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Braun 3-390 Shaver
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Braun 3-390 Shaver
- Clean&Renew™ System
- Triple Action FreeFloat™ System
- SmartFoil™
- 5 x LED Charging, Cleaning & Replacement Part Indicators
- 5 Min Quick Charge
- Extendable Trimmer For Moustache & Sideburns
- Energy Efficient Smartplug
- Travel Pod
- 2 Years Manufacturers Guarantee
- Braun 3-390 Shaver
Service Guarantee available:
4 Year Protection £49.00
The Series 3 is specifically designed for guys who don't want to compromise. Thanks to the improved Triple Action FreeFloat system, increased motor speed and new SensoFoil, the Series 3 - 380 wet and dry shaver not only delivers better shaving but it can even be used in the shower and with foams and gels. Braun's Series 3 combines world-famous Braun designs with the highest quality. Features: New SensoFoil for a more efficient shave - the optimised foil cuts hairs more easily, while still gliding smoothly across your skin for less irritation. Improved Triple Action FreeFloat system with improved performance on 3-day beards and great skin comfort - 3 independently moving cutting elements adapt to every facial contour and effectively cut both long and short hairs with every stroke. Triple Action Cutting system - twin foils and an integrated middle trimmer shave progressively closer. Precision long hair trimmer for precise styling. The 3 Series long hair trimmer is a great and precise tool to trim your sideburns, moustache or beard, to keep your looking sharp everyday. Comes with a display for charging and battery status indication. Powerful rechargeable Ni MH battery. Washable and waterproof. Braun shavers have a fully sealed body and can be rinsed quickly and easily under running water. Full charge in only 1 hour for 45 minutes of cordless shaving - a quick 5 minute charge is sufficient for one cordless shave. Braun's SmartPlug has an automatic worldwide voltage adjustment. It adapts to an outlet voltage between 100V and 240V for your best convenience at home or travelling. 2-year Braun warranty.BRAUN helpline: 0800 7837010.
Service Guarantee available:
4 Year Protection £49.00
Braun Waterflex Shaver.
The Braun WaterFlex shavers offer amazing skin comfort and an excellent close shave even in problem areas with their contour-adaptive swivel head. They combine highest ergonomic Braun design with non-slip grip with highest German Braun quality standards.
They are specifically designed for usage under the shower and/or with foam to provide an outstanding and comfortable skin feeling during the shave and to prevent skin irritation.
- Suitable for wet and dry use
- Fully washable
- Contour-adaptive swivel head for excellent adaptation
- OptiBlade - for perfect closeness that lasts longer
- 3-stage cutting system for best cutting
- Precision long hair trimmer for precise styling
- 2-stage LED display for battery status
- Powerful rechargeable Li-Ion battery with no memory effect
- Full charge in 1 hour only - 45 minutes
- Cordless shaving Braun Waterflex Shaver
Service Guarantee available:
4 Year Protection £61.00
With this Braun Wet and Dry Shaver you can get a close, clean shave every day without any unwanted irritation.
The extra sensitive and intensive modes make it ideal for moving across your face without any nicks and cuts, while the pivoting shaver head and floating foils ensure it moves with the contours of your skin for an even finish.
The intelligent sonic technology offers 10,000 micro vibrations with every stroke, lifting even the shortest of hairs for a thorough and comfortable shave. The ActiLift works along side this, with an oscillating middle trimmer to pick up flat-lying hairs for a smooth finish.
The foils have holes in a range of sizes so they capture hair growing in different directions for a close shave every time and as it can be used wet and dry, this Braun shaver offers complete versatility.
Giving you 50 minutes of power per one hour charge, it can be taken anywhere to get a great shave no matter what.
The clean and renew stand not only charges your shaver, it also cleans, dries and lubricates too so you can get a brilliantly close shave every day with minimum effort.
Useful info:
- Wet and dry design
- Pivoting shaver head
- Floating foils
- 50 minutes of battery power per one hour charge
- LCD battery level indicator
- Triple action cutting system
- Clean and renew system stand
- Intelligent sonic technology
- 10,000 micro vibrations with every stroke
- 3 personalisation modes
- Sensitive and intensive modes
- ActiveLift technology
- Braun Wet and Dry Shaver 799WD
Service Guarantee available:
4 Year Protection £61.00
Braun 720-4 Foil Shaver
For the ultimate smooth shave, the Braun 720-4 Foil Shaver's triple action cutting system and 10,000 micro vibrations with every stroke capture more hair with minimum skin friction.
Braun's patented ActiveLift technology includes an oscillating middle trimmer that lifts and cuts flat-lying hair for an even shave even in problem areas.
A fully flexible shaving system combines a pivoting shaver head with floating foils to ensure the Braun 720-4 Foil Shaver glides easily across all the contours of your face.
OptiFoil technology gives you Braun's most advanced foil has zones with differently sized holes to capture hairs growing in different directions.
The Braun 720-4 Foil Shaver is fully washable for easy maintenance and comes with a travel case and cleaning brush.
One hour of charging gives you 50 minutes of cordless shaving.
Useful info:
- Foil and blades in a single cassette
- Washable
- Pulsonic power
- Captures more hair and reduces skin friction
- Cross-cutting technique
- SensoFlex system
- Power comb
- Braun 720-4 Foil Shaver
Replacement Guarantee available:
4 Year Protection £30.00
Enjoy some seriously smooth looks with this contour-hugging Braun Series 3 foil shaver 340S4.
The triple-action free-float cutting system gives a comfortably close shave to leave you looking good for a day at the office or a night on the town.
A quick charge time of just five minutes is enough to give you a shave when you're in a rush, while the extendable trimmer is ideal for grooming a goatee, sideburns or moustache.
You can also use the Braun Series 3 foil shaver 340 for either a wet or dry shave for complete versatility.
Useful info:
- Wet or dry mens shaver
- 5-minute quick charge
- Mains/rechargeable
- 2x LED charging indicators
- Triple-action free-float system
- Smart foil
- Extendable trimmer
- Energy efficient smart plug
- Travel pod
- Braun Series 3 Mens Foil Shaver 340
Braun Series 5 5040WD Foil Shaver
- Activelift - Unique oscillating middle trimmer lifts and cuts flat lying hair - for a thorough shave even in problem areas.
- Optifoil - Braun's most advanced foil with Ergonomicalley sized holes cuts hair deeper than ever before for perfect closeness that lasts. Contour adaptive shaving head with
- Flexi Motion Tec - 33 pivoting shave head perfect adapts around the jaw line and under the chin.
- Triple action cutting system - 3 special cutting elements shave long hair as easily as short hair.
- Fully washable - All Braun shavers are easy to clean under running tap water.
Replacement Guarantee available:
4 Year Protection £27.00
With this Braun Cruzer 5 Shaver you can personalise your facial hair to suit your style.
The pop-up trimmer is perfect for shaping your beard, mustache and sideburns to give you a clean finish no matter what look you're going for. It also features SensoFoil, giving you close, smooth results.
The cordless design ensures you have complete freedom as you shave, offering an impressive 45 minutes of power from just one hour of charging. There's also an LED display that lets you know the battery status.
This Braun shaver can easily be rinsed under the tap and it also comes with oil, a brush and a protection cap to keep it sharp and clean.
- Cordless shaver
- Pop-up trimmer
- SensoFoil design
- LED display
- Mains rechargeable
- Low charge and battery status
- 45 minutes power per one hour charge
- Includes protection cap, oil and cleaning brush
- Braun Cruzer 5 Shaver
Enjoy some seriously smooth looks with this contour-hugging Braun 380 Series 3 foil shaver.
The triple-action free-float cutting system gives a comfortably close shave to leave you looking good for a day at the office or a night on the town.
A quick charge time of just 5 minutes is enough to give you a shave when you're in a rush. The extendable trimmer is also ideal for grooming a goatee, sideburns or moustache.
You can also use the fully waterproof Braun 380 Series 3 foil shaver for either a wet or dry shave.
Hard to reach areas around your neck and chin can be kept clean shaven with total precision using the Precision Lock. And the 5 LED indicator lights provide accurate information about the battery charge and replacement parts status of this superb Series 3 shaver.
Useful info:
- 5 minute quick charge
- Triple Action FreeFloat system
- SmartFoil
- Charging, cleaning and replacement part indicators
- Extendable trimmer for moustache and sideburns
- Energy efficient Smartplug
- Precision lock
- Extra LED
- Travel pouch
- Braun 380 Series 3 foil mens shaver
With active cooling technology, the Braun CoolTec CT2s Shaver helps to minimise redness and irritation to give you a smooth and comfortable shave.
Suitable for wet and dry shaving, it has a 3 stage cutting system to ensure you can trim even the shortest of hairs. The SensoBlade technology also adds to the cooling system to give a totally refreshing shave.
The cordless design offers you complete freedom, and it takes only one hour to fully charge for 45 minutes of shaving time.
Dermatologically tested it's an ideal way to get a crisp, cool shave wherever you are and really put skin irritation on ice.
