text:
SPRAT Profile
In addition, proponents and land managers should refer to the Recovery Plan (where available) or the Conservation Advice (where available) for recovery, mitigation and conservation information.
|EPBC Act Listing Status
|Listed as Vulnerable
|Listing and Conservation Advices
Commonwealth Listing Advice on Tetratheca juncea (Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC), 2005be) [Listing Advice].
Commonwealth Conservation Advice on Tetratheca juncea (Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC), 2008yk) [Conservation Advice].
|Recovery Plan Decision
Recovery Plan not required, included on the Not Commenced List (1/11/2009).
|Adopted/Made Recovery Plans
|Other EPBC Act Plans
Threat abatement advice for predation, habitat degradation,competition and disease transmission by feral pigs (2013) (Commonwealth of Australia, 2014p) [Threat Abatement Plan].
|Policy Statements and Guidelines
Referral guidelines for the black-eyed susan, Tetratheca juncea (Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPaC), 2011h) [Admin Guideline].
Federal Register of
Legislative Instruments
Declaration under s178, s181, and s183 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 - List of threatened species, List of threatened ecological communities and List of threatening processes (Commonwealth of Australia, 2000) [Legislative Instrument].
State Government
Documents and Websites
|State Listing Status
|Scientific name
|Tetratheca juncea [21407]
|Species author
|Infraspecies author
|A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland (1 Oct. 1793) 5, t. 2.
|Distribution map
This is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge. See map caveat for more information.
|Google Images
Scientific name: Tetratheca juncea
Common Name: Black-eyed Susan
The taxonomy of this species is currently under review with a strong argument for considering Tetratheca as a member of the family Elaeocarpaceae (Crayn et al. 2006).
Black-eyed Susan is a low shrub that grows in clumps of single or multiple stems arising from a single rootstock. Stems are up to 1 m long, hairless with minute tubercles, and with two or three narrow wings that give them an angular appearance (Benson & McDougall 2001; NSW DECC 2005s; Harden 1992). The distinctly angular, winged structure distinguishes Black-eyed Susan from other members of the Tetratheca genus (Thompson 1976). Juvenile plants have alternate narrow lanceolate (lance-shaped) leaves (Norton 1994). Mature plants are usually leafless but if leaves are present they are alternate, hairless, usually reduced to narrow triangular scales up to 3 mm long, or otherwise narrow-elliptic to 20 mm long and approximately 5 mm wide with flat or recurved margins (Harden 1992).
Plants of Black-eyed Susan are usually sprawling and can be difficult to detect amongst other vegetation when not flowering (NSW DECC 2005s; Payne 2001). An individual plant can grow into a clump of as many as 200500 individual stems of genets (plants growing from seed) and ramets (plants growing from asexual rhizomal spread) (Bartier et al. 2001) which can bear several hundred flowers (Payne 2001). Gross and colleagues (2003) report that clumps appear to be long-lived, with the inside of the clump becoming senescent while the outside of the clump remains vigorous. Plant clumps tend to be low growing and straggly amongst low dense vegetation but in taller heath the plants can reach 1.5 m in height and there is a tendency for them to scramble (climb) (Payne 2001).
Black-eyed Susan has hanging pink flowers with the dark centre giving rise to the common name (Gross et al. 2003). Flowering occurs between July and December (Benson & McDougall 2001; Harden 1992) with the peak flowering period occurring between the start of September to the end of October (Driscoll 2009). The flowers face downwards and usually have four petals which range from white to pink to dark purple in colour (NSW DECC 2005s; Payne 2001; Thompson 1976) and have pink sepals ranging from 11.5 mm long (Harden 1992). However Driscoll (2003) also recorded flowers having five, six and seven petals proportionately arranged. The flowers occur singly or in pairs along the stem suspended on a peduncle approximately 510 mm in length (Harden 1992). Flowers are bisexual, odourless and nectarless (Gross et al. 2003).
Floral morphology
Gross and colleagues (2003) described the floral morphology in detail and noted that flowers have eight anthers recurved around the pistil (carpel). Anthers are poricidal and contain a deep-red tapetal fluid at the base that is slightly oily. Pollen is contained within the tapetal fluid (Driscoll 2003). The style projects from the corona of anthers and elongates with age. The stigma is minute (less than 0.2 mm wide). Pollen is 80% viable at first but by 14 days is inviable. Only a few pollen grains are passively shed from the anthers (sometimes landing on the stigma), otherwise pollen has to be actively removed from the anthers (Gross et al. 2003).
Fruit and seed morphology
The Tetratheca fruit is a non fleshy capsule which opens spontaneously at maturity to release brown, shiny seeds that have a large chalazal appendage on the outside of the seed (Belairs et al. 2006). The fruit capsule is obovate and 68 mm in length, with seeds approximately 4 mm long (Benson & McDougall 2001; Harden 1993). Seeds are produced in late spring and mature from November to February. However, seeds have very low viability (Bellairs et al. 2006) and the longevity of the soil seed bank is short (Bartier et al. 2001; Bellairs et al. 2006) indicating that Black-eyed Susan is dependant on annual seed set for seedling recruitment.
Historic distribution
Black-eyed Susan is endemic to NSW and was historically distributed from Port Jackson and Botany Bay in Sydney, north to Bulahdelah and Lake Macquarie on the central coast of NSW (Harden 1992; Benson & McDougall 2001; Driscoll 2003). Payne (2001) suggests that there was a localised disjunct in populations of the Sydney area with those found between Wyong, Lake Macquarie and Bulahdelah. Payne (2001) also believes the Bulahdelah population to be disjunct.
Current distribution
Black-eyed Susan is now regarded as extinct in the Sydney area (Harden 1992; Payne 2001; Driscoll 2003; Gross et al. 2003). The last recorded collection in the Sydney area occurred in 1913 at Bexley (Payne 2001). The species has now contracted to a range of approximately 110125 km north-south from Wyong north to Bulahdelah, and inland 50 km east-west to the edge of the Sugarloaf Range (NSW NPWS 2000e; Payne 2001; Driscoll 2003; Gross et al. 2003).
It is currently found in the local government areas of Wyong, Lake Macquarie, Newcastle, Port Stephens, Great Lakes and Cessnock (NSW DECC 2005s; Payne 2001), with North Wyong and Lake Macquarie appearing to be the strongholds of the species (Payne 2001). The distribution of Black-eyed Susan is not known to overlap with any threatened ecological communities listed under either the EPBC Act or the TSC Act.
The current extent of occurrence is estimated to be between 1594 and 1861 km² (TSSC 2005be). These estimates appear to cover all subpopulations located during detailed surveys by Payne (2001). No specific information is available on past changes in the extent of occurrence. No information is available to estimate or indicate future changes in the extent of occurrence.
The current area of occupancy is estimated at 46 km². These figures are based on the number of 1 km² grid squares in which the species is thought to occur. The estimate is considered to be of low reliability, as recent ground-truthing at all populations has not occurred. No specific information is available on past changes in the area of occupancy. No information is available to estimate or indicate future changes in the area of occupancy.
Black-eyed Susan is grown in the Australian National Botanic Gardens, Canberra; the Botanic Gardens of Adelaide; Mt Annan Botanic Gardens near Sydney (CHABG 1992), the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney (Meredith & Richardson 1986) and Newcastle Botanic Gardens (Bellairs et al. 2006). Green Point Nature Reserve is a site where plants of the species have been translocated, but with little success (NSW NPWS 2000d).
Detailed surveys conducted prior to 2005 revealed approximately 239250 locations of Black-eyed Susan, with distribution considered to be severely fragmented (TSSC 2005be). As of early 2010, the Atlas of NSW Wildlife has over 2000 records for Black-eyed Susan with a much less fragmented distribution.
Between June 1991 and November 2007, approximately 30 surveys were conducted in the area between Wyong and Bulahdelah. Most surveys have been undertaken because of proposed development projects.
In June 1991, Payne (1993) conducted field investigations of populations of Black-eyed Susan in the Munmorah area. A corridor about 5 km long between Munmorah and the Wallarah Colliery was examined as well as 12 km² surrounding this area, including Munmorah State Recreation Area and sites at Point Wolstoncroft. Both populations and isolated plants were recorded. A population was designated if there was more than 20 plant clumps along a ridge with a length of 100 m (Payne 1993). Fourteen populations were identified.
In September 1992, 323 plant clumps were recorded at seven sites in Munmorah State Recreation Area (Payne 1993).
A survey was undertaken between August 1997 and 30 December 1999 (during the flowering seaon) for Lake Macquarie Council (Payne 2001b). In 1998 another search was made to the north and east of Lake Macquarie, and within NSW NPWS managed lands. A further survey was completed between September and December 1999 in the Karuah to Bulahdelah area and west of the lakes. The surveys located 162 subpopulations in the Lake Macquarie Local Government Area (Payne 2001b).
Between 2001 and 2005 vegetation mapping and surveys were undertaken for the Branxton Freeway Link. Vegetation clearing figures that were presented in the EIS (Connell Wagner 1995 in Acacia EP 2007) and the Representations Report (RTA 2001 in Acacia EP 2007) were based on vegetation polygons delineated from aerial photography and limited ground-truthing.
In 2005 Biosis Research updated the Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy (LHCCREMS) mapping to incorporate the results of targeted flora surveys and selected ground-truthing, as well as threatened species that have been gazetted since approval in 2001. Three subpopulations of Black-eyed Susan were found, of 2, 33 and 123 clumps on the site, although development would only affect the two subpopulations of 2 and 33 clumps (Acacia EP 2007).
A survey on the Moonee Colliery Site, in the Wyong Local Government Area, was undertaken in March 2003 by Wildthing. Black-eyed Susan was found on the perimeter of the site (Ecobiological 2007).
Wildthing undertook a flora survey in the Gwandalan site from March 2003 until August 2003. Black-eyed Susan was found in forested areas of the site (Ecobiological 2007).
A survey in the Crangan Bay Site was carried out by Wildthing in November 2003. Over 30 ha of heavily populated Black-eyed Susan was present at the site (Ecobiological 2007).
In July 2005, and on 26 July 2005, HLA undertook a survey on 56 ha of land located north of the existing Eraring Power Station ash dam. The study area included land owned by Eraring Energy and land to be purchased. There were 684 clumps of Black-eyed Susan observed within the study area (HLA 2006).
A survey of the proposed gas turbine facility, gas connection pipeline and inlet facility at Munmorah in the Wyong Local Government Area was undertaken in 2005. A targeted survey was undertaken on 30 and 31 August 2005 to coincide with the flowering period of Black-eyed Susan. A second targeted survey was undertaken on 12 and 13 December to coincide with a later flowering time of Black-eyed Susan. No Black-eyed Susan plants were found on either occasion (Parsons Brinkerhoff 2005).
Between October 2002 and February 2006, the Wyong Employment Zone was surveyed by Forest Fauna Surveys. Black-eyed Susan plants were located in each planning precinct: three populations in Precinct 14 in areas not zoned for development; five populations in the central part; and ten populations near the F3 Freeway. There were a further five populations in Precincts 11 and 13, and eight populations, each supporting single plants, or a few plant clumps, in Warnervale Business Park (Forest Fauna Surveys 2007).
Between July 2005 and February 2006 Ecobiological Pty Ltd undertook a targeted search in the Proposed Moonee Colliery Site development area. Black-eyed Susan was found on the site mostly to the west in undisturbed bushland outside the development area (Ecobiological 2007).
Additional Black-eyed Susan was identified in the Moonee Colliery Site north of Montefiore Street (Ecobiological 2007) in a survey in 2006.
Between 2001 and 2006 Conacher Travers undertook surveys within the Wallarah Peninsula. Approximately 7022 indivdual Black-eyed Susan plants were identified in development precincts within the peninsula and Wallarah National Park areas. A further 1939 occur in "potential" habitat in the Wallarah Peninsula area (Conacher Travers 2006).
In 2006, 28 Black-eyed Susan plants were recorded by Ecovision Consulting (2006) in the Cessnock LGA between Cessnock and Kurri Kurri, on land rezoned for development.
A survey by HSO in 2007 confirmed the extent of the main population of Black-eyed Susan, within the Narrabeen Snappy Gum Forest in the north-west of the site, to be 178 plants (HSO 2007e).
In September 2007 flora surveys were carried out across the Catherine Hill Bay site (HSO 2007a). A total of 8042 Black-eyed Susan plants were located during the targeted surveys within the site. Of these over 7057 (88%) will be retained within the conservation lands to the south and west of the development. Another large population of 985 Black-eyed Susan individuals was located within the site of the future development estate (HSO 2007a).
Targeted Black-eyed Susan surveys within Catherine Hill Bay land owned by Coal and Allied Operations were undertaken from 1216 November 2007 by HSO. The majority of land was located between the coast at Catherine Hill Bay and the shores of Lake Macquarie at Crangan Bay, with a smaller portion of land located at Kanangara Drive, Gwandalan. While subpopulations of Black-eyed Susan were identified during previous investigations (EcoBiological 2007) the population size was not assessed. The subpopulations identified in 2006 were targeted for detailed survey. Around 583 Black-eyed Susan plants were located during the targeted surveys within the site. Approximately 369 clumps were to be removed as part of the development proposal. Suitable habitat within the remainder of the development lands was searched. The identification of the extent of the species occurrence within the offset lands was performed by random meander techniques and no parallel transects or individual counts were undertaken, but the numbers were expected to be large (HSO 2007d).
Targeted and significant flora surveys were carried out in 2007 by HSO in the proposed Gwandalan site situated within land owned by Coal and Allied Operations, on the Gwandalan peninsula. A total of 10 095 Black-eyed Susan plants were located. Of these, 3498 plants were located within the development site while 6591 plants were planned to be retained within the conservation lands to the south and west of the development estate (HSO 2007b).
In November 2007 a survey was conducted by HSO within the Nords Wharf site. Some 6798 Black-eyed Susan plants were located during the targeted surveys. Of these, 5933 (88%) were to be retained within the conservation lands to the south and north of the development estate. The remaining 865 (12%) individuals were to be removed as part of the proposal (HSO 2007f).
The total population size of Black-eyed Susan is difficult to estimate accurately due to the species' habit of clumping. Plant clumps are commonly counted during survey work and used as a surrogate for individual plants. The total population size of Black-eyed Susan has previously been estimated to be between 9881 and 11 893 plant clumps (approximately 10 000 individuals) (Hogbin 2002b, cited in TSSC 2005be).
In recent years, however, there have been a significant number of targeted surveys for Black-eyed Susan, primarily associated with environmental assessments for land development. Unfortunately, much of this work is unpublished company confidential data and not readily available. However, a review of available data and estimates made by Driscoll (2009) reveals that the population estimate made by Hogbin (2002b, cited in TSSC 2005be) may grossly underestimate the total population of Black-eyed Susan.
Driscoll (2009) divides the entire geographic distribution of Black-eyed Susan into three metapopulations:
- southern, and presumed extinct, in the Sydney area
- central coast, from Wyong to Beresfield
- northern, from Karuah to Bulahdelah.
Most populations occur in the Wyong and Lake Macquarie Local Government Areas with isolated but widespread populations at Cessnock, Maitland, Newcastle, Port Stephens and the Great Lakes Local Government Areas (Payne 2001b; TSSC 2005be). The major area in the Lake Macquarie region is on the coastal ridges between Munmorah and Swansea, Belmont and Charlestown (Payne 2001b).
Known populations of Black-eyed Susan:
|Land tenure
|No. of Plant Clumps
|Nature Reserve
|Nature Reserve
|Nature Reserve
|Approx 100
|Lake Macquarie Foreshore Reserve
|State Recreation Area
|Lake Macquarie
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Munmorah (Birdie Creek South)
|State Recreation Area
|Nature Reserve/State Forest
|Approx 1000
|Green Point
|Recreation Reserve
|National Park
|9900 (4 subpopulations)
|State Recreation Area
|Wallarah Peninsula
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Approx 15 000
|Wyong LGA
|162 subpopulations
|Newcastle LGA
|Port Stephens
|Port Stephens LGA
|State Forest
|Cessnock LGA
|Great Lakes
|Great Lakes LGA
|State Forest
|Red Head
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Maitland LGA
|Kurri Kurri Interchange
|Cessnock LGA
|State Forest
|Wyong LGA
|Gwandalan Site
|Wyong LGA
|10 095
|Kanangra Drive, Gwandalan
|Wyong LGA
|Nords Wharf
|Private land
|Jewells Swamp
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Port Stephens LGA
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Catherine Hill Bay
|Wyong LGA
|Wyong LGA
|Summerland Point
|Wyong LGA
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Cardiff South
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Mount Hutton
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Newcastle LGA
|West Wallsend
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Rankin Park
|Cessnock LGA
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Cardiff Heights
|Lake Macquarie LGA
|Nelson Bay
|Port Stephens LGA
|Wyong LGA
|Wyong LGA
|Lake Haven
|Wyong LGA
|Wyong LGA
|Vales Point
|Wyong LGA
|Newstan Colliery
|Wyong LGA
|Five Dock (1884)
|Concord LGA
|Cooks River (1892, 1905)
|Marrickville LGA
|Carlton (1893)
|Kogarah LGA
|Tempe (1891, 1893)
|Marrickville LGA
|Kogarah (1893)
|Kogarah LGA
|Bexley (1913)
|Rockdale LGA
|Undercliff (1889)
|Marrickville LGA
|Port Jackson (1802-5)
|LGA (Sydney)
|Hurstville (1885)
|Hurstville LGA
|Helensburgh (1893)
|Wollongong LGA
|Canterbury (1892)
|Canterbury LGA
|Tempe-Arncliffe (1886)
|Marrickville LGA
(After Benson & McDougall 2001; Conacher Travers 2007 in HSO 2007f; Driscoll 2003; Ecovision Consulting 2006; Forest Fauna Surveys 2007; HSO 2007a, 2007b, 2007d, 2007e; Murray & Bell 2001; NSW NPWS 2000d; Payne 1993, 2001b; TSSC 2005be; Wyong Shire Council n.d.).
The age of Black-eyed Susan is difficult to determine (NSW NPWS 2000d). An individual plant is clonal and can grow into a clump of many stems of genets and ramets (Bartier et al. 2001). Clumps seem to be long lived with the inside of the clumps dying while the outside of the clumps remain alive and healthy (Gross et al. 2003).
In 2000, 45 populations of Black-eyed Susan were located in state conservation areas comprising 1600 plant clumps (TSSC 2005be). These are Awabakal Nature Reserve, Glenrock State Recreation Area, Lake Macquarie Recreation Area, Jilliby State Recreation Area and Munmorah State Recreation Area. Others are reserved in Wallarah National Park, Wallaroo Nature Reserve, Karuah Nature Reserve and Green Point Recreation Reserve (TSSC 2005be).
Black-eyed Susan is found in sandy, occasionally moist heath and in dry sclerophyll vegetation communities endemic to coastal NSW (Harden 1992). Benson and McDougall (2001) further detail Black-eyed Susan to prefer ridges in areas from 0200 m in altitude with an annual rainfall of 10001200 mm and restricted to open forest of Angophora costata, Eucalyptus haemastoma, E. globoidea, Corymbia gummifera, and E. capitellata. The preferred substrates are: sandy skeletal soil on sandstone, sandy-loam soils, low nutrients; and clayey soil from conglomerates, pH neutral.
Payne (2001) reported Black-eyed Susan preferred ridge and upper crest sites with a moist aspect in open forest with a dense understorey. More specifically a preference for: south-western and south-eastern aspects; shallow slopes of less than 5°; woodland forest with a canopy cover ranging between 1150%; heathland and closed heathland of between 51100% cover; and occurring in low nutrient forest of Angophora costata, E. capitellata and E. gummifera (MU 30) (vegetation community classification follows NSW NPWS 2000) or E. haemastoma, E. capitellata and E. gummifera (MU 31).
