text:
Book your room at Days Inn Albany SUNY
Standard Room, 1 Queen Bed, AccessibleMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child)
Standard Room, 1 Queen Bed, SmokingMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child)
Standard Room, 2 Queen BedsMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)
Standard Room, 1 King BedMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child)
Double Room, 2 Double BedsMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)
Double Room, 2 Double Beds, SmokingMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)
Standard Room, 1 Queen BedMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child)
Hotel with a complimentary breakfast, in Albany (McKownville)
This hotel is located in Albany (McKownville), close to University at Albany SUNY, Albany NanoTech Complex, and Crossgates Mall. Local attractions also include Westland Hills Park and Westgate Plaza.
Hotel Features
A complimentary continental breakfast is available. Days Inn Albany SUNY also features complimentary wireless Internet access, complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access, and dry cleaning/laundry services.
Room Amenities
Televisions come with premium cable channels. Guestrooms also feature complimentary wireless Internet access, air conditioning, and climate control.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
At your hotel
At your hotel
Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wired and wireless Internet access. This hotel offers access to a business center and a meeting room. A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. This Albany hotel also offers a fitness center, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and laundry facilities. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- 24-hour front desk
- Number of floors - 2
- Complimentary newspapers in lobby
- Free breakfast
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Fitness facilities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Business center
- One meeting room
- Laundry facilities
- Total number of rooms - 75
- RV, bus, truck parking
- Free self parking
- Television in lobby
Stay connected
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Park your car
Free self parking, RV, bus, truck parking
In your room
- Premium TV channels
- Air conditioning
- Private bathroom
- Cable TV service
- Coffee/tea maker
- Complimentary weekday newspaper
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Desk
- Free local calls
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Free Wi-Fi
- Climate control
- Refrigerator (on request)
- Rollaway/extra beds available
Eat and drink
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast each morning.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
The fine print for Days Inn Albany SUNY
When you arrive
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
When you leave
Check-out time is 11 AM
How you can pay
Accepted at this hotel: American Express, Diners Club, Discover, JCB International, MasterCard, Visa
Your pets
Pets allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No elevators
- Pet fee: USD 20 per pet, per stay


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Zambian Ornithological Society
One way in which the Zambian Ornithological Society (ZOS; BirdLife in Zambia) are engaging with communities is to work with children.
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All photos are copyrighted by BirdLife and/or its contributing
photographers and may not be reproduced or exploited in any fashion without
permission from BirdLife. Where specific permission for media use has been
given, please use the appropriate credit.

subset: commoncrawl


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Improvement: F9 auto "Run selection" when some script selected
|User, date
Written by fengyqf
1 year ago
Category: Running SQL scripts
7 posts since Wed, 10 Apr 13
I think this is a better way:
when some script is selected and F9 pressed, HeiliSQL execute selected script only. so F9 and Ctrl+F9 is merged. like F5 in mssql-management-studio .
Written by ansgar
1 year ago
5045 posts since Fri, 07 Apr 06
|Hm, I think that would mix up things. "Run" and "Run selection" are separate actions with separate keyboard shortcuts. So I guess users get confused about what Heidi actually did when there was a selection and they pressed F9.
Written by fengyqf
1 year ago
7 posts since Wed, 10 Apr 13
I use mssql-management-studio and the F5 key does "Run selection" when some script selected. I think it is easy to use, maybe I am used to it.
so Is it possible to add a new shortcut, whitch make the "Intelligent Run" ?
Please login to leave a reply, or register at first.


text:
The divorce papers of Adam Lanza's parents reveal nothing that would indicate their son had mental issues.
TMZ has obtained the divorce docs between Peter and Nancy Lanza. The docs were filed in 2008 and the divorce became final the next year.
One thing's for sure ... the family was financially well off. Peter agreed to pay Nancy $240,000 a year in spousal support for 2010. The yearly spousal support was to increase each year. In 2012 Nancy was to receive $289,800.
There is no mention or indication of any mental health issues involving Adam. There is a boilerplate reference, "The wife shall pay for unreimbursed medical, surgical, hospital, optical and psychiatric, psychological, and nursing expenses..." It continues, "Each parent shall be entitled to complete information from any physician, dentist, psychologist, consultant, or any specialist attending the children."
It's important to note ... the provisions (above) are standard and do not reflect specifically on this divorce.
And, in the docs, Peter agreed to buy Adam a car. Adam reportedly drove his mom's car to Sandy Hook Elementary school before going on his rampage.
What exactly does Peter Lanza do for a living?
Is it me, or does this kid look like his happy meal is missing a toy?
All white teens with long hair and wild eyes that watch dark movies and music should be watched like a hawk
He was OBVIOUSLY mentally ill to do what he did...lots of insane people are walking around undiagnosed...
There is REASON at all this, god rest her soul, she should've have guns in a household with a child who was mentally unstable. He simply rolled out of bed & committed mass murder! AMERICA has their priorities out of order!!
Who cares? He's dead...The victim's families are more important, at this point. How are they doing? And this also isn't celebrity news. I rather get the news on this story, from a REAL new site/station...
It's a shame she couldn't afford a locking gun case.
Meh whatever the outcome, you're not taking MY guns. That is one thing for sure. I'm responsible, registered and don't bother anyone. Screw all you Libs, this is a battle you will surely lose.
Why would anyone with an unstable kid leave open access to guns and ammunition? Sorry, but the blame is on the mother here.
First thing you learn with guns is to keep them safely locked away from everyone except yourself, especially a nutcase kid.
Who the **** cares about this selfish, evil creature? He killed those poor innocent children and teachers he has taken their lifes and he has not taken those poor childrens lifes but their families too. I dont care if he was mentally ill or not I hope he rots in hell.
The mother seems absent minded. Most mother's that are attuned to their child can sense when the well act out violently.
i was watching the view this morning, and there were people talking about the shooting. one guy mentioned the mom was shot violently 5x's in the face, we will never know if she was trying to stop him, lets not blame her.
I'm getting incredibly sick of TMZ glamorizing mass murderers. Seriously every single time there is a mass shooting, TMZ treats the guy like a celebrity and doesn't talk about the victims at all. I've seen maybe 3 mentions of the victims on this site and about 10 about the murderer. You are giving this man what he wanted. Mass murderers love the attention even if they're not alive to see it. They do it for the attention that the media gives them. For the celebrity. I want to hear about the poor little angels who were shot and what's being done to protect them in the future. I want to hear about what's being done to give better access to mental health so people never have to reach this breaking point. TMZ I'm utterly disgusted by your coverage of this tragedy.
Spoil brat am sure....and of course she will not want to admit he is mental, if he was. Ppl hide faults of their own family...sad but true
All that money and this woman couldent get a locked safe to keep her guns... There is a special place in hell for both of these idiots. Now we just got to figure out a way to get his Tax advisor for GE dad a one way ticket there too we would be all set...


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was very nervous of having botox but excited at the same time. procedure went smoothly, doctor was great... had forehead creases injected, horizontal/vertical wrinkle, 11 injections in total... am suffering horrifically post treatment, need some advice desperately as internet surfing is coming up with just horror tories and not helping... rang the doctor who administered the botox... not very helpful i am sad to say :9 pls help
Flu Symptoms, Numbness, Lethargy, Feeling Awful
Was very nervous of having botox but excited at...
Had botox on forehead 24 hrs ago, slowly...
had botox on forehead 24 hrs ago, slowly developing cold symptoms, blocked nose and ears, stiff neck, horrific headache, general malaise, nausea, tingling/numbness in cheeks and top lip, gums tingle on and off, eye ball muscles feel as tho they don't want to move, horrific sensation??? and i'm finding it an effort to smile.
is this it for 3 months? please... help, i'm a lone parent finding it very hard to look after my little boy... i just feel like crying... surely the feeling will return to my eyes and cheeks? and i will regain some energy?? i actually feel really weird! this cannot be normal surely? are they gonna last?is this it for 3 months? surely the feeling will return to my eyes and cheeks? and i will regain some energy?? i actually feel really weird! this cannot be normal surely? are they gonna last?
this amount of inconvenience on only day 1 after procedure is not worth anything... i feel as though i have a frozen face almost, and its the lack of eyeball movement that is freaking me out... i felt good inside before this procedure, i feel like i am not even myself now....
