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Research on the Site Distribution of income
Dorothy Brady
Chapter in NBER book Studies in Income and Wealth (1951), Conference on Research in Income and Wealth. (p. 2 - 61)
This paper is available as PDF (1047 K) or via email.
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text:
By Peter Wonacott
JOHANNESBURG-Meles Zenawi, Ethiopia's autocratic leader who guided his poor nation closer to prosperity through a steady economic opening, died late Monday, presenting a tricky leadership transition for a crucial U.S. ally in Africa.
Mr. Meles, who was 57 years old and had served in office, as president and then as prime minister, for 21 years, will be succeeded by Deputy Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn, Ethiopia's deputy prime minister, the government said Tuesday.
Although Mr. Meles appointed Mr. Hailemariam his political heir, the new leader has no popular support base of his own and will be surrounded by seasoned operatives who were loyal to Mr. Meles. His level of backing among the military and intelligence communities is unclear. Elections for a new prime minister aren't expected until 2015, said Bereket Simon, Ethiopia's communications minister. The country's recent history of violence-marred votes raises the prospect of a rocky political period ahead.
Mr. Meles succumbed to an infection stemming from an illness that the Ethiopian government wouldn't disclose. Mr. Bereket wouldn't say where he had died, but a European Union official said that Mr. Meles had been in and out of a hospital in Brussels for weeks. An Ethiopian flag-covered coffin with his body arrived in the capital Addis Ababa on Tuesday, news reports said.
The question for Ethiopia now is whether the country can continue on the path set by the late prime minister, whose economic success had been widely admired in Africa even as his government was feared at home.
"He's managed to do what no other African strongman has done," said Jakkie Cilliers, executive director for the Institute for Security Studies, a think tank in Pretoria. "He was the living embodiment of the developmental state."
The succession stakes are high for Washington. Mr. Meles proved an effective yet prickly ally of the U.S., one of Ethiopia's largest donors. During his time in power, Mr. Meles sought an end to conflicts in Sudan and Somalia, and remained a staunch backer of counterterrorism efforts in East Africa.
Even his critics credit Mr. Meles with keeping his country together through famine and war. Ethiopia fought Eritrea in the late 1990s and the conflict continues to simmer. Ethiopia now is seen as an anchor of an unstable East Africa region. The prime minister's death isn't expected to change that.
Mr. Meles, a former rebel leader, combined iron-fisted political controls with the loosening up of lucrative industries. Those moves attracted investment in agriculture and manufacturing, helping to ease chronic food shortages and to transform Ethiopia into one of the continent's fastest-growing economies.
Yet human-rights activists criticized the prime minister for crushing dissent-jailing journalists, blocking critical websites and marginalizing the political opposition.
Mr. Meles served as president in 1991, and became prime minister in 1995. He won again in 2000 and 2005, but those latter elections were marred with violence. When opposition supporters objected to the 2005 vote as not free and fair, police opened fire in Addis Ababa, killing 193 and wounding hundreds. Thousands of opposition leaders and supporters were rounded up and detained. In 2010, Mr. Meles was re-elected and swept all but two of the 546 declared seats in Parliament in a vote that again was criticized as flawed by the opposition.
In his fight against famine, the prime minister threw his support behind Ethiopia's first commodities exchange so farmers across the country could move goods to meet rising demand and curb predatory pricing. The exchange's chief executive, Eleni Gabre-Madhin, eschewed a fully electronic exchange system for a trading floor, so that even the illiterate and those without access to the Internet could sell their goods. "This wasn't a prestige project-he wanted the exchange to benefit small farmers," she said of the late prime minister. "I think we forged a different model in Africa."
Mr. Meles's brand of economic liberalization laid a new foundation for private business and economic growth. The number of private-sector companies in Ethiopia climbed to more 45,000 from almost zero in 1991 when communist rule ended.
Although it remains among the world's poorest countries, Ethiopia's growth exceeded 8% from 2000 to 2010, according to the World Bank.
Mr. Meles also has proved an effective yet prickly ally of the U.S., one of Ethiopia's largest donors. During his time in power, Mr. Meles sought an end to conflicts in Sudan and Somalia, and remained a staunch backer of counterterrorism efforts in the East Africa region.
Even his critics credit Mr. Meles with keeping his country together through famine and war. Ethiopia fought Eritrea in the late 1990s and the conflict continues to simmer. Ethiopia now is seen as an anchor of a shaky East Africa region. Mr. Meles's death isn't expected to change that.
The U.S. provided Ethiopia more than $1 billion in 2010-and $880 million last year-mostly to help improve the country's health situation and food security. The lavish assistance, however, didn't deter Mr. Meles from lashing out at Washington's criticism of his human-rights record, or from tweaking the U.S. by contrasting its conditional aid with China's no-strings-attached financial assistance. He frequently expressed admiration for how Beijing navigated the economic opening of a poor, agrarian country-much like his own.
"These kind of situations in many African counties often result in instability and chaos, but my gut reaction is that's not going to be the case," said David Shinn, the former U.S. ambassador to Ethiopia. "The institutions that Meles has put in place over the past 20 years are surprisingly strong."
Mr. Meles was born on May 8, 1955, in northern Ethiopia. He studied at Addis Ababa University for two years, but cut short his studies in 1974 to join the Tigray People's Liberation Front, a political party.
In the following years, he rose through the ranks of the party and became chairman of the TPLF and the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Front, an alliance of political movements in Ethiopia. He became president in 1991 after the defeat of the military junta.
In Addis Ababa on Tuesday, Ethiopians were still coming to grips with Mr. Meles's death and what it would mean politically. Many were seen listening to radios and watching televisions for the latest news bulletins. Until recently, the government assured the public the prime minister would return to work soon.
"When I heard first I did not believe it," said Habtamu Tekalegn, 24 years old, a disc jockey at a local bar in Addis Ababa. "At this time, there is no one who has a capacity to contribute to a country like him."
Write to Associated Press at write-to-footer-ap
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MADRID (MarketWatch) -- European stock markets opened flat to lower on Thursday, as investors mulled the prior-day statement from the Federal Reserve, which said it will stick to its loose monetary policy. Investors were wading through a deluge of earnings, with the Stoxx Europe 600 index flat at 269.40. Share of BASF SE rose nearly 2% after the chemical group reported results, while Daimler AG fell nearly 3% after the automaker cut its full-year forecast. France Telecom SA fell 2.7% after the telecom group projected a tough 2013. Unilever PLC rose 2.8% after the consumer goods group posted higher sales. The FTSE 100 index rose 0.1% to 5,813.29, the German DAX 30 index was flat at 7,198.40 and the French CAC 40 index was up 0.2% to 3,433.81.
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text:
(Season 5 | Episode 2)
43:01 minutes
An Amber alert rocks the Braverman clan, while Adam and Kristina try to settle into campaign life. Ray Romano and Matt Lauria guest star.
(Season 5 | Episode 2)
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text:
Here is a look at the coordination and logistics involved underwater as Scott needs help to change breathing apparatus. Camera operators and still photographers even chip in to try and get Scott across the San Pedro channel.
It has been difficult so far for Scott as we now reach the five o'clock hour. He does not have far to go. We can see the harbor cranes of San Pedro and Long Beach clearly now.


text:
AP: Federal regulators are investigating whether telephone companies are doing enough to keep customers' records from falling into the hands of unscrupulous online data brokers.
"These records can include some of the most private personal information about an individual," Jonathan Adelstein, a commissioner at the Federal Communications Commission, said Tuesday. "Finding out who people are calling and for how long can be like picking someone's brain about their friends, plans or business dealings." | story
Maybe they were too busy hunting for porn.
A Progressive Journal of News and Opinion Publisher, Zuade Kaufman Editor, Robert Scheer
© 2014 Truthdig, LLC. All rights reserved.


text:
Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
"As stated in this post, Epics are SO EASY to come by, that BoE epics should be sold for profit, to people that play less. With the few exception of BiS BoE's (hunter bracers and Surge Needle Ring come to mind), other BoEs should not be considered regular loot and just rolled on by who will actually use."
Who determines what the exceptions are? Any ilvl213 epic can be a huge upgrade to your raiders, even over other similar items. There's a few Naxx25 drops that are BoE and are better than any other similar Naxx25 BoP drop.
Besides, you're distinguishing between people who play a lot, and people who play less. Who's to say the person who wants it plays enough that another option is easy? Or that he'd wind up shelling out 4k gold to buy it from you on the AH to cover your raid wipes?


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Dear Followers and Others and Everyone,
High school is HARD. High school is DRAINING. It's absolutely okay to be sad or depressed or frustrated or angry. It's okay to spend a weekend sleeping and watching TV and procrastinating on homework because you can't imagine being productive. It's okay to GIVE YOURSELF A BREAK. If you need to drop a class or if you need to take a day off or if you need to vent, do it. Your mental health and your confidence and your happiness come above getting into an Ivy League or getting an A. Put yourself first. That's okay to do. And if you ever need someone to talk to, I'm here, just like so many other people in your lives who care about you.


