text:
Central African Republic conflict (2012–present)
|Central African Republic conflict (2012–present)
Map of battles in the Central African Republic
|Séléka (Muslim militias):
| Central African Republic
France (2013-present)
South Africa (2012–13)
|Anti-balaka Christian militias
|Commanders and leaders
| Michel Djotodia
Maj. Gen. Joseph Zindeko[2]
| François Bozizé
Francisco Soriano
Philippe Pontiès
Jean-Felix Akaga
|Levy Yakete
Patrice Edouard Ngaissona
|3,000 (Séléka claim)[3]
1,000–2,000 (Other estimates)[4]
| 3,500 soldiers[4]
200 soldiers[5]
ECCAS: 3,500+ peacekeepers[3][6]
|Casualties and losses
|500+ rebel casualties (Bangui only, South African claim)
| unknown number killed or captured
1 policeman killed
13 soldiers killed[8]
3 soldiers killed
2 soldiers killed[9]
3 soldiers killed
A civil war in the Central African Republic, between the Séléka rebel coalition and government forces, began on 10 December 2012.[12] The conflict arose after rebels accused the government of President François Bozizé of failing to abide by peace agreements signed in 2007 and 2011.[12] Many of the rebel groups were previously involved in the Central African Republic Bush War.[12]
Rebel forces known as Séléka (meaning "union" in the Sango language[13]) captured many major towns in the central and eastern regions of the country in the end of 2012. Séléka comprises two major groups based in north-eastern CAR: the Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR) and the Convention of Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP), but also includes the lesser known Patriotic Convention for Saving the Country (CPSK).[14] Two other groups based in northern CAR, the Democratic Front of the Central African People (FDPC)[15] and the Chadian group Popular Front for Recovery (FPR),[16] also announced their allegiance to the Séléka coalition.
Chad,[17] Gabon, Cameroon,[18] Angola,[19] South Africa,[20] Democratic Republic of the Congo[9] and Republic of Congo[21] sent troops as part of the Economic Community of Central African States' FOMAC force to help the Bozizé government hold back a potential rebel advance on the capital, Bangui. However, the capital was seized by the rebels on 24 March 2013[22] at which time François Bozizé fled the country,[23] and the rebel leader Michel Djotodia declared himself president.[24]
On 18 April 2013 Michel Djotodia was recognized as the transitional head of government at a regional summit in N'Djamena.[25] On 14 May CAR's PM Nicolas Tiangaye requested a UN peacekeeping force from the UN Security Council and on May 31 former President Bozizé was indicted for crimes against humanity and incitement of genocide.[26]
The security situation remained poor during June–August 2013 with reports of over 200,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) as well as human rights abuses including the use of child soldiers, rape, torture, extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances[27] as well as renewed fighting between Séléka and Bozizé supporters in August[28] with French President François Hollande calling on the UN Security Council and the African Union to increase their efforts to stabilize the country. By August the Séléka-run government under Djotodia was said to be increasingly divided.[29] The conflict worsened towards the end of the year with international warnings of a "genocide." The fighting was between the government of the Central African Republic's former Séléka coalition of rebel groups, who are mainly from the Muslim minority (as is President Michel Djotodia), and the mainly Christian anti-balaka coalition. In January 2014 President Djotodia resigned[30][31] and was replaced by Catherine Samba-Panza,[32] but the conflict continued.[33]
In 2014, Amnesty International reported several massacres committed by the Anti-balakas against Muslim civilians, forcing thousands of Muslims to flee the country.[34][35] Others sources report incidences of Muslims being cannibalized.[36][37]
- 1 Background
- 2 The road towards coup d'état
- 3 Coup d'état
- 4 Djotodia period
- 5 Post-Djotodia period
- 6 International response
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
The Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007) began with the rebellion by the Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR) in North-Eastern Central African Republic, led by Michel Djotodia, after François Bozizé seized power in 2003.[38] This quickly escalated into major fighting during 2004.[39] During this conflict, the UFDR rebel forces fought the CAR government concurrently with several other rebel groups that were located in other parts of the country, including the Groupe d'action patriotique pour la libération de Centrafrique (GAPLC), the Convention of Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP), the People's Army for the Restoration of Democracy (APRD), the Movement of Central African Liberators for Justice (MLCJ), and the Front démocratique Centrafricain (FDC).[40] Tens of thousands of people were displaced by the unrest, which continued until 2007, with rebel forces seizing several cities during the conflict.
On 13 April 2007, a peace agreement between the government and the UFDR was signed in Birao. The agreement provided for an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, and the integration of its fighters into the army.[41][42] Further negotiations resulted in an agreement in 2008 for reconciliation, a unity government, and local elections in 2009 and parliamentary and presidential elections in 2010.[43] The new unity government that resulted was formed in January 2009.[44]
According to the Human Rights Watch, hundreds of civilians were killed, more than 10,000 houses burned, and approximately 212,000 persons fled their homes to live in desperate conditions deep in the bush in northern parts of the Central African Republic.[45] Additionally, rebel groups say that Bozizé has not followed the terms of the 2007 agreement, and that there continue to be political abuses, especially in the northern part of the country, such as "torture and illegal executions".[46]
The road towards coup d'état[edit]
Early skirmishes[edit]
Despite the signing in August 2012 of a peace agreement between the government and the CPJP that promised final closure of the Central African Republic Bush War,[47] political violence continued in eastern and central CAR. On 15 September a dissident faction of the CPJP, led by Colonel Hassan Al Habib and calling itself "Fundamental CPJP", attacked the towns of Sibut, Damara and Dekoa.[48] Two members of the national army, the Central African Armed Forces (FACA) were reportedly killed at Dekoa.
Colonel Al Habib announced on the radio that the Fundamental CPJP was launching an offensive in protest of the peace agreement between the main CPJP faction and the government. The offensive was dubbed "Operation Charles Massi", in memory of the founder of the CPJP who was allegedly tortured and murdered by the CAR government in 2010. Al Habib further stated that his group intended to assault Bangui and overthrow Bozizé.[49][50] In a press release signed by Col. Alkassim, a Fundamental CPJP spokesman[51] a group using the French name alliance CPSK-CPJP took responsibility for the attacks. It claimed that it had killed two additional FACA in Damara and captured military and civilian vehicles, weapons including rockets, and communications equipment. It also reported an unsuccessful assault on a fourth town, Grimari. The alliance promised more operations in future.[52]
Mahamath Isseine Abdoulaye, president of the pro-government CPJP faction, countered that the 15 September attacks were the work of Chadian rebels. He said that the CPJP was committed to the Libreville Global Peace Accord of 2008 and that this group of "thieves" would never be able to march on Bangui. Al Habib was killed by the FACA on 19 September in Daya, a town north of Dekoa.[53]
On 13 November, two civilians and a police officer traveling to Bangui were shot to death on the road between Sibut and Damara, near the village of Libi on the boundary of the Ombella-M'Poko prefecture.[54] Further east in Obo, a FACA vehicle was attacked with RPGs on the same day. A civilian in the vehicle was killed and an unspecified number of troops injured. The vehicle was destroyed. The attack was attributed to Chadian Popular Front for Recovery rebels.[55]
December 2012 rebel offensive[edit]
On 10 December 2012, an armed group seized the towns of N'Délé, Sam Ouandja and Ouadda. Rebels fought with government and allied CPJP troops for over an hour before securing the town of N'Délé.[56] At least five government troops were reportedly killed. At Sam Ouandja, rebels claimed to had captured 22 soldiers and heavy mounted weapons.[57][58]
On 15 December, rebel forces took Bamingui, a town approximately 120 km (75 mi) from N'Délé in a direct line towards Bangui. Three days later they advanced to Bria, an important diamond mining town lying 200 km (120 mi) southeast of Ouadda. The successful early morning rebel assault on 18 December killed over 15 government soldiers. The Séléka claim they are fighting because of a lack of progress after a peace deal ended the 2004–2007 Central African Republic Bush War.[59] Following an appeal for help from Central African President François Bozizé, the President of Chad, Idriss Déby, pledged to send 2000 troops to help quell the rebellion.[60][61] The first Chadian troops arrived on 18 December to reinforce the CAR contingent in Kaga Bandoro, in preparation for a counter-attack on N'Délé.