Comments (51)
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I have an update you might be interested in!
As I mentioned above I had a BAD experience with botox last year.
Well, I thought I would try a little bit again by a different person and see how it went.
No problems at all! - I have since had it again, and again, no problems and I'm REALLY happy with the result :-)
The nurse thought it was weird that I had that reaction and that it may have been a 'bad batch' of botox...hmmmm.
I'm still a bit hesitant to get my crows feet done because last time it made me look weird, but once again, this nurse assured me that if it is injected properly there is no weird chipmink cheeks!
So I maaaay try that in the future and get back to you.
Anyway, all is good and I hope you are all great!
Pinky x x x
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It won't last, you'll feel better soon... Each day will bring you back to normality! Until you finally land again. It's horrible, my sympathies are with you... Nothing is worth it and as you say, the doctors just have not got a clue, they are useless. I went to the hospital, they eventually looked it up and admitted that there are some side effects associated with it. Idiots. They tried to tell me I had swine flu!!
Anyway. Has anyone tried facial exercise? I'm serious! It's brilliant. Don't get wrong, it's hard work, but the difference is brilliant. I did it for 6 weeks and gave myself a much much better face. I then stopped ( for last 6 weeks) and my old face has returned! I can't stress enough, if you are serious about having a face that looks 10 yrs younger then try it out. No quick fixes I'm afraid, dedication is needed... But I swear I'm going to restart them again this week as difference is very much worth it. Also I believe ( from what I have read) that the results improve continually peaking after a year ( when you then need to adapt your routine), so I didn't even experience a 'real' result from after 6 weeks! And even from six weeks I am still convinced it's the way to go. Just thought to share it. It's natural, it makes you feel good, and makes you look so refreshed, I'd even started wearing /needing less make up!
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My brother wasn't that happy with his botox as it created wrinkles in a different spot when he smiled.
My Mom's was ok, but once she wasn't happy with the way it made her eyebrows look.
I don't think they were sick from it though.
We have all been to different people too, so it wasn't as if we went to one doctor who didn't know what they were doing, it just seems to be a gamble every time.
I have been happy with it a couple of times in the past, but the bad FAR outway the good.
Hope this helps
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I would seriously think twice... if you get it for your crows feet it can ruin your whole smile as it pushes your cheeks out in a WEIRD way- it has happened to me a couple of times with the crows feet area and I hated it sooooooo much!!!
Go the natural healthy look! a couple of wrinkle is better than looking like a freak.
My last disaster botox has worn off and I've never been happier to see a few little wrinkle return- I look WAY better.
Good luck!
Pinky x
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Thank God... I have all my energy back and I feel happy and relaxed again.
You were right about the Pepto Bismul :-)
~ Pinky x
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Hi Pinky,
I'm so glad you are feeling better and that the Pepto Bismol mystery was solved and everything is good. Please keep us updated.
- Reply
That is exactly what I needed to hear.. because it was making me pannick and adding to the weird feeling.
Thanx so much.
Now I will stop taking it and reoport back AGAIN tomorrow.
You, and this site have been very helpful to me Britt... very much appreciated.
This whole experience has made me want to expose the Botox thing.
I'm in the entertainment business and soooo many of my friends and peers use it...even my brother and Mom!
Anyway, will get back to you guys tomorrow.
~ Pinky x
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No problem Pinky, I'm glad I could help. Yes, please do keep me updated tomorrow.
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Yeah, I have been taking some stomach relief pills that have the same ingredients.
But yesterday I felt pretty fine most of the day, so it's weird that the Black stuff is still there.
It just scares me that the color is black... do you know if this is a serious problem?
I'm just not sure if i should wait another day and see if it gets better or go to a doctor.
- Reply
Hi Pinky,
It's probably nothing to be worried about actually. Most stomach relief pills have a form of charcoal in them, and when they go through your body and come out it turns your stool black. Your tongue in the morning might also be black. So probably nothing to worry about. Here's an article about it, fourth paragraph from the top. If you stop taking it and wait a week and it still is I would be worried. Hope that helps.
- Reply
Hi Pinky,
Have you taken Pepto Bismol for your upset stomache at all between now and Sunday?
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This is not good. it has been this color since Sunday.
I googled it and apparently I should go and see a doctor....hmmmm.
Besides this, I feel 'OK' but a little weird... I felt better yesterday.
~ Pinky
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It's Monday afternoon now (5 days after the botox)and I'm feeling WAY better as the day goes on...still not %100 but I'm able to get out and about and the symptoms seem to be going away.
I still feel a little out of it and a slight headache...but getting the spring back in my step.
So this is good news for others to hear.
I'll post agian tomorrow with another update
Stay positive everyone!
~ Pinky x
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Thanks for the update Pinky, yes an update would be great.
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I found this site as I was considering getting botox again..it has been a year since I last had it.
The first few times I had it it was amazing...all good.
The second last time I had it, I did the crows feet area and had that horrendous cheek disaster!! where my smile looked all weird and different and I had those dents appear under my eyes...I was soooo relieved when it finally wore off...
SO, I went on Wednsday to get just my frown lines a a little bit in the forhead done so it won't affect my smile.
Fri night and it's looking good! I went out with a friend, didn't drink or anything and after I came home and went to bed- in the middle of the night I woke up and ran to the bathroom..violently vomiting...and diarrhea.. ALL night...my whole body was aching, bad headache, sooo lethargic..I couldn't even send a text I felt so sick :( sick all day Sat and now it's Sunday night..I feel a bit better..still have a tight head and tired and a bit nauseas..which is why I google and found this sight!- I couldn't believe it..I was blaming the Thai curry I ate that morning, but after reading all of these posts it all makes sense!
I'm a very fit active person and I'm hoping this clears up quickly...
Hope everyone's doing Ok
~ Pinkypink x
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My blog friend Gabrielle has been invited to write an article for the following blog
Topics from 192 Countries.
Here is the premise behind the blog:
Topics from 192 countries
I wonder if people from 192 countries across the Globe cooperate to write one blog.
Different people, culture, society, politics, products, service…
Only one person for One Country !
One Photo for One Story
Gabrielle wrote an article along with a recipe for "satay" to represent Indonesia.
For those who have never tried this original tasty Indonesian food, here is the recipe of "Chicken Satay":
3 tablespoons soy sauce
3 tablespoons tomato sauce
1 tablespoon peanut oil
2 cloves garlic, peeled and minced
1 pinch ground black pepper
1 pinch ground cumin
6 skinless, boneless chicken breast halves – cubed
1 tablespoon vegetable oil
1/4 cup minced onion
1 clove garlic, peeled and minced
1 cup water
1/2 cup chunky peanut butter2 tablespoons soy sauce
2 tablespoons white sugar
1 tablespoon lemon juice
In a bowl, mix soy sauce, tomato sauce, peanut oil, garlic, black pepper, and cumin. Place chicken into the mixture, and stir to coat. Cover, and marinate in the refrigerator for at least 15 minutes, but not overnight. This will make the meat too dark.
Preheat the grill for high heat.
Heat vegetable oil in a saucepan over medium heat, and saute onion and garlic until lightly browned. Mix in water, peanut butter, soy sauce, and sugar. Cook and stir until well blended. Remove from heat, mix in lemon juice, and set aside.
Lightly oil the grill grate. Thread chicken onto skewers, and discard marinade. Grill skewers about 5 minutes per side, until chicken juices run clear. Serve with the peanut sauce.
Happy cooking, happy trying and if someday you have a chance to travel to Indonesia, try it here
Have a great week end!
There isn't yet a writer to represent Ethiopia, and I hope that there will be one soon with some additional exposure to the blog. From the United States, the recent post topics have included Thanksgiving, of course, and football. Not "soccer" but football.