text:
Many people wonder if Cavachons get along with cats. Well, Mickey Magoo and Ike (the cat) seem to be the best of friends. Thank you Janet (who is coming tomorrow to pick up her 2nd Silver Paw Cavachon) for sharing these photos. They are too cute together.
One response to "Cavachons and Cats"
So cute. Definitely must be good friends. Lou


text: This royal get-away, situated between Jodhpur, Udaipur and Mount Abu, is snugly nestled in an Orchard. The orchards, laid out in the late 19th century by the Maharani of Jodhpur, are surrounded by the gentle Aravalli hills. It is 4 km away from the famous Ranakpur Jain temples and 40 km away from the imposing Kumbalgarh Fort.


text:
|To jump to the topics, click on the following:
Origin of the Name Goshen | Goshen's Fire Department and Postoffice |
Goshen's Early Industries |
It has been very generally supposed that the first house built in Goshen was
built by William Bissell and was located where the Baptist church now stands,
at the corner of Sixth and Washington streets. It was a cabin, built of round
logs, as about all of the first cabins were built, with fireplace, stick
chimney, puncheon floor and greased paper windows. As far as can be ascertained,
this was the first house built on the original plat of Goshen, but it may not
have been the first house built within the present city limits of Goshen.
Some time in the summer of 1906 Mrs. Nancy Grissom, told the writer that in the fall of 1828 her step-father, George Bunger, and David Hendricks came from Preble county, Ohio, expecting to locate in LaPorte county and that when they came as far as the present site of Goshen they found a cabin a short distance south of Rock Run, and occupied by a man named Jacobs. It is also said that Elder David Cripe, the first Dunkard preacher in northern Indiana, built a cabin within the present limits in 1829, when he came here from Ohio. The date of Mr. Bissell's coming here is not known. It is almost certain that it was not as early as 1828, the year that Mrs. Grissom says her step-father came.
The original plat of Goshen consisted of 92.28 acres, acquired by pre-emption from the government for county seat purposes and a tract purchased of Oliver Crane containing 27 acres, three roods and three rods, making a little more than 120 acres. The tract acquired from the government embraced that portion of the present city extending from the Elkhart river on the west to Cottage avenue on the east and from Clinton street on the north to the alley between Washington and Jefferson streets. The tract bought of Oliver Crane is immediately north of this, extending north from Clinton street.
As is stated elsewhere, after the site had been selected for a county seat, Oliver Crane was appointed county agent to sell lots. George Crawford surveyed the plot and the county agent began the sale of lots in the summer of 1831. Building began immediately afterward, log houses being built first. Nobody knows the dates when buildings were erected on any particular location. However, it is known that as early as 1832, there were a number of dwellings. One of the residences was that of Henry Dusenberry, where the Elkhart Circuit court held its fourth session in the early part of 1833. This was located on the east side of South Main street, about half way between Washington street and the first alley north. The house built by William Bissell, already mentioned, afterward became the home of Luke Hulett, who after Bissell's death married his widow. Abner Stilson had a tavern for several years on the southeast corner of Main street and Lincoln avenue. There the county commissioners held their sessions from May, 1832, until August 1833, when the new court house was ready for occupancy. Mr. Stilson evidently did not conduct a hotel many years, as Mrs. Phoebe Chamberlain told the writer on her ninetieth birthday anniversary that when she came to Goshen, there was but one hotel, which was conducted by James Cook and that it was located on or not for from the site of the old Masonic block on north Main street. A log house stood on the site of the present Hotel Alderman. The Goshen Democrat had just been established and was conducted in a small frame building on north Main street and only a short distance south of Rock Run. Ebenzer Brown, who lived a mile and a half northeast of Goshen, Col. John Jackson and several other of the prominent men were financially interested in the enterprise. The Goshen Express, a Whig paper, was started a little while before The Democrat, by Anthony DeFreese and Charles L. Murray. A little later it was moved to Monoquet, in Kosciusko county.
When Mrs. Chamberlain came to Goshen there was
only one brick building and that was the court house.
The greater number of homes were built of logs, but
there were some that were part log and part frame. As
mentioned elsewhere, her husband built the first brick
As late as 1852 there were only twenty-one brick buildings in the town, including the court house and stores. Thirteen of the buildings were residences. These were the residences of James H. Barnes, on West Lincoln avenue, now the city hall. George P. Rowell, corner of Lincoln avenue and Third street, now the Mrs. Charles Kohler residence; W. A. Thomas, corner Second and Clinton streets; E. M. Chamberlain, North Main street, until recently Dr. Edmand's office; Fred Jackson, north Fifth street, now Goshen hospital; John Cook, Jr., Mrs. Derlin, John Carpenter, Sr., Fred funk, B.G. Crary, Dr. Wickham, P. M. Henkel, and E. G. Chamberlain. Joseph D. Knox had a brick blacksmith shop on East Clinton street, just west of the present Church of the Brethren. His residence was across the street east. The Methodist church was on the west side of North Main Street, on the alley north of Clinton street. Te location of the other residences is not known. One of them was the Harvey E. Hawks residence, corner Third and Pike streets, but it has been impossible to ascertain who was the owner of it.
There is a rather interesting tradition concerning a romance connected with the last mentioned residence. It is said that George P Rowell and the man who built the house were rival suitors for the hand of the same young lady and that Rowell lost. The successful suitor built that house for his bride after their marriage. Mr. Rowell, in order to show her that he could build a bigger house, built the house on the corner of Lincoln avenue and Third street which he occupied for so many years.
In an article written for the Goshen Democrat in 1895, Mrs. Chauncey S. Hascall told many interesting things about Goshen and vicinity in the years of her early residence in this county. When her father, Ebenezer Brown came here in 1834, the town was only three years old. They located a mile and a half northeast of Goshen, on what was for many years known as the Yeoman farm. Their nearest neighbors were the residents of Goshen. The Brown family came from Yates county, N. Y., traveling by wagon to Buffalo, from Buffalo to Detroit by water and from Detroit to Goshen by wagon. They were two weeks on their way.
A part of her article is so interesting that it seems a pity to abbreviate it, so that part is reproduced here.
"The Methodists had a strong foothold here as in most new countries and the barn like structure they used many years for their church services witnessed many stirring, old fashioned revivals. There was no underpinning to the house and the meetings were often disturbed by animals which made their sleeping quarters there. The men sat on one side of the house and the women on the other.
"The first time I saw Mrs. Robinson, sister of Mrs. John Irwin, she was riding to church on the horse behind her husband who was the circuit preacher at that time. I think they came in from the Jackson homestead.
"Socially there were no dividing lines. Every man was as good as his neighbor, if not a little better. Log rollings, barn raisings and quilting bees were the chief entertainments. All the women in the neighborhood, an area of two or three square miles, assisted in getting up the big dinners for the men's gatherings, thus combining pleasure with business in a way peculiar to new countries. John Hull's dancing parties divided the social interests with the churches for some years. The late William Thomas, L. G. Harris, Abijah Hubbell, the Hascall's, E. M. Chamberlain and wife and Mrs. J. P. Hawks are all that are left of the band that once tripped the light fantastic toe to the music of Hull's violin in the old dancing room a Cook's tavern. I remember seeing Mrs. J. P. Hawks (sister of Mrs. Hascall) starting for one of these parties on a horse behind her escort. That primitive fashion went out of date, as the new comers brought in buggies and other light vehicles which took the place of 'prairie schooners' and 'riding double' for pleasure excursions.
"The first wedding of note was that of I. M. Chamberlain to Miss Phoebe Hascall in 1838. All the 'youth and beauty' of Goshen graced the occasion. A Rev. Mr. Brown preformed the wedding ceremony.
"The first 'society event' of the town was Mr. Barnes large house warming party, some time near 1850. A number of South Bend people were there, among them Schuyler Colfax.
"As the town increased in population and wealth, large residences were built and society began to 'put on airs' dividend itself into 'circles', issued its mandates and with its city charter, put on metropolitan customs."
Not long ago Dwight H. Hawks and James T. Maxfield, and how they came to locate in Goshen. In 1849 they left their home in Norwich, Ohio, to seek their fortunes in the west. They had no particular place in view but thought they might find a better place somewhere than their old home. They reached this county on the Fourth of July, ate their dinner at Benton and then drove on to Goshen. As they drove through Elkhart prairie they admired its fine fields of wheat and corn, but that was not what decided them. In less than an hour after they arrived in Goshen there was a fight in Main street a little south of Market street, (now Lincoln avenue). Mr. Maxfield remarked to Mr. Noble, "This must be a live town. Let's stop here." So they stopped and made plans for engaging in business. Mr. Maxfield remained only for a few years, when he moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, but Mr. Noble made Goshen his home for the remainder of his life, a period of more than fifty years. He was engaged in the hardware business for a number of years, but is remembered by the older people now living as a manufacturer of school furniture, his shops being the same ones which the Rock Run Mills now occupy. On the 26th of March, 1899, Mr. and Mrs. Noble celebrated their sixtieth wedding anniversary. (Bartholomew, Pioneer History of Elkhart County, 1930)
Goshen was the first town to receive a permanent name. As stated in the chapter
on locating the county seat, the legislature of 1831, appointed five commissioners to
examine eligible sites for the purpose of re-locating the county seat which had been
selected in 1830. Three of these commissioners met as they were instructed to do, on
the third Thursday in March, 1831, but did not make their final report until May 26.