Habitat suitability modelling conducted by Driscoll (2009), however, showed aspect, slope and elevation had little influence on preferred habitat. The predominant factors were rainfall and soil; the species occurs predominantly in erosional soil landscapes in areas where annual rainfall exceeds 1000 mm. Driscoll (2009) further showed that the greatest overlap between modelled suitable habitat for Black-eyed Susan and various canopy species occurred with species associated with Coastal Plains Smoothbarked Apple Woodland and Coastal Plains Scribbly Gum Woodland.
Driscoll (2003) summarised the vegetation communities in which over 400 records of Black-eyed Susan occurred within the Lower Hunter and Central Coast region. Black-eyed Susan showed a distinct preference for the Coastal plains smoothbarked apple woodland (MU 30) vegetation community. The species also appeared to favour several underlying geologies including Quaternary sands, Triassic sandstones, Triassic shales, Permian coal measures and Carboniferous volcanics (Driscoll 2003).
Distribution of reports of Black-eyed Susan across vegetation map units in the Lower Hunter and Central Coast regions (Driscoll 2003).
|Vegetation Community Description
|Vegetation Community Map Unit
(classification follows NPWS (2000))
|Coastal Plains Smoothbarked Apple Woodland
|Coastal Plains Scribbly Gum Woodland
|Coastal Foothills Spotted Gum-Ironbark Forest
|Alluvial Tall Moist Forest
|Lower Hunter Spotted Gum-Ironbark Forest
|Wyong Paperbark Swamp Forest
|Coastal Sheltered Apple-Peppermint Forest
|Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath
|Swamp Mahogany-Paperbark Forest
|Riparian Melaleuca Swamp Woodland
|Coastal Clay Heath
|Coastal Wet Sand Cyperoid Heath
|Coastal Wet Gully Forest
|Coastal Sand Apple-Blackbutt Forest
|Hunter Valley Moist Forest
|< 0.5
Research conducted by Bartier and colleagues (2001) found that Black-eyed Susan forms arbuscular mycorrhizal associations (fungi/root association) and typically grows in low nutrient soils of moderate to strong acidity. Therefore, the appropriate mycorrhizal fungi may be needed in the soil for long term survival. Bellairs and colleagues (2006) further note that the poor growth and survival of seedlings grown in glasshouses, suggests mychorriza may be needed for their survival.
There is a lack of ecological knowledge of Black-eyed Susan (Bellairs et al. 2006). As a consequence of clonality, at any location a group of plants will be comprised of genets (plants originating from seed germination) and ramets (plants arising vegetatively from a particular genet) (Driscoll 2009). No genetic studies have been conducted on Black-eyed Susan to determine the proportion of genets and ramets in a local group of plants.
Individual plants are difficult to identify given the plant is clonal and will resprout from rootstock (NSW NPWS 2000d). The plant usually spreads by underground stems which can be up to 50 cm long with plant clumps covering around 0.5 m² (NSW NPWS 2000d). Mature plants can have as many as 200500 stems (Bartier et al. 2001 in Gross et al. 2003). Individual clumps (>100) have now been monitored for over 10 years and it is apparent that the plant is very slow growing. The oldest reliable record of a location where a Black-eyed Susan population is still present in 2009 is from 1940, 69 years ago (NSW Wildlife Atlas 2009 in Driscoll 2009). Local populations/patches of the plant could be a hundred or more years old (Driscoll 2009). Evidence from historical urban development and rural land clearing indicates that the species continues to exist despite large losses from a local population (Driscoll 2009).
Driscoll (2009) concludes that a generation could be in the order of 2050 years and that in any local population the establishment of a new plant from seed which was the product of fertilisation by pollen from a different local population need only occur every 100 years or so to maintain healthy genetic variability, thus avoiding the onset of inbreeding depression.
Reproduction in Black-eyed Susan is through asexual rhizomal spread and sexual pollination, seed development and germination (Driscoll 2003; Payne 2001). Black-eyed Susan is rhizomatous and propagates asexually from rootstock to form plant clumps of up to 0.5 m². Regeneration and spread is aided by hot, fast and medium intensity fires which result in seed germination. Slow cool fires completely burn out the rootstock and kill the plant (Norton 1994).
Bartier and colleagues (2001) and Gross and colleagues (2003) found the preferred breeding system of Black-eyed Susan to be outcross pollination requiring a pollinator for high seed yield. They determined that the floral structure of Black-eyed Susan (poricidal anthers with pollen located within tapetal fluid) requires special class of native bees capable of buzz pollination. The gradual dehydration of tapetal fluid assists with a timed release of pollen to buzz pollinating bees.
The flowers of Black-eyed Susan produce no nectar that could attract pollinators, and it appears pollen is the sole reward available (Driscoll 2003), and so bees pollinating Black-eyed Susan collect nectar and pollen from a number of other plant species. Driscoll (2009) confirmed six species of native bees, Exoneura sp., Lasioglossum convexum, L. erythrurum, L. gilesi, L. hemichalceum and L. carbonarium collected pollen from the flowers and noted five potential pollinator species. Driscoll (2003) found that the strong flowering period from September to January coincided with the presence of pollinators and fruiting only occurred in coincidence with flower pollination by the bees. He further notes that flowering, seed set and seed release was a concurrent process while ever the bees were active. The sexual reproductive process in Black-eyed Susan appears to be pollinator limited, and this was considered as possibly explaining what was believed to be very low seed set within populations (Driscoll 2003). However Driscoll (2009) has since demonstrated that seed set levels in Black-eyed Susan fall within the normal range for a plant with bisexual flowers.
The short-lived seed bank and very low seed viability after soil storage indicates that Black-eyed Susan is dependant on annual seed set for seedling recruitment (Bellairs et al. 2006). Studies by Bartier and colleagues (2001) and Bellairs and colleagues (2006) found that seeds germinated after exposure to smoke or scarification of the seed coat (such as from heat acting on the seed coat during fire), suggesting that fire will increase the likelihood of germination. Furthermore, Bellairs and colleagues (2006) notes fire may stimulate seed germination in the months following dispersal but limited germination is likely unless a fire occurs soon after seed release.
Bartier and colleagues (2001) also found Black-eyed Susan able to self-pollinate, although the automatic self-production of seed was uncommon. The potential for self pollination and subsequent seed set was considered to be low because of the minute stigma surface and downward presentation of the flowers limiting the opportunities for air-borne pollen to land on the stigma surface (Driscoll 2003).
The chalazal appendage of Black-eyed Susan seeds have a high lipid content attracting ants, which disperse and bury the seeds (Bellairs et al. 2006; Boesewinkel 1999). The combination of the seed chalazal appendage, ant dispersion, and smoke stimulated germination is an indication of a fire adapted species (Bellairs et al. 2006).
Macropods may also act as dispersal agents. There is evidence of Black-eyed Susan clumps being heavily grazed by macropods and seeds could pass through the gut and be dispersed over large distances (Driscoll 2009).
Black-eyed Susan is readily distinguished from other Tetratheca species by its distinct, angular winged stem (Thompson 1976) and reduced leaves. Only T. thymifolia is known to grow in association with this species (NSW NPWS 2000d). It is an erect straggling shrub, with leaves that are usually in whorls of 35, and the flowers are rarely paired (Harden 1992).
Plants of Black-eyed Susan are usually sprawling and can be difficult to detect amongst other vegetation when not flowering (Murray & Bell 2001).
Survey recommendations
The following recommendations to conducting surveys for Black-eyed Susan were developed in consultation with species experts during the Black-eyed Susan significant impact guidelines policy statement expert workshop held in November 2009.
The peak flowering period of Black-eyed Susan occurs between the start of September to the end of October (Driscoll 2009). Surveys should therefore be conducted within the period of the 1st of September to the 31st of October. Any survey conducted outside of this period should be supported by evidence that flowering at the affected area was at its peak at the time of the survey.
Determination of peak flowering
Prior to conducting detailed surveys, preliminary field visits are required to determine whether flowering has begun at a particular affected area. Preliminary investigations should compare the number of flowers to the number of buds. A minimum of 75% of buds should be in flower before conducting surveys at a proposed affected area.
To determine the level of flowering, 30 plant clumps should be inspected. The selected plant clumps should be a minimum of 10 m apart. If the population is sufficiently small, so that the 30 plant clumps and/or the separation distance requirements cannot be met, then a sample should be taken from each clump. A single stem should be selected on each clump and the number of buds and flowers should be counted.
The data should be presented in a table as follows:
|No. Flowers
|No. Buds
|No. Seed Capsules
|% Flowers*
*100xFlowers/(Flowers+Buds+Seed Capsules)
The average of % Flowers for the 30 plant clumps sampled should be a minimum of 75%.
If no Black-eyed Susan plants are found on the affected area during preliminary field visits, then an adjacent site or a nearby reference population (as determined from the Atlas of NSW Wildlife Records) can be checked to determine the onset of the peak flowering period.
Survey of affected areas < 30 ha
Affected areas of less than 30 ha should be thoroughly surveyed using the following procedure:
- Determine the peak flowering period for the affected area following Determination of peak flowering recommendations
- Undertake a single detailed survey during the period 1st of September to the 31st October
- Set up belt transects approximately 45 m apart to cover the entire affected area
- Count plant clumps in accordance with the method outlined in Payne and colleagues (2002). That is, a single plant entity is defined as a clump of stems separated from the next nearest clump by a minimum of 30 cm
- Record tracks of transects covered using GPS
- Record the location of plant clumps using GPS: A single GPS point can be used to record the location of several clumps where they occur inside the error margin for that point; Flag counted clumps to avoid missing clumps or double-counting clumps.
- Calculate plant clump density for the affected area as plant clumps per hectare of suitable habitat
- Determine the area of occupancy polygons for the affected area.
Surveys conducted along transects generally allow for the visual identification of Black-eyed Susan plant clumps within 22.5 m either side of the transect line (Driscoll 2009a). Therefore, belt transects spaced 45 m apart should adequately cover the affected area.
Survey of affected areas > 30 ha
In order to achieve an acceptable outcome without an excessive level of field work, affected areas of greater than 30 ha will require an initial survey, to determine the distribution of Black-eyed Susan, followed by a detailed targeted survey.
The initial survey should be conducted using the following procedure:
- Determine the peak flowering period for the affected area following Determination of peak flowering recommendations
- Undertake a survey during the period 1st of September to the 31st October
- Set up belt transects, maximum of 50 m apart, to cover a minimum of 10% of the entire affected area (assume that each transect will enable an approximate survey width of 5 m)
- Count plant clumps in accordance with the method outlined in Payne and colleagues (2002). That is, a single plant entity is defined as a clump of stems separated from the next nearest clump by a minimum of 30 cm
- Record tracks of transects covered using GPS
- Record the location of plant clumps using GPS: A single GPS point can be used to record the location of several clumps where they occur inside the error margin for that point; Flag counted clumps to avoid missing or double-counting clumps
- Determine the distribution of Black-eyed Susan within the affected area by drawing a polygon/boundary around the plant clumps recorded.
Once the initial survey has determined the distribution of Black-eyed Susan within the affected area, a detailed survey should be conducted using the following procedure:
- Set up belt transects approximately 45 m apart to cover the distributed area of Black-eyed Susan within the affected area
- Count and record plant clumps in accordance with the method referenced above
- Calculate plant clump density for the affected area as plant clumps per hectare of suitable habitat
- Determine the area of occupancy polygons for the affected area.
To keep the level of field work to that necessary to achieve an acceptable outcome, Driscoll (2009a) performed GIS simulations of transects across real population data contained in Driscoll (2009) in order to estimate the minimum transect spacing required. The simulation process was to set 10 m wide search transects centred 20, 50 and 100 m apart with a random start point, the occupancy polygon was determined for the clumps detected, and a 50 m buffer added to that polygon. Twenty metre transects resulted in near to 100% detection rate, 50 m transects >95% detection rate and 100 m transects >90% detection rate. The undetected clumps were all outliers; all of the main sub-populations would be found even with the 100 m transect spacing. The total number of clumps used in the simulation was 3460 across 9 different sites. Therefore, transects 50 m apart were selected as the precautionary choice.
Counting methodology (Payne et al. 2002)
Given the multi-stem and clumping growth form of Black-eyed Susan, counting of clumps, rather than individual stems has been adopted (Payne et al. 2002). The definition of what is a clump has proven problematic, but a standard clump count methodology has been developed. Payne and colleagues (2002) propose:
- That a distance of 30 cm be adopted to delineate between adjacent clumps.
- Any distance greater than 30 cm would mean that the clumps would be considered to be separate and counted as separate "plant clumps".
- Clumps which appear to be separate plants clumps (stems converging to a single rootstock) but which are within a distance of 30 cm of other adjacent clumps should be counted as a single plant clump.
The main threats to Black-eyed Susan are habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation; inappropriate fire regimes; weed invasion; poor recruitment; and dieback (Driscoll 2003; Gross et al. 2003; NSW DECC 2005s; NSW NPWS 2000d, 2000e; Payne 2001; TSSC 2005be).
Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation
The primary threat to Black-eyed Susan is habitat clearing for urban development (Gross et al. 2003) particularly as the species' strongholds of Wyong and Lake Macquarie are experiencing strong urbanisation growth rates (Payne 2001). Additionally, Black-eyed Susan subpopulations are under threat from underground and open-cut coal mining operations (Bartier et al. 2001; Gross et al. 2003), and timber harvesting activities (Payne 2001).
Habitat clearing not only results in the destruction of individual Black-eyed Susan plants, but in the continued fragmentation of remaining subpopulations and associated loss of connectivity (NSW NPWS 2000d). Fragmentation has potentially adverse consequences for both pollen and seed dispersal (Driscoll 2009) and is likely to lead to the loss of genetic variation, increased divergence and reduced abundance and effectiveness of pollinators (NSW NPWS 2000e; Payne 2001). It is thought that the actual number of mature individuals is low and current populations may predominantly be made up of established clonal colonies with little genetic variation in, and between, populations (Driscoll 2003; Hogbin 2002, cited in TSSC 2005be).
Habitat degradation can result from too frequent fire or inappropriate fire regimes, weed invasion and stormwater run-off (NSW DECC 2005s). Additionally, the habitat of small populations with large edge to area ratios can be degraded by changes in urban or agricultural run-off and rubbish dumping, especially in populations close to residential developments (NSW NPWS 2000d; TSSC 2005be) which may result in impacts such as altered hydrological regimes, nutrient load, soil permeability and loss, and pollution. Local recreational activities may have an impact on Black-eyed Susan, as it appears to be sensitive to soil disturbance and vegetation clearance (Payne 2001).
Although fire is an integral part of the Black-eyed Susan life cycle, breaking seed dormancy and promoting germination, inappropriate fire regimes threaten its long term survival. Slow cool and high intensity fires kill Black-eyed Susan by completely burning out the rootstock. High frequency of such fires, apart from eliminating Black-eyed Susan plants, subsequently allows the infiltration and establishment of weeds against which Black-eyed Susan is unable to compete for resources (Norton 1994; NSW NPWS 2000d; NSW NPWS 2000e).
Weed Invasion
Weeds compete with Black-eyed Susan for resources such as light and water and may smother plant clumps. This has been found to be occurring in the Wyong area (Wyong Shire Council 2003, cited in TSSC 2005be). Inappropriate fire regimes promote weed invasion, which Black-eyed Susan cannot compete with when they become dominant (Payne 2001). Additionally, the destruction of overstorey species (through fire or clearing) increases light penetration which promotes weed growth, as well as changing growing conditions for Black-eyed Susan which tends to prefer shaded areas (NSW NPWS 2000d; Payne 2001). Weed invasion near urban development can also result in localised extinctions (NSW NPWS 2000d).
Black-eyed Susan seeds may only be viable for a matter of months once buried in the soil and seed germination is poor unless stimulated by an appropriate fire regime. The very low seed set reported in Black-eyed Susan populations is a likely indicator of a pollinator-limited reproductive system (Driscoll 2003). However, data in Driscoll (2009) shows that seed set rates fall within the expected range.
Black-eyed Susan is particularly vulnerable to further disruption of pollination services because pollination events are infrequent and plants need to co-flower with nectar producing species (Gross et al. 2003). Bees which collect pollen from nectarless flowers generally collect pollen and nectar from a number of plant genera across several families (Bernhardt 1987, cited in Driscoll 2003). Therefore Black-eyed Susan habitat needs to contain a diversity of plant species to allow foraging bees to collect their nectar from other species growing with Black-eyed Susan (Gross et al. 2003). Habitat degradation through various human activities has resulted in a simplification of the floristic composition and vegetation structure that has led to a decline in pollinator numbers (Driscoll 2003; Gross et al. 2003; Payne 2001). Additionally, unsuitable floral assemblage, lack of nesting locations, loss of populations through inappropriate fire regimes and competition for nectar resources with introduced honey bees may make sites for native bees unsuitable (Gross et al. 2003).
The combination of pollinator limitation and further fragmentation of disjunct populations suggests little genetic variation will occur within and between disjunct populations. Fragmentation restricts the movement of pollinators between habitat patches and native bee capacity to cross gaps appears to relate to the quality of the vegetation within the gap (Driscoll 2009).
The plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamoni has been declared a key threatening process in NSW with Black-eyed Susan listed as a species that may be adversely affected by direct infestation or habitat degradation (TSSC 2005be).
Due to the lack of understanding of the factors critical to the persistence of Black-eyed Susan, recovery and management actions should focus on habitats and not just the species. Management plans will need to cater for all ecological requirements, species and habitat (Bartier et al. 2001). Driscoll (2009a, pers. comm.) further notes that in the absence of genetic data, including pollen transfer distances, conservation of habitat containing black-eyed susan should be directed at maximising fragment size and connectivity at a macro scale and preserving habitat and vegetation type heterogeneity at a micro scale.
Key management actions are summarised below.
Habitat Loss, fragmentation and disturbance