From the Phillipines, there was a great article that supplied an overview of the country, which is where my paternal grandmother is from and I learned some neat facts from a native point of view. And how interesting about the number of languages. I never knew!
So to learn some current facts and opinions about countries from around the world, head on over. And, there is also a call for writers, so if you know of anyone that would be interested, please let them know.
Related posts:


text:
Applications are being accepted online until
The Section 8 application for the Housing Choice Voucher Program is probably the most well known and publicized rental assistance program. The Section 8 housing program is subsidized by HUD and administered by housing authorities nation wide.
With your Section 8 and Subsidized Housing Online Packet, you will be able to learn how to apply for this rental assistance program and many others like it. The Online Packet is a tool used by landlords and tenants to educate themselves about government subsidized programs and the steps necessary to take in order to participate in them and locate a Section 8 application.
With your Online Packet, you will also be able to apply for the privately owned and operated Section 8 Consolidation Program. This program has no government affiliation, but does award grants intended for a low income family or individual. Currently there is no waiting list.
Applicants can apply for the Section 8 Consolidation program online and or find listings of affordable housing and locate a Section 8 application in their area. They can also use their Online Packet to learn about other lesser known government rental assistance programs and how, where and when to apply. View Manta information about a Section8programs.com.
The Section 8 Consolidation Program combines low income grants with affordable housing opportunities that come in the form of listings in an Online Packet.
Section 8 housing voucher holders can user their Online Packet to retrieve listings of available Section 8 housing in their area, and apply for the Section 8 Consolidation program online.
More info courtesy HUD:
Public housing agencies (PHAs) issue a local Section 8 application for vouchers. Regional agencies issue Section 8 vouchers from the Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD). About one fourth of the state's applications come from the DHCD. It doesn't matter whether you get a PHA voucher or a DHCD voucher. You can put your name on PHA waiting lists and DHCD waiting lists at the same time. Section8programs.com is not affiliated with any government agency. The waiting lists for Section 8 vouchers are usually long. In Massachusetts, there are three types of waiting lists:
Centralized Section 8 application PHA waiting list: Many public housing agencies (PHAs) share a centralized waiting list for Section 8 vouchers. This waiting list is maintained by an organization called MassNAHRO. The Section 8 Centralized Waiting List is open indefinitely. Local PHA waiting list: Some local (PHAs) have their own waiting lists instead of using the centralized waiting list. These local waiting lists may be closed at times. DHCD waiting list: The Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD) has a separate waiting list for DHCD vouchers. The DHCD waiting list is always open. You may also apply at public housing agencies in other states, to be put on their waiting lists. If you get a voucher from a Section 8 application in another state, you may have to move to the region where you got the voucher.
If you move while you are on a waiting list, be sure to notify your housing agency so they can contact you when a voucher is available.
Participating agencies: To apply at your local public housing agency or a PHA if they are accepting section 8 applications. In another part of Massachusetts, first check to see if the PHA uses the Section 8 Centralized Waiting List. See Centralized Waiting List Participating Housing Agencies.
Section8programs.com is an excellent source for finding this information. Our Online Packet is updated weekly.


text:
"I really don't have any favorites right now," Wilson said. "I'm very open. I'm going to wait until after the season before I really narrow it down. I want to watch the season closely and see how the schools use their players and see if I'd be able to fit in."
Wilson, ranked No. 21 in the East by Scout.com, is mostly being recruited as an athlete, with schools saying he could either play running back or linebacker. "I like playing both and don't really have a preference," he said.
He finished his junior season with 950 yards rushing for 17 touchdowns. He also had 18 receptions and defensively, he finished with 79 tackles and two interceptions.
"I'm very physical and I can do a lot of different things," Wilson said. "I can catch, run, block. I'm very tough and move really well.
"I'm working on running hills and improving my speed," he said. "I also want to get stronger too."
He benches 225 pounds 17 times. Wilson has a 34-inch vertical jump and runs a 4.6 forty.
Wilson says he never followed a specific school growing up, instead he would watch certain players. "I really liked Eric Crouch when he was at Nebraska," Wilson said. "I liked how well they ran the option. I also used to watch Edgerrin James and Jeremy Shockey when they played for Miami. Those were some of my favorite college players."
Wilson's dad, however, likes Wake Forest. "He likes that it's a pretty small school and a small campus," he said. "It's easy to get around and it's a good community atmosphere."
The Demon Deacons have already offered as have Michigan, Ohio State, Georgia Tech, Virginia Tech, Tennessee, Florida, Virginia, Clemson, Maryland and Louisville (first offer last September).
"I went to the Michigan spring game a while back and it was really cold," Wilson said. "It was like 30 degrees and they didn't get as many people out there as they thought. The coaches are really smart and they said they could see using me a lot. The want me for H-back and are one of the only schools that have already specified a position."
Wilson is only 10 minutes away from Pittsburgh and is three hours from Penn State, however he insists that distance will not be a factor. "I don't care about the distance," Wilson said. "I just want to make sure I have fun wherever I go. I want to live in a nice area and feel at home.
"The coaches will be the first thing because I need to get along with them," he said. "I want to be able to play early and make a difference."
Wilson reports a 2.9 core GPA and took the SAT on May 5.


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Which rig...
Please help me to understand which rig type to choose, cutter or non overlapping masthead sloop or fractional sloop, regarding to wind (type, direction, strength, ...) and sea state (vawes type, size, ...)? Thanks.
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Generally, the simplest rig to manage is a fractionally rigged sloop, at least up to about 40' LOA.... Larger than that, the sloop rig can become unwieldy due to the sheer size of the sails.
Without having more information on what kind of boat, what size of boat and how you'll be using the boat, and where you'll be sailing the boat it is hard to say what rig would be best for you.
Originally Posted by
Please help me to understand which rig type to choose, cutter or non overlapping masthead sloop or fractional sloop, regarding to wind (type, direction, strength, ...) and sea state (vawes type, size, ...)? Thanks.
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a boat to the sea you don't love, she'll shake you off just as sure as the turning of the worlds. Love keeps
her going when she oughta fall down, tells you she's hurting 'fore she keens. Makes her a home.
Cpt. Mal Reynolds, Serenity
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A draft of an article that I had written for another purpose but which should start to answer your question.
The next topic in our ongoing discussion on selecting the ideal boat is rigs. Like most of the topics to date, there is no single universally 'right answer' when it comes to the topic of rigs. Boats are designed as systems and each of the various rig types have their purpose and are best suited to particular hull types, and applications. The quality of the design is also important as a poorly designed rig of any type can make for a miserable sailing vessel that is hard on the crew and the boat alike.
Cutter and Sloop rig
These are the most common rigs being produced today. In current usage these terms are applied quite loosely as compared to their more traditional definitions. Traditionally the sloop rig was a rig with a single mast located forward of 50% of the length of the sailplan. In this traditional definition a sloop could have multiple jibs.
Cutters had a rig with a single mast located 50% of the length of the sailplan or further aft, multiple headsails and in older definitions, a reefing bowsprit (a bowsprit that could be withdrawn in heavy going). Somewhere in the 1950's or 1960's there was a shift in these definitions such that a sloop only flew one headsail and a cutter had multiple headsails and mast position became irrelevant. For the sake of this discussion I assume we are discussing the modern definition of a sloop and a cutter.
Historically, when sail handling hardware was primitive and sails were far more stretchy than they are today, the smaller headsails and mainsail of a traditional cutter were easier to handle and with less sail stretch, allowed earlier cutters to be more weatherly (sail closer to the wind) than the sloops of the day. With the invention of lower stretch sailcloth and geared winches, cutters quickly lost their earlier advantage.
Today sloops are generally closer winded and easier to handle. Their smaller jibs and larger mainsail sailplan are easier to power up and down. Without a jibstay to drag the Genoa across, sloops are generally easier to tack. With less hardware sloops are less expensive to build.