On that date they reported to the board of justices that they had selected a site and
recommended that it be named Goshen. The report was accepted by the board and the name
was officially confirmed. Just how and why this name was selected is told by Col. John
Jackson in the Goshen Democrat for December 20, 1865. Col. Jackson was a member of the
board of justices at that time. After describing the spirited contest over the location
of the county seat he concludes by saying:
"The place had no name and the next question was, what should it be called? Major Violett proposed to call it Savannah (synonymous with prairie) which name suited me very well. David Miller, one of the commissioners, named Goshen, and the county justices, of whom I was one, concluded unanimously to call it by that name in honor of David Miller, who has been dead a number of years."
There is a tradition which is traced back to the time "when the memory of man runneth not to the contrary" that the name of Goshen was chosen by Oliver Crane, one of the first settlers on the site of the present city and the first agent for the sale of lots in the newly chosen county seat. The reason assigned for the choice is that he came from Goshen, Orange county, New York, and wanted the new town named in honor of that place.
Among those who knew of this tradition was John W. Irwin. In a series of personal memoirs written by his own hand he says: "Among the principal men who were early settlers and that were here before 1832, the time of the coming of Alexander Irwin, was Oliver Crane, who had come from Orange county, New York, the county town of which county was named Goshen. It is understood that he was mainly influential in inducing those who had charged of laying out our county town, for the name given it. My father claimed to have been consulted about the name in 1831, and favored it not from the standpoint of Crane, to follow a town name to which he was attached from local consideration but from the fitness of the name as being a country rich and productive as that of Goshen in Egypt, occupied by the designation of Joseph, by his kins-people during their sojourn in that country."
It is possible that Oliver Crane was the first to propose the name as the time honored tradition has it and that he might have suggested it to the commissioners at their previous meeting. But it seems quite unlikely that he was present when the commissioners made their report to the board of justices and when the place was officially given its name. Had he been present and proposed the name at that time Col. Jackson would doubtless have mentioned him, as he mentions Maj. Violett, who proposed another name. In the absence of any other evidence, the signed statement of Col. Jackson, whose word never was questioned by anybody who knew him, ought to be accepted concerning the official act of giving the new town its name. Notwithstanding the tradition concerning Oliver Crane, the honor of naming the place doubtless belongs to David Miller, who, according to the same authority, had much to do with the selection of the site in preference to the other sites that were proposed. (Bartholomew, Pioneer History of Elkhart County, 1930)
The Fire Department of Goshen. The first company organized at Goshen was known as the
"Reliance Engine Company, No. 1" and dates back for service to Sept. 4, 1862.
Its roll of last year showed a membership of 21 men.
The "Rescue Hook & Ladder Company, No 1" was organized almost six years later, or on May 4, 1868, and at its last review (1879) comprised 24 members. Both companies were duly erected and chartered under the lows of the State.
The "Reliance Hose Company, No. 1" composed of 17 men, was organized July 2, 1870, and the "Hydraulic Hose Company, No. 2," completed its organization Jan. 25, 1872, and now possesses an available force of 17 men.
The companies subsequently organized are "Triumph, No. 1," July 19, 1875, with a roster of 22 men; "Goshen Hose Company, No. 4," June 21, 1875, now composed of 22 men, and the companies Nos. 3 and 4, comprising youths under 21 years of age.
An address delivered by Capt. Q. W. Simmons at the Parade and Review of Firemen, held at Goshen in May, 1879, dealt with the benefits accruing to the community from these organizations. He referred to the conflagration of December, 1877, when to make an effort at saving from destruction the Noble and Crary building on Market street the Fire Department worked with unequalled perseverance, under every disadvantage that a freezing wind entailed, and succeeded in insuring the safety of adjoining property. On the first Monday in February, 1880, the Triumph Hose Company dedicated its new reading and club rooms at Goshen. The Hon. Henry D. Wilson dwelt at some length and very eloquently upon the success which had been attained by the Fire Department recapitulated much of its interesting history, and concluded by a relation of the many benefits destined to accrue to the members from their new reading room and club.
The Postoffice of this city is conveniently situated, and well administered. An idea of the business transacted annually may be had from the fact that the letters, postal cards, packets and newspapers sent through the mails during the first week of November, 1879, aggregated 9,000. The present postmaster succeeded his father, Dr. E. W. H. Ellis, in that position in 1876.
|Flour, per bbl. $7.50
|Chickens, per pair, 25c
|Wheat, per bu. $1.50
|Eggs, per doz. 12 ˝ c
|Buckwheat flour, per bu., $3.00
|Beef, per lb. 6 ˝ c
|Corn meal, per bu. 62 ˝ c
|Pork, per lb. 12 ˝ c
|Corn, per bu. 50c
|Butter, per lb. 25 c
|Oats, per bu. 37 ˝ c
|Lard, per lb. 16 c
|Potatoes, per bu. 37 ˝ c
|Tallow, per lb. 15 c
The Hydraulic Canal. During the year 1866 a project, which was to render Goshen a
most important manufacturing town, was originated, and in 1868, brought to completion.
Among those to whom thanks are mainly due for this great motive power are J. H. Defrees,
E. W. Ellis, Dr. M. M. Latta, P. M. Henkel, Cephas Hawks, Milton Mercer, John Stauffer
and Adam Yeakell. The western bank of this canal is formed from earth taken from the face
of the plateau, above the valley of the Elkhart. The water of the river proper was diverted
from its natural course, one and one-half miles south of the city, and turned into this
channel at a cost of $100,000. This large investment dwindles into insignificance when the
manifold advantages of this wealth-giving canal are considered. This fact will be further
substantiated by the following review of the industries which almost owe it their present
prosperous condition, if not their very existence.
The Linseed-Oil Mills. These mills were established in 1868 by J. H. Defrees and son. The first year's operations consumed about 5,000 bushels of seed, of which 3,000 bushels were supplied by the county. In 1872, 10,054 bushels were purchased in the Goshen market, forming half the quantity operated upon that year. The year 1878 was the beginning of the great progress. No less than 30,000 bushels of seed were converted into oil and oil cake. In 1880 the purchase of flax-seed reached 42,000 bushels, yielding 84,000 gallons of linseed oil, and 1,555,400 lbs. of oil cake. The export of the manufacturing oils and cake has reached an extent as surprising as it is consolatory. The position of this mill among kindred establishments throughout the country is high indeed. The enterprise which carried out the project deserves a most flattering recognition from those without as well as within the State. In the little city of the Elkhart valley, every advance made by such an industry is hailed with delight, and it is to be hoped that not only will the present large trade continue, but rather increase, until the enterprise of the proprietor calls for the erection of additions to the present extensive facilities which the mill offers.
The Grist-Mill was erected at the instance of J. H. Defrees in 1879, south of Market street, on the hydraulic canal. This mill commenced operations in October, 1879, and is likely to prove another link in the chain of progress.
C. & E. Hawks' Mill and Factory. The flouring mill of Cephas and Eleazer Hawks was erected on the hydraulic canal in 1868. Previously, from 1836 to 1844, they operated the old grist-mill of Elias Baker, at Waterford, and in the latter year reconstructed it. In the new building, the work of the mill was carried on down to 1868, when the machinery was moved to the present establishment. In 1836, the mill gave employment to four men, now eight and often 10 hands are employed, and the trade has advanced from a few barrels per week to 1,000. The number of bushels of wheat converted into flour weekly is about 5,000, or 260,000 annually.
Goshen City Flouring Mills. These were erected in 1868-69 by Thomas and Stauffer, at a cost of $16,000. The same firm continued to operate it until the death of MR. Stauffer in September, 1875, since which time Mr. W. A. Thomas has been sole proprietor.
The mill is a large frame building, situated upon the hydraulic, the main building being 67x33 feet, four floors, with an addition of 16x50 feet. Water is the motor power used, and the mill is supplied with five run of stone, four of them four feet in diameter, and one 30 inches. The capacity of the mill may be fairly stated at 100 to 125 bbls. of flour per day. Both custom and merchant work are done, the merchant flout being largely shipped to New York and Baltimore. The number of men employed at beginning was six, while at present there are 15. There are 30,000 barrels of flour produced annually, valued at $150,000. The cooperage attached gives employment to seven men.
The Goshen Woolen Mills. The woolen mill projected by C. B. Alderman and J. E. Winegar in 1869 and completed in 1870, proved one of the most extensive and profitable enterprises of the time. In April, 1871, Gen. M. S. Hascall entered into the partnership; in April, 1875, J. M. Noble purchased an interest, and in February, 1880, the old firm disposed of their entire interest to the firm of Noble, Kerstetter & Co. The company includes Messrs. King & Field of the Clear Lake Mills, E. R. Kerstetter, of Elkhart, with Mr. Kerstetter and J. M. Noble, of Goshen. There are 1,040 spindles in use, and in October, 1879, self-operating spinners were introduced, at a cost of $2,500, while other improvements are meditated.
