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PCTV News
- PCTV's Latest video added list: Click here
Note: We have modified the front page of pctv76.org to display a new featured items list. This update replaces the "Latest video added" list but will allow us to keep important new shows and relevant town news items on display for a longer time. If you wish to continue using the latest video added feature please click the title of
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- Video Jump Points & HTML5 Mobile support
PCTV is at it again! This time were bringing you support for the iPad & iPhone and myriad of other devices! For flash users we will be adding support for Video Jump Points so that viewers can directly access ONLY the parts of board meetings and other lengthy videos that they want to see. If you like PCTV and what
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The Pleasantville Board of Education presents
Airdate: 09/02/2014
Prescriptions to Heroin: The Face of the New User
Airdate: 09/04/2014
Pleasantville Connects To VISUAL ARTS
Airdate: 08/26/2014
Guests: Peter Stein
Catching Up with Mayor Peter Scherer
Airdate: 08/27/2014
The Rotary Report
Airdate: 08/28/2014
Guests: Rev. Paul Egensteiner


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Angela R. Garretson
Council Members
George "Tony" Alston, At-large
Frank Deo, At-large
Sip Whitaker, At-large
Tonia Hobbs
1st Ward Council
Salonia Saxton
2nd Ward Council
(2011-2015) - Vice President
Donald DeAugustine
3rd Ward Council
(2011-2015) - President
Gerald Pateesh Freeman
4th Ward Council
Liberty & Hillside Avenue
Hillside, New Jersey 07205
The front entrance to the Hillside Municipal Building was recently renovated and equipped with handicapped-accessible doors.
Mayor Office
An Important Message From Mayor
Angela R. Garretson
I would first like to take this opportunity to thank the people of Hillside for giving me the opportunity to serve you. As many of you know, I am a lifelong resident and homeowner in Hillside.
Hillside has experienced many changes over the last three decades. Our manufacturing base has eroded, leaving the residential homeowner with a spiraling and ever increasing property tax increase. New Jersey continues to lose business to neighboring states due to increasing property and income taxes.
We cannot continue to run government the way it is currently being run. My goal, as mayor, is to lead this township by creating an affordable Hillside, and this cannot be accomplished without your help and participation. I believe in open and transparent government and every resident should have the opportunity to be heard. In order to facilitate this belief, I instituted an "open door" policy. You, the taxpayer, have concerns and I am here to listen and assist.
In order to further expand upon this ideal, my administration will develop and implement the Mayor's Advisory Board. It will consist of business leaders, community leaders and interested residents with the purpose of addressing your immediate concerns and developing long term solutions to our mounting problems. Together, we will develop and rekindle that sense of community Hillside was known for in the past decades.
Responsible government begins with long-range planning. Our Planning Board has revised our Master Plan, which provides developers and homeowners direction as to Hillside's needs and desires. By cutting the "red tape," we can move forward with responsible development and provide a strong commercial and business base, reducing dependence on the residential homeowner.
As your Mayor and Chief Executive Officer, I must ensure Hillside's fiscal health and stability. We must look at creative revenue streams and not property tax increases. We must avoid the pitfalls of short term quick fix gimmicks and plan for our children's future.
I remain committed to work with anyone who puts the needs of Hillside first. I will continue to instill and create a much needed sense of community and I will work tirelessly to earn your confidence.
Hillside can, and will be, "A great place to live and work."

subset: commoncrawl


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Why Attend a Woodworking Show?
An invitation from Roland Johnson,
Contributing Editor - Fine Woodworking magazine
Owner of Roland Johnson's Woodworks
Hand-tool and power-tool expert for
The Woodworking Shows.
The Woodworking Shows has lined up a bunch of the best woodworking presenters in the country, and along with a great line-up of tool vendors the season has, and will continue to be a blockbuster event!
I know there are lots of folks who wonder why they should attend a woodworking tool show when there is plentiful information about tools and woodworking methods readily available on the web. The reason is simple: at the shows you can see the tools demonstrated; you can check out the tools up close, often trying them out for yourself, and ask questions from folks who really know the facts and who will be happy to show you the answers. Plus there is always that item that you run across at the show that you didn't know existed, but is just the answer to a woodworking riddle that's been pestering you.
In addition to the tool dealers there are a bunch of great seminars, given by nationally renowned woodworking experts, going on continuously all weekend. Finishing, cabinetmaking, router inlay, furniture building, setting up shop, hand plane rehab, and a host of other interesting topics are all included in the price of admission. Local woodworking organizations and schools are also typically well represented; a great way to meet other woodworkers in your area.
If you are new to woodworking there is no better way to get pointed in the right direction than attending a show. The shows are a great motivator, and the chance to meet experienced pros face-to-face and get good, solid, reliable information is priceless. Plus it's a lot of fun.
Finally, it's just a wonderful way to spend a day or two totally immersed in the woodworking experience. You get to hang out with fellow woodworkers, spend time cruising the vendor isles, and just simply enjoying a great time.
So do yourself a favor and plan on spending a day or so with us at the show. Check out the tour schedule on The Woodworking Show's website and make sure you mark your calendar; these shows are too good to miss. I'll be at all of the shows this tour and I look forward to seeing you, so please stop by and say hi!
One of the things I personally enjoy about presenting seminars at the shows is the "show stories" I get to hear. Folks tell me about their adventures at the shows, or their great tool buys, or the seminar they attended that completely changed the way they work wood. I even had one fellow tell me how attending one of my seminars changed his life, now how do you top that! Have you got a show story? I'd love to hear it.
See you soon!
Roland Johnson


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Westonbirt, The National Arboretum
Opening times
Open All Year
Open - 01/01/2014 to 31/12/2014
Westonbirt, The National Arboretum, managed by the Forestry Commission, is one of the finest collections of temperate trees and shrubs in the world.
The 600 acre arboretum is home to 3,000 different species of trees and over 16,000 individual specimens, and is a place of environmental and historical importance. Its Victorian creator Robert Holford was fascinated by rare and beautiful plants and helped finance expeditions to collect specimens from around the world.
Westonbirt offers an unforgettable day out in all seasons - from the magnolias and rhododendrons in spring, the green leafy glades in summer and the autumnal colour explosion of the world famous Japanese maples.
Activites throughout the year
Events, workshops and family activities run throughout the year. Signature events include Treefest in August and the spectacular Enchanted Christmas illuminated trail in November and December.
Free weekend guided walks are available (Easter to October). There are mobility scooters and manual wheelchairs available to borrow (it is advisable to book these in advance), special group rates on request and retail and refreshment opportunities onsite.
Dogs are welcome in Silk Wood and on the Downs, whilst the Old Arboretum is a dog free zone.
Summer at Westonbirt
A feeling of calm seems to filter through the arboretum, creating a wonderful atmosphere for relaxing – particularly in hot weather when the green leafy rides and secluded glades provide cool refreshment from the sun. Over the August Bank Holiday weekend (Saturday 25 to Monday 27 August), you can enjoy Treefest - watch as carvers take inspiration from fairytales and nature to create large wooden sculptures, listen to local live music, see traditional woodcraft and woodland skills, meet local food producers and watch live cookery demonstrations.
Autumn at Westonbirt
Autumn is a fabulous time of year at Westonbirt and wherever you go, the natural firework display of colours is superb. Pick up your autumn trail map from admissions or the Great Oak Hall information point to find the best of the season's offering.
Enchanted Christmas
A spectacular illuminated trail, crafts, gifts and festive family fun will greet visitors to the 2012 Enchanted Christmas event at Westonbirt Arboretum! The one mile trail highlights the striking structures of Westonbirt's trees as they are illuminated against the winter night sky. The Enchanted Christmas takes place on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, 30 November to 23 December, 5pm to 8.30pm (last entry to the trail is 7.15pm).
What's nearby
Kissing Gate Cottage
Overlooking open countryside, this is a beautiful 18th century stone cottage that is ideal for walkers and cyclists.10.92 miles away
Box Hedge Farm Cottages
Box Hedge Farm offers a perfect location for your stay with a number of newly developed barn conversions and cottages to hire.12.36 miles away
Nailey Cottages
These converted farm buildings make up an idyllic retreat with dramatic, panoramic views, and a sunny south-facing terrace.12.59 miles away
Fern Cottage Bed & Breakfast
National Award Winning B&B famous for its food. Run by passionate proprietors and set in a countryside location, 15 minutes from Bristol.13.49 miles away
Alveston House Hotel
Set in colourful gardens, this traditional hotel just outside Bristol has 30 modern rooms13.72 miles away
Thornbury Castle
Beautiful country house hotel in 15-acre grounds located 12 miles north of Bristol13.78 miles away
Premier Inn Bristol East (Emersons Green)
Premier Inn is the UK's biggest hotel chain. We guarantee clean, comfortable rooms and a friendly and efficient service - everything you...13.95 miles away
Bowood Hotel, Spa and Golf Resort
Situated at the heart of the Bowood Estate, Bowood Hotel, Spa and Golf Resort offers a contemporary retreat.14.03 miles away
Queenwood Lodge at Bowood
Queenwood is a beautiful Georgian Lodge set in its own immaculate gardens with lush green lawns and flowering borders on the Bowood Estate.14.03 miles away
Mercure Bristol North The Grange Hotel
North Bristol country house hotel set in delightful grounds that offers a chance to relax away from it all14.37 miles away
The Malthouse
4 contemporary cottages in a converted listed Malthouse in Batheaston, central Bath easily accessible by bus.14.63 miles away
The Coach House (Hambrook)
The Coach House is a grade II listed building, formerly a coaching house dating back to the 18th century.14.77 miles away
Ebenezer Chapel
A stunning Grade II listed chapel providing three separate but inter-connecting (if required) luxury self catered accommodation. The Chapel...14.83 miles away
Alderman Apartments Orchard Gate
Quality development of one or two bedroom self contained apartments. Each of them individually decorated, with a lounge, dining area,...15.66 miles away
Holiday Inn Bristol Filton
Located close to the M4 corridor, this spacious hotel offers well-appointed accommodation and ample, free parking.15.72 miles away
Hilton Bristol
Modern, 161-room hotel located near the M5 motorway and Aztec West Business Park15.85 miles away