Sloops come in a couple varieties, masthead and fractional. In a masthead rig the forestay and jib originates at the masthead. In a fractional rig, the forestay originates some fraction of the mast height down from the masthead. Historically, sloops were traditionally fractionally rigged. Fractional rigs tend to give the most drive per square foot of sail area. Their smaller jibs are easier to tack and they reef down to a snug masthead rig. Fractional rigs place a lower stress on their hulls and often get by with lighter rigging and hardware for an equal structural safety margin. Today, fractional rigs are often proportioned so that they do not need headsails that overlap the shrouds making them even easier to sail.
One of the major advantages of a fractional rig is the ability, especially when combined with a flexible mast, to use the backstay to control mast bend and sail shape. Increasing backstay tension does a lot of things on a fractional rig: it tensions the forestay which in turn flattens the jib. Increasing backstay tension induces controlled mast bend, which flattens the mainsail and opens the leech of the sail. This allows quick depowering as the wind increases and so allows a fractional rig to sail in a wider wind speed range without reefing, or making a headsail change than a masthead rig, although arguably requiring a bit more sail trimming skills.
While fractional rigs used to require running backstays, better materials and design approaches have pretty much eliminated the need for running backstays. That said, fractional rigs intended for offshore use, will often have running backstays that are only rigged in heavy weather once the mainsail has been reefed. The geometry of these running backstays typically allows the boat to be tacked without tacking the running backstays.
Masthead rigs came into popularity in the 1950's primarily in response to racing rating rules that under-penalized overlapping jibs (genoas) and spinnakers and so promoted bigger headsails. Masthead sloops tend to be simpler rigs to build and adjust. They tend to be more dependent on large headsails and so are harder to tack and also require a larger headsail inventory if performance is important. Mast bend is harder to control and so bigger masthead rigs will often have a babystay that can be tensioned to prevent pumping and induce mast bend in the same way as a fractional rig does. Dragging a Genoa over the babystay makes tacking a bit more difficult and slower. While roller furling allows a wider wind range for a given Genoa, there is a real limit (typically cited 10% to 15%) to how much a Genoa can be roller furled and still maintain a safely flat shape. As a result, masthead rigged boats generally require larger sail inventories.
Cutters, which had pretty much dropped out of popularity during a period from right after the end of WWII until the early 1970's, came back into popularity with a vengeance in the early 1970's as an offshore cruising rig. In theory, the presence of multiple jibs allows the forestaysail to be dropped or completely furled, and when combined with a reefed mainsail, and the full staysail, results in a very compact heavy weather rig (similar to the proportions of a fractional rigged sloop with a reef in the mainsail). As a result the cutter rig is often cited as the ideal offshore rig. While that is the theory, it rarely works out that the staysail is properly proportioned, (either too small for normal sailing needs and for the lower end of the high wind range (say 20-30 knots) or too large for higher windspeeds) and made of a sail cloth that makes sense as a heavy weather sail but which is too heavy for day to day sailing in more moderate conditions or out of a sail cloth too light for heavy going. Also when these sails are proportioned small enough to be used as heavy weather sails, these rigs will often develop a lot of weather helm when being sailed in winds that are too slow to use a double reefed mainsail. Like fractional rigs, cutter rigs intended for offshore use, will often have running backstays that are only rigged in heavy weather once the mainsail has been reefed. Unlike the fractional rig, when the running backstays are deployed, the geometry of these running backstays typically requires that the running backstays be tacked whenever the boat is tacked.
Cutters make a less successful rig for coastal sailing. Generally, because of their offshore intent, cutters tend to have snug rigs that depend on larger Genoas for light air performance. Tacking these large Genoas through the narrow slot between the jibstay and forestay is a much harder operation than tacking a sloop. As a result many of today's cutters have a removable jibstay that can be rigged in heavier winds. This somewhat reduces the advantage of a cutter rig (i.e. having a permanently rigged and ready to fly small, heavy weather jib).
Cutters these days generally do not point as close to the wind as similar sized sloops. Because of the need to keep the slots of both headsails open enough to permit good airflow, the headsails on a cutter cannot be sheeted as tightly as the jib on a sloop without choking off the airflow in the slot. Since cutters are generally associated with the less efficient underbodies that are typical of offshore boats this is less of a problem that it might sound. Cutters also give away some performance on deep broad reaches and when heading downwind because the Genoa acts in the bad air of the staysail.
Yawls and Ketches:
As I said at the start of this discussion, boats are systems and when it comes to one size fits all answers, there is no single right answer when it comes to yawls and ketches either. A Yawl is a rig with two masts and the after mast (the mast that is further aft or further back in the boat) is aft of the rudder. A ketch is a rig with two masts, the after mast is forward of the rudder. Either rig can have either a single jib or multiple jibs. When a Yawl or a Ketch has multiple jibs it is referred to a Yawl or a Ketch with multiple headsails. It is considered lubberly to refer to that rig as a 'cutter ketch' or 'cutter Yawl'.
I lump yawls and ketches together here because the share many similar characteristics. Ketches, in one form or another, have been around for a very long time. In the days before winches, light weight- low stretch sail cloth, high strength- low stretch line, and low friction blocks, breaking a rig into a lot of smaller sails made sense. It made it easier to manhandle the sails and make adjustments. Stretch was minimized so the sails powered up less in a gust and although multiple small sails are less efficient, the hulls were so inefficient that the loss of sail efficiency did not hurt much. Multiple masts, along with bowsprits and boomkins, allowed boats to have more sail area that would be spread out closer to the water.
In a time of stone internal ballasting, and high drag in relationship to stability, this was important as it maximized the amount of drive while minimizing heeling. In theory, multiple masts meant more luff length and more luff length meant more drive forces to windward. But multiple masts also meant more weight and much more drag. There are also issues of down draft interference, meaning that one sail is operating in the disturbed and turbulent air of the sails in front of it, which also greatly reduces the efficiency of multi mast rigs.
Yawls really came into being as race rule beaters. They are first seen in the 1920's as a rule beater under the Universal and International rules. They continued to be popular under the CCA rule as well. Under these rules, the sail area of jibs and mizzens were pretty much ignored in the rating. This popularized the masthead rig and the yawl.
There was a basis for not measuring the sail area of a yawl under these rules. On a yawl going to windward, the mizzenmast and sail generally actually produce more drag than they do drive. This is because the mizzen is sailing in really turbulent air and has to be over trimmed to keep from luffing which can effectively act as an airbrake. This is slightly less of the case on a ketch where the size of the mizzen is large enough to provide a larger percentage of the drive.
Downwind mizzens also are a problem. In this case the mizzen is forcing the main or foresail to operate in their bad air and so again the mizzen is not adding as much to the speed of the boat as they are taking away. BUT in the predominantly reaching races that were typical of offshore races of that era they offered a number of advantages. First of all on a reach the sails are not acting in the slipstream of each other and so each contributes a fair amount of drive for the drag produced. Also with the advent of lightweight low stretch sailcloths, mizzen staysails, which are great reaching sails, came into widespread usage in racing. Here again a ketch has the advantage of having a taller mizzen and so can fly a bigger mizzen staysail.
It might be helpful to compare yawl and ketch rigs to sloops. The broad generalities are that for a given sail area a sloop rig will generate a greater drive for the amount of drag generated pretty much on all points of sail. That means that a sloop will be faster or will require less sail area to go the same speed. Sloops are particularly better than Multi spar rigs such as Yawls and Ketches on a beat or on a run. A sloop rig would tend to be taller for a given sail area. This means it would be better in lighter air but it potentially might heel more, or need to be depowered or reefed sooner as the breeze picks up.
Sloops work best on boats with reasonably modern underbodies. Both are more efficient and so can point higher and make less leeway.
Ketch and Yawl rigs work best with heavier boats with less efficient underbodies such as full keels and deeply Vee'd hull forms. These hull forms often need a lot more drive and the hull is the limiting factor in how fast or how close-winded the boat will be. The yawl or ketch rig's lack of windward ability is less of a liability when placed on a hull that similarly lacks windward ability. Also, the ability of a ketch or yawl to carry more sail with less heeling moment also makes it a natural for a heavier hull form which often has comparatively little stability when compared to the amount of drive required to make a heavy boat move.