The mill is a stone and brick structure, the main building being 40x95 feet, three floors and basement. It has two additions, the dye house, one floor, 24x36 feet, and engine and boiler room, two floors, 36x46 feet, the second story being used as a drying department. The mill has really three sets: two for manufacturing, and one for custom. The machinery is operated by either water or steam power, one 44-inch turbine wheel, taking its power from the hydraulic, being used, and also a 40-horse power engine with 65-horse power boiler. There are 680 spindles, three broad and eight narrow looms, together with all necessary dyeing and fulling and other apparatus. In the mill a force numbering 30 or more is usually employed.
The chief produce of the Goshen Woolen Mills are flannels, jeans, blankets and yarns, though some cassimeres and cloths are made. Besides having a large local trade the mill sells its goods very generally throughout six of the Western States,—Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin and Iowa,— and it pursues a policy distinctively its own, as, instead of virtually paying a commission to jobbers to introduce the goods, the firm sells direct to retailers. It has been a policy productive of good results, too, and the business has grown to such proportions that the "Goshen Woolen Mills" are known far and wide. Aiming not only at excellence, but uniform excellence in manufacture and placing straight goods on the market at the lowest rates, the enterprise has worked out its own career. The value of sales for the first six months in 1880 summed up $50,000, which compares very favorably with the amount of sales effected during the corresponding period in 1868, which scarcely exceeded $27,000. The cost of building and machinery was about $40,000.
The Saw and Planning Mill located on the hydraulic canal possesses both water and steam power.
The mill was projected in 1864 by David Darr, who sold interest in 1866 to John
B. Drake. In 1877 C. A. Davis entered into a partnership, and subsequently purchased
the entire concern. The cost of the original building is estimated at $12,000. Its
capacity is set down at 1,500,000 feet of hard lumber, such as poplar, walnut, oak,
maple and hickory. In preparing the raw lumber for market 15 men receive constant
employment. The value of annual product is set down at $20,000.
Though the mills just reviewed are all extensive and require a great water-power such as the canal bestows, yet half the advantages which the hydraulic offers are not requisitioned. There is room for many additions to the industrial establishment of the city, and nowhere is a finer location presented than that which the neighborhood of the canal affords.
The Noble School Furniture Company. The officers of the company are: J. M. Noble, President; L. H. Noble, Treasure, and W. A. Bradford, Secretary, the active management of the business mainly resting with the two last lamed gentlemen, Mr. J. M. Noble finding his time occupied in the management of the large hardwood lumber interest of L. H. Noble & Son. He also, as elsewhere stated, is connected with the Goshen Woolen Mill Company. Mr. L. H. Noble came to Elkhart county in 1849, from Ohio, and ever since has been in active business here. The company established themselves in the school- furniture manufactory business in 1872, and they now employ 50 hands, and sell about $115,000 worth of furniture per year. They have a branch office and salesroom at 270 and 272 Wabash avenue, Chicago, under the charge of C. R. Hewett, and orders of letters of inquiry addressed either here or there will meet with prompt attention.
The material used by the company in the construction of their school furniture and tables is wholly walnut and ash. The school furniture is made with alternate strips of this material, so that the effect is pleasing to the eye; the seat conforms itself to the body in such a natural manner as to avoid fatigue. This accomplished, that is, conformity to the natural pose of the body, it became necessary to embody other points of excellence, so that strength and durability should be combined with an appearance of lightless.
In the manufacture of school furniture especial attention is also paid to teachers' desks of various patterns. The firm also sells gloves, chairs, blackboards and the many adjuncts of the school-room.
The factory itself is by the side of the L. S> & M. S. R'y, having abundant side track. The main building is a three story frame structure (built last year) 46x100 feet. The engine boiler room and kilns are 42x65 feet, and a two-story wareroom, frame, 44x98 feet, is now building. The work room may really be considered models in their way. They are splendidly lighted, are heated by steam, and every convenience exists for prosecuting work expeditiously. The various machinery in use (and machinery is used wherever it can be to advantage) is of the best pattern, selected with special reference to the peculiar lines of manufacture engaged in by the company. The buildings, although frame, are well protected against fire by a through system of pipes and hose, with abundant water supply, and , taken all in all, the most casual visitor can see that the works are the result of experience and careful observation.
The Furniture Factory was built in 1872 for the purpose of a sewing-machine factory, and continued to be so used until July, 1874, when Hawks, Fravel & Co. purchased the building and projected the manufacture of furniture. This firm continued the making of furniture until July, 1878, when Hawks Brothers purchased the entire interest. The progress is marked indeed. In 1874 20 men were employed; now no less than 75 hands are directly engaged in connection with the work. The annual value of products in 1874 was about 20,000; of 1879, $65,000, and a sale of goods amounting to $80,000 may be reported for 1880. The cost of the original factory was $5,000, additions since made, $2,000, and machinery, $5,000. The lumber used in the manufacture of furniture is obtained from this and neighboring counties.
Messrs. C. & E. Hawks may be said to have built and equipped the two factories to which reference has been made. They also built the flouring mill, and the large double store occupied by the firm,—a three-story and basement building 44x85 feet—and in numerous other ways have advanced the best interests of the city. The firm of Hawks Bros. & Co. have an enormous trade. They deal in dry goods and general merchandise, and in hardware; they have an establishment that is known far and wide through the county, and none of our business firms command greater confidence or greater trade. Together with all this, the employment of a force bordering on 100 is a boon to the city which cannot be over-estimated.
Crary's Furniture Factory was established in 1867-68 by B. G. Crary, and was the first building erected for manufacturing purposes along the hydraulic. The cost of structure and machinery was $10,500. The number of men employed at beginning was six, while at present the factory gives employment to 20 hands. The trade principally in extension tables, and is carried over all the State. From an annual product of $6,000 the business has gradually grown, until now the whole sale department turns out goods to the value of $20,000, and the retail about $12,000.
The manufacture of furniture for retail trade includes bureaus, bedsteads, tables. The factory is a large frame building, three stories high and 30x80 feet. It is well equipped with machinery, water-power from the hydraulic being used, and during the day the factory presents a busy aspect.
Chair Factory. The manufacture of chairs was established in June, 1876, by Howe & Simmsons, but Mr. Howe, who was engaged in that work, may claim the credit of inaugurating that factory. The factory occupies the entire second floor of Gortner's foundry. The machinery is valued at $2,500; seven men are employed, and the value of goods manufactured in 1880 approximates $20,000. About 400 chairs are made every week, and still the firm intends to further increase their facilities, until the increasing demand is fully met.
Hattel Brothers & Co. Hattel Brothers erected the western end of this industrial concern in December, 1877, and the company, subsequently organized, made additions, until the building now forms a rectangle 102x40 feet. The cost of this structure is estimated at $2,400, and that of the machinery at $3,000. The number of men employed in 1877 did not exceed 10, while now the factory gives employment to no less a number than 40. Five are also employed, who sold during the past year $50,000 worth of tables, bedsteads and bureaus in Indiana, Iowa and Missouri. In 1876 the wares of the Messrs. Hattel were destroyed y fire, entailing a total loss of $1,300. The present firm comprises Messrs. Henry Kolb, Wm. Grose, D. W. and Jacob Hattel. Though young in years, it has made very favorable progress, and gives promise of reaching the climax of commercial prosperity.
Goshen Pump Company. This company with W. L. Bivins as President, manufactures 40,000 pumps annually, and gives employment to between 25 and 30 men. It was established here in 1872. The first pump factory was inaugurated at Waterford in 1851, by J. Wegely, who in 1853 disposed of his interest to Jonas Shively, and he in turn sold out, in 1855, to W. D. Platter. Platter moved his machinery to Goshen, where he continued the manufacture until June, 1879, when the works were purchased by the present company.
I. X. L. Pump Co. This manufacture was established Jan. 1, 1880, by James A. Arthur, John Korrady, Jr., and
Alfred Lowry. The number of men employed by this firm during the month of March, 1880,
was fur; at present the factory gives employment to 13, and is making such satisfactory
progress, that an addition to the force may be necessary during the coming year.
E. & J. Gortner's Iron Foundry. This iron foundry was started in 1863 by Messrs. Gortner & Smith. The built the large house now occupied by the Goshen Pump Company, Howe & Simmons' Chair Factory, and by the foundry. The building cost about $8,000, and the entire concern with machinery about $22,000. A lathe purchased in 1864 cost $960. In 1866-7 the number employed was 40 men. The threshing machines of the firm are widely known over the State, and win for the manufacturers a prosperous trade. Since 1868 the foundry has been exclusively managed by J. Gortner, and a steady business has been maintained. It is located near the L. S. & M. S. railway, the main building a frame 40x110 feet, two floors, with foundry and blacksmith shop 36x80, and another addition 35x60. The works are well provided with both iron and wood-working machinery, and has working capacity for full 50 men, though the force rarely numbers more than 20.
The Wagon Factory of J. J. Delotter. Among other prosperous manufacturing interest in our sister city of Goshen we make note of its carriage manufactories, and here refer to the one named above. The shops are old established, but Mr. Delotter's proprietorship of them dated from February.
