text:
Terms for Syriac Christians
The various ethnic communities of indigenous pre-Arab, Semitic and often Neo-Aramaic-speaking Christian people of Iraq, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Lebanon, Palestine and Israel, advocate different terms for ethnic self-designation.
The terminological problem goes back to ancient times, when the Seleucid Empire (323-150 BC) applied the term Syria, the Greek and Indo-Anatolian form of the name Assyria, to both Assyria itself in Northern Mesopotamia (modern northern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey), and also to lands to the west, not part of Assyria, in the Levant previously known as Aramea, Eber Nari and Phoenicia (modern Syria and Lebanon), causing not only the Assyrians of Mesopotamia, but also the Arameans and Phoenicians of the Levant to be collectively called Syrians and Syriacs in the Greco-Roman world. The problem became more acute in 1946, when with the creation and independence of Syria, the adjective "Syrian" came to refer to that Arab-majority independent state.
The controversy is not restricted to exonyms like English "Assyrian" vs. "Aramean", but also applies to self-designation in Neo-Aramaic, the "Aramean" faction from Syria endorses both Sūryāyē (ܣܘܪܝܝܐ) and Ārāmayē (ܐܪܡܝܐ), while the "Assyrian" faction from Iraq, Iran, north east Syria and southeast Turkey insists on Āṯūrāyē (ܐܬܘܪܝܐ) but also accepts Sūryāyē (ܣܘܪܝܝܐ) as Sūryāyē is generally accepted by scholars to be a derivative of Āṯūrāyē, and to originally mean Assyrian.
The question of ethnic identity and self-designation is sometimes connected to the scholarly debate on the etymology of "Syria". The question has a long history of academic controversy, but majority mainstream opinion currently strongly favours that Syria is indeed ultimately derived from the Assyrian term 𒀸𒋗𒁺 𐎹 Aššūrāyu.[1] Meanwhile, a minority of scholars have rejected the theory of 'Syrian' being derived from 'Assyrian' as "naive".[2]
Rudolf Macuch points out that the Eastern Neo-Aramaic press of the 19th century initially accepted and used the term "Syrian" (suryêta) and only much later, with the rise of nationalism, switched back to the earlier "Assyrian" (atorêta).[3] According to Tsereteli, however, a Georgian equivalent of "Assyrians" appears in ancient Georgian, Armenian and Russian documents.[4] This correlates with the theory of the nations to the East of Mesopotamia knew the group as Assyrians, while to the West, beginning with Luwian, Hurrian and later Greek influence, the group was known as Syrians. "Syria" being an Indo-European corruption of "Assyria".[5]
Syriac Christians from the Middle East are theologically and culturally closely related to, but should not be confused with the Saint Thomas Christians from India, whose cultural and ethnic links were a result of trade links and migration by Assyrian Christians from Mesopotamia and the Middle East mostly around the 9th century. There are around 7,000,000+ Syriacs of various ethnicities and denominations in the world, the majority living in the diaspora with the largest centres being in India, the United States, Canada, Syrian Arab Republic, Lebanon, Sweden, Australia, Canada, Germany, Russia, Netherlands, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Iraq.
Syriac Christianity was established in Syriac and Eastern Aramaic-speaking Assyria (Persian ruled Athura/Assuristan) and Western Aramaic-speaking Aramea during the 1st to 5th centuries AD. The Church of the East (the mother church of the modern Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church and Ancient Church of the East) was founded amongst the Assyrians in Assyria between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD. Aramea was also home to significant communities, (with Syrian Antioch being the center of some of the earliest Christian communities of the Near East). The Syriac Orthodox Church and Maronite Church emerged in this region.
Until the 7th century AD Arab Islamic conquests, Syriac Christianity was divided between two empires, Sassanid Persia in the east and Rome/Byzantium in the west. The western group in Syria (ancient Aramea), the eastern in Assyria and Persian Assyria (Athura/Assuristan) and Mesopotamia. Syriac Christianity was divided from the 5th century over questions of Christological dogma, viz. Nestorianism in the east and Monophysitism and Dyophysitism in the west.
The three ethnic names used to describe those who would become Syriac Christians were extant long before the advent of Christianity. Assyrian, in its Semitic forms, dates from at least the mid 21st century BC, and perhaps earlier, and refers to the land and people of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia. Aramean, from the 13th century BC, referring to The Levant subsequent to Aramean domination, and Syrian from at least the 9th century BC, originally being used as an Indo-European corruption of Assyrian, but from the late 4th century BC, being applied to the Arameans of The Levant also.
Purely Theological terms such as Nestorian and Chaldean Catholic emerged much later. Nestorian only emerged after the Nestorian Schism of the 5th and 6th centuries AD, and Chaldean Catholic only in the late 18th century AD, subsequent to a number of Assyrians in northern Iraq braking from the Assyrian Church of the East. Both of these terms are explicitly denominational, and not ethnic, and both were applied to Syriac Christians by European outsiders.
In an ethnic sense, Semitic and Greek writers, both before and long after the advent of Christianity, only used the terms Assyrian, Syrian and Aramean, and the term Nestorian is not used in this way, with Chaldean not being found anywhere in any sense until the late 17th Century AD.
The historical English term for the group is "Syrians" (as in, e.g., Ephraim the Syrian). It is not now in use, since after the 1936 declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic, the term "Syrian" has come to designate citizens of that state regardless of ethnicity, with Arameans and Assyrians only being ethnic minorities within that nation. The designation "Assyrians" has also become current in English besides the traditional "Syrians" since at least the Assyrian genocide of the 1910s, although the term was used by European travellers as far back as the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and it is important to note that it was always in continual use in the Near East in various forms when describing the Christians of Mesopotamia, including; Assyrian Ashuriyun, Assouri, Atorayeh etc.
The adjective "Syriac" properly refers to the Syriac language exclusively and is not a demonym. The OED explicitly still recognizes this usage alone:
- A. adj. Of or pertaining to Syria: only of or in reference to the language; written in Syriac; writing, or versed, in Syriac.
- B. n. The ancient Semitic language of Mesopotamia and Syria; formerly in wide use (="Aramaic"; now, the form of Aramaic used by Syrian Christians, in which the Peshito version of the Bible is written.[6]
The noun "Syriac" (plural "Syriacs") has nevertheless come into common use as a demonym following the declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic to avoid the ambiguity of "Syrians". Limited de facto use of "Syriacs" in the sense of "authors writing in the Syriac language" in the context of patristics can be found even before World War I.[7]
Since the 1980s, a dispute between, on the one hand, the East Aramaic speaking Assyrians, who are mainly indigenous Christians from northern Iraq, north western Iran, southeastern Turkey, northeastern Syria and the Caucasus, and derive their national identity from the Iron Age Assyria, Mesopotamia and Assyria/Athura/Assuristan/Adiabene under Babylonian, Achamaenid Persian, Seleucid Greek, Parthian, Roman and Sassanid Persian rule, and on the other hand, the now largely Arabic-speaking, but previously Westrn Aramaic speaking Arameans, who are mainly from central, south, west and northwestern Syria and south central Turkey, (emphasizing their descent from the Levantine Arameans instead) has become ever more pronounced. In the light of this dispute, the traditional English designation "Assyrians" has come to appear taking an Assyrianist position, for which reason some official sources in the 2000s have come to use emphatically neutral terminology, such as "Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac" in the US census, and "Assyrier/Syrianer" in the Swedish census.
In the Aramaic language, the dispute boils down to the question of whether Sūrāyē/Sūryāyē "Syrian" or Āṯūrāyē "Assyrian" is in preferred use, or whether they are used synonymously. A 2007 Modern Aramaic Dictionary & Phrasebook does treat the terms as synonyms:
The question of the history of each of these terms is less clear. The points to be distinguished are
- was the term Āṯūrāyē introduced into Neo-Aramaic in the 19th century, during the Early Modern period, or has it been in use even in the Middle Aramaic vernacular of the Early Christian period and before?
- what was the relation of the Greek terms Suria vs. Assuria in pre-Christian classical Antiquity
- what is the ultimate etymological connection of the terms Syria and Assyria.
It is undisputed that reference to both the "Syrian" and "Assyrian" self-designations were in use by the mid-19th century, even prior to the archaeological discoveries of the late 19th century.[9]
Medieval Syriac authors show awareness of the descent of their language from the ancient Arameans, without however using "Aramean" as an ethnic self-designation. Thus, Michael the Great (13th century) wrote
|The kingdoms which have been established in antiquity by our race, (that of) the Arameans, namely the descendants of Aram, who were called Syriacs.[10]
Michael the Great also mentions an earlier, 9th-century dispute of a dispute of Jacobite Syrians with Greek scholars, in which the Jacobites endorsed an "Assyrian" identity.
|That even if their name is "Syrian", they are originally "Assyrians" and they have had many honorable kings ... Syria is in the west of Euphrates, and its inhabitants who are talking our Aramaic language, and who are so-called "Syrians", are only a part of the "all", while the other part which was in the east of Euphrates, going towards Persia, had many kings from Assyria and Babylon and Urhay. ... Assyrians, who were called "Syrians" by the Greeks, were also the same Assyrians, I mean "Assyrians" from "Assure" who built the city of Nineveh.[11]
Also according to the "Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia", Pope Paul V shall, in a letter to the Persian Shah Abbas I (1571-1629) of 3 November 1612 mention that the Jacobites endorsed an "Assyrian" identity.
|Those in particular who are called Assyrians or Jacobites and inhabit Isfahan will be compelled to sell their very children in order to pay the heavy tax you have imposed on them, unless You take pity on their misfortune.[12]