Séléka forces took Kabo on 19 December, a major hub for transport between Chad and CAR, located west and north of the areas previously taken by the rebels.[62] Four days later the rebel coalition took over Bambari, the country's third largest town,[63] followed by Kaga-Bandoro on 25 December. On the same day, President Bozizé met with military advisers in the capital Bangui.[64]
On 26 December, hundreds of protesters angered by the rebel advance surrounded the French embassy in Bangui, hurling stones, burning tires and tearing down the French flag. The demonstrators accused the former colonial power of failing to help the army fight off rebel forces. At least 50 people, including women and children, were sheltering inside the building, protected by a large contingent of around 250 French troops that surrounded the area.[65] A separate, smaller group of protesters chanted slogans outside the US Embassy and threw stones at cars carrying white passengers, according to news reports. A scheduled Air France weekly flight from Paris to Bangui had to turn back "due to the situation in Bangui", a spokeswoman at the company said.
Later in the day rebel forces reached Damara, bypassing the town of Sibut where around 150 Chadian troops are stationed together with CAR troops that withdrew from Kaga-Bandoro. Josué Binoua, the CAR's minister for territorial administration, requested that France intervene in case the rebels, now only 75 km (47 mi) away, manage to reach the capital Bangui. Colonel Djouma Narkoyo, a spokesman for Séléka, called on the army to lay down its weapons, adding that "Bozizé has lost all his legitimacy and does not control the country."[66]
Two children were beheaded with a total of 16 children killed in Bangui during recent fighting.[67] A total of 1000 people were killed in December.[68]
Government appeals[edit]
On 27 December, Bozizé asked the international community for assistance, specifically France and the United States, during a speech in the capital Bangui. French President François Hollande rejected the appeal, saying that French troops would only be used to protect French nationals in the CAR, and not to defend Bozizé's government. Reports indicated that the U.S. military was preparing plans to evacuate "several hundred" American citizens, as well as other nationals.[69][70] General Jean-Felix Akaga, commander of the Economic Community of Central African States' Multinational Force of Central Africa, said the capital was "fully secured" by the troops from its MICOPAX peacekeeping mission, adding that reinforcements should arrive soon. However, military sources in Gabon and Cameroon denied the report, claiming no decision had been taken regarding the crisis.[71]
Government soldiers launched a counterattack against rebel forces in Bambari on 28 December, leading to heavy clashes, according to a government official. Several witnesses over 60 km (37 mi) away said they could hear detonations and heavy weapons fire for a number of hours. Later, both a rebel leader and a military source confirmed the military attack was repelled and the town remained under rebel control. At least one rebel fighter was killed and three were wounded in the clashes, the military's casualties were unknown.[72]
Meanwhile, the foreign ministers in the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) announced that more troops from the Multinational Force for Central Africa (FOMAC) would be sent to the country to support the 560 members of the MICOPAX mission already present. The announcement was done by Chad's Foreign Minister Moussa Faki after a meeting in the Gabonese capital Libreville. At the same time, ECCAS deputy secretary general Guy-Pierre Garcia confirmed that the rebels and the CAR government had agreed to unconditional talks, with the goal to get to negotiations by 10 January at the latest. In Bangui, the U.S. Air Force evacuated around 40 people from the country, including the American ambassador. The International Committee of the Red Cross also evacuated eight of its foreign workers, though local volunteers and 14 other foreigners remained to help the growing number of displaced people.[73]
Rebel forces took over the town of Sibut without firing a shot on 29 December, as at least 60 vehicles with CAR and Chadian troops retreated to Damara, the last city standing between Séléka and the capital. In Bangui, the government ordered a 7 pm to 5 am curfew and banned the use of motorcycle taxis, fearing they could be used by rebels to infiltrate the city. Residents reported many shop-owners had hired groups of armed men to guard their property in anticipation of possible looting, as thousands were leaving the city in overloaded cars and boats. The French military contingent rose to 400 with the deployment of 150 additional paratroopers sent from Gabon to Bangui M'Poko International Airport. French Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault again stressed that the troops were only present to "protect French and European nationals" and not deal with the rebels.[74][75]
Truce discussions and foreign troops[edit]
On 30 December, President Bozizé agreed to a possible national unity government with members of the Séléka coalition, after meeting with African Union chairperson Thomas Yayi Boni. He added that the CAR government was ready to begin peace talks "without condition and without delay".[3] By 1 January reinforcements from FOMAC began to arrive in Damara to support the 400 Chadian troops already stationed there as part of the MICOPAX mission. With rebels closing in on the capital Bangui, a total of 360 soldiers were sent to boost the defenses of Damara – 120 each from Gabon, Republic of the Congo and Cameroon, with a Gabonese general in command of the force. In the capital itself, deadly clashes erupted after police killed a young Muslim man suspected of links to Séléka. According to news reports, the man was arrested overnight, and was shot when he tried to escape. Shortly after that clashes began in Bangui's PK5 neighborhood, killing one police officer. Meanwhile, in a new development, the US State Department voiced its concern over the "arrests and disappearances of hundreds of individuals who are members of ethnic groups with ties to the Séléka rebel alliance".[18]
On 2 January 2013, a presidential decree read on state radio announced that President Bozizé was the new head of the defense ministry, taking over from his son, Jean Francis Bozize. In addition, army chief Guillaume Lapo was dismissed due to failure of the CAR military to stop the rebel offensive in December.[76] Meanwhile, rebel spokesman Col. Djouma Narkoyo confirmed that Séléka had stopped their advance and will enter peace talks due to start in Libreville on 8 January, on the precondition that government forces stop arresting members of the Gula tribe. The rebel coalition confirmed it will demand the immediate departure of president Bozize, who has pledged to see out his term until its end in 2016. Jean-Félix Akaga, the Gabonese general in charge of the MICOPAX force sent by the ECCAS, declared that Damara represented a "red line that the rebels cannot cross", and that doing so would be "a declaration of war" against the 10 members of the regional bloc. It was also announced that Angola had contributed to the 760 troops stationed in the CAR, while France had further boosted its military presence in the country to 600 troops, sent to protect French nationals in case it is required.[19]
On 6 January, South African President Jacob Zuma announced the deployment of 400 troops to the CAR to assist the forces already present there. Rebel forces secured two small towns near Bambari as peace talks were scheduled to begin in two days.[20]
Attacks on radio stations[edit]
Elisabeth Blanche Olofio, a radio journalist for Radio Bé-Oko, was killed by the Séléka coalition, who attacked the station in Bambari, Central African Republic and another Radio Kaga in Kaga Bandoro on 7 January 2013.[77][78][79] Radio Bé-Oko is part of a larger network of apolitical radio stations operating in the Central African Republic, known as L'Association des Radios Communautaires de Centrafrique.[80][81] The international press freedom organization Reporters Without Borders based in France said it was concerned that the rebel attacks were taking their toll on the ability of radio stations to operate in the C.A.R.[82] Just four days after her murder on 11 January, the government of CAR signed a ceasefire agreement with Séléka representatives.[83]
Ceasefire agreement[edit]
On 11 January 2013, a ceasefire agreement was signed in Libreville, Gabon.On 13 January, Bozizé signed a decree that removed Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Touadéra from power, as part of the agreement with the rebel coalition.[84] The rebels dropped their demand for President François Bozizé to resign, but he had to appoint a new prime minister from the opposition party by 18 January 2013.[46] On 17 January, Nicolas Tiangaye was appointed Prime Minister.[85]
The terms of the agreement also included that National Assembly of the Central African Republic be dissolved within a week with a year-long coalition government formed in its place and a new legislative election be held within 12 months (with the possibly of postponement).[86] In addition the temporary coalition government had to implement judicial reforms, amalgamate the rebel troops with the Bozizé government's troops in order to establish a new national military, set up the new legislative elections, as well as introduce other social and economic reforms.[86] Furthermore, Bozizé's government must free all political prisoners imprisoned during the conflict, and foreign troops must return to their countries of origin.[46] Under the agreement, Séléka rebels were not required to give up the cities they have taken or were then occupying, allegedly as a way to ensure that the Bozizé government would not renege on the agreement.[46]
Bozizé, who was to remain president until 2016 when there were to be new presidential elections, said the agreement was "... a victory for peace because from now on Central Africans in conflict zones will be finally freed from their suffering."[87]
On 23 January 2013, the ceasefire was broken, with the government blaming Séléka[88] and Séléka blaming the government for allegedly failing to honor the terms of the power-sharing agreement.[89] By 21 March, the rebels had advanced to Bouca, 300 km from the capital Bangui.[89] On 22 March, the fighting reached the town of Damara, 75 km from the capital,[90] with conflicting reports as to which side was in control of the town.[91] Rebels overtook the checkpoint at Damara and advanced toward Bangui, but were stopped with an aerial assault from an attack helicopter.[92]