- Suitable for wet and dry shaving
- Fully charged one hour
- Up to 45 minutes of shaving time
- SensoBlade technology
- 3 stage cutting system
- LED display
- Battery power display
- Waterproof up to 5 metres
- Dermatologically tested
- Powerful long hair trimmer
- Braun CoolTec CT2S Shaver
Braun Series 5 5030 Foil Shaver
- Shaver
- Clean and Charge
- LED with 1+1 battery status
- Cleaning Indicator
- Travel Lock
- Drawstring Pouch
- Protective Cap
- Brush
Service Guarantee available:
4 Year Protection £61.00
World's 1st shaver with active cooling technology. Braun's CoolTec is a revolutionary new dry shaver that has the power to take the heat out of shaving and put shaving irritation on ice. This power, on top of the stylish design and thoughtful engineering you'd expect from Braun, makes CoolTec quite possibly the most technologically advanced dry shaver in the world, delivering a simply outstanding shaving performance for men with sensitive skin.
- Wet and dry use
- Fully washable
- Active cooling technology
- Adaptable 3-stage cutting system
- SensoBlade powerful long hair trimmer
- LED display
- Powerful rechargeable Li-Ion battery
- Up to 45 minutes cordless shaving
- Travel pouch
- 2 year warranty
- Braun CT2 CoolTec White Sensitive Shaver


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Product DescriptionWith a durable water-repellent finish, waterproof/breathable coating, and fully taped seams, this rugged parka is built tough to withstand the harshest elements. The Kalkaska Snorkel Parka is made from 6-oz. 100\\% nylon canvas fabric, lined with down-proof nylon, and quilted with 550-fill duck down insulation for all-day comfort and warmth. All main seams are triple-stitched for added durability. Features an attached, insulated three-piece hood with barrel-lock closure and adjustable back; removable faux-fur trim around the hood opening; full-length front zipper with inner storm flap; outer storm flap with hook-and-loop closure; inner-sleeve rib-knit storm cuffs with angled cuff openings; and a drawcord-adjustable waist and bottom hem. Two lower front insulated pockets with hook-and-loop top closures and zippered side-entry handwarmer pouches; left sleeve pocket with hook-and-loop flap closure; security pocket on the inside of the outer storm flap; left chest interior pocket with media port; and two large interior pockets with snap closures. Imported.
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Comments about Carhartt Mens Down Kalkaska Snorkel Parka:
By far one of the best parkas I have ever owned..better than anticipated. Good fit. Sleeves and inner cuff excellent. Only drawback is hood sits loose unless tightened from rear of hood. Pleased with my black one I purchased one in olive. Worth every penny.
- Chest Size:
- Feels true to size
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- Feels true to length
- Gear Usage:
- Cold Weather Living, Work In Sub Arctic Area
- Was this a gift?:
- No

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Former Bulldog assistant and associate head coach Nick McDevitt is UNC Asheville's new head men's basketball coach.
McDevitt replaces long-time head coach Eddie Biedenbach, who resigned in April of 2013 to take an assistant coaching position at UNC Wilmington. He becomes the sixth head coach of the Bulldog program.
"We are delighted to introduce Nick McDevitt as our new head basketball coach," stated UNC Asheville Director of Athletics Janet Cone upon McDevitt's hire. "In the nine years I've worked with Nick, he has always conducted himself as a champion and a leader.
"Nick has earned this opportunity. While guiding our program this past month, he distinguished himself as the leading candidate during the search process," added Cone. "Nick is the perfect person to continue not only our winning tradition that we have established at UNC Asheville but also to provide us with a vision and a plan for greater levels of achievement in the future."
"This is an especially proud moment for UNC Asheville to name Nick McDevitt, a lifetime Bulldog, as our new head coach. As a four-year player who maintained a place on the Dean's List while majoring in history, Nick has embodied how to do Division I athletics the right way," stated UNC Asheville Chancellor Anne Ponder. "It is a testament to Nick's work ethic and basketball IQ that he is now ready to carry on the UNC Asheville tradition of excellence. Nick is the best person to build on UNC Asheville's momentum, and to give our young, exciting Bulldog team the leadership they need to be successful on and off the court."
"I want to thank Janet Cone, Chancellor Ponder and the Board of Trustees for the opportunity to continue my journey in coaching at such a wonderful place," stated McDevitt. "UNC Asheville has a rich basketball tradition. We have been fortunate to enjoy the Eddie Biedenbach era, and I believe that we are poised to do even better greater things. I'm excited about the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead."
After graduating from UNC Asheville in 2001, Biedenbach immediately appointed McDevitt to his coaching staff. He served as an assistant coach for 10 seasons before being elevated to Associate Head Coach in 2011. During McDevitt's tenure as an assistant and associate head coach, the Bulldog program has captured three Big South Conference Tournament championships, three Big South regular-season titles and made four post-season trips. Asheville has competed in the NCAA Tournament three times (2003, 2011, 2012) and the NIT once (2008). The Bulldog program has posted a 113-82 overall record over the last six seasons and a Big South-best 68-34 league record during that period.
McDevitt was a four-year letterman for the Bulldogs from 1997 through 2001. He graduated in May 2001 with a degree in history. His playing time increased steadily during his career as he became a key player for UNC Asheville off the bench in the 2000-01 season. He was fifth on the team in three-pointers made with 11 and led the team by shooting 52 percent from long distance.
He has coached 15 different Bulldog players who have earned All-Big South Conference honors.
McDevitt enjoyed a standout career at Madison HS in Marshall. He was the starting point guard for the Patriots for three seasons and led the 2-A school to three straight conference championships and two regional appearances. McDevitt averaged 17 points and 10 assists his senior year and earned all-region honors by the Asheville Citizen-Times. In addition, he is Madison's all-time leader in assists and steals.
Nick coached the Tennessee Travelers 17-Under team in 2001 and assisted Bob Gibbons' Tournament of Champions in 1999 and 2001.
Last summer, he was named to Asheville's inaugural "Forty Under 40" class by the Asheville Chamber of Commerce. Nick was recognized for making a mark in the Asheville area in professional achievements and commitment to excellence.
The Marshall native was married to the former Lauren Cooper this past August.
What People Are Saying About Nick McDevitt
Eddie Biedenbach (Former UNC Asheville head coach)
"Nick is very deserving of this opportunity. I am very happy for him and know he'll do a great job. Nick was an exemplary player and coach for our program and a key reason for our success."
Brad Brownell (Clemson head coach)
"This is a great hire by UNC Asheville. Nick knows every aspect of the program as he was terrific player and coach for Asheville. He's a bright, young coach who knows what to look for in recruits that fit in at Asheville. It will be a smooth transition for him as head coach and I am confident he'll continue the winning tradition that Asheville has established."
Bruce Peterson (Member of Search Committee & Board of Trustees Liaison with Athletics)
"We went through a great array of candidates and Nick was outstanding during this process. We are very confident that Nick is the right person to lead our men's basketball program at this time."
Marcus Neely (Member of UNC Asheville men's basketball team)
"Coach McDevitt is a great leader and he's going to take us to the next level. I know he's ready to be a head coach. We all have a great relationship with him and can't wait to start playing for him."
Nelson Bobb (Former Director of Athletics at UNC Greensboro & Advisor to Coaching Search)
"Nick McDevitt is a fine hire for the job at UNC Asheville. He has a love for the university and the program. Nick has what it takes to be a head coach. I am confident he'll do a great job."


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Ramsar Advisory Missions: Report No. 22, Donau-March-Auen, Austria (1991)
Special attention is given to assisting member States in the management and conservation of listed sites whose ecological character is threatened. This is carried out through the Ramsar Advisory Mission, a technical assistance mechanism formally adopted by Recommendation 4.7 of the 1990 Conference of the Parties. (The Ramsar Advisory Mission mechanism was formerly known as the Monitoring Procedure and the Management Guidance Procedure.) The main objective of this mechanism is to provide assistance to developed and developing countries alike in solving the problems or threats that make inclusion in the Montreux Record necessary.
Ramsar Advisory Mission No. 22: Austria (1991)
REPORT NO. 20 [vere 22]
General Introduction
1. Each Contracting Party to the Ramsar Convention ("Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat" Ramsar, 1971) "shall designate suitable wetlands within its territory for inclusion in a List of Wetlands of International Importance" (Article 2.1 of the Convention). The Contracting Parties "shall designate at least one wetland to be included in the List" (Article 2.4) and "shall formulate and implement their planning so as to promote the conservation of the wetlands included in the List"(Article 3.1). Furthermore, each Contracting Party "shall arrange to be informed at the earliest possible time if the ecological character of any wetland in its territory and included in the list has changed, is changing or is likely to change as the result of technological developments, pollution or other human interference. Information on such changes shall be passed without delay to the organization or government responsible for continuing bureau duties" (Article 3.2).
2. These are the principal stipulations of the Convention concerning wetlands included in the Ramsar List. Successive meetings of the Conference of the Contracting Parties (held in 1980 at Cagliari, Italy, in 1984 at Groningen, Netherlands, and in 1987 at Regina, Canada,) have devoted special attention to the conservation of listed wetlands and to the best ways of avoiding change in ecological character.