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Welcome to our archive page of past articles! To view a past article scroll down the page to the section of interest and click on the title. To go back to a further date, click on the numbers below the titles.
Please note: National / International News comes from Catholic News Service (CNS). Due to our "use agreement" we cannot archive these articles.
Author Dr. Patrick Foley receives top honor from historical society for recent book on Bishop Odin (4/2/2014)
Its not too late to take part in CRS Rice Bowl, say organizers heres what its all about (3/25/2014)
Author Profile: Author Joseph Pearce learned from other Catholic writers to keep looking up (3/13/2014)
On eve of ordination, Bishop-elect Berg advised to share his gifts to lead his new flock to Christ (3/6/2014)
Knights Fr. Donlon Vocations Dinner passes $2 million cumulative total with $138K raised this year (3/4/2014)
Are we really teaching the Catholic Faith? (8/18/2014)
Following a vocation means following Jesus Christ (10/23/2013)
Fasting helps us turn toward God (2/26/2013)
Caridades católicas de Fort Worth proporciona refugio, cuidado a menores inmigrantes sin compañia (9/2/2014)
Diócesis se prepara para dar la bienvenida a cientos de miles de católicos nuevos al Norte de Texas (8/29/2014)
Me debo levantar y seguir el camino (11/6/2012)
La fiesta de la Asunción (8/17/2012)
La solemnidad del Cuerpo y la Sangre de Cristo (6/15/2012)
Area Catholics join other pro-lifers in Austin to pray that 2013 abortion restrictions law is upheld
Local News
Bishop Michael Olson's Column
Jeff Hensley
Tony Gutierrez
Judy Russeau
The North Texas Catholic has been in publication since 1982. To view our archives please visit the link below.
North Texas Catholic
© 2012 North Texas Catholic


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Skip to main content
All parking at Seattle Children's is free.
To find out where the entrances and parking lots are located, see the campus map.
Disabled Parking
Disabled parking is available in Ocean parking and Emergency Department parking and on Helen Lane in front of the River entrance.
Electric Vehicle Charger
A ChargePoint electric vehicle charging station for patients, families and visitors is available in the Ocean 6 parking garage.
Entrance Hours
Visiting hours are 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Learn more about our visiting policy.
River, level 3: Open 24 hours
Ocean, level 6: 5:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Friday; closed weekends
Ocean, level 7:
Ocean, level 8: 7 a.m. to 7 p.m., Monday through Friday; closed weekends
Forest, level 1, Emergency Department: Open 24 hours, 365 days a year
I-5 South
I-90 West and I-5 North
I-82 West (from Children's Village/Yakima and Tri-Cities)
Children's Village
WA-520 West *
* WA-520 Toll: WA-520 has a toll to cross. You will get a bill in the mail. Tolls could be up to $5 one way. Visit WSDOT.wa.gov/goodtogo.
King County Metro206-553-3000
Type the first or last name you are searching for or select a specialty.
Doctor or Researcher Name:
Seattle Children's provides healthcare without regard to race, color, religion (creed), sex, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, national origin (ancestry) or disability. Financial assistance for medically necessary services is based on family income and hospital resources and is provided to children under age 21 whose primary residence is in Washington, Alaska, Montana or Idaho.
© 1995-2014 Seattle Children's Hospital


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by Stephanie Nunes, RD CSSD
Many athletes are adopting vegetarian diets for health, ecological, spiritual, religious, economical, or ethical reasons. Vegan athletes CAN meet all of their nutritional requirements, however may benefit from a few tips on food choices that provide adequate nutrients to promote optimal performance.
Make sure protein needs are met due to lower digestibility of plant protein compared to animal. Vegetarian athletes can easily achieve adequate protein if their diets are sufficient in calories and contain a variety of plant-based protein foods.
Vegan Sources of Protein:
Monitor your calcium intake. Low calcium intake has been associated with increased risk of stress fractures and decreased bone density.
Vegan Sources of well absorbed Calcium (low oxalate):
Vegan Sources of poorly absorbed calcium (high oxalate):
Note: Continue to eat these foods, just don't rely on them to meet all of your calcium needs.
Vitamin D is required for adequate calcium absorption and bone health.
Vegan Source of Vitamin D:
Note: The form used to fortify cereals is often not vegan.
All athletes are at risk for iron depletion or iron-deficiency anemia, especially female endurance athletes. Insufficient iron intake OR reduced absorption are the most probable causes of poor iron status.
Vegan Sources of Iron:
Note: Common foods that inhibit the absorption of non-animal sources of iron are bran, soy, coffee, and tea. Try to drink your coffee or tea 1 hour before or 1 hour after an iron rich meal.
Note: To enhance the absorption of non-meat iron sources, eat Vitamin C rich foods at the same time. Example: Orange juice and a bowl of cheerios, salsa on a baked potato, bowl of beans and a cup of juice or strawberries.
Zinc is very important for your immune system. Absorption of zinc from plant protein is somewhat lower than from animal products, so make sure you are getting enough daily zinc in your diet.
Vegan Sources of Zinc:
B-12 and Riboflavin status may be low in athletic vegan individuals. Cobalamin (the active form of B-12) is of particular interest because it is found exclusively in animal products.
Vegan Sources of Riboflavin:
Vegan Sources of B-12:
"Fuel the Machine and See the Results"
Stephanie Nunes is a Registered Dietitian, Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics, and runner residing in San Luis Obispo, California. Her private practice is "Rock Solid Nutrition" and she provides individual counseling, on-line counseling, lectures or presentations for specific groups, and nutrition related articles. If you would like to contact Stephanie for any of these services, her e-mail address is firstname.lastname@example.com
Copyright © 2014 Running Warehouse. All Rights Reserved. Contact Us
Site Map | US: 1.800.606.9598 | email@example.com | Careers


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Average Rating
User Reviews
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful:WATCH THIS!!!! Reasons why.You should watch this because it is stupidly funny and it is one of those anime where it is stupid and pointless humour. I like it because it can cheer me up if i have a bad day. I hope that when you have a horrible day, watching Gintama can cheer you right up.
1 out of 2 people found this review helpful:The Gintama Experience: One of a KindGintama is anything but conventional. And this ain't no ordinary review either!Read more
What started out as a "half-gag, half-SoL" JUMP series has really progressed into a diamond of a story that no one genre could fully encompass. If you've never had the "Gintama Experience" of shedding sad tears to rolling in laughter in one episode, this series is your new best friend.
It is a definite ...
1 out of 2 people found this review helpful:I Just wanted to give it 5 starsThis is not a review, but you reaally should watch Gintama, it has it all, Action,Comedy,Drama,Adventure,Romance,Sci fi, Parody, History, Samurai, Shinpachi`s glasses, and Madness!!! i nees 9 more letters to comp.....
Simple yet amazing, shounen yet different from other shounen animesOne could think: "Sh... another shounen mainstream battle anime" but this is something different! The best of the best! You can't stop laughing, sentences of the characters are something else too. If you didn't watch it, watch it. If you watched it, watch it again and again.
Happy Easter and Harleeey Davidson to you too!!
Funniest anime ever!Gintama is a very funny anime but it is kind of gory. The vulgar language and absurd characters make it all the more fun to watch. The personalities of the characters make it even better. You can always get a good laugh out of Gintama.
3 out of 3 people found this review helpful:Best anime I've seen BY far.No, seriously.Read more
Gintama has basically EVERYTHING an anime needs.
You wanna laugh uncontrollably? You wanna cry your eyes out? (Because some of these arcs are actually intense, it really caught me by surprise!)
It may seem like any random anime towards the beginning, but I promise you, that all changes in later episodes. c;
For those of you who are doubtful in watching this anime, ...
¡Excelente comedia! ¡No te la puedes perder!Sin dudarlo Gintama es unos de los mejores animes de comedia que existe en la actualidad. Mantiene una linea coherente en el sentido del absurdo, logrando con ello el cariño del publico occidental. Sin caer en el mal gusto o bulgaridad. Altamente recomendable.
0 out of 1 people found this review helpful:Gintama - it WILL grow on you. GUARANTEED.I'm going to be quick and to the point. The first few episodes are to lay out the setting, the context and characters of the anime and being honest, the first few episodes are pretty bad episodes.Read more
If you have the patience to watch through these episodes to understand the context and characters, once you finish them, I suggest you skip straight to season 6 and watch all the "Classic Episodes" ...
3 out of 3 people found this review helpful:Gintama is the full packageMy sister kept telling me to watch this anime. I watched the first 2 episode and got so bored i stopped watching it. A month later after having no other anime to watch i just kept watching it. After the first 15 episodes i realized that i was hooked. I couldn't stop watching it, it's as if my eyes wouldn't let me stop. I couldn't even sleep lol, my hands just wouldn't let me turn off my laptop, it ...Read more