Fall of Bangui[edit]
On 18 March 2013, the rebels kept their five ministers from returning to Bangui following talks about the peace process in the town of Sibut. The rebels demanded the release of political prisoners and the integration of rebel forces into the national army. Séléka also wanted South African soldiers who had been on assignment in Central African Republic to leave the country. Séléka threatened to take up arms again if the demands were not met, giving the government a deadline of 72 hours. Before that the rebels seized control of two towns in the country's southeast, Gambo and Bangassou.[93]
On 22 March 2013, the rebels renewed their offensive. They took control of the towns of Damara and Bossangoa. After Damara fell, fears were widespread in Bangui that the capital too would soon fall, and a sense of panic pervaded the city, with shops and schools closed.[94] Government forces briefly halted the rebel advance by firing on the rebel columns with an attack helicopter,[92] but by 23 March, the rebels shot down the helicopter,[95] entered Bangui, and were "heading for the Presidential Palace," according to Séléka spokesman Nelson Ndjadder.[96] Rebels reportedly managed to push out government soldiers in the neighbourhood surrounding Bozizé's private residence, though the government maintained that Bozizé remained in the Presidential Palace in the centre of the city.[97]
Fighting died down during the night as power and water supplies were cut off. Rebels held the northern suburbs whilst the government retained control of the city centre. A government spokesman insisted that Bozizé remained in power and that the capital was still under government control.[98]
Coup d'état[edit]
On 24 March, rebels reached the presidential palace in the centre of the capital, where heavy gunfire erupted.[99] The presidential palace and the rest of the capital soon fell to rebel forces and Bozizé fled to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[23][100] "A presidential adviser said he had crossed the river into DRC on Sunday morning [24 March] as rebel forces headed for the presidential palace."[101] He was later said to have sought temporary refuge in Cameroon, according to that country's government.[102] The United Nations refugee agency received a request from the Congolese government to help move 25 members of Bozizé's family from the border town of Zongo.[103] A spokesman for the president stated that "The rebels control the town; I hope there will not be any reprisals."[103]
Rebel leaders claimed to have told their men to refrain from any theft or reprisals but residents in the capital are said to have engaged in widespread looting. Water and power have been cut to the city.[100] Rebel fighters directed looters towards the houses of army officers but fired their rifles in the air to protect the homes of ordinary citizens.[103]
Thirteen South African soldiers were killed and twenty-seven wounded and one was missing after their base on the outskirts of Bangui was attacked by an armed rebel group of 3,000 rebels, starting an intense firefight between the rebels and the base's 400 South African National Defence Force soldiers that lasted an unspecified amount of time.[104] General Solly Shoke, the Chief of the South African National Defence Force, stated at a press conference on 24 March 2013 that the SANDF soldiers had 'inflicted heavy losses' on the rebels, retained control of their base and forced the rebels into a ceasefire. Shoke also confirmed that there are no plans as yet for the South African troops to leave the Central African Republic.[105] The SANDF forces of about 200 soldiers faced 3000 experienced armed rebels, by the time the rebels proposed a cease-fire they had lost 500 men to the 13 killed and 27 wounded of the SANDF.[106][107]
Several peacekeepers from the Central African regional force, including three Chadians, were also killed on 24 March, when a helicopter operated by Bozize's forces attacked them, Chad's presidency said in a statement.[103]
A company of French troops secured Bangui M'Poko International Airport, while a diplomatic source confirmed that Paris had asked for an emergency UN Security Council meeting to discuss the rebel advance.[108] France sent 350 soldiers to ensure the security of its citizens, a senior official told AFP, bringing the total number of French troops in CAR to nearly 600, though a spokesman has stated that there are no plans to send further troops to the country.[100][109] On 26 March French defence ministry said that French troops guarding the airport had accidentally killed two Indian citizens. The soldiers shot at three vehicles approaching the airport after firing warning shots and themselves coming under fire, the statement said. Two Indian nationals and a number of Cameroonians were wounded in the attack.[110]
On 25 March 2013, Séléka leader Michel Djotodia, who served after the January agreement as First Deputy Prime Minister for National Defense, declared himself President. Djotodia said that there would be a three-year transitional period and that Nicolas Tiangaye would continue to serve as Prime Minister.[111] Djotodia promptly suspended the constitution and dissolved the government, as well as the National Assembly.[112] He then reappointed Tiangaye as Prime Minister on 27 March 2013.[113][114]
Séléka in power[edit]
Following the rebel victory in the capital, small pockets of resistance remained and fought against the new regime. The resistance consisted mostly of youths that received weapons from the former government. Over 100 soldiers loyal to the former government were holed up at a base 60 km from the capital, refusing to surrender their weapons, although talks were underway to allow them to return to their homes. By 27 March, electric power was slowly being restored across the capital and the overall security situation was beginning to improve.[115]
Top military and police officers met with Djotodia and recognized him as President on 28 March 2013, in what was viewed as "a form of surrender".[116]
On 30 March, officials from the Red Cross announced that they had found 78 bodies in the capital Bangui since rebels seized it a week earlier. It was unclear if the casualties were civilians or whether they belonged to one of the factions in the conflict.[117]
A new government headed by Tiangaye, with 34 members, was appointed on 31 March 2013; Djotodia retained the defense portfolio. There were nine members of Séléka in the government, along with eight representatives of the parties that had opposed Bozizé, while only one member of the government was associated with Bozizé.[118][119] 16 positions were given to representatives of civil society. The former opposition parties were unhappy with the composition of the government; on 1 April, they declared that they would boycott the government to protest its domination by Séléka. They argued that the 16 positions given to representatives of civil society were in fact "handed over to Séléka allies disguised as civil society activists".[120]
On 3 April 2013, African leaders meeting in Chad declared that they did not recognize Djotodia as President; instead, they proposed the formation of an inclusive transitional council and the holding of new elections in 18 months, rather than three years as envisioned by Djotodia. Speaking on 4 April, Information Minister Christophe Gazam Betty said that Djotodia had accepted the proposals of the African leaders; however, he suggested that Djotodia could remain in office if he were elected to head the transitional council.[121] Djotodia accordingly signed a decree on 6 April for the formation of a transitional council that would act as a transitional parliament. The council was tasked with electing an interim president to serve during an 18-month transitional period leading to new elections.[122]
The transitional council, composed of 105 members, met for the first time on 13 April 2013 and immediately elected Djotodia as interim President; there were no other candidates.[123] A few days later, regional leaders publicly accepted Djotodia's transitional leadership, but, in a symbolic show of disapproval, stated that he would "not be called President of the Republic, but Head of State of the Transition". According to the plans for the transition, Djotodia would not stand as a candidate for President in the election that would conclude the transition.[124]
Djotodia period[edit]
Post-Djotodia period[edit]
Michel Djotodia and Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye resigned on 10 January 2014.[125] Despite the resignation of Djotodia, conflict still continued.[126] On 19 January, Save the Children reported that in Bouar gunmen fired a rocket-propelled grenade in an attempt to halt a convoy of Muslim refugees trying to flee the violence. The gunmen then attacked them with firearms, machetes and clubs resulting in 22 deaths.[127] The UN had also warned of a possibility of genocide.[128]
The National Transitional Council elected the new interim president of the Central Africa Republic after Nguendet became the acting chief of state. Nguendet, being the president of the provisional parliament and viewed as being close to Djotodia, did not run for the election under diplomatic pressure.[129] The parliament validated the candidatures of 8 people out of 24.[130]
Samba-Panza period[edit]
On January 20, 2014, Catherine Samba-Panza, the mayor of Bangui, was elected as the interim president in the second round voting.[32] The election of Samba-Panza was welcomed by Ban Ki-moon, the UN Secretary-General.[131] Samba-Panza was viewed as having been neutral and away from clan clashes. Her arrival to the presidency was generally accepted by both the ex-Séléka and the anti-balaka sides. Following the election, Samba-Panza made a speech in the parliament appealing to the ex-Séléka and the anti-balaka for putting down their weapons.[132]
The next day anti-Muslim violence continued in Bangui,[133] just days after the Muslim former Health Minister Dr. Joseph Kalite was lynched outside the Central Mosque[134] and at least nine other people were killed when attacked when a mob, some of who were from Christian self-defence groups, looted shops in the Muslim-majority Miskine neighbourhood of Bangui.[135]