John Joseph in the Nestorians and Their Muslim Neighbors (1961) stated that the term Assyrians had for various political reasons been reintroduced to Syriac Christians by British missionaries during the 19th century, and strengthened by archaeological discoveries of ancient Assyria.[13] In the 1990s, the question was revived by Richard Frye among many others, who disagreed with Joseph, establishing that the term "Assyrians" had existed amongst the Jacobites and the Nestorians already during the 17th century and before,[14] Frye further adduces Armenian, Persian, Russian, Arab and Georgian sources to establish the pre-modern usage of Assyrian for the Christian group.[15] The two scholars agreed on the fact that "confusion has existed between the two similar words 'Syria' and 'Assyria' throughout history down to our own day", but each accused the other of contributing further to this confusion. In addition, Horatio Southgate came upon people known as Assyrians in the early 19th century, many decades before the archaeological discoveries and missionary activities of western Christians.
The question of the synonymity of Suria vs. Assuria was already discussed by classical authors: Herodotus has "This people, whom the Greeks call Syrians, are called Assyrians by the barbarians".[16][17] while strictly distinguishing the toponyms Syria vs. Assyria, the former referring to the Levant, the latter to Mesopotamia. Posidonius has "The people we [Greeks] call Syrians were called by the Syrians themselves Arameans".[18]
Quite apart from the question of de facto usage, the question of the etymological relation of the two terms had been open until recently. The point of uncertainty was whether the toponym Syria was ultimately derived from the name Aššur (as opposed to alternative suggestions deriving Syria from the name of the non-Semitic Hurrians). With the discovery of the Çineköy inscription the question does now appear to have been decisively settled to the effect that Syria does indeed derive from Aššur.[19]
The Çineköy inscription is a Hieroglyphic Luwian-Phoenician bilingual, uncovered from Çineköy, Adana Province, Turkey (ancient Cilicia), dating to the 8th century BC. Originally published by Tekoglu and Lemaire (2000),[20] it was more recently the subject of a 2006 paper published in the Journal of Near Eastern Studies, in which the author, Robert Rollinger, lends strong support to the age-old debate of the name "Syria" being derived from "Assyria" (see Etymology of Syria). The examined section of the Luwian inscription reads:
- §VI And then, the/an Assyrian king (su+ra/i-wa/i-ni-sa(URBS)) and the whole Assyrian "House" (su+ra/i-wa/i-za-ha(URBS)) were made a fa[ther and a mo]ther for me,
§VII and Hiyawa and Assyria (su+ra/i-wa/i-ia-sa-ha(URBS)) were made a single "House."
- §VI And then, the/an Assyrian king (su+ra/i-wa/i-ni-sa(URBS)) and the whole Assyrian "House" (su+ra/i-wa/i-za-ha(URBS)) were made a fa[ther and a mo]ther for me,
The corresponding Phoenician inscription reads:
- And the king [of Aššur and (?)]
- the whole "House" of Aššur ('ŠR) were for me a father [and a]
- mother, and the DNNYM and the Assyrians ('ŠRYM)
The object on which the inscription is found is a monument belonging to Urikki, vassal king of Hiyawa (i.e. Cilicia), dating to the 8th century BC. In this monumental inscription, Urikki made reference to the relationship between his kingdom and his Assyrian overlords. The Luwian inscription reads "Sura/i" whereas the Phoenician translation reads 'ŠR or "Ashur" which, according to Rollinger (2006), "settles the problem once and for all".[5]
Names in diaspora[edit]
During the 2000 United States census, Syriac Orthodox Archbishops Cyril Aphrem Karim and Clemis Eugene Kaplan issued a declaration that their preferred English designation is "Syriacs".[21] The official census avoids the question by listing the group as "Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac".[22][23] Some Maronite Christians also joined this US census (as opposed to Lebanese American).[24]
In Sweden, this name dispute has its beginning when immigrants from Turkey, belonging to the Syriac Orthodox Church emigrated to Sweden during the 1960s and were applied with the ethnic designation Assyrians by the Swedish authorities. This caused many who preferred the indigenous designation Suryoyo (who today go by the name Syrianer) to protest, which led to the Swedish authorities began using the double term assyrier/syrianer.[25][26]
National identities[edit]
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2012)
Assyrian identity[edit]
An Assyrian identity has existed continuously since the mid 3rd millennium BC, and is today maintained by followers of the Assyrian Church of the East, the Ancient Church of the East, the Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Protestants, some communities of the Syriac Orthodox Church (particularly in eastern Syria and south eastern Turkey) and to a much lesser degree the Syriac Catholic Church. Those identifying with Assyria, and with Mesopotamia in general, tend to be Mesopotamian Eastern Aramaic speaking Christians from Iraq, north eastern Syria, south eastern Turkey and north west Iran, together with communities that spread from these regions to neighbouring lands such as Armenia, Georgia, southern Russia, Azerbaijan and the Western World.
Assyrian identitification with an ancient Assyrian/Mesopotamian heritage is supported by a number of factors. They are indesputably the pre-Arab and pre-Islamic Semitic population of Assyria in particular, and Mesopotamia in general.
Assyrian continuity receives support from a number of modern Assyriologists like H.W.F. Saggs, Robert D. Biggs, Giorgi Tsereteli and Simo Parpola,[28][29][30] and Iranologists like Richard Nelson Frye.[1][31] Further support is added by historians such as J.G. Browne, George Percy Badger and J.A. Brinkman. Orientalists of the 19th century such as Austen Henry Layard and Hormuzd Rassam (himself an Assyrian) also supported this view.
During the Medieval period, Arab histographers labelled the Assyrians of Mesopotamia as Ashuriyun. Early European travellers to the Ottoman Empire found eastern Aramaic speaking Christian people in upper Mesopotamia with distinct Assyrian names who referred to themselves and were referred to by neighbouring peoples as Assouri (in other words Assyrians). Assyria continued to exist as a named province and entity under Achamenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Roman and Sassanid rule, and Syriac (Assyrian) Christianity began to take hold from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. The Assyrianist movement originated in the 19th to early 20th century, in direct opposition to Pan-Arabism and in the context of Assyrian irredentism. It was exacerbated by the Assyrian Genocide and Assyrian War of Independence of World War I. The emphasis of Assyrian antiquity grew ever more pronounced in the decades following World War II, with an official Assyrian calendar introduced in the 1950s, taking as its era the year 4750 BC, the purported date of foundation of the city of Assur and the introduction of a new Assyrian flag in 1968. Assyrians tend to be from Iraq, Iran, southeast Turkey, northeast Syria, Armenia, Georgia, southern Russia and Azerbaijan, as well as in diaspora communities in the US, Canada, Australia, Great Britain, Sweden, Netherlands etc. The discovery of the Çineköy inscription in 2000 AD clearly supports the already prevailing argument that the terms Syrian and Syriac are indeed Luwian and Greek corruptions of the term Assyrian.
Another indicator of Assyrian ethnic continuity is that native Mesopotamian Religion was also still clearly evident alongside Christianity well into the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, and was still followed by isolated communities of Assyrians as late as the 10th century AD.
The Assyrian movement today, is also very strong amongst the Jacobites. In Sweden, the majority of those who identify themselves as Assyrians, are Jacobites from the Syriac Orthodox Church,[32] but there are also Assyrians and Syriacs in Sweden representing the other Syriac churches.
Orientalists such as Hannibal Travis and Mordechai Nisan state that later erroneous names which served to confuse Assyrian identity in the Western World, such as Nestorians, Syrians, Syriacs, and Chaldeans, were names imposed by Western Missionaries such as the Catholics and Protestants on the Ottoman, Persian and Mesopotamian Assyrians. The Greek, Persian, and Arab rulers of occupied Assyria, as well as Assyrian, Chaldean Catholic and Syriac Orthodox patriarchs, priests, and monks, as well as Armenian, Georgian, Arab, Kurdish, Turkish, Russian, British, and French laypeople, called them Assyrians.[33]
Syriac identity[edit]
The term Syriac is usually and properly taken only as a theological and cultural term, used to describe Semitic Christians from the Near East in general. However it is also advocated as an ethnic term by some followers of the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Syriac Catholic Church and to a much lesser degree, the Maronite Church. Those self identifying as Syriacs tend to be from western, northwestern, southern and central Syria, as well as southcentral Turkey.
The term "Syriac" is the subject of some controversy, as it is generally accepted by the vast majority of scholars that it is a Greek corruption of "Assyrian". In addition, the Syriac script and Syriac Dialect as well as Syriac Christianity all arose in Sassanid ruled Assyria. For these reasons, some Assyrians also accept the term "Syriac" as well as "Assyrian", as it is taken to mean one and the same thing. The discovery of the Çineköy inscription in 2000 appears to have confirmed this. Likewise, some Syriacs identify equally with the term Assyrian.
Organisations such as the Syriac Union Party in Lebanon and Syria, as well as the European Syriac Union, espouse a Syriac identity.
Chaldean and Chaldo-Assyrian identity[edit]
Advocated by some ethnically Assyrian followers of the Chaldean Catholic Church who are mainly based in the United States.[33] This is usually and properly taken only as a denominational, theological and doctrinal term, and not an ethnic term,[34] though a minority of Chaldean Catholics espouse a distinct Chaldean ethnic identity.
However the Chaldean Catholics are exactly the same people as the Assyrians,[33] both having the same culture, speaking the same language and originating from the same lands in northern Mesopotamia, rather than the far south east where the long disappeared ancient Chaldeans dwelt.[35] The term "Chaldean" came into being when some Assyrian followers of the Assyrian Church of the East entered communion with Rome between the 16th and late 18th centuries. Rome named this new diocese The Church of Assyria and Mosul in 1553 AD,[36] and only in 1683 AD this was changed to The Chaldean Catholic Church.
It is believed that the term Chaldean Catholic arose due to a Latin misinterpretation and mistranslation of the Hebrew Ur Kasdim (according to Jewish tradition the birthplace of Abraham in Northern Mesopotamia) as meaning Ur of the Chaldees.[37] In reality the Hebraic Ur and Kasdim did not refer to Ur in southern Mesopotamia, nor did Kasdim refer to Chaldeans.
It is noteworthy that Chaldean Catholics originate from and live mostly in Northern Iraq, the traditional Assyrian homeland, and not in the extreme south east of Iraq where "Ancient Chaldea" was situated between the 9th and 6th centuries BC.
