text:
Twenty years after the Mexican War of 1846, whaling companies bound on schooners and ships from San Francisco to Baja California stopped in San Diego for food and water (see Fig. 11). Some of those vessels visited San Diego in the 1830s and 1840s, observing California Gray Whales in the harbor and out on the offshore kelp beds. Although based in San Francisco, most of the mariners on those ships hailed from maritime centers in New England and the South Pacific. Multi-ethnic crews on those vessels comprised the whaling companies. Bonded by kinship and mariner camaraderie, those men carried on a 400-year old tradition of building houses, kitchens, warehouses, oil-rendering or 'tryworks' ovens, boat houses, carpentry, and blacksmith shops to carry out a seven-month season's work.
Unlike the ethnically segregated communities of Old Town and New San Diego, the Ballast Point Whaling Station of the 1860s and 1870s was distinctively multiethnic with dark complexioned Portuguese-Americans, Chinese, Irish-Americans, and European-American sailors and their families. At least one Native American woman from Santo Tomas, Baja California, lived in this community. Three Chinese individuals worked for the whalers and sold fish in Old Town and New San Diego. This unique community bought supplies and sold gallons of oil in Old Town and New San Diego, but kept their business affairs to themselves. They lasted for twenty years, and then simply melted into the maritime neighborhoods of La Playa and North Island, or slipped away unnoticed to Baja California. The people of the Ballast Point Whaling Station are important because their maritime history enabled an early multi-ethnic group to work together in an otherwise segregated and racially biased and intolerant Victorian California.
The primary residential communities on Point Loma between the Mexican War of 1846 and 1900 were located at Ballast Point and La Playa on the bay side of Point Loma. Ballast Point is a small cobblestone spit that extends east of Point Loma into the mouth of San Diego Bay. Extreme high tides and storm waves often covered most of Ballast Point, except for a slightly elevated rise at the eastern tip that formed an island during high tides. A Chinese fishing camp and American merchant whaling community resided at that eastern island, which was connected to Point Loma by a narrower spit of cobblestones and sand at a slightly lower elevation. Several whalers' shanties and a blacksmith shop were built on top of the crumbled ruins of the 18th to 19th century Spanish and Mexican Army cannon battery, Fort Guijarros (see Fig. 8 and 10).
One mile to the north, a half-mile wide point of land projected one-eighth of a mile into the bay to form La Playa. At this location, the Spanish built an 'embarcadero' or landing for merchant ships and later, the Republic of Mexico constructed an adobe customs house. Under license with Mexico, British hide industry firms built wooden cowhide warehouses and Russian scientists built a brick oven. A shantytown of scrap and driftwood homes, boathouses, craft shops, and auxiliary buildings surrounded the old Spanish embarcadero and Mexican customs house. Through the 1870s, La Playa became a diverse community of mixed ethnicity. Chinese fishermen and boat builders arrived in the 1880s, to be replaced by Portuguese and Italian fisher folk in the 1890s. By 1900, most of people at Ballast Point and La Playa vacated Point Loma to live across San Diego Bay in New Town.
Economic and Ethnic Diversity
The first permanent community recorded for Ballast Point following the Mexican War was a loose confederation of American merchant whaling companies residing there during the 1857-1858 winter season. These squatters simply moved in and built the community on Ballast Point (May 1986:73). Each family-owned company involved comingled investments of funds and equipment. Whaling crews recruited from San Francisco may have included ethnic African and Chinese, who served on South Pacific whale ships in the 1840s and ended up in California during the Gold Rush (Nichols 1983:75; Henderson 1975:51; May 1986). At least one of the whaling companies on Ballast Point included Portuguese-American whalers from New England. These ethnically diverse mariners moved north to La Playa in 1873 and then across the bay to North Island and New Town in the 1880s.
Research on the economic status and ethnic diversity of the mariners at the 19th century Ballast Point Whaling Station began in 1981 with the discovery of an historic kitchen midden covering the ruins of Fort Guijarros (May 1982). An 1896 Map produced by the Army Corps of Engineers showed a rectangular building located on top of the old Spanish fort. The building was identified as the Blacksmith Shop, adjacent to a square marked Whaler's Shanty (Ibid.). Historical evidence placed the Packard and Johnson Companies on Ballast Point through the 1 860s, along with smaller outfits owned by Levi Tilton, Dan Flanders, William (Billy) Price, and Thomas J. Higgins (May 1986:73-91). A local San Diego citizen recollected that...
Within the context of a global whale fishery which began in the late 16th century and continues today on a limited scale, the 28-year industry on Ballast Point in San Diego, California is a good example of the continuity of pre-mechanized maritime traditions which lasted for more than four centuries. Ballast Point is more significant as the sole known example of a well-documented shore whaling station in the United States (May 1987; 1988:2).
The social history of the families and their community on Ballast Point can be used as a model of similar industries known as early as the 17th century in New England and as late as the 20th century at Monterey, California. The unique aspect of Ballast Point lies in the survival of architectural features and archaeological deposits that have either been destroyed elsewhere in maritime sites or not yet discovered or reported in the archaeological record (May 1987).
Ballast Point has survived the ravages of modern construction only because of the unique history of the Point Loma Military Reservation as originally 'pueblo lands' of the City of San Diego. As the site of a former Spanish and Mexican artillery battery, Ballast Point and the ruins formed a natural landing and base of operations for visiting sailors following the Mexican War in 1846. After the Army Corps of Engineers evicted the whaling companies in 1873 to begin military construction, earth fill eventually covered the Spanish barracks and kitchen.
