text:
Environmental and Pro-Social Norms: Evidence on Littering
AbstractThe paper investigates the relationship between pro-social norms and its implications for improved environmental outcomes. This is an area, which has been neglected in the environmental economics literature. We provide empirical evidence to demonstrate a small but significant positive impact between perceived environmental cooperation (reduced public littering) and increased voluntary environmental morale. For this purpose we use European Values Survey (EVS) data for 30 European countries. We also demonstrate that Western European countries are more sensitive to perceived environmental cooperation than the public in Eastern Europe. Interestingly, the results also demonstrate that environmental morale is strongly correlated with several socio-economic and environmental variables. Several robustness tests are conducted to check the validity of the results.
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Bibliographic InfoArticle provided by De Gruyter in its journal The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy.
Volume (Year): 9 (2009)
Issue (Month): 1 (April)
Pages: 1-41
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Cited by:
- Bruno S. Frey, 2009.
"Punishment ? and beyond,"
CREMA Working Paper Series
2009-14, Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA).
- Bruno S. Frey, 2011. "Punishment – and Beyond," Contemporary Economics, University of Finance and Management in Warsaw, vol. 5(2), June.
- Bruno S. Frey, 2009. "Punishment - and beyond," CESifo Working Paper Series 2706, CESifo Group Munich.
- Bruno S. Frey, 2009. "Punishment – and beyond," IEW - Working Papers 418, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics - University of Zurich.
- Achtnicht, Martin & Madlener, Reinhard, 2012.
"Factors Influencing German House Owners' Preferences on Energy Retrofits,"
FCN Working Papers
4/2012, E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN).
- Achtnicht, Martin & Madlener, Reinhard, 2014. "Factors influencing German house owners' preferences on energy retrofits," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 254-263.
- Achtnicht, Martin & Madlener, Reinhard, 2012. "Factors influencing German house owners' preferences on energy retrofits," ZEW Discussion Papers 12-042, ZEW - Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung / Center for European Economic Research.
- Bin Dong & Uwe Dulleck & Benno Torgler, 2008.
"Conditional Corruption,"
CREMA Working Paper Series
2008-29, Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA).
- Dong, Bin & Dulleck, Uwe & Torgler, Benno, 2012. "Conditional corruption," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 33(3), pages 609-627.
- Bin Dong & Uwe Dulleck & Benno Torgler, 2009. "Conditional Corruption," School of Economics and Finance Discussion Papers and Working Papers Series 241, School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology.
- Adrian Chadi, 2011.
"Employed but Still Unhappy?: On the Relevance of the Social Work Norm,"
SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research
353, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
- Adrian Chadi, 2012. "Employed But Still Unhappy? On the Relevance of the Social Work Norm," Schmollers Jahrbuch : Journal of Applied Social Science Studies / Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, vol. 132(1), pages 1-26.
- Chadi, Adrian, 2011. "Employed but still unhappy? On the relevance of the social work norm," CAWM Discussion Papers 42, Center of Applied Economic Research Münster (CAWM), University of Münster.
- Barile, L., 2012. "The Impact of Governmental Signals on Environmental Morale : a 'behavioural' approach," Department of Economics Working Papers 32984, University of Bath, Department of Economics.
- García-Valiñas, María A. & Macintyre, Alison & Torgler, Benno, 2012. "Volunteering, pro-environmental attitudes and norms," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 41(4), pages 455-467.
- Mzoughi, Naoufel, 2011. "Farmers adoption of integrated crop protection and organic farming: Do moral and social concerns matter?," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(8), pages 1536-1545, June.
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text:
Cho'Rush the Observer
This NPC can be found in Dire Maul.
Quotes (1)
- Cho'Rush the Observer yells: The king is dead - OH NOES! Summon Mizzle da Crafty! He knows what to do next!
GainsAfter killing this NPC you will gain:
- Normal
- 300 reputation with Huojin Pandaren

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Big Feet Pajama Co. picked a winning design in their button or icon contest
For just US$204, they received 61 designs from 19 designers.
Our company has had great success finding highly talented graphic designers through 99designs. We have been thrilled with the results of the contests that we've run and would recommend them to any company with design projects, big or small. — Big Feet Pajama Co.
From logos and business cards to websites and stationery, you can get anything designed by running your own design contest on 99designs.
Design a "Live Chat" Button
- Open
- The contest was open to all designers
- Selected a winner
- The contest holder awarded a winner
Congratulations to the winner, GiorgiaDesign!


text:
Peak By: Roland Smith
Peak Marcello was a normal teenager until he got arrested for climbing a skyscraper. Peak was always a great mountain climber, but there were no mountains in NYC, so he resorted to skyscrapers. His father, who never contacted him, appeared for his court hearing, and the decision and Peak's "punishment" was that he would move in with his father in Thailand until the media died down. Peak reluctantly flew to Thailand and got to his hotel room only to be given climbing equipment by his father. He was told that he was going to be given a mountain climber's dream: being allowed to climb MT. EVEREST!! When he got to Base Camp, there were hundreds of tents including the tents of his father's climbing expedition's climbers. He later finds out that a film crew is expected to arrive. The film crew is going to be filming the youngest climber ever to climb Everest: Peak. Peak's father wants to get his son to the top of the mountain before he turns 15 so he could be the youngest climber. However, Peak doesn't think this would be such a good idea. There is only one question on his mind: Am I climbing Everest for my self pride or am I climbing to bring publicity to my dad's company?
—K.D. (age 14)
- Posted on: Tuesday, July 17th, 2012 at 1:48 pm
- Filed under Adventure. Rss 2.0 feed is here.
- Leave a response | Trackback


text:
Suzi's Blog
Shrimp with Tomatoes and Feta from The Mediterranean Slow Cooker by Michele Scicolone
Our friend Michele Scicolone earned her general's four stars writing a slew of wonderful Italian cookbooks. Not Italian-American. Italian. She and her husband Charles must have traveled through every village and byway in Italy by now. You can trust her books for their authenticity and the guarantee that a Michele recipe will work as advertised. Every time and perfectly. Few cookbook authors have such quality.
But Michele has not rested on those earned general's stars. She has just published her third slow cooker cookbook. First there was Italy, of course. Then France. And now The Mediterranean Slow Cooker is ready for you to enjoy. And you will.
At the beginning of this book, Michele answers that question you now have: why a slow cooker? She tells you the why and how to choose one, provides great tips and techniques, and she even offer some safety facts — well, let's face it, you go off to a soccer match and leave the slow cooker plugged in and what do you expect. Your next meal may be a fund raiser for the firemen who have saved you house. More seriously, for this book, Michele also outlines the ingredients you should have on hand for Mediterranean cuisine.
The book ranges from starters to desserts. Here are the chapters with a representative recipe from each:
- Soups: Winter Squash and Chickpea Soup
- Eggs: Zucchini Flan
- Seafood: Shrimp with Tomatoes and Feta
- Poultry: Turkey Breast with Lemon, Capers, and Sage
- Beef and Veal: Rioja Short Ribs with Chorizo
- Pork and Lamb: Lamb and Pine Nut Meatballs
- Pasta, Grains and Beans: Truffled Polenta
- Vegetables: Golden Vegetable Tagine
- Desserts: Coffee Caramel Flan
There are recipes here to suit every skill and taste bud. You can do something pretty familiar or you can venture off into a recipe that is deeply Mediterranean.
We chose the Shrimp with Tomatoes and Feta. Now, shrimp themselves don't need a slow cooker. In fact, they are only added at the very end here for 10-15 minutes. This dish could be prepared in a few minutes on the stovetop, except for the sauce part. Here, the sauce ingredients you could cook in those few minutes are slow cooked instead. Is there a difference? Of course. Hours of slow cooking generate a different flavor profile and texture. The resulting sauce is exceptionally wonderful. This recipe is the perfect example of what has been lost in our hurry-up-now world.
Michele's book is a both a tasting and learning experience. All you have to do is plug in that slow cooker and wait. Time for a book or a bottle or both.
Shrimp with Tomatoes and Feta
Yield: serves 6
- ¼ cup olive oil
- 1 medium onion, chopped
- 1 28-ounce can crushed tomatoes
- ½ cup dry white wine
- ½ teaspoon dried oregano
- Salt
- Pinch of crushed red pepper
- 1 ½ pounds medium shrimp, shelled and deveined
- 1 cup crumbled feta cheese [about 4 ounces]
- 2 tablespoons chopped fresh flat-leaved parsley
- 1 12-ounce Collins or sling glass
In a small skillet, heat the oil over medium heat. Add the onion and cook until tender, about 10 minutes. Scrape the onion into a large slow cooker. Stir in the tomatoes, wine, oregano, salt to taste, and crushed red pepper. Cover and cook on high for 2 hours.
Rinse the shrimp and pat them dry. Stir in the shrimp into the sauce. Sprinkle with the cheese. Cover and cook on high for 10 to 15 minutes, or until the shrimp are tender and cooked through.
Sprinkle with the parsley and serve hot.
Source: The Mediterranean Slow Cooker by Michele Scicolone
Superior Feta and Dill Tart with Lemony Spinach Salad
If there were a 12-step program for dill addiction, I would be on my way. I love the stuff, and apply it in many, many dishes. When Brian first met me, he had to consider his future: her and dill or .. He has accommodated. He wasn't anti-dill, just inexperienced. After all, let's face it: 99% of the use of dill is in making pickles. I have a broader horizon.
Over the next few weeks there will be some dill recipes sprinkled here. It turns out that the very bright dill flavors, ones we all recognize, work successfully with cheeses, cucumbers, and in beverages. Dill can be an accent, or it can be a dominant player.