3. Conference Document C.3.6 of the Regina meeting ("Review of national reports submitted by Contracting Parties and Review of implementation of the Convention since the second meeting in Groningen, Netherlands in May 1984") included a section (paragraphs 66 to 107) entitled "Changes in the ecological character of listed wetlands". This section recalls that it is "essential that, after a wetland has been designated for the List, its conservation status should be maintained", and that "the concept of preventing change in the ecological character is fundamental to the Ramsar Convention". Paragraphs 74 to 107 then review the various wetlands on the List where such changes have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur.
4. During the discussion of these paragraphs, several delegates emphasized the importance of avoiding changes of this kind in listed wetlands and the Conference approved a Recommendation (C.3.9) on this matter. The Recommendation (text attached to the present document) urges Contracting Parties to take swift and effective action to prevent any further degradation of sites and to restore, as far as possible the value of degraded sites; the Recommendation requests Contracting Parties in whose territory are located the sites identified in Conference Document C.3.6 as having incurred or being threatened by damage, to report to the Convention Bureau the actions undertaken to safeguard these sites.
5. At the fourth meeting of the Ramsar Conventions Standing Committee in 1988, the members (Pakistan, Canada, Chile, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, Tunisia and USA) and observers (United Kingdom, IUCN, IURB and WWF) considered the best way of promoting the implementation of Recommendation C.3.9. A "Monitoring Procedure" was adopted by the Standing Committee to enable the Ramsar Bureau to work with the Contracting Party (or Parties) concerned, in order to find a solution to possible change in ecological character at Ramsar sites; this procedure has been used since February 1988 by the Convention Bureau. The 1990 Montreux Conference approved Recommendation C.4.7 which "endorses the measures taken by the Standing Committee to establish a Ramsar Monitoring Procedure"; the Montreux Conference made a number of amendments to the text of the Procedure; this revised text is appended to the present report (Appendix I). Recommendation C.4.7 also .instructs the Bureau to continue to operate this procedure when it receives information on adverse or likely adverse changes in ecological character at Ramsar sites. Recommendation C.4.7 finally "determines that Monitoring Procedure reports shall be public documents once the Contracting Party concerned has had an opportunity to study the reports and comment on them".
6. The Montreux Conference also approved Recommendation C.4.8 on "Change in ecological character of Ramsar sites". This recommendation referred back to Regina document C.3.6 and to the similar document presented at Montreux (document INF. C.4.18) which, in its paragraph 224, lists 44 Ramsar sites in 23 countries which appear to have undergone, to be undergoing or to be likely to undergo change in ecological character. Recommendation C.4.8 requests the Contracting Parties concerned to take swift and effective action to prevent or remedy such changes; it instructs the Bureau to maintain a record of such sites and to give priority to application of the Monitoring Procedure at sites included in this record.
7. Funding for the Monitoring Procedure is provided from the Conventions core budget and also from additional voluntary contributions made by Contracting Parties, Unesco and interested non-government organizations, notably WWF and RSPB (the Royal Society for Protection of Birds, UK).
Implementation of the Ramsar Convention in Austria - general
8. Austria deposited its instrument of accession to the Ramsar Convention with the Director-General of Unesco, Paris, on 16 December 1982. The Convention therefore came into force for Austria on 16 April 1983 (Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1983, 89. Stuck, ausgegeben am 12. April 1983, Seiten 1157-1164). At the time of accession, Austria designated five wetlands for the List of wetlands of international importance: Neusiedlersee (Burgenland); Donau-March-Auen (Niederösterreich); Untere Lobau (Wien); Stauseen am Unteren Inn (Oberösterreich); and Rheindelta, Bodensee (Vorarlberg). Purgschachen Moor (Steiermark) was added to the Ramsar List in September 1991. Austria has not yet accepted the Paris Protocol nor the Regina Amendments, but has informed the Ramsar Bureau that acceptance procedures will be completed in the near future. An Austrian delegation took part in the 1984, 1987 and 1990 meetings of the Conference of Contracting Parties. Austria has also been represented as an observer at meetings of the Ramsar Standing Committee. Austria has made annual financial contributions to the budget of the Convention since such contributions were instituted in 1988, and has recently made additional voluntary contributions to the Ramsar Wetland Conservation Fund, and to the cost of producing the Ramsar "Newsletter". An Austrian National Ramsar Committee has been established with participation by representatives of the Federal and Provincial Governments and of invited NGOs. This Committee meets once or twice a year, according to need.
Donau-March-Auen - general background
9. The area designated for the Ramsar List by Austria under the name "Donau-March-Auen" covers an area of 38,500 hectares in the province of Niederösterreich. It is immediately adjacent to another Austrian Ramsar site, "Untere Lobau" (1039 hectares), which in administrative terms comes under the authority of the neighbouring provincial government of Vienna, but which in ecological terms is a continuation of the Donau-March-Auen. The term "Au", immediately recognisable in German but unfamiliar in most other languages (though significantly, the Czechs have a word for it - "Luh"), refers to areas along the valleys of the major central European rivers, with their ox-bows, damp oak and alder forests, and hay meadows, subject to periodic flooding at the time of snow melt or sudden downpours. As river regulation, hydroelectric energy production, and agricultural reclamation intervene, this unique habitat dwindles and disappears. Practically none is left along the Rhine; along the Danube and its tributaries, it is under severe threat. The Donau-March-Auen are the only major section of "Au" so far designated for the Ramsar List.
10. The Austrian Ramsar site extends along 35 kms of the course of the River Donau (Danube) downstream of Vienna as far as the border with Hungary and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, and along 15 kms of the course of the River Thaya and 60 kms of the course of the March, from the border between Austria and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic just north of Berhardsthal to the confluence with the Danube at the Hainburger Pforte (see map of the area, as deposited by Austria at the time of accession - Appendix II). This position along international frontiers should be emphasized, particularly in the case of the March and Thaya, which in the Ramsar site form the frontier between Austria and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic; (this frontier was of course for many years the "iron curtain"). Conservation of the Ramsar site is scarcely imaginable without close links to immediately adjoining sites in the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic and in Hungary. Throughout this report, the international dimension will play a very large role.
11. Hainburg. The Donau-March-Auen Ramsar site was the subject of considerable discussion at the Groningen and Regina conferences. At this time, interest was centered on the Donau-Auen because of a proposal to build a dam across the Danube at Hainburg, in order to provide hydroelectric power and to regulate the river for navigation.
12. The Summary Report of the Plenary Session of 8 May 1984 at Groningen (document C.2.3 of the Conference, published on pages 15-16 of the Proceedings) reports on comments from the Austrian delegation: "no detailed results had as yet emerged from studies in the area which could be affected by construction of a hydroelectric dam and power station on the Lower Danube at Hainburg. The Lower Austrian Provincial Government and the Federal Government would both consider the findings and make a decision; either might reject the plans or subject their acceptance to specific conditions. The construction of the hydroelectric power station would solve the problem of the tendency of the Lower Danube to dry out; it might however also affect the riverine forest. In the absence of expert data, the Austrian government was unwilling to rely on opinions and guesses."
13. In 1985, the Austrian authorities provided the Ramsar Bureau with further information on the decisions of the Administrative Court about Hainburg. This was circulated to all Contracting Parties under Bureau Notification 85/2 (attached as Appendix III). As noted in the Review of implementation of the Convention since the Groningen meeting, (published on page 205 of the Regina Proceedings), the principal elements of this information were as follows:
- The Administrative Court recognized that implementation of the authorization by the "Danube power station" might irreparably damage the area and has granted temporary relief. All clearing works will therefore be suspended. . . . Clearing works could not be started again before December 1985 . . . since . . . clearing works can be carried out only during . . . December and January.
- On 5 January 1985, the Austrian Government decided on an eleven-point programme including: maintenance of the Hainburg power plant project; suspension of clearing works; cessation of protest activities in the river forest; harmonization of existing environmental plans and preparation of a Danube-March-Thaya river forest national park.
14. The Austrian national report to the 1987 Regina meeting (Proceedings, page 420) indicated that a commission had been established to consider the setting-up of the Danube-March-Thaya national park and that federal funds had been made available for planning; a government commission was examining alternative solutions for the former plans to build a power station at Hainburg. In plenary session at Regina (Summary Report of Plenary Session of 3 June 1987, document C.3.8, Proceedings page 46), the Austrian delegation stated that "the Austrian Federal Government had charged a Government Commission with the task of elaborating alternatives for hydroelectric exploitation of the Danube east of Vienna. A report was expected at the end of June 1987 and in addition the Federal Ministry for Environmental Protection had funded a private association of ecologists to help plan a national park in the Donau-March-Thaya-Auen." The Ramsar Bureau understands that the Provincial Governments of Lower Austria and Vienna subsequently joined the Federal Government in financing a study of the feasibility of establishing such a park.