The origins of the real ancient Chaldeans is unclear, they were migrants from The Levant to southern Mesopotamia, first appearing in written record in the 8th century BC. It is most likely that they were either a distinct Akkadianized West Semitic group or were a powerful Akkadianized Aramean tribe. What is certain is that the Chaldean Dynasty did not even survive until the end of the dynasty that bears its name, Nabonidus, the last king of the Chaldean Dynasty and his son, prince Belshazzar were from Harran, and thus from Assyria. Despite this, Babylonia was, for a brief period, referred to as Chaldea in the writings of the Jews and Greeks, although this eventually fell out of use.
There was no province or land called Chaldea, nor mention of a Chaldean race, in the Achaemenid Empire, nor the succeeding Seleucid Empire, Arascid Empire, Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire, indicating that the Chaldean tribe had been wholly subsumed into the general population of Southern Mesopotamia and disappeared as a race, as other migrant peoples; the Amorites, Kassites, Arameans and Suteans before them had been.
There has been no serious historical evidence produced thus far to support any link whatsoever between the Chaldean Catholics (who were originally members of the "Assyrian" Church) and the ancient long disappeared Chaldean tribe, nor any written or archeological record of the continued existence of the Chaldean tribe after the fall of Babylon, or how they supposedly came to reappear after an absence from history of two thousand two hundred years, at the opposite end of Mesopotamia.[38][39][40]
Strictly, even in a theological sense, the name of Chaldeans is no longer correct; in Chaldea proper, apart from Baghdad, there are now very few adherents of this rite, most of the Chaldean population originating in the north, and being found in the cities of Kirkuk, Arbil, and Mosul, in the heart of the Tigris valley, in the valley of the Zab, in the mountains of Kurdistan. Even those in Baghdad, are largely migrants from the north. It is in the former ecclesiastical province of Ator Assyria that are now found the most flourishing of the Catholic Chaldean communities. The native population accepts the ethnic names Assyrians or Atoraya-Kaldaya Chaldo-Assyrians while in the neo-Syriac vernacular Christians generally are also known as Syriacs.[41]
A small minority Chaldean Catholics (mainly American-based) no longer subscribe to an "Assyrian" identity,[42] due mainly to the esposing of a purely Catholic identity, rather than any interest in an ethnic one, promoted by the Chaldean Catholic Church.[42] However most Chaldean Catholics acknowledge that ethnically they are one and the same people as the Assyrians, and many priests in the Chaldean Church, such as Mar Raphael I Bedawid, advocate the Assyrian ethnicity regardless of doctrinal differences.[43]
Artur Boháč and Eden Naby echo Hannibal Travis in pointing out that the confusion of later names applied to the Assyrian ethnic group were introduced by Western theologians and missionaries, and others arose out of doctrinal rather than ethnic divisions.[34]
Others prefer to call themselves Chaldo-Assyrian to avoid division on theological grounds. The Iraqi and Iranian governments uses this term in recognition that Assyrians and Chaldeans are ethnically the same people but with different religious traditions. They are indigenous to Iraq, north east Syria and southeast Turkey, for the most part speaking the Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic dialects.
Also known as "Chaldean Christians", "Assyrian Christians" or "Syrian Christians" are the Saint Thomas Christians of India (also called the Syro-Malabar Jacobite,catholic,Protestant Churches). They are ethnically and culturally related to the Chaldo-Assyrian people as a result of trade links and mass migration during the 9th century at the height of the Nestorian Church. They are referred to as 'Suriyani', an Arabic term meaning 'Syrian Christian'. They are also referred to as Nasrani, which is an Arabic term referring to Christians, more specifically Jewish-Christians, which originates from 'Nazareth'. They belong to the Syriac Christian heritage, and their churches continue to remain in communion with their sister churches in the Middle East mainly but many practice non alignment practice.
Aramean identity[edit]
Advocated by a number of Syriac Christians most notably members of the Syriac Orthodox and Syriac Catholic Churches.
The Arameans are a people who emerged in the Levant (modern Syria) during the Late Bronze Age, who following the Bronze Age collapse formed a number of small kingdoms before they were conquered into the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the course of the 10th to late 7th centuries BC. During Horatio Southgate's travels through Mesopotamia, he encountered indigenous Christians, adherents of the Assyrian Church of the East and Chaldean Catholic Church who claimed an Assyrian ancestry and had distinct Assyrian names, but stated that the Jacobites (adherents of the Syriac Orthodox Church) of Syria were descendants of the Arameans, "whose chief city was Damascus" (Arameans).[44]
Such an Aramean identity is mainly held by a number of Syriac Christians in southcentral Turkey, southeastern Turkey, western, central, northern and southern Syria and in the diaspora especially in Germany and Sweden.[45] In English, they self-identify as "Syriac", sometimes expanded to "Syriac-Aramean" or "Aramean-Syriac". In Swedish, they call themselves Syrianer, and in German, Aramäer is a common self-designation. In recent days the term Aramean rather than Syriac is gaining popularity among some Christians in Syria and the diaspora.
The Aramean Democratic Organization, based in Lebanon, is an advocate of the Aramean identity.
In 2014, Israel has decided to recognize the Aramaic community within its borders as a national minority, separating them from Arabs in Israel and allowing most of the Christians in Israel (around 130,000 out of the 160,000) to be registered as "Aramean" instead of "Arab".[46]
The Syriac-Aramaic flag[47] (also "Syriac flag", "Aramean flag") is the flag chosen by the Arameanist faction to represent the Aramean (Syriac) nation in the Syriac homeland and in the Syriac diaspora. The original relief depicted was excavated by André Dupont-Sommer (1900–1983) in the old Sriac village Tell Halaf, Syria.[48] It was adapted as a flag in Bahro Suryoyo January issue 1980.[49] However, it was redesigned to its current form in 1982 by Abdulmasiḥ Ḥanna, a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Members of the SSNP party were known to be opponents of the Assyrian movement back in the homeland, Qamishlo, before the diaspora.
In the flag design, the sun is replaced by a flame or torch, symbolizing the Holy Spirit.[citation needed] The red background was chosen because of all blood that was spilled in the Syriac genocide. The yellow color is symbolizing the hope for a country of their own, since Syriacs are a people living without their own state.[citation needed]
Phoenician identity[edit]
Many Maronites identify with a Phoenician origin and do not see themselves as Assyrian, Syriac or Aramean. These tend to be from Lebanon and the Mediterranean coast of Syria, an area roughly corresponding to ancient Phoenicia. They are of pre-Arab and pre-Islamic origin, and thus identify with the ancient population of that region.[50] Lebanese author Walid Phares, speaking at the 70th Assyrian Convention, on the topic of Assyrians in post-Saddam Iraq, began his talk by asking why he as a Lebanese Maronite ought to be speaking on the political future of Assyrians in Iraq, answering his own question with "because we are one people. We believe we are the Western Assyrians and you are the Eastern Assyrians."[51]
However, other Maronite factions in Lebanon, such as Guardians of the Cedars, in their opposition to Arab nationalism, advocate the idea of a Phoenician racial heritage (see Phoenicianism). They point out that they are of pre-Arab and pre-Islamic origin, and as such are at least in part of Phoenician-Canaanite stock.[50]
Other names[edit]
- "Nestorians", is a now defunct catch-all term to describe any Near-Eastern and Asian Christians regardless of ethnicity, language and often doctrine. The term was used by Europeans from Medieval times to the Victorian age, regardless of denomination or ethnicity. In the 19th century, this was narrowed to apply specifically to those Assyrians who were members of the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church. The term is rejected by Assyrians who point out they are a multi denominational ethnic group rather than a religious sect, and by the Assyrian Church of the East, which points out that it is both older and theologically distinct from the church founded by Nestorius in the 5th century AD. The term Nestorian has now largely been discarded.
- "Jacobites", the members of the Syriac Orthodox Church. It was in use since the 5th century.
- "Christians", Western media often makes no mention whatsoever of any ethnic identity of the Christian people of the region, and simply call them "Christians" or "Iraqi Christians", "Iranian Christians", "Syrian Christians" etc. This label is rejected by many[52] Assyrian/Aramean/Syriac/Phoenician Christians (as well as by Copts and Armenians) as it wrongly implies no difference other than theological with the Arabs, Kurds, Turks, Iranians and Azeris of the region.
- "Ashuriyun", a term used by Medieval Arabs to for the eastern Aramaic speaking Assyrian Christians of Mesopotamia. The term has now fallen out of use, however it is noteworthy in that it illustrates the early Arab Islamic rulers acknowledged a distinct Assyrian identity in northern Mesopotamia.
- "Arab Christians", a term not accepted by most Syriac Christian populations ( including Assyrians/Chaldo-Assyrians, Syriac-Arameans, Maronite) in Iraq, Iran, Turkey and northeastern Syria,[52] nor is it accepted by Copts in Egypt and Sudan, or by the minorities of Armenian, Kurdish, Turcoman, Georgian, Greek and Berber Christians throughout the region. In the remainder of Syria, some Christians do identify as Arabs, to some degree at least.
Generally, those self identifying as "Arabs" tend to be indigenous to Jordan, Israel & the Palestinian Territories, the Arabian Peninsula and Yemen, although even in these areas an Arab identity is not universally accepted among Christians.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- Kelley L. Ross, Note on the Modern Assyrians, The Proceedings of the Friesian School
- Los Angeles Times (Orange County Edition), Assyrians Hope for U.S. Protection, 17 February 2003, p. B8.
- Sarhad Jammo, Contemporary Chaldeans and Assyrians: One Primordial Nation, One Original Church, Kaldu.org
- Edward Odisho, PhD, Assyrians, Chaldeans & Suryanis: We all have to hang together before we are hanged separately (2003)
- Aprim, Fred, The Assyrian Cause and the Modern Aramean Thorn (2004)
- Wilfred Alkhas, Neo-Assyrianism & the End of the Confounded Identity (2006)
- Nicholas Aljeloo, Who Are The Assyrians?, (2000)
- William Warda, Aphrim Barsoum's Role in distancing the Syrian Orthodox Church from its Assyrian Heritage, (2005)
- Andersson, Stefan (1983). Assyrierna – En bok om präster och lekmän, om politik och diplomati kring den assyriska invandringen till Sverige (in Swedish). Falköping: Gummessons Tryckeri AB. ISBN 91-550-2913-2. OCLC 11532612.
- Göran Gunner; Sven Halvardson (2005). Jag behöver rötter och vingar: om assyrisk/syriansk identitet i Sverige (in Swedish). Skelleftea: Artos & Norma. ISBN 91-7217-080-8. OCLC 185176817.