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GreatSchools Rating
Teacher quality
Principal leadership
Parent involvement
So far we love Pioneer, the staff is kind, professional, and loving. We feel lucky to be able to send our children there.
Have had 3 kids in Pioneer. No issues at all. I look at the date of the remarks beloew (2009-2011) about bullying, etc. Not in the recent past for sure. My kids have gone (2nd-5th grades) since 2012 and have had great, engaged teachers. Kids will do as well as the involvement of their parents - that's a fact. I fine school as are most in the Olympia School District. Very happy and strongly recommend it to anyone looking at moving here (we're in the military and definitely move alot and have seen alot of good and bad schools across the country).
This will be our fourth year at Pioneer. My son will be entering the third grade and my daughter will be in the second grade. As a former first grade teacher I have been overly impressed by the teachers, the principal and the office staff. I believe my children are engaged in a learning environment and truly cared for by the entire school. Pioneer is a neighborhood school, many of the teachers, the principal and the school employees live in the neighborhoods where the students live. There are days where over a hundred bikes are parked in the school bike racks. As for the comments about lack of structure at recess... The playground is staffed and has rules and limitations but Isn't that what recess is for? As for bullying we have not experienced any bullying but I feel the teachers and principal are easily accessible and would be open to discussing parent concerns.
We love Pioneer now. Our kindergarden teacher is great! I admit, I was disillusioned over the summer before we began, as there was no contact from the school during the summer after the Sneak Peek. I had hoped for a welcome letter (or postcard, or e-mail...) with a bit of info for us about our new school and where/how to get information. As first-time parents of an elementary-schooler, we were sort of waiting to receive a supplies list or something. Turns out it's all on the website. Maybe a letter, postcard, or e-mail with this tidbit would be helpful to the parents of new kids... It's quite a change after the over-informational style of preschool! As for the bullying comments below, my child hasn't experienced anything, but I do see a missed opportunity in that the kids aren't taught how to interact on the playground at recess; it's sort of a free-for-all. It seems like there could be some structured/active teaching going on with the kindergarteners during which some bullying prevention education could occur to prep them for how to behave for the rest of their time there. "An ounce of prevention..." Overall, we're very happy there.
We recently moved to the area and were very excited to start our 2 oldest boys at Pioneer. At first, things seemed great, but now that we have been here 6 months, they don't seem as great. Our 1st grader is doing well. He is advancing, but I don't feel he is being pushed to his highest potential. Our 4th grader is miserable here. He has had a hard time fitting in and is teased and bullied quite often. Prior to moving here, he loved school, had a lot of friends and was quite happy. Now, he hates going to school and is sad at home a lot. I have contacted his teacher and she says she doesn't see him during lunch/recess when socialization is allowed. Not sure what to do now. We are thinking of moving out of the area and finding a school that is a better fit for our family.
Disgusting, horrible, unappealing. Theese are just some of the things that describe Pioneer. If your kid has a special need the teachers will NOT help at all. I seriously would rather move to a different continent than be at Pioneer. If you want your kid to be a boring, obediant, robot then I would send them to Pioneer. The kids at the school are mean, horrible and judgmental. Competition is encouraged and promoted by the staff and so they're is a lot of fighting and drama between kids. I would never ever reccomend this school... EVER!!!!
Both my boys attended Pioneer and we've had a very positive experience. We've had teachers at the kindergarten, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grade level (a total of 5 teachers) and they've all been excellent. Neither of my boys experience excessive competition and grew academically and socially. We found the teachers to be professional, creative, and supportive. One of my children has special medical needs and was supported and accommodated during both of his years. We've loved our time at Pioneer. PTA involvement is excellent.
The prior three posts are completely accurate. Parental supervision of homework is absolutely necessary. Competition among students is encouraged and leads to severe bullying that begins in the 1st Grade and gets worse every year. The new principal is more responsive than the old principal, but he cannot change overnight the bullying that has been permitted for years. And if your child has a special need, the school is very reluctant to help out . A few teachers were good at helping my special needs child, but the rigid teachers (and there are quite a few of this type at this school) were completely unhelpful - your child either fits into the teacher's scheme or he/she is left behind with no one at the school to help him/her. It's quite heartbreaking. If I had it to do over again I would not move into the Pioneer school district.
Overall, our family has had a positive experience at Pioneer Elementary. Admittedly, as we entered kindergarten as a new family, we were discouraged by the quality of instruction. Thankfully, our child performs at a standard learning level. I personally know families whose children have either special needs, or excel above the standard, and their needs were not met at the primary level. At this time I cannot rate the administration as it is new this school year. The PTA is very active and supportive of student learning. The organization supports families and the school in a very positive and effective manner.
The school year is about to begin and I am sorry to say that I am not excited for my child. I agree with the previous post, it is a very conservative learning environment and the administration and teachers seem perfectly content to keep it that way. If your child thrives on being the best and likes to compete, then this is the school for you. There is much bullying which is never addressed and the kids are completely out of control at lunch and on the playground. There is a great emphasis put on test scores and I believe the children have undue stress put upon them to constantly achieve. There is a new principal this year and I hope he does a better job than our previous principal. We will see.
This is a very conservative learning environment. There is no teaching to a child's interests or needs -- they are either with the program or they are left behind. Perhaps this makes sense in more advanced grades. But it's heart breaking to watch children's enthusiasm whither in first or second grade because they don't quite fit through the round hole. Parent participation in the form of homework support is a necessity, but some teachers completely rebuff parental outreach. Also, there is a horrible culture of bullying that is totally ignored by the principal and faculty. Many parents adore Pioneer, but if you have any sense at all that your child may not 'fit the mold' then you should seriously consider your alternatives.
What an amazing school! My child started this year at Pioneer. It has been nothing but positive, supportive, excellent education. My child has had a wonderful school experience this year and has blossomed in the environment Pioneer offers. My child wakes up every morning eager for school. Keep up the great work Pioneer. Kudos for the great education you are providing! Our family couldn't be happier. : )
I was privileged enough to student teach at Pioneer and couldn't have had a better experience. The third grade teacher I worked with was a great mentor. She was always patient and gave me constructive feedback in a positive way. The same can be said about the principal. His level of commitment to the school is very apparent and impressive. The staff was warm and welcoming, unlike some other schools I have been to. The students are so wonderful. They accepted me with open arms, making my job so much easier. I have been to a lot of schools but Pioneer's warmth and charisma make it the best I have visited.
New to Pioneer this year, I find the teachers extremely competent and creative. My child was welcomed into the school and has been encouraged and challenged this. Parent involvement is very high at this as is student/family pride in the school. Very happy with Pioneer!
In the past 6 years I have had 3 children in Pioneer and have had teachers in every grade. I have been very impressed with the quality of the teaching and the administration. There are many opportunities for after school activities from science to drama to sports. Parent involvement is very high. (For working parents the expectations might be a little too high sometimes. Not all parents can make it to the lunch barbeque every time.) I would highly recommend this school.
Pioneer is a very traditional school, with a very stable and yet demanding clientele. The teachers are topnotch. The new principal brings enthusiasm and a positive role model. The school will be adding a new wing beginning this fall and subsequently growing in number of students. It is currently a very small and cozy place. From first grade through fifth there are great extracurricular options available, from sports, foreign language, art, and science classes.
This is a fine school for normal typically developing children. Luckily my son has no special needs and does just fine here. There are many round holes for children who are round pegs but if your child has any edges she will not get her needs met here. We will not place our daughter with special needs in this school. Most of the teachers are committed and caring.
Community ratings and reviews do not represent the views of GreatSchools nor does GreatSchools check their accuracy or verify the reviewers' identities. Use your discretion when evaluating these reviews.
The Community Rating is the school's average rating from its community members (e.g., parents, students, and school staff). The highest possible rating is five stars; the lowest is one star.
1655 Carlyon Ave SE
Olympia, WA 98501
Phone: (360) 596-6500
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Latest News
Michael West, aviation industry trainee and New Zealand entrant at WorldSkills employed by the Royal New Zealand Air Force and supported by ServiceIQ won a silver medal in the aircraft maintenance category at the 42nd WorldSkills International Competition in Leipzig, Germany, held last week. more >
The tradition of young New Zealanders travelling the world and gaining overseas experience continues, albeit with some different destinations now in the mix. While the UK was the focus, now more are heading to Asia. However, Europe is still a draw card, and that is where the cream of New Zealand's young trade trainees are about to pit their skills... more >
Reading, writing and maths are still three basic skills we all need, even in this more complex world. As many of us know, low levels of what is now termed literacy, language proficiency and numeracy (LLN for short) have become a growing problem in New Zealand in recent years. more >
The Aviation Industry Association (AIA) has added a Careers Open Day to the end of their annual Aviation Conference Week as a result of recent estimates that there will be substantial employment growth in the aviation sector. The AIA believes that 4000 aviation roles will need to be filled over the next five years within New Zealand, or... more >
ServiceIQ, the industry training organisation for tourism, is pleased to announce the lucky winners of the Tourism Aotearoa competition, held as part of the annual TRENZ tourism trade event held from 21-24 April 2013. Paul Fuimaono of Indigenous Journeys, Henare Johnson of Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development and Maurice and Heather... more >
ServiceIQ, the new Industry Training Organisation that offers skills training to the Museums sector, was proud to sponsor the Project Achievement Award for Public Programmes at the 2013 New Zealand Museum Awards. The award was won by the Auckland War Memorial Museum for its URBANLIFE project and presenting the award, ServiceIQ CEO Dean Minchington... more >
The Government has committed to a major increase in funding for apprenticeships that will mean lower fees for employers, encourage growth in the uptake of apprentices overall and allow ITOs to invest more in the quality of education for apprentices. Of most current interest to employers is the Apprenticeship Re-boot, which was to be effective on... more >
The board of ServiceIQ welcomes Rick Christie as its new Chair. He has been appointed to chair the newly formed ServiceIQ, an Industry Training Organisation (ITO), uniting three key ITOs in the service sector, covering aviation, tourism, travel, hospitality, retail and wholesale. Mr Christie has extensive experience as a company Chairman and... more >
The merger of three industry training organisations has been given the green light. Steven Joyce, the Minister of Tertiary Education, Skills and Employment, has formally approved the merger of three industry training organisations (ITOs) into one new ITO, as from 1 January 2013. more >
A popular programme that enabled highly experienced senior travel consultants to achieve nationally recognised qualifications has been re-launched today. Following on from the successful launch earlier this year, the Experienced Consultant programme, offers a straight-forward path for people with ten or more years' experience in the travel... more >