The top of the artillery battery was leveled to ensure a clear field of fire for the American batteries. When Congress cut the funding in 1874, the whaling companies moved back to occupy Ballast Point and reuse the old tryworks ovens to render oil from California Gray Whales. By 1886, the whale herds were nearly extinct from over fishing. When the Light House Service arrived in 1890 to construct the Ballast Point Light House, the former whaling company buildings were vacant. The Army returned in 1898 and reused the old whaling company buildings for housing and storage until the area was eventually covered with soil in the 1930s.
By the time author Winifred Davidson wrote the 'Loma Lore' column for the San Diego Union in 1930, all that remained were the remnants of two old trywork foundations and blacked, grease-saturated soil. That same year, Assistant Light House Keeper Radford Franke hauled-in tons of yellow sand from road construction on Point Loma to cover the whalers' debris (Franke, Personal Communication).
Historical Record
The written record of the Ballast Point Whaling industry has been traced to 1857, when brothers Prince William and Alphaeus Packard arrived in San Diego (May 1986:75). The twins were born in Massachusetts in 1815 to a Portuguese father and English mother. No record is known of the brother's prior 42 years (Wentworth n.d.; Scammon 1874:23). The 1860 Census of Industry recorded that they had $3,000 worth of equipment and a crew of ten men. Alphaeus and his Native American (Baja California) wife, Magdalena, lived on Ballast Point. The smaller companies, such as those operated by Tilton or Price, joined forces with each other between October and May during the peak whale runs. From season to season, the composition of this community changed. Almost no record exists of the names, ethnicity, or economic status of the whaling company crewmembers.
When the Packard brothers arrived at Ballast Point in 1857, it was vacant and La Playa was a ghost town (Dana 1964; Davis 1969:16-17; Smythe 1907:103, 202). The hide houses described by Richard Henry Dana in Two Years Before The Mast were in ruin and the Mexican Custom House and Army Quartermaster warehouse lay abandoned (Ruhlen 1967:10). The Blecker General Store sat out over the shallow water on stilts, near the Tidal Gage (Smythe 1907:2). Mired in the shallows of mud, the dismantled wreck of the Clarissa Andrews served San Diego as a coal depot (Ibid.). Captain J.C. Bogardt operated an office for the Pacific Mail Steamship Line in a cabin on the wreck.
It was at the tumbled ruins of La Playa that the Packards met George P. Tebbets, who on February 16, 1856 killed a Right Whale off San Luis Rey and tried-out 600 barrels for trade in San Diego (San Diego Union, February 16, 1856). Tebbets encouraged the Packards to develop an operation on Point Loma. To be closer to the kelp beds off the western shore, the Packards moved one mile south to Ballast Point to establish their whale blubber-melting tryworks oven on the beach. There they built boat yards, warehouses, a carpentry shop, at least one blacksmith shop, a kitchen, and driftwood shanties for their families. By February 5, 1858, the Packard Whaling Company had killed twelve and recovered five California Gray Whales for a harvest of 150 barrels of oil worth $2,000 (San Diego Herald, February 5, 1858).
Soon the Packards were joined by other whaling families. Captain Miles A. Johnson and his cousin, Henry James, hailed from the traditional whaling town of New Bedford, Massachusetts. Another cousin, James Johnson, came from New York (Wentworth m.d.) The Johnson family operated whaling stations at Cape Colonet and San Martin Island in Baja California. They also brought five employees and $3,000 worth of materials. Henry James Johnson lived on Ballast Point with his common-law wife, Saturinia Carravaya, and their children John, Sara, and Filbury. Captain Miles A. Johnson was a former sea captain and leader of the Johnson Company. These family operations enabled co-investment of money and equipment, which made these mobile operations quite workable.
Research into tax and voter records revealed that approximately thirty men lived and worked at the Ballast Point Whaling Station with the Johnson and Packard Companies. While all worked at one time or another as hands on the primary companies, Daniel Flanders, John Jenkins, Thomas Lambert, William C. Price, Levi Tilton, and Enos Wall operated their own ventures. With the exception of Price, who was born in Ireland, all the others came from New England. Lambert and the Packards were Portuguese descent.
Judge Benjamin Hayes visited La Playa and Ballast Point on January 20, 1861, while traveling with friends to the Point Loma Lighthouse (Hayes 1929:557). Hayes reported both shore and ship whaling on that particular day. Captain W.W. Clark's whaleship, Ocean, operated just offshore:
Hayes also described the Packard Whaling Company operation. They reported having recovered 450 barrels with a projected yield of 1300 (Ibid). The previous year, in 1860, they produced 900 barrels. Each barrel contained 31 and 1/2 gallons of oil. The 1860 Products of Industry Census also listed the Johnson Whaling Company and Tilton Company.
The beach operations and layout at Ballast Point remain a mystery, only partially solved by archaeological investigations (May 1986; 1987). An article in the 1986 Journal of San Diego History drew from analogies from New Zealand and Australia (May 1986). Other known stations include elaborate communities in Red Bay, New Foundland in the 16th century and the Northwest Coast in the 19th century. The Portuguese-American whaling stations at Monterey and Carmel were small communities of whitewashed cabins adjacent to garden patches of corn and pumpkins, where the families kept pigs, sheep, goats, and cattle in corrals (Scammon 1874:250). Presumably, the residential areas on Ballast Point were similar. Typical of Portuguese whaling operations, the smelly tryworks and warehouses were somewhat distant from the homes, though small overnight shanties were often located adjacent to the tryworks (Clarke 1954:325, 338).
Of the 23 known whalers who operated on Ballast Point between 1858 and 1886, ten came from New England, two from New York, one from Ireland. The rest did not register their birthplace (Great Register of Voters 1877; Wentworth n.d.). Hammett and Martin Comacho could have been Portuguese, but their birthplace is not known. Their names leave no clue as to the other whaler's ethnic origins. Indeed, names are not positive indicators of ethnicity.