- Joseph, John (2000). The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East – Encounters with Western Christian Missions, Archeologists & Colonial Powers. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-11641-9. OCLC 43615273.
- Kamal S. Salibi (2003). A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-912-2. OCLC 51994034.
- Mirza Dawid Gewargis Malik (2006). The Throne of Saliq: The Condition of Assyrianism in the Era of the Incarnation of Our Lord, and Notes on the History of Assyria (in Syriac). Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1-59333-406-0. OCLC 76941895.
- Saggs, H.W.F. (1984). The Might That Was Assyria. Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 0-283-98961-0. OCLC 10569174.
- Frye, Richard Nelson (October 1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies (reprinted in Journal of the Assyrian Academic Studies 1997, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp.30–36.) 51 (4): 281–285. doi:10.1086/373570.
- Joseph, John (1997). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms?" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 11 (2): 37–43.
- Frye, Richard Nelson. "Reply to John Joseph" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13 (1).
- Yildiz, Efrem. "The Assyrians A Historical and Current Reality: The Assyrians and the Babylonians: two peoples but one history?" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13 (1).
- Joseph, John (1998). "The Bible and the Assyrians: It Kept their Memory Alive" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies XII. (1): 70–76.
- Yana, George. "Myth vs Reality" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 14 (1): 78–82.
- Gewargis, Odisho (2002). "We Are Assyrians" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies XVI (1).
- Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 18 (2).
- Biggs, Robert (2005). "My Career in Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies (Oriental Institute, University of Chicago†) 19 (1).
- Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The terms "Assyria" and "Syria" again" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, ETATS-UNIS (1942) (Revue)) 65 (4): 283–287. doi:10.1086/511103.
- Berntsson, Martin (2003). "Assyrier eller syrianer? Om fotboll, identitet och kyrkohistoria" (in Swedish). Gränser (Humanistdag-boken nr 16). pp. 47–52.
- Nordgren, Kenneth. Vems är historien? Historia som medvetande, kultur och handling i det mångkulturella Sverige Doktorsavhandlingar inom den Nationella Forskarskolan i Pedagogiskt Arbete (in Swedish) (3).
- Sargon R. Michael, review of J. Joseph The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East, Zinda magazine (2002)
- ^ a b Frye, R. N. (October 1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51 (4): 281–285. doi:10.1086/373570.
- ^ Festschrift Philologica Constantino Tsereteli Dicta, ed. Silvio Zaorani (Turin, 1993), pp. 106–107
- ^ Rudolf Macuch, Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur, New York: de Gruyter, 1976.
- ^ Tsereteli, Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk, Moscow: Nauka, 1964.
- ^ a b Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The terms "Assyria" and "Syria" again" (PDF). Assyriology. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 65 (4): 284–287. doi:10.1086/511103.
- ^ OED, online edition s.v. "Syriac". Retrieved November 2008
- ^ e.g. "the later Syriacs agree with the majority of the Greeks" American Journal of Philology, Johns Hopkins University Press (1912), p. 32.
- ^ Nicholas Awde, Nineb Limassu, Nicholas Al-Jeloo, Modern Aramaic Dictionary & Phrasebook: (Assyrian/Syriac), Hippocrene Books (2007) ISBN 978-0-7818-1087-6
- ^ Horatio Southgate (1843): "I began to make inquiries for the Syrians. The people informed me that there were about one hundred families of them in the town of Kharpout, and a village inhabited by them on the plain. I observed that the Armenians did not know them under the name which I used, Syriani; but called them Assouri, which struck me the more at the moment from its resemblance to our English name Assyrians, from whom they claim their origin, being sons, as they say, of Ashur who 'out of the land of Shinar went forth, and build Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calah, and Resin between Nineveh and Calah." Horatio Southgate, "Narrative of a Visit to the Syrian Church", 1844 p. 80 [1] Philoxenos Yuhanun Dolabani (1914): "My dear and beloved Aramean, in many ways I am indebted to you on account of the racial love of Adam and the Semitic one of Aram (that burns in my heart)." Preface of Mor Philoxenos Yuhanun Dolabani's book of the bee (kthobo d-deburitho), published by Verlag Bar Hebräus, Losser-Holland, 1986.
- ^ J-B Chabot, Chronique de Michel le Syrien Patriarche Jacobite d'Antioche (1166–1199) Tome I-II-III (French) and Tome IV (Syriac), Paris, 1899, p. 748, appendice II "The kingdoms which have been established in antiquity by our race, (that of) the Arameans, namely the descendants of Aram, who were called Syriacs."
- ^ History of Mikhael The Great Chabot Edition p. 748, 750, quoted after Addai Scher, Hestorie De La Chaldee Et De "Assyrie"[2]
- ^ H. Chick: A Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia. London 1939, S. 100.
- ^ Frye, Assyria and Syria: Synonyms, p. 34, ref 15
- ^ Frye, Assyria and Syria: Synonyms, p. 34, ref 14
- ^ Frye, Reply to John Joseph, p. 70, "I do not understand why Joseph and others ignore the evidence of Armenian, Arab and Persian sources in regard to usage with initial a-, including contemporary practice."
- ^ Herodotus, The Histories, VII.63, s:History of Herodotus/Book 7
- ^ Frye, Assyria and Syria: Synonyms, p. 30
- ^ Joseph, Assyria and Syria: Synonyms?, p. 38
- ^ Rollinger, pp. 287, "Since antiquity, scholars have both doubted and emphasized this relationship. It is the contention of this paper that the Çineköy inscription settles the problem once and for all." See also Çineköy inscription
- ^ Tekoglu, R. & Lemaire, A. (2000). La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des inscriptions, et belleslettres, année 2000, 960–1006.
- ^ Assyrian Heritage of the Christians of Mesopotamia
- ^ Census 2000
- ^ Syriac Orthodox Church Census 2000 Explanation in English
- ^ http://www.zindamagazine.com/iraqi_documents/whoareassyrians.html
- ^ Assyriska Hammorabi Föreningen, Namnkonflikten
- ^ Berntsson, p. 51
- ^ Assyria
- ^ Saggs, The Might That Was Assyria, p. 290, "The destruction of the Assyrian empire did not wipe out its population. They were predominantly peasant farmers, and since Assyria contains some of the best wheat land in the Near East, descendants of the Assyrian peasants would, as opportunity permitted, build new villages over the old cities and carry on with agricultural life, remembering traditions of the former cities. After seven or eight centuries and various vicissitudes, these people became Christians."
- ^ Biggs, Robert (2005). "My Career in Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 19 (1): 10. "Especially in view of the very early establishment of Christianity in Assyria and its continuity to the present and the continuity of the population, I think there is every likelihood that ancient Assyrians are among the ancestors of modern Assyrians of the area."
- ^ Parpola, National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times, p. 22
- ^ Frye, Richard N. (1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms". PhD., Harvard University. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. "The ancient Greek historian, Herodotus, wrote that the Greeks called the Assyrians, by the name Syrian, dropping the A. And that's the first instance we know of, of the distinction in the name, of the same people. Then the Romans, when they conquered the western part of the former Assyrian Empire, they gave the name Syria, to the province, they created, which is today Damascus and Aleppo. So, that is the distinction between Syria, and Assyria. They are the same people, of course. And the ancient Assyrian empire, was the first real, empire in history. What do I mean, it had many different peoples included in the empire, all speaking Aramaic, and becoming what may be called, "Assyrian citizens." That was the first time in history, that we have this. For example, Elamite musicians, were brought to Nineveh, and they were 'made Assyrians' which means, that Assyria, was more than a small country, it was the empire, the whole Fertile Crescent."
- ^ Lundberg, Dan. "A virtual Assyria: Christians from the Middle East". "The dividing line in Sweden between Syrians and Assyrians lies between the religiously defined group: Syrians, who are Syrian Orthodox Christians, and the politically or ethnically determined category: Assyrians, whose members belong to several different Christian beliefs (the majority are of course also Syrian Orthodox Christians) but whose religious affiliation is toned down."
- ^ a b c Travis, Hannibal. Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237-77, 293–294 ISBN 9781594604362
- ^ a b http://conference.osu.eu/globalization/publ/08-bohac.pdf
- ^ Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq
- ^ Rabban, "Chaldean Rite", Catholic Encyclopedia, 1967, Vol. III, pp.427–428
- ^ Biblical Archaeology Review May/June 2001: Where Was Abraham's Ur? by Allan R. Millard
- ^ Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq, 3rd ed., Penguin Books, London, 1991, p.381-382
- ^ Joan Oates, Babylon, revised ed., Thames & Hudson, 1986
- ^ Council of Florence, Bull of union with the Chaldeans and the Maronites of Cyprus Session 14, 7 August 1445 [1]
- ^ Siemon-Netto, Uwe (August 1, 2004). "Iraq's Church Bombers vs. Muhammad". Christianity Today. "In the 16th century, a major segment of the Nestorian church united with Rome while retaining its ancient liturgy. They are now called the Chaldean Church, to which most Assyrian Christians belong."
- ^ a b "Why Chaldean Church Refuses to Acknowledge its Assyrian Heritage? When Religion Becomes Divisive". Christians of Iraq.
- ^ Mar Raphael I Bedawid (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times". Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, Vol 18, N0. 2. "I personally think that these different names serve to add confusion. The original name of our Church was the 'Church of the East' ... When a portion of the Church of the East became Catholic, the name given was 'Chaldean' based on the Magi kings who came from the land of the Chaldean, to Bethlehem. The name 'Chaldean' does not represent an ethnicity... We have to separate what is ethnicity and what is religion... I myself, my sect is Chaldean, but ethnically, I am Assyrian."
- ^ Southgate, Horatio (1840). Southgate, Horatio. Narrative of a tour through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia and Mesopotamia. Tilt & Bogue.
- ^ Assyrian people
- ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/304458
- ^ flag of Syriac-Aramaic People (Syria) flags, Syriac-Aramaic People (Syria)
- ^ Syrianerna – En nation i förskringring, Assad Sauma Assad, 2005
- ^ Naures Atto, Hostages in the Homeland, 2011
- ^ a b Kamal S. Salibi, "The Lebanese Identity" Journal of Contemporary History 6.1, Nationalism and Separatism (1971:76-86).
- ^ 70th Assyrian Convention Addresses Assyrian Autonomy in Iraq
- ^ a b http://www.aina.org/releases/arabization.htm


