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Research Topics
Genomes and Genes
basal ganglia
Summary: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.
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Publications348 found, 100 shown here
- Regulation of parkinsonian motor behaviours by optogenetic control of basal ganglia circuitryAlexxai V Kravitz
Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens St, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
Nature 466:622-6. 2010Neural circuits of the basal ganglia are critical for motor planning and action selection. Two parallel basal ganglia pathways have been described, and have been proposed to exert opposing influences on motor function...
- Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioningJohn O'Doherty
Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
Science 304:452-4. 2004..Our results suggest partly dissociable contributions of the ventral and dorsal striatum, with the former corresponding to the critic and the latter corresponding to the actor...
- The role of the basal ganglia in habit formationHenry H Yin
Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, TS 13, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Nat Rev Neurosci 7:464-76. 2006..How are goal-directed actions transformed into habitual responses? Recent work combining modern behavioural assays and neurobiological analysis of the basal ganglia has begun to yield insights into the neural basis of habit formation.
- Pathological synchronization in Parkinson's disease: networks, models and treatmentsConstance Hammond
Institut de Neurobiologie de la Mediterranee, U29 INSERM, Université Aix Marseille II and UMR CNRS 5543, Universite Bordeaux 2, France
Trends Neurosci 30:357-64. 2007..Parkinson's disease has demonstrated abnormally synchronized oscillatory activity at multiple levels of the basal ganglia-cortical loop...
- Functional connectivity of human striatum: a resting state FMRI studyA Di Martino
Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Child Study Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
Cereb Cortex 18:2735-47. 2008Classically regarded as motor structures, the basal ganglia subserve a wide range of functions, including motor, cognitive, motivational, and emotional processes...
- Evidence for segregated and integrative connectivity patterns in the human Basal GangliaBogdan Draganski
Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
J Neurosci 28:7143-52. 2008Detailed knowledge of the anatomy and connectivity pattern of cortico-basal ganglia circuits is essential to an understanding of abnormal cortical function and pathophysiology associated with a wide range of neurological and ..
- Neural representation of time in cortico-basal ganglia circuitsDezhe Z Jin
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Laboratory, PMB 206, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:19156-61. 2009..We searched for time representations in cortico-basal ganglia circuits by recording from thousands of neurons in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of macaque monkeys ..
- The cortico-basal ganglia integrative network: the role of the thalamusSuzanne N Haber
Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA suzanne
Brain Res Bull 78:69-74. 2009The thalamus is a critical component of the frontal cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits that mediate motivation and emotional drive, planning and cognition for the development and expression of goal-directed behaviors...
- Cortico-Basal Ganglia reward network: microcircuitrySusan R Sesack
Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
Neuropsychopharmacology 35:27-47. 2010..A fuller appreciation of the circuitry interconnecting the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area should serve to advance discovery of new treatment options for these conditions...
- The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networksSuzanne N Haber
Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
J Chem Neuroanat 26:317-30. 2003The basal ganglia and frontal cortex operate together to execute goal directed behaviors...
- Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson's diseasePeter Redgrave
Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, UK
Nat Rev Neurosci 11:760-72. 2010Progressive loss of the ascending dopaminergic projection in the basal ganglia is a fundamental pathological feature of Parkinson's disease...
- Striatal plasticity and basal ganglia circuit functionAnatol C Kreitzer
Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
Neuron 60:543-54. 2008The dorsal striatum, which consists of the caudate and putamen, is the gateway to the basal ganglia. It receives convergent excitatory afferents from cortex and thalamus and forms the origin of the direct and indirect pathways, which are ..
- Pharmacological targeting of the transcription factor Nrf2 at the basal ganglia provides disease modifying therapy for experimental parkinsonismAgnieszka Jazwa
Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
Antioxid Redox Signal 14:2347-60. 2011..administration of the potent Nrf2 activator sulforaphane (SFN) increased Nrf2 protein levels in the basal ganglia and led to upregulation of phase II antioxidant enzymes heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone ..
- Evolutionary conservation of the basal ganglia as a common vertebrate mechanism for action selectionMarcus Stephenson-Jones
The Nobel Institute for Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
Curr Biol 21:1081-91. 2011Although the basal ganglia are thought to play a key role in action selection in mammals, it is unknown whether this mammalian circuitry is present in lower vertebrates as a conserved selection mechanism...
- Making working memory work: a computational model of learning in the prefrontal cortex and basal gangliaRandall C O'Reilly
Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Neural Comput 18:283-328. 2006..These learning mechanisms are based on subcortical structures in the midbrain, basal ganglia, and amygdala, which together form an actor-critic architecture...
- Synaptic organisation of the basal gangliaJ P Bolam
MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
J Anat 196:527-42. 2000The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei involved in a variety of processes including motor, cognitive and mnemonic functions...
- Actor-critic models of the basal ganglia: new anatomical and computational perspectivesDaphna Joel
Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
Neural Netw 15:535-47. 2002A large number of computational models of information processing in the basal ganglia have been developed in recent years...
- Dissociable systems for gain- and loss-related value predictions and errors of prediction in the human brainJuliana Yacubian
Department of Systems Neuroscience, NeuroImage Nord, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, D 20246 Hamburg, Germany
J Neurosci 26:9530-7. 2006..Prevalence of either part might render expectations more positive or negative, which could contribute to the pathophysiology of mood disorders like major depression...