- Protect and actively manage large populations and those at the limit of the species range through conservation covenanting and the preparation and implementation of site specific vegetation management plans (NSW DECC 2005s, 2005t; TSSC 2008yk)
- Monitor known populations to identify key threats (NSW DECC 2005t; TSSC 2008yk)
- Identify populations of high conservation priority (TSSC 2008yk)
- Improve vegetative connectivity within and between populations through revegetation and regeneration programs (NSW DECC 2005s, 2005t)
- Monitor the progress of recovery, including the effectiveness of management actions and the need to adapt them if necessary (TSSC 2008yk)
- Ensure stormwater infrastructure and associated development involving substrate or vegetation disturbance do not adversely impact on Black-eyed Susan and manage any associated hydrological change, such as increased runoff (NSW DECC 2005s, 2005t; TSSC 2008yk)
- Minimise factors that promote habitat degradation such as large edge-area ratios (NSW NPWS 2000d).
Invasive Weeds
- Undertake weed control activities at priority sites on private and public land (NSW DECC 2005s, 2005t; TSSC 2008yk)
- Ensure chemicals or other mechanisms used to eradicate weeds do not have a significant adverse impact on Black-eyed Susan (TSSC 2008yk).
- Develop and implement a suitable fire management strategy for Black-eyed Susan (NSW DECC 2005s; TSSC 2008yk): No more than one quick, low intensity fire event in an eight year period (Driscoll 2009a); and avoid slow or high intensity fire events (Driscoll 2009a)
- Provide maps of known occurrences to local and state Rural Fire Services and seek inclusion of mitigation measures in bush fire risk management plans, risk register and/or operation maps (TSSC 2008yk).
Diseases, fungi and parasites
Implement suitable hygiene protocols to protect known sites from further outbreaks of dieback caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi (DEWHA 2009w) (TSSC 2008yk).
Conservation information
Raise awareness of Black-eyed Susan within the local community, particularly with state conservation area users (TSSC 2008yk).
Enable recovery of additional sites and/or populations
- Undertake appropriate seed collection and storage (TSSC 2008yk)
- Investigate options for linking, enhancing or establishing additional populations (TSSC 2008yk)
- Implement national translocation protocols (Vallee et al. 2004, cited in TSSC 2008yk) if establishing additional populations is considered necessary and feasible (TSSC 2008yk).
Further research
- More precisely assess population size, distribution, ecological requirements and the relative impacts of threatening processes (TSSC 2008yk)
- Investigate population dynamics and genetic diversity within and between populations (NSW DECC 2005t; TSSC 2008yk) across the distributional range to determine paternity, pollen transfer distances, specialised genotypes, what constitutes a discreet population, and the impacts of fragmentation (Driscoll 2009)
- Investigate the role of fire on sustainability of populations (Bellairs et al. 2006, Driscoll 2009), optimal fire intervals and intensity (Payne 2001; TSSC 2008yk)
- Undertake additional research on the reproductive biology, including the poor recruitment (NSW DECC 2005t; TSSC 2008yk) and seed dispersal vectors (Driscoll 2009)
- Investigate the cause of the rapid loss in viability of seeds in the soil seed bank (Bellairs et al. 2006; Driscoll 2009)
- Investigate the ecology of pollinators and factors affecting site suitability for their occupation (Driscoll 2003; Gross et al. 2003)
- Undertake a review of the extent and distribution of Black-eyed Susan as well as the type of land tenures on which it occurs (NSW DECC 2005t; TSSC 2008yk)
- Further investigate propagation and translocation (NSW NPWS 2000d; Payne 2001)
- Investigate the symbiotic relationship with mycorrhiza (Bellairs et al. 2006; Payne 2001).
Limited information is available on the translocation potential or success of Black-eyed Susan. The NSW NPWS (2000d) notes that a translocation attempt at Green Point Nature Reserve failed and that translocations are not recommended as a management strategy or mitigation. Benson and McDougall (2001) note that Black-eyed Susan is mycorrhiza dependant, making it difficult to translocate. Furthermore, Bartier and colleagues (2001) commented that due to the lack of understanding of the factors critical to the persistence of Black-eyed Susan, translocations are not recommended.
Driscoll and Bell (2009, cited in Driscoll 2009) translocated 100 plant clumps by hand shovel to a site in the immediate vicinity of the donor site, effectively within the same population. After five years, the average survival was 27%.
Translocation should be regarded as experimental and is not recommended.
Propagation from cuttings
Black-eyed Susan plants have previously been propagated from root and tip cuttings (NSW NPWS 2000d; Payne 2001). However, plants propagated from cuttings should not be used in rehabilitation projects until the reasons for poor seed set are known. The reintroduction of genets from one subpopulation to another may reduce the fitness and stability of existing populations (Payne 2001).
Propagation from seed
While Black-eyed Susan plants have been successfully propagated from seed using various experimental treatments (Bartier et al. 2001; Bellairs et al. 2006), further research is required into the reproduction biology, seed viability and the appropriate fire regime required to stimulate germination.
Black-eyed Susan seeds lose viability rapidly once in the soil and therefore Bellairs and colleagues (2006) suggest that, rather than collecting seed from the soil seed bank, it would be more effective to collect and store seeds under optimal conditions (seeds retained viability for six months in cold storage) and then hand sow when conditions are optimal. Seeds would then need to be treated to stimulate germination soon after sowing to overcome their short longevity in the soil. Bellairs and colleagues (2006) also suggest that seedlings could be established in a nursery, however, the dependence on mycorrhiza for survival needs to be understood.
The following documents may inform protection and management of Black-eyed Susan:
The following table lists known and perceived threats to this species. Threats are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) threat classification version 1.1.
|Threat Class
|Threatening Species
|Invasive and Other Problematic Species and Genes:Invasive Non-Native/Alien Species:Competition and/or habitat degradation by weeds
|Commonwealth Conservation Advice on Tetratheca juncea (Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC), 2008yk) [Conservation Advice].
|Invasive and Other Problematic Species and Genes:Invasive Non-Native/Alien Species:Grazing, tramping, competition and/or habitat degradation
|Sus scrofa (Pig)
|The threat posed by pest animals to biodiversity in New South Wales (Coutts-Smith, A.J., P.S. Mahon, M. Letnic & P.O. Downey, 2007) [Management Plan].
|Invasive and Other Problematic Species and Genes:Invasive Non-Native/Alien Species:Vegetation and habitat loss caused by dieback
|Phytophthora cinnamomi
|Commonwealth Conservation Advice on Tetratheca juncea (Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC), 2008yk) [Conservation Advice].
|Natural System Modifications:Fire and Fire Suppression:Inappropriate and/or changed fire regimes (frequency, timing, intensity)
|Commonwealth Conservation Advice on Tetratheca juncea (Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC), 2008yk) [Conservation Advice].
|Pollution:Household Sewage and Urban Waste Water:Changes to water quality and quantity due to urban/agricultural runoff and stormwater
|Commonwealth Conservation Advice on Tetratheca juncea (Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC), 2008yk) [Conservation Advice].
|Residential and Commercial Development:Housing and Urban Areas:Habitat loss, modification and fragmentation due to urban development
|Commonwealth Conservation Advice on Tetratheca juncea (Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC), 2008yk) [Conservation Advice].
|Species Stresses:Indirect Species Effects:Poor recruitment (regeneration) and declining population numbers
|Commonwealth Conservation Advice on Tetratheca juncea (Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC), 2008yk) [Conservation Advice].
Acacia Environmental Planning Pty Ltd (Acacia EP) (2007). F3 Freeway to Branxton link. Modification to the Approved Project Environmental Assessment. [Online]. NSW: Roads and Traffic Authority. Available from: http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/constructionmaintenance/downloads/hunter/f3_branxton/f3_branxton_mod-ea_01_0307.pdf. [Accessed: 01-May-2008].
Bartier, F., C.L. Gross, D. Mulligan, S. Bellairs, & D. Bowen (2001). Understanding the biology and ecology of a vulnerable plant species - a case study with Tetratheca juncea occurring over coal leases. ACARP Project C8012. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland.
Bell, M. (2009). Personal Communication.
Bellairs, S.M., F.V. Bartier, A.J. Gravina & K. Baker (2006). Seed biology implications for the maintenance and establishment of Tetratheca juncea (Tremandraceae), a vulnerable Australian species. Australian Journal of Botany. 54(1):35-41.
Benson, D. & L. McDougall (2001). Ecology of Sydney plant species: Part 8 Dicotyledon families Rutaceae to Zygophyllaceae. Cunninghamia. 7(2):241-462. [Online]. Sydney: Royal Botanic Gardens. Available from: http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/58556/Cun7Ben241.pdf. [Accessed: 25-Sep-2008].
Boesewinkel, F.D. (1999). Ovules and seeds of Tremandraceae. Australian Journal of Botany. 47:769-781.
Conacher Travers Environmental Consultants (Conacher Travers) (2006). Ecological Site Report Coastal and Northern Sectors, Wallarah Peninsula.
Council of Heads of Australian Botanic Gardens (CHABG) (1992). Census of plants in botanic gardens. [Online]. Available from: http://www.anbg.gov.au/chabg/census/census.html.
Crayn, D.M., M. Rosetto & D.J. Maynard (2006). Molecular Phylogeny and Dating Reveals an Oligomiocene Radiation of Dry-adapted Shrubs (former Tremandraceae) from Rainforest Tree Progenitors (Elaeocarpaceae) in Australia. American Journal of Botany. 93(9):1328¿1342.
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA) (2009w). Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. [Online]. Canberra; ACT: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/phytophthora.html.
Driscoll, C. (2003). Pollination ecology of Tetratheca juncea (Tremandraceae): finding the pollinators. Cunninghamia. 8(1):133-140.
Driscoll, C. (2009). A review of the ecology and biology of Tetratheca juncea Sm. (Elaeocarpaceae). Draft report to Lake Macquarie City Council.
Driscoll, C. (2009a). Personal Communication.
Ecobiological Pty Ltd (2007). Environmental Assessment Report Catherine Hill Bay/Gwandalan Concept Plan. [Online]. Available from: http://www.chbgconceptplan.com.au/chbgconceptplan/documents/03-DescriptionofProposal.pdf. [Accessed: 29-May-2008].
Ecovision Consulting (2006). Ecological Impact Assessment, Proposed Recovery of Carbonaceous Materials and Site Rehabilitation of former coal mines at Neath, Aberdare East and Richmond Main East. [Online]. Environmental Assessment Report, Chitter and Tailings Reclamation Project. Available from: http://www.hunterenviro.com.au/www/323/1001127/displayarticle/1001238.html.
Forest Fauna Surveys Pty Ltd (2007). Threatened Species Impact Assessment Wyong Employment Zone. [Online]. Available from: http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/assessingdev/pdf/sss/wez_floraandfauna_report_pt5.pdf. [Accessed: 21-May-2008].
Gross, C.L., F.V. Bartier & D.R. Mulligan (2003). Floral Structure, Breeding System and Fruit-set in the Threatened Sub-shrub Tetratheca juncea Smith (Tremandraceae). Annals of Botany. 92(6):771-777.
Harden, G.J. (Ed.) (1992). Flora of New South Wales Volume 3. Kensington, NSW: University of NSW Press.
Harper Somers O'Sullivan Pty Ltd (HSO) (2007a). Ecological Assessment Report For Southern Lands at Gwandalan. [Online]. Coal & Allied Operations. Available from: http://www.coalandallied.com.au/documents/Appendix_F_CHB_ecological_assessment_report_(part_one).pdf. [Accessed: 24-Apr-2008].
Harper Somers O'Sullivan Pty Ltd (HSO) (2007b). Ecological Assessment For Southern Lands at Catherine Hill Bay. [Online]. Coal & Allied Operations. Available from: http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/asp/pdf/06_0330_rosecorp_chb_ppr_appendixc_ecoassessreport_pt1.pdf. [Accessed: 19-May-2008].
Harper Somers O'Sullivan Pty Ltd (HSO) (2007d). Ecological Assessment For Southern Lake Macquarie Lands. [Online]. Coal & Allied Operations. Available from: http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/asp/pdf/06_0330_rosecorp_chb_ppr_appendixc_ecoassessreport_pt1.pdf. [Accessed: 20-May-2008].
Harper Somers O'Sullivan Pty Ltd (HSO) (2007e). Updated EPBC Addendum Report For Proposed Subdivision Lot 3 DP 588206 Kanangra Drive Gwandalan. [Online]. Coal & Allied Operations. Available from: http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/asp/pdf/06_0330_rosecorp_chb_ppr_appendixe_epbc_addendumreport.pdf. [Accessed: 20-May-2008].
Harper Somers O'Sullivan Pty Ltd (HSO) (2007f). Ecological Assessment Report Southern Lands Nords Wharf. [Online]. Coal & Allied Operations. Available from: http://www.coalandallied.com.au/documents/Appendix_F_Nords_Wharf_ecological_assessment_report_pages_45_to_51.pdf.
HLA Envirosciences Pty Ltd (HLA) (2006). Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment. Upgrade to Existing Ash Dam Appendix E Eraring Power Station. [Online]. Available from: http://www.eraring-energy.com.au/Uploads/Documents/Appendix%20E%20[4.6Mb]_20080817024551.pdf. [Accessed: 27-May-2007].
Meredith, L.D. & M.M, Richardson (1986). Rare or threatened Australian plant species in cultivation in Australia. Canberra, ACT: Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service.
Murray, M. & S. Bell (2001). Lake Macquarie City Council Flora and Fauna Survey Guidelines. [Online]. Eastcoast Flora Survey. Available from: http://www.lakemac.com.au/downloads/I_FloraFaunaSurveyGuidelines.pdf.
Norton, A.E. (1994). Field observations into Tetratheca juncea. Fire regeneration and its attribution within Lake Macquarie. Unpublished report, prepared for BHP Pty Ltd.
NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW DECC) (2005s). Black-eyed Susan Profile. [Online]. Hurstville, NSW: Threatened Species Unit. Available from: http://threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/profile.aspx?id=10799. [Accessed: 14-Apr-2008].
NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW DECC) (2005t). Black-eyed Susan - Priority Actions. [Online]. Available from: http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/pas_profile.aspx?id=10799&print=yes. [Accessed: 14-Apr-2008].
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS) (2000d). Threatened Species Information-Tetratheca juncea. [Online]. Hurstville, NSW:Threatened Species Unit. Available from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/TSprofileTetrathecaJuncea.pdf. [Accessed: 14-Apr-2008].
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS) (2000e). Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines Tetratheca juncea. [Online]. Hurstville, NSW: Threatened Species Unit. Available from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/TjunceaEia0500.pdf. [Accessed: 29-May-2008].
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS) (2003b). Fire Management Plan Munmorah State Conservation Area Incorporating Bird Island Nature Reserve. [Online]. Gosford, NSW: NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Available from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/fmpFinalMunmorahAndBirdIsland.pdf. [Accessed: 28-Apr-2008].
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS) (2003c). Wallerah National Park Interim Management Guidelines Parts 6-9. [Online]. Available from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/WallarahNPInterimMgmtGuidelinesCh06-14.pdf. [Accessed: 20-May-2008].
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS) (2003d). Glenrock Lagoon Cultural Landscape Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan. [Online]. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Available from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/cmctpGlenrock.pdf. [Accessed: 20-May-2008].
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS) (2004b). Draft Fire Management Strategy Glenrock State Conservation Area and Awabakal Nature Reserve. [Online]. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC). Available from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/FMPDraftGlenrockSCAAwabakalNR.pdf. [Accessed: 26-May-2008].
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS) (2005d). Lake Macquarie State Conservation Area, Pulbah Island Nature Reserve and Moon Island Nature Reserve Plan of Management. [Online]. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC). Available from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/PoMLakeMacquarieSCAPulbahIslandNRMoonIslandNR.pdf. [Accessed: 26-May-2008].
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS) (2005e). Hunter Region Wallaroo Nature Reserve Fire Management Strategy. [Online]. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC). Available from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/WallarooNRFMS.pdf. [Accessed: 23-May-2008].
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS) (2005f). Karuah Nature Reserve and Karuah State Conservation Area Fire management Strategy. [Online]. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC). Available from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/KaruahNRFMS.pdf. [Accessed: 26-May-2008].
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS) (2006j). Jilliby State Conservation Area (North) Draft Fire Management Strategy. [Online]. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC). Available from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/JillibyFmsAug06Map1.pdf. [Accessed: 28-May-2008].
Parsons Brinckerhoff (2005). Technical Paper 1, Flora and Fauna Assessment of Munmorah Gas Turbine Facility. [Online]. Sydney, NSW: Delta Electricity. Available from: http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/asp/pdf/mun_vol2_technical_paper_1_flora_fauna.pdf. [Accessed: 21-May-2008].
Payne, R J (1993). Prediction of the habitat for Tetratheca juncea in the Munmorah area, near Wyong, NSW. Cunninghamia. 3(1):147-154.
Payne, R. (2001). Final-Lake Macquarie Tetratheca juncea Conservation Management Plan. Robert Payne Ecological Surveys & Management.
Payne, R., D. Stevenson & R. Wellington (2002). A standardised method for counting Black-eyed Susan populations. Technical Note.
Payne, R.J. (2001b). Addendum to the final November 2000 Tetratheca juncea conservation management plan. Umina Beach, NSW: Lake Macquarie Council & Robert Payne Ecological Surveys and Management.
Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) (2001). Ecological Assessment of the Appropriate Widths of Vegetated Buffers to Drainage Lines in Urban Lake Macquarie. Draft report to Lake Macquarie City Council.
Thompson, J. (1976). A Revision of the genus Tetratheca (Tremandraceae). Telopea. 1(3):139-215.
Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC) (2005be). Commonwealth Listing Advice on Tetratheca juncea. [Online]. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/tetratheca-juncea.html.
Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC) (2008yk). Commonwealth Conservation Advice on Tetratheca juncea. [Online]. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pubs/21407-conservation-advice.pdf.
Wyong Shire Council (n.d.). Appendix 8, Natural Resource Officer, Environmental Studies, Rosecorp Exhibition (Gwandalan and Catherine Hill Bay). [Online]. NSW: Wyong Shire Council. Available from: http://www.wyongsc.nsw.gov.au/development/PDFs/Submission_Gwandalan_and_Catho_environmental_studies.pdf. [Accessed: 20-May-2008].
EPBC Act email updates can be received via the Communities for Communities newsletter and the EPBC Act newsletter.
This database is designed to provide statutory, biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities, migratory species, marine species, and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC Act). It has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice, recovery plans, published literature and individual experts. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information, no guarantee is given, nor responsibility taken, by the Commonwealth for its accuracy, currency or completeness. The Commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the information contained in this database. The information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the Commonwealth. This database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with. Individuals and organisations should consider all the available information, including that available from other sources, in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the EPBC Act.
Citation: Department of the Environment (2014). Tetratheca juncea in Species Profile and Threats Database, Department of the Environment, Canberra. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/sprat. Accessed Thu, 18 Sep 2014 00:45:44 +1000.