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Anacharsis was a Scythian philosopher who travelled from his homeland on the northern shores of the Black Sea to Athens in the early 6th century BCE and made a great impression as a forthright, outspoken "barbarian," apparently a ...Add to my favourites Get these quotes on a PDF
Every man is his own chief enemy.
Written laws are like spider's webs; they will catch, it is true, the weak and the poor, but would be torn in pieces by the rich and powerful.
Wise men argue cases, fools decide them.

subset: commoncrawl


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Robert Pattinson Is 'Bright & Sensitive,' Says His 'The Rover' Co-Star
Rob is filming his new movie 'The Rover' and HollywoodLife.com caught up with his co-star Guy Pearce! He reveals what it's like to work alongside the 'Twilight' star!
Everyone loves singing Robert Pattinson's praises. The 26-year-old is in Australia shooting The Rover and luckily HollywoodLife.com got a chance to talk to his awesome co-star Guy Pierce at the GREY GOOSE Blue Door lounge after party for his movie Breathe In on Jan. 19 and you'll love what he had to say about Rob! Click here to read more
Kristen Stewart: Bella Swan Was 'Naughtier Than You Think' — Video
In a new interview, Kristen opens up about the main challenge she faced playing her 'On The Road' character MaryLou, and the difference between playing her compared to Bella Swan in 'The Twilight Saga.'
We already knew that Edward (Robert Pattinson) and Bella (Kristen Stewart) had the ability to break a bed while having sex, but in a new video interview, Kristen admits that Bella Swan is much "naughtier" than we think. Wow!
Click here to read more
Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart — Hollywood's Most Romantic Couple
Robsten are #1 on Forbes' Hollywood's Highest-Grossing Romantic Couples list and we are thrilled! Read on to find out who they beat out and what got them the top spot!
Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart's chemistry on the set of all the Twilight movies has been so sexy that it's managed to rake in the cash! Forbes looked at the top-grossing romantic movies from the past three years and Twilight has earned $625 million! Click here to read more
Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart's Romantic PDA Revealed — New Pic
In a brand new still from 'Breaking Dawn: Part 2,' Kristen is seen snuggling into Rob's chest. So sweet!
In a never-before-seen picture, Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson are seen looking like the epitome of cuteness as they snuggle up on the set of Breaking Dawn: Part 2, and it's not just part of the film, as director Bill Condon is standing in the shot with them. So adorable! He is directing them for the scene, and one thing is for sure — he is not critiquing their on-screen chemistry!
Click here to read more
'Breaking Dawn Part 2′: Romantic DVD Trailer Released — Watch
The sound of a million Twi-hards squealing was heard across America on Jan. 14, as Yahoo! movies announced the final DVD from 'The Twilight Saga' will be available for purchase on March 2. How exciting!
Mark your calendars! Breaking Dawn Part 2 will be officially released March 2 at midnight, and the movie will be available on Blu-ray, 2-disc DVD, On Demand and Digital Download. The film, which was nominated for several Golden Raspberry Awards, is the final movie of The Twilight Saga and it depicts Bella (Kristen Stewart) and Edward (Robert Pattinson) raising their child Renesmee under the threat of the Volturi. Click here to read more
'Breaking Dawn' Deleted Sex Scene Revealed — Watch
On the Jan. 9 episode of 'Entertainment Tonight,' a never-before-seen clip from Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart's infamous sex scene in 'Breaking Dawn Part 1′ was revealed — it's super hot! Watch the video.
Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart look super sexy in a never-before-seen clip that was revealed on Entertainment Tonight on Jan. 9. The clip, which will be featured on the Breaking Dawn Part 1: Extended Edition, was edited out because it was way too steamy — it's extended footage from Robsten's infamous sex scene!
Click here to read more
Twi-Hards Win Best Fans At People's Choice
Don't think that 'Twilight' went home empty handed at the Jan. 9 People's Choice Awards because they got a pretty awesome award!
Twihards rule the world. At the People's Choice Awards on Jan. 9, guess who won Favorite Movie Fan Following? Yes, you guessed it — Twilight! Click here to read more
'Breaking Dawn: Part 1′ Extended Edition DVD Release Date Announced
Fans rejoice! An extended edition DVD of 'Breaking Dawn: Part 1′ will be released on March 2! See what exclusive content will be added below!
Breaking Dawn: Part 1 was one of the most romantic movies of 2011, featuring Edward and Bella's wedding and their honeymoon and now a new extended DVD promises eight minutes of never-before-seen footage! Yay! More Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart!
Click here to read more
Edward Cullen & Elena Gilbert Win Hottest Vampires Of 2012
We asked, you voted: Robert Pattinson & Nina Dobrev's undead personas owned 2012!
I don't mean to perpetuate the acceptance of necrophilia, but there were so many sexy dead people in 2012. Between The Vampire Diaries, True Blood and that little movie Breaking Dawn Part 2, you couldn't turn your head this year without laying eyes on a gorgeous member of Hollywood's growing undead population. HollywoodLife.com polled all of you to find out which male and female vampire reigned supreme, and after hundreds of thousands of votes… Click here to read more
'Twilight' Star Arrested For Urinating In Airport A Week After Meth Arrest
Bronson Pelletier, who played Jared in the 'Twilight Saga', was arrested at LAX on Dec. 17 for public intoxication after urinating in a terminal. It's also been revealed that the troubled actor was previously arrested on Dec. 8 in West Hollywood for possession of meth and cocaine! Read on for all the details.
It hasn't been the easiest week for Bronson Pelletier, the actor who played Jared, a member of the wolfpack, in the Twilight Saga. It was revealed that he had been arrested on Monday, Dec 17 at LAX airport for public intoxication after urinating in public. Shortly after that arrest was made public, news broke that Bronson had been arrested some days earlier, on Dec. 8, for felony cocaine and meth possession! Click here to read more


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Dragonmaw GatesTalk0
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this wiki
this wiki
Dragonmaw Gates are a set of grandiose portals that block the winding path leading up to Grim Batol. The gates are guarded by several different types of dragonkin of the red dragonflight, as well as the powerful drake Axtroz. It is possible to pass through the gates and survive, but past the last gate, the area just below the mountain is completely deserted. It is possible this area will contain a red dragon later in the game's development.
In CataclysmEditThis section concerns content exclusive to Cataclysm.
The Dragonmaw Gates now open into the Twilight Highlands and are no longer part of the Wetlands.[1]
References Edit


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Funeral Services Planned for Berta Olivarez Filut06 September 2014Read More...
Students return to school29 August 2014Read More...
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Partly Cloudy, 81 F
Sat - Thunderstorms. High: 87 Low: 76
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PALMVIEW - Sgt. Michael Anthony Salinas, 28, an active member of the U.S. Marine Corps, passed away Friday, July 27, 2012 in Hawaii. He was born on July 7, 1984 to Aurelio Salinas Sr. and Maria Anna Salinas in McAllen.
He is survived by his wife, Yuki Salinas of Hawaii; daughter, Elisè Salinas of Hawaii; mother, Maria A. Salinas of Palmview; brothers, Aurelio Salinas Jr. of La Joya, Eric Christopher Salinas of Mission, Jacob Daniel Salinas of Palmview.
He was preceded in death by his father.
Visitations will be held Friday, Aug. 10, from 11 a.m. to 9 p.m. with a rosary at 7 p.m. at Lord and I Funeral Home in Penitas. The funeral mass will be held Saturday, Aug. 11, at 10 a.m. at Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church in Sullivan City. Interment will follow at Los Ebanos Cemetery.
Marines from Detachment, Company C, 1st Batallion 23rd Marines, will conduct full military honors.
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The Progress Times is the hometown newspaper for the local communities of Mission, Sharyland, Alton, Palmview, La Joya and surrounding areas in Western Hidalgo County. We have a staff of veteran reporters who work diligently every week to bring our readers the latest news as it affects their hometown area and people.


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Welcome to THE OLIVE GROVE Olive Oil Company!
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text: MINNEAPOLIS (LEARFIELD-WSAU) The University of Wisconsin will make history this afternoon, when the Badgers play at Minnesota in the inaugural Big Ten Conference men's hockey game. You can hear the game on WSAU at 3:30 It starts at four p-m, two hours before Michigan and Ohio State face off in the day's only other Big Ten matchup. Penn State and Michigan State round out the six-team men's hockey circuit. Wisconsin is 4-3-and-1 overall, and is ranked 12th by U-S College Hockey Online. The Badgers were off last weekend. They'll play a Gophers' team that's ranked first at 9-2-and-1. Their two-game weekend series will wrap up tomorrow evening. Each team will play 20 Big Ten contests -- four games against each opponent. Wisconsin officials said an unofficial conference winner was declared from 1959-through-'81, based on results from W-C-H-A games -- and it was determined that the Badgers won five titles from 1972-through-78.