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New Life daily devotion - February 2
The Fragile Male Ego
Our fragile male egos can easily present a barrier to oneness and intimacy with our wives. One woman made this candid comment that makes my point: "Most things in our marriage are his plans and desires.[He never shows me any of his deep feelings, and I can't say that I've ever felt one with him. He once said, 'If I let you in and show you my feelings, I'd be vulnerable to becoming hurt.'"
A husband's refusal to be emotionally vulnerable is a sure sign that his fragile male ego is presenting an obstacle to marital health.
Another sure sign that the fragile male ego is at work is when a woman's gifts and talents are perceived by her husband as a threat to his competency. This is an issue I've seen come up time and again in marital counseling.
My point, men, is that an overly sensitive male ego undercuts our ability to be vulnerable and humble—two necessary characteristics for strong and growing marriages.
One of the church's great theologians was fond of referring to marriage as "the school of character." That's because marriage, by its very design, will teach us things like vulnerability and humility—that is, if we'll only commit ourselves to becoming attentive and teachable students.
The lessons we need to learn aren't always easy. Yet they're profoundly rewarding.
To purchase this devotional please visit New Life Ministries
Taken from The Life Recovery Devotional: Thirty Meditations from Scripture for Each Step in Recovery by Stephen Arterburn and David Stoop. Copyright © 1991 by Stephen Arterburn and David Stoop. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Szymon Kudranski
Latest Releases
Spawn #246
August 27, 2014
An unthinkable act takes place in Sara's apartment. Meanwhile, Marc learns Jim's dark secret.
Spawn #245
July 9, 2014
Marc begins putting the pieces together about Jim's past himself, and exposes more than Jim is comfortable with confronting. Meanwhile, Jim and Sara deal with the aftereffects of her kidnapping. They didn't just leave the nightmare behind...it followed them home.


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Hollywood's honorary mayor dead at 84
Stars go away during Walk of Fame rehab
Judge Judy has Hollywood Walk of Fame star
Queen Latifah gets star on Walk of Fame
Walk of Fame loses Peck's star
Disneyland to get Hollywood star
Analysis: Oscars pump up Hollywood economy
Magic Johnson will lead Hollywood parade
Donald Duck gets Hollywood star at 70
Hollywood to honor Britney Spears
John Singleton to get star on Walk of Fame
Walk of Fame nominees released
Johnny Grant (May 9, 1923 – January 9, 2008) was an American radio personality and television producer who also served as the honorary mayor of Hollywood, in which capacity he was often present at Hollywood community functions, including the unveiling of new stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. An intersection just north of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue is designated "Johnny Grant Way".
Grant was born in Goldsboro, North Carolina. He made his show business debut on the radio in 1939 as a local newscaster there. According to publicity released by the third annual Hollywood Film Festival in 1999:
He received national recognition for his unprecedented coverage of North Carolina's Irby Holmes murder trial. Mr. Grant convinced the judge to allow him to stand in the courtroom doorway and broadcast live periodic reports of the progress in the trial. According to court and station officials, this was the first time that a live microphone had been allowed in a courtroom. The defendant, a part-time preacher, was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. He asked the judge for permission to preach a final sermon and was refused, but he was allowed to write his sermon and Mr. Grant delivered it on the air.


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by Robert Cooper
Art Print
Collect your choice of gallery quality Giclée, or fine art prints custom trimmed by hand in a variety of sizes with a white border for framing.
Redesigning all of Green Acres Sprinkler Company's symbols for As Built drawings. Some would look great blown up poster size or on t-shirts.
- 10Promote


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Abide With Me Lyrics
Abide with me! fast falls the eventide;The darkness deepens. lord with me abide!When other helpers fail and comforts flee,Help of the helpless, oh, abide with me!Swift to it's close ebbs out life's little day.Earth's joys grow dim; it's glories pass away.Change and decay in all around I see;O thou who changest not, abide with me!I need thy presence ev'ry passing hour.What but thy grace can foil the tempter's pow'r? Who, like thyself, my guide and stay can be? Through cloud and sunshine, lord, abide with me!
Lyrics taken from http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/p/perry_como/abide_with_me.html


