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A new report on the death penalty found that the number of executions in 2013 dropped 10 percent, to 39, but they increased slightly in Texas and Florida, two states that accounted for 59 percent of the nation's total.
The Death Penalty Information Center said in its annual report that support for executions also dropped to a 40-year low. However, there were 80 death sentences leveled in 2013, a slight increase over 2012.
"Twenty years ago, use of the death penalty was increasing. Now it is declining by almost every measure," said Richard Dieter, DPIC's executive director and the author of the report. "The recurrent problems of the death penalty have made its application rare, isolated, and often delayed for decades. More states will likely reconsider the wisdom of retaining this expensive and ineffectual practice."
From his report:
Paul Bedard, The Washington Examiner's "Washington Secrets" columnist, can be contacted at email@example.com.
— Death sentences. The number of new death sentences was near its lowest level since the death penalty was reinstated in the 1970s. With less than two weeks remaining in 2013, there have been 80 new death sentences, three more than in 2012, and far fewer than in 1996, when there were 315. The number of death sentences in 2013 represents a 75% decline from the peak of the mid-1990s. Florida (15) and California (24) provided almost half of the death sentences this year. Many prominent death penalty states in the south, including South Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, and Louisiana, had no death sentences. For the sixth year in a row, Texas (9) had fewer than 10 death sentences, a stark difference from 1999, when it recorded 48. Other leading states with death sentences in 2013 were Alabama (5), Ohio (4), Pennsylvania (4), Arizona (3), Indiana (3), and Missouri (3). Fifteen states imposed at least 1 death sentence in 2013, compared to 18 in 2012.
— Death row. The number of people on death row continued to decline. As of April 1, 2013, there were 3,108 inmates on death rows across the country, compared to 3,170 at the same time last year. The total population on death row has decreased every year since 2001. In 2000, 3,670 inmates were under sentence of death.


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Caverns of Khron is a challenging single-screen platformer with an emphasis on both action and puzzles. The game consists of forty levels, plus secrets. Do you have what it takes to make it through the Caverns of Khron? Features music by WiL Whitlark (Snapshot) and environment graphics by Michael Santiago. Caverns of Khron is available today to download for free!
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SANParks.org Forums
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|Your Alias
Distinguished Virtual Ranger
Joined: Thu Dec 09, 2004 6:51 am
Posts: 2063
Location: In a very busy place
|Tue Jan 18, 2005 8:07 am
I saw some familiar Aliases that people are using...Question, why did u choose your specific alias.
I'll start - If I don't see the wild now and then, then my heart won't be able to bear it. The wild is like the blood that flows through my heart.
PS: TwoBoy - you still setting snares??
|Last post
Legendary Virtual Ranger
Joined: Thu Dec 02, 2004 10:27 am
Posts: 5297
Location: Chasing down the rarities
|Tue Jan 18, 2005 8:11 am
The "wildtuin" is my passion! And I am a man thus "wildtuinman".
Senior Virtual Ranger
Joined: Wed Jan 12, 2005 12:55 pm
Posts: 403
Location: Neither here nor there.
|Tue Jan 18, 2005 9:07 am
Bwana is a Swahili term for "sir" IIRC. I picked it up in some old books about safaris in Africa. Maybe a bit colonialistic, but no harm intended.lt is just a nice sounding word, and is relevant to the subject we talk about here.
Virtual Ranger
Joined: Wed Jan 12, 2005 3:40 pm
Posts: 272
|Tue Jan 18, 2005 9:31 am
Mine's not actually a park reference (does that get me banned from the forum?), but actually a reference to my other passion - poker. A poker tournament on the banks of the Crocodile River - now there's an idea.
Virtual Ranger
Joined: Tue Dec 07, 2004 12:12 pm
Posts: 749
Location: Lowvelder in Brisbane
|Tue Jan 18, 2005 9:48 am
I've always just used my name - can't see the point of aliases, or people getting worked up in forums - after all, we are just a stream of bits coming through each others modems/lan cards, unless some of us really hit it off and then meet up. I've had a couple of meets with guys from programming forums - it would have been really odd if we'd spent the day calling each other by aliases
That said, there are a couple of nice aliases being used here (wild@heart being one)... maybe I'll get into it one day!
Joined: Mon Dec 06, 2004 11:44 am
Posts: 21
|Tue Jan 18, 2005 2:34 pm
I have been a keen birder for many years and a Shikra is such a neat little raptor. Thought it sounded good.
Honorary Virtual Ranger
Joined: Fri Jan 14, 2005 5:42 pm
Posts: 17943
Location: Red sand, why do I keep thinking of red sand?
|Tue Jan 18, 2005 5:02 pm
I use the nick DuQues for around 10~12 years now on the internet and before that on the bulletinboards.
It was given to me by my exgirlfriend, who simply put two parts of my name together. Du from Duco, and Qu from Quanjer. DuQues (pronounced as dukes).
It sort of stuck, and there is only person in the world that I've met using the same name, a Mexican (? I think so at least). In his case it's his real name.
Junior Virtual Ranger
Joined: Tue Dec 21, 2004 12:13 am
Posts: 265
Location: Wondering if I'll ever get back to SA!
|Tue Jan 18, 2005 9:42 pm
My husband calls me Krokodile - has done ever since I got snappy with him once! Since his online name was Tokoloshe when I met him (we met in a chat room), it kind of fitted. Tok and Krok goes quite well together, I think.
Junior Virtual Ranger
Joined: Fri Dec 03, 2004 11:21 pm
Posts: 150
Location: UK
|Tue Jan 18, 2005 10:14 pm
DuQues wrote
I use the nick DuQues for around 10~12 years now on the internet and before that on the bulletinboards.
It was given to me by my exgirlfriend, who simply put two parts of my name together. Du from Duco, and Qu from Quanjer. DuQues (pronounced as dukes).
It sort of stuck, and there is only person in the world that I've met using the same name, a Mexican (? I think so at least). In his case it's his real name.
I have wondered about your nickname DuQues, given your location - you ARE the brother of Arnoud yes? If so, please give Arnoud and Marieka (spelling?) my fond regards!
I hope to see them (and you maybe?) in May (27th - 29th ) as I will be attending a meet in Mierlo. Do I remember correctly that Arnoud and Marieka live not too far away from there?
My own nickname (originally Tabatha) came about on the first occasion that I registered on an internet site (Africam) and, being totally green about these matters, I panicked when asked for a log-in name - did I use my real name and expose myself or what? I looked around the room while I thought about this and my glance settled upon my dearly beloved cat Tabatha. He (yes it was a male cat - don't ask!) jumped up onto my lap and so I typed in his name. Over the years my friends on Africam and WildLifeCampus shortened it to Tabs.... and now even some members of my family call me by this name if my Africam/WLC friends are around!
Junior Virtual Ranger
Joined: Wed Dec 15, 2004 10:22 pm
Posts: 90
Location: Shoulder to the wheel, nose to the grindstone...
|Tue Jan 18, 2005 10:24 pm
Bushbaby is what I am and how I'm raising my daughter - I think Theroux said "The euphoric and deepest sadness is Africa..." I just love this place! Oh, and Jambo, Bwana! Isn't it time to call the Toto to bring on the pink gin!!!
Junior Virtual Ranger
Joined: Wed Dec 01, 2004 12:22 pm
Posts: 111
Location: belgium
|Tue Jan 18, 2005 10:51 pm
I choose Ngala, Meaning "lion" in Shangaan, just because I like lions
Joined: Thu Jan 20, 2005 5:22 pm
Posts: 135
Location: Born and Bred in SA, Living in NZ
|Fri Jan 21, 2005 9:21 am
Alias is pretty simple. Cerulean because it's one of my favorite colours and wildfire, well needed something to round it off.
Makes for a unique logon to most sites though. Seems not many people think of that combination.
Nhlathini Umntwana
Joined: Sun Jan 09, 2005 6:29 am
Posts: 1
Location: Durban
|Sat Jan 22, 2005 5:45 am
Nhlathini Umntwana is Bushbaby in Zulu - which we have named our very small old caravan.
And as the rule goes - all vehicles being female - so am I!
Guinea Pig
Senior Virtual Ranger
Joined: Sat Jan 29, 2005 12:52 pm
Posts: 1738
Location: My business...
|Sun Jan 30, 2005 10:44 am
Santie said :
None for me! Couldn't think of a suitable one.
OK Bwana, you're right, my sense of humour would probably have given me away in the end. I hated my name plastered all over in capital letters, which was an error I made when registering the 1st time. Eventually I found a suitable alias but didn't know how to change the original. I found a simple solution, and got it done. SO:
Guinea Pig I am from now on. I have a GP as a pet.
Junior Virtual Ranger
Joined: Fri Jan 21, 2005 9:15 pm
Posts: 37
Location: In the kitchen doing dishes!
|Sun Jan 30, 2005 12:13 pm
My alias means "giraffe" in Swahili. Bwana suggested it to me because he knows that i really like giraffes. They are so cute and very graceful! That is why my avatar is a giraffe as well!
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La Quinta Inn & Suites Fort Worth North
4700 North Fwy
Fort Worth, TX 76137
Phone: 1-817-222-2888
Fax: 1-817-222-2229
I-35W: exit 56A-Meacham Blvd.
Detailed Map and Driving Directions:
Directions from Local Airport(s):
Dallas Love Field
West on Mockingbird, I-35E, I-30 West,I-820 North I-35W North, exit #56A- Meacham Blvd.
Dallas/Fort Worth Intl Airport
820E to 121N.