Adam Yeakel's Factory is among the principal carriage and wagon establishments of the city. The number of men employed ranges from five to eight, and the quality and style of workmanship is much appreciated by the people.
Goshen Sweeper and Wringer Co. This company was organized in 1878, with C. W. Walker and H. E. Gore as principals. The buildings erected by the firm and completed in 1880 are extensive and neat. The main building is 100 feet long by 40 feet wide, and gives place to two floors. The wareroom office and brush factory are in another building, 50x30 feet. The cost of both structures was $4,000, and of machinery, even now in use, $2,800. The number of hands employed in 1878 was 20. This force has been augmented by a similar number in 1880. In 1878 the sales were $18,000, in 1879 $27,000, and in 1880 $40,000. The trade of the firm extends over the Eastern and Western States, with the principal markets in Chicago, New York, Boston and Philadelphia. There are 25 traveling agents and two clerks engaged in transacting the business of the firm. Mr. Gore is the inventor and patentee of sweeper and wringer.
Angel's Cooperage. The first cooperage was erected by Christian Angle in 1861 on Third street. He employed four men, who were occupied in turning out work for Messrs. Thomas & Stauffer, J. H. Defrees, for his Syracuse mill, and Dr. E. W. H. Ellis' mills at Goshen. In 1862 the cooperage required the services of eight men. That year he rented steam power from Geo. Powell and used stave machinery. In 1863 he entered into partnership with M. M. Bartholomew, and moved the machinery one-half mile south of Goshen. Here the most remarkable progress was made, 20 men were employed, and the patronage of Messrs. W. A. Thomas, C. & E. Hawks, Geo. W. Ellis, of Goshen and Turner & Company, of Chicago, secured. Before the close of the year M. M. Bartholomew disposed of his half interest to Mr. Angel, and the latter moved the machinery and shop to the present location on Second street, near Third and Madison. Here the work of the cooperage son increased that it gave employment to 35 men; but the fire-fiend attacked the shops Aug. 12 1873, and destroyed both buildings and machinery. The proprietor lost by this fire about $4,000 directly, and indirectly, $1,500. The manufactures, bankers and merchants offered to contribute an amount equal to the entire loss, and would have done so had not Angel requested his good neighbors to desist. In 1874 a new building was completed and the cooperage again in full operation. Since that period a steady trade has been maintained, and many additions made to the building.
Echart's Cooperage. John B. Echart's factory, at the corner of Madison and Eighth streets, gives employment to three men. The principal wooden-ware produced comprises butter-tubs and tight work.
Straub's Cooperage. Straub's manufactory is principally devoted to egg barrels and packing barrels.
Rad & Ringley's Cooperage is devoted to custom-work. The work is generally substantial and meets the approval of the patrons of the firm.
The Riverside Cigar Company was formed early in 1876, with John A. Tiedeman as principal. The trade has been steadily increasing until now it approximates $3,000. The leaf used in the factory is principally purchased in Chicago and Detroit, and a market for the manufactured goods found within the county.
Nathan Sailenger's Factory is not so extensive as that of the Riverside company. His trade is chiefly confined to the county.
Manuel Gonzales does a limited, but a paying trade. The manufacture of cigars here gives employment to seven men; the character of the goods is in high repute, and the extent of the trade satisfactory to the persons engaged in it.
E. W. Walker's Factory. The factory
was established in 1870, the present
works, located by the side of the L. S. &
M. S. railway, having been built by Mr.
Walker in 1875. The main building is a
wo-story brick structure, 52x100 feet,
with engine room 25x50. The motive
power is steam, a 60-horse power
engine being used, and in the works
employment is given to a force usually
numbering from 50 to 60 hands.
The trade of the works is principally with manufacturing in some six or eight of the Western States, the chief sales being made in Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, Iowa, Indiana and Kentucky. Some traveling for orders is done, but the great bulk of business seeks the factory direct.
During the first year of the business from 35 to 40 men were employed and the annual value of product was $40,000. Within a period of 10 years this value has risen to $130,000. The value of machinery is estimated at $14,000 and that of the building at $19,000. Edward W. Walker is manager and proprietor.
Whittaker Brothers' Shops. The
shops were established in 1872. The
buildings cost $2,500, and the amount of
annual product about $5,000. The working
force has increased from two in 1872 to
12 in 1880.
The City National Bank. The City National was organized in December, 1872, with an authorized capital of $150,000, of which $50,000 was paid in. This paid-in capital has since been increased $20,000 by its surplus earnings, making the real capital of the bank at the present time $70,000. At its organization H. H. Hitchcock was elected President and Ira W. Nash, Cashier.
The directory included the President and Cashier, Messrs. J. H. Defrees, Joseph Lauferty, Abraham F. Wilden, Laporte Heffner, Henry J. Beyerle, E. W. Walker.
In the election of 1880, held by the stockholders of the City National Bank, the following directory was chosen: Messrs. J. H. Defrees, Dr. H. H. Hitchcock, A. C. Jackson, E. W. Walker, Joseph Lauferty, H. Elson, and Ira W. Nash.
The officers then elected comprised Messrs. A. C. Jackson, President; H. H. Hitchcock, Vice President; and Ira W. Nash, Cashier.
The bank has had a prosperous career. Its deposits average about $50,000. Last summer, to afford itself convenient quarters, it built the handsome stone bank building now occupied, the property representing a valuation of about $8,000. The office itself is neatly fitted up, and in the rear of the bank proper (which embraces cashier's and teller's department, vault, safe, etc.) are the private rooms of the officers. The resources of this institution in 1879-80 were estimated at $178,932. This is the only national bank at Goshen, and there is but one other in the county. Its record is one concerning which its officials may well feel proud, and its influence in business circles is scarcely to be estimated.
The Salem Bank dates its
organization in 1854, we believe, and
for a number of years was a bank of
issue, operating under a State charter
with John Cook, Thomas G. Harris and
Samuel Geisinger forming the directory.
Of late years it has been a private bank,
and in 1865 Messrs. Milo S. Hascall and
John W. Irwin became its proprietors,
succeeding John Cook. Both of these
gentlemen are old residents of the county.
Gen. Hascall was a graduate of West Point,
and also an attorney by profession. He was
Clerk of he county when the war broke out;
resigning that office he entered the army;
became Colonel of the 17th Ind., and
afterwards Brigadier General; for a time
was military commander of the State, and
resigned in 1864; has since made his home
here. He has been in the county about 30
years, and always has been an active business
man. Mr. Irwin is also an attorney; for two
terms was Treasurer of the county, and has
lived in Elkhart county since 1832.
The resources of the bank may be set down at $105,000, made up of building, safe and fixtures valued at $7,000, with cash assets, including capital, estimated at $98,000. The liabilities of this banking house in October, 1880, summed up $65,000.
A. F. Wilden's Bank was
established in 1871 by Mr. Wilden. The
first office was in the Mechanics block;
but in 1875 a change was made to the
present commodious building, just east
of the City National on Market street.
Mr. Wilden continues to manage the concern
with Mr. John L. Blue as Cashier.
The Farmers Bank. This monetary establishment was organized in 1876 with W. A. Thomas and Laporte Heffner forming the proprietary. The actual resources of the bank in October, 1880, were $100,000, with a large and neat office in Thomas' block valued at $9,000. The original projectors take an active part in administering banking business at present and are assisted by Mr. Miller, formerly County Recorder. The high reputation attained by these bankers is fully merited. (Chapman, History of Elkhart County, 1881)
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Women Need Clary Sage
by Jodi McKenna
It was a beautiful moment, this past Mother's Day. All my boys were helping me in the garden. And everyone "appeared" to be having fun, at least for the moment that I was reflecting upon the scene. We won't discuss what happened 2 minutes later. {ahem} This Sunday was no different than previous Sunday's or Wednesdays, the kids asked for gum. Something about Sunday and Wednesday creates this habitual desire for gum. As usual, I said no.
And offered Asher some Invisible Gum.
A few minutes later, he said, "Mom, that Invisible Gum tasted a little different. I think I like it, but I'm not sure. It tasted like spaghetti."
I hadn't given Asher Invisible Gum, I had given him my bottle of Clary Sage. (Good thing I don't have to worry about what essential oil my child consumes . . . because of the type of oils I use.)
Where Does Clary Sage Come From?
The mint family. No wonder I got the bottles mixed up.
Or maybe it was because they weren't labeled.
It is a perennial plant that has a mind of it's own in my garden. While I allow it to grow every year, I have yet to actually use the herb when I am cooking. I think this is largely due to the fact that I was warned it reduced milk production when you are nursing . . . but I stopped nursing nearly two years ago. However, I suppose after 8 years of being a cow, one begins to think they are always lining up to be milked.
And if you must know, the plant originally comes from the Mediterranean.
When distillers are working their magic, they steam distill the sage's white or violet flowers along with the leaves. Careful attention is made to harvest the flowers at the NEAR end of their blossom period because then (and only then – being dramatic here) will the oil have the highest healing potential. And if you find that you want to go help harvest this plant, the oil content is highest at midnight in the plant. You might find yourself sleeping in the next day.
