text:
White blood cell
|White blood cell
A scanning electron microscope image of normal circulating human blood. In addition to the irregularly shaped leukocytes, both red blood cells and many small disc-shaped platelets are visible.
|Anatomical terminology
White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. Five[1] different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, and several types (including monocytes and neutrophils) are phagocytic. All leukocytes are produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. They live for about three to four days in the average human body. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system.[2]
The number of leukocytes in the blood is often an indicator of disease. In the U.S. there are normally approximately 7000 white blood cells per microliter of blood.[3] They make up approximately 1% of the total blood volume in a healthy adult.[4] An increase in the number of leukocytes over the upper limits is called leukocytosis, and a decrease below the lower limit is called leukopenia. Physical properties of leukocytes (such as volume, conductivity, and granularity) may change. These changes can be due to activation, the presence of immature cells, or the presence of malignant leukocytes in leukemia.
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Types
- 3 Fixed leukocytes
- 4 Disorders
- 5 Counting and reference ranges
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
The name "white blood cell" derives from the physical appearance of a blood sample after centrifugation. White cells are found in the buff, a thin, typically white layer of nucleated cells between the sedimented red blood cells and the blood plasma. The scientific term leukocyte directly reflects its description. It is derived from the Greek word leuko- meaning "white" and kytos meaning "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage. Buffy coat may sometimes be green if there are large amounts of neutrophils in the sample, due to the heme-containing enzyme myeloperoxidase that they produce.
There are several different types of white blood cells. They all have many things in common, but all are distinct in form and function. A major distinguishing feature of some leukocytes is the presence of granules; white blood cells are often characterized as granulocytes or agranulocytes:
- Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes): leukocytes characterized by the presence of differently staining granules in their cytoplasm when viewed under light microscopy. These granules (usually lysozymes) are membrane-bound enzymes that act primarily in the digestion of endocytosed particles. There are three types of granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils, which are named according to their staining properties.
- Agranulocytes (mononuclear leukocytes): leukocytes characterized by the apparent absence of granules in their cytoplasm. Although the name implies a lack of granules these cells do contain non-specific azurophilic granules, which are lysosomes.[5] The cells include lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.[6]
|Microscopic appearance
|Approx. %
in adults
See also:
Blood values
|Diameter (μm)[7]
|Main targets[4]
|Fine, faintly pink (H&E stain)
|6 hours–few days
(days in spleen and other tissue)
|Full of pink-orange (H&E stain)
|8–12 days (circulate for 4–5 hours)
|Bi-lobed or tri-lobed
|Large blue
|A few hours to a few days
|Small lymphocytes 7–8 Large lymphocytes 12–15
|Deeply staining, eccentric
|NK-cells and cytotoxic (CD8+) T-cells
|Years for memory cells, weeks for all else.
|Monocytes migrate from the bloodstream to other tissues and differentiate into tissue resident macrophages, Kupffer cells in the liver.
|Kidney shaped
|Hours to days
Neutrophils defend against bacterial or fungal infection. They are usually first responders to microbial infection; their activity and death in large numbers forms pus. They are commonly referred to as polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, although, in the technical sense, PMN refers to all granulocytes. They have a multi-lobed nucleus that may appear like multiple nuclei, hence the name polymorphonuclear leukocyte. The cytoplasm may look transparent because of fine granules that are pale lilac. Neutrophils are active in phagocytosing bacteria and are present in large amount in the pus of wounds. These cells are not able to renew their lysosomes (used in digesting microbes) and die after having phagocytosed a few pathogens.[9] Neutrophils are the most common cell type seen in the early stages of acute inflammation. They make up 60-70% of total leukocyte count in human blood.[4] The life span of a circulating human neutrophil is about 5.4 days.[10]
Eosinophils primarily deal with parasitic infections. Eosinophils are also the predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions. The most important causes of eosinophilia include allergies such as asthma, hay fever, and hives; and also parasitic infections. In general, their nucleus is bi-lobed. The cytoplasm is full of granules that assume a characteristic pink-orange color with eosin stain.
Basophils are chiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the chemical histamine causing vasodilation. The nucleus is bi- or tri-lobed, but it is hard to see because of the number of coarse granules that hide it. They are characterized by their large blue granules.
Lymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system than in blood. Lymphocytes are distinguished by having a deeply staining nucleus that may be eccentric in location, and a relatively small amount of cytoplasm. Lymphocytes include:
- B cells make antibodies that can bind to pathogens, block pathogen invasion, activate the complement system, and enhance pathogen destruction.
- T cells:
- CD4+ helper T cells: T cells displaying co-receptor CD4 are known as CD4+ T cells. These cells have T-cell receptors and CD4 molecules that, in combination, bind antigenic peptides presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Helper T cells make cytokines and perform other functions that help coordinate the immune response. In HIV infection, these T cells are the main index to identify the individual's immune system integrity.
- CD8+ cytotoxic T cells: T cells displaying co-receptor CD8 are known as CD8+ T cells. These cells bind antigens presented on MHC I complex of virus-infected or tumour cells and kill them. Nearly all nucleated cells display MHC I.
- γδ T cells possess an alternative T cell receptor (different from the αβ TCR found on conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells). Found in tissue more commonly than in blood, γδ T cells share characteristics of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells.
- Natural killer cells are able to kill cells of the body that do not display MHC class I molecules, or display stress markers such as MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MIC-A). Decreased expression of MHC class I and up-regulation of MIC-A can happen when cells are infected by a virus or become cancerous.
Monocytes share the "vacuum cleaner" (phagocytosis) function of neutrophils, but are much longer lived as they have an extra role: they present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized again and killed. This causes an antibody response to be mounted. Monocytes eventually leave the bloodstream and become tissue macrophages, which remove dead cell debris as well as attacking microorganisms. Neither dead cell debris nor attacking microorganisms can be dealt with effectively by the neutrophils. Unlike neutrophils, monocytes are able to replace their lysosomal contents and are thought to have a much longer active life. They have the kidney shaped nucleus and are typically agranulated. They also possess abundant cytoplasm.
Once monocytes move from the bloodstream out into the body tissues, they undergo changes (differentiate) allowing phagocytosis and are then known as macrophages.
Fixed leukocytes[edit]
Some leukocytes migrate into the tissues of the body to take up a permanent residence at that location rather than remaining in the blood. Often these cells have specific names depending upon which tissue they settle in, such as fixed macrophages in the liver, which become known as Kupffer cells. These cells still serve a role in the immune system.
- Histiocytes
- Dendritic cells (Although these will often migrate to local lymph nodes upon ingesting antigens)
- Mast cells
- Microglia