- Role of the basal ganglia in the control of purposive saccadic eye movementsO Hikosaka
Department of Physiology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
Physiol Rev 80:953-78. 2000In addition to their well-known role in skeletal movements, the basal ganglia control saccadic eye movements (saccades) by means of their connection to the superior colliculus (SC)...
- A humanized version of Foxp2 affects cortico-basal ganglia circuits in miceWolfgang Enard
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D 04103 Leipzig, Germany
Cell 137:961-71. 2009..behavior and decreased dopamine concentrations in the brain suggesting that the humanized Foxp2 allele affects basal ganglia. In the striatum, a part of the basal ganglia affected in humans with a speech deficit due to a nonfunctional ..
- Distinct basal ganglia territories are engaged in early and advanced motor sequence learningStephane Lehericy
Center for Magnetic Resonance Research Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:12566-71. 2005..study, we used functional MRI (fMRI) at high field (3T) to track the time course of activation in the entire basal ganglia circuitry, as well as other motor-related structures, during the explicit learning of a sequence of finger ..
- A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A new functional anatomyK Gurney
Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TP, UK
Biol Cybern 84:401-10. 2001We present a biologically plausible model of processing intrinsic to the basal ganglia based on the computational premise that action selection is a primary role of these central brain structures...
- Functional properties of the basal ganglia's re-entrant loop architecture: selection and reinforcementP Redgrave
Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TP, UK
Neuroscience 198:138-51. 2011..In this review we will argue that the re-entrant looped architecture of the basal ganglia represents biological solutions to these fundamental behavioural problems of selection and reinforcement...
- Movement-related changes in synchronization in the human basal gangliaMichael Cassidy
Sobell Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
Brain 125:1235-46. 2002There is a wealth of data suggesting that behavioural events are reflected in the basal ganglia through phasic changes in the discharge of individual neurones...
- The basal ganglia: learning new tricks and loving itAnn M Graybiel
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and the McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, 46 6133, Cambridge, MA, 02139 USA
Curr Opin Neurobiol 15:638-44. 2005The field of basal ganglia research is exploding on every level - from discoveries at the molecular level to those based on human brain imaging...
- Competition between feedback loops underlies normal and pathological dynamics in the basal gangliaArthur Leblois
Laboratoire de Neurophysique et Physiologie du Système Moteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 8119, Universite Rene Descartes, 75270 Paris, France
J Neurosci 26:3567-83. 2006Experiments performed in normal animals suggest that the basal ganglia (BG) are crucial in motor program selection. BG are also involved in movement disorders...
- Basal ganglia functional connectivity based on a meta-analysis of 126 positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging publicationsRonald B Postuma
Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University Street Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Cereb Cortex 16:1508-21. 2006..The rostrocaudal and dorsoventral patterns of corticostriatal functional connectivity are consistent with the tripartite division of the striatum into motor, associative, and limbic zones...
- Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia control access to working memoryFiona McNab
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Stockholm Brain Institute, Karolinska Institutet, MR Centrum, Stockholm, Sweden
Nat Neurosci 11:103-7. 2008..Here we show that activity in the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia preceded the filtering of irrelevant information and that activity, particularly in the globus pallidus, ..
- Circuits and circuit disorders of the basal gangliaMahlon R Delong
Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
Arch Neurol 64:20-4. 2007Views of the anatomy and function of the basal ganglia and their role in motor and nonmotor disorders have undergone major revisions during the past decades...
- Temporal processing in the basal gangliaD L Harrington
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
Neuropsychology 12:3-12. 1998This study investigated the role of the basal ganglia in timing operations...
- A region of mesial prefrontal cortex tracks monetarily rewarding outcomes: characterization with rapid event-related fMRIBrian Knutson
Department of Psychology, Building 420, Jordan Hall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 2130, USA
Neuroimage 18:263-72. 2003..00 win, MPFC activity decreased, relative to outcomes with no incentive value. These findings suggest that in the context of processing monetary rewards, a region of the MPFC preferentially tracks rewarding outcomes...
- Contributions of the basal ganglia and functionally related brain structures to motor learningJulien Doyon
Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Behav Brain Res 199:61-75. 2009..These results are then put into a plausible neurobiological model of motor skill learning, which proposes an integrated view of the brain plasticity mediating this form of memory at different stages of the acquisition process...
- Dynamic dopamine modulation in the basal ganglia: a neurocomputational account of cognitive deficits in medicated and nonmedicated ParkinsonismMichael J Frank
Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO 80309, USA
J Cogn Neurosci 17:51-72. 2005Dopamine (DA) depletion in the basal ganglia (BG) of Parkinson's patients gives rise to both frontal-like and implicit learning impairments...
- The basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellumAndreea C Bostan
Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Systems Neuroscience Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:8452-6. 2010The basal ganglia and cerebellum are major subcortical structures that influence not only movement, but putatively also cognition and affect. Both structures receive input from and send output to the cerebral cortex...
- The neural representation of timeRichard B Ivry
3210 Tolman Hall, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 1650 USA
Curr Opin Neurobiol 14:225-32. 2004..Emphasis has also been placed on the basal ganglia as a specialized timing system, particularly for longer intervals...