Dill is very prominent is this tart recipe, from Puff by Martha Holmberg, that we cooked last weekend. It was very hot, we were very tired, and we wanted a simple dish to be the entire meal. This tart had us both satisfied and rested, because it's also a breeze to make. The dill makes for an eye-opening flavor experience. The feta cheese and puff pastry give it substance. A small slice of this tart is a great first course, but we did big slices and made it the meal. With a Vouvray or Riesling, this is all you need.
Oh, maybe not quite all. Look for a dill dessert this weekend.
Feta and Dill Tart with Lemony Spinach Salad
Yield: serves 4
Tart Ingredients:
2 large eggs
⅓ cup crème fraîche or heavy creams
2 tablespoons chopped fresh dill plus ½ cup loosely packed dill sprigs
1 teaspoon freshly grated lemon zest
½ teaspoon kosher salt, plus more for the salad
Freshly ground pepper
1 sheet (about 9 ounces) frozen pastry, thawed
1 cup (about 4 ounces) crumbled good-quality feta
Salad Ingredients:
4 small handfuls baby spinach or baby arugula leaves, washed and dried well
3 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil
1 tablespoon fresh lemon, plus more to taste
Tart Preparation:
Preheat the oven over 425°F. In a medium bowl, whisk the eggs, crème fraîche, chopped dill, lemon zest, ½ teaspoon salt, and about 10 grinds of pepper.
On a lightly floured counter, roll pastry into an 11 x 13″ rectangle. Line a baking sheet with parchment paper. Wet the edges with water and fold over a ¾-inch border. Distribute the feta evenly within the border and then carefully pour the egg mixture and cheese, taking care that it doesn't slosh onto the border. Carefully transfer the baking sheet to the oven and bake until the pastry is puffed and brown on the border and the underside, and the filing is golden brown, about 18 t0 20 minutes.
Slide tart off the pan onto a rack to cool a bit. Transfer to a cutting board and cut into four rectangles, so that each piece gets some border. Put the tart onto plates.
Salad Preparation:
In a large bowl, toss the spinach and dill sprigs with the olive oil and lemon juice until evenly coated. Sprinkle with salt, pepper, and more lemon juice to taste. Arrange a handful of salad on each piece of tart and serve immediately.
Source: Puff by Martha Holmberg


text:
The Cowboy Boot Campfire Blog
How cute is Taylor Swift's outfit here? I love the red and black checkered jacket with the skinny jeans and the boots. Steal her look with these pieces below, all of which can be found at Forever21.com. Then, match her cowboy boots with this pair right here. Fabulous country style in a flash!
Tags: taylor swift
Double H
Taylor Swift is known for pairing cowboy boots with her party dresses on stage. Steal her style with these fabulous boots! Taylor's country style is easy to recreate - just grab any cute sundress or party dress and pair it with the flat boots. The look below can be recreated with these fabulous brown boots. Taylor is also often seen in simple black boots, like these ones.
Just remember: the best thing about this style is that it's easy breezy. Keep the accessories simple and let the boots do the talking.
Dan Post
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text:
A vacation is a trip that everyone should take, but not all feel privileged to do so. Work load and financial restraints are among the top two reasons why people often skip the vacation of a lifetime and stay home instead.
As far as work demands go, employees find it difficult to take the time off, can't afford a vacation or feel that they can't relax during a vacation due to having to check in with the boss. It is however, stressful to not take the necessary time away.
Research is finding that the number of upper level management vacations being taken either remain the same or are rising. In fact, 81% of managers are planning to take time off while just 65% of full-time employees are planning for a vacation. Below are other disturbing statistics revolving around the diminishing number of employee vacations.
It is an unpleasant thought that employees feel they can't get away. When you spend day in and day out working hard to make your boss and family proud, you should plan for that unforgettable trip. At Chalet Village, we do all we can to make our Smokey Mountain reservations as affordable as possible.


text: benslow benslow: I was recently in Paris for a show and obviously used the opportunity to have a paint. I had planned to paint 2 pieces, but this piece turned out to be a bit of a bitch to paint as it was mainly on glass. I have never painted on glass before and I won't be rushing back to it any time soon. I am happy with how it came out but it was certainly the trickiest piece I have painted, the ink just would not dry. Ah well, you live and learn and all considering it turned out preety good in the end. Was good fun to finally have a paint with David Shillinglaw too. We had been talking about it for a while and glad we did. I'm a big fan of his work and I find this an interesting collaboration. Unfortunately I had to leave before he had finished his part so there were a few facebook messages back and forth but he did a great job in the end, looking forward to having a proper paint with the man soon enough hopefully Shout out to Paris Freewalls and the guys at Thgallery for letting us paint there shop up, great guys and hopefully going to be working on some Tshirts with them pretty soon. benslow Ben Slow


text: Green Lane, Pennsylvania is located in Montgomery County. Green Lane has a population of 625 and has shown 9.1% growth since 2000. Of the 253 households in Green Lane, 66.0% are owned, 29.4% are rented and 5% are not currently occupied. The median age of homes in Green Lane is 52 years and 37.0% of the homes have been occupied by the same residents for more than 5 years. Learn more about Green Lane, Pennsylvania real estate at coldwellbanker.com.


text: content Vitamin B2: 71 Abstract Summaries HUMAN RESEARCH 1. Ann Nutr Metab. 1996;40(3):146-56. Influence of the intake of fortified breakfast cereals on dietary habits and nutritional status of Spanish schoolchildren. Ortega RM, Requejo AM, Redondo R, Lopez-Sobaler AM, Andres P, Ortega A, Gaspar MJ, Quintas E, Navia B. Spain This paper reports on the breakfast choices of 200 schoolchildren between 9 and 13 years of age. One group had fortified breakfast cereals (65 boys and 35 girls) and the second group did not (64 boys and 36 girls). Blood, biochemical, anthropometric, and dietary data were collected. The fortified breakfast group among other factors had better dietary habits all round and higher thiamine, pyridoxine, folates, and beta-carotenes. The fortified breakfast children had higher retinol, serum folate, and riboflavin levels than the non-fortified group. The percentage of children with hypercholesterolaemia (serum cholesterol > 4.5 mmol/l) was higher amongst those of the non-fortified group: 37% as compared with 18% of the fortified group. HUMAN RESEARCH 2. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1996 Sep;46(3):190-5. Nutritional status and body composition of a group of non-institutionalized elderly in the State of Zulia, Venezuela Falque-Madrid L, Pinero-Corredor MP, Zambrano de Rodriguez N, Quintero J, Souki de Gabarron A, Arias-Marquez N. Venezuela This study assessed the nutritional status and body composition of an elderly population of ninety-four persons (47 male and 47 female), ages ranging from 60 to 88 years. Anthropometric measurements, and a dietary recall and frequency were taken. The authors found that intake of carbohydrate, fiber, vitamin A, riboflavin, zinc, and copper is low among males and females according RDA values. Beyond that they found a high incidence of obesity and overweight due to poor diet. HUMAN RESEARCH 3. J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):668-72. Oxidative folding of interleukin-2 is impaired in flavin-deficient jurkat cells, causing intracellular accumulation of interleukin-2 and increased expression of stress response genes. Camporeale G, Zempleni J. USA In this cellular study it was found that riboflavin-deficient cells exhibited cellular stress. The authors concluded that their findings are consistent with the hypothesis that riboflavin deficiency may cause cellular stress by accumulation of unfolded proteins in human cells. PMID: 12612135 HUMAN RESEARCH 4. AIDS Rev. 2003 Jan-Mar;5(1):36-43. Hepatotoxicity of antiretroviral therapy. Kontorinis N, Dieterich D. USA In this discussion of liver toxicity as a serious complication in HIV patients taking antiretroviral therapy the authors concluded that nucleoside-induced mitochondrial damage to the liver may improve with riboflavin or thiamine therapy. PMID: 12875106 HUMAN RESEARCH 5. Cardiology. 2003;99(4):177-81. Dietary intake of various nutrients in older patients with congestive heart failure. Gorelik O, Almoznino-Sarafian D, Feder I, Wachsman O, Alon I, Litvinjuk V, Roshovsky M, Modai D, Cohen N. In a study that assessed dietary intake in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) 57 CHF patients on furosemide were compared with 40 patients without CHF. However, the intake of all patients fell short of recommended allowances in several nutrients: magnesium, calcium, zinc, copper, manganese, energy, thiamin, riboflavin, and folate. PMID: 12845243 HUMAN RESEARCH 6. J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):211-4. Regional variations of blood pressure in the United States are associated with regional variations in dietary intakes: the NHANES-III data. Hajjar I, Kotchen T. USA The authors acknowledge that the southern region of the United States has had the highest stroke mortality rate and a more prevalent and resistant hypertension. Using data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey III (NHANES-III), nutritional variables were selected to determine an association with blood pressure. Of the 17,752 participants in the survey who were 18 y of age or older, the south had the highest systolic and diastolic blood pressures and reported the highest consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol and the least amount of fiber in the multivariate analysis. The south consumed the least potassium, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, copper, riboflavin, niacin, iron and vitamins A, C and B-6 (P < 0.005). The authors concluded that the "stroke belt" has dietary patterns that may contribute to the high prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. PMID: 12514292 HUMAN RESEARCH 7. J Nutr Health Aging. 2003;7(2):121-8 Assessment of antioxidant nutrient intake of a population of southern U.S. African-american and caucasian women of various ages when compared to dietary reference intakes. Lewis SM, Mayhugh MA, Freni SC, Thorn B, Cardoso S, Buffington C, Jairaj K, Feuers RJ. USA The daily vitamin intake of 259 women living on low incomes was examined using the RDA (recommended daily allowance) and EAR (estimated average requirement) measures. The authors found that all women in this population reported dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins and minerals below recommended values. They conclude that low intake of nutrients could contribute to subsequent health risks unless nutrient-dense food choices and antioxidant supplementation are considered. PMID: 12679833 HUMAN RESEARCH 8. Urologiia. 