Much is made of the ketch or yawl's ability to be balanced to help with self-steering, to heave to, or the ability to simply sail under Jib and mizzen in a blow. This is one aspect that a traditional ketch or yawl has over a traditional sloop. It is not so true of modern sloops. Modern (especially fractional) sloops can be easily depowered and that reduces the need to reef. With modern slab reefing gear, reefing is far more easily accomplished than dropping the mainsail to the deck on a yawl or ketch. In a properly designed sloop balance is just not all that hard to achieve.
The performance of all three rigs, both on broad reaches and in lighter air, can be improved by the ability to carry kites of different types.
In terms of comfort at sea, ketch and yawl rigs push the weight of the spars closer to the ends of the boat which can increase pitch angles, albeit, while perhaps slowing pitching rates. The taller rigs of a sloop tend to increase roll angles while slowing roll rates.
Then there are structural issues. It is often difficult to properly stay a ketch or yawl rig as the mainmast backstay often need to be routed around the mizzen and the forward load component of the mizzen if often taken by the top of the mainmast. It is also often difficult to get proper aft staying on the mizzen of a ketch or yawl as well. These structural issues are particularly pronounced on Yawls where the mast is so far aft in the boat that on a traditional boat it is hard to get adequate staying base widths.
Many of the early fiberglass yawls were very poorly engineered. I heard the story of how the Bristol 40 became a yawl. It seems that Clint Pearson (who owned Bristol) had started to build a Bristol 40 sloop on order for a particular customer. As the boat was nearing completion the prospective owner bailed out leaving Mr. Pearson with bit of a problem. Almost at the same time came an enquiry about the availability of a Bristol 40 yawl for prompt delivery for a different person. Without hesitation the potential buyer was told that they happened to have a yawl that was almost finished and would be available in a few weeks. Bristol was building a 24 foot Corsair and they took a mast and rigging from a Corsair and used that for the mizzen. A block of wood was glassed onto the hull for a mast step and a hole cut in the deck for the mast to go through and Voila- the Bristol 40 yawl. Several more were built like that and they quickly proved problematic. Eventually the design was engineered to solve the problems that occurred on the first few yawls.
You often hear people say that yawls and ketches are simpler rigs to handle. I am not clear why that is assumed to be so as there are more sails to trim and more interaction between the individual sails. As on a sloop, you start trimming from the forward most sail moving aft. Also as on a sloop, fine tuning, small adjustments are made moving forward again to reduce downdraft interference between the sails. Sailed with the same degree of precision, a ketches and yawls require more fine tuning than a sloop but on the whole about the same amount of fine tuning as a cutter.
Anyway, in conclusion, if you are interested in sailing performance or ease of handling, a sloop rig makes more sense. To me the only justification for the yawl rig today is solely romantic charm, or a sense of history. I do not mean this to be a put down to those who love historic rigs, but for sheer sailing ability a yawl or ketch is a relic of another time, or an obsolete racing rule. Still, if you live in an area that is typically windier and you like traditional boats, then a ketch or yawl is an interesting albeit complicated rig.
Schooners, more than any of the other fore and aft rigs, are really a series of rigs. They vary from the modern unstayed cat schooners (like the Freedom 39), to Fenger's experiments with wishbone schooners, to the traditional two-masted gaff schooners, to the early 19th century square topsail schooners, to the knockabout and the staysail schooners of the late 1930's, to the 4, 5 and 6 masted cargo schooners of the early 20th century. Each of these has distinct advantages and disadvantages.
By definition a schooner is a rig with two or more masts with the after mast(s) equal or taller than the forward mast(s).
Schooners, in one form or another, have been around for a very long time. Like most multi-masted rigs, they evolved in the days when breaking a rig into a lot of smaller sails made sense. Multi-masted rigs resulted in a rig with a greater number of smaller low aspect ratio sails. These proportionately smaller sails reduced stretch within the individual sails, made it easier to manhandle the sails and make sail shape adjustments. This was a time before winches, light weight- low stretch sailcloth, high strength- low stretch line, and low friction blocks. These proportionately smaller sails powered up less in a gust. While multiple small sails are less efficient, the hulls of the era were so inefficient that this loss of sail efficiency did not hurt much.
Multiple masts, along with bowsprits and boomkins, allowed boats to have more sail area that could be spread out closer to the water. In a time when stone internal ballasting was the norm, this was important as it maximized the amount of drive while minimizing heeling moments. Multiple masts meant more a little more luff length and more luff length meant greater drive force on a reach or beat. But multiple masts also meant more weight aloft and much more aerodynamic drag increasing heel some and greatly reducing the relative efficiency of the sails. Multi mast rigs also have the issue of downdraft interference, meaning that each sail is operating in the disturbed and turbulent air of the sails upwind of it, which also greatly reduces the efficiency of multi mast rigs. .
Schooners are best suited for burdensome vessels with comparatively little stability. They are best used in sailing venues where they predominantly will be reaching between 30 degrees above a beam reach to approximately 50 degrees below a beam reach. Because of the geometry and inherently high drag of the schooner rig they are not very good rigs upwind or down. Upwind, the large amount of aerodynamic drag from the spars and, in stayed rigs, rigging, coupled with the typically low aspect ratio sails typical of a schooner rig, and the down-drafting problems of a multi-masted rig, results in very poor windward performance. When compared with Yawls, which can drop their mizzen when beating without much consequence, a Schooner's primary drive sail(s) are acting in the wind shadow of the entire rig.
Probably the highest upwind efficiency is achieved in schooners with lug foresails. On a schooner, lug foresails are not actually 'lug rigged'. In the case or a schooner, the term 'lug foresail' means a gaff foresail (not a jib) that foresail that over laps the mainsail in much the same manner as a Genoa over laps the mast on a modern rig. This rig was common in American working craft in the 19th century partially because there was no boom to deal with on the working deck. It was used on such boats as the yacht America's original rig, Tancook Whalers and on many Atlantic coast pilot boats. Lug foresails need to be tacked around the mast in much the same manner as a Genoa is today.
Downwind the problem of downdraft interference is a major problem as well. The large mainsail again tends to block the air on the sails forward of it and schooners really do not have a tall forward mast on which to fly a meaningful spinnaker. While there are all kinds of kites that can be flown from a schooner, and early working schooners often carried square sails on their foremasts, most of these patches really come into their own on a reach.
I once had a great conversation with Olin Stephens about schooners. Someone had asked why the schooner rig had died out. In the course of the conversation it was pretty much concluded that as hull forms became increasingly efficient, the schooner rig could not keep up. Great efforts at all kinds of rig improvements were tried but in the end the inherent limitations of the schooner rig was ill matched to the improved hull forms of the early 20th century.
Today, traditional schooners are wonderful to look at relics of a bygone age. Traditional forms of the schooner rig are complicated rigs that are expensive to build and maintain. They generally lack the strength of staying of a more modern rig. They are limited in their ability to beat to windward, hove to, or go dead downwind. They require greater skill to sail well and are pretty labor intensive to sail in shifting conditions. Still there is nothing like the romance of gaff topsail schooner with a bone in her teeth.
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Curmudgeon at Large- and rhinestone in the rough, sailing my Farr 11.6 on the Chesapeake Bay and part-time purveyor of marine supplies
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Wow, that is great information. I always love your writing Jeff especially the historical details about sail material and weight. Maybe you could add a section about cat and cat cutter rigs like on some of the old Freedoms? Other ideas:
* I do not think defining a cutter as a double headsail sloop is such a totally accepted modern view as you suggest. Just by adding a jibstay, a sloop immediately becomes a cutter? Anyways, I admit that I tend to write-up specifications like that but always feel kind of wrong doing it.