The European Union then decided to set up its first military operations in six years when foreign ministers approved the sending of up to 1,000 soldiers to the country by the end of February to be based around Bangui. Estonia promised to send soldiers, while Lithuania, Slovenia, Finland, Belgium, Poland and Sweden were considering sending troops; Germany, Italy and Great Britain announced that they would not send soldiers. The move still needed UNSC approval.[136] As of 20 January, the ICRC reported that it had buried about 50 bodies within 48 hours.[137] It also came after a mob killed two people who they accused of being Muslim, then dragged the bodies through the streets and burnt them.[138] Within the previous month, about 1,000 people had died.[139]
In Boali, Muslims sought refuge from sectarian violence at a church, while MISCA troops were present to maintain security.[140] On 27 January, Séléka leaders left Bangui under the escort of Chadian peacekeepers. At the same time, eight people were killed and seven others were wounded by a mob in Bangui. U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry also said: "The United States is prepared to consider targeted sanctions against those who further destabilise the situation, or pursue their own selfish ends by abetting or encouraging the violence."[141] Two days later, the UN Security Council unanimously voted to approve sending European Union troops and to give them a mandate to use force, as well as threatening sanctions against those responsible for the violence. The E.U. had pledged 500 troops to aid African and French troops already in the country. Specifically the resolution allowed for the use of "all necessary measures" to protect civilians.[142]
On 5 February, following a speech by Samba-Panza had told 4,000 troops and dignitaries at the National School of Magistrates that she had "pride in seeing so many elements of the Central African Republic Forces reunited," uniformed soldiers attacked a civilian youth by stamping on his head, stabbing him and throwing stones at him after accusing him of being an infiltrated Séléka member. His body was then dragged through the streets as MISCA troops looked on; it was then dismembered and burned before the MISCA troops intervened to disperse the crowd with tear gas and firing shots into the air. U.S. State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki said: "This sectarian violence must end. [The people of the CAR] break the cycle of violence. [They] must seize the opportunity afforded by its newly appointed transitional leadership and a strong level of international support to end the present crisis and move toward a stable and peaceful society."[143] The aftermath of Djotodia's presidency was said to be without law, a functioning police and courts. Comparisons were drawn in asking if this would be the "next Rwanda;" although Al Jazeera's Barnaby Phillips suggested the Bosnian Genocide's aftermath may be more apt as people were moving into religiously cleansed neighbourhoods.[144] National Transitional Council member, Jean-Emmanuel Ndjaroua, was killed by unknown gunmen in early February. This was condemned by the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic (BINUCA), whose leader, General Babacar Gaye, condemned the killing and the violence as "unnecessary and indiscriminate violence that creates a climate of fear and encourages the emergence of acts of banditry."[145]
As UN Secretary-General Ban-ki Moon warned of a de facto partition of the country into Muslim and Christian areas as a result of the sectarian fighting,[146] He also called the conflict an "urgent test" for the UN and the region's states.[147] Amnesty International blamed the anti-Balaka militia of causing a "Muslim exodus of historic proportions."[148] Samba-Panza suggested poverty and a failure of governance was the cause of the conflict.[149] Some Muslims of the country were also weary of the French presence in MISCA, with the French accused of not doing enough to stop attacks by Christian militias. One of the cited reasons for the difficulty in stopping attacks by anti-Balaka militias was the mob nature of these attacks.[150]
On 4 February 2014, a local priest said 75 people were killed in the town of Boda, in Lobaye province.[151]
On 5 February, Samba-Panza gave a speech to a group of Central African soldiers in the Bangui area. Moments after she left in her presidential motorcade, the soldiers lynched a man suspected of being a Séléka member.[152]
On 9 February, fighting broke out between Christian vigilantes and Muslims in the west of Bangui, killing 10 people, and leaving many buildings torched. A suspected Christian militiaman killed a Muslim civilian, and was about to burn the body when Rwandan soldiers of the African peacekeeping force MISCA shot him dead.[153]
On 10 February, Jean-Emmanuel Ndjaroua, a member of Samba-Panza's transitional government, was killed by unknown gunmen.[145]
On 15 February, France announced that it would send an additional 400 troops to the country. French President Francois Hollande's office called for "increased solidarity" with the CAR and for the United Nations Security Council to accelerate the deployment of peacekeeping troops to the CAR.[154] Moon then also called for the rapid deployment of 3,000 additional international peacekeepers.[155]
In the northeast of the country, the former Séléka rebels were reported to be regrouping amid fears of continued reprisal attacks against Muslims in Christian areas and vice versa. In the aforementioned part of the country a new armed movement named Justice et Redressement was reported to be operating in and around Paoua and Boguila. Though its goals were unknown, there were threats that the weakening writ of the state could evolve into third-party armed groups form to pursue their own agendas, while even violent Islamist groups could appear.[156]
In the southwest, anti-Balata militants attacked Guen in early February resulting in the deaths of 60 people, according to Father Rigobert Dolongo, who also said that he had helped bury the bodies of the dead, at least 27 of whom died on the first day of the attack and 43 others the next day. As a result, hundreds of Muslim refugees sought shelter at a church in Carnot.[157] In the end of the month, French President Francois Hollande made another trip to the country after a security conference in Nigeria. He met the French MISCA contingent, Samba-Panza and other unnamed religious leaders.[158] UN humanitarian coordinator Abdou Dieng said that only about US$100 million, or one-fifth of that which was pledged, had arrived in the country to fight a food shortage. He also warned of a food crisis that was thus looming.[159] On a visit to Angola at the behest of President Jose Eduardo dos Santos, who was praised for his "special involvement" in the country, Samba-Panza said: "We do not have a situation of genocide, but the situation prevailing is really worrying, so we are fighting to take security to all population, no matter their religions." She also suggested that while the situation was "worrying" it was "under control."[160] By mid-March, the UNSC has authorised a probe into possible genocide, which in turn followed International Criminal Court Chief Prosecutor Fatou BEnsouda initiating a preliminary investigation into the "extreme brutality" and whether it falls into the court's remit. The UNSC mandate probe would be led by Cameroonian lawyer Bernard Acho Muna, who was the deputy chief prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, former Mexican Secretary of Foreign Affairs Jorge Castaneda and Mauritanian lawyer Fatimata M'Baye.[161] On 13 March, a group of religious leaders — Imam Omar Layama, Reverend Nicolas Gbangou and Archbishop Dieudonne Nzapalainga — asked the Ban-ki Moon to redouble efforts to bring peace to the country.[162]
Flavien Mulume, the acting commander of the Congolese contingent of MISCA, said that two Rwandan peacekeepers were wounded by the anti-Balaka after fighting on 23 March in Bangui. The next day, angry youths had set up barricades to block the MISCA troops from entering an unnamed neighborhood.[163] On 30 March, a group of Christian mourners was attacked by a Muslim who threw a grenade and resulted in 11 deaths, according to the national Red Cross.[164] On 29 March, Chadian peacekeepers that were not a part of MISCA entered Bangui's PK12 district market in a convoy of pick-up trucks at about 15:00 and allegedly indiscriminately opened fire resulting in 30 deaths and over 300 injuries, according to the UN. Some sources indicated they were in Bangui to evacuate Chadians and other Muslims from the anti-Balaka. On 3 April, Chad announced the withdrawal of its forces from MISCA, which the UN hoped would prevent further incursions by troops travelling directly from Chad.[165] The first batch of 55 EUFOR troops arrived in Bangui, according to the French army, and carried out its first patrol on 9 April with the intention of "maintaining security and training local officers." France called for a vote at the UNSC the next day and expected a unanimous resolution authorising 10,000 troops and 1,800 police to replace the over 5,000 African Union soldiers on 15 September;[166] the motion was then approved.[167] On 10 April, MISCA troops escorted over 1,000 Muslims fleeing to Chad with a police source saying "not a single Muslim remains in Bossangoa."[168] In the week of 14 May, former Séléka rebels shot and killed a Christian priest in Paoua. The next week, Dimanche Ngodi, an official in Grimari, said that during a clash between the anti-Balaka and the former Séléka rebels French MISCA troops intervened resulting in several deaths. Captain Sebastien Isern, spokesman for the French troops, said the anti-Balaka group had been "neutralised."[169]
Refugees fleeing the country have crossed the Oubangi into the Democratic Republic of Congo.[170]
In May 2014, it was reported that around 600,000 people in CAR were internally displaced with 160,000 of these in the capital Bangui. The Muslim population of Bangui had dropped from 138,000 to 900. The national health system had collapsed and over half of the total population of 4.6 million were said to be in need of immediate aid. Also from December 2013 to May 2014, 100,000 people had fled to neighbouring Cameroon, Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo bringing the number of CAR refugees in these countries to about 350,000.[171]
On 28 May, Séléka rebels stormed a Catholic church compound, killing at least 30.[172]
On 2 June, the government banned text messaging, deeming it a security threat, after calls for a general strike were made via SMS.[173]
On 23 June, anti-balaka forces killed 18 members of the mostly Muslim village of Bambari. Several young Séléka took revenge against this attack the same day by killing 10 anti-balaka.[174] On 8 July, 17 people were killed when Séléka forces attacked a Catholic church in Bambari, believing that the church was supposedly sheltering anti-balaka troops.