Interestingly, John Jenkins (Pennsylvania), William C. Price (Ireland), and Enos A. Wall (Maine) all worked as assistant lighthouse keepers on Point Loma. Additionally, the 1863 Tax Collector reported a Chinese family in 1863 and Lucy Wentworth documented Juk and Ah Sing as fishing on Ballast Point in 1868 (May 1986). The 1870 Census lists Ah Low as the Chinese cook for the Packard Company.
Although no records have been found for these operations, legal records of lawsuits document something of the property. District Court Case #108, May 29, 1865, memorialized the Packard Whaling Company's failure to pay a $743.22 meat bill. The case lists 43 casks of oil, worth $12,470.00 in San Francisco, as seized by Sheriff James McCoy (May 1986; Robotti 1962:84). Other property included the whaling sloop, New Hope, whale boats, harpoons, tubs of rope, empty barrels, and cases of food (Wentworth n.d.: 3; Hensley 1952; 610). McCoy seized the following:
Perhaps the most revealing information from this litigation is the fact that the Packard Company operated a second station in Baja California:
Close proximity in this small community led to intermarriage, further cementing family ties:
Captain Price was Point Loma lighthouse keeper at the time of the wedding. He left the Packard Whaling Company in 1869 to join with Captain Eli Saddler on the whaling schooner Emma Hayne to establish a satellite station at Punta Banda in Baja California. This station also included a Packard Whaling Company satellite, which the New Hope visited regularly to replenish supplies and transfer whale oil to Ballast Point. All the while, the Packard Company continued its operations on Ballast Point and shipped oil to San Francisco.
Individuals working at the whaling station invested their earnings in the San Diego economy (County Recorder, Land Transfer Books 4, 5, 6). Unfortunately, they were not able to acquire Ballast Point and had to pay rent to Ephraim W. Morse, who managed the land for former U.S. Army soldiers who had purchased it in 1850.
Isadore Matthias invested in both the Johnson and Packard Whaling Companies in 1869 (San Diego Union, May 5, 1869). His infusion of capitol brought two whaleboats, officers, and eighteen mariners to Punta Banda. The officers for the reorganized company included Captain Alphaeus Packard, George A. Wentworth, A Saddler, Enos A. Wall, and Fred Sisson. There was also a compliment of ten mariners and three whaleboats at Santo Tomas. The other crew of Captain Prince William Packard, George Johnson, William Tomas, Hammett and Martin Comacho took eighteen men on two whaleboats to Punta Banda. Captain Miles A. Johnson and his cousins remained at Ballast Point to manage the warehouse and Point Loma operations. Under Matthias' s supervision, this newly reorganized company transshipped supplies, men, and oil on the schooners Summer Cloud, Toccao, and Emma Hayne, and the sloop New Hope. They recovered 21,888 gallons (recorded in gallons by Matthias) in 1870-1871 (San Diego Union, January 9, and November 16, 1871) and they added twenty-one mariners and four new whaleboats in December of 1871 and chartered the schooners Lark and Dolphin to join the fleet. The company employed a total of 75 men by 1872.
The Matthias Company received 1,190 barrels of whale oil from the Baj a California stations and shipped 1,555 barrels to San Francisco in the 1871-1872 season. This dropped dramatically to 362 barrels from Baja and 192 barrels to San Francisco in the 1872-1873 season (San Diego Union, Shipping Reports). The success of the whaling meant severe destruction of the whale herd and change in migratory paths of the survivors.
The coup de grace to the whaling operations on Ballast Point came not from the endangered whale population, but from the Department of War. The Army Corps of Engineers was negotiating with the civilian owners of Ballast Point to build a coastal artillery fort (May 1985a). With little warning, the whalers were evicted in 1873. They moved either to La Playa or North Island. From North Island, the Packard Whaling Company continued its satellite operations at Santo Tomas, where they shipped 2,038 barrels of oil in 1876 (San Diego Union, March 20, January 25, 1876). The Packard Company diversified to include California Gray Whale baleen, salted fish, and seal skins. The last recorded shipment of 3,953 gallons of whale oil in 1878 seems to hallmark the end of that company, for the final records indicate Captain Alphaeus Packard turned to farming in Bernardo, California.
Suffering from mental illness, Captain Miles A. Johnson signed Power of Attorney over his property to James Johnson and shipped on a schooner to Baja California. Captain Henry James Johnson sold his New Town and Middletown properties and changed to a career as an officer with the Pacific Mail Steamship Line (May 1986).
Ironically, Congress terminated funding for construction of a 15-gun artillery battery on Ballast Point in 1874 (May 1985). A single caretaker remained to prevent the whaling companies from permanently returning, but archaeological evidence substantiates renewed use of Ballast Point for whale oil rendering as late as the 1880s. Most of the whaling operations in that time period operated from North Island, where Captain Enos A. Wall joined with Captain Plummer at Whaler's Bight until he died on December 31, 1884 at age 66 (San Diego Union, November 11, 22, 1883; January 3,5, 1884; May 1986). The last whaling company to operate out of San Diego was owned by Thomas J. Higgins, who in 1884 formed Higgins & Scranton to carry on with the Plummer and Wall Company (San Diego Union, January 17, 1884).
After the Army left Ballast Point in 1874, the historical record reveals little information about the return of whaling companies to Ballast Point. An 1886 sketch of Ballast Point by Edward H. Davis depicts two warehouses that were mapped on 1890 Light House plot plans also. Archaeological investigation of the east end of Ballast Point near the former warehouses in 1991 and 1992 demonstrated that the whaling companies did resume their operations in the 1880s. An 1890 Lighthouse photograph taken from San Diego Bay looking west to Ballast Point shows no whaling operations at that time. Excavations documented only a scatter of whaling company pottery and glass on the beach at that time period.