15. By the time of the Montreux conference in 1990, the emphasis in the Austrian national report had changed. The report notes that the Ramsar site could be threatened by hydroelectric exploitation of the Danube between Vienna and Hainburg, but gives much greater attention to other problems affecting the site, in particular in the March valley. The general impression, at Montreux and in the conservation community at large, was that the Hainburg power station project had been quietly shelved, as a result of direct popular protest, legal action in the Lower Austrian courts and acceptance of international obligations, notably those under Ramsar.
16. March-Auen. In its section on the Donau-March-Auen the Austrian national report to the 1990 Montreux meeting lays much greater stress on problems in the March valley. As noted in conference document INF.C.4.18, the report calls for:
- strengthening of nature protection measures for the whole Ramsar site;
- cancelling of drainage measures in damp meadows;
- ending establishment of new arable land
- cancelling and prohibition of gravel extraction through the appropriate Federal Ministry; and
- clarification of the future status of the site with respect to energy creation on the Danube and the Danube-Oder canal.
Quite separately from the national report, the Austrian delegation also tabled at Montreux a much more detailed 200-page illustrated document, produced by the Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt, Wien, Monographien, Band 18, May 1990), entitled "Ramsar-Bericht I: Rheindelta/Marchauen". The last 40 pages deal with the March-Auen, and emphasize problems of conserving present or former flood meadows in the river valley.
17. Because of the continuing uncertainty over the situation at Hainburg, the possible impact of the Danube-Oder canal, and the difficulty in maintaining the ecological character of the riverine meadows and forests in the valley of the March and Thaya, there was clearly a possibility of change in ecological character at this Ramsar site. It was therefore decided that the site should be one of the 44 sites in 23 Ramsar states included in the "Record of Ramsar sites where a change in ecological character has occurred, is occurring or is likely to occur"; this record was established by Recommendation C.4.8 of the Montreux Conference. The Recommendation calls for priority application of the Monitoring Procedure in sites on the Record.
18. At the meeting of the Austrian Ramsar Committee held in Bad Gams, Steiermark on 25 October 1990 (with the participation of Mr. M. Smart, then Conservation Coordinator of the Ramsar Bureau), the status of the Austrian Ramsar sites was further discussed. On this occasion, it was confirmed that the ecological character of the Donau-March-Auen might be affected by hydroelectric installations east of Vienna (the sites mentioned were Wolfsthal II and Engelhartstätten), by the Donau-Oder canal, and by continuing exploitation of agriculture, forestry and fishery. The meeting therefore requested the Ramsar Bureau to contact the Austrian authorities, with a view to organizing operation of the Monitoring Procedure at the Donau-March-Auen by an international expert mission. A rapid visit to the March-Auen, particularly in the area of Rabensburg and of Markthof, was organized for M. Smart - in the company of Dr. Kurt Farasin, one of the authors of the Umweltbundesamt monograph - on 27 October 1990.
Organization of the Monitoring Procedure Mission
19. In a letter of 31 October 1990 addressed to Dr. Schreiber of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Environment, Youth and the Family, the Ramsar Bureau indicated its intention of writing to the Austrian Federal Chancellor, the Federal Minister of the Environment, and the Prime Minister of Lower Austria, suggesting that the Ramsar Monitoring Procedure be operated at the Donau-March-Auen. These further letters were duly sent and in a letter of 15 January 1991 to the Bureau, Dr. Schreiber, after referring to the Umweltbundesamt monograph on the March-Auen which represented a first monitoring of the Ramsar site, indicated that he warmly welcomed the visit of any international delegation to the site.
20. The Ramsar Bureau therefore established a German-speaking team with international experience of wetland conservation, and in particular of riverine forests and meadows. The team was made up as follows:
- Michael Smart, Director of Conservation and Assistant Secretary General of the Ramsar Convention
- Monica Herzig Zurcher, Technical Officer for Listed Sites, Ramsar Bureau
- Emil Dister, Director, WWF Auen-Institut, Rastatt, Germany.
21. Arrangements for the visit were made by the authorities of the Austrian Federal Government and of Lower Austria, and the following programme was carried out:
Monday 15 April
- Discussions with officials of the Federal Government (see Appendix IV for participants list)
- Discussions with officials of the Lower Austrian administration
- Discussions with officials of the Donau-Auen national park planning commission
Tuesday 16 April
- Visit to the March-Auen, in the company of Federal and Lower Austrian officials, and of visitors from the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. Areas visited included Rabensburg, Hohenau sugar factory, Ringelsdorf, Angern (lunch with Bezirkshauptmann), WWF Reserve Marchegg, Lange Lüsse meadow restoration (Distelverein).
Wednesday 17 April
- Meeting with Dr. Zinke ("Ecological Bricks for Our Common House of Europe) .
- Discussion with Minister of the Environment, Youth and the Family, Dkfm. Ruth Feldgrill-Zankel
- Press conference with Minister Feldgrill-Zankel
Thursday 18 April
- Meeting of Austrian National Ramsar Committee, Illmitz, Burgenland.
The members of the mission wish to express their gratitude to the Austrian Federal Government (and in particular to the Umweltbundesamt, and to Dr. K. Farasin), to the authorities of Lower Austria and to Austrian non-government organizations for preparing such a full and comprehensive programme and documentation, which allowed them to carry out their task in a short time.
22. Since the mission visited Austria, the Ramsar Bureau has had extensive contacts with the Ramsar authorities in the Czech and Slovak Republic, and in particular in the Czech Republic. The leader of the mission to Austria, Mr. M. Smart, has had an opportunity to visit the Auen on the Czech and Slovak banks of the Thaya (Dyje) and March (Horava). Further information received during this visit has been incorporated into the present report, in order to present a more balanced international picture.
Donau-March-Auen - current situation
23. The area of the Danube, March and Thaya valleys has been well described in documents provided to the Ramsar Bureau by the Austrian authorities at the time of accession (and published in the Ramsar "Directory of wetlands of international importance"), in the above-mentioned Monograph No. 18, and in the special report prepared for the mission by the Federal Environment Agency ("Umweltbundesamt, Interne Berichte UBA-IB-300"). The present report therefore concentrates on describing and evaluating the issues related to conservation and wise use of wetlands in the Ramsar site.
24. Donau-Auen - the Hainburg dam: As indicated above, the principal remit of the mission was to report on the situation in the March- and Thaya-Auen and to suggest solutions for the problems. In view of the long involvement of the Ramsar Convention in the issue of the dam across the Danube at Hainburg, however, the mission also looked into the status of the Donau-Auen. During discussions with Federal officials, notably of the Wasserstrassendirektion, the mission learnt that the construction of a dam at Hainburg was still under serious consideration. The reason why the dam is still being proposed is, however, rather different from the original motivation. Little emphasis is now placed on generation of electricity - it seems generally accepted that the demand for electricity in Austria was over-estimated in earlier calculations; however, the question of Danube navigation remains an important issue. In addition, water engineers emphasize that the building of some 20 dams on the Danube upstream of Vienna has created a new problem of deepening of the river-bed (Sohleneintiefung): the increased speed of the current and the greater erosive power of the regulated Danube is wearing away the river-bed downstream of the last dam. This is a well-known problem to dam-builders and river engineers throughout the world, and there are two common solutions - either to continue to build more and more dams, thus exporting the problem downstream; or to tip material into the river to replace the matter eroded from the bed. This latter solution is the one adopted on the Rhine in Germany, and on many other rivers throughout the world: it is effective but unending, since the silt and small stones are eventually washed away and have to be replaced again and again.
25. Donau-Auen national park: The mission also had the opportunity to study the current position as regards establishment of a national park. They learnt that the Betriebsgesellschaft Marchfeldkanal (the body carrying out the feasibility study mentioned in paragraph 14) is charged, not with establishing a national park, but with investigating whether one should be established. Its remit seems to extend furthermore only to the Donau-Auen, and not to the March- and Thaya-Auen.
26. The mission heard reports of forestry plantations in the Donau-Auen, and of problems of hunting management in this area. In some areas quick-growing Populus species have been planted to produce toothpicks and matches; recently there has been a return to afforestation with native species, and this tendency may be further encouraged by a new law. Game (deer, roe deer and wild boar) has been so numerous, and has been encouraged by hunting interests, that regeneration of forests (especially oak forests) has been hampered.
27. Public interest in Auen: On the other hand, it would appear that public interest in, and appreciation of the Auen landscape is continually increasing. WWF-Austria is conducting a successful campaign to purchase areas along the rivers. It already owns part of the nature reserve at Marchegg on the River March, and manages the area in cooperation with the private owner of the remainder. In October 1990, it organized a successful "Auen-Show" on Austrian television, which raised 83 million Austrian schillings for purchase of over 400 hectares in a quite different section of the Auen, on the southern bank of the Danube, near Petronell. This area would be submerged in case of construction of the Hainburg dam.
28. Furthermore, in response to political changes in Central Europe in the last few years, an initiative entitled "Ecological Bricks for Our Common House of Europe" has been developed by a consortium of non-governmental organizations. The initiative, which has received extensive support from WWF-Austria, suggests establishment of multinational protected areas (or "building bricks") across the former iron curtain. One of the zones proposed is a three-nation protected area incorporating the "Au" areas of Danube, Thaya and March in Austria, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic and Hungary (see "Politische Ökologie", Sonderheft 2, Oktober 1990, pages 18-22).