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Welcome to the Hollywood Acting Workshop!
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References: Ephesians 5Ephesians 5:18-21 What does it mean to be filled with all the fullness of God by the Holy Spirit? And how do we obey the command to be filled by the Spirit? What does the Spirit-filled life look like? The answers may surprise you. These four little verses contain some of the most important information on living the Christian life one could have.
Series: The Spirit-Filled Life
It is not enough to learn true things about God.
It is not even enough to experience the benefits of His attributes. We must not be satisfied until our experience of each attribute has been profound enough to move our soul toward deeper love for God.
We must keep learning and experiencing what is so wonderful about each attribute until there is a response in our affections -sparks of actual joy, peace, delight, awe, fear of God, security, satisfaction of soul, comfort, courage, and all the other benefits
Scripture promises will come from the nearness of God's favorable presence. Each one of God's attributes is a single ray in the spectrum of the brilliant radiance of His glory. That glory is an ocean, and just one drop of that ocean, if you could just see it clearly, would be enough to delight your soul and occupy your faculties of praise for all eternity.
This book is a journal of how God has been opening my eyes the past few years to begin to see a glimpse of that drop.


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Hearty Pepperoni Pizza Casserole Recipe
Friends and family love my new spin on pizza. Packed with cheeses, meats, and tomatoes, this hearty pasta dish will go fast! Nancy Foust Stoneboro, Pennsylvania
- 3 cups uncooked spiral pasta
- 2 pounds ground turkey or beef
- 1 medium onion, chopped
- 2 cans (8 ounces each) mushroom stems and pieces, drained
- 1 can (15 ounces) tomato sauce
- 1 jar (14 ounces) pizza sauce
- 1 can (6 ounces) tomato paste
- 1/2 teaspoon sugar
- 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder
- 1/2 teaspoon onion powder
- 1/2 teaspoon dried oregano
- 4 cups (16 ounces) shredded part-skim mozzarella cheese, divided
- 1 package (3-1/2 ounces) sliced pepperoni
- 1/2 cup grated Parmesan cheese
- Cook pasta according to package directions. Meanwhile, in a Dutch oven, cook beef and onion over medium heat until meat is no longer pink; drain. Stir in the mushrooms, tomato sauce, pizza sauce, tomato paste, sugar and seasonings. Drain pasta; stir into meat sauce.
- Divide half of the mixture between two greased 11-in. x 7-in. baking dishes; sprinkle each with 1 cup mozzarella cheese. Repeat layers. Top each with pepperoni and Parmesan cheese.
- Cover and bake at 350° for 20 minutes. Uncover; bake 10-15 minutes longer or until heated through. Yield: 2 casseroles (8 servings each).
Originally published as Pizza Casserole in Taste of Home December/January 2007, p42
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Reviewed Jan. 12, 2014
My sons favorite!!! Check my blog out for more recipes www.gertysgoods871.blogspot.com
Reviewed Apr. 10, 2013
M family loved this recipe! I added black olives and green pepper. This recipe could be made healthier by simply adjusting the ingredients (wheat pasta, ground turkey, low fat cheese etc.). The bad rating based on the saturated fat content is wrong. Plus Heidimotsch doesn't mention this is a recipe for 2 meals!
Reviewed Mar. 12, 2013
Reviewed Nov. 5, 2012
Easy to make and it tasted great! Per my husbands request, I will definitely be making this dish again.
Reviewed Oct. 13, 2012
We love this with ground Venison & fresh garlic.


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Peter Lourgos, M.D., J.D., '99, Forensic Psychiatry
After graduating from SIU School of Medicine's MD/JD Program, Dr. Lourgos completed his residency in general psychiatry at Lutheran General Hospital in Park Ridge, Ill., as its chief resident. He completed a one-year forensic psychiatry fellowship training program at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. He is board certified in general and forensic psychiatry.
In 2004, Dr. Lourgos became a staff forensic psychiatrist at Forensic Clinical Services, a clinical department operating under the direction of the Office of the Chief Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County. Established in 1914, the department has the distinction of being the nation's first adult psychiatric court clinic. In January 2006, he was promoted to assistant director of the department involving administrative and clinical duties. As a forensic psychiatrist, he evaluates criminal defendants and provides the court with an expert opinion regarding their current mental state (fitness to stand trial) and mental state at the time of the offense (sanity) and provides testimony on his findings as needed.
He and his wife, Evangeline Leventis, a reporter for the Chicago Tribune recently purchased their first home in Niles, IL.


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Friday, 06 July 2012 14:19
Alfredo Gonzalez Texas State Veterans Home hosts fund-raiser for Wounded Warrior Project
The Second Annual Car Show and Veterans Expo returns to McAllen's Alfredo Gonzalez Texas State Veterans Home from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m., Saturday, July 7, in McAllen. Admission is free and the event is open to the public.
All proceeds from the $10 car registration fee and the $50 booth registration fees benefit the Wounded Warrior Project, which helps to heal members of the military who suffered service-related injuries since 2001.


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SOCIAL CIRCLE, Ga. (AP) - Georgia Department of Natural Resources officials say boaters will face fines later this month if they fail to renew their boat decals on time.
Department spokeswoman Melissa Cummings says boaters who don't renew expired registration decals before Oct. 24 will be charged a $10 late fee.
Director of the Wildlife Resources Division, Dan Forster, says lawmakers passed a regulation in 2013 to encourage timely renewal. He says boaters typically put off renewing their registration until just before the summer holidays.
Forster says the holiday rush creates a backlog for those looking to renew their registration and the law is meant to diminish that.
Boat registration decals are valid for three years and expire on the last day of the owner's birth month.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
WDCA My20 & my20dc.com5151 Wisconsin Ave NWWashington, DC 20016Phone: (202) 244-5151Email Us


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bebe Logo Peplum Hoodie
Style # 201393
AVAILABILITY: Unavailable for immediate shipment.
Give your logo wardrobe a cool sweet twist by throwing on this bebe hoodie. Featuring crystal-embellished heart at shoulder, sweet peplum flare at waist and love-worn dye. Try it with the matching hoodie for a jet-setting look.
- 80% polyester, 20% cotton.
- Machine wash.
- Made in USA.
- Center back to hem: 22"/56 cm.
- Model is 5'9" and is wearing a US size S.


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TODS Suede trainers 6-9 years
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Give their style a sporting boost with Tod's impeccable suede trainers. A perfect way to ease them into a stylish look, this pair is as easy to wear as it is luxurious. The designer-stamped label and understated craftsmanship come together for an effect that will be the envy of all.
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text:
This has been in the press quite a bit over the last year thanks to Kobe Bryant. It is something I've had to deal with on a few occasions in my practice, but not in the manner that one would think. In general, Rape Shield laws were created to prevent evil defense lawyers like me from asserting that a woman walking down the street, yanked in to an alley and raped asked for it due to the fact that she had sex with just about every guy who ever approached her.
Personally, I couldn't imagine many cases where involving stranger rape (as opposed to date rape) where I would begin to consider putting a woman's sexual history on trial. I'm not saying I can't think of a scenario, because I'm sure someone will tell me one, but in general, it is hard to imagine one where such a defense would go very far.
Now, in cases of date rape, I happen to think that a woman's sexual history is a little more relevant, if we are dealing with an issue of friends or acquaintances who have sex and trying to determine when and how the woman said "no." Don't get me wrong, I recognize that "no means no," and I certainly don't quarrel with that. On the other hand, it seems that there frequently exists quite a bit of ambiguity in these situations. One person says one thing ("I said no"), the other says something else ("she was into the whole time, but freaked out afterwards"). I'm not sure how relevant sexual history is in that situation, but imagine if the person claiming rape had a history of having sex and then feeling bad about it, or coming back to the other party angry about the encounter. In other words, it would possibly be illuminating to know a little about the background of the person making the complaint.
Certainly, that has been the situation in the Kobe case, where we clearly have a complainant with a plethora of issues: suicide attempts, numerous partners, celebrity, and undoubtedly other things that we don't know about (and may never know about). Let's just imagine that all of this information was kept out of the Kobe trial, and all we had was her simple assertion that she went into his room and he attacked her, without any context of her prior or subsequent actions, or of her mental state before, during and after the event. Certainly, it would be hard to believe that Kobe received a fair trial under these circumstances.
I have a theory, especially in these "consent" or "date rape" cases (as opposed to a case of identification, or where there is admittidly no relationship of any kind between the two parties), about the rape shield laws. I could easily see my next closing argument going something like this:
We have heard the complainant come in here and make her accusation, that the defendant had sex with her even though she said no. Let's be clear, the law exists that I am not allowed, pursuant to the rape shield law, to find out about her background and determine whether or not she has done anything like this before. I cannot discover anything about previous partners by her, I cannot present any evidence that would show what her personality is like, other than how she appears here in court. Now, it is clear that the manner in which someone presents themselves in court does not necessarily reflect the manner they are outside of court, the DA has noted this while talking about the fact that the defendant may look nice here, but out of court he was a predator. Well, even though the law is what the law is, you should not hold it against my client. The fact that my client is not allowed to find out about the person's background does not mean that you should assume only the best - that she is of unimpeachable character, because we haven't heard anything to the contrary. Rather, you could just as easily presume the opposite. The law gives you contradictory orders - don't look into the complainant's background, and presume the defendant innocent. Therefore, while we can't speculate about her background, we can presume that the defendant is innocent and give him the benefit of that doubt and find him not guilty, having no particular reason to trust this witnesses account due to a law that has been created to otherwise protect her.
Now, I've never tried this one before, and it clearly needs some refinement, but on the other hand, it seems something like this could work out.
Any thoughts?