* Your conclusion that "for sheer sailing ability a yawl or ketch is a relic of another time, or an obsolete racing rule" is a really strong statement! And it's tough to rectify with your opening that there is no right answer. There seems to be one - a fractionally rigged sloop! You have good arguments and might want to open with that thesis?
* I have heard interesting information about the Bristol 39/40 design too. There was a lot going on in that situation. That example might not be a fair one though your point is dead on as always.
Good luck with your article.
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Have you ever tried copy and pasting your article from Word to Notepad first before posting here. It might help avoid the formatting errors? I don't know.
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Thank you for the kind words and the tip regarding NotePad. I had never heard of Notepad before but it worked well at cleaning up the format issues. The discussion of rigs was actually written as a series of articles some 20 or so years ago on an old DOS machine and may have actually started on an old Mac that I had before that. The various translations have not helped formatting at all.
This draft discussing rigs was one was part of longer series of articles on hull forms and basic design technology intended on a primer on the process of selecting the right cruising boat.
Until now, over this whole 20 year period, I have never noticed that I completely skipped the Cat rig. Good catch! Because the article is so old it also does not address such trends as large roach and flat-head mainsails
With regards to freestanding rigs, although Freedoms and other freestanding rigs existed, at the time that I worte the article, I saw them as a fad that would be a flash in the pan, and expected these rigs would not become a significantly popular trend for a variety of technical reasons. 20 years later that appears to be the case. That said, boats like the Nonesuch and Freedoms have certainly proved to be good boats for their purposes and have held up better than I had suspected when I wrote that piece.
I did want to touch on the other points that you raised.
In terms of Cutter vs Double-headsail sloop, I am not sure that we are on the same page. What I was trying to say was that historically it was not the number of headsails which defined a sloop or cutter. Sloops routinely had multiple headsails. But in recent years I keep seeing people say that they want to convert a sloop to cutter, by which they mean add a Jibstay and Jib Staysail. I also see a lot of listings which refer to sloops with multiple headsails as cutters, as well as listings which refer to yawls and ketches with multiple headsails as cutter-yawls or cutter-ketches. By any historical standard these are all misnomers. But they seem to be accepted even by knowlegable sailors in common speech, which drives me crazy.
In terms of reconcilling my statements " for sheer sailing ability a yawl or ketch is a relic of another time, or an obsolete racing rule" with my statement "there is no right answer", I would suggest that the gap lies in the intended context of the two. When I say that there is "no one right answer", I mean that there is no rig that will always be right rig for every boat. In the case of Ketches and to a lesser extent yawls, these rigs work well on boats with inefficient hulls and which do not have a lot of stability relative to their drag. In that application, the hull will limit the ability to go to windward or head directly downwind, as much as the rig, and the lower heeling momemt relative to drive when reaching make the Ketch and to a lesser extent, yawl, a good choice when there is a lot of drag and not a huge amount of stability to stand up to a taller rig.
In as much as I view hull-forms which have a lot of drag relative to their stability as a relic of an earlier time, even though a ketch rig may in fact be a great rig for this hullform (i.e. the right answer here) it is still a relic of the time past when hullforms with a lot of drag relative to their stability were the norm.
In terms of fractional rigged sloop, fractional rig sloops work well when associated with efficient hull forms; in particularly on boats which have relatively little drag for their stability. The short coming of a fractionally rigged sloop is that the vertical center of gravity is comparatively high, so for any given amount of drive, left to its own devices a fractional rig generates more heeling than more traditional rigs. This can be mitigated with modern sail handling hardware and proper sail trim, but this tendancy to generate more heeling relative to drive, limits the utility of fractional rigs for traditional cruising boats that are heavy for their length and which have small amounts of stability relative to their drag.
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Jeff, that had to be the most in-depth discussion of rigs I have found in these forums yet! I found your posts to be most informative, however, I'm having trouble applying the knowledge you've shared to my own thoughts and idea's. I am planning on purchasing another boat in the near future and am currently trying to narrow the long list of appropriate boats down to a manageable list of prospects that will work for me.
My requirements for a boat are that it must be safe and seaworthy, 6'2" minimum headroom, large enough to live aboard (it will be my home), and relatively easy to sail singlehanded. I'm thinking that something in the range of 36' to 40' in length will work best. Judging from what I've read, a full keel or at least a "cruising" keel with skeg hung rudder seems most appropriate for me since I'm not so much concerned with speed as I am durability and handling rough weather. Given that I am looking at a hull form that does not lend itself to light air performance, I was seriously considering the cutter rig. Now, after reading your post, I'm not sure if I have been looking at cutter rigs or sloops with multiple headsails.
Since I like the looks of the more traditional style boats such as the Tayana's, Hans Christian's, and Cape George's, most of these boats seem to have multiple headsails and canoe sterns. I have only sailed boats with sloop rigs (main and single jib) and was curious as to the difficulty in transitioning from that style of rig to multiple headsails and even the ketch/yawl rigs.
Another concern of mine is that of which rig will work better for me since I will be sailing by myself. I'm not sure if I understood you correctly when I say that a ketch rig might be a better choice for my given hull form but may not be as easy to handle as a solo sailor. I know that some will say that you can install appropriate equipment to make almost any boat manageable by a single person but, in my opinion, that gives me more systems to possibly fail when I need them the most. Simple will always be better for me and I'm planning for nothing more automated than autohelm and roller furling.
My use of the boat, after gaining some needed experience with offshore sailing around the Chesapeake area, will be planned around 3 separate cruises: 1. Chesapeake to coastal Europe down to the Med then back by Bermuda and home. 2. Chesapeake down through the Carribean to Brazil then back up the East Coast. 3. Eventually down the coast and around the gulf, transit the Panama canal, then west across the Pacific to Australia and New Zealand. After that, who knows. Of course, there will be numerous weekend overnight trips around the bay while I save dollars for my cruises.
Given the information I stated, what would be your opinion as to my choice of rig? I'm not a competitive person so I won't be racing. My priorities lie in comfort, dependability, and safety at sea in any type of weather.
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Tuesday, 30 April 2013 11:00
It was 36 years ago today where Superstar Billy Graham beat Bruno Sammartino at a sold out Baltimore Arena to win the WWWF championship. It ended the second Sammartino reign as champion that had started three-and-a-half years earlier.
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"Iconoclasm" [1] as opposed to Iconography
attributes, icons, iconoclasm, idols, idolatry, imagery, representations, veneration, wallpapers, graven images, religious icons
Ex. 20v3-5, 32v4-5; Deut. 4v12-16; 1 Kgs. 12v28; Is. 3v12; Hab. 2v18; Zech. 10v2; Rom. 1v21-23; 2 Cor. 5v16, 6v16; 1 Jn. 5v20-21
"They made a calf in Horeb, and worshipped the molten image. Thus they changed Their glory into the similitude of an ox that eateth grass." (Ps. 106v19-20, AKJV, p.281)
"The idols of the heathen are silver and gold, the work of men's hands. They have mouths, but they speak not; eyes have they, but they see not; They have ears, but they hear not; neither is there any breath in their mouths. They that make them are like unto them: so is every one that trusteth in them" (Ps. 135v15-18; KJV)
"To whom then will ye liken God? or what likeness will ye compare unto Him?" (Is. 40v18, AKJV, p.321)
"But I fear, lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtlety, so your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ. For if he that cometh preacheth another Jesus, whom we have not preached, or if ye receive another spirit, which ye have not received, or another gospel, which ye have not accepted, ye might well bear with him." (2 Cor. 11v3-4)
"To whom then will ye liken God?" (Is. 40v18)
Today, Iconography (the visual representation of God) is very common. Pictures of the Divine are found in churches and homes alike.
We find them on stained glass windows, in church foyers and living rooms, even 'Christian' schoolrooms. We find them on 'Christian' television, billboards, publications (including family Bibles), and sometimes, even behind the pulpit. The vast majority of 'Christian' bookstores sell a wide variety of these items - containing anything and everything, from the effeminate 'Northern European Messiah' to the grotesquely muscular Conan-like versions of Christ.