Archaeological Record
Whaling period archaeology has been found at two sites on Ballast Point, both of which offer educational opportunities for the national monument. The kitchen midden on top of the ruins of Fort Guijarros is included within CA-SDi-12,000. The east end of Ballast Point near the former warehouses and tryworks ovens is recorded as CA-SDi-12,953. Artifacts, field notes and maps, photographs of artifacts, and historical photographs remain available at the Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation at Building 127, Fort Rosecrans Historic District, Naval Base Point Loma. Loan of artifacts must be made by arrangement with the Navy.
CA-SDI-12,000. Whaling deposits exposed on top of the Fort Guijarros ruins were excavated in eight large block areas subdivided by grid units. Archaeological investigations between 1981 and 1995 revealed one large shell midden feature with 19th century whaling material which lay directly on top of the ruins of the 1796 cannon battery (see Fig. 8). Apparently, the whaling companies took advantage of the man-made mound of rubble to build a blacksmith shop and residential shanty elevated above the storm surf, high tide, and well drained from coastal rains.
The following is a summary of those relevant block excavations at CA-SDI-12,000 (see Figs. 12,13,16,17). These are taken from the field notes that are now housed at Building 127, Fort Rosecrans Historic District, Naval Base Point Loma:
CA-SDi-12,953. The eastern end of Ballast Point formed an island at least four times wider than the cobble spit that connected this area to Point Loma. Archaeological investigations in 1988-1989 concentrated on the west half at the Ballast Point Search & Rescue Station operated by the Coast Guard. Fieldwork in 1991 - 1992 examined the central area where the 1890-1957 Light House formerly existed. Both investigations uncovered portions of the Ballast Point Whaling Station and an adjacent Chinese fishing camp (see Figs. 14,15).
Coast Guard, Ballast Point Search & Rescue Area. Test excavations in the parking lot and lawn of the Coast Guard Search and Rescue Station at the eastern end of Ballast Point revealed a 20 centimeter thick charcoal layer with greasy sand associated with five distinct cultural features. The field strategy involved gridding the entire area into 220 possible excavation units and a sample dug to sterile cobblestones. A sample of 27 square meters were excavated. As features were encountered, more test units exposed the total features:
The historical and archaeological evidence recovered concerning Ballast Point provides facts evidence for interpreting economic and ethnic behaviors in this dynamic community. The monument could develop educational displays and programs to explain these behaviors as elements in the greater Point Loma area at the time the lighthouses operated on Point Loma. The personal, domestic, and industrial artifacts can illustrate those behaviors.
The following are summarized conclusions:
1. Domestic Kitchen Behavior. Kitchen refuse in the form of white ceramics, annular mixing and serving bowls, forks and ladles, beverage bottle glass, mustard and other sauce bottles, weapon ammunition debris, and clay smoking pipe fragments from the Whaler's Shanty probably was deposited on the downhill side of the former Fort Guijarros ruins, which extend west of Building 539.
2. Blacksmith Behavior. Blacksmith refuse in the form of coal, coal clinkers, metal slag, cut bar stock, discarded metals, broken tools, and dark charcoal-rich soil probably was deposited on the downhill side of the former Fort Guijarros ruins, which extend west of Building 539.
3. Boat Yard Behavior. Boat yard repair and maintenance debris in the form of brass ship nails, copper sheet, red and green paint drops, lead weights, chain link, and fisheries gear probably were dropped among the kitchen and blacksmith refuse west of the former Fort Guijarros ruins.
4. Personal and Domestic Behaviors. Trash pits and privy holes were back-filled with kitchen, domestic, and personal trash from the whalers. Artifacts include buttons, buckles, pocket change, jack knives, shoe parts, undergarment hooks, and toy marbles.
5. Personal Behavior in Domestic Settings. Married families lived with some of the whalers and would have deposited female artifacts (blouse buttons, shoe buttons and hooks, under garment hooks, ornaments, cologne bottle glass, and ornamental ceramics) and children's recreational items (marbles, doll parts, dice, dominoes, wheeled and cast iron toys).
Relationship of Ballast Point and La Playa to Other Communities
The relationship of the 1858 to 1886 European-American whaling and Chinese fishing camp on Ballast Point to the greater Point Loma and San Diego Bay communities is deeply integrated. Ancient maritime traditions enabled Portuguese, English, Chinese, African and other ethnic groups to live and work together in close quarters on ships (May 1985a; 1985b; 1986; 1987). Those same traditions played out on Ballast Point, which enabled a diverse group of men and their families to live and work whaling and fishing trades in close proximity. Interaction manifest in Asian ceramics in the European whaler's trash pit and European items and Caucasian cut hair in the Chinese refuse pit support this level of interaction. Differences in economics and selection of goods are also manifest in the refuse pits.
When the Army arrived in 1873 to evict the whaling and fishing community on Ballast Point, those mariners simply moved north to La Playa or east across San Diego Bay to North Island (May 1986). A booming Chinese ship building boat yard at La Playa would create numerous large redwood junks to be used in the emerging abalone industry. Later, some Chinese moved to New Town to form residential and commercial operations. The European mariners turned from whaling to farming, freight hauling, and other activities in New Town.
As the Anti-Asian sentiment grew elsewhere in California, those early Chinese fishermen simply moved south to Baja California and shifted to collecting abalone to be sold in San Francisco by syndicates (McPhail 1977; May 1986). New Chinese families moved to New Town to provide labor for railroad construction and agriculture. The Anti-Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 drove Asians from fishing and the abalone industry to low paying jobs in the laundry and house servant industries. The Chinese of New Town became insular and withdrawn. There is no record of the Ballast Point Chinese by 1882.