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Week 7: Lose the Baby Weight
This week's focus: the booty-buster workout
Welcome to week seven! Last week we touched on workout routines that stall out; this week we really go into the phenomenon of a plateau and how to break on through to the other side. Part of the solution may be more water intake. What will definitely help is the workout for your backside outlined here!
Exercise: Booty Buster Workout
You aren't destined to wear "mom jeans" forever! Do one to two sets of 10 to 15 repetitions per exercise.
1. Push-ups with band (around body)
2. These are done in sequence before moving to opposite side of body:
- Supermans (band on one foot and opposite hand)
- Straight leg lifts (on all fours)
- Knee-ups (on all fours)
- Hamstring curls (on all fours)
- Fire hydrants (on all fours)
- Open books (on side)
- Clam shells (on side)
- Front kicks (on side)
- Isolated leg lift (on side)
- Crunches
- Circle crunches (each direction)
- Reverse crunches
Get more details on this workout that demonstrates the moves.
Continue strength training three days per week plus cardio on two or three days.
Diet: The Wonders of Water
You can lead a girl to water, but you can't make her drink. Coffee and alcohol are OK in moderation, but remember alcohol is empty calories and coffee dessert drinks are just plain fattening, so try to replace a few of your drinks with good old water. Plain water is best. Avoid "nutritional supplement" waters—they nearly always contain sugar. Take a multivitamin instead! Learn some fascinating facts about water and weight loss.
Attitude: Oh, No—a Plateau!
Sometimes weight loss gets stalled, just as progress toward fitness does. You can deal with it. Shake it up and stick it out. Find out more about what can help you push through a plateau.
Extra Credit
Find a tasty, healthy alternative to bad drink choices. For example, lemon juice in sparkling water (instead of packaged lemonade or lemon-lime soda). Or sparkling water with a splash of cranberry juice and slice of lime… it's like a cocktail, but only 20 calories. It looks pretty, too! Think up your own low-cal alternatives.


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At this year's CeBIT electronics and lowest price propecia IT trade show in Hanover Germany, computer maker Asus announced it will be shipping some of its computer motherboards in a cardboard box that will then be able to be used as a temporary case for the www.pereverges.cat computer.
"There are punch-out holes for ventilation and a real panel that houses the PC's connectors and interfaces. Asus said the box is intended to allow PC enthusiasts to get their new computers up and running quickly while they search for the perfect case."
Computer cases made from cardboard are nothing new to EcoGeek readers who recall the Recompute carboard case. The difference here is that Asus is visit our site buy cialis low price making the shipping case for its motherboard which can then also be used as a case, at least for the short term.
The cardboard case is meant more as a means to let consumers decide on their ideal computer case, or to just try! genuine levitra online build something custom, and have a temporary case available in the meantime. And, even if it doesn't ultimately replace any other case, cardboard certainly has a lower environmental footprint than a temporary plastic and metal case would have.
image: Picture by Hay Kranen / PD
via: IT World
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While we gear up for a new experiment and experience in Podcamp East, we're letting Podcamp Boston take a break and breathe a little.
We know you will miss this old standby Boston event. We're sure with all the wonderful events that happen in the area you'll find great knowledge everywhere. If you're looking for a great place to find some of them, check out Joselin Maine's Tweetup Boston which has a calendar of great events. Follow some of the great Boston people like Steve Garfield and Jeff Cutler, both of whom mention a wide variety of events often. You can also find knowledge happening at Social Media Club Boston, they also have a calendar for Boston events as well.
Podcamp East is a combination of efforts between Podcamp Boston, Podcamp Philly and Podcamp New Hampshire. This year's event is happening in Wilmington, Delaware. Why? Because it has a growing state of entrepreneurs, not to mention some brilliant companies jumping on board to sponsor. I know you're probably surprised at the location. I know that I was, but I'm positive now that it's an event not to miss.
For more details and to register, visit PodcampEast.com.
We're happy to say that she will visit Boston at some point. We're also happy to note that Boston may come back next year, right now it's too early to tell.
In closing, I want to say thank you.
Thank you to each and every attendee who makes Podcamp Boston what it is. Whether you traveled here or come from somewhere in the city, we appreciate your time and effort making this event amazing and helpful to our community.
Thank you to our sponsors over the last 6 years. Thank you for supporting what we do for our community, without you we wouldn't have helped hundreds of people learn more about the world of podcasting and social. (If you'd like to sponsor Podcamp East you can get in touch with either myself or Whitney Hoffman at podcampeast [at] gmail [dot] com.)
Personally, thank you to the organizers. All of you. For lending a hand when I needed assistance and making things run smoothly each event. I'm grateful for all of you. Especially and always, Steve Sherlock.
And to leave you with some memories from PCB:


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Credits & Info
- Uploaded
- Jun 5, 2012 | 10:57 AM EDT
- Daily 4th Place June 6, 2012
Related Stuff
If you liked this, check these out!
Author Comments
No self-respecting space dog would fail to answer a distress bark from the surface of a ruined planet. Puppies are in danger! Rescue them all as you rearrange the planet's surface with your swap-gun, a device that allows you to trade places with pieces of the world around you. Build bridges, block lasers, and uncover a sinister plot that we promise isn't completely given away by the title. Sound like a brain twister? Sure, but if a dog can do it...
Rated 5 / 5 stars June 7, 2012
Amazing! The pixel style, the catchy music, the cute puppies, the intense difficulty, and the great final. This has to be by far one of the best games I played on Newgrounds...and [adultswim] for that matter! Well done. :)
Rated 5 / 5 stars June 7, 2012
This game is great! I was about to leave a review wishing the game had a map but then I pressed enter and boom there's the map. Hard, inventive puzzles *but not too hard*.
I do hope I get a chance to revisit upper areas though because I seem to have gone down quite a long distance leaving some puppies up above.
One thing, it would be nice if there was a key to turn the puppy around without moving him. It gets a bit finicky sometimes trying to get him faced in the right direction without moving him off the square he needs to be on.
Rated 5 / 5 stars June 7, 2012
I love the fact that you can get a large score for walking to the next screen then return to your ship and leave the planet. ^^ Not risking your life -> FTW!
Rated 5 / 5 stars June 7, 2012
This game is GENIOUS!!!
And, okay, it's another "metroid style" game, but, come on, its so awesome! Also they are pupies! PUPIES! MAN!
Rated 4 / 5 stars June 6, 2012
It took me a long time to finish it and some puppies were a PAIN to rescue (yes, #11, I almost left you in the sewers). I rather solve a difficult puzzle than having to press buttons at the exact right time.
As a fan of AdultSwim games ("Give Up, Robot", "Robot Unicorn Attack",...), I should say this one didn't let me down, even though the controls were a little unnerving at some points (specially when you had to jump through small spaces or turn to the other side without walking). I guess K9/Laika is fatter than he/she looks... haha
The slight reference to Kim Jong Il/his son at the end was quite entertaining and the K10 joke was infamous.
GRAPHICS: 5 stars
DIFFICULTY: 3.5 stars (I expected more puzzles and less precision)
SOUND: 4 stars (I liked the music, but when you die over and over and over or stay for a long time in the same area, it gets tiring. I used the mute button at some points)
STORYLINE: 4.5 stars
OVERALL: 4 stars


text:
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text:
42 U.S. Code § 282b - Electronic coding of grants and activities
The Secretary, acting through the Director of NIH, shall establish an electronic system to uniformly code research grants and activities of the Office of the Director and of all the national research institutes and national centers. The electronic system shall be searchable by a variety of codes, such as the type of research grant, the research entity managing the grant, and the public health area of interest. When permissible, the Secretary, acting through the Director of NIH, shall provide information on relevant literature and patents that are associated with research activities of the National Institutes of Health.
Source(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title IV, § 402B, as added Pub. L. 109–482, title I, § 104(a)(3),Jan. 15, 2007, 120 Stat. 3689.)
Effective Date
Section applicable only with respect to amounts appropriated for fiscal year 2007 or subsequent fiscal years, see section 109 ofPub. L. 109–482, set out as an Effective Date of 2007 Amendment note under section 281 of this title.
The table below lists the classification updates, since Jan. 3, 2012, for this section. Updates to a broader range of sections may be found at the update page for containing chapter, title, etc.
The most recent Classification Table update that we have noticed was Tuesday, August 13, 2013
An empty table indicates that we see no relevant changes listed in the classification tables. If you suspect that our system may be missing something, please double-check with the Office of the Law Revision Counsel.
|Description of Change
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|Statutes at Large
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
Resort Jersey Placement Print Tunic
- In Stock
9 reviews
- Delivery
Resort Jersey Printed Tunic
This cotton tunic by Resort is the perfect cover up this summer when the holiday sun gets just a touch too hot or when you need to nip over to the beach stand for a little refreshment!
Featuring a placement floral print, this tunic top adds a vibrant pop of colour to your looks. In white it is fresh, while the black is a timeless piece. The fabric is soft and lightweight for a cool and comfortable wear, while cute sleeves and a cinched waist are super flattering. The plunging neckline is perfect for showing off your bikini of the day.
Wear this tunic over the Resort mix and match halter bikini top and matching bikini bottoms. Add sandals and stacks of bangles for more colour!
Useful info:
- Tunic by Resort
- Placement floral print
- Jersey fabric
- Quarter sleeves
- Cinched waist
- Plunging neckline
Resort Batwing Maxi Kaftan
- In Stock
1 review
- Delivery
- Next day delivery available
Resort Batwing Maxi Kaftan.Colour: White/Black. Polyester. Machine washable.
Resort Sunset Maxi Dress
Perfect for throwing on over your bikinis this summer, this maxi dress by Resort is sure to liven up your beachwear style.
The gorgeous sunset inspired colour palette will look beautiful with you summer tan and will be fun to style with. The lightweight fabric makes it the ideal piece to throw on over your swimwear or to dine al fresco in. A bandeau style shows off sun-smooched shoulders, while the draw cord waist cinches the fabric to flaunt your feminine curves.
Wear this maxi dress over your favourite Resort bikini with toe post embellished sandals and your largest pair of oversized sunglasses.
Useful info:
- Maxi dress by Resort
- Bright multi colours
- Bandeau style
- Elasticated top
- Draw cord waist


text:
|Preferences / XML Preferences
To open the XML Parser preferences page, go to .
The configurable options of the built-in XML parser are the following:
Unfortunately, these attributes make XInclude processing not transparent to Schema validation. One solution to this is to modify your schema to allow xml:base attributes to appear on elements that might be included from different base URIs.
If the addition of xml:base and / or xml:lang is undesired by your application, you can disable base URI fix-up.