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Home > Post > Post 2 > Post 2 News Release > 2013 News Releases > News Release
Crittenden County Escape and Apprehension Investigation
Date of News Release: 02/10/2013
(Madisonville, KY) -- Jason Arkenberg was apprehended at 3:32 P.M. by Marion Police Department and the Crittenden County Sheriff's Department at the Turner and Conyers Sawmill on US60 west of Marion. Detective Lloyd Ray has charged the subject with Escape 2nd Degree, two counts of Burglary 3rd Degree, Criminal Mischief 3rd Degree, and Theft by Unlawful Taking under $500. Arkenberg was lodged in the Crittenden County Jail.
Original News Release Below:
(Madisonville, KY) -- The Kentucky State Police are currently investigating an escape from the Crittenden County Jail. At approximately 06:30 A.M., The Kentucky State Police were notified by Crittenden County Jail staff that Jason Scott Arkenberg (of Louisville, KY) had walked away from the jail. Subject is a white male, 5'06", 190 lbs, with brown hair and blue eyes. He was last seen wearing white jail clothing with "trustee" on it. He was last seen in the area of the State Highway Garage at approximately 09:00 A.M. and may have obtained camouflage overalls. He was serving a sentence for Arson, Fleeing or Evading Police, and Receiving Stolen Property. His booking photo is attached.
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text:
Seniors turn to risky reverse mortgages for cash
More people are tapping into their home equity, risking foreclosure or leaving their heirs holding the bill.
By Sheryl Nance-Nash
Elderly homeowners signing up for reverse mortgages might be latest victims of the housing crisis.
A reverse mortgage allows homeowners 62 and older who own their homes outright or who have low mortgage balances to get cash by borrowing against the equity in their homes. The mortgage comes due when the borrower dies, moves or sells the home – often shifting the responsibility to family members or heirs.
"Reverse mortgages have increased over the past five years. Many retirees, having experienced massive retirement income loss, due to the current state of the economy, have resulted to reverse mortgages as a financial refuge," says J. Varney Barker, author of New Rules of Home Ownership for the 21st Century.
Though the number of reverse mortgages peaked in FY 2009 at 115,000 and fell to 72,000 by FY 2011, 740,000 loans in total have been originated under the Home Equity Conversion Mortgage program though HUD, with about 582,000 outstanding. An estimated 54,000 of these reverse mortgage borrowers – 9.4 percent of such loans – are in default, up from 8.1 percent in July of 2011. Borrowers cited not being able to pay their property taxes or keep up with their homeowners insurance as reasons for defaulting.
"Reverse mortgages are heavily marketed as the key to alleviate any financial woe or as the ticket to the good life long delayed," says Norma Garcia, senior attorney and manager of Consumer Union's financial services program.
But reverse mortgages are tricky. The loans rapidly deplete the home's equity. If the borrower doesn't maintain the property, or is remiss in paying homeowners insurance or property taxes, the deal is off and the loan goes into default. The borrower can then lose their home to foreclosure. "You could leave your heirs in a hole," says Keith Gumbinger, vice president of HSH.com, a publisher of mortgage and consumer loan information.
When the homeowner no longer occupies the home (due to death, foreclosure, or incapacitation, etc.) the loan becomes due and payable. The heirs -- /children or even the remaining spouse (if not on the mortgage or deed) -- will then have to come up with funds to repay the loan and the interest accrued, says Gumbinger. In the case of the homeowner's death, the heirs can either sell the home, or keep the home by refinancing and continuing to make payments.
The reverse mortgage is a non-recourse loan, which means the seniors and their heirs will never pay more than what the property is worth, says Sue Pullen, a senior loan advisor and vice president for Fairway Independent Mortgage. If the value is less than what is owed, the senior and heirs will never have to pay the difference. This is one of the benefits of a reverse mortgage, says Pullen.
But it's not cheap to do a reverse mortgage. You pay a loan origination fee, closing costs, and compounding interest on the loan principal, which can be significant. "There can be $30,000 in fees for doing a reverse mortgage," says Leslie Tayne, a financial attorney, specializing in debt.
In this economy where many are struggling to survive, seniors are finding out just how complicated reverse mortgages can be. Consumers Union and California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform are rallying behind seniors to urge the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to adopt a number of reforms to protect seniors from the potential pitfalls of reverse mortgages, including outlawing deceptive marketing, requiring lenders and brokers to consider whether the loans put borrowers at risk of losing their home, as well as making sure the borrower understands the complex nature of the contract, and exploring if there are more viable alternatives.
"The stakes are high for seniors eligible for reverse mortgages. They are homeowners with a lot of equity which for many, may be their largest remaining asset. They are typically retirees and are no longer in the workforce. Once their assets are exhausted, it would be very difficult or impossible to replenish them," says Garcia.
What's also worrisome is that reverse mortgage borrowers are withdrawing more of their money upfront than in the past. In fiscal year 2011, 73 percent of borrowers took all or almost all of their available funds upfront at closing—up by 30 percentage points since 2008.
"Borrowers who withdraw all of their available home equity upfront will have fewer resources to draw upon to pay for everyday and major expenses later in life. They are also at greater risk of becoming delinquent on taxes and/or insurance and ultimately losing their homes to foreclosure," says Garcia.
The question is, for whom might reverse mortgages be a reasonable option? They may be an option for low-income, healthy seniors who don't have other retirement assets, do not qualify for lower cost alternatives, or cannot meet their current mortgage obligation, for example. Some people also like the fact that reverse mortgage loan advances are not taxable, and generally don't affect your Social Security or Medicare benefits.
But for most people, a reverse mortgage, "should be considered a last resort," says Tayne. "You might be better off moving to a smaller place rather than taking out money against your home."
Sheryl Nance-Nash is a contributor at The Fiscal Times. Subscribe to The Fiscal Times' free newsletter.
More from The Fiscal Times
- 5 Worst Places to Retire in the US
- Worst Mistake I Made Planning for Retirement
- Underwater Retirement: Home Values Ruin Dreams
The only question that I have is.........
1. If the Senior cannot get a traditional loan from a bank or lending institution
2. If they don't have access to funds from a family member, friend or whomever....
3. If they have equity in their home, but are not using it to live on.........
4. Knowing that they have limited resources to work with.........
What is the option that you can offer them as the person writing this article??? I often see people writing articles like this, but they never offer any solutions. Please share that with us and include it in your article the next time. There are a lot of people giving advice, but never giving an alternative..... Please share with the Senior population what we should do.........
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[BRIEFING.COM] The stock market finished the Thursday session on a higher note with the S&P 500 climbing 0.5%. The benchmark index registered an early high within the first 90 minutes and inched to a new session best during the final hour of the action.
Equities rallied out of the gate with the financial sector (+1.1%) providing noteworthy support for the second day in a row. The growth-oriented sector extended its September gain to 1.9% versus a more modest uptick of 0.4% for the ... More
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- Video: Easy DIY smoked meats at home
A charcuterie master shares his process for cold-smoking meat at home.
- Jetpacks about to go mainstream
- Weird things covered by home insurance
- Bing: 70 percent of adults report 'digital eye strain'