On 12 July, Michel Djotodia was reinstated as the head of Séléka,[175] and the group changed its name to "The Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic".[176]
After three days of talks,[177] a ceasefire was signed on 24 July 2014 in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.[178] The Séléka representative to the ceasefire was General Mohamed Moussa Dhaffane,[178] and the anti-Balaka representative was Patrick Edouard Ngaissona.[177] The talks were mediated by Congolese president Denis Sassou Nguesso.[177] Dhaffane and the Séléka delegation had pushed for a formalization of the partition of the Central African Republic with Muslims in the north and Christians in the south. However, this demand was dropped during the talks with Ngaissona and President Nguesso.[179] French peacekeepers continued to monitor the central city of Bambari amidst the Muslims lack of confidence in the ceasefire.[179]
On 25 July, Séléka's military leader Joseph Zindeko rejected the ceasefire agreement and, instead, called for the partition of the Central African Republic into separate Christian and Muslim states.[180]
Officials in Mbrès stated that 34 people were killed by Séléka fighters in Mbrès and neighboring villages between 10–15 August.[181]
International response[edit]
- African Union – Yayi Boni, then-chairman of the African Union, held a press conference in Bangui, stating, "I beg my rebellious brothers, I ask them to cease hostilities, to make peace with President Bozizé and the Central African people … If you stop fighting, you are helping to consolidate peace in Africa. African people do not deserve all this suffering. The African continent needs peace and not war."[182] Boni went on to call for dialogue between the current government and the rebels.[182] The African Union suspended the Central African Republic from its membership on 25 March 2013.[183]
- European Union – On 21 December 2012 the High Representative for Foreign Affairs Catherine Ashton called on the armed rebel groups to "cease all hostilities and to respect the Libreville Comprehensive Peace Agreement." European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid Kristalina Georgieva added that she was deeply worried over the situation in the country and that she strongly urged "all armed groups to respect international humanitarian law and the activities of humanitarians".[184] On 1 January Ashton once again expressed concern over the violence and urged all parties involved to "take all necessary measures to end, without delay, all exactions against populations in Bangui neighbourhoods that undermine chances of a peaceful dialogue."[185]
On 10 February 2014, the European Union established a military operation entitled EUFOR RCA, with the aim "to provide temporary support in achieving a safe and secure environment in the Bangui area, with a view to handing over to African partners." The French Major General Philippe Pontiès was appointed as a commander of this force.[186]
- United Nations – On 26 December 2012 the U.N. announced it was pulling all non-essential personnel out of the country due to the worsening security situation. In a statement, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon condemned the rebels' advance and warned that it had the potential to "gravely undermine the peace agreements in place." He also called on the government "to ensure the safety and security of U.N. personnel and its premises."[66][187]
- Regional
- Gabon/ Chad/ Cameroon/ Congo/ Equatorial Guinea sent troops in 2013 to make up an African Union Multinational Force for Central Africa (FOMAC) peacekeeping force in CAR.[188][189]
- Others
- Brazil – On 25 December 2012, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil issued a statement "urging the parties to observe an immediate cessation of hostilities and any acts of violence against the civilian population" and called for "the restoration of institutional legality in the Central African Republic". The Brazilian government stated that it has been in contact with the small number of Brazilian nationals residing in the country.[190]
- Estonia – On 9 May 2014, sent 55 troops to join the EU's EUFOR RCA mission.[191]
- Georgia – 140 troops joined EU's military mission in the Central African Republic.[7]
- France – On 27 December 2012, CAR President Francois Bozizé requested international assistance to help with the rebellion, in particular from France and the United States. French President François Hollande rejected the plea, saying that the 250 French troops stationed at Bangui M'Poko International Airport are there "in no way to intervene in the internal affairs". Separately, a Foreign Ministry statement condemned "the continued hostility by the rebel groups", adding that the only solution to the crisis was dialogue.[192]
- South Africa South Africa had numerous troops in the CAR since 2007. A Special Forces unit protected President Bozizé under Operation Morero and a second group trained FACA under Operation Vimbezela.[193] Defence Minister Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula traveled to Bangui on 31 December 2012 to assess the situation.[194] On 8 January 2013 the South African National Defence Force deployed 200 additional troops to the CAR, half of the force authorized by President Jacob Zuma.[195] On 21 March President Bozizé traveled to Pretoria to meet with Zuma,[196] allegedly to discuss the 72-hour ultimatum that the rebels had given him.[197] The South African troops from the 1 Parachute Battalion suffered 13 killed and 27 wounded[198] while defending against the advancing Séléka. On 24 March 2013 SANDF soldiers began withdrawing to Entebbe air base, with the reported intention to return to the CAR to retake control from Séléka.[199]
- United States of America – On 17 December 2012 the State Department's Overseas Security Advisory Council published an emergency message warning US citizens about armed groups active in Mbrès and advising them to avoid travel outside Bangui. US Embassy personnel were prohibited from traveling by road outside the capital.[200] On 24 December the State Department issued another warning. All non-essential personnel were evacuated, and the embassy switched to limited emergency consular services.[201] On 28 December, the United States Embassy in Bangui suspended operations due to the ongoing rebel attacks;[202] with Ambassador Laurence D. Wohlers and his diplomatic staff evacuating the country.[203]
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- ^ http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/02/05/crowd-of-soldiers-brutally-kill-central-african-republic-man-only-moments-after-presidential-motorcade-leaves-scene/
- ^ http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/africa/50103-bangui-dead-clashes-central-africa
- ^ "France sends new troops as CAR strife deepens". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
- ^ "UN chief urges rapid reinforcements for CAR". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
- ^ "Foreign Ministers of the United Nations: Deploy Peacekeepers to Stop Ethnic Cleansing in Central African Republic". Secure.avaaz.org. 2014-02-10. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/02/car-muslims-hide-church-after-slaughter-20142242071619619.html
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/02/201422845932847636.html
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/03/un-warns-food-crisis-car-201432171618217291.html
- ^ http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2014-03/06/c_133166561.htm
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/03/un-launches-car-probe-prevent-genocide-201431011522234885.html
- ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26690568
- ^ http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/peacekeepers-wounded-central-african-republic-23035325
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/03/car-mourners-killed-grenade-attack-201432823215344415.html
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/04/un-chad-soldiers-killed-30-car-201444151841424834.html
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/04/first-eu-troops-arrive-central-africa-201449162914658905.html
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/04/un-approves-peacekeepers-car-2014410141916684418.html
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/04/african-troops-help-muslims-flee-car-201441213742873612.html
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/04/car-violence-leaves-many-dead-201442117738615962.html
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2014/05/drc-war-across-river-car-20145414215622172.html
- ^ (6 May 2014) Central African Republic Echo Factsheet, European Commission Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection. Retrieved 10 May 2014
- ^ Rebels kill 30 in church raid in Central African Republic Associated Press. May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014
- ^ Central African Republic Bans Text Messages, Says SMS Is A Security Threat International Business Times. June 04, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2014
- ^ http://www.christianpost.com/news/17-killed-at-car-church-shielding-thousands-of-christians-122942/
- ^ Crispin Dembassa-Kette, "Central Africa Republic's ousted leader back in charge of Seleka", Reuters, 12 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ Central African Republic: Ex-president re-elected head of rebel movement Associated Press. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014
- ^ a b c Elion, Christian (24 July 2014). "Central African Republic groups sign ceasefire after talks". Reuters. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