There are two major categories of white blood cell disorders: proliferative and leukopenias.[11] In the proliferative disorders there is an increase in the number of white blood cells. This increase is commonly reactive (ex. due to infection) but may also be cancerous. In leukopenias there is a decrease in the number of white blood cells. Both proliferative disease and leukopenias are quantitative disorders of white blood cells. Qualitative disorders of white blood cells are another category. These are disorders in which the number of white blood cells is normal but the cells do not function normally.[12]
A range of disorders can cause decreases in white blood cells. This type of white blood cell decreased is usually the neutrophil. In this case the decrease may be called neutropenia or granulocytopenia. Less commonly, a decrease in lymphocytes (called lymphocytopenia or lymphopenia) may be seen.[11]
Neutropenia can be acquired or intrinsic.[13] A decrease in levels of neutrophils on lab tests is due to either decreased production of neutrophils or increased removal from the blood.[11] The following list of causes is not complete.
- Medications - chemotherapy, sulfas or other antibiotics, phenothiazenes, benzodiazepines, antithyroids, anticonvulsants, quinine, quinidine, indomethacin, procainamide, thiazides
- Radiation
- Toxins - alcohol, benzenes
- Intrinsic disorders - Fanconi's, Kostmann's, cyclic neutropenia, Chediak-Higashi
- Immune dysfunction - disorders of collagen, AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis
- Blood cell dysfunction - megaloblastic anemia, myelodysplasia, marrow failure, marrow replacement, acute leukemia
- Any major infection
- Miscellaneous - starvation, hypersplenism
Symptoms of neutropenia are associated with the underlying cause of the decrease in neutrophils. For example, the most common cause of acquired neutropenia is drug-induced, so an individual may have symptoms of medication overdose or toxicity. Treatment is also aimed at the underlying cause of the neutropenia.[14] One severe consequence of neutropenia is that it can increase the risk of infection.[12]
Defined as total lymphocyte count below 1.0x109/L, the cells most commonly affected are CD4+ T cells. Like neutropenia, lymphocytopenia may be acquired or intrinsic and there are many causes.[12] This is not a complete list.
- Inherited immune deficiency - severe combined immunodeficiency, common variable immune deficiency, ataxia-telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, immunodeficiency with short-limbed dwarfism, immunodeficiency with thymoma, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, genetic polymorphism
- Blood cell dysfunction - aplastic anemia
- Infectious diseases - viral (AIDS, SARS, West Nile encephalitis, hepatitis, herpes, measles, others), bacterial (TB, typhoid, pneumonia, rickettsiosis, ehrlichiosis, sepsis), parasitic (acute phase of malaria)
- Medications - chemotherapy (antilymphocyte globulin therapy, alemtuzumab, glucocorticoids)
- Radiation
- Major surgery
- Miscellaneous - ECMO, kidney or bone marrow transplant, hemodialysis, kidney failure, severe burn, celiac disease, severe acute pancreatitis, sarcoidosis, protein-losing enteropathy, strenuous exercise, carcinoma
- Immune dysfunction - arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, myasthenia gravis, systemic vasculitis, Behcet-like syndrome, dermatomyositis, Wegener granulomatosis
- Nutritional/Dietary - alcohol abuse, zinc deficiency
Like neutropenia, symptoms and treatment of lymphocytopenia are directed at the underlying cause of the change in cell counts.
Proliferative disorders[edit]
An increase in the number of white blood cells in circulation is called leukocytosis.[11] This increase is most commonly caused by inflammation.[11] There are four major causes: increase of production in bone marrow, increased release from storage in bone marrow, decreased attachment to veins and arteries, decreased uptake by tissues.[11] Leukocytosis may affect one or more cell lines and can be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic, monocytosis, or lymphocytosis.
Neutrophilia is an increase in the absolute neutrophil count in the peripheral circulation. Normal blood values vary by age.[12] Neutrophilia can be caused by a direct problem with blood cells (primary disease). It can also occur as a consequence of an underlying disease (secondary). Most cases of neutrophilia are secondary to inflammation.[14]
Primary causes[14]
- Conditions with normally functioning neutrophils – hereditary neutrophilia, chronic idiopathic neutrophilia
- Pelger–Huet anomaly
- Down syndrome
- Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
- Familial cold urticaria
- Leukemia (chronic myelogenous (CML)) and other myeloproliferative disorders
- Surgical removal of spleen
Secondary causes[14]
- Infection
- Chronic inflammation – especially juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Still's disease[disambiguation needed], Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, granulomatous infections (for example, tuberculosis), and chronic hepatitis
- Cigarette smoking – occurs in 25–50% of chronic smokers and can last up to 5 years after quitting
- Stress – exercise, surgery, general stress
- Medication induced – corticosteroids (for example, prednisone, β-agonists, lithium
- Cancer – either by growth factors secreted by the tumor or invasion of bone marrow by the cancer
- Increased destruction of cells in peripheral circulation can stimulate bone marrow. This can occur in hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
A normal eosinophil count is considered to be less than 0.65×109/L.[12] Eosinophil counts are higher in newborns and vary with age, time (lower in the morning and higher at night), exercise, environment, and exposure to allergens.[12] Eosinophilia is never a normal lab finding. Efforts should always be made to discover the underlying cause, though the cause may not always be found.[12]
Counting and reference ranges[edit]
The complete blood cell count is a blood panel that includes the overall WBC count and various subsets such as the absolute neutrophil count. Reference ranges for blood tests specify the typical counts in healthy people.
See also[edit]
- ^ LaFleur-Brooks, M. (2008). Exploring Medical Language: A Student-Directed Approach (7th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Mosby Elsevier. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-323-04950-4.
- ^ Maton, D., Hopkins, J., McLaughlin, Ch. W., Johnson, S., Warner, M. Q., LaHart, D., & Wright, J. D., Deep V. Kulkarni (1997). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
- ^ "Vital and Health Statistics Series 11, No. 247 (03/2005)" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ a b c d e Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter (2002). "Leukocyte functions and percentage breakdown". Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-4072-9.
- ^ Gartner, L. P., & Hiatt, J. L. (2007). Color Textbook of Histology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: SAUNDERS Elsevier. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-4160-2945-8.
- ^ "White Blood Cells". Wisc-online.com. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
- ^ a b Daniels, V. G., Wheater, P. R., & Burkitt, H.G. (1979). Functional histology: A text and colour atlas. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-01657-7.
- ^ Handin, Robert I.; Samuel E. Lux; Thomas P. Stossel (2003). Blood: Principles and Practice of Hematology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p. 471. ISBN 9780781719933. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
- ^ Wheater, Paul R.; Stevens, Alan (2002). Wheater's basic histopathology: a colour atlas and text. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-07001-6.
- ^ Pillay, J.; Den Braber, I.; Vrisekoop, N.; Kwast, L. M.; De Boer, R. J.; Borghans, J. A. M.; Tesselaar, K.; Koenderman, L. (2010). "In vivo labeling with 2H2O reveals a human neutrophil lifespan of 5.4 days". Blood 116 (4): 625–7. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-01-259028. PMID 20410504.
- ^ a b c d e f Vinay Kumar et al. (2010). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 1416031219.
- ^ a b c d e f g Kenneth Kaushansky et al., ed. (2010). Williams hematology (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0071621512.
- ^ Richard A. McPherson, Matthew R. Pincus, Naif Z. Abraham Jr. et al. (ed.). Henry's clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods (22nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1437709745.
- ^ a b c d Lee Goldman; Andrew I. Schafer (eds.). Goldman's Cecil medicine (24th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1437716040.
External links[edit]
- Atlas of Hematology
- Leukocytes at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)