2003 Jan-Feb;(1):35-41. Structural-functional damage to cellular membranes in deficiency of vitamins A, E, B2, B6, PP in children with calculous pyelonephritis Atadzhanov UZh, Utegenov NU. Soviet Union Patients with a history of kidney stones and calcification in the kidneys were assessed for nutrient deficiency and lipid levels. The authors found that lipid products and phospholipase, organ-specific enzymes are closely associated with low values of vitamins A, E, B2(riboflavin), and B6(niacin). Deficiency of these vitamins ranged from 76.8% to 94.6% in acute kidney infection associated with stones. PMID: 12621965 HUMAN RESEARCH 9. Vopr Pitan. 2003;72(3):3-7. [In Process Citation] to here, fill in citation [No authors listed] Russia This study investigated 96 children ages 4-15 years old with decreased hemoglobin level (less 120 g/l) for vitamin levels. It was found that 90% of the children had combined deficiency of B complex vitamins and carotenoids but had enough vitamin C. Only 2% of children had normal vitamins. The authors note that the lower the riboflavin the lower the hemoglobin. They conclude that vitamin B2 is a necessity in treating iron deficiency anemia. PMID: 12872653 HUMAN RESEARCH 10. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Dec;56 Suppl 4:S16-20. The role of fermented milk in complementary feeding of young children: lessons from transition countries. Branca F, Rossi L. Italy The authors commented on the beneficial properties of breast milk, however iron deficiency sometimes results. They then reviewed the use of fermented milk and its ability to treat iron deficiency anemia in infants and children. They acknowledged that it represent an excellent source of nutrients such as calcium, protein, phosphorus and riboflavin. Furthermore during the fermentation of milk, lactic acid and other organic acids are produced, which increase the absorption of iron. They advised that fermented milk ishould be consumed at mealtimes so that these acids would have a positive effect on the absorption of iron from other foods. PMID: 12556942 HUMAN RESEARCH 11. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Dec;56(12):1162-8. Changes in the intake of vitamins and minerals by men and women with hyperlipidemia and overweight during dietetic treatment. Grzybek A, Klosiewicz-Latoszek L, Targosz U. Poland On a low-fat, low-energy diet in patients with overweight and hyperlipidemia, the levels of magnesium, thiamin and riboflavin were found to be deficient in men. PMID: 12494300 HUMAN RESEARCH 12. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2002 Dec;72(6):375-82. Seasonal variation of food consumption and selected nutrient intake in Linxian, a high risk area for esophageal cancer in China. Zou XN, Taylor PR, Mark SD, Chao A, Wang W, Dawsey SM, Wu YP, Qiao YL, Zheng SF. China Nutrition Intervention Trials were conducted in Linxian, China from 1985 through 1991. In the group receiving beta-carotene, selenium, and alpha-tocopherol there was a reduction in total cancer. This present survey was to investigate food patterns, nutrient intakes, and seasonal variations in the diet in 1996 in 104 households. Taking measurements in both spring and fall, low nutrient intakes were found for selenium (79% RDA and 66% RDA), zinc (72% RDA and 62% RDA), vitamin B2 (64% RDA and 52% RDA), and calcium (53% RDA and 39% RDA). The authors concluded that the nutrient intake in Linxian is inadequate including nutrients known to be associated with esophageal cancer. PMID: 12596503 HUMAN RESEARCH 13. Pol Merkuriusz Lek. 2002 Dec;13(78):490-6. Dietary intake elderly subjects in rural and urban area in Poland, Rychlik E. Poland In this paper the authors compare the dietary habits of elderly people living in rural and urban areas. The data were collected from 591 men and women aged 61-96 years, using 24-h dietary recall. The intake of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid, in men and women and potassium and magnesium in women, was lower in rural than in urban population. The study subjects had high intake of sodium, phosphorus, vitamin A, but insufficient intake of calcium, zinc, copper, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and women had also low intake of iron, potassium, thiamin and niacin in comparison with Polish dietary allowances. Improper dietary habits significantly increase the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, and osteoporosis among the studied subjects. PMID: 12666449 HUMAN RESEARCH 14. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;56(11):1119-25. Diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India. Venkaiah K, Damayanti K, Nayak MU, Vijayaraghavan K. India In this study the current diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India was surveyed in 20 households in 120 villages in each of nine states. Anthropometric and socio-economic information on 12,124 adolescent boys and girls and dietary information on 2579 individuals in 1996-1997 was used in this analysis. The authors found that the intake of micronutrients such as vitamin A and riboflavin were "woefully inadequate". CONCLUSIONS: They concluded that the extent of undernutrition was high among all adolescents but higher among boys than girls. The authors also noted that adolescent girls in the rural areas could be at greater risk of nutritional stress because of early marriage and early conception before completion of their physical growth. PMID: 12428178 HUMAN RESEARCH 15. Age Ageing. 1998 Jul;27(4):455-61. Nutritional status of elderly Chinese vegetarians. Woo J, Kwok T, Ho SC, Sham A, Lau E. UK This study surveyed the nutritional status of elderly Chinese vegetarians. Dietary recall, anthropometric indices and laboratory tests were assessed in 131 elderly Chinese vegetarian women with a mean age of 81 years. These results were compared with matched omnivores. The authors found that total energy, fat and protein calorie, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin intakes were lower in vegetarians than in non-vegetarians, while carbohydrate calorie, calcium, potassium, retinol equivalent and ascorbic acid intakes were higher. The authors concluded that there was a trade off in the Chinese vegetarian diet. It may be beneficial for avoiding ischaemic heart disease but it is deficient in many B vitamins resulting in a high prevalence of nutritional anemia. PMID: 9884002 HUMAN RESEARCH 16. Brain Dev. 1997 Jun;19(4):262-7. Treatment of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with a combination of cytochrome C and vitamins B1 and B2. Tanaka J, Nagai T, Arai H, Inui K, Yamanouchi H, Goto Y, Nonaka I, Okada S. Japan The authors studied the therapeutic efficacy of a regimen consisting of intravenous injection of Cardiocrome, containing cytochrome c, flavin mononucleotide and thiamine diphosphate for mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (MEM). Nine patients received treatment and eight were improved clinically in the muscle symptoms of easy fatigability, motor disability and severity of stroke-like episodes, as well as in various other symptoms such as phosphate, tinnitus, headache, corneal edema, chilblains, thalamic pain, respiratory failure, and nystagmus. By giving intermittent injections this improvement was maintained for more than 1 year. The authors conclude this therapy was fairly effective for the management of patients with MEM. PMID: 9187476 HUMAN RESEARCH 17. Brain Dev. 1996 Jan-Feb;18(1):68-70. Long-term therapy with cytochrome c, flavin mononucleotide and thiamine diphosphate for a patient with Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Nakagawa E, Osari S, Yamanouchi H, Matsuda H, Goto Y, Nonaka I. Japan This is a case report of a patient with Kearns-Sayre syndrome who was treated with Cardiocrome, containing cytochrome c, flavin mononucleotide and thiamine diphosphate, given by IV for 22 months. The authors concluded that this therapy was helpful for impaired skeletal muscle function and corneal edema, but not for ocular movements, central nervous system symptoms or cardiac conduction abnormalities, because irreversible degeneration had probably occurred in these organs before therapy was instituted. PMID: 8907347 HUMAN RESEARCH 18. J Med Assoc Thai. 1993 Oct;76 Suppl 2:138-45. Effects of multivitamin supplementation for improvement of thiamin, riboflavin, and retinol nutrition in pediatric patients. Angkatavanich J, Suthutvoravut U, Panijpan B, Tontisirin K. Thailand This study assesses the effect of multivitamin supplementation on thiamin, riboflavin and retinol nutrition in ten chronically ill boys. A multiple vitamin was given for ten days and the preceding ten days served as control. Anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary assessments were performed. Initial biochemical assessments of vitamin nutrition showed multiple vitamin deficiencies yet no clinical manifestations. Most patients showed subclinical vitamin deficiencies. The authors noted that improvement of vitamin nutrition was clearly shown in most patients after supplementation. The authors concluded that multiple vitamin supplements should be routinely prescribed in high-risk patients since there was no definite pattern of vitamin deficiencies in various diseases and early detection of vitamin deficiency was difficult to perform as evidenced by the fact that none of the patients appeared to show any clinical signs of vitamin deficiency. They recommend a daily dosage between 1-2 times of the RDA. PMID: 7822982 HUMAN RESEARCH 19. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996 Jul;50 Suppl 2:S77-85. Longitudinal changes in the intake of vitamins and minerals of elderly Europeans. SENECA Investigators. Amorim Cruz JA, Moreiras O, Brzozowska A. Portugal This study assessed changes in intake of vitamins and minerals in elderly Europeans. Initially there was a significant decrease in the median intake of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin C and iron in several towns. The authors concluded that over the 4-year follow-up period, the proportion of elderly people with nutrient intakes below the lowest European RDI's increased for various nutrients in most towns leaving them at increased risk for malnutrition. The proportion of elderly people taking nutrient supplements varied from less than 5% to 60% in various towns. HUMAN RESEARCH 20. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Jan-Feb;97(1):109-14. Effects of multimicronutrient supplementation on helminth reinfection: a randomized, controlled trial in Kenyan schoolchildren. Olsen A, Thiong'o FW, Ouma JH, Mwaniki D, Magnussen P, Michaelsen KF, Friis H, Geissler PW. Kenya A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was carried out among 977 schoolchildren from 19 primary schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya from February 1995 to February 1996 to determine effects on worm infestation. The treatments included vitamin A and are as follows:(vitamin A, 1000 micrograms; vitamin B1, 1.4 mg; vitamin B2, 1.6 mg; vitamin B6, 1.7 mg; vitamin B12, 2.0 micrograms; folate, 150 micrograms; niacin, 16 mg; vitamin C, 50 mg; vitamin D, 5 micrograms; vitamin E, 8 mg; iron, 18 mg; zinc, 20 mg; copper, 2.0 mg; iodine, 150 micrograms; selenium, 40 micrograms) and multihelminth chemotherapy (albendazole 600 mg in a single dose and/or praziquantel 40 mg/kg in a single dose). Children given multimicronutrients had a slightly, but significantly, lower intensity of Schistosoma mansoni reinfection compared with children given placebo. HUMAN RESEARCH 21. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 Mar 1;22(3):488-91. Total homocysteine lowering treatment among coronary artery disease patients in the era of folic acid-fortified cereal grain flour. Bostom AG, Jacques PF, Liaugaudas G, Rogers G, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. USA The authors acknowledge that plasma homocysteine has been reduced in the population since the fortification of flour products with folic acid. This study was designed to evaluate higher doses of folic acid along with riboflavin, and with or without vitamin B6 for 12 weeks in 131 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. The authors concluded that CAD patients already eating fortified cereal grain flour products given high-dose, folic acid, riboflavin and vitamin B6 have a very modest reduction in their homocysteine levels. PMID: 11884295 HUMAN RESEARCH 22. Vopr Pitan. 2001;70(1):12-4. Effects of biologically active supplements on the antioxidant and vitamin status of patients with hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Tutel'ian VA, Pogozheva AV, Rumiantseva OI, Akol'zina SE, Lysikova SL, Kodentsova VM, Mal'tsev GIu. Russia In this study patients of 91 patients with heart disease were treated with an anti-arteriosclerotic diet and vitamins C, E, B2, B6, beta-carotene, zinc, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and calcium. After 4 weeks the author noted improvement in clinical symptoms, lowering of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and increasing levels of of vitamins A, E, C, B2, and B6. PMID: 11338339 23. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jun;71(6 Suppl):1676S-81S. Nutritionally induced oxidative stress: effect on viral disease. Beck MA. USA The authors review research that proves nutritional status of the host can influence both susceptibility to infectious disease and the severity of the disease if contracted. They theorize that if the nutritional status of the host is weakened a normally avirulent virus becomes virulent because of changes in the viral genome. The authors conclude that outbreaks of disease may be erroneously attributed to a nutritional deficiency but may be the result of infection by a virus that has become pathogenic by replicating in a nutritionally deficient host. PMID: 10837315 HUMAN RESEARCH 24. N Z Med J. 1996 Nov 22;109(1034):435-8. Nutrient intakes of Tongan and Tokelauan children living in New Zealand. Bell AC, Parnell WR. New Zealand The authors, using a 24-hour diet record, wanted to measure the nutrient intakes of 10- to 13-year-old Tongan and Tokelauan children living in New Zealand and to compare them with non-Pacific Islands children of the same age. A total of 162 children (68 boys and 94 girls) were interviewed. Micronutrient intakes were generally lower for Tongan and Tokelauan children with intakes of calcium, riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, folate and vitamin A being significantly lower for both sexes. Vitamin C was also significantly lower for girls (p < 0.05). The reason for the deficiencies in Tongan and Tokelauan children were that they obtain most of their nutrients from meat, bakery products, fast foods and dairy products. Fruit and vegetables were not significant in their diet. PMID: 8982173 HUMAN RESEARCH 25. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Dec;95(12):1409-13. High-risk nutrient intakes among low-income Mexican women in Chicago, Illinois. Ballew C, Sugerman SB. USA The authors report on data from The Cross-sectional Cooking, Eating, Nutrition, and Shopping (CENAS) Survey for food consumption patterns of 186 low-income Mexicans living in Chicago, Ill. The micronutrient intake was 11% of the RDA for thiamin and riboflavin and a high of 82% of the RDA for folacin. PMID: 7594143 HUMAN RESEARCH 26. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Jul 6;212(1):35-40. Myocardial flavin reductase and riboflavin: a potential role in decreasing reoxygenation injury. Mack CP, Hultquist DE, Shlafer M. Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA. Ferrylmyoglobin damages cardiac muscle after ischemic attacks. However, an enzyme, flavin reductase, which works more efficiently with more flavins, can reduce the levels of ferrylmyoglobin. The authors found that treating with riboflavin has cardioprotective effects during reoxygenation and that these effects are mediated by flavin reductase. PMID: 7612015 HUMAN RESEARCH 27. J Am Coll Nutr. 1995 Feb;14(1):71-9. The important role of modifiable dietary and behavioral characteristics in the causation and prevention of coronary heart disease hospitalization and mortality: the prospective NHANES I follow-up study. Gartside PS, Glueck CJ. USA In this 10-year study 8,251 subjects in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES I, were assessed for modifiable dietary and behavioral characteristics in association with coronary heart disease (CHD). After ten years 492 people had cardiovascular events. The authors found that the following factors were independently, significantly, and inversely associated with coronary heart and vascular disease deaths and hospitalizations: alcohol intake, dietary riboflavin, dietary iron, serum magnesium, leisure time exercise, habitual physical activity, and female gender. They concluded that there are important modifiable dietary and behavioral characteristics in the causation and prevention of CHD. PMID: 7706615 HUMAN RESEARCH 28. Presse Med. 1994 Oct 22;23(32):1475-9. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by cytochrome-oxidase deficiency Gournay-Toulemonde V, Munnich A, Bouhour JB, Lefevre M, Potiron M, Saudubray JM. Paris This is a case report of a 16-year-old girl who had cytochrome C oxidase deficiency. The diagnosis was confirmed by spectrophotometric and polarographic assay of mitochondria from a peripheral muscle biopsy. Treatment with riboflavin, ascorbic acid, factor P, menadione, carnitine and iron sulfate has lead to some clinical improvement. PMID: 7824467 HUMAN RESEARCH 29. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1994 Oct;34(4):685-91. Protective effects of riboflavin and its derivatives against ischemic reperfused damage of rat heart. Kotegawa M, Sugiyama M, Haramaki N. Japan This study measured the ability of riboflavin derivatives to help recovery of reperfused rat hearts. The authors found that in all the hearts perfused with riboflavin and its derivatives during ischemia-reperfusion, a marked recovery of high energy phosphate compounds and pH values were observed. There was an additional effect in that the cardiac mitochondrial respiratory function was protected from ischemia-reperfusion injury. The authors conclude that their results suggest that riboflavin, FAD, FMN, and lumichrome have a protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury to rat myocardium in vitro. PMID: 7866293 HUMAN RESEARCH 30. Vopr Med Khim. 1994 Mar-Apr;40(2):41-5. B group vitamin metabolism in duodenal ulcer disease, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease Kodentsova VM, Vrzhesinskaia OA, Kharitonchik LA, Spirichev VB. Russia In a study on B vitamin metabolism, no differences were found in the rate of metabolism of vitamins B1, B2, B6 and niacin either in healthy persons or in patients with duodenal ulcer, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease as shown in laboratory excretion patterns. However, riboflavin deficiency caused considerable impairments of vitamin B6 and niacin metabolism. PMID: 8160430 HUMAN RESEARCH 31. Nutr Rev. 1993 May;51(5):149-50. Riboflavin can protect tissue from oxidative injury. Christensen HN. USA The author found that elevated riboflavin levels have been reported to provide protection against oxidative damage caused by oxidized forms of hemeproteins (iron proteins). This effect of riboflavin may be mediated by an NADPH-dependent methemoglobin reductase. PMID: 8332286 HUMAN RESEARCH 32. Br J Nutr. 1992 Jul;68(1):11-9. Diet among oil-workers on off-shore oil installations in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Oshaug A, Ostgard LI, Trygg KU. Norway A study of diet on oil rigs showed that 17% came from protein, 44% from fat and 39% from carbohydrate, including 8% from sugar. Meat, vegetables, fresh fruits, seafood (shellfish), french fries, eggs, cream and ice-cream were important components of the diet, while bread, fish and cereals played a minor role. Average daily intake (mg) of nutrients were: calcium 1244, iron 15, vitamin A 1049 micrograms, vitamin D 4.1 micrograms, thiamin 1.6, riboflavin 2.2, nicotinic acid 22, ascorbic acid 143. Dietary fiber intake was on average 19 g, and the average daily intake of cholesterol was 755 mg. The authors concluded that this type of diet if eaten chronically may contribute to the development of coronary heart diseases (CHD) and thereby increase the morbidity and mortality from CHD in the oil industry. PMID: 1390597 HUMAN RESEARCH 33. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1991 Jun;45(2):148-51 Relation between diet composition and coronary heart disease risk factors. Porrini M, Simonetti P, Testolin G, Roggi C, Laddomada MS, Tenconi MT. Italy This study evaluated diet and risk factors for coronary heart disease. Dietary evaluation and blood tests were done on adults living in a small town in Northern Italy. The hypercholesterolaemic and atherogenic potential of the diet, evaluated by the cholesterol/saturated fat index, was high in about 50% of the population. The thiamin and riboflavin intakes were lower than the Italian recommended allowances in more than 60% of the people tested. PMID: 1649247 HUMAN RESEARCH 34. Atherosclerosis. 