- ^ a b "Central African Republic: Factions Approve a Cease-Fire Agreement". The New York Times. Associated Press. 23 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
- ^ a b "Central African Republic factions announce ceasefire". BBC. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
- ^ "Central African Republic rebel chief rejects ceasefire". BBC News. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ Rebel gunmen kill 34 in Central African Republic: officials Reuters. 17 August 2014. Accessed 18 August 2014
- ^ a b Marboua, Hippolyte (30 December 2012). "African Union Head Visits Central African Republic". ABC News. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- ^ Dixon, Robyn (25 March 2013). "African Union suspends Central African Republic after coup". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Giannoulis, Karafillis (24 December 2012). "Central Africa: EU worries on the new outbreak". New Europe. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ "EU Urges Talks in Central African Republic". RIA Novosti
- ^ "EUFOR RCA". European Union External Action. European Union. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
- ^ "UN chief slams attacks on towns in Central African Republic". Press TV. 27 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ google.com/hostednews
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/12/car-key-players-201312511404944998.html
- ^ http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/situacao-na-republica-centro-africana
- ^ (9 May 2014) Estonian Troops Leave for Central African Republic news.err.ee (Estonian Public Broadcasting). Retrieved 10 May 2014
- ^ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/International/2012/Dec-28/200123-car-leader-appeals-for-help-to-halt-rebel-advance.ashx#axzz2GInl7HTD
- ^ RSA (1 March 2011). "Training and Support provided by the South African Army (SANDF) to the Army of the Central African Republic (CAR)". International Relations and Cooperation. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ Peter Fabricius (4 January 2013). "Shadow over foreign policy planning – IOL News". Independent Online (South Africa). Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ IRIN (8 January 2013). "South Africa bolsters its troops in the Central African Republic". Johannesburg. IRIN. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ AFP (22 March 2013). "Afrique du Sud: le président centrafricain Bozizé reçu par Zuma". Pretoria. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
- ^ Underhill, Glynnis; Mmanaledi Mataboge (28 March 2013). "CAR: Timely warnings were ignored". Mail and Guardian. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
- ^ Tochia, Christopher (27 March 2013). "Hard questions for South Africa over CAR battle". Johannesburg. Associated Press. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ Biryabarema, Elias (28 March 2013). "South Africa troops in Uganda for Central Africa mission". Kampala. Reuters. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ Bureau of Diplomatic Security. "Emergency Message for U.S. Citizens: Bangui (Central African Republic), Armed Group Movement". Overseas Security Advisory Council. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
- ^ "Travel Warning: Central African Republic". United States Department of State. 24 December 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ Karikari-Apau, Nana (27 December 2012). "Central African Republic president seeks help against rebels". CNN. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ Lolita C. Baldor; Matthew Lee (27 December 2012). "AFRICOM helps with C. African Republic evacs". Army Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
External links[edit]
- Centrafrique.com
- Full text of the Ceasefire Agreement signed 11 January, 2013, UN Peacemaker
- Full text of the Declaration of Principles signed 11 January 2013 UN Peacemaker
- Full text of the Political Agreement on the resolution of the political and security crisis in CAR signed 11 January 2013, UN Peacemaker
- All peace agreements for Central African Republic, UN Peacemaker
- Response to the crisis in Central African Republic via FAO in emergencies
- 2010s civil wars
- 2012 in the Central African Republic
- 2013 in the Central African Republic
- 2014 in the Central African Republic
- Central African Republic–Chad relations
- Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
- Conflicts in 2012
- Conflicts in 2013
- Conflicts in 2014
- Coup-based civil wars
- History of the Central African Republic
- Ongoing conflicts
- Religion-based civil wars
- Revolution-based civil wars
- Wars involving the Central African Republic
- Wars involving Chad
- Wars involving France
- Wars involving South Africa


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Summer is the season for superhero films, major blockbuster hits, and weekly trips to the theater where we shell out $20 bucks just for a couple hours of movie magic and some overly-buttered popcorn. With school arriving and vacation ending, it's time to say farewell to the summer movie season. But have no fear – there are still several great movies coming out this fall and winter! This is just a little taste of what awaits you.
Release: Aug. 10, 2012, NYC; Aug. 24, 2012, select cities
Starring: Jules Brown, Clarke Peters, Toni Lysaith
Genre: Drama || Rated: R
Spike Lee's latest joint follows a thirteen-year-old boy from Atlanta to the Red Hooks projects of Brooklyn where he spends his summer to live with the preacher grandfather he never met.
"Flik needs a man. Not a bishop, not a Bible, but a man. And when the good man teaches, the Bible will preach itself."
Release: Sept. 28, 2012
Starring: Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Bruce Willis, Emily Blunt, Jeff Daniels
Genre: Action || Rated: Not yet rated
Joseph Simmons (Gordon-Levitt) is an assassin in the year 2024 hired by the mob to kill and dispose of people sent back to him from the future. When Joe recognizes his next target as himself from the future (Bruce Willis), he hesitates and his future-self escapes. With the mob on his back for a botched job, we follow Joe as he tries to save his life and to hunt his future-self.
"This is my life now – you had yours already."
Release: Oct. 12, 2012
Starring: Ben Affleck, Bryan Cranston, Alan Arkin, John Goodman
Genre: Political drama || Rated: R
Ben Affleck directed this film that follows the rescue of six United States foreign service officers taken hostage in Tehran during the 1979 Iran hostage crisis. The US and Canada convinced Iran that the hostages were members of a film crew in order to escape to safety.
"'You really believe your little story's gonna make a difference when there's a gun to our heads?' 'I think my little story is the only thing between you and a gun to your head.'"
Release: Nov. 2, 2012
Starring: Denzel Washington, Don Cheadle, John Goodman
Genre: Drama || Rated: Not yet rated
Academy Award winner Robert Zemeckis directed this film following Captain William Whitaker (Washington), a pilot and "real American hero" who saved everyone aboard an aircraft in an emergency landing. But when the investigation of the landing reveals there was alcohol in Whitaker's system at the time of the flight, he finds himself facing the possibility of life in prison.
"No one could've landed that plane like I did."
Release: Dec. 25, 2012
Starring: Jamie Foxx, Christopher Waltz, Leonardo DiCaprio, Kerry Washington, Samuel L. Jackson
Genre: Spaghetti Western || Rated: Not yet rated
Jamie Foxx stars as Django, as a former slave in Quentin Tarantino's new film, which is inspired by the 1960s spaghetti western Django. A German dentist and bounty hunter (Waltz) hires Django to hunt and kill the Brittle Brothers in exchange for his freedom and help in rescuing his wife (Washington) from a plantation owner (DiCaprio).
"Kill white folks and they pay you for it? What's not to like?"
Release: Jan. 11, 2013
Starring: Josh Brolin, Ryan Gosling, Nick Nolte, Emma Stone, Sean Penn
Genre: Crime drama || Rated: R
Gangster Squad is the story of the 1940s and '50s LAPD fighting to keep East Coast mob men out of the city. The film was scheduled to for a September 2012 release, but was pushed back in light of the Aurora, CO/Batman shootings.
"Back East, I was a gangster. Here, I'm God."
Release: Summer 2013
Starring: Leonardo DiCaprio, Tobey Maguire, Carey Mulligan
Genre: Romantic drama // Rating: Not yet rated.
This originally had a Christmas 2012 release date, but now we can start getting excited for next summer. Baz Luhrmann (Strictly Ballroom, Romeo + Juliet, and Moulin Rouge!) takes on F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby. Leonardo DiCaprio stars as Jay Gatbsy with Tobey Maguire as Nick Carraway and Carey Mulligan as Daisy Buchanan. This trailer is visually delicious.
"Who is this Gatsby?"
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projectHello Giggles
Zooey Deschanel, Sophia Rossi, and Molly McAleer
Identity, Web, Development, Apparel, Icons
We were thrilled when HelloGiggles founders, actress/musician Zooey Deschanel, producer Sophia Rossi and writer/internet sensation Molly McAleer, approached Hum Creative with their idea for a new female-centric website.
"They helped create our essence and voice through their creativity. Hum Creative did more than design our website, they designed our child. Hum is our dream partner."
—Sophia Rossi, HelloGiggles
We began with branding that would appeal to the HelloGiggles audience and built a website that could house large amounts of daily content while also functional for advertisers. We've since created merchandise and continue to work with the amazing HelloGiggles team to extend their brand.