text:
The Rules
The rules are simple:
- Each challenger has 20 minutes from the first bite to finish all eight slices and lick the plate clean of any sauce.
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text:
Good Question: Why Don't Women Ask For More Money?
Monday, July 30, 2007
"We all know that men make more money than women do on average. However, a new study says the reason guys make more is because they complain and negotiate more than women. 'It gets very complex and I don't think a lot of it is conscious sexism,' said Dr. Teresa Rothhausen-Vange, who teaches at the University of St. Thomas' graduate business school."
Originally published: 07/30/2007, WCCO-TV


text:
International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) gets a new Executive Secretary
The Ramsar Bureau is particularly happy to welcome Philip Weller as the new Executive Secretary of the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River. As the former director of WWF's Danube-Carpathian Programme, Philip was instrumental in forging close links among the 13 Danube catchment basin states and the European Commission that are parties to the Danube River Protection Convention, of which ICPDR is the operative arm.
Philip was the driving force behind the "Lower Danube Green Corridor Agreement" (of which the Ramsar Bureau is a depository), signed in 2000 by Bulgaria, the Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine, establishing the largest transboundary wetland protection and restoration initiative in Europe. Philip, together with his former colleagues of WWF and three national NGOs in Austria, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, received a Ramsar Award in 2002 for the preparation of the transboundary Morava-Diye floodplain Ramsar platform and conservation initiative. Most recently, Philip contributed to the development of the new GEF-funded regional project for the Danube basin and participated in the Ecological Expert Group established by the ICPDR (reported here in October 2002).
The work of this group provides an excellent platform to integrate Ramsar principles and tools into river basin management of the Danube basin and its tributaries. It is guided by the requirements of the European Union Water Framework Directive aiming at the provision of good quality surface and groundwater, the protection of the environment, and the alleviation of the impact of floods and droughts. By creating a true sense of cooperation and exchange of know-how, ICPDR and its members are showing the world how to implement integrated river basin management at large scale in a politically complex situation.
We are looking forward to continuing this fruitful cooperation with the ICPDR, hopefully also at national level in the Danube states, and the Bureau also congratulates the outgoing Executive Secretary, Joachim Bendow, for his achievements, wishing him well.
-- Tobias Salathé, Ramsar Regional Coordinator for Europe
Photo (from the ICPDR website) left Joachim Bendow, right Philip Weller, in front of the UN offices in Vienna, the seat of the ICPDR.
United Nations Information Service, press release
VIENNA, 20 August, (UN Information Service) -- Philip Weller was appointed the new Executive Secretary of the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) on 1 August 2003.
As the new Executive Secretary of the ICPDR, Mr. Weller believes his main challenge will be to strenghten cooperation between Danube River Basin countries to reduce pollution thereby ensuring better water quality. This task, he has asserted, will be greatly facilitated by innovative EU water management legislation, called the EU Water Framework Directive, which guides the ICPDR's work. Even non-EU member countries in the Danube River Basin have committed themselves to implementing this Directive which calls for achieving a sound ecological status for all rivers in the European Union by 2015. Mr. Weller also wants to establish mechanisms for effective multilateral river basin management.
An environmental planner, Mr. Weller studied Environmental Science at the University of Waterloo, Canada, where he received a Masters in Urban and Regional Planning. As Director of the Worldwide Fund for Nature's Danube Carpathian Programme, 1995-2002, Mr. Weller was the driving force behind the "Lower Danube Green Corridor Agreement," an accord between Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and the Ukraine to establish the largest wetland protection and restoration initiative in Europe.
Previously, he served for four years as director of Great Lakes United, a unique bi-national coalition of interest groups that included local municipalities, research organizations, businesses and NGOs in both Canada and the U.S., and which focused on cleaning-up the Great Lakes. Mr. Weller has also managed successful consulting businesses in both Canada and Austria, and undertaken numerous assignments for governments and international organizations.
Mr. Weller has considerable practical experience in the restoration of natural ecosystems, and in promoting public involvement in environmental decision-making. In February 2000, he was appointed a member of the Baia Mare Taskforce, an EU initiative by Margot Wallström, EU Commissioner for the Environment, whose task was to follow up the cyanide spill from a gold mine in Baia Mare in Romania. He also played a major role in the organization of the Danube Carpathian Heads of State Summit held in April 2001.
Mr. Weller is the author of three books on environmental topics including Freshwater Seas, an environmental history of the North American Great Lakes.
For further information please contact:
Jasmine BACHMANN,
Public Participation and Public Relations,
ICPDR Secretariat at UNOV
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: http://www.icpdr.org