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Durham - Local Information, Resources & Photos
Durham - Searchable Map, Aerial Photos & Driving Directions
Durham is an incorporated place (Class Code P1) located in Washington County at latitude 45.4021 and longitude -122.7529. (Durham Panoramio Photos). The elevation is 148 feet. Durham appears on the Beaverton U.S. Geological Survey Map. Washington County is in the Pacific time zone (GMT -8). Observes DST? Yes. Current Time. | Durham, OR ZIP Code Maps | Durham local area photos
Photos of the Durham Local Area
Durham had a population of 1,458; a land area of 0.41 sq. miles; a water area of 0 sq. miles; and a population density of 3,573.53 people per sq. mile according to the US Census Bureaue estimate of July 1, 2009. Latest Census Estimates for all incorporated places in Oregon.
Washington County: Cities & Towns | ZIP Codes | Schools | Features (airports, churches, hospitals, etc.)
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1. Telicity and Transitivity(1)
Linking theories, such as the Lexical Mapping Theory, account for recurring patterns of grammatical encodings associated with the arguments of predicates cross-linguistically. These proposals are designed to account for the grammatical function status of arguments associated with simple predicates or the alternative grammatical functional encodings associated with related predicates. Alternative function encodings are often divided into two types (cf. Simpson 1982, Ackerman 1990, 1992, and Joshi 1992, Dubinsky and Simango 1996, and Sadler and Spencer 1998, among others):
(i) Morphosyntactic: Lexical semantics preserved; grammatical function assignments altered (e.g. passive,(ii) Morphosemantic: Grammatical function alternation corresponds to a semantic contrast (e.g. causative, locative
locative inversion).
This paper will examine a class of morphosemantic alternations, where the semantic contrast is in terms of telicity, and the encoding alternation is realized on the object argument in affirmative clauses containing personal verb forms.(2) This is exemplified in the following Finnish and Estonian examples:(3)
(1) Finnish:
a. Matti
osti maito-a
Matti-sg/n bought milk-sg.p (hour-acc)
'Matti bought milk (for an hour).'
b. Matti osti maido-n (tunni-ssa).
Matti-sg/n bought milk-sg.a (hour-iness)
'Matti bought the milk (in an hour).
(Kiparsky 1998:279, cf also Heinämäki 1984)
(2) Estonian:
a. Ma ehitasin
suvilat (kaks nädalat).
I-n built-1sg/ipf myself-sg-all cottage-p (two-part week-part)
'I was building the cottage for myself (for two weeks).'
b. Ma ehitasin endale suvila (kahe nädalaga).
I-n built-1sg/ipf myself-sg-all cottage-a (two-geN week-gen-com)
'I built the cottage for myself (in two weeks).'
(adapted from Erelt M. et. al., 1997:SY36)
The durative adverbials in the (a) examples co-occur with atelic predicates, while the time span adverbials in the (b) examples co-occur with telic predicates. We see that this semantic contrast corresponds to a partitive/accusative encoding alternation within personal affirmative clauses in both languages.
The verbal lexicon of Estonian is commonly divided into two large government classes:
(3) Partitive verbs - verbs that govern partitive case only (cf. Tuldava 1994:187 and Saagpakk 1982:lxvi):
Unresolved Actions
armastama 'love' kuulama 'listen' aitama 'help'
rõõmustama 'gladden' kuulma 'hear' juhtima 'direct'
imetlama 'admire' maistma 'taste' jätkama 'continue'
kartma 'fear' mäletama 'remember' lööma 'strike'
kiitma 'praise' nautima 'enjoy' ootama 'await'
põlgama 'despise' nuusutama 'smell' otsima 'seek'
tundma 'feel, know' nägema 'see' segama 'disturb'
(4) Aspectual verbs - verbs that govern either the partitive or accusative case (cf Erelt et. al. 1993:50):
'discover' looma
'construct' parandama
saavutama 'attain' kujundama 'shape' koostama 'put together'
keetma 'cook' voltima 'fold' moodustama 'form'
These classes, as well as the usage patterns of the relevant verbs form the basis of the following descriptive generalization:
(5) The partitive/accusative alternation in Finnish and Estonian correlates with an atelic/telic contrast.(4)
A generalization such as (5) is consistent with claims by Tsunoda (1981) and Hopper and Thompson (1981) that telicity contributes to the transitivity of a clause. In this paper, we derive (5) from a proto-role theory of argument selection, following Dowty (1991) and a tradition within LFG that dispenses with both atomic thematic roles and thematic hierarchies and recognizes a role for telicity in argument selection. (cf. Ackerman 1990, 1992, Zaenen 1993, and Joshi 1993, Markantonatou 1995). In addition, we propose a new proto-patient property: telic entity. (cf. also Tsunoda 1981, Hopper and Thompson 1981, 1982, Grimshaw 1990, Smith 1991, Krifka 1992, 1998, Tenny 1994, Ramchand 1997, Butt 1998, Kiparsky 1998, Filip 1999, among others.)
2. Telic Entity as a Thematic Proto-Property
2.1. Proto-Properties and Syntagmatic vs. Paradigmatic Selection
Dowty (1991) proposes that the functional encoding of arguments is best formulated in terms of proto-roles, where atomic role labels such as agent and patient are interpreted as proto-type cluster categories based on proto-agent and proto-patient properties:
(6) Proto-Roles and Proto-Properties:
Proto-Agent properties Proto-Patient properties
- volitional involvement
in event or state
- undergoes change of state
- sentience - incremental theme
- causing an event or change of state - causally affected
- movement (relative to position of other participant) - stationary (relative to another participant)
- exists independently of the event - does not exist independently of the event, or not at all
Under this approach, grammatical function encoding of arguments is regulated by the argument selection principle:
(7) (Syntagmatic) Argument Selection Principle:
In predicates with grammatical subject and object, the argument for which the predicate entails the greatest number
of Proto-Agent properties will be lexicalized as the subject of the predicate; the argument having the greatest number of
Proto-Patient entailments will be lexicalized as the direct object (Dowty 1991:576).
Because this selection principle applies to co-arguments of a single predicate, we call it the Syntagmatic Argument Selection Principle. Its operation is illustrated in (8):
(8) The builders
the house.
volitional undergoes change of state
sentient incremental theme
causing change of state <- syntagmatic -> causally affected
movement relative to OBJ selection stationary relative to SUBJ
exists independently lack of independent existence
most Proto-Agentive: SUBJ most Proto-Patientive: OBJ
In Ackerman and Moore (1993, 1995, and 1999), we propose an extension to the Syntagmatic Argument Selection Principle to handle morphosemantic, paradigmatic contrasts. For example the direct/indirect object encoding alternation associated with certain Spanish psych-verbs corresponds to a semantic contrast in terms of the proto-patient property change of state:
(9) Example of Paradigmatic Selection:
a. Los perros lo molestan siempre que llega ebrio.
'The dogs harass him (DO) every time he comes home drunk.'
b. Los perros le molestan (* siempre que llega ebrio).
'Dogs bother him (IO) (* every time he comes home drunk).'
(Treviño 1990, 50b & 51b)
This morphosemantic alternation yields a paradigmatic contrast in the degree of proto-patientivity with respect to the experiencer argument:
(10) Change of State more proto-patientive: DO (lo)
paradigmatic selection
no Change of State less proto-patientive: IO (le)
Based on paradigmatic alternations like (10), as well as similar alternations in causative and other constructions, we propose the following selection principle:
(11) Paradigmatic Argument Selection Principle:
In predicates where a 'single' argument exhibits alternative encodings, the most proto-typical alternant with respect to a
particular proto-role will be realized with a less oblique encoding than an argument that is less proto-typical with respect
to the same proto-role.
The point of the paradigmatic strategy is to provide a theory of morphosemantic encoding alternations, complementing the syntagmatic strategy. The two encoding strategies are well-formedness conditions over the lexicon: the syntagmatic strategy is a condition on well-formed lexical items, while the paradigmatic strategy is a condition on related lexical items. Thus, the lexical entries in (12) are faithful to both selection principles.
(12) a. molestara <agr1
'harrass' Causer (Proto-Agent) Sentient (Proto-Agent)
Change of state (Proto-Patient)
b. molestarb
<arg1 ,
'bother' Causer (Proto-Agent) Sentient (Proto-Agent)
Given that the selection principles refer to predicate entailments and lexically specified encoding options, molestara and molestarb must have different entailments which correspond to principled differences in function selection. Therefore, they must represent different, but related predicates.
2.2. The Role of Telicity
As discussed above, Estonian accusative/partitive alternation exhibits a semantic contrast in telicity:
(13) a. Ma ehitasin
suvilat (kaks nädalat).
I-n built-1sg/ipf myself-sg-all cottage-p (two-part week-part)
'I was building the cottage for myself (for two weeks).'
b. Ma ehitasin endale suvila (kahe nädalaga).
I-n built-1sg/ipf myself-sg-all cottage-a (two-gen week-gen-com)
'I built the cottage for myself (in two weeks).'
This is exactly the type of alternation that the Paradigmatic Argument Selection Principle should account for. However, in order for the alternation in (13) to be accounted for in this way, we need to show that there is (i) an alternation in obliqueness, and (ii) a contrast in proto-patientivity.
2.2.1 Obliqueness
There is evidence that this accusative/partitive alternation corresponds to a case alternation and not a contrast in grammatical function (Uuspõld 1969, Kiparsky 1998).(5) That is, in both cases, the noun phrase is a direct object; the alternation is one of surface case only. Thus, the obliqueness contrast is in terms of case; we express this via the case hierarchy in (14) (cf. Blake 1994:157).
(14) Case Hierarchy: nom > acc/erg > gen > part > dat > loc > abl/inst > other obl
Under this view, then, partitive objects are more oblique than accusative objects. This correctly captures the intuition that the accusative object in (13b) is less oblique than the partitive in (13a).