29. The proposed Donau-Oder canal: This proposal, long discussed, has become more topical with the recent political changes throughout Central and Eastern Europe, and the increased traffic, trade and exchange of persons that is expected to result. Several versions of the canal in the area of the River March are under discussion: it is reported (Österreichisehes Raumplanungsinstitut; Wösendorfer 1990) that the Austrian authorities have refused to allow damming of the River March itself, so various alternative routes have been proposed. One would cut across the March-Auen south of Angern, and could then join the Danube southeast of Vienna, or flow parallel to the River March; another would flow through the territory of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. In any case, a major dam would be required on the Danube at Wolfsthal just short of the frontier with the Czech and Slovak Republic. Such a dam would cause not only much of the present Donau-Auen, but also the March-Auen, to be flooded; its effect from a nature conservation point of view would therefore be much more serious than the proposed Hainburg dam, which would only affect the Danube (see map at Appendix V).
30. In the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, a company named Ecotransmoravia has been established with a capital of 500 million crowns to promote the Danube-Oder canal. (The canal in the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic would link not only Danube and Oder, but would include a branch to the Elbe). The Ramsar Bureau understands that the approval for the Czech and Slovak section of the canal is unlikely to be forthcoming for the next ten years for both economic and environmental reasons. Economic problems include the cost of the undertaking and the fact that the proposed canal would go through alluvial river valleys which are major sources of drinking water. Environmental problems include the fact that the proposed route would go through three proposed Ramsar sites in the Czech Republic - the wetlands of the lower Thaya, the Morava valley near Litovel, and the Oder valley landscape protection area northeast of Ostrava.
31. March-Auen - Conservation measures: The Ramsar site was of course designated by the Federal Government (no doubt after consultation with the Lower Austrian Government), but the responsibility for conservation measures - as in many other states with a federal structure - lies with the governments of the provinces, in this case Lower Austria. There is therefore already a diffusion of the central governments responsibility here, and a need for a provincial authority to accept international obligations and responsibilities for maintaining the ecological character of the Ramsar site. Such responsibilities include making the necessary financial provisions for administration, wardening, management, study and public access.
32. It was evident to the mission that the Lower Austrian authorities had been unable to provide the necessary funds. On the one hand, a proper management concept has not been drawn up for the Ramsar site as a whole: Ramsar sites do not have to be strict nature reserves - it is clear that an area like the March-Auen, which has a long history of human settlement and agricultural activity, needs to have a mosaic of protected zones and of areas where those activities which over the centuries have formed the landscape may be pursued. This is the Ramsar concept of wise use for the benefit of human populations, without whose consent and active support no "Nationa1 Park" or other form of protected area can be effective in the long term. Drawing up, putting into practice and administering such a concept calls for considerable input of funds. On the other hand, the available staff in the provincial administration is quite inadequate to carry out even the current tasks: the mission was informed that there are only two or three biologists in the Lower Austrian administration for nature conservation; their time is wholly taken up with administrative tasks, and they have not even been able to visit all the areas under their authority. While local committees and organizations are involved in natural resource use and planning efforts, necessary monitoring and management are neglected for lack of staff.
33. By comparison, the South Moravia part of the Czech Republic has five Landscape Protection Areas, each with a staff of about ten persons (including scientists), while the Czech Institute for Nature Conservation has another 80 staff in South Moravia; numbers of staff attached to these conservation bodies have increased since the change in politica1 organization in November 1989.
34. The boundaries of the Ramsar site along the March and the Thaya are the rivers themselves to the north and east, and roads and railways to the west. The western boundaries, which naturally run along the higher ground skirting the former flood plain, are thus boundaries of administrative convenience rather than ecological limits. The Lower Austrian authorities have adopted a number of protection measures in the area:
- A Landschaftsschutzgebiet Donau-March-Auen (landscape protection area), covering 20,500 ha. and hence smaller than the Ramsar zone, has been declared; it places some restrictions on building, but does not affect agriculture, forestry or tourism.
- Several nature reserves have been declared. The largest is the NSG Untere Marchauen (1,150 ha. including the WWF reserve at Marchegg); other important ones are Rabensburger Thaya-Auen (385 ha.) and, on the Danube in the area administered by the Vienna Provincial Government, Lobau-Schönauer Hafen (525 ha.); the total area of strict nature reserves within the landscape protection area is just over 2,000 ha. Plants and animals are strictly protected in such nature reserves, yet in many cases it is difficult to regulate agriculture or forestry.
35. One example where nature reserve designation has proved effective in maintaining the original status is in the Rabensburger Thaya-Auen. It was planned to build an earth dike to prevent the River Thaya from flooding riverside land. Since the area concerned was a nature reserve, the line of the dike was changed considerably - after long negotiations - so that the area remained under the influence of floods. (In the region, this is regarded as a major success for nature conservation. One could equally take the view that preventing a flood plain from being flooded is a fairly major change in ecological character, and should not have been considered in a Ramsar site in any case; or if it was considered, the Ramsar Bureau should have been given advance notification).
36. Despite the measures taken, considerable changes are occurring in the traditional landscape of the March-Auen, as noted in the Austrian report to the Montreux meeting (see paragraph 16 above). It is scarcely surprising that changes occur when there is no overall management of the area, and therefore no proper administrative structure or financial support. In these circumstances, there is constant change of natural or semi-natural areas to create arable land, forestry plantations or other semi-industrial installations.
37. Drainage of damn meadows: The traditional usage of the March-Auen was for summer grazing and hay-making. This activity declined in this century and was practically brought to a stop by a decision in the 1960s and 1970s to restrict subsidies for cattle-raising to the Alpine regions of Austria. In the March-Auen, therefore, areas which needed to be grazed or mowed to maintain their grassland vegetation were either abandoned, in which case natural succession took over, or more often were transformed into arable or forestry land. Agricultural subsidies are available for many crops, so farmers naturally changed their cropping methods. In the short time available, the mission had insufficient time to go into the complicated issue of agricultural subsidies in any depth; nevertheless, it is clear that the level of agricultural subsidy has an enormous influence on crops and the landscape. With agricultural subsidies tending to decrease all over Europe, and particularly in the European Community which Austria is likely to join in the coming years, it would seem appropriate to undertake a review of the whole issue of subsidies - a painful but necessary process at national level.
38. This active drainage process has been exacerbated in recent years by drought, a factor repeatedly brought to the missions attention. The reason for the drought is not clear, but it is certain that major floods have not been regular in recent years. The cause could be increased regulation of the flow of the River March upstream in the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (there have been major regulation works there in recent years and the third of the water reservoirs on the Thaya at Novy Mlyny was completed in 1989 and was being filled in 1990-91), or could simply be natural or cyclic. Whatever the cause, the recent dry years have accentuated the tendency to plough up former wet meadows, and to plant cash crops or trees providing quick profits. Forestry problems like those mentioned in paragraph 26 arise, as in the Donau-Auen, but on a smaller scale since there is less woodland in the March-Auen. Nevertheless, the problem of game animals preventing regeneration is serious in the Marchegg reserve, where thick forest survives.
39. The mission was able to see some of the work of the Distelverein, a body which, with very limited resources and financial support, is working to establish contracts with local farmers so that they shall maintain traditional methods of farming. Not the least important aspect of the programme is its educational and cultural value, in restoring a respect for the natural landscape values of the area.
40. Another development in the former wet meadows is the installation of the sugarbeet factory at Hohenau and, more important, of the settling ponds. These ponds, while still in operation, provide damp habitat for certain wetland birds and flowers and some might argue that they replace, to some extent, the lost habitat. Some of the ponds, however, are very close to Distelverein meadow restoration areas and there is a serious risk of encroachment. Furthermore, when abandoned, these ponds produce land some two metres above the original ground level and can clearly never be restored as meadows. There is in addition a problem of pesticides or nutrients being leeched into the land around and changing the whole character of the vegetation. It seems urgent to replace the ponds by a proper treatment plant. The mission was informed at the end of its stay that this was indeed intended.
Likely future developments in Europe
41. The political changes in Central and Eastern Europe have completely altered the outlook for the March-Auen. The area was previously a backwater, the end of the world, an abandoned area where nature could take its course. This indeed is one of the reasons for its continuing high value from a nature conservation point of view: on either side of the former iron curtain, scarce animal, bird and plant species have survived because they exist in a "wilderness" where they have not been disturbed. Part of the ecological wealth of the area has been conserved precisely because of the lack of disturbance, and this is why the area must be seen not simply as an Austrian site, but as a river valley with two banks which, in the case of the March, happen to come under the jurisdiction of different states (both of which, to complicate matters further, have a heavily decentralized form of government). International cooperation is therefore crucial.