text:
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Vicki Barber will retire at the end of June, after 30 years with the El Dorado County Office of Education, according to a statement released this afternoon.
Barber has been elected to five terms as El Dorado County superintendent of schools starting in 1994. She began working at the county Office of Education in July 1983 as the director of special education. She was promoted to assistant superintendent in 1984 and became deputy superintendent in 1990.
Jeremy Meyers, deputy superintendent, will serve as the county superintendent until 2014, when the position will be put on the ballot.
© Copyright The Sacramento Bee. All rights reserved.


text:
D.C. marijuana dispensaries thought they'd be open a month ago, but a slow-moving District Department of Health still needs to give doctors the authority to recommend marijuana to their patients.
"If you drove by now you'd see the signs are up and everything is ready -- except the doors are locked," said Rabbi Jeff Kahn, owner of the Takoma Wellness Center on Blair Road in Northwest Washington.
Two marijuana dispensaries and three cultivation centers have been approved by the District.
Kahn has rented the property since April 2011 and said it's been fully ready to go since the beginning of May.
"It's been a very long experience, and it is kind of frustrating," he said. "We're still getting over the fact that it didn't happen in May. We certainly think it's going to be the beginning of June."
So if you are suffering from Crohn's disease or one of the other illnesses that qualify a patient for medical marijuana use, you're going to have to wait a bit longer.
A spokeswoman for the Department of Health said marijuana dispensaries would likely open in the middle of June.
"I believe the executive has been slow on just about everything," said Ward 6 Councilman Tommy Wells. "I don't want to over-politicize this, but my general feeling is there just has been molasses poured over the government -- it's not just this."
Wells, who is running for mayor, is also working with Ward 8 Councilman Marion Barry to draft legislation to decriminalize marijuana.
The mayor's office said it is merely trying to thoughtfully address how it handles marijuana in the District.
"We prefer to get things right rather than rush for appearance's sake," Pedro Ribeiro, Mayor Vincent Gray's spokesman, wrote in an email. "The mayor has repeatedly said we need to get this program up and running properly, before we consider moving beyond it."
The Department of Health said it still needs to approve doctors who can recommend marijuana to patients in the District before dispensaries can open.
For his part, Kahn said he had talked to doctors who had requested forms to apply for the certification, but had not received them yet.
A spokeswoman for the health department on Friday said doctors had received applications.
The District's medical marijuana laws limits the amount of marijuana that cultivators can grow and restricts the number of dispensaries that can sell it. Adam Bierman, president of the medical marijuana consulting company Medmen, said the District regulations will severely restrict the business in D.C.
"I don't see how it will ever actually take any real foothold until there are some updates," he said.
The District approved medical marijuana with a referendum in 1998. Twelve years later, the D.C. Council approved legislation meant to move ahead the implementation of medical marijuana.


text:
LANSING (WKZO) -- A new poll shows that Governor Rick Snyder's decision to take Detroit into bankruptcy has given him a ratings boost.
According to a statewide poll commissioned by Lambert, Edwards and Associates, Snyder's approval rating has climbed to 44-percent this month. Roughly 53-percent of respondents said the bankruptcy filing was a step in the right direction, while 23-percent said it was the wrong decision.
Snyder regained some favorability after dropping to a 38-percent approval rating in February following the right-to-work debates.


text:
The Cave: Magnifico the Magnificent's Invisible Cupcake
On its release several weeks ago, I was completely addicted to the wonderful little puzzle game that is The Cave. On my first adventure through its murky depths, I took with me The Adventurer, The Time Traveller and The Monk. The moment I had to travel back in time to block some dripping water to prevent a stalactite being formed in the present… ! I was sold. One of the more darker tales was that of The Hillbilly; a story of love and loss at the carnival, from whence our magical cupcake appears.
Click 'Read More' for the full recipe!


text:
Towers not surprised by Ryan's decisionPosted on September 13th, 2007 – 11:06 PM
By Joe Christensen
San Diego Padres general manager Kevin Towers and Terry Ryan are longtime friends. They knew each other back when both were scouting. We'll have a lot more on Ryan stepping down as Twins GM in our first editions, but I just wanted to relay Towers' sentiments, since he was nice enough to call me back in the middle of a pennant race.
"I've always had a great deal of respect for Terry," Towers said. "I know how much he's cared for that organization, even during the tough times. He has tremendous respect of the other 29 general managers. He's not a self-promoter. All he cares about is the Twins."
I asked Towers if he was surprised by Thursday's news.
"I wasn't that surprised. Terry's one of those guys, just knowing him, he never seemed real happy [as GM]. He was like, 'Being a GM is what it is. If this is what the organization wants me to do, I'll do it.' He could have done it for 40 years, but with Terry, you figured there was a point in time where he'd say, 'I've had enough.'
"He's an honest man with a tremendous integrity, and a great evaluator. The best way I can put it is he's a baseball man."


text:
This is looking really nice. great job so far.
Added some more information to the map that's about it. I think I'll have this finished soon.
This is looking really nice. great job so far.
My Finished Maps | My Challenge Maps | Ghoraja Juun, my largely stagnated campaign setting.
Unless otherwise stated by me in the post, all work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 United States License.
Beautiful chart! One of the best I have seen here. I have to admit though that I am a bit fuzzy about what I am seeing with the Galactic Sector 2 box. Is it a cross section or something else?
This is probably the finished version of this map. Added a lot of information and tweaked the galaxy a bit.
Man, that's all kinds of awesome.
Very well done.
Royal: I'm very sorry for your loss, your mother was a terribly attractive woman.
My Cartographer's Guild maps: Finished Maps
More maps viewable at my DeviantArt page: Ramah-Palmer DeviantArt
Wicked. Repped.
Truly excellent work there. I still vote for more glow (that's just how I roll), but otherwise I think it is the best galaxy map I've seen bar none.
Maps encourage boldness. They're like cryptic love letters. They make anything seem possible.
-Mark Jenkins
Thanks all!
And yes it could use more glow, but I'm just unable to make it work I'm just not that good an artist yet.
Finished map thread.
Wow. Now that is simply magnificent. Beautiful work, Andartar!
My current worldbuilding experiment(s):
But I, being poor, have only my dreams;
I have spread my dreams under your feet;
Tread softly because you tread on my dreams.
-W.B. Yeats


text:
Primary tabs
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Email me to set up an appointment or call me at (512) 495-4382.
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Sociological Abstracts is the best place to start looking for articles on sociological topics.
Also try:
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Search scoUT for Sociology Materials Here
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Offers concise, expert definitions and explanations of the key concepts written by leading scholars in the field, including several UT faculty. It provides a comprehensive survey of 33 editorial areas, each of which represents a major area of inquiry within sociology.
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By Marc Nesseler, email@example.com
After losing to both in back-to-back weeks, Galesburg coach Tim Dougherty knows next week's battle between Rock Island and Alleman, the Western Big 6 football conference's undefeated pair, is a must-see."Play it on Saturday and I'd be there," the coach deadpanned, with his Streaks playing Quincy next Friday at the same time that the Rocks and Pioneers will decide the WB6 championship at Moline's Browning Field. The Rocks (6-1) won their sixth straight game and moved to 4-0 in the Big 6 with a 28-16 win over the Silver Streaks (4-3, 2-2) at Almquist Field. A week earlier, on their home turf, the Streaks lost 21-0 to the now 7-0 Pioneers."You always dream of playing in the big games, you want to play in the big games, it's fun to play in the big games," first-year Rocky coach Bryan Stortz said. "But we are going to have to work on the little details. It is taking care of the fundamentals that make the difference."If there is a concern in the Rocks' camp, it is the lack of production in the last half that leads up to that big game. The Rocks bolted to a 28-3 halftime lead against Galesburg, and then managed just two first downs and 55 yards of total offense in the second half."We need to focus for 48 minutes or whatever it takes to win the game," Stortz said. "I can't point to the unproductive half. What we have to do is do a better job of coaching."Still, you can't look at either the 28-point first half or the scoreless second when trying to determine how those figure into next Friday's showdown. The Rocks played without leading rusher Amos Johnson (pulled quad) and defensive back Trey Sigel (sprained ankle)."Amos could have played, but we decided to keep him out. We need him healthy" for next week, Stortz said. "Trey is questionable. It's a thing where it could be a two-day or a two-week thing. He could be back."Out of the chute Friday, the Rocks just had too many weapons for the Streaks. Quarterback Zach Chapman completed 6-of-9 passes in the first half, throwing touchdown tosses to Derrick Willies (21 yards) and Quinton Holmes (8 yards). Brandon Richardson had 75 rushing yards and a TD in the first half. The other TD came on a Chapman sneak."We didn't come off the bus ready to play," Dougherty said. "I think it took us time to adjust to their team speed. But in the second half, we played the way we are capable of playing."In fact, Galesburg dominated the second half in all facets. The Streaks had nine of their 14 first downs in the final two quarters. They had 36 yards rushing on 21 carries in the first half. Travon Diggins finished the game with 75 yards on 19 carries and a TD. When he went out with a leg cramp, sophomore J.J. Range came in to get four carries for 14 yards and a TD.Jonathan Mixon, the Streaks' 1,000-yard rusher, did not practice all week because of an injury and had just two first-quarter carries for minus-4 yards.Stortz continues to see progress in the Rocks as they eye a shot at their first Western Big 6 football crown since 2009, with the Rocks getting undefeated conference crowns in '08 and '09."Every day we stress getting better in some way, some fashion," said the RI coach. "We've come a long way, but we have a lot of things we can get better at."