Alphaeus and Prince William Packard took to the Baja California seas to continue hunting whales well into the 1890s, but also purchased land in Temecula and San Pasqual to farm during the summers (May 1986). Prince William vanished from the historical record after 1897, but Alphaeus continued farming and accepting mail at the Bernardo post office until about 1900. The Johnson family simply vanished from the historical record.
Ballast Point became Army and Light House Service property in the 1890s. Other than wave-washed sherds of Chinese Celadon bowls, Pismo clams and the black-smeared sand of the whaler's tryworks ovens, no evidence of the mid 19th century community survived. When the Chinese boat yard closed, La Playa became a ghost town of vacant buildings and piles of discarded goods. Italian and Portuguese fisher folk moved into La Playa in 1886 and bought homes in the Roseville subdivision created by Louis Rose (May 1985b; 1986). This community would slowly grow to become the largest tuna fishing community in California by the mid 20th century. The multi-ethnic communities of Ballast Point and La Playa served as springboards for early maritime industries in San Diego.
Educational Opportunities
The historical and archaeological materials associated with Ballast Point and La Playa offer numerous educational opportunities for Cabrillo National Monument. The U.S. Light House on Point Loma served as a lookout position for spotting whales and William Price doubled duty as a lighthouse keeper and whaler. He integrated his operation with many of the other small companies on Ballast Point. The whaling operation involved an ethnically diverse community of old mariners with roots in New England and the South Pacific and carried on 400-year-old traditions.
Exhibits using black and white line drawings created for publications on the Ballast Point whaling industry could be reproduced for large stand up exhibits at Cabrillo National Monument. Photographs of similar whaling stations could be used to show typical operations. Sample artifacts could be borrowed from the U.S. Navy for exhibits depicting both Chinese and European personal and domestic activities on Ballast Point. These could include Asian Celadon and Double Happiness bowls, Asian cut shell scraps, British and American white ironstone ceramics, clay smoking pipes and English wine/ale/cider bottles.
Photographs of the Chinese junk building operation at La Playa could be used to depict the majesty of this important early fishing industry in San Diego. An artist could be retained who would depict hypothetical scenes, such as had been done by fine artist Jay Wegter for the Ballast Point Chinese fishing camp. The interactive relationship of those early Chinese with the Packard and Johnson whaling companies could be presented to break stereotypes of segregation that really did not exist until the end of the 19th century. Questions could be posed to challenge why segregation occurred and what can be learned from these early communities.
In conclusion, Ballast Point and La Playa offer important historical and archaeological evidence for the multi-ethnic communities that existed on Point Loma between 1846 and 1900 (May 1987). The artifact and field note collections are housed in Building 257, on Naval Base Point Loma. Cooperative arrangements could be negotiated with the Navy to use these materials in educational operations on the bay side of Point Loma.
Clarke, Robert
Dana, Richard Henry
Davis, William H.
Hayes, Benjamin I.
Henderson, David
May, Ronald V.,
1985a The Fort That Never Was on Ballast Point. Journal of San Diego History. (36)2:121-136.
1985b Schooners, Sloops and Ancient Mariners: Research Implications of Shore Whaling in San Diego. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. (21) 4:1-24.
1986 Dog Holes, Bomb-lances and Devil-fish: Boom Times for the San Diego Whaling Industry. Journal of San Diego History. (36) 2:73-90.
1987 The Maritime Tradition of Shore Whaling: Research Implications From Ballast Point in San Diego Bay. Fort Guijarros Quarterly, 1(3): 6-14.
Nichols, Thomas Leo
Robotti, Frances Diane
Ruhlen, George
Scammon, Charles M.
Smythe, William E.
San Diego Union
Government Documents
Great Register of Voters, 1877
Archives Documents
Davidson, Winifred
Hensley, Herbert
McCoy, James
Wentworth, Lucy Brown
Last Updated: 06-Apr-2005


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Working clients on long-term care programs (Waiver, residing in a medical institution or MPC)
Revised January 2, 2014
Purpose: This section explains how to choose the correct program when a client is working and needing HCB services. This section also describes how to code ACES. This section gives additional information on the healthcare for workers with disability program (HWD). Eligibility for HWD is used for both the DDA and HCS CN Waiver programs as well as medicaid personal care (MPC).
Working clients on COPES (or any HCB service) or MPC
When is HWD (S08 in ACES) better than using HCS CN (COPES) rules (L22 in ACES).
When can HCB Waiver (COPES or DDA Waiver) be better than HWD
How is HWD similar to other SSI-related medical (CN)?
How is HWD different from other SSI-related medical (CN)?
Working Clients and HCB Waiver programs
ACES supports the 65 and 1/2 earned income exclusion in post eligibility for the CN Waivers. Do not code an additional earnings deduction on the LTCX screen.
Expenses for self employment are based on actual costs per SSI related rule
Impairment related work expenses (IRWE) are not allowed as a deduction in both initial and post eligibility for HCB Waivers. IRWE deductions ARE allowed for HWD. Individuals with IRWEs should have a comparison of HCB Waiver vs HWD rules
Working clients in a Medical Institution
Working clients in a medical institution do not receive the 65 and 1/2 earned income disregard in initial or post eligibility.
WAC 182-513-1380 (4) allows a post eligibility deduction for:
The client PNA, mandatory taxes, department approved wage deduction and guardianship fee deduction cannot exceed the MNIL.
HWD does not cover nursing facility payment when an individual is institutionalized 30 days or more in a medical facility. See short stays for using HWD for nursing facility admissions under 30 days.
Coding Department Approved Training or Rehabilitative Program Earnings for individuals in Medical Institutions.
Individuals with earnings in medical facilities must have their employment approved by DSHS staff in order to receive an allowance for the earnings. ACES is programmed to do the calculation correctly as long as the earnings are coded as "RH" on the EARN screen.