text:
attachment order
court order preventing sale of debtor's property an order from a court to hold a debtor's property to prevent it from being sold until debts are paid
Log-in and utility navigation:
Primary navigation:
court order preventing sale of debtor's property an order from a court to hold a debtor's property to prevent it from being sold until debts are paid
in many Muslim as well as non-Muslim countries. The growth is swift, but it is accompanied by regulatory issues and challenges which will need to be addressed in order to facilitate and coordinate the innovation and diversity that it brings.
By Bilal Rasul
the specific measures impacted by those systems. Whether the measures are internally designed and driven or the types that analysts use when assessing publicly held companies, each system has a measurable—and financial—impact. So, as you review your metrics, also take a look at the costs attached. That, too
By Leslie L. Kossoff
Companies have adopted differing business models for their e-commerce operations. Amazon operates from vast warehouses, as does Ocado, a grocery retailer based in the United Kingdom. In the Ocado model, pickers inside the warehouse service thousands of internet orders, which are stacked, packed into pods that are attached to big trucks, and then transported all over the United Kingdom to car parks, where the pods are slotted onto individual vans for street-level deliveries
be recovered by way of an attachment on its properties or assets. In addition, the structure of the sukuk transaction (the issuance) itself could limit investors' ability to enforce the mortgage. The sukuk is structured under English law in which the concept of trust and beneficial interest is applied
By Kamal Abdelkarim Hassan, Muhamad Kholid
Definitions of 'attachment order' and meaning of 'attachment order' are from the book publication, QFINANCE – The Ultimate Resource, © 2009 Bloomsbury Information Ltd. Find definitions for 'attachment order' and other financial terms with our online QFINANCE Financial Dictionary.