Because Latin is Useful To Understand Clary Sage
Because I am studying Latin with Asher, I am compelled to point out what Clary Sage REALLY means. The Latin word or scientific name for Clary Sage is Salvia Sclarea. Salvia is sage in the first declension but when conjugated it becomes "salvere," which means to heal or to save. Sclarea is derived from claurus which interestingly means to clear.
Guess what Clary Sage was traditionally used for? Historically, it was famous during the Middle Ages and nicknamed, "clear eyes."
By the way, that whole lesson in Latin was actually very important. Because if you use any other sage NOT Salvia Sclarea, you won't see the same healing benefits. All herbs are not created equal.
Dilute Clary Sage
I nearly always dilute my oils.
Why? It's cheaper.
I purchase GOOD oils. Because I purchase the best of the best, they are more expensive. But on the flip side, I have to use less and they last longer, and I don't see my doctor nearly as much.
So, dilute Clary Sage 1:1 . . . meaning half carrier oil and half clary sage. Confused? Have no fear, I have written all about dilution.
Women Need Clary Sage
I would also add that women need chocolate. Can I get a witness?
I don't know about you, but I have crazy (hello – imaginary) conversations in my head that get me all riled up about something . . . when the event or communication never happened. So I can be mad at someone – when in reality there is NOTHING to be mad about. Talk about awkward.
Enter Clary Sage. Using this oil can help . . . shall we say, clear and calm your mind. Not only that, but it enhances your dreams. (No it is not illegal to use Clary Sage, this is a commonly used perennial, not an illegal drug.)
What Clary Sage does best is balance your hormones.
Since switching to a more Noah Diet (read Paleo) I don't get menstrual cramps like I used to. But IF I did still get cramps, I would put Clary Sage on my lower back.
If your hair isn't growing – that is often hormonal.
If you hair is growing . . . and growing where you don't want it too – that is often hormonal. (Hello PCOS. Thank you very much. I hate this problem.)
Headaches . . . are they hormonal?
You can apply Clary Sage to your feet, wrists, ankles, or in a capsule (if you are using Young Living Clary Sage).
Quick Random Clary Sage Facts
What exactly can Sage be used for?
- vertigo
- relieve anxiety
- help lessen cramps
- liven things up in the bedroom {smile}
- increase ability to focus
- lessen blood flow
- induce sleepiness
- relieve incessant coughing
- help expel flatulents (I love this word.)
- lower blood pressure
Precautions (Because I Have to Tell You)
While I am not going to go into a big long discussion, I will say that SOME people don't recommend Clary Sage for pregnant women and children under the age of 6.
Um . . . I probably disagree to some extent, especially if the essential oil is diluted with a carrier oil. I am of the belief that 100% therapeutic grade essential oils are safe, but because I like to protect my hide, I have to warn you to consult your practitioner and consider twice before using essential oils if you are pregnant or nursing. My belief comes from research and the knowledge that the British school of thought teaches extreme caution when using essential oils (no wonder, because they don't' always advocate the use of 100% pure therapeutic grade essential oils) and the French training teaches that therapeutic grade essential oils can be applied topically, used internally, and diffused. I align with the French on this issue.
But don't get me started. (Excuse me while I go fight with the British in my brain.)
Do you need Clary Sage?
You can get some on my Essential Oil page. (But aren't they all about essential oils? Sigh. It's not always easy being me. Good thing I have Clary Sage.)


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Fees Will Pay for SEC Budget Hike
Voices, March 11, 2011
Our longstanding core responsibilities – pursuing securities fraud, reviewing public company disclosures and financial statements, inspecting the activities of investment advisers and broker-dealers, and ensuring fair and efficient markets, to name a few – are essential ingredients to restoring investor confidence and trust in financial institutions and markets following the recent financial crisis.
Until recent years, the SEC has faced significant challenges in maintaining a staffing level and budget sufficient to carry out its core mission. The SEC experienced three years of frozen or reduced budgets from FY 2005 to 2007 that forced a reduction of 10 percent of the agency's staff. Similarly, the agency's investments in new or enhanced IT systems underwent a decline of about 50 percent from FY 2005 to 2009.
SEC staffing levels are just now returning to the level of FY 2005, despite the fact that the size and complexity of the securities markets have undergone tremendous growth since then. During the past decade, trading volume has more than doubled, the number of investment advisers grew by 50 percent, and the funds they manage have increased to $38 trillion. A number of financial firms spend many times more each year on their technology budgets alone than the SEC spends on all of its operations.
In July 2010, the President signed into law the Dodd-Frank Act. The Dodd-Frank Act significantly expanded the SEC's responsibilities and will require significant additional resources for full implementation. In addition to our traditional market oversight and investor protection responsibilities, the new responsibilities under Dodd-Frank include a parallel set of responsibilities to oversee the over-the-counter derivatives market, including direct regulation of participants such as security-based swaps dealers, venues such as swap execution facilities, warehouses such as swap data repositories, and clearing agencies set up as long-term central counterparties. In a similar fashion, whereas the agency has long overseen traditional asset managers, under the Dodd-Frank Act the SEC has been mandated with similar responsibilities for hedge fund advisers, including those that trade with highly complex instruments and strategies. Additionally, the Commission has new responsibility for registration of municipal advisors, enhanced supervision of NRSROs, heightened regulation of asset-backed securities, and creation of a new whistleblower program.
In the short term, the Dodd-Frank Act requires the SEC to promulgate more than 100 new rules, create five new offices, and conduct more than 20 studies and reports. To date, the SEC has proceeded with the first stages of implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act without additional funding.13 These tasks have taken staff time from other responsibilities, and have been done almost entirely with existing staff.
The SEC's FY 2012 request of $1.407 billion – an increase of $264 million over the agency's current FY 2011 spending authority – is designed to provide the SEC with the resources required to achieve multiple, high-priority goals: adequately staff the agency to fulfill its core mission; continue to implement the Dodd-Frank Act; and expand the agency's information technology systems and management infrastructure to serve the needs of a more modern and complex organization. Moreover, the request will permit additional improvements to the agency's internal operations, including to strengthen the Office of the Chief Operating Officer, build a more robust operational risk management program, and improve program and management controls, including in response to OIG and GAO audits.
It is important to note that the SEC's FY 2012 funding request will be fully offset by matching collections of fees on securities transactions. Currently, the transaction fees collected by the SEC are approximately two cents per $1,000 of transactions. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, beginning with FY 2012, the SEC is required to adjust fee rates so that the amount collected will match the total amount appropriated for the agency by Congress. Under this mechanism, SEC funding will be deficit-neutral, as any increase or decrease in the SEC's budget would result in a corresponding rise or fall in offsetting fee collections.
Of the new positions requested for FY 2012, 312 positions (40 percent) will be used to strengthen and support core SEC functions and to continue reforming its operations and fostering stronger protections for investors. The other 468 positions (60 percent) of the new positions requested for FY 2012 are necessary initially to implement the Dodd-Frank Act. The agency also will invest in technology to facilitate the registration of additional entities and capture and analyze data on the new markets. The costs of these new positions and technology investments to implement the Dodd-Frank Act will be approximately $123 million. Many of these new positions will be for experts in derivatives, hedge funds, data analytics, credit ratings, and other new or expanded responsibility areas.
Investing in Improved Information Technology
Data management and analysis is critical in identifying and assessing potential risk to the U.S. financial markets. The recent growth in the size and technological complexity of the U.S. markets requires that the SEC leverage its own technology to identify and address the most significant threats to investors, as well as to continuously improve agency productivity.
The SEC's budget request for FY 2012 will support information technology investments of $78 million, an increase of $23 million over FY 2011. This will help to address the technology gap that resulted between FY 2005 and 2009, when SEC investments in new IT systems dropped by more than half. This level of funding is needed to support critical new technology initiatives, including data management and integration, document management, EDGAR modernization, market data, internal accounting and financial reporting, infrastructure functions, and improved project management. This funding also will permit the agency to develop risk analysis tools to assist with triage and analysis of the thousands of tips, complaints, and referrals received annually, and to complete a digital forensics lab that enforcement staff can use to recreate data from computer hard drives and cell phones to catch sophisticated fraudsters. This request also includes funding for technology needed to facilitate the registration of additional entities required by the Dodd-Frank Act and to capture and analyze data on these new markets.
While the SEC has made substantial progress in reforming its operations and increasing its efficiency, our efforts are ongoing. Our budget request reflects this need to further improve our internal operations, and also provides the resources needed to accomplish our core mission, implement the responsibilities given to us under the Dodd-Frank Act, and undertake badly needed new technology initiatives. I look forward to continuing to work closely with Congress as this legislative session continues, I thank you for inviting me here today, and I look forward to answering your questions.
Mary L. Schapiro is chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
This is an excerpt from testimony she gave March 10 on the Financial Management, Work Force Management and Internal Operations of the commission to the Subcommittee on TARP, Financial Services and Bailouts of Public and Private Programs and the Subcommittee on Government Organization, Efficiency and Financial Management of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
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Georgia Tech debuted, if that's the right phrase, at No. 14 in CNNSI's post-spring football poll, http://tinyurl.com/d77be7
Writer Andy Staples says defensive tackle T.J. Barnes was the star of the spring. I would argue that it was A-back Marcus Wright, but you can read more about that in Sunday's paper.