RH - Department-Approved Training or Rehabilitative Program
Clients receiving services through DDA in a RHC or ICF-MR are approved automatically through their care plan with DDA.
Clients receiving services in a Nursing Facility must have an approval with the HCS Social Worker in order to receive an allowance for the earnings. The financial worker will need to request an approval as part of the care plan from the HCS SW. If the employment is not approved, the earnings are coded as EI in ACES.
HWD specialists in the DDA LTC Specialty Unit and HCS
CSD - Forward to the DDA LTC Medical Unit (SMU) via DMS under @HWD CSO 157.DSHS CSD
DDA LTC specialty unit HWD Phone: 1-800-871-9275
To request an active HWD case from DDA LTC specialty unit, set a same day barcode tickler to @HWD for CSO 157 requesting the transfer. Indicate the HCS office.
The financial record is requested from the DDA LTC HWD specialty unit when HCS services are opened unless there is a TANF or child/family medical case attached to the household.
An application for HWD and HCS services goes to the HCS regional specialist
An application for HWD and no HCS services goes to the DDA LTC HWD specialty unit. This includes HWD clients on DDA MPC or DDA HCB Waiver services.
HCS HWD Specialists:
Region 1 - Pend Oreille, Grant, Adams, Lincoln, Okanogan, Ferry, Douglas, Whitman, Spokane, Klickitat, Yakima, Walla Walla, Franklin, Benton, Garfield, Columbia, Asotin, Kittitas.
Attn: Vanessa Williams Moses Lake HCS
1620 S. Pioneer Way Moses Lake WA 98837
509-764-5667 or 1-800-671-8902
Region 2 South-King County
Attn: Clark Thompson
1737 Airport Way S, Suite 130 Seattle
Mail: PO Box 24847 Seattle WA 98124-0847
206-341-7827, 206-341-7750 or 1-800-346-9257
Region 2 North-Snohomish, Whatcom, Skagit, Island
Attn: Brooke Armstrong
840 N. Broadway Suite 330 Everett WA 98201-1262
360-853-6631, 425-339-4010 or 1-800-780-7094
Region 3 HCS, Pierce, Kitsap, Clallam, Jefferson, Thurston, Mason, Lewis, Cowlitz, Clark, Pacific, Grays Harbor, Skamania, Wahkiakum.
Attn: John Hanrahan
6639 Capitol Blvd S 2nd Fl Tumwater WA
Mailing: PO Box 45610
360-664-9123 or 1-800-462-4957
TTY 360-407-1698 or 1-800-672-7091
Worker Responsibilities for HWD receiving HCS services

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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that would taste as good in the sky as it does on the
British Airways ran a series of tastings
on the ground and up in the air with a panel of 19 customers, cabin
crew and experts including Twinings senior buyer Mike
This new blend combines Assam, Kenyan and
high grown Ceylon tea: a classic combination giving body, strength,
flavour and colour. A bias towards the Assam produces a
well-rounded, full-bodied blend, while the Kenyan gives it strength
and lift and the Ceylon adds flavour.
We spoke to our Senior
Blender, Mike Wright to find out more about the particular blend.
He told us that "water on board an aircraft boils at around 89
degrees centigrade, not the ideal 100 degrees for making black tea.
The reduced air pressure and humidity affect the functioning of the
tastebuds, making things taste different. In addition to this, it
was important that the new blend worked well with and without milk.
The new British Airways blend is perfectly balanced to create
great-tasting tea at 35,000 feet."
After extensive testing
with BA customers, cabin crew and Twinings tasters, we have
developed a special blend for BA and have tested teas in the air on
various flights to narrow down customer
Mike Wright, our Senior
Blender told us how we worked with BA had to develop a blend that
satisfies and performs for a global audience with perhaps a British
"background" flavour. "After extensive in flight testing we found
that a combination of Assam tea for body and roundness of cup,
Kenyan for briskness, refreshment brightness of cup and High grown
Ceylon for flavour and lightness. When combined, these flavours
produced a fantastic cup! We also found that a particular type of
tea manufacture known as "cut tear and curl" used in the Kenyan and
Assam tea gave a fast and efficient extraction at altitude. I am
confident that BA customers will have a great tasting cup of
Twinings tea on their flight."
This fantastic new blend
is available for passengers to enjoy in all cabins on BA flights
from Friday
February 2013. Passengers in First Class and Club World
can also enjoy a wide range of Twinings teas on their
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Yeah it would be cute if a guy wrote a song for me or got me flowers or some shit, but once in awhile… I don't need that everyday. I would feel suffocated. It's really not my kinda thing.
A black congresswoman (Sheila Jackson Lee) reportedly complained
that the names of hurricanes are all Caucasian sounding
names. She would prefer some names that reflect
African-American culture such as: Chamiqua, Tanisha,
Woeisha, Shaqueal, and Jamal…
read the story here
*my initial response to your photo*
*my final response after I imagined your face attached to your body*
im not too happy about it but meh, i'll see if it works.
theres no way in hell im covering up all the time IF i get hired tho ahah
thank god i have theater makeup left from school :)
anyways i just ate way too much turon & chow mein so me & my food baby are off to sleep now lol gnite!
-fragilestate replied to your photo:@fragilestate what do the tumblr lords say? LOL &… the tumblr lords say you're a toned white girl. a tad in between but you pass. =)
jackghostel replied to your post:LMAO oh jacky!! : ) but im not yellow? you could be my white lover
jackghostel replied to your photo:@fragilestate what do the tumblr lords say? LOL &…
id hit…many times…just saying
I'd keep you forever even though we live so far apart.
zigzagsandlouietags replied to your video:Nardwuar vs. Drake you americans probably have no… i fuggin love Nardwuar he's the coolest Canadian ever. (behind you that is lol)
you right ANONYMOUS, im sooo mad.
i just really wanna be a part of the tumblr gang but i was denied entry so im just being bitter
hop off dude's dick already.
or anybody else that uses/says that stupid ass phrase?
yeaaaaah didnt think so.