text:
Share your comments
The immortal fire
Ursu, Anne.
Children's Fiction URSU
Ursu, Anne.
Children's Fiction URSU
Summary: As Philonecron plots to destroy the gods, transform the Underworld, destroy humanity, and remodel Olympus, Mr. Metos takes thirteen-year-old cousins Charlotte and Zee to join the Prometheans, who have an age-old weapon that may help protect them.
Question about returns, requests or other account details?
Add a Comment
|Submission Guidelines

subset: commoncrawl


text:
"Jay and I don't share the prevailing opinion right now that indie film is fucked," says 36-year-old Mark. "We sometimes feel like these guys in a post-apocalyptic world where there are hungry people complaining and bleeding outside, and Jay and I have set ourselves up in a nice little cave â¦"
These days, the metaphorical cave in question is Jay Duplass' office, a modest shed behind his house in Eagle Rock, Calif., where he can write, rock or just plain relax. The two brothers sit on a couch beneath an enormous Italian poster for John Cassavetes' "A Woman Under the Influence," the foreign title of which simply reads "Una moglie" -- or, "A Wife," a translation that makes Jay chuckle.
Cassavetes is just the sort of patron saint to inspire this duo, who had the good fortune of making their debut feature, 2005's "The Puffy Chair," at precisely the moment Panasonic DVX100 came out -- the first camera to record decent 24-frame video, in their opinion. That breakthrough meant they could inexpensively produce their brand of intimate, improvisation-friendly comedies and get them seen via Netflix and other on-demand services. (They were early adopters of the format and have reached exponentially more fans that way than in theaters.)
The siblings followed "The Puffy Chair" with micro-budgeted "Baghead" and "The Do-Deca-Pentathlon," as well as the slightly pricier "Cyrus" for Fox Searchlight and "Jeff" for Paramount. While that resume hasn't exactly made them household names, the brothers aren't nearly so obscure now that they play "the midwives" on "The Mindy Project." Mark in particular does a fair amount of acting, appearing in "Your Sister's Sister," "Safety Not Guaranteed" and "Zero Dark Thirty" last year. He recently wrapped a role as Melissa McCarthy's love interest in "Tammy."
Mark will also star in the Duplass brothers' first stab at a TV series, "Togetherness," which HBO greenlit earlier this month. The switch to television caught the siblings completely off guard. As a rule, Mark says, "We don't break 90 (minutes)," but the "Togetherness" concept -- in which a central couple, a sister and their best friend attempt to live under the same roof -- was unique in that it simply didn't end.
Somewhat sheepishly, they admit they hadn't been paying much attention to what was happening on television. However, now that they both have young kids of their own and aren't traveling the festival circuit so much, the brothers have started to appreciate how subtle some of the open-ending storytelling is on TV. And besides, their style -- very personal with lots of closeups -- lends itself to the smallscreen anyway.
"Mostly what you're trying to do is provide a challenging narrative -- that's why you're in independent film, because the mainstream doesn't want to make it and you can't get the money," Mark says. "Oftentimes, for us, that involves challenging protagonists, people who have questionable moral behavior who are maybe more difficult to like in the first 10 minutes."
But on TV -- and HBO in particular -- the brothers realized they have time to lure audiences into caring about their characters over the course of multiple episodes or seasons. Instead of having to know where every detail they throw up in the air will land, the brothers are learning how to leave things open-ended.
"It's great to have that kind of kindergarten-esque growth at this stage in our careers, where we're learning a whole bunch of new stuff," Mark says. "They taught us how to juggle 150 balls instead of just three."
The duo have already mapped out the first two years of the open-ended series, which co-stars Amanda Peet, Melanie Lynskey and Steve Zissis.
"What we talk about with our movies is how to do the subtlest twists that will register, because that's how we experience life," Jay says. "Like, when you get some rejection, it's not yelling and screaming necessarily. It's usually this tiny thing that if you're privileged with my world, you know what it means."
The Duplasses' sensitivity to such naturalistic details is one of the things that sets their work apart from most megaplex fodder -- what Mark calls "our introspective obsession with human behavior and how funny and sad and odd it can be." It's also one of the aspects that drew name actors like Jonah Hill, John C. Reilly and Jason Segel to collaborate on their features.
According to Jay, the siblings' goal is simply to make a body of interesting, unusual work over the course of their careers, though they hope Mark's name would one day be enough to serve as their own studio. The brothers are also unusually willing to scale their work per the available resources, which is why their attitude is so different from other indie filmmakers, who sorely miss the heyday of multimillion-dollar Miramax movies.
"First, we have something we want to make, and then we figure out how we can make it," Jay says. " 'Baghead' could have been a giant movie" -- with fewer jokes and more slashing -- "and we could have made 'Cyrus' for $10,000 at our house."
In hindsight, the brothers realized that "Jeff Who Lives at Home" had been their stab at a detective story, however unconventional, and their other films each play off existing genres as well. Looking forward, they're pursuing everything from "a trilogy of really expensive movies" to "a whole slew" of $5,000 projects, says Mark, prompting Jay to suggest "a war movie where the worst thing that happens is someone gets their feelings hurt really bad, and the war is way off in the background."
For Mark, one of the top surprises of working on "Zero Dark Thirty" (he shares scenes with James Gandolfini) was realizing that Kathryn Bigelow's process was "almost exactly the same" as theirs: "It was a fully lit room, there were three roaming cameras, a premium was put on performance, improvisation was not only allowed but encouraged. We were not there to march the orders of the script and exact them; we were there to discover what the best version of that moment could be."
Lately, the brothers have surrendered to not knowing who is going to like their movies and why, relieved that audiences can find "Togetherness" on their own terms, whether screening on cable or down the road via HBO Go. They're also encouraged that Twitter chatter is increasing on "Jeff Who Lives at Home," which opened more than 17 months ago.
"We are making movies because we had critical emotional experiences in movie theaters growing up," Jay says. "It moved us; it made us so goddamn happy as human beings. We are trying to return the favor and to be part of that feedback loop" -- and they're completely open to the idea that for the next round of audiences, theaters may not have anything to do with it.
© 2013 Variety Media, LLC, a subsidiary of Penske Business Media; Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC
Related stories