Even in the Reformed Churches (which, historically, ought to know better) pictures of the 'Suffering Servant' are fairly common in Sunday School materials.
The question is, "Are they merely acceptable works of art, as long as they are not worshipped in His stead?", or "Do they violate Scripture?".
"Thou shalt have no other gods before me. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth: Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me" (Ex. 20v3-5, KJV)
The Second Commandment are often sighted in defense of Iconoclasm and condemnation of Iconography. But is this correct? Let's see.
John Calvin (1509-1564)
Calvin took "a strong polemical stand against the Catholic Church, argueing that images of God lead to idolatry" [2].
J.C. Philpot (1802-1869)
"From this natural religion in the mind of man, a relic of the fall, sprang the first idea of idolatry — for the original knowledge of God being lost, the mind of man sought a substitute, and that substitute is an idol — the word, like the similar term "image", signifying a shape or figure, a representation or likeness of God. Against this therefore, the second commandment in the Decalogue is directed. Now, this idea of representing God by some visible image being once established by the combined force of depraved intellect and conscience, the debased mind of man soon sought out channels for its lusts and passions to run in, which religion might consecrate; and thus the devilish idea was conceived and carried out, to make a god of SIN. Thus bloodshed, lust, theft, with every other crime, were virtually turned into gods named Mars, Venus, Mercury, and so on; and then came the horrible conclusion, that the more sin there was committed, the more these gods were honored. Need we wonder at the horrible debasement of the heathen world, and the utter prostration of moral principles produced by the worship of idols — or at the just abhorrence and wrath of God against idolatry?" [14]
But why didn't God want graven images of His person?
When God 'appeared' to Moses, He spoke to him "out of the fire" (Deut. 4v12). Moses "saw no similitude" (Deut. 4v12), he only heard God's Word. The reason for this was to prevent Moses from creating a graven image, and thereby corrupting himself.
"And the Lord spake unto you out of the fire: ye heard the voice of the words, but saw no similitude: only ye heard a voice... Take ye therefore good heed unto yourselves; for ye saw no manner of similitude on the day that the Lord spake unto you in Horeb out of the midst of the fire: Lest ye corrupt yourselves, and make you a graven image, the similitude of any figure, the likeness of male or female." (Deut. 4v12, v15-16, AKJV, p.90)
But the Ten Commandments are no longer binding
While many reformers believed that the first and second commandment decreed images as an abomination, Luther however, believed that since this was from the Old Testament, it was no longer binding on the New Testament Christian.
What Luther seems to have missed, is that the Apostle Paul also condemned the practice in the New Testament.
"Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened. Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools, And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things." (Rom. 1v21-23, KJV)
"Wherefore henceforth know we no man after the flesh: yea, though we have known Christ after the flesh, yet now henceforth know we Him no more." (2 Cor. 5v16, AKJV, p.513)
Furthermore, that which is condemned in the Old Testament is not justified in the New Testament.
But I don't worship these images
Well, as I've shown above, that is NOT the issue. God's objection to representations of His person is NOT only directed against it's possible worship, but against it's very existence. (Rom. 1v21-23)
But then we are also idols, since, according to Genesis chapter 1 verses 26 to 27 we were created in the 'Image' or 'Likeness' of God
Amongst those who promulgate this objection on MySpace®, we find a lady by the name of Giulia [15]; a guy called 1messiahJC [16]; as well as a self-proclaimed 'Jesus' [17].
In light of Exodus chapter 20 verse 4, 'Jesus' confirms the argument on his MySpace® web log as follow:-
"So not only can you not make heavenly images, but you can not make earthly ones [either]. Which if taken literally would mean you could not even make a painting of a rose, or take a photograph of yourself. Because according to Genesis all of humanity is made in the image of God. So, if I am an idolater, then so are you." [17]
So let's look at the above objection a bit closer.
When God said, in Genesis chapter 1 verse 26, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness." did He suggest, for one moment, that He is 5 foot 7 inches with blond hair and blue eyes? Or handicapped (since He also created the handicapped)? Is dumb (since He created the dumb)? Or deaf (since He created the deaf)? Or that we are Gods, as some have already suggested?
No. When God "created man in His own image" (Gen. 1v27), He did not create little gods. Neither did He seek to visually represent Himself. It was spiritual.
Not only is this the testimony of Scripture; but it is also that of prominent theologians like Prof. Dr. John Calvin (1509-1564); John Wesley; Adam Clarke; Dr. Robert Jamieson (1802-1880), A.R. Fausset (1821-1910) and Prof. Dr. David Brown (1803-1897).
In commenting on Genesis chapter 1 verse 26, Prof. Dr. John Calvin (1509-1564) writes:
"The Anthropomorphites were too gross in seeking this resemblance in the human body; let that reverie therefore remain entombed... Since the image of God had been destroyed in us by the fall, we may judge from its restoration what it originally had been. Paul says that we are transformed into the image of God by the gospel. And, according to him, spiritual regeneration is nothing else than the restoration of the same image. (Colossians 3:10 and Ephesians 4:23) That he made this image to consist in righteousness and true holiness, is by the figure synecdochee; for though this is the chief part, it is not the whole of God's image. Therefore by this word the perfection of our whole nature is designated, as it appeared when Adam was endued with a right judgment, had affections in harmony with reason, had all his senses sound and well-regulated, and truly excelled in everything good. Thus the chief seat of the Divine image was in his mind and heart, where it was eminent: yet was there no part of him in which some scintillations of it did not shine forth." [18]
In commenting on the same passage, Matthew Henry (1662-1714) says:
"That man was made in God's image and after His likeness, two words to express the same thing and making each other the more expressive; 'image' and 'likeness' denote the likest image, the nearest resemblance of any of the visible creatures. Man was not made in the likeness of any creature that went before him, but in the likeness of his Creator; yet still between God and man there is an infinite distance. Christ only is the 'express' image of God's person, as the Son of His Father, having the same nature. It is only some of God's honor that is put upon man, who is God's image only as the shadow in the glass, or the king's impress upon the coin. God's image upon man consists in these three things:-- 1. In his nature and constitution, not those of his body (for God has not a body), but those of his soul... But it is the soul, the great soul, of man, that does especially bear God's image... 2. In his place and authority: 'Let us make man in our image, and let him have dominion.' As he has the government of the inferior creatures, he is, as it were, God's representative, or viceroy, upon earth; they are not capable of fearing and serving God, therefore God has appointed to fear and serve man. Yet his government of himself by the freedom of his will has in it more of God's image than his government of the creatures. 3. In his purity and rectitude. God's image upon man consists in knowledge, righteousness, and true holiness, Ephesians 4:24, Colossians 3:10. He was upright, Ecclesiastes 7:29.... Thus holy, thus happy, were our first parents, in having the image of God upon them." [19]
John Wesley's (1703-1791) then confirms the views of both Calvin and Henry, in his 'Explanatory Notes on the Whole Bible', by declaring that:
"God's image upon man consists in knowledge, righteousness, and true holiness, Ephesians 4:24; Colossians 3:10. He was upright, Ecclesiastes 7:29.... Thus holy, thus happy, were our first parents, in having the image of God upon them. But how art thou fallen, O son of the morning? How is this image of God upon man defaced! How small the remains of it, and how great the ruins of it!" [20]
Adam Clarke's (1760-1832) 'Commentary on the Bible' on Genesis chapter 1 verse 26, says,
"What is said above refers only to the body of man, what is here said refers to his soul. This was made in the image and likeness of God. Now, as the Divine Being is infinite, He is neither limited by parts, nor definable by passions; therefore He can have no corporeal image after which He made the body of man. The image and likeness must necessarily be intellectual; his mind, his soul, must have been formed after the nature and perfections of his God... It was created after the image of God; and that image, St. Paul tells us, consisted in righteousness, true holiness, and knowledge, Ephesians 4:24, Colossians 3:10." [21]
Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's 'Commentary Critical and Explanatory of the Whole Bible', adds:
"In our image, after our likeness-- This was a peculiar distinction, the value attached to which appears in the words being twice mentioned. And in what did this image of God consist? Not in the erect form or features of man, not in his intellect, for the devil and his angels are, in this respect, far superior; not in his immortality, for he has not, like God, a past as well as a future eternity of being; but in the moral dispositions of his soul, commonly called 'original righteousness' (Ec. 7:29). As the new creation is only a restoration of this image, the history of the one throws light on the other; and we are informed that it is renewed after the image of God in knowledge, righteousness, and true holiness. (Col. 3:10, Ep. 4:24)" [22]
Since man is therefore NOT a visual representation of God, as some have mistakenly assumed; and since the Old and New Testaments objects to nothing but the visual representations of God (Is. 40v18; Rom. 1v21-23; 2 Cor. 5v16), we are at liberty to photograph whatever we like.