text:
As seen in the New York Times: When Being Small-Minded Is a Good Thing.
Our Sapien Bookcase made the pages of this week's Times, as a featured item in "Must Haves for the Micro Pad" by Jesse McKinley.
Do you have any small-space tips to share? Drop us a comment and share your big ideas for thinking small.


text:
Narrow your search
Crafter Sherry Shead will give your toys something to worry about with this creepy "Doctor Who" project.
Re-enact your favorite scenes from the hit British show with these fully articulated and highly detailed figures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson.
Exterminknit! Artist Allison Hoffman crafts dolls not only of Time Lords, but also of their companions, villains, and the Tardis itself.
A Tokyo-based entrepreneur is in the process of designing a "smart doll" robot that will respond to human interaction.
Mattel and NASA get together to create an astronaut Barbie doll with aspirations of visiting Mars.
Japan has scooped the Guinness World Record for the world's largest theremin ensemble, with 272 instruments shaped like matryoshka dolls.
Makies Doll Factory has seen over 70,000 dolls designed in the first week of the iPad app's release.
Artist Bean Shanine takes ultra-realistic Reborn baby dolls and turns them into creepy creatures from beyond humanity.
The sixth episode of Silicon Valley's most valuable reality show reveals that there is no end to drama when a man tries to run more than one company and more than one woman.
Jewelry designer is stunned when Facebook removes a picture of a porcelain doll sitting next to her jewelry, because the doll's nipples are visible. After a week, Facebook finally apologizes.