Other notables in the poll: No. 1 Florida, Virginia Tech at No. 5 (which shocks me. I have some familiarity with the team from my days in Virginia. Always a good team, but never struck me as one that can put it all together). Alabama at No. 10, Georgia at No. 15 (Staples makes comparisons to the Shockley year), and FSU at No. 22.
My purely unscientific, haphazard, no guarantee, poll rankings for the ACC after the spring practices:
Atlantic (this division is a mess this year, in my opinion. Wouldn't be surprised to see this finish totally backward from what is written here)
1. Florida State
2. Clemson
3. N.C. State
4. Boston College
5. Wake Forest
6. Maryland


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Cucumber & Ham Salad
2 cucumbers, peeled
1/2 medium sweet onion
1 (8-oz) package diced ham chunks
3/4 cup Italian vinaigrette dressing
CALORIES (per 1/4 recipe) 120kcal; FAT 1g; CHOL 25mg; SODIUM 960mg; CARB 15g; FIBER 1g; PROTEIN 12g; VIT A 4%; VIT C 10%; CALC 4%; IRON 6%
Other Preparation Methods
Bake: Preheat oven to 400�F. Cut cucumbers in half lengthwise and scoop out the seeds. Cut the cucumber in 3 sections and top with matchstick carrots, seasoning, and feta cheese. Bake 15-20 minutes or until softened.
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Recipe Version FRP0006


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reviews & comments (92)
This is one of our favorite recipes. It consists of simple, homey ingredients, yet it comes out complex and impressive. One of the rare dishes that is of restaurant quality. My husband requests this one for special occasions. It really does make a difference, however, to use dry beans (and take care that the shanks are hot enough).
The beans were extraordinary, though I agree that dried beans would hold up better than the canned ones I used. I made this recipe in advance and the time spent marinating in the sauce only improved it. Before reducing the sauce, I removed the shanks from the sauce and re-heated them in the oven and ran them under the broiler to brown. Superb!
Loved the flavour of this recipe. Made it again and took a shortcut - just threw in the soaked beans after the first 1 1/2 hours. More impressive your way - I shall that for visitors.
I thought this was brilliant. The flavours combine beautifully and the texture was great. Have pity on an ignorant foreigner, what are great northern beans. I used haricots.
Loved everything about this recipe except for using canned beans. I found using presoaked dry beans and increasing the cooking time by at least twice as much lent a much better flavor.
I approached this recipe with some trepidation; I had never cooked lamb shanks before. It turned out to be a great experience. There were a lot of steps, but no part was all that difficult. And the lamb turns out so tender. Delicious!
The lamb shanks and beans were delicious. My husband especially loved the gremolata on the beans. We had left-over beans which I froze. They were delicious a few days later with baccala.


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Our facility, located in Arts and Sciences Hall, provides consulting and coaching services for UNO students, graduate students, faculty and staff from all disciplines. The center also gives assistance to faculty in support of Speaking Across the Curriculum effort at UNO, and assessment documentation for the UNO oral communication general education requirement.
Services are offered in Arts and Sciences Hall (ASH) on the UNO Dodge Campus. The center includes two rooms — the Basic Course Room and the Speech Consulting Room.
Support for students in a basic speech course that fulfills the UNO oral communication general education requirement, Public Speaking Fundamentals.


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"So why have you brought a Lamborghini to the Faroe Islands?" asks the man in the sober grey suit.
"I wanted to go somewhere with dramatic scenery and great roads," I explain. "To a place where there are no speed cameras and no petty bureaucracy."
The man looks a little concerned and photographer Salt intervenes. "Alistair," he says, "let me introduce you to the Faroes' Minister for Transport."
It's an inauspicious start. My new-found friend, Bjarni Djurholm, also turns out to be the Minister for Trade and Industry and, for the moment at least, the acting Prime Minister. I arrived in the Faroe Islands less than two hours ago and I've already embarrassed myself in front of a local dignitary.
Djurholm admits to being a Lamborghini fan and wants a ride in the car, a Gallardo Spyder. We trundle out of town as I wonder whether to break the modest 80 kph speed limit. At 50 mph, in fourth gear, the machine burbles away contentedly, but it feels no more exciting than a Buick.
"I think you should overtake the car in front," says Djurholm, proving that laws are there to be broken, even if you've made them yourself. I shift to second and flex my right foot as the V10 takes a lug of fuel. At full throttle, the Gallardo makes a noise that's devilishly naughty. While Ferrari's F430 proffers a high-pitched, F1-mimicking scream, the Lambo plays a symphony of trumpets. "It's even better than I imagined," says Djurholm. We make a U-turn at the top of a hill and then sprint back to Trshavn, the Faroes' biggest town. "I used to have a picture of a Lamborghini as a boy," he says between spurts of acceleration. "This is like a dream." His childish enthusiasm is shared by his electorate-a crowd has gathered to greet our return and a dozen camera phones are thrust into action.
No one can ever remember a Lamborghini visiting these shores before, which is why we've achieved celebrity status. The local newspaper got so excited about our imminent arrival that they made it headline news.
Situated in the middle of the North Atlantic, halfway between the UK and Iceland, the Faroe Islands are as far north as Anchorage, Alaska. They're home to just 48,000 people, but have their own language and banknotes. Officially, the islands are part of the kingdom of Denmark, but their parliament has autonomy over local issues. And although the islanders are far from poor, sky-high car tax excludes the exotic.
To get here, we've had to drive almost 1000 miles from London, England, and take two overnight ferries. We've been on the road for three days and by now I've settled into Lambo 'ownership.' As a long-distance tool, the Gallardo is surprisingly capable. Gone are the days when Lamborghinis were the automotive equivalent of a poster-boy dunderhead: pretty but useless.
The purists might bemoan the company's German ownership, but there can be no denying that a large injection of cash, coupled with some Teutonic attention to detail, has resulted in a much better Lamborghini-everything works. There's also something satisfying about driving a car that's not the default choice. Old man Ferrucio might have been a tractor maker and not a racer, but a Gallardo is more exclusive than an F430.
Eventually we escape our groupies and explore the colorful Trshavn. Quaint wooden buildings are dotted around the harbor and many have roofs made of turf. "When we want to cut the grass, we just throw up a couple of sheep," says a local, half-joking. The vibe is laid-back and surprisingly cool-very Scandinavian.
The local jet wash is run by Jakup Borg, who plays for the Faroes' soccer team. His is a simple life, but he seems happy. "There's no crime," he says. "Trshavn is a good place to be-there are eight bars and four nightclubs-but some of the other communities feel like they're stuck in the '60s or '70s."
Borg casts a longing eye over the Gallardo. Sitting soaking on the garage floor, it rekindles memories of the original Countach, before it was polluted by wings and scoops. It's a refreshingly pure design that that works well from every angle, hood up or down.
But such beauty is not achieved without compromise and Borg laughs out loud when I open the boot. The cubby in the nose is so small that my luggage for a week's trip has been reduced to two plastic bags. From day three onwards, I'll be forced to wear my underpants inside out. nielK nivlaC reads considerably less seductively than Calvin Klein.
After posing for an inevitable picture, we leave the affable Borg to his labor and head for the hills. The scenery is aggressive, with steep gradients and jagged coastlines. It's as if some other-worldly being has nibbled at giant chunks of earth and left the rest to rot.
In the early '90s, the Faroes' government invested heavily in building the tunnels that link most of the eighteen islands. Most traffic now takes the underground route, which has left some of the more dramatic roads deserted. The one that runs northwest from Trshavn is seminal. Stretching for over 12 miles, it criss-crosses the hillside before plunging down the valley. Wide and beautifully surfaced, it's supercar nirvana.
With the roof down, the sonorous cry of the 520-hp, 5.0-liter V10 is much more accessible. I slot-shift to second and give it the beans. The Gallardo scoops itself up and flings itself at the horizon. The bar-bore stats-zero to 60 mph takes just 4.3 seconds and it's good for 195 mph-tell only a fraction. The throttle response is angry and immediate and the manual 'box hops from cog to cog with a metallic ping that's hugely emotive.
At high speed, the Alcantara steering wheel chats like an adolescent on a first date, while the suspension flatters the bumpy surface. My fears that the chop-top Gallardo would be no more than a boulevard playboy are dispatched in an instant. So much of the coupe's poise and agility has been retained, but now it's been given a more earthy quality.
I charge back and forth across the same stretch of road, time and again. My face wears the stupid grin of a kid who's been given an exceptional toy. The noise this car makes is nothing less than sensational, especially when it can be heard reverberating inside a mile-long tunnel. These are moments to be logged in the mind, ready to be summoned on a dark day.
We head north to the tiny communities that litter the coastline. Most possess a church and nothing else. "We have to travel half an hour for milk," explains a resident of Gjgv. Parked beside these houses, the Lamborghini has never looked more incongruous.