AHAHAHAHA oh laaaawd.
seriously how dont i weigh 300lbs yet?
no problem :)
good thing i checked this, i was staring @ your friend request like whooo is this ahaha


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Marshall Cottage Rental Photos and Description
Cottage, 1 Bedroom, 1 Bath, (Sleeps 2)
Simply Spectacular!
Overlooking Tomales Bay and Point Reyes National Seashore, Anns View is the perfect retreat for romance and relaxation. Our elegant accommodations feature extraordinary views of this exquisite watershed. Huge windows throughout bring the bay and its beauty to our guests as they sit by the fire or relax in bed. Sunsets are magnificent!
There are water views from every room including our beautiful kitchen and bathroom.
We offer a truly unique setting unlike any other in the area. Although there are many activities in the area such as hiking,, kayaking, biking, riding, cheese and wine tasting, our guests like to spend most of their time at Anns View. A perfect day might include hiking and then bringing local fresh cheese , wine and oysters back home to enjoy during the sunset over Tomales Bay.
Keywords: Cottage
- Suitability:
- non smoking only
- not suitable for children
- pets not allowed


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One week after a series of storms winter hammered the province, people in Newfoundland are cleaning up from another helping of snow. A low pressure system charged up the US east coast on Thursday before affecting Cape Breton. By the late evening hours, the storm was impacting Newfoundland.
"We had 23 cm of snow fall in Gander," says Brian Dillon, a meteorologist at The Weather Network. "Less than 5 cm was officially recorded in St. John's, but strong winds led to blowing and drifting snow."
That, in turn, led to poor visibility on roadways through the overnight hours and into Friday.
Now, Atlantic Canadians are gearing up for what could be a very wintery weekend.
"The next system is forming to the south once again, and this one could bring heavy snow, heavy rain and prolonged freezing rain and damaging winds to parts of the Maritimes Saturday night into Sunday," says Dillon.
Snow has already begun to accumulate in New Brunswick, and a variety of warnings are in place.
"If you pick a different city in each province, there is a very different story -- and they're all bad," says Rob Davis, another meteorologist at The Weather Network. He breaks down exactly what's in store for Maritimers.
An extended period of heavy snow is expected for much of New Brunswick, as well as parts of Nova Scotia and PEI.
Snowfall warnings (15cm of snow or more) are likely for Fredericton to Bathurst and eastward, the Bay of Fundy shores in Nova Scotia, and western PEI. The hardest hit areas will be the Greater Moncton area, Cumberland County, N.S. and Prince County, P.E.I., with 30-40 cm forecast for these areas. Winds will likely create some areas of reduced visibility due blowing to snow.
Areas of southern/eastern Nova scotia are expected to see 30-50 mm of rainfall on Saturday night into Sunday morning. Similar totals are expected for Newfoundland on Sunday.
There is a risk for a prolonged period of freezing rain through parts of Nova Scotia and P.E.I., including Charlottetown, Truro, and possibly Halifax. Freezing rain could fall for up to 9 hours, and some areas may see well over 10 mm of freezing rain, especially in eastern P.E.I. and the Northumberland Strait shores in Nova Scotia.
Very strong winds are expected for eastern Newfoundland on Sunday morning, with wind gusts likely reaching over 100 km/h for almost all communities. Gusts over 120 km/h are expected for many coastal communities including St.Johns.
To stay up-to-date on current weather watches and warnings, be sure to check the Alerts section of the website.


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Bobby Fischer vs. The Rebbe
The chess genius denied he was a Jew, but the Lubavitcher Rebbe disagreed. Who was right?
With the match tied 5½ -5½ (1 point for a win, 0 for a loss, and a half point for a tie), the contest hit a snag when the 12th round, slated for a Saturday, was rescheduled for the following day due to Reshevsky's religious observances. Additionally, Jacqueline Piatigorsky, one of the match's sponsors, required the match to begin at 11 a.m., citing her own travel needs. Fischer, whose circadian rhythm was that of a bartender, failed to show for the morning commencement. The game was ruled a forfeit. When Fischer was absent from the 13th match too, Reshevsky was declared the overall winner. (Fischer would ultimately sue his opponent and the American Chess Foundation; the case was eventually dropped.) As Frank Brady notes in Endgame, a 2011 biography of Fisher, the result of the match "was the unfortunate casualty of Bobby's ingrained sleep habits and long shadow of patronage in chess." A few years later Fischer became a disciple of the Worldwide Church of God; ironically, its tenets forbade him from competitive chess on the Sabbath.
At the 1963-64 U.S. Chess Championships, Fischer tallied an 11-0 record, the only perfect score in its history, defeating his rival Reshevsky along the way. The victory, his fifth in the U.S. championships, would earn him the title of International Master. He would go on to retain his crown two more times for a record eight in front of Reshevky's seven. In late 1968, Fischer unexpectedly took 18 months away from chess, returning in 1970 to play in the "USSR vs. the Rest of the World" tournament in Belgrade. This time, Reshevsky was his teammate.
"Samuel Reshevsky's game vs. Vasily Smyslov had been adjourned," writes Brady. "Back at the Metropol Hotel, Bobby sat down with Reshevsky to analyze the position and consider possible strategies the older grandmaster might play when the game resumed. After ten years of bitterness and competition, this was the first time Fischer had had a friendly interchange with his American rival. (The next day Reshevsky won his game)." Fischer, writing for Brady's (now-defunct) Chessworld magazine years later, would name Reshevsky as one of the 10 greatest chess players of all time.