text:
38 U.S. Code § 3312 - Educational assistance: duration
(a) In General.— Subject to section 3695 and except as provided in subsections (b) and (c), an individual entitled to educational assistance under this chapter is entitled to a number of months of educational assistance under section 3313 equal to 36 months.
(b) Continuing Receipt.— The receipt of educational assistance under section 3313 by an individual entitled to educational assistance under this chapter is subject to the provisions of section 3321 (b)(2).
(c) Discontinuation of Education for Active Duty.—
(1) In general.— Any payment of educational assistance described in paragraph (2) shall not—
(A) be charged against any entitlement to educational assistance of the individual concerned under this chapter; or
(B) be counted against the aggregate period for which section 3695 limits the individual's receipt of educational assistance under this chapter.
(2) Description of payment of educational assistance.— Subject to paragraph (3), the payment of educational assistance described in this paragraph is the payment of such assistance to an individual for pursuit of a course or courses under this chapter if the Secretary finds that the individual—
(i) in the case of an individual not serving on active duty, had to discontinue such course pursuit as a result of being called or ordered to serve on active duty under section 688, 12301 (a), 12301 (d), 12301 (g), 12302, or 12304 of title 10; or
(3) Period for which payment not charged.— The period for which, by reason of this subsection, educational assistance is not charged against entitlement or counted toward the applicable aggregate period under section 3695 of this title shall not exceed the portion of the period of enrollment in the course or courses from which the individual failed to receive credit or with respect to which the individual lost training time, as determined under paragraph (2)(B).
Source(Added Pub. L. 110–252, title V, § 5003(a)(1),June 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2362.)
The table below lists the classification updates, since Jan. 3, 2012, for this section. Updates to a broader range of sections may be found at the update page for containing chapter, title, etc.
The most recent Classification Table update that we have noticed was Tuesday, August 13, 2013
An empty table indicates that we see no relevant changes listed in the classification tables. If you suspect that our system may be missing something, please double-check with the Office of the Law Revision Counsel.
|Description of Change
|Session Year
|Public Law
|Statutes at Large
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
Please confirm that your email address is correct, so you can successfully receive this alert.
To the Editor: Antidepressant-induced manic switch is generally seen in patients with risk factors for bipolar disorder. To the contrary, the authors hereby report a case of an adolescent boy who developed fluoxetine-induced hypomania but did not have any risk factor for bipolarity. Hypomania might be a genuine side effect associated with antidepressants like fluoxetine
Literature suggests that antidepressants can precipitate mania in patients with unipolar/bipolar disorder.1 During the pre-drug era, spontaneous mild depression after a manic episode and spontaneous hypomania after a melancholic episode were common, and had no bearing on the primary diagnosis.2 Previous reports of fluoxetine-induced mania/hypomania have been mostly in patients with depression.3,4 It can be argued that these cases had natural manic episodes of bipolar disorder. On the contrary, fluoxetine has been argued to be useful in bipolar II disorder.5 We hereby report a case of an adolescent boy who developed hypomania while on fluoxetine without any risk factor for manic switch.
A 17-year-old boy was suffering from tension-type headache along with mild episodic anxiety symptoms. His past, family, and personal history were nonsignificant. There was no history to suggest depressive features. He was started on fluoxetine 20 mg per day along with relaxation exercises. The patient followed up after a period of 3 weeks with complaints of decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, over-familiarity, increased activity levels, and demanding behavior for the past 4 days. On examination, he had increased psychomotor activity, euphoric affect, racing thoughts, grandiose ideas, and inflated self-esteem. No other significant history was elicited. All his biochemical parameters, including CT head scan, were normal. Diagnosis of fluoxetine-induced hypomania was made. Fluoxetine was stopped, and clonazepam 1 mg was started. The patient improved in hypomanic symptoms in a week's time. He was then followed up, and he continued reporting headache. Amitriptyline was started, gradually increased to 25 mg per day. The patient has been maintained on this dose for the last 8 months without any recurrence of hypomania.
Previous reports of hypomania/mania on fluoxetine have been in cases with a diagnosis of depressive disorder or those with risk factors for bipolar disorder.3,4,6,7 Ours was a case of tension-type headache with nonspecific anxiety symptoms, and did not have any features of depression or any risk factors for bipolar disorder.
We could find only few case reports of mania being induced by SSRIs in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with or without mood disorder.8,9 OCD is also commonly associated with depressive disorder, and recent literature has pointed toward comorbidity of OCD with bipolar disorder.10,11
Probability of mania or hypomania later was remote in this case because of the absence of various risk factors for bipolar disorder.12,13 The absence of depressive disorder or family history of bipolar disorder, temporal correlation between fluoxetine therapy and onset of hypomania, and quick recovery with a low dose of benzodiazepine after complete withdrawal of fluoxetine shows that this is a case of true fluoxetine-induced hypomania.
Unique points of our case are the facts that the patient did not have any depressive disorder or risk factor for mania and the fact that the patient had been well-maintained on amitriptyline. Previous reports have suggested that tricyclic antidepressants like amitriptyline are more commonly associated with manic switch than are SSRIs.14 The biological mechanism of SSRI-induced mania remains unclear, although serotonergic and catecholamine mechanisms have been implicated.15
Tension-type headache is not even a probable risk factor for antidepressant-induced mania or hypomania. It can be argued confidently that previous case reports may have been having natural bipolar disorder and in other cases, probability of mania or hypomania in future cannot be ruled out.
Our case thus represents genuine fluoxetine-induced hypomania. More such reports would help us to differentiate the drug-induced mania or hypomania from a natural switch.
Download citation file:
Web of Science® Times Cited: 2