- Oscillatory nature of human basal ganglia activity: relationship to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's diseasePeter Brown
Sobell Department of Neurophysiology and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
Mov Disord 18:357-63. 2003Alterations of basal ganglia physiology in parkinsonism may consist of two elements, an increase in the firing rate of neurones and a change in the pattern of synchronisation of discharges between neurones...
- Basal ganglia orient eyes to rewardOkihide Hikosaka
Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
J Neurophysiol 95:567-84. 2006..Recent studies suggest an important role of the basal ganglia. Sensorimotor/cognitive activities of neurons in the basal ganglia are strongly modulated by expected reward...
- Thalamic neuronal activity in dopamine-depleted primates: evidence for a loss of functional segregation within basal ganglia circuitsMathias Pessiglione
Laboratoire de neurologie et thérapeutique expérimentale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 679, Hopital de la Salpetriere, 75651 Paris, France
J Neurosci 25:1523-31. 2005..firing rate and bursty firing pattern, and assumes that dopamine depletion results in a hyperactivity of basal ganglia (BG) output structures...
- Stimulation of subterritories of the subthalamic nucleus reveals its role in the integration of the emotional and motor aspects of behaviorLuc Mallet
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale AVENIR Group, Behavior, Emotion, and Basal Ganglia, 75013 Paris, France
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:10661-6. 2007....
- Basal ganglia, dopamine and temporal processing: performance on three timing tasks on and off medication in Parkinson's diseaseCatherine R G Jones
Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
Brain Cogn 68:30-41. 2008..in the timing literature is that temporal processing in the milliseconds and seconds range engages the basal ganglia and is modulated by dopamine...
- The ventral basal ganglia, a selection mechanism at the crossroads of space, strategy, and rewardMark D Humphries
Adaptive Behaviour Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
Prog Neurobiol 90:385-417. 2010The basal ganglia are often conceptualised as three parallel domains that include all the constituent nuclei...
- Activity patterns in a model for the subthalamopallidal network of the basal gangliaD Terman
Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
J Neurosci 22:2963-76. 2002..of the subthalamic nucleus and the external segment of the globus pallidus in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Computer simulations and analysis of this model illuminate the roles of the coupling architecture of the ..
- Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunctionMahlon Delong
Department Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 15:S237-40. 2009Circuit models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction have undergone significant changes over time...
- Basal ganglia contributions to motor control: a vigorous tutorRobert S Turner
Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Institute and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
Curr Opin Neurobiol 20:704-16. 2010The roles of the basal ganglia (BG) in motor control are much debated. Many influential hypotheses have grown from studies in which output signals of the BG were not blocked, but pathologically disturbed...
- Abnormal oscillatory synchronisation in the motor system leads to impaired movementP Brown
Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
Curr Opin Neurobiol 17:656-64. 2007Converging data suggest that abnormal synchronised oscillatory activity in the basal ganglia may contribute to bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. This synchrony preferentially occurs over 10-30 Hz, the so-called beta band...
- A physiologically plausible model of action selection and oscillatory activity in the basal gangliaMark D Humphries
Adaptive Behaviour Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, United Kingdom
J Neurosci 26:12921-42. 2006The basal ganglia (BG) have long been implicated in both motor function and dysfunction...
- A basal ganglia-forebrain circuit in the songbird biases motor output to avoid vocal errorsAaron S Andalman
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:12518-23. 2009In songbirds, as in mammals, basal ganglia-forebrain circuits are necessary for the learning and production of complex motor behaviors; however, the precise role of these circuits remains unknown...
- Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuitsRichard Levy
Fédération de Neurologie and INSERM U610, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France
Cereb Cortex 16:916-28. 2006The clinical signs grouped under the concept of apathy are a common feature of prefrontal and basal ganglia lesions or dysfunctions and can therefore help to improve our understanding of the functional anatomy of the prefrontal-basal ..
- Preference for immediate over delayed rewards is associated with magnitude of ventral striatal activityAhmad R Hariri
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
J Neurosci 26:13213-7. 2006..They also highlight a specific neurocognitive mechanism that may contribute to increased risk for addiction...
- Ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation correlates with impulsivity in alcoholicsAnne Beck
Department of Psychiatry, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
Biol Psychiatry 66:734-42. 2009..We explored whether functional brain activation during anticipation of incentive stimuli is associated with impulsiveness in detoxified alcoholics and healthy control subjects...
- Mesolimbic functional magnetic resonance imaging activations during reward anticipation correlate with reward-related ventral striatal dopamine releaseBjörn H Schott
Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
J Neurosci 28:14311-9. 2008..Moreover, the combined neurochemical and hemodynamic imaging approach used here opens up new perspectives for the investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying human cognition...
- How the brain translates money into force: a neuroimaging study of subliminal motivationMathias Pessiglione
Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square London WC1N 3BG, UK
Science 316:904-6. 2007..Our findings thus reveal this region as a key node in brain circuitry that enables expected rewards to energize behavior, without the need for the subjects;awareness...
- A review of differences between basal ganglia and cerebellar control of movements as revealed by functional imaging studiesM Jueptner
Department of Psychiatry, University Clinics, Essen, Germany
Brain 121:1437-49. 1998The role of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in the control of movements is unclear. We summarize results from three groups of PET studies of regional CBF...