text:
Metroid: Other M for Wii
Developed for the Wii console through a collaboration by Nintendo and the world-renowned Team Ninja
Developed for the Wii console through a collaboration by Nintendo and the world-renowned Team Ninja, this newest installment of the Metroid saga looks at the classic franchise from a new perspective: While much of the game is reminiscent of 2-D side-scrollers, players can switch the perspective into 3-D at any time as they explore the twisting passages of a derelict space station and delve deep into a cinematic, never-before-told story of bounty hunter Samus Aran's past. This new approach uses a new control scheme in which players use the Wii Remote controller, held sideways, to battle enemies and navigate the expansive, gorgeous environments in classic Metroid fashion, then aim at the screen with the Wii Remote pointer to blast foes in first-person and hunt the world for clues and hidden passages.
See All ImagesMetroid: Other M Images
See All NewsMetroid: Other M News
Could Metroid and Samus be losing relevance with younger gamers?
So the other day I was at a Moe's, waiting for a half-off burrito, when I noticed a little kid around the age of eleven...
Blogger taking awesome Samus art, turning it into an art book
31 Days of Zero Suit Samus will include popular drawings plus some never-before-seen work from artist Chris Furniss
Major Metroid: Other M Bug Currently Has No Fix
A bug that was recently discovered in Metroid: Other M currently has no fix, and Nintendo hasn't announced plans to correct the issue.In the latest M
Luke's Initiative - Metroid: Other M
Some see the reinvention of Samus, and others, a classic massacred. Where does Luke stand?
Samus is Back in Metroid: Other M, Launching Today
Nintendo has announced that Metroid: Other M, their latest game in the beloved Metroid franchise, is now available on Nintendo Wii. Developed by the
Metroid: The Most Influential Shooter Ever
Since its Japanese launch in 1986, the Metroid franchise has distanced itself from genre conventions by offering a different type of gaming experienc
Metroid: Other M gameplay action
Check out some in-game footage of Samus' upcoming adventure.


text:
Main Content
Ladies, you'll be the belle of South Carolina football when you represent the Gamecocks in this replica football jersey by Under Armour. The feminine-cut jersey helps you sport a cute game day look. It features "Carolina, Forever to Thee" lettering woven into the bottom hem and printed team graphics throughout. Even though you're not out there with the team, you can still cheer on the Gamecocks in true fan style!
- 100% Nylon
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- Imported
- Jock tag
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- No player name on back
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- Rib-knit v-neck collar
- Screen print numbers & letters
Gamecocks Fanatics also liked:
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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Coming Up
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The Lighthouse Blog
2009 in Review - A Look Back At 2009
Published on Wed, Dec 30, 2009 by
Tara Nelson
Read More
• Jeffrey Lazenby was appointed to fill Meredith Riley's position as finance director for the city of Blaine. Riley retired at the end of 2008 after 20 years with the city.
• Area port director Peg Fearon retired at the end of January, 2009. Fearon had worked for U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) since 2000 when she took over the post for what was then U.S. Customs Service, one of several agencies responsible for managing the border.
• When Blaine City Council discussed shutting down the city's skate park, local youth and parents packed council chambers on January 12 to advocate for a safe and legal place to skate other than the curbs in the Cost Cutter parking lot. Neither the city of Blaine nor its parks board, however, had budgeted for maintenance because the park was founded with the understanding it would be kept up by the now-disbanded Blaine Extreme Sports Club.
• Blaine residents Herb and Shirley Leu signed an agreement in federal district court in Seattle that allowed them to keep a disputed retaining wall in the backyard of their West 99th Lane home. Authorities insisted it was located 30 inches too close to the international border.
• Citing a need for increased security, newly appointed Department of Homeland Security (DHS) secretary Janet Napolitano ordered a comprehensive review of security strategies along the northern border. Napolitano, a former governor of Arizona, issued an action directive on January 23, just days after being sworn into office. The directive will require various DHS agencies along the northern border to review existing strategies and security efforts here.
• A dispute between the city of Blaine and members of Drayton Harbor Maritime threatened to shorten or eliminate the operating season of the popular Plover ferry after Blaine Tourism Advisory Committee's (BTAC) proposed $5,000 of the city's annual $30,000 grant to the Plover be allocated to publicity, in effect cutting operational funding by that amount. BTAC members said they thought the publicity would help increase patronage, raise more money and possibly even lead to a longer season or weekday operations. The DHM board, however, opposed the ticket requirement because they said it would leave people out who can't afford it, especially families.
• Blaine high school freshman Jaclyn Adams was a part of history when she attended the inauguration of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States of America on January 20. Adams traveled with a group of more than 15,000 students involved in a 5-day program with the Presidential Youth Inaugural Conference (PYIC).
• After much discussion and several public meetings, Blaine City Council approved $5,000 to rebuild a temporary skate park until staff and community can arrive at a more long-term solution. The council voted 5-2 with Scott Dodd and Jason Overstreet opposed.
• A Blaine couple, Bill and Shannon Rector, filed a lawsuit on March 6 in U.S. District Court in Seattle against the Kellogg company alleging that the company's Austin brand peanut butter crackers made their family sick because it was tainted with salmonella.
• After a grueling series of lengthy discussions, Blaine City Council voted 4-3 to give Plover ferry operators the budget they asked for so they could continue operations. Council members Scott Dodd, John Liebert and Jason Overstreet voted no.
• A Coquitlam man with a second home in Blaine was pepper sprayed, handcuffed and held for three hours before being denied entry into the United States after asking for more courteous treatment from a border inspector at the Lynden/Aldergrove crossing.
• Facing a state requirement to pay back grants due on the closure of the municipal airport, the city of Blaine faced a quandary in how to repay nearly $400,000 to the Washington State Department of Transportation's aviation division. Blaine was required to repay six grants totaling $388,349 which were used between 1991 and 2003 to purchase new equipment, runway improvements, tree removal and property acquisition.
• The Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission said the gates of Peace Arch State Park would remain open despite a potential $22.9 million budget cut to Washington state parks. The announcement came just several days after the commission released a list of 40 state parks threatened with a July 1, 2009 closure.
• After reviewing six candidates, the Blaine school board hired acting principal Scott Ellis to replace Dan Newell as principal at Blaine high school.
• The National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) selected Blaine elementary school as a recipient of their STARS program that recognizes a school's total physical education offerings. Only 40 schools in the nation have earned STARS status.
• Plans to redevelop the former Blaine airport fell victim to the global economic slowdown after the developers informed Blaine city officials they were letting their purchase agreement lapse. In doing so, Dr. Patrick Rooney and Tom Hayes forfeited $125,000 in deposit money they had given the city to seal the purchase agreement. The two men had agreed to purchase the airport property for $6 million in June, 2008.
• A study completed by the Puget Sound Restoration Fund found that Drayton Harbor is widely contaminated with human, bovine and avian fecal coliform. The study examined fecal coliform levels in six Drayton Harbor locations as well as eight locations in California Creek tributaries and found "widespread occurrences" of human and ruminant waste.
• A top official for the U.S. Border Patrol's Blaine sector arrested last October on child rape charges pleaded guilty in Whatcom County Superior Court. Joseph W. Giuliano, 55, formerly deputy chief of the Border Patrol's Blaine sector, pleaded guilty to three counts of child rape, a Class C felony that carries up to five years in prison for each count after admitting to having a sexual relationship with a 14-year-old girl who was living with him in his Sudden Valley home.
• Blaine developer Joel Douglas and the city of Blaine settled their differences in an agreement, marking the end of a four-year struggle over Douglas' Seascape Condominium project on Peace Portal Drive.
• The body of Robert George "Bobby" Schoening, a Blaine native and Korean War vet, was recovered nearly 60 years after he was declared missing in action. Schoening was identified by his remains in December of 2008 through DNA collected almost 10 years ago from Schoening's brother Bill in Salem, Oregon, and sister Mary "Emma" Schoening Spiegel of Seattle.
• Whatcom County Council unanimously adopted a year-round speed limit of 25 mph for all of Birch Bay Drive, from Point Whitehorn to the Birch Bay Drive-Shintaffer Road intersection. Permanent 25 mph speed limits were also adopted for sections of Harborview, Shintaffer, Anderson, Alderson and Jackson roads.
• Whatcom County assessor Keith Willnauer announced he plans to institute annual property assessments ahead of a state-mandated deadline. Willnauer, a long-time advocate of annual assessments, says he plans to adopt the new system during the 2010 assessment year for property taxes that will be due in 2011.
• Goff's Department Store, a downtown landmark for 110 years at 674 Peace Portal Drive, announced plans to close its doors permanently on August 31. Greg Goff and his wife Jo said the business has always been in the black but the two would like to be able to take more vacations and spend more time sailing aboard their Catalina 30 sailboat named Selena.
• Following requirements by the Washington State Growth Management Act (GMA) Blaine community development director Terry Galvin unveiled a proposal that would cut the city's urban growth area (UGA) by two-thirds. The proposal would remove 2,549 acres from the total 3,725 acres in the existing UGA, which county officials say is the most "significantly oversized" UGA in Whatcom County.
• Commercial traffic was re-routed to Sumas and Lynden border crossings June 24 after an unidentified briefcase was found in the NEXUS enrollment center on the American side of the Pacific Highway border crossing. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officials called in a bomb detection dog and X-rayed the briefcase. It was later determined the owner had simply forgot it.
• Kyle Dhanani, a 2005 graduate of Blaine high school, was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers of the American League last week. Dhanani, 21, has been a student at Thompson Rivers University in Kamloops, B.C., where he played shortstop for the WolfPack.
Dhanani was chosen in the 43rd round by the Milwaukee Brewers, who also have Blaine graduate Joey Paciorek
playing for them. Dhanani spent some time in Milwaukee being evaluated by the Brewers, who are considering him as a third baseman.
• State Department of Transportation (DOT) officials said plans for a $13 million roundabout project are moving ahead at full speed during a Blaine City Council meeting. Of the two single-lane roundabouts planned, one will replace the two stoplights at the intersection of Peace Portal Drive and Marine Drive. The other will replace the stoplight on the east side of the freeway at the intersection of D and Second streets.
• Former Blaine Border Patrol agent Joseph W. Giuliano was sentenced to four years in prison for three counts of child rape. He was arrested last October on child rape charges and pleaded guilty after he admitted to having sex at least 24 times with a 14-year-old girl who was living with him in his Sudden Valley home.
• A U.S.-Canadian citizen with a valid passport reported he was told by border officials that he would be taking a parking space away from an American during his Fourth of July visit to the United States. The Canadian citizen told the border guard he was going to stay at his vacation property at Beachwood Resort in Birch Bay and celebrate the holiday with his American neighbors.
• Greg Alvarez was appointed as the new Blaine port director for Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Alvarez, 38, grew up in McAllen, Texas. He served in the Marine Corps for seven years after graduating from the University of Texas and was in Officer Candidate School in Quantico, Virginia, when he was offered a job with the old U. S. Customs Service.
• Law enforcement agencies were baffled by a string of local burglaries believed to be responsible for more than $50,000 in losses. Whatcom County sheriff's deputies believed a person of interest broke into nearly two dozen homes in the Birch Bay area between March and July and stole jewelry, money, coins and other easily concealed items. Most of the burglaries occurred in rural areas between Blaine and Birch Bay, along Harborview Road, Drayton Harbor Road, Birch Bay Drive and Blaine and Bay roads. Entries were generally made by entering through unlocked doors or kicking the door into the residence.
• More than 30 people crowded Blaine city council chambers July 26 to show support for city staffer Debbie Harger following a string of negative attack ads that accused her of getting her current position by dating a fellow city employee.
The accusations were made by former city council candidate John George who ran unsuccessfully against incumbent Charlie Hawkins for his at-large position. Several speakers received a loud applause from the audience as they characterized George's accusations as "heinous," "underhanded" and "deeply distasteful." Others questioned his business ethics.
• Department of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano visited the Peace Arch border crossing in Blaine and said she felt confident the border will function smoothly during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, B.C. even if construction of the new port of entry facility won't be completed in time. The tour was one of several stops for Napolitano during her trip to Washington state. She was accompanied by state and local officials including Governor Christine Gregoire and U.S. Representative Rick Larsen (D-Everett).
• After a long-standing debate over property rights and environmental protections, Blaine City Council approved a revised version of the critical areas ordinance (CAO) that increases protections for wetlands, as required under the state growth management act (GMA). The council voted 4-3 with Jason Overstreet, John Liebert and Scott Dodd voting no.
• State officials said sculptures at Peace Arch Park must be removed before the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics. Washington State Parks and Recreation public affairs director Virginia Painter said the decision was based on the agency's desire to maintain fairness under recent policy changes that included religious displays.
• After waiting more than three years, Herb and Shirley Leu have finished their yard that sits right on the Canadian border with the blessings of the International Border Commission (IBC), even though litigation is still pending between the former courtroom adversaries.
• An international manhunt came to a head in Blaine when reality TV show celebrity and murder suspect Ryan Jenkins drove his black BMW SUV to Blaine and launched his boat at Blaine Harbor marina on August 18. Jenkins had been charged with one felony count of murder and faced a maximum sentence of 25 years to life in state prison if convicted. A $10 million warrant had been issued for his arrest.
Once in Blaine, he launched the boat and crossed Boundary Bay to the Point Roberts marina where he abandoned it. Jenkins had been as a contestant on the reality show Meagen Wants A Millionaire, which airs on VH1.
• A cross-border manhunt for former Point Roberts resident Ryan Jenkins ended with the discovery of his body in the Thunderbird Motel in Hope, B.C. Jenkins had been sought by police from California to Canada after his ex-wife's defaced body was discovered Saturday, August 15 in a Los Angeles dumpster. Jenkins was found dead when the motel manager checked the room in the afternoon.
• Blaine City Council voted to authorize a separation agreement with Terry Galvin who has served as the city's director of community development for nearly 10 years.
Galvin, who was appointed by city manager Gary Tomsic in July, 2000, spearheaded and helped implement many improvement projects in Blaine including the boardwalk, which would be funded through impact fees from development downtown; park and trail improvements along Semiahmoo spit and a pedestrian and bicycle path along a dangerous section of south Peace Portal Drive. He also negotiated with Trillium to concentrate development at the end of Semiahmoo spit in order to maintain unbroken open areas.
• After eight years, 1,076 calls, many arrests and detections including a year in which he found over a quarter ton of drugs, Blaine's police dog Yoschi, 10, is retiring.
• The Blaine school district Readiness To Learn coordinator Jessie Burton reported that she identified 22 Blaine students who are homeless under the McKinney-Vento Homeless Education Assistance Act guidelines. Burton said that last year's total broke down into eight students living in shelters, 35 "doubled up" with family or friends sharing a single family house, eight "couch surfing," technically unaccompanied youth (UAY) staying with a sequence of friends, and another 23 in temporary foster placements.
• A Bellingham-based non-profit environmental group has filed a lawsuit against the city of Blaine following city council's approval of its critical areas ordinance. City attorney Jon Sitkin told council members Monday that the group RE Sources has argued that the city's critical areas ordinance does not meet minimum wetland setback requirements based on "best available science" as dictated in the state's growth management act (GMA) and enforced by the Washington State Department of Ecology (DOE).
• After months of debate, Blaine City Council voted 4-3 to remove developer impact fees city-wide as requested by
developer Ken Imus. The council also eliminated all water and sewer connection fees within city limits in order to spur economic development.
• Blaine incumbents Charlie Hawkins and Bonnie Onyon kept their positions on the city council according to election results released by the Whatcom County Auditor's Office.
• Reconstructed southbound lanes of I-5 at the Peace Arch were opened to traffic eliminating, for the time being, a detour through the Blaine exit that has been in place for over 18 months while the federal General Services Administration (GSA) builds a new customs facility to replace the current 1970s era building.
• Thousands of Whatcom County residents and well-wishers showed up Thursday, November 12, to honor fallen soldier Spc. Aaron Aamot, 22, of Custer. Aamot was a Custer resident and 2006 Ferndale high school graduate who was killed in Afghanistan November 5 after the vehicle he was traveling in drove over an improvised explosive device in the road. He was assigned to the 1st Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment, 5th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division in Fort Lewis.
• Semiahmoo Company filed an application for Semiahmoo West, a large-scale planned unit development (PUD) on 624 acres southwest of the Blaine city limits. The project, which would stretch from Birch Bay Village to Semiahmoo Drive, is projected to have 1,246 residential units, all but 97 of which would be single family houses, divided into seven neighborhoods. It would also include 60,000 square feet of commercial space and multifamily housing.