1989 Jan;75(1):1-6. Reduction of plasma lipid and homocysteine levels by pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, choline, riboflavin, and troxerutin in atherosclerosis. Olszewski AJ, Szostak WB, Bialkowska M, Rudnicki S, McCully KS. USA The level of homocysteine was correlated with nutrient treatment in 12 male survivors of acute myocardial infarction. They were given pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, choline, riboflavin, and troxerutin for 21 days. The plasma concentrations of homocysteine and alpha-amino adipic acid declined to 68% and 57% of the pretreatment values, and the cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL apo B declined to 79%, 68%, and 63% of the pretreatment values, respectively. The authors conclude that their results suggest a new strategy for treating the metabolic abnormalities in atherosclerosis through the use of naturally occurring, non-toxic nutrients which minimize homocysteine accumulation. PMID: 2930611 HUMAN RESEARCH 35. Vopr Med Khim. 1988 Sep-Oct;34(5):99-104. Effect of therapy with beta-adrenoblockers and vitamin complexes on indices of oxyproline excretion in various hereditary connective tissue diseases Prozorovskaia NN, Glinianaia SV, Gerashchenko LP, Rudakov SS, Solonichenko VG. Russia In this study 16 children with with Marphan-Like syndrome and Marphan, Ehlers-Dunlos and Larson syndromes were treated with propranolol and a complex of vitamins (ascorbic acid, riboflavin and pyridoxine). The authors noted that treatment caused quantitative and qualitative correction of collagen and apparently of elastin fibrilles development. The authors feel that their complex treatment might be applied as a preoperative therapy of the patients with Marphan-like syndrome as well as with syndromes of Marphan and Ehlers-Dunlos before thoracoplastics for chest deformation. PMID: 2905846 ANIMAL RESEARCH 36. Cancer. 1986 Oct 15;58(8 Suppl):1911-4. New approaches to the possible prevention of side effects of chemotherapy by nutrition. Pinto J, Raiczyk GB, Huang YP, Rivlin RS. The authors wanted to determine to what extent Adriamycin inhibits the metabolism of riboflavin. Adriamycin forms complexes riboflavin and competes for binding to tissue proteins. The study found that rats treated with Adriamycin exhibited diminished formation of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), the active flavin coenzyme derivative, in skeletal muscle to nearly 50% that of controls, and in heart to about 70% to 80% of controls. The authors note that in preliminary studies, riboflavin-deficient animals treated with Adriamycin had accelerated mortality rates. Their results raise the possibility that defects of riboflavin nutriture, may be a determinant of Adriamycin toxicity. The authors conclude that further studies are required to explore the potential for preventing side effects due to Adriamycin by giving riboflavin. PMID: 3756811 ANIMAL RESEARCH 37. Farmakol Toksikol. 1984 Nov-Dec;47(6):46-50. Action of a vitamin complex with oxidative-reductive properties on the course of acute myocardial hypoxia and ischemia. Sidorenko AF, Gatsura VV. Russia The authors acknowledge that certain vitamins (ascorbic acid, riboflavine mononucleotide, lipoic acid, nicotinamide) treat experimental hypoxia in mice. The same complex of vitamins reduced metabolic acidosis in the ischemia zone in dogs. This protective action of the vitamins, also seen in myocardial ischemia, is due to conjugation of oxidation and phosphorylation in the mitochondria of the ischemic myocardium, as well as with its membrane-stabilizing action and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. PMID: 6240410 ANIMAL RESEARCH 38. J Electrocardiol. 1981 Jul;14(3):219-24. Mechanism of chlorpromazine-induced arrhythmia -- arrhythmia and mitochondrial dysfunction. Kitazawa M, Sugiyama S, Ozawa T, Miyazaki Y, Kotaka K. Japan In this study of the mechanism of the arrhythmogenic action of chlorpromazine (CPZ) was observed in 32 anesthetized mongrel dogs were used. Flavin-adenine-dinucleotide was given along with the CTZ and prevented not only the decrease in ventricular multiple response threshold (VMRT) and the disturbance of mitochondrial function, but also the hypotensive effect of CPZ. PMID: 6167651 ANIMAL RESEARCH 39. Jpn Heart J. 1979 Sep;20(5):657-65. Protection of chlorpromazine-induced arrhythmia by flavin-adenine-dinucleotide in canine heart. Sugiyama S, Ozawa T. Japan This study, to investigate the mechanism of chlorpromazine(CPZ)-induced ventricular arrhythmia, the changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) were followed after intravenous injection of CPZ in dogs. When flavin-adenine-dinucleotide (FAD) was given before the CPZ, VFT was significantly cancelled. Effects of CPZ on canine heart mitochondria were also cancelled by prior administration of FAD. The authors conclude that their results suggest that FAD might be useful in the treatment of the cardiac disturbances associated with overdosage of CPZ. PMID: 501931 HUMAN RESEARCH 40. Am Heart J. 1976 Aug;92(2):139-43. Riboflavin deficiency in infants and children with heart disease. Steier M, Lopez R, Cooperman JM. USA In an effort to determine if children with heart disease have riboflavin deficiency 31 children were tested. Twenty-seven children had congenital heart disease and four had rheumatic heart disease. Eleven of the 31 children had evidence of riboflavin deficiency, which is a significantly higher prevalence than among the control group. Those children with congestive heart failure were more likely to have riboflavin deficiency. The authors conclude that nutritional deficiencies may be more prevalent among infants and children with cardiac disease than was previously thought. PMID: 941824 ANIMAL RESEARCH 41. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2002 Feb;10(2):119-26. Dietary vitamins and selenium diminish the development of mechanically induced osteoarthritis and increase the expression of antioxidative enzymes in the knee joint of STR/1N mice. Kurz B, Jost B, Schunke M. Germany This study assessed the effect of dietary vitamins and selenium on mechanically-induced osteoarthritis (OA) over a 12 month period in a group of mice. Their special diet was supplemented with the vitamins E, C, A, B6, B2, and selenium). The authors found that a diet supplemented with vitamins/selenium might be important in prevention or therapy of mechanically induced OA. They hypothesize that free oxygen radical species might be involved in the mechanical induction of OA. PMID: 11869071 HUMAN RESEARCH 42. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996 Nov;55(11):837-40. Glutathione reductase activity, riboflavin status, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Mulherin DM, Thurnham DI, Situnayake RD. UK This study set out to measure erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR) activity and riboflavin status, and their association with rheumatoid arthritis. Riboflavin is required by EGR for it to work. Participants in the study were 91 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, including 57 with active disease, and 220 healthy control. Both basal and stimulated EGR were significantly higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in controls. Biochemical riboflavin deficiency was identified in 41% controls and 33% patients with active rheumatoid arthritis but was significantly less frequent (9%) in patients with inactive compared to active disease or healthy controls. Pain score, articular index, C reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were increased in patients with riboflavin deficiency. The authors concluded that higher basal and stimulated EGR might be expected in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in response to chronic oxidative stress due to synovial inflammation. The association of riboflavin deficiency with increased disease activity implies that impaired EGR activity could facilitate ongoing inflammation. PMID: 8976642 ANIMAL RESEARCH 43. Z Rheumatol. 1988 May-Jun;47(3):166-72. Effect of riboflavin (vitamin B2) on spontaneous gonarthrosis in the mouse Wilhelmi G, Tanner K. Switzerland The authors acknowledge that riboflavin is known to promote regenerative processes on osteoarthritis. In this study a group of mice given supplemental riboflavin. The incidence of gonarthrosis was less than half that found in the controls, the number of mice with bilateral gonarthrosis was considerably smaller, and the severity of the lesions less marked. Other drugs that stimulate wound healing were studied e.g. flavonoids, tribenoside, and zinc sulfate. These substances were also found to exert a similar inhibitory effect on spontaneous gonarthrosis in the mouse. PMID: 3213264 ANIMAL RESEARCH 44. Farmakol Toksikol. 1988 Mar-Apr;51(2):69-71. Influence of enzyme inducers and inhibitors of the metabolism of xenobiotics and of the coenzyme forms of vitamins B1 and B2 on the anti-inflammatory effect of voltaren. Stanislavchuk NA, Pentiuk AA, Lychik GZ, Lychko AP, Lutsiuk NB. Russia In experiments on 245 male rats the effect of vitamins B1 and B2, thiamine diphosphate and flavin mononucleotide on the anti-inflammatory effect of voltaren was evaluated. The authors found that thiamine diphosphate potentiates the therapeutic effect of voltaren. And flavin mononucleotide decreases volatren's toxicity. PMID: 3259936 HUMAN RESEARCH 45. Med Monatsschr Pharm. 1991 Aug;14(8):244-7. Folic acid and vitamin deficiency caused by oral contraceptives Bielenberg J. The authors acknowledge recent reports that long-term use of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives (OCs) can induce folic acid and vitamin B deficiency. The symptoms are paleness, forgetfulness, sleeplessness, and euphoric and depressive states. Vitamin B12 deficiency as well as lower riboflavin and thiamin concentration in erythrocytes is reported after using OCs. The author recommended patient education on the effects of vitamin deficiency and on proper nutrition for women on Ocs as well as estrogen replacement therapy. PMID: 1921842 HUMAN RESEARCH 46. Int J Epidemiol. 1998 Oct;27(5):845-52. Nutritional factors in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in Montreal, Canada. Ghadirian P, Jain M, Ducic S, Shatenstein B, Morisset R. Canada The authors acknowledge that nutrition and food patterns, particularly high consumption of animal fat and low intake of fish products, may play a role in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). The association between nutritional factors and MS was studied among 197 incident cases and 202 frequency matched controls. A significant protective effect was observed with vegetable protein, dietary fiber, cereal fiber, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, and potassium. Similar trends were seen for males and females. A higher intake of fruit juices was inversely associated with risk. A protective effect was also observed with cereal/breads intake for all cases combined and for fish among women only; pork/hot dogs and sweets/candy were positively associated with risk. The authors conclude that this study supports a protective role for plants foods (fruit/vegetables and grains) and an increased risk with high energy and animal food intake. PMID: 9839742 HUMAN RESEARCH 47. Nutr Hosp. 2002 Nov-Dec;17(6):290-5. Anthropometric assessment and vitamin intake by a group of elderly institucionalized individuals in the province of Leon (Spain) Villarino Rodriguez A, Garcia-Linares Mdel C, Garcia-Arias MT, Garcia-Fernandez Mdel C. Spain This is a survey of nutritional deficiencies of micronutrients in 124 elderly persons (60 males and 64 females), aged between 65 and 98, who were living in five old age institutions. Inadequate levels of folic acid, vitamin A, riboflavin and vitamin B12 were found in important segments of this population. Even lower results were found in vitamin B6, vitamin D and vitamin E). Compared to recommended values the results were: (93.5% vs 67.8% for vitamin B6, 84.5% vs 84.6% for vitamin D, and 88.3% vs 92.2% for vitamin E, for men and women, respectively). PMID: 12514922 HUMAN RESEARCH 48. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002 Oct;74(4):1251-2. Type B lactic acidosis: a rare complication of antiretroviral therapy after cardiac surgery. Vasseur BG, Kawanishi H, Shah N, Anderson ML. USA This is a case report of a 47-year-old woman with HIV and end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis, treated with combination antiretroviral drug therapy, who developed an acute, severe lactic acidosis 24 hours after surgery for endocarditis. She fully recovered after HIV medication was discontinued, along with administration of riboflavin and supportive measures including hemodialysis. The authors suggest that the timing of this complication and previous reports implies that open heart surgery may be a risk factor for nonischemic (type B) lactic acidosis in patients taking nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors. PMID: 12400787 HUMAN RESEARCH 49. Epilepsy Res. 2002 Oct;51(3):237-47. The effect of B-vitamins on hyperhomocysteinemia in patients on antiepileptic drugs. Apeland T, Mansoor MA, Pentieva K, McNulty H, Seljeflot I, Strandjord RE. Norway The authors acknowledge that patients on antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may have elevated levels of plasma total homocysteine (p-tHcy). This study was designed to assess the effect of B-vitamin supplementation on the levels of p-tHcy and markers of endothelial activation and lipid peroxidation. A total of 33 adult patients were recruited and supplemented with B-vitamins for 30 days: folic acid 0.4 mg, pyridoxine 120 mg and riboflavin 75 mg per day. The authors concluded that the combined supplementation with folic acid, pyridoxine and riboflavin reduced fasting and PML hyperhomocysteinemia in patients on AEDs. They also note that B-vitamin supplementation influenced endothelial activation, although the clinical implication is uncertain. PMID: 12399074 HUMAN RESEARCH 50. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Oct;56(10):1004-10. Validation of the Italian food composition database of the European institute of oncology. Fidanza F, Perriello G. Italy This survey compared nutrient intakes obtained by chemical analysis of food composite or duplicate portion of diets with those obtained by weighed record method using the database of the European Institute of Oncology (EIO). The authors found significant differences between analysis and calculation with EIO database for fat, retinol, beta-carotene and riboflavin intakes in different areas of Italy. They agreed with previous research and concluded that food composition tables and databases, such as the EIO database, cannot be considered a reliable method to determine nutrient intakes, particularly for some vitamins. PMID: 12373621 HUMAN RESEARCH 51. Paediatr Child Health. 2002 Oct;38(5):450-37. Anti-oxidant vitamins and steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome in Indian children. Mathew JL, Kabi BC, Rath B. India The authors acknowledge that nephrotic syndrome may be a consequence of an imbalance between oxidant and anti-oxidant activity. In the present study, the levels of micronutrient anti-oxidant vitamins (vitamin E, vitamin C, carotene and riboflavin) in 30 Indian children with steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome were investigated and 30 sibling controls. The authors found that mean vitamin E, vitamin C and carotene were significantly lower during the proteinuric phase of the disease, and there was decreased erythrocyte riboflavin activity. The vitamin levels improved during hospitalization but did not become normal. The authors concluded that these vitamins were active in performing their anti-oxidant function, as indicated by significant depression in their levels during the acute (proteinuric) phase, followed by partial recovery during remission. They conclude that steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome in children is associated with oxidative stress. PMID: 12354259 HUMAN RESEARCH 52. J Health Popul Nutr. 2002 Sep;20(3):255-63. Food habits and nutrient density of diets of Pakistani children living in different urban and rural settings. Hakeem R, Thomas J, Badruddin SH. UK/Pakistan This study analyzed three-day food records for the food habits and nutrient density of diets of six groups of rural and urban school children aged 10-12 years. The results were that with urbanization, the intake of fat and sugar increased steadily. The intake of carbohydrate, fiber, riboflavin, and vitamin E decreased with urbanization. PMID: 12430763 HUMAN RESEARCH 53. J Nutr. 2003 Jun;133(6):1834-40. A multinutrient-fortified beverage enhances the nutritional status of children in Botswana. Abrams SA, Mushi A, Hilmers DC, Griffin IJ, Davila P, Allen L. USA/Botswana The authors acknowledge that multinutrient-fortified foods and beverages may be useful in reducing micronutrient deficiencies, especially in developing countries. This study assessed a new fortified beverage in improving nutritional status of a group of 311 lower income urban school children, ages 6-11 years. The changes in mid-upper arm circumference, weight for age and total weight, ferritin, riboflavin and folate status were significantly better in the fortified group. The authors conclude that a micronutrient-fortified beverage may be beneficial as part of a comprehensive nutritional supplementation program in populations at risk for micronutrient deficiencies. PMID: 12771326 ANIMAL RESEARCH 54. Br J Nutr. 2002 May;87(5):501-8. Effect of multivitamins in an effervescent preparation on the respiratory burst of peritoneal macrophages in mice. Jakus J, Kriska T, Vanyur R. Hungary In a group of mice multivitamin supplementation with or without alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, riboflavin increased macrophages activity, lowered the steady-state free radical concentrations of liver and spleen, increased the antioxidant reactivity of the liver and spleen, and had a general beneficial effect on the defense mechanisms of the organism. PMID: 12010588 HUMAN RESEARCH 55. J Med Assoc Thai. 1998 Dec;81(12):931-7. Thiamin and riboflavin status of medical inpatients. Songchitsomboon S, Komindr S, Kulapongse S, Puchaiwatananon O, Udomsubpayakul U. Thailand This paper assesses thiamin and riboflavin status was assessed in 165 medical inpatients. The patients were receiving thiamine and riboflavin in their diets. Nine per cent of the medical inpatients had thiamin depletion. Seventeen per cent had riboflavin depletion. The authors concluded that although the usual dose of vitamin supplementation in medical inpatients is beneficial vitamin depletion can still be present in catabolic patients. PMID: 9916379 HUMAN RESEARCH 56. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998 Nov;65(2):109-15. Effect of riboflavin supplementation on zinc and iron absorption and growth performance in mice. Agte VV, Paknikar KM, Chiplonkar SA. India The authors acknowledge that vegetarian diets high in rice and whole grains and low in yellow vegetables are deficiency in riboflavin. Such diets also allow poor bioavailability of insoluble iron and zinc. It is known that supplementation of riboflavin may result in increased absorption of zinc and iron. In mice given riboflavin there was significant improvement in the growth ie., conception, mean weight gain in pregnancy, mean weight of pups at the age of 21 days, and percentage hemoglobin. Riboflavin supplementation also enhanced the absorption of zinc.. PMID: 9881515 HUMAN RESEARCH 57. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991 Jun;45(6):309-13. Enzymatic evaluation of riboflavin status of infants. Bamji MS, Chowdhury N, Ramalakshmi BA, Jacob CM. India Two studies measured riboflavin status of solely breast-fed (SBF) infants aged 1-6 months and solely or partially breast-fed (PBF) and weaned infants aged 6-24 months. Riboflavin status of the infants was significantly superior to that of their mothers. However, 35 per cent of SBF infants examined suffered from biochemical riboflavin deficiency. In a paper in progress the authors compared the riboflavin status of 55 solely breast fed (SBF) 1-6 month old infants with 112 (SBF), partially breast fed, or weaned 6-24 month old infants from low income families in India. The authors found that the beneficial effects of supplementary feeding on riboflavin status in 6-8 month old infants was the most significant finding. Scientists suspect that riboflavin deficiency affects psychomotor functions and impairs collagen maturity and wound healing. PMID: 1915204 HUMAN RESEARCH 58. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1988 Apr;42(4):277-83. Riboflavin deficiency and severity of malaria. Das BS, Das DB, Satpathy RN, Patnaik JK, Bose TK. India In an assessment of the riboflavin status of 64 children suffering from malarial infection the lower the riboflavin levels the slower the recovery time. however, parasite count was not lower in those who had higher riboflavin. The authors conclude that the beneficial effects of riboflavin in malaria infection needs further evaluation. PMID: 3293996 HUMAN RESEARCH 59. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1984 Dec;34(4):615-29. Food consumption and dietary adequacy according to income in 1,200 families, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, 1973-1974. Shrimpton R. Data from a household expenditure survey of 1,200 Manaus families performed by the Amazonas State Government in 1973-74 are analyzed by income group. In terms of nutrients the most deficient were zinc, vitamin A, calcium, thiamine and riboflavin, with 60-80% of low and middle income families not receiving safe levels of intake for zinc and vitamin A. A higher income improved the adequacy of calcium, thiamine and riboflavin intake and was quantitative. Zinc and vitamin A, improved in the increased income group due to increased consumption of meat and liver. PMID: 6545643 HUMAN RESEARCH 60. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1983 Dec;37(6):427-32. Efficacy of a riboflavin supplement given at fortnightly intervals to pregnant and lactating women in rural Gambia. Bates CJ, Flewitt A, Prentice AM, Lamb WH, Whitehead RG. Thirty-seven pregnant or lactating women living in two rural villages, received 15 mg riboflavin, or a placebo, at fortnightly intervals for 10 weeks. Clinical status and blood levels were monitored. The authors found that biochemical deficiency was very marked at the outset, and showed some improvement after supplementation, but never reached normal. They concluded that a riboflavin supplement given at spaced intervals can be clinically beneficial, despite failure to achieve normal biochemical indices. PMID: 6365849 HUMAN RESEARCH 61. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1997 Apr;21(2):141-6. Dietary intake of Australian smokers and nonsmokers. English RM, Najman JM, Bennett SA. Australia This study surveys smokers (1024 men and 785 women) and nonsmokers (1974 men and 2421 women). The results were that both men and women, nonsmokers had a significantly higher intake of starch, dietary fibre (g/day and g/1000 kJ), thiamin, vitamin C, calcium and magnesium than smokers, who also had a significantly higher intake of alcohol. Male smokers also have a higher intake of energy and cholesterol, but a lower intake of riboflavin, than nonsmokers. These differences in nutrient intakes suggest that nonsmokers consume a more nutritious diet than smokers, in regard to having a higher intake of fruit and vegetables, wholegrain cereals and milk and milk products. There is a highly statistically significant association between smoking status and hazardous intake of alcohol. Both men and women who smoke have a significantly lower body mass index (BMI), than nonsmokers or ex-smokers. HUMAN RESEARCH 62. Vopr Med Khim. 1999 Mar-Apr;45(2):150-7. Metabolism of vitamins B1 and B2 during phenylketonuria Kodentsova VM, Vrzhesinskaia OA, Denisova SN, Spirichev VB. Russia In phenylketonuris (PKU) children there is increased riboflavin urinary excretion. The authors discuss the necessity for the redetermination of vitamin B2 diet and the optimal content with this disease and its biochemical validation. HUMAN RESEARCH 63. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2001 Oct;14(5):365-70. Riboflavin deficiency in cystic fibrosis: three case reports. McCabe H. UK This is a case report on three cystic fibrosis children with clinical riboflavin deficiency. The children presented w angular stomatitis and riboflavin deficiency was confirmed by blood testing. The authors found that they were not on riboflavin supplements and were given a water-soluble vitamin complex. Two children were adequately nourished which implies their deficiency was due to either increased requirements, inadequate absorption or utilization. Further testing showed deficiencies in thiamin, pyridoxine. The authors conclude that they have found vitamin deficiencies not previously reported in the cystic fibrosis population. HUMAN RESEARCH 64. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Aug;57(8):947-55. Dietary intakes and lifestyle factors of a vegan population in Germany: results from the German Vegan Study. Waldmann A, Koschizke JW, Leitzmann C, Hahn A. Germany Evaluation was done on the diet of 154 vegans using two 9-day food frequency questionnaires and blood sampling. The authors concluded that to achieve favourable vitamin and mineral intakes, vegans should consider taking supplements containing riboflavin, cobalamin, calcium, and iodine. HUMAN RESEARCH 65. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Aug;103(8):1029-38. Nutritional cofactor treatment in mitochondrial disorders. Marriage B, Clandinin MT, Glerum DM. Canada This literature review on nutritional cofactor therapy in mitochondrial disorders, the goal being to increase mitochondrial adenosine 5'-triphosphate production and slow or arrest the progression of clinical symptoms. Because of toxic metabolites and reduced electron transfer activity much attention is on the use of antioxidants, electron transfer mediators (which bypass the defective site), and enzyme cofactors. Evidence shows that positive effects have come from metabolic therapies such as: Coenzyme Q(10) (ubiquinone); antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and lipoic acid; riboflavin; thiamin; niacin; vitamin K (phylloquinone and menadione); creatine; and carnitine. HUMAN RESEARCH 66. J Viral Hepat. 2003 Jul;10(4):266-70. Liver p53 expression in patients with HCV-related chronic hepatitis. Loguercio C, Cuomo A, Tuccillo C, Gazzerro P, Cioffi M, Molinari AM, Del Vecchio Blanco C. Italy The authors studied a mutated p53 cancer gene to see what affected it's expression in patients with liver cancer and hepatitic C virus. Diet history documented that liver samples from patients with a p53 over-expression had a lower intake of total calories, monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin C and riboflavin than normal. The author concluded that p53 over-expression can occur even in initial stages of HCV-related liver disease and may be prompted by subnormal nutrition. HUMAN RESEARCH 67. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jun;77(6):1352-60. Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health. Powers HJ. UK The author reviews the literature on riboflavin nutrition. Riboflavin is found in milk and dairy products, meat and fish and certain fruit and vegetables, especially dark-green vegetables. Biochemical signs of depletion arise within only a few days of dietary deprivation. Poor riboflavin status in Western countries mainly affects the elderly and adolescents. However, requirements may be higher than previously thought or biochemical thresholds for deficiency are inappropriate. Poor riboflavin status interferes with iron handling, may be a risk factor for cancer, lowers homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, may protects again ischemia reperfusion injury, and may reduce the metabolism of other B vitamins, especially folate and vitamin B-6. ANIMAL RESEARCH 68. Dig Dis Sci. 2003 Jun;48(6):1159-64. Absence of luminal riboflavin disturbs early postnatal development of the gastrointestinal tract. Yates CA, Evans GS, Pearson T, Powers HJ. UK In this rat study the absence of riboflavin in the duodenal lumen impairs normal development, suggesting that the normal crypt development sensing mechanism may be involved in the response to riboflavin deficiency. BASIC RESEARCH 69. Int J Oncol. 2003 Jun;22(6):1291-5. Augmentation of the inhibitory effect of blue light on the growth of B16 melanoma cells by riboflavin. Ohara M, Fujikura T, Fujiwara H. Japan In a study on the anticancer effects of blue light in association with vitamins, B16 melanoma cells were incubated in media supplemented with various vitamins and exposed to blue light for 10 min. Cell necrosis was observed in media containing riboflavin and the effects increased with increasing amounts of the vitamin. The authors concluded that cell necrosis is probably induced by active oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide formed by the reaction of riboflavin with blue light. HUMAN RESEARCH 70. Int J Cancer. 1998 Nov 9;78(4):415-20. Nutrient intake patterns and gastric cancer risk: a case-control study in Belgium. Kaaks R, Tuyns AJ, Haelterman M, Riboli E. France. Dietary assessments were undertaken on 301 Belgian men and women with stomach tumors. Those at increase risk had a diet rich in mono- and disaccharides. Those with low gastric cancer risk had high intake of vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamins B1, B3 and B6. These findings were consistent with those of colon and rectum cancer studies. HUMAN RESEARCH 71. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Jul;119(7):1009-19. Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N, Willett WC, Taylor A. USA. Nuclear lens opacities, associated with the development of cataracts were measured in 478 nondiabetic women aged 53-73. Information about nutrition and vitamin supplementation was gathered over 13-15 years of the study. The finding indicated that those with the highest nutrient rating (vitamin C, vitamin E, riboflavin, folate, beta-carotene) had the lowest incidence of nuclear opacities. Page12


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Country regions right behind the renters rights revolution – now a national movement
Gerry Georgatos
Renters Alliance (RA) WA coordinator Lea Keenan said that every week now Blackwood residents, renters and some who are home owners, are joining the movement and "are motivated for a united pursuance for legislation to make life fair for everyone."
Rally – August 15 – WA State Parliament – Rallies Australia-wide – October 16 – every capital city and many towns.
Bridgetown's Jenny Kaeshagen and Louise O'Shea will be speakers at the Renters Rights Rally at state parliament on August 15, and both are now spokespersons for the RA which is growing into a an organised national movement with rallies in every capital city slated for October 16.
National Renters Alliance formed to deal with poverty and homelessness.
Bridgetown renter Louise Fleay said the RA is "a beacon of hope, a ray of sunshine in what are bleak times for those who rent."
"It's tough for most renters however with no real rights and protections for renters, and greed and the blind eye the general norm by those distant from our plight, well as things are getting tougher for renters something has got to give and for many of us it really needs to be soon," said Ms Fleay.
Ms Keenan said towns like Bridgetown and Manjimup, country towns are contextually generally forgotten in the cost of living debates. "We care about everyone, and this is what everything is about - rights and protections for everyone, and these can only be achieved by so doing what's fair and legislating this fairness. We are all about bringing down the crazy metropolitan rents which for Perth have got up to a median of $450 per week and trickling their effect to the regions, like the South West, the Great Southern, the Blackwood."
"Towns like Bridgetown, Manjimup and Donnybrook should not have rents in excess of $200 per week, no way. We have to take into account the lower incomes, high cost of living pressures, the food miles and various subsidies taken on by families to live in community settings like these and keep alive these towns in the first place. There has to be regulatory rent practices and we have to regulate rents in relation to size of home however also in relation to regions," said Ms Keenan.
"There's a lot of the Australian Silence in country regions and people tough it out, but there comes a point where people have to speak up for the sake of bettering the future for themselves and their children, for their community as a whole."
"Politicians are taking notice and all of a sudden thanks to our campaigning they are saying that renting will be a major issue at elections. I say it will be the issue, and so many other issues are tied to it."
"We have a number of campaigns we must press with because we can't let politicians skew the conversation to just the high rents greedy investors and realtors in the North West are trying to extract from mining workers - the $1000 and much more. We are fighting these too but rents have got to come down everywhere and the reductions and rent schedules legislated among other sorely needed conditions," she said.
The WA Council of Social Services (WACOSS) found that emergency relief groups across regional WA are not coping with increasing demands from low income earners, most of them renters, and from increasing homelessness.
WACOSS said welfare agencies are handing out petrol vouchers because people living in their cars in and around country towns have to drive around to avoid fines from shire rangers.