- The role of the basal ganglia in learning and memory: neuropsychological studiesJessica A Grahn
MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
Behav Brain Res 199:53-60. 2009In recent years, a common approach to understanding how the basal ganglia contribute to learning and memory in humans has been to study the deficits that occur in patients with basal ganglia pathology, such as Parkinson's disease and ..
- Basal ganglia morphometry and repetitive behavior in young children with autism spectrum disorderAnnette Estes
University of Washington Autism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Autism Res 4:212-20. 2011We investigated repetitive and stereotyped behavior (RSB) and its relationship to morphometric measures of the basal ganglia and thalami in 3- to 4-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 77) and developmental delay ..
- Event-related potential activity in the basal ganglia differentiates rewards from nonrewards: temporospatial principal components analysis and source localization of the feedback negativityDan Foti
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794 2500, USA
Hum Brain Mapp 32:2207-16. 2011..increased striatal activation in response to favorable outcomes that is reduced or absent for unfavorable outcomes, thereby providing unique information about the timing and nature of basal ganglia activity related to reward processing.
- Neural circuits and topographic organization of the basal ganglia and related regionsK Nakano
Department of Anatomy, Mie University Faculty of Medicine, Tsu, 514 8507, Mie, Japan
Brain Dev 22:S5-16. 2000The present review was attempted to analyze the multiple channels of basal ganglia-thalamocortical connections, and the connections of their related nuclei...
- Molecular microcircuitry underlies functional specification in a basal ganglia circuit dedicated to vocal learningAustin T Hilliard
Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
Neuron 73:537-52. 2012..vocal communication--a complex phenotype probably supported by ensembles of interacting genes in cortico-basal ganglia pathways of both species. To date, only FoxP2 has been identified as critical to both speech and birdsong...
- Information processing, dimensionality reduction and reinforcement learning in the basal gangliaIzhar Bar-Gad
Center for Neural Computation, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Prog Neurobiol 71:439-73. 2003Modeling of the basal ganglia has played a major role in our understanding of this elusive group of nuclei...
- The basal ganglia and cerebellum interact in the expression of dystonic movementVladimir K Neychev
Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Brain 131:2499-509. 2008..Traditional views place responsibility for dystonia with dysfunction of basal ganglia circuits, yet recent evidence has pointed towards cerebellar circuits as well...
- Activity of striatal neurons reflects dynamic encoding and recoding of procedural memoriesTerra D Barnes
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and the McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, 46 6133, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
Nature 437:1158-61. 2005..such learning dynamics, we made long-term recordings from multiple neurons in the sensorimotor striatum, a basal ganglia structure implicated in habit formation, in rats successively trained on a reward-based procedural task, given ..
- Adenosine A2A receptors and basal ganglia physiologyS N Schiffmann
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, CP601, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
Prog Neurobiol 83:277-92. 2007Adenosine A2A receptors are highly enriched in the basal ganglia system...
- Drd1a-tdTomato BAC transgenic mice for simultaneous visualization of medium spiny neurons in the direct and indirect pathways of the basal gangliaJessica A Shuen
Center for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurology, Neurotransgenic Core Facility, and Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
J Neurosci 28:2681-5. 2008
- Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum in learning and motor controlK Doya
Information Sciences Division, ATR International and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 2 2 2 Hikaridai, Seika, Soraku, 619 0288, Kyoto, Japan
Curr Opin Neurobiol 10:732-9. 2000The classical notion that the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are dedicated to motor control has been challenged by the accumulation of evidence revealing their involvement in non-motor, cognitive functions...
- What do the basal ganglia do? A modeling perspectiveV S Chakravarthy
Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
Biol Cybern 103:237-53. 2010b>Basal ganglia (BG) constitute a network of seven deep brain nuclei involved in a variety of crucial brain functions including: action selection, action gating, reward based learning, motor preparation, timing, etc...
- Habenula: crossroad between the basal ganglia and the limbic systemOkihide Hikosaka
Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 4435, USA
J Neurosci 28:11825-9. 2008..Further, dysfunctions of the LHb have also been implicated in psychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, and drug-induced psychosis...
- Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and automaticityF Gregory Ashby
Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Trends Cogn Sci 14:208-15. 2010..At the same time, other recent reports indicate that automatic behaviors are striatum- and dopamine-independent, and might be mediated entirely within cortex. Resolving this apparent conflict should be a major goal of future research...
- The integrative function of the basal ganglia in instrumental conditioningBernard W Balleine
Department of Psychology and the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Behav Brain Res 199:43-52. 2009..As the entry point for the basal ganglia, cortical circuits involving the dorsal striatum are clearly in a position to control a variety of motor ..
- Disconnecting force from money: effects of basal ganglia damage on incentive motivationLiane Schmidt
Laboratoire INSERM U610, Institut Fédératif de Recherches en Neurosciences, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Site Pitié Salpêtrière, F 75013 Paris, France
Brain 131:1303-10. 2008Bilateral basal ganglia lesions have been reported to induce a particular form of apathy, termed auto-activation deficit (AAD), principally defined as a loss of self-driven behaviour that is reversible with external stimulation...