text:
Join Now
Join ePHOTOzine, the friendliest photography community.
Upload photos, chat with photographers, win prizes and much more for free!
I am now at the point of getting annoyed lol ..
After the purchase of my 5D3 i have decided to get a prime to lighten it up for everyday camera use when for family and day out shots and narrowed it down after masses of research and keeping to a budget of around or under 300 to the new 40mm pancake or the older 35mm f2 probably used.
Finally plumping for the 40mm i decided to do the usual price checking and found most places at similar prices , this led me to choose Kerso ( flashcamera ) ebay store is he came recommended, So paid the money for the new 40mm on ebay and sat back happy with myself. Imagine then my surprise when 2 hours later the money is refunded and i am sent a message to say that i phoned them and agreed a refund. I rang flash camera and was given some pretty lame and non existant excuse about recent frauds ( remembering that i purchased through paypal and on ebay this is no excuse ) and after a pointless discussion with them decided to go elsewhere and left somewhat confused with that situation to say the least.
So i ended up looking again and this time found a good deal on mifsuds , a used 28mm is 2.8 for 299 ! great , rang them up last night and was told would call me today as they were closing to go through the details , just had a phonecall from them - they got the price wrong ! so cant sell me it for 299 ... its actually 499
How hard is it to spend money ?
There are NO camera shops near me and i live in a built up area which pretty much qualifies to be a city , argos , currys etc dont sell the stuff ... it would appear smaller businesses have lost the idea of customer service completely I am going to be left with no choice but to use one of the big guys and that just fuels more closures in the future ...
The nearest place to me is in Sunderland and when i rang them the guy was unsure whether he should stock the 40mm so had not got it in yet ! Apparently my phone call had prompted him to order it , at this rate i might as well wait and go there it will probably cost the same in petrol as delivery would
rant over sorry
Really annoying! We've had the same with tradesmen who come round, make all the right noises and then don't send in an estimate. Things must be good if vendors can't be bothered.
But on a better note, I bought the 40mm as a lightweight carry-around, and it's really nice. Neat and sharp.
Not familiar with Canon Lenses, but is this the one you are talking about? http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_sb_ss_i_0_18?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-k...
Quote: Not familiar with Canon Lenses, but is this the one you are talking about? http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_sb_ss_i_0_18?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=canon+40mm+pancake&sprefix=canon+40mm+pancake%2Caps%2C283
It is and they are good deals too but i was hoping to try and support a smaller trader , seems i may have to go that route tho
all of my camera gear iv bought thro internet and small shops no bother.
Quote: What are Bristol Cameras like anyone ?
They have a small bricks-and-mortar shop in Bristol, as well as an online presence. They look like the sort of small photographic business the OP is referring to, and my experience with them is not encouraging.
I bought my camera (Canon 50D) there about 5 years ago. At the time, they were listed by Camera Price Buster as the cheapest source for that camera, and I happened to be in Bristol that day so I went into the shop to buy it. I was told that there was a £5 premium to pay for actually buying it in the shop. Since they charge for delivery if you buy online, I asked if there was any way of buying for the advertised price, and the guy behind the counter couldn't think of any!
I ended up buying it anyway, but I've steered clear of Bristol Cameras since then.
Andrew try Amazon they have the 35mm f2 for about £200.
The 40mm pancake is even cheaper
Cheers Paul and everyone whos taken time to point out prices etc too !
Wish i could just walk into a shop tomorrow and buy the b**** thing ! Everyones moaning about our dead high streets and wants them back but it seems it just too late we are now all the victims of our own wish for cheaper prices and stuck with nothing but faceless companies like Amazon etc to deal with ..
Try Ffordes http://www.ffordes.com
I've used them for several years (mainly for used Bronica and now used Olympus) and I've always been very pleased with my purchases and service received.
28mm f2.8 for 500! I got mine for 80 from Jacobs!
Add a Comment
ePHOTOzine, the web's friendliest photography community.
Upload photos, chat with photographers, win prizes and much more.


text:
Building Science
Does Your Air Barrier Work in Both Directions?
A PhD and an Architect Build a Net-Zero Home
All About Climate Zones
Does a Heat Pump Condenser Need to Go Outdoors?
ACCA vs. BPI: The Brouhaha Over Energy Audit Standards
Embarking on the Building Science Learning Curve
Vented Crawl Spaces and the Psychrometric Chart Are Not Friends
The Mad Hatter, Isaac Newton, and That Old Thermostat
The Tail-Wagging Labradors of RESNET
How to Install Flex Duct Properly


text:
LOUISVILLE, Ky. (WHAS11) – Louisville Metro Police have arrested a woman after they say she was in possession of heroin while riding with her 8-year-old son.
Shannon Beam, 42, was pulled over in the 9500 block of Preston Highway after officers noticed one operating headlight.
When officers pulled over Beam, they noticed numerous needles and metal spoons associated with heroin usage.
Officers also found a syringe filled with suspected heroin just inches away from her 8-year-old son.
Beam is facing multiple charges including endangering the welfare of a minor, possession of a controlled substance and possession of drug paraphernalia.


text:
John Palguta, Vice President for Policy, Partnership for Public Service
Click here to hear the interview.
Jump to main content.
Host Tom Temin brings you the latest news affecting the federal community each weekday morning, featuring interviews with top government executives and contractors. Listen live from 6 to 9 a.m. or download archived interviews below.
Tuesday - 11/16/2010, 10:56am EST
Click here to hear the interview.


text:
In this seven week study, you'll get simple and easy tools you need to be a successful parent and raise a responsible adult! Whether it's for your Life Group, Bible Study, Sunday School class or personal study, you'll learn parenting secrets in this fun, entertaining and informative study. You'll have plenty to talk about and plenty to take away from Dr. Randy Carlson's expert teaching and years of experience helping parents be intentional. Session topics include these titles plus more:
Marriage and family therapist, radio host and best-selling author Dr. Randy Carlson helps parents navigate all aspects of The Parenting Challenge in this fast paced study. Be among the first to experience these fun, practical and life-changing teachings!
Kit Includes:
You can conquer the parenting challenge!
*Additional Participant Workbooks sold separately