HelloGiggles was recognized by the 16th Annual Webby Awards and has become the ultimate entertainment destination for smart, independent and creative females. It's become a favorite entertainment destination for Hum Creative too!


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Africa offers the very best in hunting. The variety of species available combined with all types of terrain and hunting conditions offer an experience like no other. Our outfitters are trained and licensed professionals who offer the best areas and a truly unforgettable experience.
Our outfits cater to rifle as well as archery hunters.
Accomodations are second to none whether a remote tented camp or safari lodge. Flush toilets, hot showers and professionally prepared meals are standard!
We have everything from plains game to dangerous game. Dreaming of a hard bossed buffalo? How about elephant? Our safari companies only operate on legal hunting areas.
Combine your plains game hunt with some trophy salt water fishing! We can also get you to Etosha and other wonderful cultural atttractions only available in Namibia. Value priced, our hunting areas are located in the very wild areas of north western Namibia where you may even see elephants and cheetah. Our hunting area offers excellent kudu, gemsbok, Hartmann's mountain zebra, springbok and many other antelope such as red hartebeest.
Awesome plains game opportunities. We offer archery as well as rifle hunting for all species.
The ultimate in trophy safari hunting! Fantastic species such as lesser kudu, Grants gazelle, huge east African impala, buffalo, lion, leopard!
Namibia Package Specials
Zimbabwe Specials
Copyright 2001 - 2012 Aspen Hill Adventures. All rights reserved.


text:
Braids are "in" these days, and for good reason. Braids look great with all kinds of hair types and lengths, and can totally vamp up a ponytail. There are elaborate braid up-do's fit for brides, but there are also simple braid styles that look great not just on little girls, but on us!
More from The Stir: How to Do a Rainbow French Manicure Yourself
My 11-year-old daughter and I are pictured here, each with messy, side French braids. I love this look, and it doesn't take much more time than a ponytail. And here are 5 more styles that will work on our daughter AND you...
Image via April Daniels Hussar
Aww....like #3.
I like #6 but less messy looking!
Cute! It's too bad that I just cut my dd's hair today.
These would be cute if I had hair, lol. I currently wear wigs because my hair is so thin.
cute! - love the colorful one
These are cute! I live braids. I do them I myself now and the. I can't get a good one in Nora's hair yet. Her hair is fine, and she's a wiggle butt lol
Aww if only I had a daughter. I have a niece though.


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LOUISVILLE, Ky. (WHAS11) – When the temperature dips into the teens and you're homeless, it's not easy finding a comfortable place to sleep at night.
Yesterday, there were more problems for people seeking shelter at the Salvation Army in Louisville.
Just after 1 p.m., a transformer blew knocking out power and heat to the Male campus.
"We had to close our shelters due to the temperatures which is about 125 beds," Salvation Army spokesperson David Yarmuth said.
People that would normally stay on the bed had to go somewhere else for the night.
A dozen families in transitional housing were allowed to stay in the building.
"We had Wayside Christian Mission partnering with us as soon as we knew we weren't going to be able to keep those shelters open," Yarmuth added.
On a normal night the white flag is out, Wayside Christian mission has an estimated 90 people sleeping on mats. Last night, that number went up to 135.
"I think that we got everyone in and fortunately I don't think anyone had to stay outside last night," Nina Moseley of Wayside Christian Mission said.
"I've never seen it like this here before. We had people sleeping in the hallways on mats because we didn't have nowhere else to put them but at least they had a warm place to sleep," shelter occupant Richard Polston said.
After 10 hours, the power was restored to the facility and things have since returned to normal.
Folks here are just glad they had someone in Louisville to help.
"We can't say thank you enough to Wayside for helping us out. Partnering with the other non-profits in the area is a big help," Yarmuth said.
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text:
- About OceansAdvance
- OceansAdvance
- Membership Directory
- Collaborators
- Technology Sectors
- Contact
- News
- Events
- Innovators
Dr. Martin Taylor - Multilateral Roundtable
May 6, 2011
Dr. Martin Taylor, President and C.E.O. of Ocean Networks Canada, speaks at the Multilateral Roundtable. Read more.
Terra Nova Marine
May 3, 2011
Since 1981, Terra Nova Marine has served the commercial and recreational marine industry with professional electrical equipment design and manufacturing. Its products can be found on vessels around the world and in projects as diverse as fire fighting vessels for major American ports, workboats for European offshore windmill installations, Canadian Coast Guard hovercraft, and luxury yachts. Read more.
Marine Institute - Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development (CASD)
May 2, 2011
The Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development (CASD) undertakes applied research, product and process development, technology transfer, advisory services, education and training in support of the seafood processing and aquaculture industries.
Canadian Centre for Fisheries Innovation (CCFI)
May 2, 2011
The Canadian Centre for Fisheries Innovation (CCFI) is a non-profit organization owned by Memorial University and funded by the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador with additional support from the Maritime Provinces' Governments. CCFI has a mandate to apply fisheries related science and technology capability of universities and colleges in the Atlantic region to the problems and potential of the fishing industry with the goal of making the industry more productive and profitable. Read more.
Earth Information Technologies
April 26, 2011
Earth Information Technologies (NL) Limited / EITNL is a privately owned professional geomatics consulting firm established in 1996 and located in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, which is affiliated with independent partner, Earth Information Technologies Inc., of Halifax, N.S. EITNL's diverse client base consists of many progressive companies, agencies, and government departments at the federal, provincial and municipal levels who rely on EITNL to provide appropriate and reliable solutions to meet their geomatics requirements.
Read more.


text:
Muddling round with a story that initially made it to an end but needed rounding off and fleshing out and just plain old sense made out of some passages… I still haven't settled on a title yet but I have settled on an intro/blurb:
Fly west of Siren's Gate, angle a little north at the Sundae Isles, turn further north at the break of rock marring the ocean's corduroy crumpling like some mammoth marine creature petrified as it breached and with a little luck you'll find Whetstone. Thoroughly independent partly due to size and isolation, mostly out of mind-set, the island city-state currently has a dilemma.
And a solution…
They advertise.
Hmmm, intriguing, yes or no? There's a shapeshifter, the ghost of cocktail parties, a super chic administrator and a excellently bland security agent, rather a lot of symbolism to prove all those years in classrooms wasn't entirely wasted and a hint of an unrequited love. Or there will be all that, once I've finished muddling.


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The Law Office of Anne B. Howard, APLC
5650 El Camino Real, Suite 225 - Carlsbad, CA 92008
Tell us about your case so that we can connect you with the right lawyers.
5650 El Camino Real, Suite 225 - Carlsbad, CA 92008
We offer AFFORDABLE personalized bankruptcy and debt resolution services, and have helped thousands of individuals and families stop collections & get a Fresh Start from overwhelming debt. Contact us today for your FREE Attorney Consultation!
(SEE BELOW FOR OUR SAN DIEGO LOCATION) 5927 Balfour Drive, Suite 115 - Carlsbad, CA 92008
(888) 579-7774 [Toll-Free]
701 Palomar Airport Rd, Suite 300 - Carlsbad, CA 92011
4747 Viewridge Avenue Suite 220 - San Diego, CA 92123
(619) 382-3896
The bankruptcy attorneys at Chang & Diamond, APC, dedicate their practice to providing clients with legal assistance that is experienced and affordable.
624 Broadway, #406 - San Diego, CA 92101
800 718-8118
San Diego Lawyers Who Care--In the course of a lifetime, nearly everyone, at some point, needs legal help. Perhaps you're considering bankruptcy; or you may need help with a family law matter such as a divorce or custody matter. COME AND MEET US.
402 West Broadway, Suite 1200 - San Diego, CA 92101
(619) 238-0616


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Northern Michigan Forum-Share Events, Travel Ideas, Photos, Videos
Time: November 30, 2013 from 10am to 4pm
Location: Frankfort-Elberta High School
Street: 534 11th St.
City/Town: Frankfort
Website or Map: http://www.frankfort-elberta.…
Phone: 231.352.7251
Event Type: art
Organized By: Frankfort-Elberta Area Chamber of Commerce
Latest Activity: Sep 5, 2013
The Annual Holly Berry Arts and Crafts Fair is sponsored by the Frankfort-Elberta Area Chamber of Commerce. It is a very popular holiday show with over 100 artists represented.
Frankfort is located on Lake Michigan, about 35 miles southwest of Traverse City.


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Nottingham and District Citizens Advice Bureau
the charity for your community
Did you know that every Citizens Advice
Bureau is a charity?