- Vocal experimentation in the juvenile songbird requires a basal ganglia circuitBence P Olveczky
McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
PLoS Biol 3:e153. 2005..Our results establish that, in the juvenile songbird, the exploratory motor behavior required to learn a complex motor sequence is dependent on a dedicated neural circuit homologous to cortico-basal ganglia circuits in mammals.
- Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewardsSamuel M McClure
Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Science 306:503-7. 2004..Furthermore, the relative engagement of the two systems is directly associated with subjects' choices, with greater relative fronto-parietal activity when subjects choose longer term options...
- Parallel and interactive learning processes within the basal ganglia: relevance for the understanding of addictionDavid Belin
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB Cambridge, UK
Behav Brain Res 199:89-102. 2009..parallel cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical loops involved in motor or emotional functions, the basal ganglia, and especially the striatum, are key mediators of the modulation of behavioural responses, under the control ..
- The basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease: current concepts and unexplained observationsJose A Obeso
Departments of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurosurgery, Clinica Universitaria and Medical School, Neuroscience Centre, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
Ann Neurol 64:S30-46. 2008..disease is reviewed in light of recent advances in the understanding of the functional organization of the basal ganglia (BG)...
- Functional significance of the cortico-subthalamo-pallidal 'hyperdirect' pathwayAtsushi Nambu
Department of System Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, 2 6 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
Neurosci Res 43:111-7. 2002How the motor-related cortical areas modulate the activity of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia is an important issue for understanding the mechanisms of motor control by the basal ganglia...
- Processing of temporal information and the basal ganglia: new evidence from fMRIIgor Nenadic
Department of Psychiatry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07740 Jena, Germany
Exp Brain Res 148:238-46. 2003..Psychopharmacological and patient studies suggest a crucial role of the basal ganglia in time estimation...
- Multiple representations and algorithms for reinforcement learning in the cortico-basal ganglia circuitMakoto Ito
Neural Computation Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904 0412, Japan
Curr Opin Neurobiol 21:368-73. 2011Accumulating evidence shows that the neural network of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia is critically involved in reinforcement learning...
- The prefrontal-limbic network in depression: Modulation by hypothalamus, basal ganglia and midbrainM R Bennett
Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
Prog Neurobiol 93:468-87. 2011..Modulation of this prefrontal-limbic network (PLN) is principally through the hypothalamus, basal ganglia and midbrain...
- Hold your horses: impulsivity, deep brain stimulation, and medication in parkinsonismMichael J Frank
Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Science 318:1309-12. 2007..These findings implicate independent mechanisms leading to impulsivity in treated Parkinson's patients and were predicted by a single neurocomputational model of the basal ganglia.
- Blood oxygenation level-dependent activation in basal ganglia nuclei relates to specific symptoms in de novo Parkinson's diseaseJaney Prodoehl
Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Mov Disord 25:2035-43. 2010..modifying therapies in Parkinson's disease (PD), there is a strong need to identify noninvasive measures of basal ganglia (BG) function that are sensitive to disease severity...
- Pedunculopontine nucleus and basal ganglia: distant relatives or part of the same family?Juan Mena-Segovia
MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
Trends Neurosci 27:585-8. 2004The basal ganglia are more highly interconnected with the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) than with any other brain region. Regulation and relay of basal ganglia activity are two key functions of the PPN...
- Basal ganglia macrocircuitsJ M Tepper
Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
Prog Brain Res 160:3-7. 2007..authors covering the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry/pharmacology and behavioral aspects of GABA in the basal ganglia. In this chapter the various nuclei of the basal ganglia are defined and their cellular structure, connections ..
- Conditional routing of information to the cortex: a model of the basal ganglia's role in cognitive coordinationAndrea Stocco
Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Psychol Rev 117:541-74. 2010The basal ganglia play a central role in cognition and are involved in such general functions as action selection and reinforcement learning...
- Effects of treadmill exercise on dopaminergic transmission in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse model of basal ganglia injuryGiselle M Petzinger
Department of Neurology, The George and MaryLou Boone Center for Parkinson s Disease Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
J Neurosci 27:5291-300. 2007....
- Neuroprotective strategies for basal ganglia degeneration: Parkinson's and Huntington's diseasesT Alexi
Research Centre for Developmental Medicine and Biology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Prog Neurobiol 60:409-70. 2000..Most of these approaches hold promise as potential therapies in the treatment of these disorders...
- Basal ganglia volume is associated with aerobic fitness in preadolescent childrenLaura Chaddock
Department of Psychology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Dev Neurosci 32:249-56. 2010The present investigation is the first to explore the association between childhood aerobic fitness and basal ganglia structure and function...
- Variations in the human pain stress experience mediated by ventral and dorsal basal ganglia dopamine activityDavid J Scott
Department of Psychiatry and Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 0720, USA
J Neurosci 26:10789-95. 2006..addition to its involvement in motor control and in encoding reward value, increasing evidence also implicates basal ganglia dopaminergic mechanisms in responses to stress and aversive stimuli...
- Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortexRudolf N Cardinal
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26:321-52. 2002....