It doesn't matter God sees my heart
There is a lie most prevalent today, that "God sees the intentions of the heart", or, "that the attitude of the heart is what God looks at"; and that in response He will excuse the grossest of doctrinal error and sin; solely on the basis of our ignorance.
While God did, historically provide some excuse for ignorance (Acts 14v16), it is no longer the case.
"And the times of this ignorance God winked at; but now commandeth all men every where to repent: Because He hath appointed a day, in the which He will judge the world in righteousness by that man whom He hath ordained; whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that He hath raised Him from the dead." (Acts 17v30-31, AKJV, p.491)
Adolf Hitler had "good intentions" for his Aryan Nation, whether you and I regard them as such, is of no consequence; both he and his followers did. The white supremacist with "good intention" upholds racial segregation. The Crusaders and Muslims of the 11th Century with "good intention" slaughtered millions. Roman Catholics with "good intention" martyred thousands of Protestant believers.
When many "good intentioned" Pharisees and Sadducees came to be baptized by John the Baptist, he rebuked them, saying, "O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come?" (Mt. 3v7; Lk. 3v7)
Christians are placing way too much emphasis on their "good intentions". If God had to consider our "good intentions", He would have had to allow for just about anything. We have to confess then, that indeed "the road to hell is paved with good intentions".
After much study, and much deliberation, I simply could not deny the overwhelming testimony of both, the Old- and New Testaments. As far as I am concerned, the above were sufficient to condemn iconography, once and for all. Whatever debate or objection one might call upon, there was no denying that by Biblical Definition: Iconography constitutes Idolatry. And Idolatry is a sin (Ep. 5v5) that corrupts us (Ex. 32v7; Deut. 4v12).
This issue here has nothing to do with personal preference or opinion; "the issue is most serious for in the Bible, idolatry is clearly spoken of as something God hates. Idolatry has always been the Achilles' Heel by which the people of God have been wounded and brought down." [7]
The sheer amount of vehement objections I have so far receive, should in and of itself, serves as a testimony to the powerful grip of idolatry within the modern church.
"The dearest idol I have known,
Whatever that idol be,
Help me to tear it from my heart,
And worship only Thee" [14]
Andreas Karlstadt (1486–1541) [1] | Brian Schwertley [11] | Pastor EJ Hill (1977-) | Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531) [1] | J.C. Philpot (1802-1869) [14] | Prof. Dr. John Calvin (1509-1564) [1|2] | Randall Paquette [6|9] | William Dowsing (1596–1668) [1]
» Richard Bennett [6|7|8|9] and J. Virgil Dunbar [7|8] of Berean Beacon. [6|7|8|9]
1. Iconoclasm (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; 27 September 2010)
2. John Calvin (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; 27 September 2010)
3. Iconolatry (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; 27 September 2010)
4. Byzantine Iconoclasm (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; 27 September 2010)
5. Tore Kjeilen. Christian Iconoclasm (LookLex Encyclopedia; 27 September 2010)
6. Richard Bennett and Randall Paquette. Idolatry In The Church (Berean Beacon; 27 September 2010)
7. J. Virgil Dunbar and Richard Bennett. Idolatry in the Evangelical Camp: Pictures of 'Christ' or the Glory of God? (Berean Beacon; 27 September 2010)
8. Richard Bennett and J. Virgil Dunbar. The Passion of Christ: Mel Gibson's Vivid Deception (Berean Beacon; 27 September 2010)
9. Richard Bennett and Randall Paquette. The Practice of Idolatry Within the Church (Berean Beacon; 27 September 2010)
10. Catholic Idolatry (YouTube; 25 May 2009)
11. Brian Schwertley. Are Pictures of Christ Unbiblical? (Haslett, MI: Reformed Online Library; 2003)
12. Idolatrous Pictures Of Christ (Test All Things; 20 February 2008)
13. Official Idolatry Condemned Website (27 September 2010)
14. J.C. Philpot. The History of an Idol, its Rise, Reign and Progress (Grace Gems; October 1855)
15. Giulia (28 May 2007)
16. 1messiahJC (30 May 2007)
17. Jesus (28 May 2007)
18. Prof. Dr. John Calvin. Commentary On Genesis (Volume 1): Genesis 1:26 (28 May 2007)
19. Matthew Henry. Commentary on the Whole Bible: Genesis 1:26 (28 May 2007)
20. John Wesley. Explanatory Notes on the Whole Bible: Genesis 1:26 (28 May 2007)
21. Adam Clarke. Commentary on the Bible: Genesis 1:26 (29 May 2007)
22. Jamieson, Fausset and Brown. Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible: Genesis 1:26 (29 May 2007)
28-30.05.2007 / 18.06.2008 / 27.09.2010 / 30.09.2010 / 15.10.2010/ 17.10.2010 / 14.02.2011


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With each win, our football analyst Bryan Broaddus is quick to dish out some game balls and this week,
But it was one of those wins that Jason Garrett is always talking about: winning in all three phases.
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mezzaphysx-deactivated20130802 said: The only thing that offends me about 'honkey', is the fact that white people definitely deserve a much more offensive sounding slur than that. Who the fuck gets offended by the word honkey, honestly?
Any word frequently used by George Jefferson cannot possibly be wrong
Clearly we are looking at different things during the game
You know who else has fat asses? Basketball players… Just sayin, I dont care either way
mezzaphysx replied to your post: Not really, no.
Why not?
Physical discs can be lost, broken, or stolen. When you download a game from Sony its going to be on your account forever. Each account can activate up to 3 different consoles simultaneously, so wanting to play the game on a different machine isn't a problem.
Not to mention the obvious perk of not having to physically store dozens of physical game boxes/discs. I have tons of old discs and cartridges from past generations and its a pain in the ass to keep them knowing I probably won't use them again. But I cant find the heart to throw them away or sell them.
Not really, no.
mezzaphysx replied to your post: Tomb Raider full download is now on PSN after I…
Always better to have the physical copy anyway.


text: My homeland back tears. For the umpteenth time a disaster occurs continuously tempt me country Indonesia Raya . Indonesia's disaster somehow happens continuously . Her unfinished grief that occurs in Sinabung , erupted again Kelud now . Kelud Indonesia erupted last night time or on Thursday at 22:50 pm . Sounds very powerful explosion , heard up in Kediri within 45 km of the lava dome . Kelud administratively entered the district of Kediri , Malang and Blitar , East Java , Kelud is a strato volcano type . The location is at 7 degrees 56 minutes south latitude and 112 degrees 18 minutes 30 seconds east longitude. Kelud has a height of 1,731 meters above sea level . Kelud volcanic eruptions caused many residents to flee , to areas of adjacent advance of a 30 km radius of seed rain stones and marbles ashfall disrupt visibility , visibility is only capable of 50 m . Suffice this event for the last time and will not happen again ! I hope that the events that occur in this nation does not happen again to us all . we must improve ourselves each and kept asking wondering why God continues to give us this ordeal . It is much closer to that above . Change our attitude is not good . In order for all these problems do not continue to happen to us . Come on .. although you do not break the spirit of " earthquake and tsunami " and " volcanoes " PRAY FOR INDONESIA , PRAY FOR Kelud !


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