text:
Explore Kongregate & earn 10 kreds Here are your 10 free kreds Explore Kongregate & earn a trophy Here's a shiny trophy for you 15%X
Masteganenas' messages
Public messages for Masteganenas
Dec 3, 2010 9:16pm
hey man. i keep playing tetris achievements and it keeps deleting my score. why is that? i love playing the game, but would like to have credit for what i get.
Masteganenas May 24, 2012 10:43am
man, I haven't updated the game in ages, I don't think I have broken anything, so I suggest you talk to Kong directly :(
- Featured
for Developers


text:
Jeremy Hooper just noticed that Chick-fil-A has created a new page on its website simply identified as "FAQs," where the company reiterates its same talking points about its anti-gay philosophies. It still plans to "treat every person with honor, dignity, and respect," despite offering no protections or benefits for LGBT employees. And pulling the Jim Henson toys for an unspecified safety concern that resulted in zero injuries had nothing to do with the Henson Company's promise to donate the proceeds to GLAAD. Though there's no new information provided here, Chick-fil-A is clearly in damage control mode as its national favorability plummets.
Chick-fil-A Reiterates Talking Points On New 'FAQs' Webpage
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Caltrans Construction Alert
Beach Blvd (SR-39) and Whittier Blvd (SR-72)
The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) will begin a $4.3-million rehabilitation construction project on SR-39 and SR-72 (Beach and Whittier boulevards) on September 21, 2009 through January 5, 2010.
Work will consist of restriping and bridge widening on Beach Boulevard just north of Imperial Highway for a needed sidewalk. Installation of traffic light signal poles and minimal drain pipes also will be performed.
For the month of October, traffic on Whittier Boulevard will be reduced to one lane in both directions from 9 PM to 5 AM Monday through Friday. From October through November traffic on Whittier Boulevard will be reduced to two lanes both directions for asphalt installation from 8 PM to 10 PM Monday through Friday. It will eventually be reduced to one lane from 10 PM to 6 AM Monday through Friday.
The bridge widening phase will take effect beginning the end of September through January 2010 on Beach Boulevard north of the (SR-91) Imperial Highway, although traffic flow will not be affected. No weekend work is scheduled in any phase of the project but it subject to change.
Caltrans crews will post signs and portable changeable message signs to advise motorists of delays and to guide the public about any necessary detours. Upon completion of the project, motorists will enjoy a smoother roadway. Every effort will be made to minimize the impacts of construction to residents and businesses.
In a construction zone, motorists are reminded to "slow for the cone zone", be alert, and proceed with caution.
For information about this project, or any other freeway project in Orange County, contact the Office of Public information at (949) 724-2000, the Orange County Transportation Helpline at 1-800-724-0353 or log on to Caltrans website at www.dot.ca.gov
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text:
The movie starring Dolly Parton and Queen Latifah will set up shop in Coweta County next month.
The Newnan Times Herald reports today that the Newnan City Council has approved a request from the production company, and that shooting will take place from Feb. 16-18, with crews coming in ahead of time to get thing ready from Feb. 8-25. Here is a link to the full story.
Parton, who is staying at a private residence in Midtown during her time here working on the project, has already been spotted a few times. She took in the matinee performance of "Bring it On: The Musical" on Sunday afternoon at the Alliance Theatre. (It's there through Feb. 20; here's the link for tickets and information).
On Monday, she did a little shopping at the Vinings Jubilee development, stopping by Emly Benham and Etc. East.
We actually ran into Wilson Trivino last night at the Fox, who spotted Parton at the Alliance.
"She's tiny – you could put her in your pocket," Trivino said. "She was so sweet. We asked for a picture and she said, 'sure, honey!' "
Now begins our hunt for The Queen!
- Jennifer Brett/The email@example.com
January 27th, 2011
11:40 am
[...] The Queen and Parton will be filming in Newnan next month. Here is a link to a story with more details about the project and shooting schedule. [...]
January 27th, 2011
11:09 pm
Both were also in Smyrna, don't know if or where they are filming there.


text:
1×23 Top 4 Perform
August 9, 2012 by admin
Filed under Previous Seasons 1 and 2 USA
Aired on: 2011-12-14
With the Shocking elimination of Rachel Crow, only Marcus Canty, Josh Krajcik, Melanie Amaro and Chris Rene remain in the competition. Tonight is the Pepsi Challenge song pick and another song that will hopefully put three to the Final next week.
The Semi Final is underway and for Melanie Amaro, Marcus Canty, Chris Rene and Josh Krajcik are going to give it all they have. This week the contestants are going to be singing the "Pepsi Challenge Song" that America has chosen and emotions are running hire and hire. They talk about Rachel's exit and Simon says that he hasn't seen Rachel, but it is alright. Nicole says that the boos have made her stronger.


text:
You Have A Boyfriend, Stop Flirting With Mine!!!So my boyfriend stays over at my house every weekend because he lives 40 minutes away and he works full time. He goes on his Facebook on my laptop while he's here. A few weeks ago, the day after he'd gone I was on my computer and decided to use my other browser. He was still logged on on it and he was talking to one of his female friends (blond,skinny,very intimidating) and by talking, I mean full on flirting. The first bit was ok, because they were talking about me, and although it was something like "can I add her I want to see what she looks like" it was nothing too bad.
Most of the convo however was mainly her, saying stuff like: "that's not the only thing I'm good at" and "save a dance for me" "will your girlfriend join US for a dance", lots and lots of xxxx, that sort of thing. Ridiculous thing is, this was HER BOYFRIEND'S birthday party she was talking about dancing at!!! Her boyfriend is also one of his best friends. Worst thing is for me, he was supposed to be talking to me at the same time, but I had been waiting for a response for about five minutes because he was too busy chatting to her.
So, I confronted him about this straight away. First of all, he tried to pass it off as "banter" which I was absolutely not having any of. Then he apologised and said he wouldn't do it again, did all the "you won't split up with me" kinda stuff which is an absolute conversation killer, because I end up having to comfort him and treat him like a child when I want to have an adult discussion. But we got over that. When she added me I made a point of talking to her, and hinting that I knew what she was up to. It was like talking to a brick wall, like she didn't care. Then she told me a pack of really nasty lies about his family and totally exaggerated the friendship her and my boyfriend had. A few days later, she posted on his wall inviting him to Spain next year, and although he didn't really respond it evoked the response she presumably wanted in me-worry mainly.
A few weeks later I found some really REALLY dodgy stuff on his laptop history- things that when I told my best friend about it in an absolute panic she advised to me to get a train out of there while he was at work...I didn't, waited for him to get back, told him, same sort of thing happened and I forgave him because I was satisfied he genuinely was sorry.
The second time he was still logged on was yesterday and while it was a lot better, he's still speaking to this b****! He initiated the conversation, and while he literally just said hi and then didn't reply to her and carried on speaking to me, I felt a bit let down.
I have a lot less trust than I did before all the computer stuff kicked off. I know Facebook isn't the be all and end all, and it can be a relationship killer but in my mind, fb chat flirting is emotional cheating at the very least. We discussed this and his viewpoint is that it's only cheating if two people actually meet up and sleep together etc, but he said he would feel angry and betrayed if I had done the same thing he had...which really confused me as to why he did it :/
So basically, how can I learn to trust my boyfriend enough not to go checking his Facebook and what should I do about this girl, if anything?? I know it's stupid to tell him he can't talk to her, but the fact that they're still in contact (and that she lives so much closer to him than me) makes me quite insecure and miserable sometimes. It's getting easier to trust the longer I'm with him, but still the seeds of doubt have been well and truly sown :(
I know this must be absolutely awful for you, but at the end of the day, if he wanted to be with her, he WOULD be. She's obviously keen for him and he is well aware of that. She's sent a hell of alot of signals and a lot of flirtation, while he may have responded, this does not necessarily mean he wants her. If that was the case, you wouldn't be in the picture! Some men just love the attention of a woman who is not their girlfriend. This doesn't mean they want to cheat on you, it simply means that a man still wants to know that he is attractive to women. It's a confidence thing. Don't let her make you feel insecure. YOU are the one who has him not her. She is nothing more than a reassurance that he has 'still got it'. At the end of the day, you are the girl he will turn to if he's upset for comfort and you're the girl he's with. I hope your relationship works out :)


text:
"… I'd sure as hell be an unattractive male."
//stupid me post edits blog and accidentally clicks delete instead of edit tags /sobs. Lucky for me that I archive all art questions with screenshots for future reference /weeps.
Oh lookie here I'm actually drawing again nbd.
If anybody remembers this is my female turian. Cutie.


text:
Long, long, long, but good, good, good Jun 28 2005
Long, long, long, but good, good, good piece on Suck, "the first great website".
Front page
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And more at Amazon.com
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Subscribe to Quarterly and get a real-life mailing from Jason every three months.
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text:
nevershoutevieex3's profile
hold on when you feel like letting go...♥
- Member since
- Feb 18th, 2012
- Profile Viewed
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- Last login:
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About Me
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Latest Journal Entry
August 13, 2012
that's it.you know what.
i'm done.
finished of quizilla. I don't like it.
not anymore.
i'm sorry, but quizilla isn't for me.
bye :'( I love you all. You've been so supportive and nice to me whilst I've been writing, and the friends I've made on here are awesome.
But I'm wasting my whole time on here. My school work is affected badly, and even the relationship i have with my family and friends. I know, It's a stupid reason to quit but I don't want to be someone who just sits at the computer all day wishingI knew what to write when so many of you want different things. it's hard, man.
i guesss i just can't handle the pressure.
:L sorry.
again, I love you all, You've been awesome.


text:
May 19, 2008Albany -- Drivers in downtown Albany need to watch out for changes Tuesday night at the intersection of North Jefferson at West Roosevelt Avenue; that's where the railroad tracks are.
The Georgia Department of Transportation will re-stripe the northbound lane on Jefferson Street, changing one lanes into three lanes.
There will be a left turn lane, a center thru lane, and a right turn lane. The southbound lane of Jefferson at Roosevelt will be changed to two lanes, with a left turn lane and a through-lane.
Employees at a car wash at the intersection say the changes are needed. "I think stripes on the road will be a pretty good idea. Keep some of the motorists safe," says Keavan Harris of Pacific Auto Detail.
The Georgia Department of Transportation will re-stripe the Jefferson and Roosevelt Intersection starting at 9:30 Tuesday night, so Wednesday morning watch for the lane changes there.Feedback: firstname.lastname@example.com?subject=JeffersonChanges-JW-5/19
P.O. Box 3130
Albany, GA 31706
(229) 446-1010
FCC Public File
(229) 446-4005
EEO Report
Closed Captioning


text:
Aug. 17, 2012 @ 4:40 PM _
I've recieved a lot of requests for a masterpost.
So…I made one.
Like always, contact me with any changes.
Like always, if you're going to complain that demisexuality isn't real, polysexuals are just confused, trans* people are liars, or asexuals need to get laid…. Just, I dunno, stop.
(via lgbtlaughs)


text:
"Question of the Day"… If someone unfriends you on Facebook does that mean they don't want to be your friend?
Recent Headlines
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A battle between CBS and Rihanna over the use of one of her songs for an NFL broadcast keeps escalating.
Eva Mendes and Ryan Gosling are parents
The pair reportedly welcomed a baby girl last week.
in Viral Videos
Barbra Streisand on late-night TV for first time in 50 years
And part of her appearance included singing duets with Jimmy Fallon.