text:
ISPP: International Spouses and Partners at Penn
ISSS would like to welcome International Spouses and Partners to the Penn (ISPP) community. We understand that the families of Penn Students and Scholars are important to their success here in the United States. It is our hope that your time here will be an enriching experience for every member of your family.
2014 Events & Programs
Fall 2014
Family Center at Penn Welcome Back Brunch & Play Date
Saturday, September 20, 2014 10:30 AM – 12:00 PM
PEDAL @ GSE September 19 – December 5, 2014
Free English Classes for adult family members of Penn students, faculty and staff
Penn Women's Center Open House Friday, October 3, 2014 2:00 – 4:00 PM
- Penn Family Day Saturday, October 18, 2014
Penn Museum Kids and Family events Year-round
Spring 2014
- Spring 2014 ISPP Welcome Meeting/Orientation February 20, 2014, 11am - noon at ISSS
- April Brunch & Play Date, Saturday, April 26, 2014 (by Family Resource Center)
- Family Yoga Series (by Family Resource Center)
- Programs at Penn Museum (Year-round)
RAD Self Defense Courses (by Division of Public Safety)
Graduate School of Education PEDAL offerings (by Graduate School of Education)
Resources for ISPP
- Family Resource Center - is a hub for information, resources, activities and advocacy for students and post-docs with children
- Graduate Student Center - provides a stimulating intellectual and social community of graduate students and scholars from across Penn's twelve schools
- Penn Women's Center - supports the evolving needs of all women at Penn
- PennCard Center - family members are also entitled to a PennCard (spouse, domestic partners, children).
- Biomedical Postdoctoral Programs (BPP) - provides biomedical postdocs with the highest quality training in and outside of the labs
- Kids in Center City - provides resources for parents and family friendly events
- Visit Philly - provides city information and things to do in and around Philadelphia


text:
Cross Calais Chrome/Black Lacquer Ball-Point Pen
Rated 4/5 based on 1 reviews
Need more than 374?
Get a factory direct quote firstname.lastname@example.com
|Imprint Area
|1/4"H x 1-1/4"W
|Standard Production Time
|6 days. (Rush production may be available. Learn More)
|7 oz
|Imprint Method
|Laser Engraved No Oxidation (This is the default imprint method. Other imprint methods may be available. Please call for details.)
|Graphic Design
|There is no charge for art modifications and we offer FREE Virtual Proofs. Our skilled graphic design team can help put the finishing touches on your logo or artwork no matter what type of image you send us!
|Sending Artwork
|Artwork can be uploaded during the last step of the checkout if buying or requesting a quote online.
|Prefered Image Formats
|.EPS, .AI, .CDR (Vector format with fonts converted to outlines or curves)
|Accepted Image Formats
|Any PC compatable file. Please to not send compressed Mac Files.
|We have many fonts installed in our system that we are able to use upon request. If a specific font is requested that we do not have on file please have a copy of the font requested emailed to our art department for use.
Average Customer Review
Share your thoughts with other customers
Create your own review
Published 12/05/2013 by Valerie (Phoenix, AZ)
Overall the process to obtain these pens with our custom logo was easy and we feel that we received a good value for the cost. The customer service reps were attentive but not annoying, and were able to provide me with all the information I needed. My only (minor) complaint is that the proof colors were not true to print, although our logo and placement were just fine. The color was slightly off, and there is a note that states that the color may be slightly different--so it was not wholly unexpected. Overall, it was a good experience.
0 out of 0 people found the following review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes - No


text:
Old Spice Scores Again
by Jan Morrison on July 1, 2010 | 9 comments
in Advertising, Brand Management, Video
Old Spice has done it again. The company released its second commercial on Wednesday, as part of its campaign to win over a new demographic and keep the brand alive. And it is even better than the first one, by including even more elements of the most comprehensive female fantasy every created.
Old Spice's advertising agency Wieden + Kennedy, chose the perfect spokesperson in Isaiah Mustafa and gave him just the right script to attract a younger audience to a product line that used to be for men who you would only refer to as "sir."
Mustafa's character fits the mold of contradictions many women daydream about—strong, kind, perfectly toned, handy around the house, skilled with baking, romantic and a little dangerous. I picture a table (or more likely, a bar) full of creative people brainstorming every possible element of any woman's relationship fantasy. The only things missing might be caring for a baby, cleaning the house, or asking what happens next in my vampire romance novel.
Old Spice accomplishes all this without dismissing its heritage as a product for gentlemen. Its new deodorant packaging even pays homage to its past by audaciously printing this on the back:
The logo still incorporates some imagery from the previous version, the packaging uses the same color scheme, and the commercials still contain a little whistle at the end.
We do not know exactly what the return on investment (ROI) has been for the campaign. The company has not released any sales or profit data that reflects the result of the new campaign, and Procter & Gamble Co., has invested almost all of last year's advertising budget into this one campaign.
But if any other women who are in charge of purchasing for their households love it as much as I do, the company will reap significant results from Mustafa's personified female fantasy.
9 Responses to Old Spice Scores Again
These commercials are incredibly funny and creative. Now, how could we make this work for a dental office…
The creators totally get the concept of porn for women! There is at least one aspect of these commercials that appeals to every women on a deep romantic level (at least in fantasy). I get such a kick out of them. Great commentary, Jan!
Thanks for the comments–I can't wait to see what Old Spice comes up with next.
I thought this commercial, and the similar one before it, were very clever. And it's brilliant marketing a men's product to women – the ones who often make the shopping decisions.
Unfortunately, after showing my girlfriend this commercial, and telling her how I thought it was excellent, she started accusing me of having a "man crush."
This:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-fLV28SkZ8 is what oldspice has been doing over the past 24 hours. Personalized videos with Mustafa in response to tweets and facebook messages. Amazing!
Yes, this is well done. The social media component with the personalized YouTube messages adds a clever viral element to this campaign as well. The agency truly knocked this one out of the park in my book. I hope the ROI backs that up.
Pingback: Old Spice Sales Prove Campaign's Success « Lovell Links
Pingback: New Old Spice Man Takes Campaign in Wrong Direction « Lovell Links
Pingback: New Old Spice Man Takes Campaign in Wrong Direction | Lovell Communications