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WILMINGTON, NC (WECT) – North Carolina will be in the center of the political spotlight in 2012, hosting the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte and carrying the title of "swing state" in the race for the White House. Although she is not up for re-election, Sen. Kay Hagan has traveled across the state to hear from the people who could ultimately hold her political future in their hands.
"There are 100 counties in North Carolina, and I've hit about 64 of them now," said Sen. Hagan, during a break from her "Conversations with Kay" schedule. "In Brunswick County (where she talked with voters Monday) people are concerned about education, our debt and deficit, our country's veterans, beach mitigation, many things that apply to this area."
Sen. Hagan is in her first term as the junior Senator from North Carolina, defeating Elizabeth Dole for the office in 2008. She considers the Democratic National Convention an opportunity for North Carolina. "We will be in the nation's forefront, and will be able to promote tourism from the mountains to the piedmont to the coast," she said in an interview in the WECT studio. "It's going to be a huge opportunity for us."
Sen. Hagan voted for President Obama's Affordable Care Act when it passed through Congress in 2010. In the days after the Supreme Court's decision to uphold the law, she quickly expressed her agreement. "I was pleased with the (Supreme Court's) decision," Sen. Hagan told WECT's Jon Evans. "I think a lot (in healthcare) has changed already. The fact that the insurance companies came out and said 'no matter what the supreme court says, we are going to continue to allow children under the age of 26 to be on their parents healthcare, we want to continue to allow people not to lose their insurance coverage once they get sick'. The key point for so many people in the country is pre-existing conditions. That's very important in this ruling."
When asked if she thought President Obama's campaign for re-election would be hurt by Chief Justice John Roberts' ruling finding the individual mandate penalty to be "a tax", Sen. Hagan said no. Her contention is, even those who do believe the connection should realize it will impact workers who can afford health insurance, and choose not to get it.
"Everybody else who has insurance right now is paying more because of the free riders, the people who can afford insurance but opt not to pay for it," Sen. Hagan said. "That person who can pay, and decides to take a free ride, that's who will be paying that penalty in order to go without health insurance. Everybody else won't have to pay one thousand dollars a year on their policy to cover those people."
President Obama carried North Carolina when he won the White House in 2008. Sen. Hagan believes the President can win the state once again, but believes it will depend on how well supporters get out the vote here and across the country. There are some Democrats in the state's delegation that have not publicly endorsed Obama's re-election effort, Sen. Hagan does not criticize them for their decision.
"That is up to them," she said. "I want to represent all of the people of North Carolina. I didn't go to Washington to play these political games that are being played. I went to get things done, for the people of North Carolina and in this country."
Copyright 2012 WECT. All rights reserved.