2.2.2 Contrast in Proto-patientivity
Under the standard set of proto-properties, there is no contrast in degree of proto-patientivity between the objects in (13); both objects bear the same set of proto-patient entailments:
(15) suvila 'cottage-a'
undergoes change of state
suvilat 'cottage-p' incremental theme (proto-patientive)
causally affected (proto-patientive)
stationary relative to SUBJ (proto-patientive)
lack of independent existence (proto-patientive)
The basic problem is that the examples appear to contrast with respect to telicity, but that telicity is not represented in the original set of predicate entailments interpreted as proto-properties. Since some notion of telicity appears to be the only relevant semantic difference, it must be represented as a proto-patient property, if we are to explain the morphosemantic contrast with the Paradigmatic Selection Principle. We call this telicity-related proto-patient property telic entity. Based on the definition of telic predicate in (16), we define telic entity as in (17)
(16) A lexical predicate P is telic
iff for every event e and e', such that P(a1,
, an, e) and P(a1,
an, e'), and where e'
is a subevent of e, e and e' have the same boundaries (end-points). (cf. Krifka 1998).
(17) An argument ai of predicate P
is a telic entity iff P is a telic predicate and entails
that a subpart of the denotation of the
entity that corresponds to ai(under any use of P), expresses the end-point of any telic event denoted by P and its
Given these definitions, we can formalize a contrast in telicity as
a contrast in proto-patientivity, by positing two lexically-related predicates
that contrast in their proto-patient entailments and have different case-government
patterns. (6)
(18) a. ehitamaa <arg1
'build' various Proto-Agent props various Proto-Patient props
telic entity
b. ehitama b
<arg1 ,
'build' various Proto-Agent props various Proto-Patient props
(no telic entity)
The related lexical entries in (18) conform with the Paradigmatic Argument Selection Principle and represent the distinction exhibited by Estonian aspectual verbs.
2.3. Telic Entity vs. Incremental Theme
Before exploring some consequences of our analysis of telicty-induced morphosemantic alternations, we digress to contrast the new proto-patient property telic entity with Dowty's incremental theme property. In (19) we see an example of an incremental theme argument:
(19) Max mowed the lawn.
The lawn is an incremental theme because it measures out the event (the status of the lawn reflects the degree to which the event is completed). Based on Dowty's discussion, we define incremental theme as in (20):
(20) Incremental Theme: The argument
xi of a lexical predicate P(x1,
, xn) is an incremental theme of P iff
denotation of P entails that there is a homomorphic mapping (preserving the part-of relation ) from the structured
denotation of xi into the event structure structured denoted by P and its arguments (cf. Dowty 1991).
Thus, the incremental theme property establishes a homomorphic mapping between the structure of an argument and the corresponding event structure. This mapping preserves the part-of relation:
(21) a. Kim drank water.
b. Kim drank the water.
In both examples, the object is an incremental theme argument. They differ in the structure of the objects. In (21a) the mass-term object (water) is cumulative; that is each subpart of 'water' itself has the property of being water. In contrast, the definite object (the water) in (21b) is quantized; that is, each subpart of 'the water' does not qualify as an instance of the water. These terms follow Krifka (1998), where he shows that the presence of an incremental theme-like homomorphism guarantees a parallel mereology between incremental theme arguments and the structure of the events. In particular, the incremental theme mapping establishes the following relationships:(7)
(22) Structure
of argument
Event structure
cumulative -> atelic
incremental theme
quantized -> telic
incremental theme
Thus, while there is a close relationship between incremental themes and telicity, they are distinct. In (21), there are incremental themes, but the events are either atelic or telic. Therefore, a predicate can entail the incremental theme property for one of its argument without entailing the telic entity proto-property.
Conversely, a predicate can entail telic entity, without entailing the property incremental theme:
(23) a. Tunnen
hästi oma sõpra.
know-1sg.pres well own-p friend-p
'I know my own friend well.' (Vääri 1975:103)
b. Tundsin selles noormehes ära olümpiavõitja.
know-1sg.ipf this-in youngman-in preverb olympic-champ-a
'I recognized an olympic champion in this young man.' (Kippasto, Nurk, and Seilenthal. 1997)
In (23) there is a stative/achievement contrast. This contrast comes from an alternation in telic entity, not incremental theme:
(24) a. stative
telic object
b. achievement does not entail telic entity
neither entails incremental theme
We conclude that telic entity and incremental theme are independent proto-patient properties (cf. Ramchand 1997).
3. Telic Entity as a Predicate Entailment
For Estonian aspectual verbs, we posit separate lexical entries on the basis of (i) contrasting case government, and (ii) contrasting lexical entailment of telic entity. This allows us to use the Paradigmatic Selection Principle to account for the direction of the case alternation. In English verbs like drink, there is no case alternation and the alternation in telic entity seems to depend on the semantics of the object argument. Therefore, there is no reason to posit separate lexical entries. This leads to a more general question: given that telicity is often determined by the nature of the object argument, what evidence is there for treating telicity as a predicate entailment, rather than computing it compositionally? We answer this question by surveying some of the cross-linguistic typology with respect to the exponence of telicity.
3.1. Finnish
Filip (1999) proposes a compositional account of telicity for partitive/accusative alternations in Finnish:
(25) a. Kalle lämmittää
Kalle-n warm-3sg.pres sauna-p
'Kalle is warming up the sauna.'
b. Kalle lämmittää saunan.
Kalle-n warm-3sg.pres sauna-a
'Kalle will warm up the sauna.'
(Karlsson 1983:80)
Filip assumes that accusative objects, when incremental themes, are quantized; partitive objects are underspecified for quantization. Working in a unificational framework, Filip uses the equivalent of an incremental theme function to ensure that the quantized accusative object maps to a telic event structure. Hence, under her analysis, the telicity of the event is determined by the quantization of the object, which, in turn is keyed to case marking.
3.2. Czech
In contrast, Filip (1999) proposes a lexical treatment of telicity for the following Czech contrast:
(26) a. Psal
write.past letter.sg.acc
'He wrote (a/the letter)/He was writing (a/the letter).'
b. Pre-psal dopis. (8)
over-write.past letter.sg.acc
'He rewrote a/the letter.'
The unprefixed predicate is underspecified for telicity, while the prefixed predicate derives a telic, perfective predicate (as well as changing other aspects of the predicate meaning). Following Filip, we can represent the telicity of the prefixed predicate as an aspect of the predicate's lexical semantics. This yields the paradigmatic contrast in (27).
(27) a. Pre-psal
<arg1 ,
'rewrite' various Proto-Agent props various Proto-Patient props
telic entity
b. Psal
<arg1 ,
'write' various Proto-Agent props various Proto-Patient props
(no telic entity)
In Czech, morphological means yield lexical verbal predicates which differ with respect to their entailment sets.
3.3. Estonian
In Estonian, there are a number of partitive verbs that only govern the partitive case; these were given in (3). However, some of these verbs may combine with prefix-like adverbs or preverbs, yielding complex verbs that govern only the accusative case (cf. Remes 1982 and Sulkala 1996). As in Czech, this morphological operation yields a contrast in telicity:
(28) a. Madis
Madis drink-3sg/ind tea-p
'Madis is drinking tea.'
b. Madis joob oma tee ära.
Madis drink-3sg/ind own tea-a preverb
'Madis will drink up his tea.'
Thus, Estonian has a preverbal system which functions semantically much like the prefixal system of Czech. In addition, a contrast in telicity yields an encoding alternation with respect to the object case (cf. Hassellblatt 1990 and Pusztay 1994). This suggests that in Estonian, as in Czech, telicity can be a lexical property:
(29) a. ärajooma
<arg1 ,
'drink up' various Proto-Agent props various Proto-Patient props
telic entity
b. jooma
<arg1 ,
'drink' various Proto-Agent props various Proto-Patient props
(no telic entity)
Given this independent motivation for treating telicity as a lexical property in Estonian, we propose to extend it to aspectual verbs, where there is no contrast in verb morphology, but only a contrast in case government:
(30) a. Laps
kahte paberlaevukest.
child-n fold-3sg-ipf two-p paper-boat-p
'The child was folding two paper boats.'
b. Laps voltis kaks paberlaevukest.
child-n fold-3sg-ipf two-a paper-boat-a
'The child folded two paper boats.'
(31) a. voltimaa
<arg1 ,
'fold' various Proto-Agent props various Proto-Patient props
telic entity
b. voltima b
<arg1 ,
'fold' various Proto-Agent props various Proto-Patient props
(no telic entity)
This move allows us to use the Paradigmatic Selection Principle to account for the direction of the case alternation in Estonian, both in partitive and aspectual verb classes.
Given the parallelisms between Estonian aspectual verbs and Finnish concerning semantic contrasts and case-marking alternations, we can extend the analysis in (31) to Finnish. That is, rather than deriving the telicty compositionally, we propose that it be a lexical property, as we have argued is the case with cognate aspectual verbs in Estonian. In other words, we argue that in Czech, Estonian, and Finnish, telicity is treated as an entailment of lexical predicates; that is, telicity has been grammaticized in these languages. In English, on the other hand, there is no evidence for lexical telicity - the contrast has no morphological or case government reflexes. Thus, in English, telicity has not been grammaticized in the same way.
To summarize, the encoding factors that motivate lexical telicity are: (i) verbal morphology (prefixes, preverbs), and (ii) case government. This translates into the well-known typological distinction between head- and dependent-marking:
(32) The expression of telicity:
head marking
telicity is
Estonian: head marking and dependent marking grammaticized
Finnish: dependent marking
English: determined compositionally no grammaticization
When telic entity is a lexical entailment and it is expressed by an encoding alternations, then the Paradigmatic Selection Principle correctly predicts the direction of the alternation.
4. Conclusions
In this paper we have argued for the need to posit telic entity as a proto-property entailment of lexical predicates. In expanding the class of grammatically relevant predicate entailments to include telic entity we have explicitly incorporated into Dowty's framework one of the properties hypothesized to be crucial for distinguishing between degrees of semantic transitivity by Tsunoda (1981) and Hopper & Thompson (1982).
The need for a telic entity proto-property only became apparent when faced with a class of telicity-induced encoding alternations. The fact that paradigmatic selection reveals the need for a telic entity proto-property raises a larger point: should additional transitivity factors that are proposed by Hopper and Thompson, but not reflected in Dowty's proto-properties be incorporated into a proto-type theory of thematic roles?
Under our account, it is important that the construct predicate be recognized as an information unit determinative for argument selection (Perlmutter 1979, Mohanan 1995, and Ackerman and Webelhuth 1998, among others). Predicates can be interpreted lexically (Ackerman and Webelhuth 1998 and Frank 1996), or composed of elements in phrasal syntax (see Alsina 1996 and Butt 1998). By appealing to grammatically relevant predicate entailments and an independently motivated notion of obliqueness, one can develop a general theory of morphosemantic alternations. In addition, we have done this without reifying proto-roles, thereby permitting arguments to be compared with one another with respect to their sets of proto-properties. This assures a role for Dowty's original counting procedures as relevant for linking.
Ackerman, F. 1990. Locative Alternation vs. Locative Inversion. WCCFL 9, CSLI Publications, 1-4.
Ackerman, F. 1992. Morpholexical Relatedness. in I. Sag and A. Szabolcsi eds., Lexical Matters. CSLI Publications, Stanford, 55-83.
Ackerman, F. and J. Moore. 1993. Grammatical Relations and Affected Arguments. talk delivered at the Sixth Biennial Conference on Grammatical Relations, Vancouver, September 1993.
Ackerman, F. and J. Moore. 1995. Proto-Properties, Grammatical Relations, and Case Marking. talk delivered at the Colloque de Syntaxe et Semantique de Paris, October 1995.
Ackerman, F. and J. Moore. 1999. Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Dimensions of Causee Encodings. Linguistics and Philosophy 22, 1-44.
Ackerman, F. and G. Webelhuth. 1998. A Theory of Predicates. CSLI, Stanford.
Alsina, Alex. 1996. The Role of Argument Structure in Grammar: Evidence from Romance. CSLI, Stanford.
Blake, W. 1994. Case. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Butt, M. 1998. Constraining Argument Merger. in E. Hinrichs. et. al. eds., Complex Predicates in Nonderivational Syntax. Syntax and Semantics Vol. 30. Academic Press, San Diego. 73-114.
de Hoop, H. 1996. Case Configuration and NP Interpretation. Garland, New York.
Dowty, D. 1991. Thematic Proto-Roles and Argument Selection. Language 67, 547-619.
Dubinsky, S. and S. Simango. 1996. Passive and Stative in Chichewa. Language 72, 749-781.
Erelt, M. et. al. 1993. Eesti Keele Grammatika. Vol. II Süntaks. Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia Keele ja Kirjanduse Institut, Tallinn, Estonia.
Erelt, M. et. al. 1997. Eeesti Keele Käsiraamat. Tallinn, Estonia.
Filip, H. 1999. Aspect, Eventuality Types, and Nominal Reference, Garland, New York.
Frank, Anette. 1996. A Note on Complex Predicate Formation: Evidence from Auxiliary Selection, Reflexivization, and Past Participle Agreement in French and Italian. in M. Butt and T. Holloway King, eds., On-line Proceedings of the First LFG Conference, http://www-csli.stanford.edu/publications/LFG/lfg1.html.
Hassellblatt, C. 1990. Das estnische Partikelverb als Lehnübersetzung aus dem Deutschen. Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica, Wiesbaden, Germany.
Heinämäki, O. 1984. Aspect in Finnish. in C. de Groot and H. Tommola, eds., Aspect Bound. Foris, Dordrecht, 153-177.
Hopper, P. and S. Thompson. 1981. Transitivity in grammar and discourse. Language 56, 251-299.
Hopper, P. and S. Thompson. 1982. eds., Studies in Transitivity. Syntax and Semantics Vol. 15. Academic Press, San Diego.
Joshi, S. 1993. Selection of Grammatical and Logical Functions in Marathi. Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University.
Karlsson, F. 1983. Finnish Grammar. Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Helsinki.
Kiparsky, P. 1998. Partitive Case and Aspect. in M. Butt and W. Geuder eds., The Projection of Arguments: Lexical and Compositional Factors. CSLI Publications, Stanford. 265-308.
Kippasto, A., A. Nurk, and T. Seilenthal. 1997. Magyar-Észt Vonzatszotar. Bibliotheca Studiorum Hungaricorum in Estoniae, Turku.
Krifka, M. 1992. Thematic Relations as Links between Nominal Reference and Temporal Constitution. in I. Sag and A. Szabolcsi eds., Lexical Matters. CSLI Publications, Stanford, 29-53.
Krifka, M. 1998. The Origins of Telicity. in S. Rothstein ed., Events and Grammar. Kluwer, Dordrecht. 197-235.
Maling, J. 1993. Of Nominative and Accusative: The Hierarchical Assignment of Grammatical Case in Finnish. in A. Holmberg and U. Nikanne, eds., Case and Other Functional Categories in Finnish Syntax. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 49-74.
Markantonatou, S. 1995. Modern Greek Deverbal Nominals: an LMT Approach. Journal of Linguistics 31, 267-299.
Mohanan, T. 1995. Argument structure in Hindi. CSLI Publications, Stanford.
Perlmutter, D. 1979. Predicate: A grammatical relation. In P. Hubbard and P. Tiersma eds., Linguistic Notes from La Jolla, 127-150.
Pusztay, J. 1994. Könyv az Észt Nyelvröl. Folia Estonica. Savariae, Szombathely, Hungary.
Ramchand, G. 1997. Aspect and Predication: the Semantics of Argument Structure. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Sadler, L. and A. Spencer. 1998. Morphology and Argument Structure. in A. Spencer and A. Zwicky eds., The Handbook of Morphology. Blackwells, Malden, MA, 206-235.
Saagpakk, P. 1982. Estonian-English Dictionary. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Simpson, J. 1983. Aspects of Warlpiri Morphology and Syntax. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT.
Smith, C. 1991. The Parameter of Aspect. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Sulkala, H. 1996. Expression of Aspectual Meanings in Finnish and Estonian. in M. Erelt. ed., Estonian: Typological Studies 1. Publications of the Department of Estonian of the University of Tartu. 165-217.
Tenny, C. 1994. Apectual Roles and the Syntax-Semantics Interface. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Treviño, E. 1990. Non-Canonical Subjects in Spanish: Evidence from Causative and Psych Verbs,' ms. University of Ottawa.
Tsunoda, T. 1981.Split Case-Marking Patterns in Verb-Types and Tense/Aspect/Mood. Linguistics 19:389-438.
Tuldava, J. 1994. Estonian Textbook. Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. Bloomington, Indiana University
Uuspõld, E. 1969. On the vat-Construction in Modern Estonian. Annual Meeting of the Research Group for Generative Grammar. 32-36.
Vääri, E. 1975. Viron Kielen Oppikirja. Suomen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki, Finland.
Zaenen, A. 1993. Unaccusativity in Dutch: Integrating Syntax and Lexical Semantics. in J. Pustejovsky ed., Semantics and the Lexicon. Kluwer, Dordrecht. 129-161.
Farrell firstname.lastname@example.com
John Moore firstname.lastname@example.com
1. We wish to thank the following people for helpful discussion; all shortcomings are our responsibility: Chris Barker, Hana Filip, Mark Gawron, C. Hasselblatt, Anu Nurk, Kazuto Matsumura, Maria Polinsky, Eric Potsdam, Gert Webelhuth, and participants of LFG99.
2. We define telicity more precisely below. Since aspect interacts with alternative case marking for objects in the Finnic languages, we restrict our focus here to transitive clauses.
3. We gloss partitive and accusative -p and -a respectively. The accusative label represents a certain abstraction over the data, as there is a degree of case syncretism that obscures the distinction between accusative and genitive case in some instances. See Maling (1993) for discussion of this issue with respect to Finnish data; similar arguments hold for Estonian.
4. An alternative account links the partitive/accusative alternation to a contrast in specificity (cf. de Hoop 1996). Kiparsky (1998) argues against this approach.
5. For example both partitive and accusative arguments participate in Raising to Object.
6. We should emphasize that not all telic eventualities entail telic entity for an argument; in fact, as Filip (1999) points out, telicity can be determined by non-arguments. Furthermore, it is possible that a non-object argument may bear the telic entity entailment, as in:
(i) We put the ball in the bucket.
Unless there is a contrast in the telic entity entailment with respect to a particular non-object, we make no predictions about how these should be encoded.
7. Krifka's formulation differs from Dowty's in the following respect: Dowty (1991, p. 567) defines incremental theme as a homomorphic mapping from object structures to event structures (preserving the part-of relation). Krifka (1998) defines a series of principles that effectively define an isomorphism between event structures and object structures (again, preserving the part-of relation). However, Krifka's proof (p. 214) that a telic event corresponds to a quantized object (and that an atelic event corresponds to a cumulative object) only makes use of the mapping from event structures to object structures - the converse of Dowty's incremental theme. Nevertheless, it is possible, using Krifka's system, to achieve the same results by only referring to the mapping from object structures to event structures. Hence, it appears that a homomorphism in one direction or the other is all that is needed.
8. There should be a
hachek over the r in Pre-psal; the same is true in (27a).