42. Now, in the past couple of years, the area has suddenly become a focus of contact, a necessary artery of transport, an ideal playground for the big cities just to west and east (the suburbs of Bratislava are clearly visible from one of the quietest corners of Markthof). There will undoubtedly be calls for improved transport and trade facilities (Donau-Oder canal connecting the Danube with both Oder and Elbe, and leading to Bohemia and central Europe; increased navigation on the Danube and through the Hainburger Pforte, the natural access to the Pannonic plains); the establishment of border crossing points along the March and Thaya; increased recreational opportunities (sport-fishing - already something of a problem along the March - canoeing, camping). There is, as a result, a great urgency, a need to take decisive action before the area is spoilt for lack of care or concern. Measures and plans developed (or alternately, opportunities lost or wasted) in the next couple of years will be decisive.
Recommendations of the mission
43. In the meeting with Minister Feldgrill-Zankel on 17 April, the mission presented a summary of its conclusions in brief written form. The present recommendations follow the format presented on that occasion.
44. Responsibilities for nature conservation in Austria: The Federal Government signs international conventions and is therefore the natural point of contact with international bodies like the Ramsar Bureau. On the other hand, responsibility for nature conservation and for management of Ramsar sites lies with the provincial administration, in this case, Lower Austria. Cooperation already exists through normal channels between the Federal and Lower Austrian Governments, and through the Austrian National Ramsar Committee. Much closer coordination and, above all, greater financial support is, however, required if Austrias international obligations are to be fulfilled. The mission therefore recommends that the Federal and Provincial Governments (Lower Austria in the case of the Donau-March-Auen, but other provinces in the case of other Ramsar sites in Austria) identify administrative means to improve consultation and provide financial sources to improve site management.
45. Situation in the Donau-Auen: The mission was pleased to know that studies of the possibility of establishing a National Park in the Donau-Auen are proceeding in Vienna; it hopes that consideration will also be given to the possibility of including in this park the most valuable parts, from the nature conservation point of view, of the March- and Thaya-Auen. The mission draws attention to the interest evoked in Austria, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, and Hungary in a transborder three-nation park. The mission was nevertheless surprised, after all the statements made by the Austrian authorities, to learn that serious consideration is still being given to construction of the Hainburg dam on the Danube. The mission wishes to draw the attention of the Austrian authorities to the possibility of overcoming the problem of river-bed erosion by the infilling with large-size, non-erodable materials, a technique proposed by river engineers on many occasions, but never applied on a large scale. The mission also draws the attention of the Austrian authorities to the need, in the forests along the Danube, to plant native trees and to control game populations.
The mission therefore recommends
(1) that the Austrian authorities pursue more vigorously the establishment of a national park covering both Donau- and March-Auen in Austria, and of an international Auen park, covering the surviving areas of Au along the Rivers Donau, March and Thaya in Austria, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, and Hungary;
(2) that, in order to overcome the problem of river-bed erosion in the Danube below Vienna, the Austrian authorities use the technique of infilling with large-size materials, rather than proceeding with further dam-building, thereby providing a precedent and an example for the rest of the world;
(3) that the Austrian authorities take the necessary measures in the Donau-Auen to prevent reafforestation with non-native species, and to control the deleterious effects of game on tree regeneration.
46. Situation in the March-Thaya-Auen: The mission emphasizes that this area is undoubtedly a wetland of international importance, because of its position as a transition area between the Pannonic plains and western Europe, its unique landscape forms with characteristic plant, animal and bird associations. The mission points out however that, despite Ramsar designation, considerable degradation has taken place because of changed water regimes (construction of dikes to prevent flooding, river regulation), changes in agricultural practice (abandoning of traditional cattle raising and hay-making regimes, drainage, afforestation, subsidies to promote different crop regimes; development of an industrial sugarbeet processing factory). The mission is convinced of the need to produce an overall concept for the conservation and wise use of the Ramsar area, including establishment of larger strict nature reserves, promotion of sustainable management practices like those pioneered by the Distelverein, active participation of local inhabitants and adequate administrative support for the development and application of the concept. The mission emphasizes that much of the surviving natural values of the area are derived from its cross-frontier status and from the existence of areas of particular value from the nature conservation point of view in the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic. The mission appreciates the measures already taken by the Austrian authorities to promote cooperation with the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, but urges that these be strengthened and extended in order to take the necessary rapid action (including land purchase in the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic). It suggests that the Austrian authorities act in cooperation with international bodies, such as the Ramsar Bureau and the Ecological Bricks for Our Common House of Europe movement, which have extensive contacts with organizations such as WWF and the World Bank interested in funding imaginative environmental initiatives, in order to increase the sums available for such actions. Finally the mission draws attention to the severe long-term ecological effects of building the Donau-Oder canal and urges that no decision on its execution be taken until a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment of the canal and its real benefits has been carried out.
The mission therefore recommends
(1) that the Austrian authorities (at federal and provincial level) develop an overall concept for the management of the March-Thaya-Auen sector of the Ramsar site, respecting the "wilderness" concept and therefore avoiding disturbance by new frontier crossings, taking into account the Ramsar principle of wise use, giving particular attention to a review of agricultural policies and subsidies, considering the extension of the successful action of the Distelverein, allowing for the likely increase in recreational and tourist use of the area, and taking full account of the opinions of local people;
(2) that the Austrian authorities provide the necessary administrative and financial means for putting this concept into practice, along the lines adopted in the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic;
(3) that the Austrian authorities pursue and develop (in collaboration with international bodies like the Ramsar Bureau), as a matter of the greatest urgency, their support for cross-frontier initiatives, notably with the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, realizing that the value of the Austrian Ramsar site depends in a large measure in conserving the values of its counterpart site on the opposite bank of the river;
(4) that the Austrian authorities proceed with plans for the excavation of a Donau-Oder canal on the basis of the precautionary principle, and do not approve the scheme until the most rigorous Environmental Impact Assessment has been carried out and has shown that such a canal will not change the ecological character of the Ramsar site.
47. The Ramsar Bureau looks forward to receiving the reactions of the federal and provincial authorities in Austria to its comments and recommendations. The Bureau will be happy to collaborate further with the Austrian authorities in the implementation of the report. The Bureau will in due course submit the results of this and other applications of the Monitoring Procedure to the Ramsar Standing Committee and Conference.
Michael Smart
in collaboration with Monica Herzig and Emil Dister
December 1991


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mman155 Wrote:
Sep 28, 2012 4:35 PM
I often hear the word "misogynist" thrown around a lot. It doesn't matter if it is uttered by a liberal female or a conservative female it is still the same. The comment about the eighth grader was inappropriate but a lot of adult men talk about adult women in a sexual manner just as women talk about men. If this is a surprise to Michelle Malkin then she has definitely led a very sheltered life or she is being less than truthful perhaps hypocritical. In my experience I've noticed the latter to be true. The only thing that a conservative woman and a liberal woman have in common is that they need smelling salts to revive them.


text:
I don't want to hear about a lack of work or anything…right now, he is getting rocked out there, he just isn't very good. Too many walks, too many extra base hits, not enough strikeouts. Frankie (he's not K-Rod anymore) isn't getting the job done, and he's not worth a quarter of what he is making this season. Prediction: the Mets will find some way to shut him down to keep from paying that ludicrous option.
So…is my C+ grade for Frankie still crazy?
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Ever read the story "The Little Engine that Could"? The plot pretty much recounts the story of Digital Antenna. The company has been chugging along, working confidently and with clear purpose to reach its goal, all the while building a quiet storm to unleash on the cellular communications industry. The result? Digital Antenna is a world leader in cutting-edge cellular technology, garnering a lot of attention from consumers unhappy with the weak reception of conventional cellular coverage.
Located in Sunrise, Fla., Digital Antenna manages every stage of its manufacturing process in the USA, from the drawing board to the assembly line. The newest product to take the industry by storm is the PowerMaxTM DA4000MR, a 3-watt wireless mobile repeater. This wireless, mobile amplifier/repeater is incredibly easy to use and will increase your cellular range up to 50 miles with clearer, stronger cellular reception. You can take the unit virtually anywhere ¿ transferring easily from your boat to a car, home, or RV ¿ and get excellent reception on your cell phone despite dismal local coverage. Want to call home during the middle of a run to the Bahamas? Bring it on!
The Consumer Electronics Association is honoring Digital Antenna this year for innovations in design and technology (along with superlative brands Sony, Pioneer, Samsung and LG Electronics). The little company that could is enjoying the bright light of critical and consumer acclaim, and the future is only going to get brighter. Call (877) 433-7007 or visit www.digitalantenna.com to find your nearest retailer or learn more about the DA4000 series amplifiers.
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Religious Paper Crafts
Paper Color Your Own Religious Doorknob Hangers (1 dz)
Show your love for Christ with these Paper Color Your Own Religious Doorknob Hangers. These door hangers are a great craft activity for Sunday School or Vacation Bible School.
- 1 Dozen Door Hangers
- Measures: 10 1/2"
- Assorted Designs
- Paints & Markers Sold Separately
Color Your Own Inspirational Crown Craft Kit (Makes 12)At a religious touch to your prince or princess party with this Color Your Own Inspirational Crown Craft Kit. This fun kits features actual versus from the bible, including Exodus 15:18, Psalm 8:1 and Psalm 24:8. Children of all ages will love coloring and designing their own unique crown. This kit features three fun designs and makes twelve crowns. Learn More$12.75


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Fire crews in DeKalb County battled an apartment blaze early on Thursday morning.