WACOSS confirmed that a growing number of the South West's residents cannot afford firewood or bottled gas necessary for heating and cooking. This followed a report in the Donnybrook-Bridgetown Mail of two Bridgetown families, renters, who could not afford a trailer load of firewood for the winter. The Human Rights Alliance paid for two $120 loads of firewood for at least these two families.
Charities, such as Swags for the Homeless, are giving out more tents than usual to the South West's homeless. WACOSS reported that in Albany three charities bought a caravan for emergency housing for families because crisis accommodation is full.
"We are experiencing more demand than ever for our services," WACOSS chief executive officer Irina Cattalini said.
Meals-on-Wheels Manjimup, run by the Home and Community Care branch of the Manjimup Shire Council, and manager Liz Lockyear, deliver hot lunches to about seventy children in their patch, usually 20 to 25 lunches are managed each day.
"If we get renters rights in place, believe you me there'll be a domino effect that will fix many things for just about everyone," said Ms Keenan.
"Everyone will benefit, and equitably so, even retailers and that's because if you lower rents, with nearly 70% of the population in private or public rent, well that's money freed up to spend elsewhere, on quality of life. Businesses in country towns are doing it tough, they'd benefit, it's a win win situation we're after, and justice for all."
To JOIN or for more INFORMATION on the RENTERS RIGHTS MOVEMENT email email@example.com
And visit humanrightsalliance.org
Gerry Georgatos - PhD researcher and HRA coordinator, firstname.lastname@example.com, 0430 657 309
Jenny Kaeshagen – PhD researcher and Renters Alliance spokersperson, 0412 833 733
Lea Keenan – Renters Alliance campaign coordinator, email@example.com
Homelessness rates in the Kimberley are the worst in the nation and getting even worse
- 12049 reads
Feminists you are paying for it now LOL I tried to tell you.
The price of houses in Manjimup WA range from $165,000 to $720,000 (check for yourself)http://www.realestate.com.au/buy/in-manjimup%2c+wa+6258/list-2
If you charged $200 a week rent you would go bankrupt, you have, maintenance cost,Insurance,Rates,agent fees,interest on your loan,etc you people live in a fantasy land.
Since the feminist movement took hold in the 70's every house hold revolves around a two person income per house hold that's why things are so bad.In the 50's a house could survive on a one person income because that's the way the economy was structured but now if you don't have two people working you struggle so don't blame the land lords they too do it tuff you need to blame the feminist movement, and it is all coming back to bite you on the arse now.Children come home to empty house with both parents at work and get up to no good.The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world and nobody has been rocking the cradle for years, now how smart are all the women libbers now?but no dought they will put their heads in the sand and call me sexist, old fashion or a male chauvinistic pig but my conscience is clear I didn't stuff the economy up you lot did.
No one should be paying more than $200 for 3 to 4 country rooms
Mate, the bubble economy is not the fault or responsibility of poor old renters, if people want to over spend on get rich houses that they pretend are homes for others when they're just exploiting them then the greedy can take a running jump. If someone wants to pay $720,000 for a country home in Manjimup then they should be able to afford it and not let the bubble economy costs that go with the house be passed on to renters. Lea is correct, no one should be paying any more than $200 rent for any 3 or 4 bedroom average house in the country regions.
Mammon is the root of all evil it is said.
No hope but i'm with you in solidarity
you got no hope, not without the support of the big pollie parties, even the greens won't stand up to big business interests so you're a goner but if only eh? i'm with you anyway in solidarity
it's a lost cause till we change the whole system and that will only happen when the whole system fails and falls over
There is hope!
We just have to get the number together, spread the word, bring the people on, if we get the people together we're there


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- Susan Brooks
- Sugar Land, TX
- United States
This conversation is closed.
How do we fix the sprawl?
I'm from Houston. Actually, just outside Houston, but near enough to it to make my point. I live in the suburbs. My city is very spawled. Once a city has already been built around the need of a car, how would/could that town "fix" the infrastructure to allow it to be more walkable? What's the first step? Who do I need to talk to in my local government to try to get these changes made?
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Nov 21 2013: Hi Coleen, Vincent sorry for the delay getting back here. I will have to watch Ellen Dunham's presentation ; thank you for sharing Colleen. I watched Jeff Speck's talk which is followed by some very good comments. Seems like there are two positions regarding this issue: the urban planners and the people concerned about environment and 'green living' that promote implementing an urban growth boundary and those that think they should have the right to live as they please with little regard to future generations.( dis considering the developers and large tract landowners that want to maximize the value of the land) For those accepting urban sprawl I only have a question: how far can you go with this? obviously there is a limit to the land. I personally oppose the view that we OWN the land; Our life is a fraction of the life of the land.... I think we should think more in terms that we are using it during our life time and then leave it to future generations to use.
Nov 21 2013: In my experience with planning and development Anairda, I do not perceive two different positions with planners and people concerned about the environment. In fact, as a member of the regional project review committee, I am observing more and more people coming together in favor of planned development in densely populated village areas.
You mention "those that think they should have the right to live as they please with little regard to future generations". People can still live that way if they choose. Since there are incentives for multi use/multi-unit complexes in our state, regional and local plans, landowners are not really maximizing the value of the land by choosing sprawl rather than well planned and developed densely populated community-type projects.
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By Florida law, George Zimmerman stalks and kills a young man who was doing nothing wrong, and is not guilty of anything. Yet Marissa Alexander gets 20 years on an attempted murder charge for firing warning shots into the air, injuring no one, as defense against an abusive husband upon whom there was a restraining order. There is something wrong with our justice system. Apparently, there is no justice.
Meg Gerrish, Palmetto Bay


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Why is there a D'deridex Class Warbird fighting the Enterprise? It's not even from the same series. Goddamnit.
It's been months since I've checked my tumblr. When I come back, my dashboard is flooded with Jack Frost bullshit. Come the fuck on people.
For the record, I don't get in "fights" on Facebook over political matters. I post things, and I debate with my friends and family in a civilized, and constructive manner. If you are so mentally inept and short sighted about the world that you cannot form your own political and ethical ideals, conservative or liberal, you have no room to criticize me or accuse me of not knowing my shit. Form your own opinions before you childishly attempt to be snarky and cute for all your tumblr buddies.
I unfriended you because you obviously because you have a problem with my political posts on Facebook. I just saved you the time and trouble of doing it yourself. I know my shit, and I care about the world around me. Hopefully you can look past tumblr and see that it's beneficial to form your own political identity so that you can help make the world a better place.
Warmest Regards,


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Mary picks Simon and Ruthie up from school. Ruthie astutely notices that Lucy is not in the car, and asks what's going on. Mary has her all-too-common trouble remembering her lines as she explains that Lucy left school early to go to Camp All-By-Myself for the weekend. Simon scoffs that Lucy will be spending plenty of time with the camp's residents of the opposite sex, like, way to call your sister a slut, Simon. Mary, wearing a fleece vest (remember when those were cool? Sort of?), says that Lucy claimed to be serious about spending the weekend getting to know herself "as one," so that she would be better able to be in a relationship "of two." Ruthie, wearing what appears to be a turquoise-colored ascot (which were never cool, at all), manages to insert herself in the conversation by saying that she hates Bobby Tripp, whether he's one or two. That doesn't even make sense, Ruthie. Shut. Up. God. Mary asks why Ruthie's mad at their "little neighbor" Bobby. Ruthie says she's mad at him because he saw her underwear when she was on the swings and keeps making fun of her. Ruthie wants him to shut up and say he's sorry. Simon annoyingly points out that Bobby can't shut up AND say he's sorry, and my brother is always doing stuff like that, so I almost support Ruthie's threat to jump over the backseat and smack him, but then I remember that Ruthie is a hateful little troll and I mustn't support her, ever. Ruthie says she's going to hit Bobby the next time he makes fun of her. "Mom and Dad don't like us to solve problems that way," Mary nerds. Ruthie says that she isn't going to be hitting anyone, anyway: Bobby has a big brother, and Ruthie volunteered Simon for a fight with him. Was Ruthie ever cute?
Annie attempts to shop for groceries while extremely pregnant. Seriously, she's gigantic. I don't even think Mary was that big even in her twelfth month of pregnancy, although I'll never know, as Jessica Biel seems to have wisely decided never to appear on this show again. Annie reaches for some tissues, only to have her enormous stomach knock a few packs of napkins on the ground. Annie then has a great deal of humorous difficultly picking them up that is less "humorous" than it is "causing me concern for the twins, who were just squashed six times." Although I guess it explains a lot. Unsuccessful in her quest, Annie tries the hacky-sack method of item retrieval, attempting to kick the items up into her arms, but Annie can't even do that right and ends up hitting some employee with them. He catches the napkins and drops them into her cart. Annie looks down, only to see that she now has two packs of "Happy Bar Mitzvah" napkins in her cart. Ha ha! See, that's funny because Annie is totally not Jewish. Maybe she can give them to the Glasses when she meets them in three seasons.


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This week the final cast list was confirmed for Martin Scorcese's upcoming film, Hugo Cabret, with production also starting in London.
The film is based on Brian Selznick's 2007 novel, The Invention of Hugo Cabret, and will focus on the adventures of a boy living within the walls of a Parisian train station.
Ben Kingsley and Jude Law lead a predominantly British cast, with Ray Winstone, Christopher Lee and Richard Griffiths also starring. Chloe Moretz, of Kick-Ass fame, will also feature.
Asa Butterfield, who starred in The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, has already been confirmed as protagonist Hugo.
Hugo Cabret will mark Scorcese's first foray into 3D territory, and is scheduled for a December 2011 release - perfectly positioned for a late Oscar run.
And with a host of Academy Award winners on board, both in front of and behind the camera, this adventure already looks a good bet for awards.
Will Scorcese triumph in 3D? You tell us...
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