text:
Santa Clarita's Snake Wrangler [1]
The following is a reprint of an April news story, reissued with a revised phone number.
Santa Clarita sits on the outskirts of one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United States. While we live in this concrete jungle, it is important to remember that we share it with animals and critters who called it home long before we did.
Hugo Heermaan, a Saugus resident, knows of this symbiotic relationship with our wild friends and has made it his mission to help save them.
Heermaan is a snake wrangler, and will rescue snakes from anyone's yard or home.
"I rescue snakes and relocate them," said Heermaan. "The Fire Department and Animal Control will kill the snakes, especially rattlesnakes. They don't have the time and training to capture them and relocate them."
Heermaan says that years of breeding snakes and his experience with them makes him an expert, but snake wrangling isn't his day job. He is a math teacher at Washington Irving Middle School in Los Angeles.
"The busiest time for rattlesnakes to come out is this time of the year," said Heerman. "They've been underground for about three months and they're coming out to breed and eat."
Heermaan will come out to a home and capture any snake, even rattlesnakes, for free. He then takes the snake back to his home where he hydrates and de-stresses it, before releasing it into the mountains, "far away from people."
Heermaan says that he averages anywhere from 20 to 50 snake rescues a year.
He was recently called out to the YMCA on McBean Parkway to rescue a gopher snake that had made its way into their office.
Despite his dangerous line of work, Heermaan says he has never been bit by a rattlesnake.
"I use proper equipment like tongs and hooks, and never get in the striking range," said Heermaan. "I don't take any chances, my aim is to rescue the rattlesnake, not to get bit."
While Heermaan will rescue the snakes from their human counterparts, he also offers some tips to help stay safe this snake season:
- Learn what certain snakes look like, rattlesnakes have a triangular head and a rattle on their tail.
- A number of snakes are non-venomous, but even still you shouldn't try to catch them unless you're positive it is indeed non-venomous.
- Snakes are looking for food and water. Dog food attracts rodents, which are a favorite of snakes.
- Snakes can climb bushes and low tree limbs, and slip through fences to get into a yard.
- A ¼ inch fine mesh screen installed along the bottom a fence can help keep snakes out.
- Keeping a clean yard and trimmed bushes will limit the amount of hiding places snakes will have in your yard.
"The reason I do the rattlesnake rescue is because I don't like to see them killed," said Heermaan. "They're an important part of the natural community, and serve a purpose. They have a right to be relocated and not killed."
Heermaan can be reached anytime after 3 p.m. on weekdays until summer when he doesn't teach. During summer he can be reached at any time at (805) 660-3348.


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Notice of Approved Amendments to Utah Court Rules
The Supreme Court has approved amendments to the following Utah court rules. The amendments are effective November 1, 2012.
Summary of amendments
URJP 020A. Discovery in non-delinquency proceedings. Amend. Changes comport with the new civil discovery rules and to clarify that the Rule of Civil Procedure regarding subpoenas applies generally in juvenile court and is not limited to depositions on oral questions.
URJP 023. Hearing to waive jurisdiction and certify under Section 78A-6-703; bind over to district court. Amend. Technical change.
URJP 023A. Hearing on conditions of Section 78A-6-702; bind over to district court. Amend. Technical change.
How to view redline text of the approved amendments
To see the text and effective date of the amendments, click on this link to: http://www.utcourts.gov/resources/rules/approved/ and then click on the rule number. All amendments are effective on the dates indicated. Updated versions of the rules will be posted to the main rules web page (http://www.utcourts.gov/resources/rules/) on or about the effective date of the amendments.


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A tractor trailer overturned Sunday afternoon blocking traffic on Highway 18 in Jackson.
J.P.D Officer Colendula Green said an 18-wheeler and truck collided at Thousand Oaks Drive and the highway.
The incident happened at 5:45 p.m. in the eastbound lane near the entrance of the Brookhollow Place Subdivision. One person was transported with unknown injuries.
We were not told the identity of the driver.
The big rig came to a rest on its side halting eastbound travel.
Traffic was rerouted while the wreckage was removed.
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BOSSIER —The Minden Crimson Tide and Lady Tiders dropped non-district games to Airline High School Monday night.
The lack of scoring that has plagued both teams all season struck again, as both teams were held below 40 points.
The Crimson Tide fell to the Vikings, 72-39 and the Lady Vikings beat the Lady Tiders, 57-25.
The Lady Tiders fell behind 16-2 in the first quarter and trailed 34-9 at halftime. The Lady Tiders played better in the second half but were out-scored 16-7 in the third quarter before out-scoring Airline, 9-7, in the fourth.
Metosha Gill and Miranda Fisher both scored 10 points to lead the Lady Tiders.
The Crimson Tide were out-scored 23-5 by the Vikings in the first quarter and then 19-8 in the second to trail 42-13 at the half. The second half played much more even, as Airline only out-scored Minden 14-13 in the third and 16-13 in the fourth.
Reggie Seamster led the Crimson Tide with nine points and Dominique Walker and Elgin Moore each added six. Tray Hawkins scored four points and Tra Thornton added three. D.J. Wallace scored four points.
The Tide fell to 5-8 with the loss and the Lady Tiders are now 4-9.
Both teams will take a break through the Christmas Holidays and will play next on December 30 at Homer High School.