text:
Welcome International Customers
We're excited to share our jewelry collection with you!
Just choose your country and currency to personalize your shopping experience.
We're excited to share our jewelry collection with you!
Just choose your country and currency to personalize your shopping experience.
4.00 ct. t.w. Ruby Stud Earrings in Sterling Silver
Clearance: $22.50
6.60 ct. t.w. Ruby Stud Earrings in 14kt Yellow Gold
Our Price: $165.00
20.00 ct. t.w. Ruby Stud Earrings in 14kt Gold Over Sterling
Our Price: $40.00
.60 ct. t.w. Round Ruby Earrings in 14kt Yellow Gold
Our Price: $65.00
Item#: 769324
Put your best foot forward with these simply styled, yet elegant 5.20 ct. t.w. pear-shaped ruby earrings. Beautifully embellished with .40 ct. t.w. round diamonds. Clutch/post, polished sterling silver earrings.
Due to the incredible value on your Clearance selection, no additional discounts apply.
Details Gift
Box Our 100%
3/8 inch
Sterling STERLING SILVER: Also known as "Standard Silver," sterling silver is silver alloyed with other metals to increase the hardness and durability. Generally, sterling is 92.5% silver and 7.5% other metals. Some sterling silver jewelry is plated with 14kt-18kt gold and referred to as "vermeil," or "gold over sterling." Silver
Polished POLISHED: A buffed-out finish used to produce a mirror-like shine.
Post/Clutch POST/CLUTCH: An earring with a post insert and a slide-on clutch backing to hold it in place.
Hanging Length:
1/2 inch
Stones per Earring:
Stone 1:
Ruby RUBY: A bold fiery stone, the ruby is a symbol of wealth, vitality and love. When cut and polished, the ruby's high luster is as dazzling as a diamond's. Ruby jewelry makes the perfect gift for loved ones and is the birthstone for July. (Color: Red, Quantity: 2, Shape & Cutting Style: Pear PEAR: Similar to the outline of a pear fruit, this is a round shape that comes to a point on one side. Fancy, Weight: 5.20 ct. t.w., Size: 10x7 mm)
Stone 2:
Diamond Diamond: The hardest and most brilliant of all gemstones, a diamond can make the heart race with its pure and fiery spark. An ancient symbol of love, a diamond is the preferred gemstone for tokens of affection, such as rings, earrings, necklaces and bracelets. Diamond is the birthstone for April. (Quantity: 44, Shape & Cutting Style: Round, Color Grade: H-I, Clarity: I2-I3, Weight: 0.40 ct. t.w.)
Recently Viewed Items
You May Also Like
Balinese 15.00 Carat Ruby Ring in 14kt Yellow Gold and Sterling Silver
Our Price: $175.00
4.30 ct. t.w. Ruby Bangle Bracelet in Sterling Silver
Clearance from: $165.00
10.00 Carat Ruby and Cultured Pearl Drop Necklace in 14kt Yellow Gold. 18"
Our Price: $105.00
4.80 ct. t.w. Ruby and .25 ct. t.w. Diamond Necklace in Sterling Silver. 18"
Clearance: $195.00
Ruby and .19 ct. t.w. Diamond Pendant Necklace in Sterling Silver. 18"
Clearance: $225.00
Learn More About: Sterling Silver Polished Finish Earring Buying Guide Ruby Diamond
5.0out of


text:
Chiffon A-line with Beaded Lace on Empire Style 9V9743
David's Bridal Woman
This item is available in stores and online.*
Beautifully detailed, fitted bodice flows into a soft and flowing chiffon skirt. Empire waist is accented with exquisite, hand-beaded lace and ruching detail.
To preserve your wedding dreams, try our Wedding Gown Preservation Kit.
Train that extends one and a third yards (about 4 feet) from the waist.
A popular neckline for brides seeking a stylish and versatile look (offering unlimited jewelry and accessory options).
A sheer, flowing fabric that drapes well on the body.
A dress with a fitted bodice that gradually flares from the waist. A-line styles are flattering for all women.
A bodice with a high waistline directly below the bust. A great look for most body types.
customers bought with this dress
Chiffon A-line with Beaded Lace on Empire Style 9V9743 341 345
Pic doesn't do it justice Being a plus-size woman, I didn't think this would be an option for me but when my consultant picked it out for me and I tried it on...it was dreamy and flowing on my 5ft2 stature. June 25, 2012
Love, love, love When I was looking at dresses online I had saved this dress to my favorites and kind of forgotten about it, since there was some other dresses I was interested in trying on. This was the first dress my consultant had me tried on and it was just perfect, it made me look and feel good and my mom started crying and I started crying and I just knew this dress was the one! It's flattering and the detail is beautiful having it on is nothing compared to the picture online, I cannot wait for my fianc�� to see it September!! Thanks David's Bridal of Ontario, CA! June 18, 2012
Online - No Justice! I tried on this dress 1st, and I refused to try on others... Once I came out of the dressing room and saw my mom and aunt cry and everyone who was in the dressing area just stop and stare... I knew it was it!!! I didn't even want to go dress shopping... I'm a size 18-20 and was embarressed to go dress shopping... Was I ever wrong - I had a great time and I will look stunning on 09/29/12, when I marry the man of my dreams after 11 yrs dating... June 16, 2012
The dress picked me This was not the dress I had my heart set on.When I went to my appointment at David's Bridal I had a dress in mind. I had about five other dresses that I wanted to try on. This dress was not one of them. I tried on my dream dress and I was disappointed on how fit. My heart was broken. I waited three months to finally go dress shopping and in a few minutes it was over. I still continued to try on the rest of the dresses then I came across this one. My bridal consultant picked it out as soon as i tried it on i knew this was it. I got really emotional. The dress made feel beautiful and elegant. Everyone was in awe. This dress picked me. I love my dress. June 11, 2012
89-92 of 345
*Color & Style representation may vary by monitor. Not responsible for typographical or pictorial errors. Product availability varies by store and online. Some in-store purchases require special order and markdown styles cannot be special ordered. Contact your local store for details.


text:
"Let's Ride" to this smooth Chicago hip hop/R&B collab.
Tag Archives: pak.one
The Astros pay homage to EPMD for a new release featuring LP and female rapper TWSS #TBT
One of the most personal, lyrical jams yet from M.L.A.
Download the complete set from M.L.A. (Yup, that's Vinsanity on the cover.)
GWHH Video: The Chicago duo M.L.A. featured in our new art piece.
"Can you play that song again?" #ANewDope
Chicago producer pak.one puts down an amazing sound for the official remix.
#ANewDope release that'll appeal to old-school hip hop heads.
The smooth video/song premiere for the title track to M.L.A.'s upcoming summer project.
The Chicago duo links with singer Mr. Music for this spacey add to your rotation.
Plus, one of M.L.A.'s new tracks gets some hip hop dance choreography…
M.L.A.'s new video is a trippy experience bringing to life the trill rhymes.
Fellow Chicago emcee Young General joins the brothers on a collab we saw come together since the beginning…
There's a D12 "Purple Pills" feel to the new track from the Chicago duo with a #TBT cover to match…
A new smoker's anthem with an ill production from the Chicago duo.
The Mint Lab Astronauts drop a jazzy, feel-good anthem to keep the new grooves going.