- The connections of the primate subthalamic nucleus: indirect pathways and the open-interconnected scheme of basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitryD Joel
Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
Brain Res Brain Res Rev 23:62-78. 1997The current view of basal ganglia organization holds that functionally corresponding subregions of the frontal cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus form several parallel segregated basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits...
- Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working memory: a computational modelM J Frank
University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 1:137-60. 2001The frontal cortex and the basal ganglia interact via a relatively well understood and elaborate system of interconnections...
- Basal ganglia and supplementary motor area subtend duration perception: an fMRI studyA M Ferrandez
Unité de Neurosciences Cognitives et Imagerie Cérébrale, CNRS UPR 640, LENA, Hopital de la Salpetriere, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
Neuroimage 19:1532-44. 2003..the frontal and mesiofrontal cortex (supplementary motor area, SMA), parietal cortex, and subcortical areas (basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum)...
- Exercise-induced behavioral recovery and neuroplasticity in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse basal gangliaBeth E Fisher
Department of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
J Neurosci Res 77:378-90. 2004Physical activity has been shown to be neuroprotective in lesions affecting the basal ganglia. Using a treadmill exercise paradigm, we investigated the effect of exercise on neurorestoration...
- Seven problems on the basal gangliaAtsushi Nambu
Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
Curr Opin Neurobiol 18:595-604. 2008Our knowledge on the functions of the basal ganglia has increased enormously during the last two decades. However, we still do not completely understand the primary function of the basal ganglia...
- Interruption of a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit prevents plasticity of learned vocalizationsM S Brainard
Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, 94143 0444, USA
Nature 404:762-6. 2000..that normally follow deafening can be prevented by a second insult to the nervous system--the lesion of a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit...
- Interaction of stimulus-driven reorienting and expectation in ventral and dorsal frontoparietal and basal ganglia-cortical networksGordon L Shulman
Department of Neurology, Washington University, 4525 Scott Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
J Neurosci 29:4392-407. 2009..Nevertheless, IFG was activated only by unexpected shifts of attention, dissociating its function from TPJ. Basal ganglia and frontal/insula regions also were activated only when reorienting was unexpected but showed strong rs-fcMRI ..
- Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine in the basal ganglia: an overview of its anatomical organization in normal and Parkinsonian brainsYoland Smith
Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Mov Disord 23:S534-47. 2008..Dopamine has long been recognized to be a key neuromodulator of basal ganglia function, essential for normal motor activity...
- Neuronal oscillations in the basal ganglia and movement disorders: evidence from whole animal and human recordingsWilliam D Hutchison
Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 2S8
J Neurosci 24:9240-3. 2004
- Neurocomputational models of basal ganglia function in learning, memory and choiceMichael X Cohen
Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, 1503 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
Behav Brain Res 199:141-56. 2009The basal ganglia (BG) are critical for the coordination of several motor, cognitive, and emotional functions and become dysfunctional in several pathological states ranging from Parkinson's disease to Schizophrenia...
- Testing basal ganglia motor functions through reversible inactivations in the posterior internal globus pallidusM Desmurget
Department of Neurobiology, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
J Neurophysiol 99:1057-76. 2008To test current hypotheses on the contribution of the basal ganglia (BG) to motor control, we examined the effects of muscimol-induced inactivations in the skeletomotor region of the internal globus pallidus (sGPi) on visually directed ..
- Phase relationships support a role for coordinated activity in the indirect pathway in organizing slow oscillations in basal ganglia output after loss of dopamineJ R Walters
Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 3702, USA
Neuroscience 144:762-76. 2007..of the present study was to determine the phase relationships of the slow oscillatory activity that emerges in basal ganglia nuclei in anesthetized rats after dopamine cell lesion in order to gain insight into the passage of this ..
- Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of six members of the Kv1 channel subunits in the rat basal gangliaY H Chung
Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon Dong, Chongno Gu, Seoul 110 799, South Korea
Brain Res 875:164-70. 2000..here is the first in which the expression of six Kv1 channel subunits have been directly compared in the rat basal ganglia. In the present study, we have found that staining patterns of the six Kv1 channel subunits overlap in some ..
- An ultra-short dopamine pathway regulates basal ganglia outputFu Wen Zhou
Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
J Neurosci 29:10424-35. 2009Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is a key basal ganglia output nucleus critical for movement control. Its GABA-containing projection neurons intermingle with nigral dopamine (DA) neuron dendrites...
Research Grants90
- Basal Ganglia and Higher Cortical FunctionPeter L Strick; Fiscal Year: 2010There is growing evidence that the basal ganglia (BG) participate in multiple segregated "loops" with a wide variety of cortical areas including regions of motor, prefrontal, posterior parietal and inferotemporal cortex...
- Inhibitory Interneurons in Tourette SyndromeFlora Vaccarino; Fiscal Year: 2009..The cerebral cortex-basal ganglia circuitry regulates motor habits and goal-directed behavior...
- Synaptic processing in the basal gangliaDavid J Perkel; Fiscal Year: 2010..The pathway needed for learning song involves the basal ganglia, a set of brain regions known in mammals to be important for motor control, motor learning and a variety of ..
- Thalamostriatal System in ParkinsonismTHOMAS N WICHMANN; Fiscal Year: 2010The centromedian and parafascicular nuclei (CM/PF) of the thalamus receive inputs from the basal ganglia, and send a massive and topographically organized projection back to the striatum...