text:
This past March, the Lesser family watched as the tornado roared by missing their farm. Thursday, they were not so lucky.
"It just happened so fast, so fast," said Amy Lesser.
It took only an instant for the Lesser family farm to be turned into a debris field.
"The house was just swirling and one window blew in and the power went out at the same time," Lesser said."We thought it was a tornado just the way the wind was circling around, and it just started taking trees down," said Ann Ruhlig.The fast moving storm whipped through parts of Southeastern Michigan Thursday afternoon. Moments before, Lesser rushed her two kids to the storm cellar.
When it was safe to go outside, they found trees that have been a part of the landscape for 100 years knocked over, tractors damaged and sheds ripped apart.
In the moments following the storm, help arrived.
"You can't help but do the same thing for them," said Fred Johnson.In March, he was on the receiving end of Mother Nature's fury. His property was directly hit by the wicked tornado. The Lesser family helped him. Now he is paying them back.
"These guys are used to hard work, and needless to say they deserve the reciprocation," Johnson said.
"All the animals are accounted for and everyone's safe," said Lesser.
Authorities do have reports of other damage in the area. There was a tree down on a home. Fortunately, they do not have any reports of injuries.
205 N. Michigan AvenueGround FloorChicago, IL 60601Station Operator: (312) 565-5532Newsroom: (312)565-5533


text:
Sleep aids are a multi-billion dollar business which may have a new set of customers – children.
Parents desperate to get their troubled sleepers to bed are turning to synthetic melatonin, which is a supplement sold over the counter.
The body's internal clock is coordinated by the hormone melatonin, essentially telling the body when to go to sleep and when to wake up.
Available in pill form, adults can self-prescribe melatonin to ease insomnia or jet-lag. Melatonin can help an individual get their body in sync with their environment.
A growing number of parents are now giving the supplement to their children who have trouble going to sleep.
Michael Smith is a naturopathic physician and founder of Carolinas Natural Health Center in Charlotte, North Carolina.
"I think long-term use to force your child to get to sleep doesn't make sense," Smith warns.
While melatonin naturally occurs in the body, synthetic melatonin has not been medically endorsed for use in children.
Sold as a dietary supplement, FDA approval or regulation of manufacturers is not required.
According to the National Institutes of Health, "Melatonin should not be used in most children. It is possibly unsafe. Because of its effects on other hormones, melatonin might interfere with development."
Most studies evaluating children who have used melatonin have been with those dealing with a developmental disability.
In these cases, melatonin use had some success, but these children either didn't produce the hormone at all or, at least, not efficiently.
"Beyond that, we need to start looking at what's really the issue with the child--what's going on here?" Smith says.
Before administering any supplement to a child, Smith recommends parents alter their child's bedtime behaviors first.
Eliminating caffeinated drinks, and limiting television and bright electronic screens before bedtime are all tried-and-true techniques with no side effects.
The side effects of melatonin use include headaches, drowsiness and stomach ache.
While you may be desperate to get your children dreaming, before tucking them in with help from any sleep aid or treatment, consult with your child's pediatrician first.
There may be a medical reason for your child's sleep troubles, like a breathing problem, and yet one more reason why it's so important to seek your family doctor's advice.
Additional Information:
The following information is from the National Sleep Foundation (Source: http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-topics/melatonin-and-sleep).
The following information is from the website WebMD (Source: http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-940-MELATONIN.aspx?activeIngredientId=940&activeIngredientName=MELATONIN).
The following information is from the Mayo Clinic (Source: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/melatonin-side-effects/AN01717).
The following information is from a news report published by NBC Connecticut (Source: http://www.nbcconnecticut.com/investigations/Doctors-Warn-Parents-About-Melatonin-for-Kids-167339615.html).
The following information is from NaturalSleep.Org (Source: http://www.naturalsleep.org/is-melatonin-safe-for-children/).
Copyright 2013 America Now. All rights reserved.
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MADISON, Wis. (WHBL) - Deer hunt numbers in Sheboygan County and statewide are up this year. Figures from the DNR indicate there were 1,494 deer taken in Sheboygan County during the 9-day hunt. That's 103 more than last year - an increase of 16 percent. Statewide, the kill was up by about 8 percent. The number of bucks taken in Sheboygan County this year totaled 560, or 61 more than last year. That's a 12 percent increase.
Sheboygan's Morning News 5:00 AM - 9:00 AM
On Air Now.


text:
· Make a map
· Make a profile
· Convert a file
· Draw on a map
· Calculators
· Geocode an address
· Look up elevations
· Atlas: Share a map
· GPSBabel
· Help/FAQ
· Examples
· About GPSV
Partner sites:
· GlobalMotion.com
· EveryTrail.com
· EveryTrail Guides
This form is for plotting profiles -- e.g., elevation profiles -- from GPS tracks. You can choose the units for both the X and Y axis. The most common settings are X=distance and Y=altitude, but in fact you can make a graph of any field that's part of your data.
If you have a file that does not contain any elevation information (or the URL of a route you created using Google Maps' driving directions), you can add altitudes to your points using the new feature labeled "Add DEM elevation data" (read more about elevation).
Show additional file input boxes


text:
PUMA News Archive
June 2011
Montreal Grand Prix: The PUMA PerspectiveJune 19, 2011
When reflecting upon the last three races in Montmelo (Spain), Monte Carlo (Monaco) and Montreal (Canada), one thing stands out: PUMA's partner team Ferrari was right up there on each occasion, and could conceivably have won (or at least taken podium places) in each event had not unfortunate circumstances conspired against the Italian team.
Eddie Jordan: Montreal PreviewJune 11, 2011
It really is great to be back in Canada. I know I say that about every race, and honestly feel that all Formula 1's venues are special, but I feel we can make an even more special case for Montreal. The race was struck off the calendar in 2009, and that was when Montreal realised the city can't do without Formula 1, and Formula 1 realised it can't do without Canada.
PUMA and Ferrari Announce Long-Term Partnership ExtensionJune 08, 2011
We're delighted to announce today that Ferrari and PUMA have signed a long-term extension to their partnership!
May 2011
Monaco Grand Prix: The PUMA PerspectiveMay 30, 2011
Monaco may have seen Sebastian Vettel record his fifth victory in six races this season to date, but to many the moral winner was Fernando Alonso after the Spaniard topped the time sheets in two of the three practice sessions.
Eddie Jordan: Monaco PreviewMay 27, 2011
It's simply wonderful to be back in Monaco.
Eddie Jordan Interview: Part TwoMay 26, 2011
Last week we had a chat with PUMA Motorsport pundit, former team boss and all-around Formula 1 guru, Eddie Jordan, and asked him questions put to him by you guys in the PUMA community!
In this second part Eddie talks to us about his innate sense of style, compares the performance of a top road car to that of an F1 car and discusses the impact of heavy financial investment on team success in motorsport.
Eddie Jordan InterviewMay 25, 2011
Last week we had a chat with PUMA Motorsport pundit, former team boss and all-around Formula 1 guru, Eddie Jordan, and asked him questions put to him by you guys in the PUMA community!
In this first part Eddie gives us his thoughts on the potential of a breakaway series, new tyres and race regulations, as well as giving us the pundit's perspective on his favourite drivers. Look out for part two later this week.
Eddie Jordan: Spain PreviewMay 20, 2011
Obviously this weekend is a big occasion for PUMA's partner team Ferrari, simply as Fernando Alonso is mega here, as a local hero and as previous winner of the Spanish Grand Prix in Barcelona. That in itself puts a lot of pressure on the team, but here are two factors which further increase it: first, the fact that a fortnight ago in Turkey Alonso scored the team's first podium of the year, which means a race win is the next on the list of expectations. Let's be honest: the team needs to win soon.
Eddie Jordan: Turkey PreviewMay 06, 2011
Just two full weeks between the previous race in China and the first European grand prix here in Turkey, yet so much has happened I don't even know where to start! I say 'European' despite the race not actually being run on European soil, but in the Asian part of the country, but it feels like a European event rather than a flyaway. For the truckies it's a very long road trip, but a three-hour flight for the rest of us.


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Shop-Vac Stainless Steel Wet/Dry Vacuum - 6.0 Peak HP - 12 Gal.
by Shop-Vac | Item #: 341376 |Model #: 5986200 | (1) |
8 Gallon 5.5 Peak HP Stainless Steel wet/dry vacuum offers increased performance in a medium capacity model. This wet/dry vacuum is designed for your toughest messes and is the perfect compliment to any garage or workshop. Includes 7' x 1.25" hose, three extension wands, 10" floor nozzle, crevice tool, and utility nozzle. Filtration system includes cartridge filter and collection bag.
Assembled Country
Assembled Size
16"L x 16"W x 25"H
Component Country
USA And Imported
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Warranty Information3 Year manufacturer's limited warranty
There is no additional information available for this item.


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BCH Pick Of The Week
Winter came to town this week. In a pretty nasty way. This was a violent change in the weather, a change in conditions that brought with it an abject air of misery. I can't speak for everyone but all I could think of was: warm bedroom. This brings us to Will Samson.
I suppose music, like any art, has a certain impact on you depending on the context in which you experience it. Catcher In The Rye should be digested in ones formative years, for example. Millions of disaffected teens and twenty-somethings were gripped by the resonance of OK Computer. Then there is music that is much more specific. More seasonal.
Will Samson makes winter music. It could be enjoyed on a crisp Spring day, and certainly it is suited to the melancholy of Autumn, but the essence of this music is winter. I can't recommend listening to it while lying in a snowy field but do try spending some time with it in your warm bedroom, with the sleet pelting down outside and a warm cat curled about your legs. Things will fall into place.
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