Known affectionately in his youth as "Shmulik der vunderkind," Reshevsky lived in Crown Heights and developed a relationship with Rabbi Yoseph Yitzchak Schneersohn, the sixth Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbe. He once asked for a blessing from the Rebbe, who agreed on the condition that Reshevsky study Torah daily; Reshevsky obliged. Throughout his life, Reshevsky wrote seven books on chess and worked regularly as a journalist. In 1982, at age 70 and no longer competing at a world-class level, Reshefsky was considering retiring from professional chess and approached Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh and last Rebbe of Chabad-Lubavitch movement, and asked for advice. According to Dovid Zaklikowski, the Rebbe told Reshevsky that playing chess was his "way of fulfilling the commandment of sanctifying G-d's name" and suggested that he not hang it up just yet.
And so, in 1984, aged 72, Reshevsky tied for first place at the Reykjavik Open. After his victory, Reshevsky received a congratulatory letter from the Rebbe, which ended:
P.S. The following lines may appear strange, but I consider it my duty not to miss the opportunity to bring it to your attention. You are surely familiar with the life story of Bobby Fischer, of whom nothing has been heard in quite some time.
Unfortunately, he did not appear to have the proper Jewish education, which is probably the reason for his being so alienated from the Jewish way of life or the Jewish people. However, being a Jew, he should be helped by whomever possible. I am writing to you about this since you are probably better informed about him than many other persons, and perhaps you may find some way in which he could be brought back to the Jewish fold, either through your personal efforts, or in some other way.
Inspired by the Rebbe, Reshevsky took it upon himself to seek out Fischer in Los Angeles during a visit to the area for a tournament.
Since winning the international chess summit in 1972, Fischer had moved back to California where he "want[ed] to meet girls, vivacious girls with big breasts," according to Endgame. Yet apart from a couple of television appearances, Fischer lived alone and was seldom seen in public, reachable only by phone or mail to the dwindling few still within his good graces; to some he stopped speaking entirely, to others, he simply acted selfishly—or brattily. When Fischer's childhood coach and mentor, Jack Collins, asked Bobby to write the introduction to his book, My Seven Chess Prodigies (1974), in a time of need, Fischer never answered the request. And in 1975, before agreeing to defend his title against Russian upstart Anatoly Karpov, Fischer made rule-changing demands on FIDE, the governing body of the tournament. The group made concessions, but not enough to appease the boy-wonder from Brooklyn. As a result, Fischer officially relinquished his title, and Karpov became the champion by default.
Fischer then virtually disappeared from public view—with one exception. One day in 1981, Fischer went out for a walk in Pasadena. Because of his aversion to Western medicine, he now sported a limp and many of his teeth were rotted or had fallen out. He had also grown a paunch. In other words, he was a shell of the custom-suit-wearing chess stud who'd taken the world by storm. A police car pulled up beside him, because he fit the description of a wanted bank robber in the area. The more he was questioned, the more irate he grew; when the police searched his bag's contents they found a juicer—Fischer demanded restaurants juice fruits and vegetables in front of him—and hate literature. He was booked for vagrancy and spent the next two days in jail (the bank robber was already caught). Upon his release, Fischer spent over $3,000 to publish 10,000 copies of an 8,500-word, 14-page booklet titled I Was Tortured in the Pasadena Jailhouse! (It currently still sells online for around $300.)
Dead Sea Scrolls Go to Court
A brilliant young Harvard Ph.D. faces jail for impersonating a Bible scholar—and rival of his father


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How many devices are connected to your home Wi-Fi?
Re:Ethernet still the best (260 comments)
It still raises the question of exactly what you plan to do data-wise that will require 40Gbit Ethernet. While I admit nobody knows what the future holds, we can make reasonable extrapolations. Word and Excel documents aren't going to magically ballon in size. It's highly unlikely you run a 100TB database on your home server. MP3's and even FLAC audio files aren't magically growing in size, and even some new fangled HD audio format an order of magnitude bigger wouldn't stress GigE. Your Internet connection isn't going to be 40Gbit anytime soon (and even if it was, your ISP is unlikely to provide an upstream link that isn't woefully oversubscribed). Netflix 4K streaming already works fine over typical 20Mbit Internet service. And as I stated in earlier posts, even Blu-ray's, which are the higest definition standard media currently available for sale (with no real successor in sight) peak at 40Mbit/sec with average bitrates well below that.
The only conceivable thing that's even remotely close to logical would be uncompressed 4k video editing. And most people do that off high-speed local storage array or, if you're a big boy, a Fibre Channel array. If you've got the need for a FC array at home...well, my hat's off to you. You're unique.


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University of Montreal Researchers Identify 120-plus New ERK1/2 Substrate Candidates
June 07, 2013
University of Montreal Researchers Identify 120-plus New ERK1/2 Substrate Candidates
Adam Bonislawski
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While Transformers 4 will mark the start of a whole new trilogy, it is believed that Michael Bay will not return to direct Transformers 5 and Transformers 6. The producer revealed that he hopes the director does come back, although that is not set in stone.
When asked whether or not Shia LaBeouf will make a cameo appearance as Sam Witwicky, the producer revealed that may be possible, if something evolved within the story.
Transformers: Age of Extinction was released June 27th, 2014 and stars Nicola Peltz, Mark Wahlberg, John Goodman, T.J. Miller, Stanley Tucci, Kelsey Grammer, Sophia Myles, Jack Reynor. The film is directed by Michael Bay.


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The Magnolia-(circa 1875) where the "old & new" converge on this amazing 5. 31 acre Southern Estate! A house built for a gracious life, perfectly suited for its countryside setting! Renovated & expanded with the greatest attention to detail featuring elegant moldings, new & vintage materials, quality construction & built to stand the test of time! Impeccably maintained landmark! Click here to learn more about this listing
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