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Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
The Kingdom of Macedonia in 336 BC.
|Ancient Macedonian,
Attic Greek, Koine Greek
|Greek Polytheism
|Oligarchic Monarchy
|Caranus (first)
|Perseus (last)
|Historical era
|Classical Antiquity
|Founded by Karanus
|Rise of Macedon
|Conquest of Persia
|Partition of Babylon
|Wars of the Diadochi
|Battle of Pydna
Macedonia or Macedon (/ˈmæsɪˌdɒn/; Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía; Ancient: [ma͜akedoní.a͜a]) was an ancient Greek[2][3] kingdom.[4] Centered in the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula,[5] the kingdom was bordered by Epirus to the west, Paeonia to the north, the region of Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south. The rise of Macedon, from a small kingdom at the periphery of Classical Greek affairs, to one which came to dominate the entire Hellenic world, occurred under the reign of Philip II. For a brief period, after the conquests of Alexander the Great, it became the most powerful state in the world, controlling a territory that included the former Persian empire, stretching as far as the Indus River; at that time it inaugurated the Hellenistic period of Ancient Greek civilization.
- 1 Name
- 2 History
- 3 Institutions
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 Further reading
- 7 External links
The name Macedonia (Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía) comes from the ancient Greek word μακεδνός (Makednos). It is commonly explained as having originally meant "a tall one" or "highlander", possibly descriptive of the people.[6][7] The shorter English name variant Macedon developed in Middle English, based on a borrowing from the French form of the name, Macédoine.[8]
Early history and legend
The lands around Aegae, the first Macedonian capital, were home to various peoples. Macedonia was called Emathia (from king Emathion) and the city of Aiges was called Edessa, the capital of fabled king Midas in his youth. In approximately 650 BC, the Argeads, an ancient Greek royal house led by Perdiccas I established their palace-capital at Aegae.[9]
It seems that the first Macedonian state emerged in the 8th or early 7th century BC under the Argead Dynasty, who, according to legend, migrated to the region from the Greek city of Argos in Peloponnesus (thus the name Argead). Herodotus mentions this founding myth when Alexander I was asked to prove his Greek descent in order to participate in the Olympic Games, an athletic event in which only men of Greek origin were entitled to participate. Alexander proved his (Argead) descent and was allowed to compete by the Hellanodikai: "And that these descendants of Perdiccas are Greeks, as they themselves say, I happen to know myself, and not only so, but I will prove in the succeeding history that they are Greeks. Moreover the Hellanodicai, who manage the games at Olympia, decided that they were so: for when Alexander wished to contend in the games and had descended for this purpose into the arena, the Greeks who were to run against him tried to exclude him, saying that the contest was not for Barbarians to contend in but for Greeks: since however Alexander proved that he was of Argos, he was judged to be a Greek, and when he entered the contest of the foot-race his lot came out with that of the first."[10] The Macedonian tribe ruled by the Argeads, was itself called Argead (which translates as "descended from Argos").
Other founding myths served other agenda: according to Justin's, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, Caranus, accompanied by a multitude of Greeks came to the area in search for a new homeland [11] took Edessa and renamed it Aegae. Subsequently, he expelled Midas and other kings and formed his new kingdom. Conversely, according to Herodotus, it was Dorus, the son of Hellen who led his people to Histaeotis, whence they were driven off by the Cadmeians into Pindus, where they settled as Macedonians. Later, a branch would migrate further south to be called Dorians.[12]
The kingdom was situated in the fertile alluvial plain, watered by the rivers Haliacmon and Axius, called Lower Macedonia, north of the mountain Olympus. Around the time of Alexander I of Macedon, the Argead Macedonians started to expand into Upper Macedonia, lands inhabited by independent Macedonian tribes like the Lyncestae and the Elmiotae and to the West, beyond Axius river, into Eordaia, Bottiaea, Mygdonia, and Almopia, regions settled by, among others, many Thracian tribes.[13] To the north of Macedonia lay various non-Greek peoples such as the Paeonians due north, the Thracians to the northeast, and the Illyrians, with whom the Macedonians were frequently in conflict, to the northwest. To the south lay Thessaly, with whose inhabitants the Macedonians had much in common both culturally and politically, while to west lay Epirus, with whom the Macedonians had a peaceful relationship and in the 4th century BC formed an alliance against Illyrian raids.[14]
Near the modern city of Veria, Perdiccas I (or, more likely, his son, Argaeus I) built his capital, Aigai (modern Vergina). After a brief period under Persian rule under Darius Hystaspes, the state regained its independence under King Alexander I (495–450 BC). In the Peloponnesian War Macedon was a secondary power that alternated in support between Sparta and Athens.[15]
Involvement in the Classical Greek world
Prior to the 4th century BC, the kingdom covered a region approximately corresponding to the Western and Central parts of province of Macedonia in modern Greece. A unified Macedonian state was eventually established by King Amyntas III (c. 393–370 BC), though it still retained strong contrasts between the cattle-rich coastal plain and the fierce isolated tribal hinterland, allied to the king by marriage ties. They controlled the passes through which barbarian invasions came from Illyria to the north and northwest. It became increasingly Atticised during this period, though prominent Athenians appear to have regarded the Macedonians as uncouth.[16] Before the establishment of the League of Corinth, even though the Macedonians apparently spoke a dialect of the Greek language and claimed proudly that they were Greeks, they were not considered to fully share the classical Greek culture by many of the inhabitants of the southern city states, because they did not share the polis based style of government.[15][17] Herodotus, one of the foremost biographers in antiquity who lived in Greece at the time when the Macedonian king Alexander I was in power, recorded:
"And that these descendants of Perdiccas are Hellenes, as they themselves say, I happen to know myself, and not only so, but I will prove in the succeeding history that they are Hellenes. Moreover the Hellanodikai, who manage the games at Olympia, decided that they were so: for when Alexander wished to contend in the games and had descended for this purpose into the arena, the Hellenes who were to run against him tried to exclude him, saying that the contest was not for Barbarians to contend in but for Hellenes: since however Alexander proved that he was of Argos, he was judged to be a Hellene, and when he entered the contest of the foot-race his lot came out with that of the first." [18]
Over the 4th century Macedon became more politically involved with the south-central city-states of Ancient Greece, but it also retained more archaic features like the palace-culture, first at Aegae (modern Vergina) then at Pella, resembling Mycenaean culture more than classic Hellenic city-states, and other archaic customs, like Philip's multiple wives in addition to his Epirote queen Olympias, mother of Alexander.
Another archaic remnant was the very persistence of a hereditary monarchy which wielded formidable – sometimes absolute – power, although this was at times checked by the landed aristocracy, and often disturbed by power struggles within the royal family itself. This contrasted sharply with the Greek cultures further south, where the ubiquitous city-states mostly possessed aristocratic or democratic institutions; the de facto monarchy of tyrants, in which heredity was usually more of an ambition rather than the accepted rule; and the limited, predominantly military and sacerdotal, power of the twin hereditary Spartan kings. The same might have held true of feudal institutions like serfdom, which may have persisted in Macedon well into historical times. Such institutions were abolished by city-states well before Macedon's rise (most notably by the Athenian legislator Solon's famous σεισάχθεια seisachtheia laws).
Rise of Macedon
Amyntas had three sons; the first two, Alexander II and Perdiccas III reigned only briefly. Perdiccas III's infant heir was deposed by Amyntas' third son, Philip II of Macedon, who made himself king and ushered in a period of Macedonian dominance in Greece. Under Philip II, (359–336 BC), Macedon expanded into the territory of the Paeonians, Thracians, and Illyrians. Among other conquests, he annexed the regions of Pelagonia and Southern Paeonia.[19]
Philip redesigned the army of Macedon adding a number of variations to the traditional hoplite force to make it far more effective. He added the hetairoi, a well armoured heavy cavalry, and more light infantry, both of which added greater flexibility and responsiveness to the force. He also lengthened the spear and shrank the shield of the main infantry force, increasing its offensive capabilities.
Philip began to rapidly expand the borders of his kingdom. He first campaigned in the north against non-Greek peoples such as the Illyrians, securing his northern border and gaining much prestige as a warrior. He next turned east, to the territory along the northern shore of the Aegean. The most important city in this area was Amphipolis, which controlled the way into Thrace and also was near valuable silver mines. This region had been part of the Athenian Empire, and Athens still considered it as in their sphere. The Athenians attempted to curb the growing power of Macedonia, but were limited by the outbreak of the Social War. They could also do little to halt Philip when he turned his armies south and took over most of Thessaly.
Control of Thessaly meant Philip was now closely involved in the politics of central Greece. 356 BC saw the outbreak of the Third Sacred War that pitted Phocis against Thebes and its allies. Thebes recruited the Macedonians to join them and at the Battle of Crocus Field Phillip decisively defeated Phocis and its Athenian allies. As a result Macedonia became the leading state in the Amphictyonic League and Phillip became head of the Pythian Games, firmly putting the Macedonian leader at the centre of the Greek political world.
In the continuing conflict with Athens Philip marched east through Thrace in an attempt to capture Byzantium and the Bosphorus, thus cutting off the Black Sea grain supply that provided Athens with much of its food. The siege of Byzantium failed, but Athens realized the grave danger the rise of Macedon presented and under Demosthenes built a coalition of many of the major states to oppose the Macedonians. Most importantly Thebes, which had the strongest ground force of any of the city states, joined the effort. The allies met the Macedonians at the Battle of Chaeronea and were decisively defeated, leaving Philip and the Macedonians the unquestioned master of Greece.
Philip's son, Alexander the Great (356–323 BC), managed to briefly extend Macedonian power not only over the central Greek city-states by becoming Hegemon of the League of Corinth (also known as the "Hellenic League"), but also to the Persian empire, including Egypt and lands as far east as the fringes of India. Alexander helped spread the Greek culture and learning through his vast empire. Although the empire fractured into multiple Hellenic regimes shortly after his death, his conquests left a lasting legacy, not least in the new Greek-speaking cities founded across Persia's western territories, heralding the Hellenistic period. In the partition of Alexander's empire among the Diadochi, Macedonia fell to the Antipatrid dynasty, which was overthrown by the Antigonid dynasty after only a few years, in 294 BC.
Hellenistic era
Antipater and his son Cassander gained control of Macedonia but it slid into a long period of civil strife following Cassander's death in 297 BC. It was ruled for a while by Demetrius I (294–288 BC) but fell into civil war.
Demetrius' son, Antigonus II (277–239 BC), defeated a Galatian invasion as a condottiere, and regained his family's position in Macedonia; he successfully restored order and prosperity there, though he lost control of many of the Greek city-states. He established a stable monarchy under the Antigonid dynasty. Antigonus III (239–221 BC) built on these gains by re-establishing Macedonian power across the region.