- CONTINUITY OF LIMBIC CIRCUIT THROUGH THE BASAL GANGLIASuzanne Haber; Fiscal Year: 2009..obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and drug addiction are linked to pathology in the cortico-basal ganglia (BG), reward circuit...
- Basal Ganglia and Higher Cortical FunctionPETER STRICK; Fiscal Year: 2009There is growing evidence that the basal ganglia (BG) participate in multiple segregated "loops" with a wide variety of cortical areas including regions of motor, prefrontal, posterior parietal and inferotemporal cortex...
- Cortical connections with the limbic territory of the basal gangliaMichelle Morrow; Fiscal Year: 2007There is growing evidence that the basal ganglia (BG) participate in multiple segregated "loops" with a wide variety of cortical areas including regions of motor, prefrontal, posterior parietal and inferotemporal cortex...
- Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Formation of Basal Ganglia CircuitryKENNETH J CAMPBELL; Fiscal Year: 2010The basal ganglia comprise a collection of nuclei that are primarily involved in controlling purposeful movements and appropriate behavior...
- Cortical and basal ganglia local field potentials in human movement disordersPhilip A Starr; Fiscal Year: 2010..goal of this project is to advance the understanding of movement disorders pathophysiology through studies of basal ganglia and cortical local field potentials (LFPs) in humans...
- Cortical contributions to basal ganglia disordersPETER STRICK; Fiscal Year: 2006There is growing evidence that the basal ganglia participate in multiple 'loops' with a wide variety of cortical areas including regions of motor, premotor, prefrontal, orbitofrontal, cingulated, posterior parietal and inferotemporal ..
- Nigrostriatal Dopamine FunctionJames M Tepper; Fiscal Year: 2010The basal ganglia is an essential component of the central circuitry controlling voluntary movement as well as sensorimotor integration, motor and non-motor learning, and a number of higher cognitive functions...
- Nigrostriatal Dopamine FunctionJames M Tepper; Fiscal Year: 2010The basal ganglia is an essential component of the central circuitry controlling voluntary movement as well as sensorimotor integration, motor and non-motor learning, and a number of higher cognitive functions...
- GABA RECEPTORS IN THE THALAMUSYoland Smith; Fiscal Year: 2005The basal ganglia and thalamus are interconnected through a series of loops that process and convey basal ganglia outflow to either frontal cortical regions via the ventral motor nuclei or back to the striatum via the caudal intralaminar ..
- Inhibitory Interneurons in Tourette SyndromeFlora Vaccarino; Fiscal Year: 2007..The cerebral cortex-basal ganglia circuitry regulates motor habits and goal-directed behavior...
- PALLIDAL PHYSIOLOGY IN HUMAN AND PRIMATE DYSTONIAPHILIP STARR; Fiscal Year: 2005..been made to understand movement disorders in terms of alterations in a loop circuit involving the cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus...
- DOPAMINERGIC TOXICITY OF ATRAZINE--INFLUENCE OF AGENIKOLAY FILIPOV; Fiscal Year: 2002..during adolescence will potentiate the age-related DA loss, as well as potentiate the toxicity of a typical basal ganglia neurotoxicant such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and (iii) that a sub-chronic or ..
- Synaptic processing in the basal gangliaDavid Perkel; Fiscal Year: 2009..The pathway needed for learning song involves the basal ganglia, a set of brain regions known in mammals to be important for motor control, motor learning and a variety of ..
- Organization of the Cortical Projection to the Basal GangliaANTON J REINER; Fiscal Year: 2010..we also do now know if our findings for rats are true for primates, and thus clinically relevant to the human basal ganglia. In Aim 1 of the current proposal, we will use in vivo intracellular methods in rats to record from individual ..
- Organization of the Cortical Projection to the Basal GangliaAnton Reiner; Fiscal Year: 2009..we also do now know if our findings for rats are true for primates, and thus clinically relevant to the human basal ganglia. In Aim 1 of the current proposal, we will use in vivo intracellular methods in rats to record from individual ..
- NEURAL CONTROL OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTSJerome Sanes; Fiscal Year: 1993This project investigates the role of the basal ganglia in integrating somatic sensory information and motor commands for executing purposeful movements...
- NEURAL CONTROL OF HUMAN VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTSJerome Sanes; Fiscal Year: 2001This project investigates the role of the basal ganglia in integrating somatic sensory information and motor commands for executing purposeful movements...
- Influence of the Basal Ganglia on Cerebellar ActionAlan Gibson; Fiscal Year: 2007Diseases affecting the basal ganglia produce a variety of movement deficits, and these deficits are often totally disabling. Parkinson's disease, which affects about 1...
- Generation of a mouse model of L-DOPA-responsive dystonia (DRD)ELLEN HESS; Fiscal Year: 2007..Despite a strong clinico-pathological correlation between the basal ganglia and dystonia, there is little understanding of the underlying neuronal dysfunction...
- Pontine motor circuitsJun Lu; Fiscal Year: 2010..Although traditional accounts emphasize the role of reduced dopamine (DA) transmission in the basal ganglia (secondary to loss of midbrain A9 dopamine neurons) in the motoric defects of these disorders, more recent ..