The fire tore through the apartment complex located on the 1600 block of Line Street. Crews had to enter the building to rescue a man who was trapped in a bathroom. Once rescue crews got him out of the building, he was transported to an area hospital. His condition is not known.
The cause of the fire is under investigation.
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As you get older, you begin to realise that time is of the essence. You begin to worry that you might just grow old and die without having spent your younger (current) days trying things out. You explore possibilities even though they're coupled with risks and hell consequences, but in the end you realise that it's all worth it because then you've created experiences money can't buy. So, in essence, the older you get the more you just wing things. It's all good.
wingin it & dum b luck
I have a much clearer sense of what I want; not necessarily how to achieve it. I feel I get new wisdom and clarity with each new day.
silly and impractical can still fit into what you want; to be able to laugh and be carefree is not something to take lightly; and if we take life too seriously, we drain the lightness from ourselves.
I thnk a bit bc i dnt mind being a loner
I do know what I am doing/trying to achieve, but for all that I may not have enough energy or time to do it.
I know what I'm doing....kinda
I thnk a bit bc i dnt mind being a loner
I know what I want to study in Uni.
At most things I have a rough idea, however if I want a guys attention I usually just wing it to see how long he will wait to help this poor girl who has "no idea" what she is doing
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Rahm Emanuel
Emanuel: Chicago not murder capital
The mayor is pointing to statistics that show that violent crime is down in 2014.
A Clinton-Emanuel embrace
The two former White House officials take the stage for an interview to promote "Hard Choices."
Emanuel: D.C. hero, Chicago goat
An ally said Emanuel's personality allows him to get things done, but can be off-putting.
Rahm Emanuel: Rock star in D.C., not-so-much in Chicago
Rahm Emanuel, mayor of Chicago and former chief of staff to President Barack Obama, is a popular figure in Washington. But back home in the Windy City, the mayor faces strong criticism of his handling of the pension reform crisis and school closures among many other problems for Chicagoans.
Fireplug felons won't wreck Rahm!
Simon says that the stupid criminals will get caught first.
Emanuel to help 'Ready for Hillary'
The Chicago mayor says "she is a champion for the American people."
Report: Rahm Emanuel aides coordinated with 'Chicagoland'
Emails show producers of the CNN series and the mayor's team worked hand in hand.
Emanuel using Clinton 'philosophy'
Brings lessons of a certain executive office to his own.
Clinton docs: Lewinsky, race
The newly-released files don't appear to include some of the most sensitive scandal-related memos.
Emanuel: D.C. hurting Todd's brain
"Chuck, I'm going to get you a one-way ticket out of Washington," the Chicago mayor says.
Zeke Emanuel: Rahm OK with cold
"He never wore gloves when he was a little kid," he says of his brother, who took a polar plunge.
Axelrod lauds Fallon's Polar Plunge
"I was really so impressed," the Chicagoan says.
Emanuel, Fallon take 'Polar Plunge'
"The Tonight Show" host makes good on his promise to participate in Chicago's "Polar Plunge."
Fallon agrees to Rahm Polar Plunge
On Twitter, the "Tonight Show" host says he's headed to Lake Michigan this weekend.
Fallon responds to Emanuel plunge
"How do I know this isn't a set up," the Tonight Show host tweets.
Emanuel to Fallon: Plunge with me
He says he will make the Tonight Show trip if Fallon takes a dip in Lake Michigan.
From consultant to candidate
Dispensing advice, it turns out, can be a lot easier than following it.
Ayers: Obama like 'imperial leader'
The president's old Chicago neighbor has some harsh critiques of the candidate he backed.
LaHood: I told Emanuel to 'go to hell'
"About once a week," he jokes at a POLITICO event.
Searching for the next mega mayor
As Michael Bloomberg wraps up his final term, many look for the next mayoral superstar.


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and back:
The story of Team Bourbon Street
Throughout the trip to New Orleans, our group was given the opportunity to listen to different trials and tribulations families went through due to the storm. Each family's struggles have only made them stronger and in turn, they will always be in our thoughts and prayers.
Al and Barbara were two of the kindest people we have ever met. They lived in their home for 26 years and even had doubts about evacuating due to Katrina. However, in the aftermath of the storm, they are two of the strongest people. They had to watch as all of their precious possessions were destroyed and taken from the home to FEMA trash piles. Barbara even lost her wedding dress and also her beautiful paintings she had made. While this family lost almost everything they had, Al and Barbara demonstrated to our group that materialistic possessions mean nothing in this world, it is family that truly matters. In the end, they were thankful they had each other and also their memories, which will last a lifetime.
Shirley suffered tremendously due to Katrina. Not only did Shirley lose her home, she dealt with the death of her mother and her neighbor due to it. She is also in the process of losing her husband to cancer and she is also undergoing medical problems. What's worst, due to the storm, Shirley has not received enough money from FEMA. Therefore, she does not have an adequate amount of money to pay her medical expenses or even begin to rebuild her home. Instead, she is living in an apartment she can barely afford with little to no furniture. Shirley's story was truly devastating to hear. She stated that "the media portrays the city as beginning to come back to life, but what about the neighborhoods?" Ultimately, it was terrible for all of us to see someone in such struggle. We only hope that she can receive more money from FEMA and she will always be in our prayers.
For being only twelve years old, Raquel has experienced more than any of us could ever imagine. Her family did not evacuate their home until after the storm had hit. While evacuating, her grandmother was bitten by a snake and did not receive medical attention until she arrived at their evacuation site in Baton Rouge. Raquel and her brother have also been separated from their mother due to the storm. Their mother is in Texas working while Raquel and her brother have moved back to New Orleans to live with their grandmother. Unlike typical twelve year old children, Raquel is no longer in school. Instead, she stays home and helps take care of her grandmother. This remarkable family was the only one that our group witnessed living in a trailer on their property. It was unbelievable how cramped the quarters were, with only one bedroom and a pair of bunk beds. Since there is not enough room for the whole family to sleep comfortably, Raquel's brother sleeps on the couch. Raquel told us that she only hopes their house will be rebuilt as soon as possible, since she hates taking showers in the small bathroom the trailer has to offer.
Joyce had no idea how catastrophic the storm would be and also had doubts about evacuating. Her brother was the one who made her leave. Sadly, Joyce had to leave her dog behind and only hopes that he survived the storm and is safe. She ended up going to stay at her sisters best friends home around 70 miles outside the city. Her sisters best friend was so generous throughout the storm, she opened her home up to 40 people who were abandoned and had no where to go during the storm.


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We didn't learn anything new last night, but seeing Cliff Lee pitch lights out one more time was more than enough for Phillie fans looking for signs of life. Lee was fantastic, allowing two singles over eight shutout innings, and Papelbon threw a 1-2-3 ninth as the Phils topped Atlanta 2-0.
The pitching was outstanding last night, but the Phils have scored four runs over their last two games. More would be better, especially if 60% of the rotation is going to be Kendrick, Lannan and a version of Roy Halladay who can't get people out. Michael Young and Ryan Howard were quiet in the opening set, combining to go 2-for-21 out of the four and five spots in the order.
The Phillies are 1-2 on the year after beating the Atlanta Braves 2-0 last night. The Braves take the series two games to one.
Cliff Lee got the start for the Phillies and went eight shutout innings, allowing two singles, no walks and striking out eight.
He set the Braves down in order in the bottom of the first.
He started the second up 2-0 and struck out Freddie Freeman and BJ Upton to start the frame before Dan Uggla singled to left. Chris Johnson grounded to first to end the inning.
Lee struck out Gerald Laird and pitcher Kris Medlen in 1-2-3 third.
Justin Upton singled to left with one out in the fourth. Lee got Freeman to ground into a double-play behind Upton.
Freeman 0-for-2 with a strikeout and a GDP through two at-bats after hammering the Phils in games one and two of the set.
Lee struck out Uggla in a 1-2-3 fifth.
Laird led off the sixth and reached on an error by Utley, but Lee got the next three. Righty Reed Johnson hit for the pitcher Cory Gearrin and flew to center for the first out.
Lee struck out both Uptons in a 1-2-3 seventh. Freeman absolutely crushed a ball in-between, but Nix took it on the warning track for the second out.
Lee got a little help from the weather on a cold night in Atlanta on Freeman's ball. It was well struck.
Lee needed just eight pitches to set Uggla, Johnson and Laird down in order in the eighth.
Papelbon started the ninth with a 2-0 lead. Switch-hitter Ramiro Pena hit for the pitcher Anthony Varvaro and Palelbon struck him out swinging for the first out. Simmons grounded to Utley for the second out and Papelbon got Heyward swinging at a ball way outside to end the game.
Second appearance of the year for Papelbon after allowing two runs in an inning in game two of the set. He threw 11 pitches in the game and has pitched for two days in a row.