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Published on October 9th, 2013 | by Christian Cawley
Doctor Who Missing Episodes Event on Thursday?
While we're currently unable to confirm how accurate this is, an update on classic Doctor Who actress Deborah Watling's website indicates that the BBC will be unveiling the returned missing episodes tomorrow afternoon.
Watling – who appeared in Doctor Who from 1967 to 1968 in the serials The Evil of the Daleks to Fury of the Deep – will apparently be attending an event with Frazer Hines (companion Jamie McCrimmon):
Deborah, along with Frazer Hines, will be helping the BBC to launch the newly found Dr.Who episodes this Thurs (10/10/13), betwwen [sic] 3.30pm and 7.00pm approx.
Watling's character, Victoria Waterfield, first appeared in The Evil of the Daleks episode 2, which is currently the only episode of that serial that the BBC are known to hold a copy of. While it would be extremely exciting if the remaining six episodes of this serial were to be returned, we'll just have to wait and see what (if anything) transpires tomorrow…
49 Responses to Doctor Who Missing Episodes Event on Thursday?
Forgive me but Watling's character was also in The Tomb Of The Cybermen (which is complete), the four surviving episodes of The Ice Warriors, and the single surviving episodes of The Abominable Snowmen, Enemy of The World and The Web Of Fear.
It certainly would be exciting to get the rest of Evil of the Daleks back, but I'm just thrilled there's anything! Deborah and Fraser being in attendance strongly implies a Troughton find; I'm trying to stay low-key about all this, but it seems like quite a big do just to reveal a random orphan episode or two
Just how much confirmation do you need, since the BBC has now made an official statement?
They've confirmed that "a number of missing episodes" are now found. I've yet to see any official reference from them to this Thursday event; I assume the question mark relates to that.
Best case scenario : all the missing eps returned… Worst case scenario : there really isn't one! Even if it's only 2 episodes it proves there are still recordings out there waiting to be rediscovered. The eternal optimist in me hopes that with the new global awareness of the show more and more will come to light over the coming years… maybe 10 years from now the entire back catalogue will be complete and the searching and hoping will finally be over We can but dream.
Didn't Watling and Hines present the missing episodes documentary on, I think, the "Lost in Space" DVD set? My memory might be confused, but if I'm correct, that might be the reason they'll be there. Of course, I think the chances of Troughton episodes NOT being amongst the find are very, very slim.
Wouldn't that be a kicker? Of the stuff found, all of it was Hartnell and nothing Troughton.
Not that I think that is happening, mind you – but still.
It would! Mind you, if it included, say, Dalek Master Plan, The Myth Makers, Massacre, or Tenth Planet Episode 4, I don't think anyone would complain too loudly!
I think that the way that the BBC have handled these past few days is nothing short of a disgrace. A rumour of this magnitude that's been rumbling on for years finally seems to bear fruit, but rather than confirming categorically that something has bee recovered, quantities and what exactly they string us fans along even longer, announce, re-schedule, delay, etc.
Personally this is far more interesting than any of the offerings that the BBC have "given" us for the TV celebration of the series.
Oh, come on. A "disgrace"? They just wanted the announcement to be organised and meaningful, and not be railroaded into a slapdash, piecemeal announcement. I can't believe people are trying to extract negatives from the return of old episodes.
Also, we haven't seen any of the things they've organised for the celebration, nor even been told everything that's going to happen. Be happy. Everything is fine.
I don't know if anywhere else is saying there'll be an announcement on Thursday or not, but the Guardian is, at least: http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/oct/07/doctor-who-early-episodes-recovered-bbc
Since Troughton's era bore the brunt of episode destruction, I hope that out of whatever they've found, he is represented most.
I'm sticking with my earlier guess that we'll have two Troughton complete stories returned and one Hartnell. Although no mention of William Russell or Carole Ann Ford attending tends to make me wonder if it's not all Troughton–which would be great anyway. Come on, announcement!!!!!
Why are the BBC going to charge us to watch these episodes online? Surely they should air them on one of the BBC channels… what are we paying our TV licence for? Oh yeah, so they can pay Gary Lineker millions each year.
My money is on Underwater Menace being completed, at least, as BBC Worldwide has yet to announce any sort of DVD release for its surviving episode other than some vague "in 2014″ indication. If they knew they were getting the whole story back, I could see them holding back on a release of that one. The lack of Carole Ann Ford or William Russell is dimming hopes of Marco Polo being part of the cache.
I wonder if they've found The Tenth Planet Ep 4, because the DVD has disappeared from the release schedule on the Doctor Who News Page.
I think it's been postponed–but that doesn't invalidate your point.
They have announced that they plan to animate Underwater Menace (this has been reported here). It and The Moonbase will be out next year. They have said these will be the final animated stories. Which begs the question of why not The Crusade? My thinking here is because it's missing episodes have been found.
Thank goodness some enterprising soul leaked Underwater Menace episode 2 online. I hope that story gets completed, it's really rather good.
Well, I won't be buying them on iTunes, I'll be waiting for the DVD's. Just knowing they'll be coming i good enough.
The classic series eps on iTunes tend to be non-restored versions, so it's possible if this is the plan, it's so they can be released quickly with fully restored DVD releases over the next couple of years. But then the iTunes story has not been confirmed.
and since Watling and Hines are there, I'd wager it's mostly the second Troughton series they've found, anywhere from Evil of the Daleks ending the first series through Abominable Snowman, Enemy of the World, Web of Fear and Fury from the deep.
There is something very odd about this lot. Why hang on to Underwater Menace for soooooo long? Even if they've discovered all of Evil and Web of Fear, say, chances are they'd never bring them out anytime soon. Hopeless BBC! Only they would decide that the way to celebrate the 50th Anniversary is to show a truncated season a curio on the night.
After all these false rumours it's certainly no good getting over excited as yet.
Anneke Wills apparently has now been linked to a screening. Power of the Daleks anyone?…
sorry, should have said its on her twitter account!
I am so hoping for Power of the Daleks Episode 1. All during the years I've been a Doctor Who fan (I started watching in 1983), the one episode I've always wanted recovered more than any other is Power Episode 1.
I hope you get your wish Joe! personally I'll be happy with whatever they've got but Power would be awesome. Should find out tomorrow!
I agree, I'll be happy with whatever it is for sure. But if you want to give me a choice, I choose that one.
Oh yes–Power of the Daleks is at the top of my wish list. And while episode 1 would be good, I'm greedy. I want the whole story!
Or maybe they've just invited all surviving black-and-white era companions, regardless of the episodes, to add to the celebratory nature of the event.
Whatever happens, it will mean that the third edition of "Wiped" will require a LOT of editing.
I just really really hope it's not just 10 minutes of untransmitted material of Paul Darrow from Timelash!
Anything with Victoria Waterfield in a short skirt would do for me!
What's the score?
Any updates as yet?
It has been quiet, but I have just found out there is going to be an embargo on revealing them till midnight tonight! Can't wait, I hope we get an episode of The Web of Fear or Power/Evil of the Daleks
Speaking from a promotional vantage point, if I'm the BBC, I stretch this out into a string of announcements. wattling and Hines are attending so one might deduce the findings are from their shared era. Then you have another appointment with Ford and Russell and yet another with Hines and Wills, etc. wishful thinking but leading up to the big anniversary with a big announcement each week? Perfect.


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