Given the paucity of entertainment and the relative affluence of the population, it's no surprise to discover a buoyant car culture. "A car in the Faroe Islands is either transport from A to B or a flat in which you socialize," Djurholm says. "In small communities, there is nowhere to meet." At night, local youths lap the streets of Trshavn in a steady procession.
The cruisers are magnetically drawn to the Lamborghini. Word has spread of where we're staying and each night our hotel is besieged by groups of young people, desperate to pose by our toy. Even the local police turn up to gawp.
For some locals, this passion for all things automotive has become an obsession. On our third day, we're introduced to Sofus Hansen, nicknamed Fuzzy. The Faroes' only car builder operates out of a tiny garage beneath his house. A custom Harley sits beside a restyled Porsche 928. The results may not be to all tastes, but there's no doubting the craftsmanship. "People think I'm a crazy playboy," he says.
Fuzzy also has a niece. Ever since we arrived, we've been noticing the strength of the Faroean gene pool and Barbara Carlsen is its crowning glory. Carlsen is a gospel singer and has just returned from a tour of the southern United States where, one suspects, she provoked some ungodly thoughts. "The Faroes are boring," she complains as she inspects the Gallardo. "There's nothing here to do." I nod pathetically. Faced with exceptional beauty, I've forgotten how to speak.
Our meeting proves a fitting climax to what has been a fascinating few days. Like Barbara, the Faroes is small but beautifully formed. The Scandinavian instinct for understated good taste is combined with a spectacular natural landscape. And thanks to the friendly Gulf Stream, the climate is temperate.
We left London a week ago, not sure what we'd find. There was a danger we'd be bored by the Faroes and irritated by the Gallardo's impracticality, but both have exceeded our expectations. The Faroe Islands probably aren't the most exciting place in which to grow up, but they're a great place to visit and the roads are terrific.
The baby Lamborghini has also sustained my interest. A peculiar fusion of Italian passion and German engineering has conjured a car of rare quality, one that doesn't rely on its supermodel looks to seduce.
I agree with the Prime Minister, the Gallardo Spyder really is "even better than I imagined."


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I prefer languages, which will let you shoot yourself in the foot if you want to.
The problem is, that PHP is too easy to use. Maintaining such a mess after someone, that have "somehow" written the app is mind blowing...
And I always thought curiosity killed the $cat, when it actually was just pointing to another variable.
Well, you see, PHP utilises the latest Quantum Computing technologies, so the $cat variable can exist in a superposition of the scalar and array states.
I suppose
svn blame <file>
would do nothing but removed plausible deniability as to why the previous programmer's body parts has been stapled to bulletin board in the coffee room.
It's like http://forums.thedailywtf.com/forums/t/26141.aspx optimised to compress the WTF into (almost) the smallest possible code.
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 10:18 • by Kasper (unregistered)
Curiosity was framed, ignorance killed the cat.
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 10:21 • by PleegWat (unregistered)
svn: command not found
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 10:28 • by Kaine (unregistered)
But satisfaction brought 'em back!
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 10:30 • by MightyM (unregistered)
So it's Schrödinger's $cat?
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 10:31 • by MightyM (unregistered)
So it's Schrödinger's $cat?
(Quoted the wrong post before)
The less strongly-typed the language, the more important good unit testing is. This is a cornerstone of Agile development.
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 10:57 • by Anon (unregistered)
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 10:59 • by $$ERR:get_name_fail (unregistered)
You mean $schroedinger->cat?
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 11:01 • by Charles (unregistered)
Having the power to shoot yourself in the foot by choice is one thing. A well-designed language, though, will make sure it's by choice -- in Clojure, for instance, if I want to mutate a variable (unsafe) rather than temporarily rebinding it (safe), I have to use a function with a with a ! on the end of its name, which marks it as "do this only if you're paying attention" -- and the scoping rules are very, *very* clear and explicit.
PHP, on the other hand... well, have you read the "fractal of bad design" essay?
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 11:03 • by Recursive Reclusive (unregistered)
Does that have any relevance to the story?
What I want to know is if the reduction of $cat to a single entry is a necessary and intended effect or an unintended consequence. After a couple of years working there will you automatically recognize and use this pattern? I have at least one pattern I use repeatedly that has provoked amazement and revulsion in the uninitiated, but is too useful to give up.
I might regret this, but I have to know; what is it?
Re: Bug or Feature?
2012-06-11 11:17 • by TheSHEEEP (unregistered)
Code documentation.
Re: Bug or Feature?
2012-06-11 11:23 • by Geoff (unregistered)
Right, I was wondering if this was 'clever programing' or a pure bug as well.
I expected that it loops only once and $cat is the first element of the array $cat.
Maybe the code is prehistoric (PHP 3 and older). The function array_pop was implemented in PHP 4.
File this WTF under '$catalogical'
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 11:59 • by barf 4eva (unregistered)
hahah! awesome answer!
"And to make matters worse: it actually works"
in that case the real WTF is complaining about it.
What if you can't get no satisfaction?
In before everyone insists, without any rational reason or documentation, that PHP is a horrible mutant shitpile that deserves to be ridiculed, belittled, and exterminated.
(Maybe I've been reading TDWTF too long, but I'm kind of jaded on how PHP is the designated punching bag for languages around here.)
Nope, you haven't been here long enough because the designated punching bag is VB (either 6 or .net it doesn't seem to matter, though if somethignh is still in VB6 I would agree with them anyway)
It's quite simple to understand, m'kay? $cat is in scope outside the loop, and $cat is a local variable in scope only within the loop.
Got that?
I prefer comments, that don't use superfluous commas, to ones that do, because the latter, are difficult to read.
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 13:08 • by Leo (unregistered)
...but it is. Anyone who likes PHP is by definition a terrible developer.
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 13:46 • by BR (unregistered)
So half of the front-end developers at Facebook then?
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 13:52 • by sfs (unregistered)
Ah, but when you measure the state of the wave-variable, you end up with either the scalar or the array state.
Thus leading to the Heisenbug uncertainty principle. Loosely stated, this means "you're screwed."
Only half?
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 13:55 • by sfs (unregistered)
...right, because we all know that C++ programs have far fewer bugs than PHP programs...
Because, of course, there's no language other than C++ that he could have possibly meant. No other languages allow you to shoot yourself in the foot, No sir.
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 14:01 • by sfs (unregistered)
Until you have a feature request where you have to modify it, and this breaks a lot of stuff, causing hours or days of debugging.
Brittle code tends to shatter when touched.
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 14:09 • by sfs (unregistered)
The OP selected a class of languages: not easy, let you shoot yourself in the foot. I drew a language (C++) from that class to illustrate that the OP's point did not make a ton of sense.
Feel free to select your own language from that class and see if compares more favorably. I bet it won't. Incidentally, there aren't a lot of commonly-used, modern languages that fit in this class anymore. C++ is one of the better known ones.
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 14:09 • by dogmatic (unregistered)
Having worked quite a bit with the FB API and php I would say yes, most if not all the devs at Facebook are pretty terrible.
The one thing I can say for php, at least it isn't javascript. Now with html5 web devs are expected to make full scale web apps using js, a language that doesn't support file includes and object orientation only through a whole lot of syntactic sugar. And it has to run on many platforms with different implementations of js. Now QA and debugging time has multiplied by an order of 10. Makes me long for the days of Flash and Actionscript... say what you want about Flash, but at least AS3 is a real language and runs relatively the same across platforms. And furthermore, say what you want about the tenets of national socialism, dude, at least it's an ethos!
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 14:20 • by flyboyfred (unregistered)
Indeed. Commas, which are misplaced, can actually change the meaning of the sentence.
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 14:32 • by Jack (unregistered)
I prefer comments that have something to do with the story. Oops...
Maybe the $cat has nine lives?
Had to test this. It really works as advertised.
Creative, but not as bad as the author thinks. Changing the projection, so to say.
The problem is that there are languages that give you the flexibility to make programs that are efficient and that do a wide variety of tasks, and there are languages that make it hard for you to shoot yourself in the foot. But the overlap between the two is very small.
Like: C: If it's possible to do it on the computer, you can probably do it with C. But you can hurt easily hurt yourself with a moment of carelessness. It's a high-speed powertool language.
COBOL: If it involves reading a file with fixed-length fields and printing a report, you may be able to do it with COBOL. But it's very difficult to hurt yourself. It's a child's plastic hammer language.
The policeman pulls Heisenberg over. "Do you know how fast you were going?" he demands.
"Honestly officer, I don't," Heisenberg answers. "But I know exactly where I am!"
Foreach isn't quite as simple one would think in php, try explaining this one:
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 15:00 • by Nagesh (unregistered)
This ain't being entirely corect. Yes, true for major OS and some embeded system, but RTOS with most often be runing diferent, special system. it is great massage to be able to have compiler for almost all hardwares using C.
Is the submitter saying the loop works internally, but after that $cat is just the last element in the array? Seems like a twofer then.
You want buy cat?
Cat Very Fresh, Picked this morning.
1 Cat 50 MSK, Cat 75 MSK.
CAT NOT FOR SALE, good day sir.
Re: Loose Cat Handling
2012-06-11 15:15 • by foo (unregistered)
(see 382952 and read the essay it mentions)
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