21 percent in North Carolina between 2007 and 2010.
The federal report also contains some bad news. For example, 22 percent of all children (or 16.4 million) lived in poverty in 2010. "Consistent with expectations related to the economic downturn," the report states, "child poverty has increased annually since 2006, when the rate was 17 percent." Additionally, births to unmarried women continue to increase nationwide, with 40.8 percent of all births occurring to unmarried women in 2011. According to the report, "The percentage of all births that were to unmarried women…more than doubled between 1980 and 2009, with the largest increases for women in their twenties."
Related resources:
Characteristics of NC Teen Births - July 13, 2012
NC Abortions and Teen Pregnancies Drop - December 14, 2011
Teen Birth Rate Drops Lower - April 4, 2011
NC Teen Pregnancy Rates Hit New Low - October 19, 2010
Teen Birth Rate Moves Downward - April 13, 2010
NC Teen Pregnancy Rates Hit 3-year Low - February 4, 2010
Adolescent Sexual Health Trends Detailed - August 6, 2009
North Carolina Teen Birth Rate Increases - August 7, 2008
Recession Still Affecting Children - January 3, 2012
Report Examines Family Structure and Poverty - December 2, 2011
Belonging and Rejection Report - November 21, 2011
Report Questions Definition of Poverty - July 22, 2011
Marriage and Economic Well-Being - FNC - July 2011
America's Greatest Child Poverty Weapon - October 4, 2010
Squeezing Families: How Expanding Government Undermines the Family - FNC - October 2010
Most Children Live With Parents - July 27, 2010
Married Fathers Deter Poverty - June 21, 2010
Why Families Matter - FNC - September 2007
Copyright © 2012. North Carolina Family Policy Council. All rights reserved.


text: I thought we were on the same page until last weekend when he said he'd like another in a year to two. I'm still on the fence. I would love another one but pregnancy is super hard on me and I'm not totally sure if I want to start all over again with toddler hood


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Date: Saturday, April 19, 2014Kidz Day with Lojo Russo will be held at 11 a.m. on the Community Stage, River Music Experience, 129 Main St., Davenport. Cost is $5; free for ages 12 and under (children must be accompanied). Call 563-326-1333 for details.
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