What is notable about the Macedonian regime during the Hellenistic times is that it was the only successor state to the Empire that maintained the old archaic perception of kingship, and never adopted the ways of the Hellenistic monarchy. Thus the king was never deified in the same way that Ptolemies and Seleucids were in Egypt and Asia respectively, and never adopted the custom of Proskynesis. The ancient Macedonians during the Hellenistic times were still addressing their kings in a far more casual way than the subjects of the rest of the Diadochi, and the kings were still consulting with their aristocracy (Philoi) in the process of making their decisions.
Conflict with Rome
Under Philip V of Macedon (221–179 BC) and his son Perseus of Macedon (179–168 BC), the kingdom clashed with the rising power of the Roman Republic. During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Macedon fought a series of wars with Rome. Two major losses that led to the end of the kingdom were in 197 BC when Rome defeated Philip V, and 168 BC when Rome defeated Perseus. The overall losses resulted in the defeat of Macedon, the deposition of the Antigonid dynasty and the dismantling of the Macedonian kingdom. Andriscus' brief success at reestablishing the monarchy in 149 BC was quickly followed by his defeat the following year and the establishment of direct Roman rule and the organization of Macedon as the Roman province of Macedonia.
The political organization of the Macedonian kingdom was a three-level pyramid: on the top, the King and the nation, at the foot, the civic organizations (cities and éthnē), and between the two, the districts. The study of these different institutions has been considerably renewed thanks to epigraphy, which has given us the possibility to reread the indications given us by ancient literary sources such as Livy and Polybius. They show that the Macedonian institutions were near to those of the Greek federal states, like the Aetolian and Achaean leagues, whose unity was reinforced by the presence of the king.
The King
The king (Βασιλεύς, Basileús) headed the central administration: he led the kingdom from its capital, Pella, and in his royal palace was conserved the state's archive. He was helped in carrying out his work by the Royal Secretary (βασιλικὸς γραμματεύς, basilikós grammateús), whose work was of primary importance, and by the Council. The title "king" (basileús) may have not officially been used by the Macedonian regents until Alexander the Great, whose "usage of it may have been influenced by his ambivalent position in Persia."[20]
The king was commander of the army, head of the Macedonian religion, and director of diplomacy. Also, only he could conclude treaties, and, until Philip V, mint coins.
The number of civil servants was limited: the king directed his kingdom mostly in an indirect way, supporting himself principally through the local magistrates, the epistates, with whom he constantly kept in touch.
Royal succession in Macedon was hereditary, male, patrilineal and generally respected the principle of primogeniture. There was also an elective element: when the king died, his designated heir, generally but not always the eldest son, had first to be accepted by the council and then presented to the general Assembly to be acclaimed king and obtain the oath of fidelity.
As can be seen, the succession was far from being automatic, more so considering that many Macedonian kings died violently, without having made dispositions for the succession, or having assured themselves that these would be respected. This can be seen with Perdiccas III, slain by the Illyrians, Philip II assassinated by Pausanias of Orestis, Alexander the Great, suddenly died of malady, etc. Succession crises were frequent, especially up to the 4th century BC, when the magnate families of Upper Macedonia still cultivated the ambition of overthrowing the Argaead dynasty and to ascend to the throne.
The king was the simple guardian and administrator of the treasure of Macedon and of the king's incomes (βασιλικά, basiliká), which belonged to the Macedonians: and the tributes that came to the kingdom thanks to the treaties with the defeated people also went to the Macedonian people, and not to the king. Even if the king was not accountable for his management of the kingdom's entries, he may have felt responsible to defend his administration on certain occasions: Arrian tells us that during the mutiny of Alexander's soldiers at Opis in 324 BC, Alexander detailed the possessions of his father at his death to prove he had not abused his charge.
It is known from Livy and Polybius that the basiliká included the following sources of income:
- The mines of gold and silver (for example those of the Pangaeus), which were the exclusive possession of the king, and which permitted him to strike currency, as already said his sole privilege till Philip V, who conceded to cities and districts the right of coinage for the lesser denominations, like bronze.
- The forests, whose timber was very appreciated by the Greek cities to build their ships: in particular, it is known that Athens made commercial treaties with Macedon in the 5th century BC to import the timber necessary for the construction and the maintenance of its fleet of war.
- The royal landed properties, lands that were annexed to the royal domain through conquest, and that the king exploited either directly, in particular through servile workforce made up of prisoners of war, or indirectly through a leasing system.
- The port duties on commerce (importation and exportation taxes).
The most common way to exploit these different sources of income was by leasing: the Pseudo-Aristotle reports in the Oeconomica that Amyntas III (or maybe Philip II) doubled the kingdom's port revenues with the help of Callistratus, who had taken refuge in Macedon, bringing them from 20 to 40 talents per year. To do this, the exploitation of the harbour taxes was given every year at the private offering the highest bidding. It is also known from Livy that the mines and the forests were leased for a fixed sum under Philip V, and it appears that the same happened under the Argaead dynasty: from here possibly comes the leasing system that was used in Ptolemaic Egypt.
Except for the king's properties, land in Macedon was free: Macedonians were free men and did not pay land taxes on private grounds. Even extraordinary taxes like those paid by the Athenians in times of war did not exist. Even in conditions of economic peril, like what happened to Alexander in 334 BC and Perseus in 168 BC, the monarchy did not tax its subjects but raised funds through loans, first of all by his Companions, or raised the cost of the leases.
The king could grant the atelíē (ἀτελίη), a privilege of tax exemption, as Alexander did with those Macedonian families which had losses in the battle of the Granicus in May 334: they were exempted from paying tribute for leasing royal grounds and commercial taxes.
Extraordinary incomes came from the spoils of war, which were divided between the king and his men. At the time of Philip II and Alexander, this was a considerable source of income. A considerable part of the gold and silver objects taken at the time of the European and Asian campaigns were melted in ingots and then sent to the monetary foundries of Pella and Amphipolis, most active of the kingdom at that time: an estimate judges that during the reign of Alexander only the mint of Amphipolis struck about 13 million silver tetradrachms.
The Assembly
All the kingdom's citizen-soldiers gather in a popular assembly, which is held at least twice a year, in spring and in autumn, with the opening and the closing of the campaigning season.
This assembly (koinê ekklesia or koinon makedonôn), of the army in times of war, of the people in times of peace, is called by the king and plays a significant role through the acclamation of the kings and in capital trials; it can be consulted (without obligation) for the foreign politics (declarations of war, treaties) and for the appointment of high state officials. In the majority of these occasions, the Assembly does nothing but ratify the proposals of a smaller body, the Council. It is also the Assembly which votes the honors, sends embassies, during its two annual meetings. It was abolished by the Romans at the time of their reorganization of Macedonia in 167 BC, to prevent, according to Livy, that a demagogue could make use of it as a mean to revolt against their authority.
Council (Synedrion)
The Council was a small group formed among some of the most eminent Macedonians, chosen by the king to assist him in the government of the kingdom. As such it was not a representative assembly, but notwithstanding that on certain occasions it could be expanded with the admission of representatives of the cities and of the civic corps of the kingdom.
The members of the Council (synedroi) belong to three categories:
- The somatophylakes (in Greek literally "bodyguards") were noble Macedonians chosen by the king to serve to him as honorary bodyguards, but especially as close advisers. It was a particularly prestigious honorary title. In the times of Alexander there were seven of them.
- The Friends (philoi) or the king's Companions (basilikoi hetairoi) were named for life by the king among the Macedonian aristocracy.
- The most important generals of the army (hégémones tôn taxéôn), also named by the king.
The king had in reality less power in the choice of the members of the Council than appearances would warrant; this was because many of the kingdom's most important noblemen were members of the Council by birth-right.
The Council primarily exerted a probouleutic function with respect to the Assembly: it prepared and proposed the decisions which the Assembly would have discussed and voted, working in many fields such as the designation of kings and regents, as of that of the high administrators and the declarations of war. It was also the first and final authority for all the cases which did not involve capital punishment.
The Council gathered frequently and represented the principal body of government of the kingdom. Any important decision taken by the king was subjected before it for deliberation.
Inside the Council ruled the democratic principles of isegoria (equality of word) and of parrhesia (freedom of speech), to which even the king subjected himself.
After the removal of the Antigonid dynasty by the Romans in 167 BC, it is possible that the synedrion remained, unlike the Assembly, representing the sole federal authority in Macedonia after the country's division in four merides.
Regional districts (Merides)
The creation of an intermediate territorial administrative level between the central government and the cities should probably be attributed to Philip II: this reform corresponded with the need to adapt the kingdom's institutions to the great expansion of Macedon under his rule. It was no longer practical to convene all the Macedonians in a single general assembly, and the answer to this problem was the creation of four regional districts, each with a regional assembly. These territorial divisions clearly did not follow any historical or traditional internal divisions; they were simply artificial administrative lines.
This said, it should be noted that the existence of these districts is not attested with certainty (by numismatics) before the beginning of the 2nd century BC.
See also
- Ancient Macedonians
- Ancient Macedonian army
- Ancient Macedonian calendar
- Ancient Greece
- Vergina Sun
- List of kings of Macedon
- Alexander the Great
- Diadochi
- Antigonid dynasty
- Seleucid Empire
- Ptolemaic dynasty
- Crestonia
- Lynkestis
- Orestis
- Deuriopus
- Tymphaia
- Elimiotis
- Almopia
- Eordaea
- Mygdonia
- Paeonia
- Pelagonia
- Cleopatra
- Notes
- ^ J. Roisman, I. Worthington. A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons, 2010. p. 92
- ^ – Alexander the Great: "Youths of the Pellaians and of the Macedonians and of the Hellenic Amphictiony and of the Lakedaimonians and of the Corinthians… and of all the Hellenic peoples, join your fellow-soldiers and entrust yourselves to me, so that we can move against the barbarians and liberate ourselves from the Persian bondage, for as Greeks we should not be slaves to barbarians." Pseudo-Kallisthenes, "Historia Alexandri Magni", 1.15.1-4
– Alexander the Great: "Now you fear punishment and beg for your lives, so I will let you free, if not for any other reason so that you can see the difference between a Greek king and a barbarian tyrant, so do not expect to suffer any harm from me. A king does not kill messengers." Historia Alexandri Magni of Pseudo-Kallisthenes, 1.37.9-13