The Citizens Advice Bureaux has been a vital part of the
fabric of your community. Today, the demand for our services is greater
than ever. But at the same time, we are facing budget cuts and are
concerned that our funding is becoming inadequate to cover our basic costs.
Some of our work helps boost the local economy. Each year, for example, we
help many people who have been overwhelmed by debt. This one aspect of our
service saves businesses considerable sums in litigation and debt write-off.
We need the support of businesses, both big and small, there are many things you
can do to get involved.
Using everyclick.com enables users to raise money for their favourite charity simply by doing something they do every day—searching the internet.
Everyclick.com is a search engine with a difference—they give 50% of their revenue to charity.
Everyclick.com works like any other search engine, providing full search, image and news results. Users enter a search term in the search box and a list of results is generated from a leading search content provider.
Log on to everyclick.com/uk/nottinghamanddistrictcitizensadvicebureau and set everyclick as your home page.
It does not cost us, or you, a penny—so it's a great way to support us every day.
34 - 36 Carrington Street, Nottingham NG1 7FG
Company Limited by guarantee. Registered number: 2323141. Registered Charity Number: 701259
Last updated 26 August 2014


text:
Take a dip in the pool for a refreshing cool down during warm beach-y days.   See the Image
Say good morning to picturesque beachfront views from this crisp bedroom area.   See the Image
The kitchen's white subway tile backsplash and glass front cabinetry give the space a fresh and simple vibe.   See the Image
The black-and-white contemporary living room area gets a pop of mint green color from the stylish couches.   See the Image
Floral patterns and fresh plants give the contemporary family room area a touch of flair.   See the Image
This custom-built beach house in New Jersey won us over with its classic coastal style. Crisp white walls, rich hardwood floors and large windows overlooking picturesque ocean views lend a cheerful,…   See the Image
Enjoy beachfront views from the home's cozy outdoor deck area.   See the Image
The children's suite provides a stylish space for large families or a fun night of sleepovers with friends.   See the Image
Located in Alpine, N.J., a prestigious suburb of New York City, the home resides in the second most expensive ZIP code in the country –– and we think you'll see why.   See the Gallery
After you've seen the inside of the home, it's time to take a dip in the pool.   See the Image


text:
GeForce GTX 590 review -
In GPU land, competition is everything and somewhere down the line somebody decided to place more than one GPU in a graphics card, to beat the competition. Yes yes, hey everybody, welcome to yet another dual-GPU product review. Merely two weeks ago ATI unleashed their Radeon HD 6990, and NVIDIA sat back relaxed and decided to release their product a little later, close to the release of Crysis 2.
It's now late March 2011 and both graphics gawds have released their most high-end product available. Again let me say it, March 2011, the timing is so weird as typically the most high-end product are release slightly prior to the Christmas season, to take full advantage of the extra cash you guys are willing to spend on the best of the best, as hey it's the holiday season. But yeah, the graphics industry has changed, is changing and will keep changing alongside the product releases.
Today the GeForce GTX 590 is released. Pretty much NVIDIA in a nutshell, took two of their best GPUs, placed it onto one card, topped it off with a very nice cooler and calls that a single solution graphics card. Internally on that card however a small NF200 chip functions as PCI Express bridge in-between the two GPUs and sure, that means SLI in full effect.
The release today however is very interesting, it's one the most silent multi-GPU solution we have ever had our hands on, the performance really is breathtaking and the power consumption, though high, remains acceptable.
The products reviewed today originate from Point of View, they are one of the five board-partners in Europe to be allowed to sell these products. And whatever you decide to purchase or not, keep in mind that today's launch might be a hard launch with cards in store, yet the reality will be that very few boards will be available in the first wave. In fact we expect less than 2000 board being available for the entire Europe.
Anyway, have a peek at the awesomeness that is the GeForce GTX 590, and then head on over to the next page where as always, we'll go a little deeper, but not too deep. We'll look at noise levels, power consumption, heat, we'll do a nice photo-shoot and heck why not... an extensive benchmark session to see where this product positions itself, especially compared to the Radeon HD 6990.
A while ago Nvidia launched the GeForce GTX Titan Black which we review. We never tested it as it was supposed to be a professional series and targeted card. Nvidia's Board partners however are slowl...
Gigabyte GeForce GTX 980 G1 Gaming review
After the reference review we will now review the Gigabyte GeForce GTX 980 G1 SOC gaming graphics card. Armed with a totally custom design, two 8-pin power feeds and an all new WindForce based cooler ...
Gigabyte GeForce GTX 970 G1 Gaming review
Next to the flagship product we also test the more budget Gigabyte GeForce GTX 970 G1 SOC gaming graphics card. The product does not vary much from that 980 other then a chunk of performance. This car...
MSI GeForce GTX 970 Gaming OC review
We review the new MSI GeForce GTX 970 Gaming OC edition. This affordable model comes with the new TwinFrozr V cooler. The GM204-200 chip is smacked onto a custom PCB surrounded with Military class co...


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Yamaha 441 Intermediate Grenadilla Oboe with Plastic insert in upper joint
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Durable student oboe with advanced features, made to exacting specifications .
Yamaha 441 Intermediate Grenadilla Oboe with Plastic insert in upper joint
The Yamaha YOB-441M oboe achieves a clear sound quality and superb intonation by dramatically improving the precision and stability of the bore. Also to cope with various durability issues inherent in wooden wind instruments, the YOB-441M employs innovative techniques to form a protective layer next to the air column. The combination of precious wood and state-of -the-art resin preserves quality sound while improving durability.Using patented technology, the injection-molded inner bore is designed to resist cracking while also stabilizing the bore, which adds consistency and durability. The upper joint body is drilled out slightly larger around the bore and tone-holes. Thermoplastic ABS resin is injected into the cavity, instantly forming the inner shape of an oboe. It is designed to preserve as much as 90% of the wooden portion, while its natural appearance is hardly distinguishable from conventional all-wooden models. is made of the finest quality aged and seasoned grenadilla wood for a rich professional sound. This is the same material as used on Yamaha's Custom models and has been carefully crafted in a similar manner. The size and placement of the toneholes is also the same, giving even and accurate intonation.The 441M features a simplified conservatoire semi-automatic octave system and includes a left-hand F key, Fork F resonance key and a low Bb key. Trill keys are C#-D#, F#-G#, Ab-Bb, A#-B, B-C#, left C-D, right C-D. It has 8 cork and 15 felt pads, and silver-plated nickel silver keys.
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text:
- Lee Wilkinson
- Stevenage
- United Kingdom
This conversation is closed.
Why are we surprised that our troops would torture other humans in war?
We take a Rugby team or and American football team and we say "We want to win this game no matter what!" we psych the players up and we let them lose what we don't say is "Be nice to the opposing team"
we take a human being and ask them ti kill for their countries honour and safety and yet we are surprised when we hear of things like 'abu ghraib prison' and we are offended when we see American or British troops torturing and humiliating other human beings. Can we really expect that after dehumanizing our own troops in order that the be effective in combat that they will then be merciful and gentle towards each other in these circumstances?
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Feb 26 2011: Because if we knew, we would go mad... Think about all the violence that the state commits while supposedly protecting the public: some 1000 black men died between 1969 and 2001 in police custody in the UK (www.injusticefilm.co.uk/reviews.html), people are rutinely abused in prison (www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2003/dec/11/prisonsandprobation.ukcrime1)... Think of all the violence that is the underbelly of this wonderful capitalist system (80% of all the coltan, which goes into mobile phones, computers, aviation, comes from Congo: women are raped so as to scare the population into leaving the land for mining development; children of Guatemalan coffee plantation workers go hungry so that we can have cheap coffee...) If we really thought of all the violence that goes into our Western way of life we would go mad.... so we go by the fiction that we that enjoy the fruits of capitalism are good and law abiding (we also happen to be white which is convenient in keeping the fiction) and we don't look too deep into how we have what we have...
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External Websites
Britannica Web Sites
Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
- vegetable - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
In about 10,000 to 5000 BC, the first farmers prepared the earth for planting, and since then cultivated vegetables have been a major part of the human diet. Vegetables may someday be grown in space stations and taken on extraterrestrial voyages.


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How to Wear the Charm in the Family
Posted by mary in Blog, Fashion & Style, Jewels Tags: charm bracelets, charms, how to wear charm bracelets, john wind charm program, John wind charms, john wind maximal art
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