text:
Available Colors/Styles
Detail Pics
That good place between skating in burly shoes with no board-feel and skating barefoot.
DVS used its innovative Flex Feel technology to give the Inmate Skate Shoe an incredibly light weight and near-barefoot feel. Of course, durable canvas uppers, a smooth toe, and herringbone tread on the outsole all come together to make this a tough, protective shoe. Plus, the shoe's slim-fit design and minimal padding give you a modern, sleek fit.
Share your thoughts
What do you think of the
DVS Inmate Skate Shoe - Men's
? Share a...
Do dvs shoes run big or small?
Member since
Do dvs shoes run big or small?
John Marchant
Member since
DVS runs pretty true to size. Just get your normal size, and if they dont fit, you can always send them back.
Brad Gobdel
Member since
I wear an 11.5 in all DVS shoes and they fit true to size.


text:
Welcome to nava yoga center
Welcome to nava yoga center and an invitation to practice yoga that cultivates an inner resiliency to stay afloat even on your busiest days. Experience yoga that embraces principles, practice, performance and balance to find your way to stillness, centering, community and peace.
nava yoga center offers a full schedule of Vinyasa yoga classes. We also offer specialized classes for beginners and athletes, yoga for healing, restorative, prenatal and heated yoga. We have a Yoga Wall and three studios open Monday to Friday with the flexibility for creating your own one-on-one or small group class for tailored instruction. We have changing rooms with access to showers, steam and sauna, and we sell yoga mats, props & clothing in our store. All classes are drop-in, no need to pre-register.


text:
Artscow is currently running a promotion for 7 FREE Photo Books…all you pay is the $7.99 shipping on each. To get the promotion enter code FREE7BOOKS HERE and then click Validate. Offer ends May 30th.
Artscow: Photo Books $7.99 Shipped
{ 0 comments… add one now }
Leave a Comment
Previous post: Borders: $10 GC with $50 Purchase


text:
Chemical Engineering
Using the science of chemistry and the disciplines of engineering and mathematics, chemical engineers solve societal problems by inventing and producing materials and by finding more efficient processing methods.
Chemical engineers are the key professionals involved in the production of fuels, food, pharmaceuticals, clean water, and the modern materials used in electronics, apparel, and construction. Chemical engineers are responsible for the recovery and management of raw materials found on land, in the oceans, and in space.
Chemical engineers design processes, equipment, plant-testing procedures, evaluation techniques, and standards in all areas of chemical production, as well as with pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.
Graduates from the chemical engineering program at Widener work for chemical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, semiconductor, pulp and paper, polymer, contracting and consulting firms, and the government. Many graduates continue on to graduate school.
The Chemical Engineering program provides:
- a basis in the natural and engineering sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences
- an opportunity to participate in our Co-op Program
Widener Undergraduate Chemical Engineering Program is accredited by The Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET, 111 Market Place, Suite 1050, Baltimore, MD 21202-4012, telephone: (410) 347-7700.


text:
Ohio > West Carrollton City Yellow Pages > Arts and Entertainment > Events > Event Services West Carrollton City
The Pleasure of Your Company LLC
(402) 714-7135
Congratulations! He asked. You said, "Yes". You do not have to do another thing but 'say yes to t... More>
CenterPoint Marketing Inc
(651) 578-3600
To be absolutely sure your exhibit, event, or marketing environment hits the target, you need an... More>
Legacy Transportation Services
(702) 852-0754
Legacy Transportation Services, an agent for UniGroup Logistics and United Van Lines provides nat... More>
updating results
You are currently searching


text:
Stormwater Quality Cost Share Program
Financial assistance to install stormwater projects
The City of Raleigh's Stormwater Management Division offers a Stormwater Quality Cost Share Program to homeowners, businesses, and public or government agencies wanting to improve the quality of stormwater runoff on their property.
Project Examples
Examples of projects considered as improvements to the water quality of Raleigh's streams and lakes include:
- Cisterns
- Rain gardens and bioretention devices
- Back yard wetlands and stormwater wetlands
- Green roofs
- Underground infiltration devices
- Permeable pavement
- Removal and/or conversion of impervious surfaces
- Stream buffer restoration/critical planting
- Stream restoration and shoreline restoration
Program Eligibility Requirements
- Any landowner, including residential, commercial, or public entity, paying the stormwater utility fee is eligible to petition for assistance in this program.
- If the proposed project is part of new construction of the property, it must provide water quality benefits exceeding current regulatory requirements for stormwater management.
- Projects receiving cost share funding will not be eligible for credits included in the City of Raleigh Stormwater Utility Credit and Adjustment Manual. However, these projects may be eligible for an adjustment based on reductions in impervious area or the use of semi-impervious surfaces.
Cost Share Funding Options Available for the Petitioner
The City's funding portion will be based on the least cost alternative for the proposed project.
There are two different cost share formulas available for petitioners.
- If the petitioner agrees to maintain the project to ensure it functions properly for 5 years, the cost share formula will be 50% City and 50% property owner.
- If the petitioner agrees to maintain the project to ensure it functions properly for 10 years, the cost share formula will be 75% City and 25% property owner.
Complete petition requests include all information, studies, etc., necessary for staff review. Petition requests that are not complete may be deferred to the next review cycle.
Review Process for Petition Requests for Funding Assistance
- A completed Funding Assistance Request Form is required to evaluate the request for cost share assistance from the City.
- Upon review and evaluation by Stormwater Management staff, the petition request is scheduled for the next available Stormwater Management Advisory Commission (SMAC) meeting.
- Petition requests are reviewed by the SMAC on a quarterly basis throughout the year. Complete petition requests are due at least two weeks prior the scheduled SMAC meeting.
- The SMAC reviews petition requests and provides recommendations to the City Council.
- The City Council may approve, deny, hold for future consideration, or request additional information concerning the petition request.
Review dates:
|Deadline to submit
Petition Request
|Review Date by
|Review Date by
City Council
|2nd Friday in December
|1st Thursday in January
|1st Tuesday in February
|2nd Friday in March
|1st Thursday in April
|1st Tuesday in May
|2nd Friday in June
|1st Thursday in July
|1st Tuesday in August
|2nd Friday in September
|1st Thursday in October
|1st Tuesday in November
Approval and Next Steps
If the project is approved by the City Council, the petitioner is asked to sign an agreement ensuring the agreed upon maintenance period of the project. The petitioner is also asked to submit annual reports demonstrating the project is continuing to function as intended.
Projects are prioritized based on whether they are located within an impaired watershed and on the project's overall cost/benefit regarding pollutant removal.
The improvement project can be managed by City Stormwater Management staff or can be managed by the property owner with City Stormwater funding provided as a reimbursement after installation is complete.
Design and construction time frames will depend on staff availability and available City funding. If the project is managed by the property owner, the City will need to approve all designs and inspect all work necessary for the project.
Completed Projects
View our completed Stormwater Quality Projects.
Contact the Stormwater Management Division at 919-996-3940 or via email.