The season is only three days old, but last night was the first game of the three in which the pen has been non-terrible. The bullpen threw to a 6.23 ERA in the set and walked five in 8 2/3 innings.
The Phillie lineup against righty Kris Medlen went (1) Revere (2) Rollins (3) Utley (4) Howard (5) Young (6) Brown (7) Nix (8) Kratz. Nix in right against the lefty with Mayberry on the bench. Manuel did it the other way with righty Tim Hudson on the mound for Atlanta in game one of the series. Mayberry on the bench against a righty appeals a lot, though.
Rollins singled to center with one out in the top of the first. Utley flew out to left before Howard moved Rollins up to second with a single. Rollins stole third on a soft throw back to the mound by Laird before Young walked to load the bases for Brown. Brown grounded to second to leave them loaded.
Howard's single was a ground ball to where the shortstop would be if the Braves weren't in their Howard shift.
Nix started the second with a single and moved to third when Kratz followed with a double to left. Lee was next and walked to load the bases for Revere. Revere grounded to short with Lee forced at second for the first out. Nix scored and the Phils led 1-0 with one out and runners on the corner. Revere quickly stole second and Rollins went on to walk, loading the bases for Utley. Utley flew to right, deep enough for Kratz to tag and score from third, putting the Phils up 2-0. Howard lined to Simmons to end the frame.
Glad to see Kratz deliver the double after an awful night at the plate in game two.
Brown singled with one out in the third, but Nix and Kratz went down behind him. Nix hit his ball well, but Heyward took it in right for the second out.
Rollins doubled to right with two outs in the fourth and Utley drew a walk behind him. It put men on first and second for Howard, but Howard grounded out to Uggla in shallow right field to set the Phillies down.
Young and Nix struck out as the Phils went in order in the fifth. Brown smoked a line drive, but Uggla handled it for the second out.
Righty Cory Gearrin set the Phillies down in order in the sixth. Revere hit a ball well into the gap in right-center, but Heyward made a diving catch to take extra-bases away from him for the third out.
Righty Jordan Walden started the seventh. He got Rollins on a fly ball to left for the first out before Utley singled to left. Howard was next and he hammered a ball to center, but BJ Upton took it at the wall after a long run for the second out. Young flew to BJ Upton in right-center to set the Phils down.
Howard hit the ball really well. Not quite well enough on a cold night (41 degrees) in Atlanta.
Anthony Varvaro started the eighth for Atlanta and set Brown, Nix and Kratz down in order.
Varvaro was back for the ninth. Galvis hit for Lee and grounded out to start the inning. Revere singled into center, but was doubled off of first to set the Phillies down when Rollins lined to Uggla.
Revere was 1-for-5 with a stolen base in the game. 3-for-14 with a walk and two steals in the series. 0-for-4 against lefties. I don't think he's going to lead off against lefties for too long — not because he's 0-for-4 against them, but because leading him off against lefties is a poor idea.
Rollins 2-for-4 with a walk, a double and a stolen base in the game. 5-for-14 with a walk, two doubles and two stolen bases in the set.
Utley 1-for-2 with a walk, an error and an RBI. 5-for-11 with a double, a triple, a home run and a walk in the series. He has six RBI for the year — the rest of the team has three (Kratz 1, Revere 1, Howard 1).
Howard was 1-for-4 and left five men on base. He got chances to hit with runners on base in the second, fourth and seventh. Pretty bad start to the season for Howard, he was 1-for-12 with a walk and an RBI. Just three strikeouts, but one came in game one with one out and runners on second and third.
Young 0-for-3 with a walk. 1-for-9 with three walks in the series. He's obviously not going to walk in 25% of his plate appearances, but I would be thrilled to see him up his walk rate this season. Looked a little shaky defensively at third in game one of the series, but was largely unnoticed defensively after that, which is a good sign.
Brown 1-for-4 with a single and left three men on base. 4-for-11 with four singles and a walk in the series. No strikeouts yet, but no extra-base hits either. He went 2-for-4 in his chances against lefties in the series.
Nix 1-for-4 with two strikeouts. 2-for-6 in the series. Mayberry took over for Nix defensively in right in the bottom of the eighth, but did not have an at-bat in the game. He was 2-for-7 with a double and a walk in the series. No quite sure I understand using Mayberry as a defensive replacement for Nix — Nix is a pretty good defensive outfielder and there's not a lot of data on Mayberry in right (although his numbers are great in limited time).
Kratz 1-for-4 with a double, which was nice to see after a miserable day at the plate in game two of the set. 2-for-12 with a double and an RBI in the series. Curious comments from Halladay after game two in the set suggesting that he and Kratz may not have been on the same page should be monitored carefully. Quintero is going to get a chance to start a game soon anyway, given that the Phillies play in each of the next six days. Sunday afternoon against the Royals seems likely.
Kendrick gets the start late this afternoon in the home opener against the Royals and righty Wade Davis. Kendrick finished 2012 on a major roll pitching out of the rotation. He threw to a 3.20 ERA over 12 starts to end the year. Davis will be making his first start since 2011 after 54 appearances for the Rays last year, all in relief. He didn't allow a home run to any of the 130 left-handed batters he faced in 2012 while throwing to a 2.43 ERA with a 1.09 ratio.


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Coast Guard and local emergency response agencies
responded to the scene of a truck that fell through the ice Friday morning near
Catawba Island in Lake Erie.
Two people
were in the truck when it broke through the ice, but they were able to escape
and get to shore before the truck completely fell through the ice.
At about
10 a.m., an ice rescue team from Station Marblehead was nearby, taking part in
a motorcade to pay tribute to the two fallen Toledo firefighters when they got
the call to respond. They drove to the scene.
Once on
scene, the rescue team responded on foot to ensure the two men were alright and
confirm there was no one else on the ice or in the water.
"If you do venture out on the ice, exercise
extreme caution," said Lt. James Long, chief of response at MSU Toledo. "We
also want people to remain vigilant to the ever-changing weather and ice
conditions as these two men were very lucky not to have fallen through the ice
with their truck"
truck did have fuel in the tank so there is a pollution risk, but the Coast
Guard will do everything we can to minimize the pollution risk as we await the
salvage plan from the vehicle's owner," said Long.
Coast Guard and other first responders advise people to remember the acronym
I.C.E. when it comes to ice safety, and when planning to venture out on the
frozen lakes.
= Information, Clothing and Equipment.
– Check the weather
and ice conditions; tell a friend of your intended destination; know who and
how to call for help.
– Wear sufficient
clothing, including a dry suit, to prevent hypothermia. Choose bright colors
and reflective garments to aid searchers if you should end up needing help.
– Never venture onto
the ice without proper safety equipment: a marine radio, a Personal Locator
Beacon, a life jacket, a compass or GPS, and screw drivers or ice picks, which
may allow you to pull yourself out of the water should you break through.
For more
information on how to stay safe, including how to treat hypothermia, read the
Coast Guard's "Think Twice with Ice" safety brochure.
Copyright 2014 Toledo News Now. All rights reserved.
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Memphis, TN 38104
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Read about the various events and activities happening at UDC David A. Clarke School of Law.
9/19/2014Phil Stinson, '92 in The Nation on Police...
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10/23/2014Elected Attorney General Candidates Forum: Brave New World?
11/7/2014Legal Writing Program - Cuban Interests Section Meet and Greet Social
2/21/2015Washington Bar Association Career Fair
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46 U.S. Code § 7307 - Able seamen—unlimited
Source(Pub. L. 98–89, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 543.)
|Revised section
|Source section (U.S. Code)
Section 7307 requires individuals to have at least 3 years service on deck on vessels operating at sea or on the Great Lakes before their merchant mariner's documents can be endorsed as able seamen—unlimited.
Acceptance of Certain Services Toward Endorsement as Able Seaman
Service used to qualify for endorsement as able seaman—fishing industry to be accepted as qualifying service toward an endorsement under this section, see section 602(e)(3) ofPub. L. 101–595, set out as a note under section 7306 of this title.
The table below lists the classification updates, since Jan. 3, 2012, for this section. Updates to a broader range of sections may be found at the update page for containing chapter, title, etc.
The most recent Classification Table update that we have noticed was Tuesday, August 13, 2013
An empty table indicates that we see no relevant changes listed in the classification tables. If you suspect that our system may be missing something, please double-check with the Office of the Law Revision Counsel.
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Dior is pleased to offer complimentary shipping for orders of $50 or more. Simply create an account and click yes to become a Dior Diva and complimentary ground shipping will be automatically added to your order.Continue
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Black 'Jandik' calf length boot
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These brown leather look calf length boots have a slouch front and zip up fastenings with contrast stitching.
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Debenhams is happy to exchange or refund your purchase within 28 days providing the goods are in a fully resaleable condition (including tags) and not within the exclusion policy*. This policy does not affect your statutory rights. You can return unwanted items either by visiting your local store (the fastest way to get a refund), by arranging a courier collection or returning by post. Exclusions apply to selected products. For instructions on how to return products and information on Debenhams refund policy visit the returns and refunds section of the website.