– Alexander the Great addressing his troops prior to the Battle of Issus: "There are Greek troops, to be sure, in Persian service — but how different is their cause from ours! They will be fighting for pay – and not much of at that; we, on the contrary, shall fight for Greece, and our hearts will be in it." Anabasis Alexandri by Roman historian Arrian, Book II, 7
– Alexander's letter to Persian king Darius in response to a truce plea: "Your ancestors came to Macedonia and the rest of Hellas (Greece) and did us great harm, though we had done them no prior injury. I have been appointed leader of the Greeks, and wanting to punish the Persians I have come to Asia, which I took from you." Anabasis Alexandri by Arrian; translated as Anabasis of Alexander by P. A. Brunt, for the "Loeb Edition" Book II 14, 4
– Alexander the Great: "If it were not my purpose to combine barbarian things with things Hellenic (Greek), to traverse and civilize every continent, to search out the uttermost parts of land and sea, to push the bounds of Macedonia to the farthest Ocean, and to disseminate and shower the blessings of the Hellenic justice and peace over every nation, I should not be content to sit quietly in the luxury of idle power, but I should emulate the frugality of Diogenes. But as things are, forgive me Diogenes, that I imitate Herakles, and emulate Perseus, and follow in the footsteps of Dionysos, the divine author and progenitor of my family, and desire that victorious Hellenes should dance again in India and revive the memory of the Bacchic revels among the savage mountain tribes beyond the Kaukasos." On the Fortune of Alexander by Plutarch, 332 a-b
– Alexander addressing the dead Hellenes (the Athenian and Thebean Greeks) of the Battle of Chaeronea: "Holy shadows of the dead, I'm not to blame for your cruel and bitter fate, but the accursed rivalry which brought sister nations and brother people, to fight one another. I do not feel happy for this victory of mine. On the contrary, I would be glad, brothers, if I had all of you standing here next to me, since we are united by the same language, the same blood and the same visions." Historiae Alexandri Magni by Quintus Curtius Rufus
– Alexander I of Macedon, ancestor of Alexander the Great, member of the Argead dynasty: "Tell your king (Xerxes), who sent you, how his Greek viceroy of Macedonia has received you hospitably." Herodotus, Histories, 5.20.4, Loeb
– Alexander I of Macedon, ancestor of Alexander the Great, member of the Argead dynasty, when he was admitted to the Olympic games: "Men of Athens... In truth I would not tell it to you if I did not care so much for all Hellas; I myself am by ancient descent a Greek, and I would not willingly see Hellas change her freedom for slavery. I tell you, then, that Mardonius and his army cannot get omens to his liking from the sacrifices. Otherwise you would have fought long before this. Now, however, it is his purpose to pay no heed to the sacrifices, and to attack at the first glimmer of dawn, for he fears, as I surmise, that your numbers will become still greater. Therefore, I urge you to prepare, and if (as may be) Mardonius should delay and not attack, wait patiently where you are; for he has but a few days' provisions left. If, however, this war ends as you wish, then must you take thought how to save me too from slavery, who have done so desperate a deed as this for the sake of Hellas in my desire to declare to you Mardonius' intent so that the barbarians may not attack you suddenly before you yet expect them. I who speak am Alexander the Macedonian." Herodotus, Histories, 9.45 (ed. A. D. Godley)
– Ian Worthington, English historian and archaeologist: "Not much need to be said about the Greekness of ancient Macedonia: it is undeniable." Ian Worthington, "Philip II of Macedonia", Yale University Press, 2008
– Ulrich Wilcken: "When we take into account the political conditions, religion and morals of the Macedonians, our conviction is strengthened that they were a Greek race and akin to the Dorians. Having stayed behind in the extreme north, they were unable to participate in the progressive civilization of the tribes which went further south." Ulrich Wilcken, "Alexander the Great", p. 22)
– Strabo: "And Macedonia, of course, is a part of Greece." Strabo. VII, Frg. 9 (Loeb, H.L. Jones)
– Herodotus: "Now that these descendants of Perdiccas (Perdiccas I of Macedon, King of Macedonia from about 700 BCE to about 678 BCE) are Greeks, as they themselves say, I myself chance to know and will prove it in the later part of my history." Herodotus, Book 5, Ch. 22, 1 (Loeb)
– Josephus: "And when the book of Daniel was showed to Alexander the Great, where Daniel declared that one of the Greeks should destroy the empire of the Persians, he supposed that himself was the person intended; and as he was then glad, he dismissed the multitude for the present." Josephus 11.8.5
– Arrian: "There a man appeared to them wearing a Greek cloak and dressed otherwise in the Greek fashion, and speaking Greek also. Those Macedonians who first sighted him said that they burst into teers, so strange did it seem after all these miseries to see a Greek, and to hear Greek spoken." Arrian: Anabasis Alexandri: Book VIII (Indica)
– Titus Livius: "The Aitolians, the Akarnanians, the Macedonians, men of the same speech, are united or disunited by trivial causes that arise from time to time; with aliens, with barbarians, all Greeks wage and will wage eternal war; for they are enemies by the will of nature, which is eternal, and not from reasons that change from day to day." Titus Livius, Liber XXXI, 29, 15
– David H. Levinson: "It should be noted that there is no connection between the Macedonians of the time of Alexander the Great who were related to other Hellenic tribes and the Macedonians of today, who are of Slavic Origin and related to the Bulgarians." Encyclopedia of World Cultures (1991), by David H. Levinson, page 239.
– Nicholas Hammond: "Philip was born a Greek of the most aristocratic, indeed of divine, descent... Philip was both a Greek and a Macedonian, even as Demosthenes was a Greek and an Athenian... The Macedonians over whom Philip was to rule were an outlying family member of the Greek-speaking peoples." Nicholas Hummond, Philip of Macedon, Duckworth Publishing, 1998
– Nicholas Hammond: "All in all, the language of the Macedones was a distinct and particular form of Greek, resistant to outside influnces and conservative in pronunciation. It remained so until the fourth century when it was almost totally submerged by the flood tide of standardized Greek." Nicholas Hummond, A History of Macedonia Vol ii, 550-336 BC
– Nicholas Hammond: "As members of the Greek race and speakers of the Greek language, the Macedonians shared in the ability to initiate ideas and create political forms." Nicholas Hummond, "The Miracle that was Macedonia", 1992, p. 206
– M. Opperman, "The Oxford Classical Dictionary 3rd ed. (1996) - Macedonia, Cults", page 905: "Nowadays historians generally agree that the Macedonian ethnos form part of the Greek ethnos; hence they also shared in the common religious and cultural features of the Hellenic world"
– Robin Lane Fox: 1) "Alexander was still the Greek avenger of Persian sacrilege who told his troops, it was said 'that Persepolis was the most hateful city in the world'. On the road there, he met with the families of Greeks who had deported to Persia by previous kings, and true to his slogan, he honoured them conspicuously, giving them money, five changes of clothing, farm animals, corn, a free passage home, and exemption from taxes and bureaucratic harassments." p. 256,
2) "To his ancestors (to a Persian's ancestors) Macedonians were only known as 'yona takabara', the 'Greeks who wear shields on their heads', an allusion to their broad-brimmed hats." p. 104,
3) "Alexander was not the first Greek to be honoured as a god for political favour." p. 131,
4) "In spirit, Alexander made a gesture to the Lydians' sensitivities, though his Greek crusade owed them nothing as they were not Greeks." p. 128. Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great, Penguin Books, UK, 1997
– Katheryn A. Bard: "The Macedonians were originally one of several Greek tribes living on the northern frontier of the Hellenic world." Katheryn A. Bard, Encyclopaedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Taylor & Francis, 1999, p. 460.
– Benjamin Ide Wheeler: "That the Macedonians were Greek by race there can be no longer any doubt. They were the northernmost fragments of the race left stranded behind the barriers." Benjamin Ide Wheeler, Alexander the Great: The Merging of East and West in Universal History, Elibron Classics, 2011
- ^ Zacharia 2008, Simon Hornblower, "Greek Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods", pp. 55–58; Joint Association of Classical Teachers 1984, pp. 50–51; Errington 1990; Fine 1983, pp. 607–608; Hall 2000, p. 64; Hammond 2001, p. 11; Jones 2001, p. 21; Osborne 2004, p. 127; Hammond 1989, pp. 12–13; Hammond 1993, p. 97; Starr 1991, pp. 260, 367; Toynbee 1981, p. 67; Worthington 2008, pp. 8, 219; Chamoux 2002, p. 8; Cawkwell 1978, p. 22; Perlman 1973, p. 78; Hamilton 1974, Chapter 2: The Macedonian Homeland, p. 23; Bryant 1996, p. 306; O'Brien 1994, p. 25.
- ^ Simon Hornblower, "Greek Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods" in Katerina Zacharia, Hellenisms, Ashgate Publishing, 2008, pp. 55–58.
- ^ "Macedonia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
- ^ "Georg Autenrieth, A Homeric Dictionary, μακεδνός". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Johann Baptist Hofmann (1950). Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen. R. Oldenbourg.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. 'Macedon'
- ^ Ring, Trudy (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 753. ISBN 1-884964-02-8.
- ^ Herodotus, Histories, Book 5: Terpsichore 22.
- ^ Justin, 7.1.
- ^ Herodotus, Histories, 1.56.3.
- ^ The Cambridge ancient history: The fourth century B.C. edited by D.M. Lewis et al. I E S Edwards, Cambridge University Press, D. M. Lewis, John Boardman, Cyril John Gadd, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, 2000, ISBN 0-521-23348-8, pp. 723-724.
- ^ Anson, Edward (December 2010). Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian, eds. A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
- ^ a b Kagan, Donald [1] "Twilight of the Polis." Introduction to Ancient Greek History.
- ^ A History of Macedonia by R. Malcolm Errington, Catherine Errington, ISBN 1-56619-519-5, 1994, page 4, "Ancient allegations that the Macedonians were non-Greeks all had their origin in Athens at the time of the struggle with Philip II. ..."
- ^ Ian Worthington, Alexander the Great: A Reader, Routledge, 2003, p. 21: "To Greek literally writers before the Hellenistic period the Macedonians were 'barbarians'. The term referred to their way of life and their institutions, which were those of the ethne and not of the city-state, and it did not refer to their speech. We can see this in the case of Epirus. There Thucydides called the tribes 'barbarians'. But inscriptions found in Epirus have shown conclusively that the Epirote tribes in Thucydides' lifetime were speaking Greek and used names which were Greek. In the following century 'barbarian' was only one of the abusive terms applied by Demosthenes to Philip of Macedon and his people."
- ^ Herodotus, Histories, 5. 22. Translation from http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh5020.htm. Retrieved 11th April 2012.
- ^ South East Europe History pages - Map showing Upper and Lower Macedon and the growth of Macedon 4th BC. [2]
- ^ R. M. Errington, "Macedonian 'Royal Style' and Its Historical Significance," Journal of Hellenic Studies 94 (1974): 20.
Further reading
- Eugene N. Borza: Before Alexander: constructing early Macedonia. Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1999. Pp. 89. ISBN 0-941690-97-0 (pb)
- Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great, Penguin Books, 1973, ISBN 0-14-008878-4 (pb).
- Nicholas G. L. Hammond, The Macedonian State, Oxford University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-19-814883-6. Pg. 12-13.
- Macedonian Empire, 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
- Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington: A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010
External links
- Ancient Macedonia at Livius, by Jona Lendering
- Hellenism in Macedonia, Britannica Online
- Twilight of the Polis and the rise of Macedon on YouTube (Philip, Demosthenes and the Fall of the Polis). Yale University courses, Lecture 24. (Introduction to Ancient Greek History)
- Heracles to Alexander The Great: Treasures From The Royal Capital of Macedon, A Hellenic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy, Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Oxford