- High Force Resistance Training and Dopamine Replacement Effects on Hypokinesia inLELAND DIBBLE; Fiscal Year: 2007Idiopathic Parkinson disease (IPD) is the model movement disorder to explore the motor function of the basal ganglia. (Morris ME, 2005) Alterations in the output of the basal ganglia lead to reductions in muscle force output and ..
- MOTOR ACTIONS OF CANNABINOIDS IN A PARKINSONS MODELCLARA SANUDO PENA; Fiscal Year: 2002The hallmark of Parkinson s disease is a dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta...
- Influence of the Basal Ganglia on Cerebellar ActionAlan Gibson; Fiscal Year: 2004..to be a surprisingly effective approach for the control of movement disorders associated with diseases of the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson's disease...
- Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Higher Cortical FunctionPETER STRICK; Fiscal Year: 2007The classical view is that the outputs from the basal ganglia and cerebellum project to a region of the ventrolateral thalamus that ultimately influences a single cortical area, the primary motor cortex...
- Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Higher Cortical FunctionPETER STRICK; Fiscal Year: 2003The classical view is that the outputs from the basal ganglia and cerebellum project to a region of the ventrolateral thalamus that ultimately influences a single cortical area, the primary motor cortex...


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Reliant's Turf
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Join Date: Apr 2004
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Re: Reliant's Turf
I've been bitching about the turf for years like a lot of you but since we don't play on it and only watch players slip and slide, stick and twist in it we're not qualified to say it's a bad field. Remember that even though it looks like crap and doesn't appear to play much better. Years ago somebody said that the players thought it was a top-ten field in some poll or survey so every time a thread appears asking for some kind of change we get a few glorious sunshine pumpers come around to tell us that we don't what we're talking about.
Doesn't change the fact that we've got one of the nicest stadiums in football with one of the worst fields in football inside of it.
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Chicago 2010: Nissan 370Z 40th Anniversary Edition unveiled with no added performance
by Frank Filipponio (RSS feed) on Feb 10th, 2010 at 11:14AM
Nissan just unwrapped a 40th Anniversary gift to itself at the 2010 Chicago Auto Show. More specifically, it's celebrating the 40th anniversary of one of its most iconic vehicles, the Z car, with a special edition version of the latest in a long line of formidable sportscars to wear that badge. The limited edition 2010 Nissan 370Z 40th Anniversary model is actually a bit late to the party since the original 240Z technically debuted in North America on October 22, 1969... but who's counting. Whereas the 1970 240Z was a revolution in the affordable sportscar scene with a sticker at just... Read More


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Apr 18 2012 ∞
" A New Zealand company plans to implant pig cells in the human brain in a clinical trial to treat Parkinson's disease and help improve movement and brain functions in patients. The clinical trials, planned for next year, would be the first using pig brain cells for potential treatment in humans. Living Cell Technologies Ltd said on Tuesday the treatment involves transplanting "support" cells from the brain of pigs that can help repair damaged nerve tissue in people with Parkinson's.
— New Zealand firm to trial pig cells to treat Parkinson's | Reuters (via wildcat2030)
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Seneca - Local Information, Resources & Photos
Seneca - Searchable Map, Aerial Photos & Driving Directions
Seneca is an incorporated place (Class Code P1) located in Grant County at latitude 44.1346 and longitude -118.9716. (Seneca Panoramio Photos). The elevation is 4,675 feet. Seneca appears on the Seneca U.S. Geological Survey Map. Grant County is in the Pacific time zone (GMT -8). Observes DST? Yes. Current Time. | Seneca, OR ZIP Code Maps | Seneca local area photos
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Seneca had a population of 179; a land area of 0.8 sq. miles; a water area of 0 sq. miles; and a population density of 225.16 people per sq. mile according to the US Census Bureaue estimate of July 1, 2009. Latest Census Estimates for all incorporated places in Oregon.
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∞ 7/12/2012 (8:01pm) 14 notes
#beauty and the beast#prince adam#princess belle
I went to go see Beauty and the Beast on stage yesterday and now I am obsessed with it!! I loved it so much I cried at the end!! It was just spectacular!
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Indigo: Egyptian Mummies to Blue Jeansby Jenny Balfour-paul
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All those working with indigo or merely interested in the cultural history of that dye must read this book.
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Indigo: Egyptian Mummies to Blue Jeans tells the compelling story of the world's oldest and best-loved dye, the iconic blue behind one of the world's ubiquitous fabrics: denim. Brilliant photographs and eloquent text describe the process of making indigo dye from plants and how indigo is used. It weaves stories of indigo's producers, its cultural traditions and history, its importance in global trade, and the modern textile artists and fashion designers who are reviving indigo for sustainable development.
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Indigo tells fascinating stories from the history of the dye, such as the recent discovery of 17th-century Spanish galleons in the Caribbean carrying hundreds of chests of raw indigo, which the author successfully used to dye 21st-century fabrics.
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A computer is provided having a bus interface unit coupled between a CPU bus and a mezzanine bus, or PCI bus. The bus interface unit includes a plurality of input buffers which can be selectively connected and disconnected in a dynamic fashion according to active and inactive signals forwarded thereto. Signals forwarded to the bus interface unit from the CPU are classified according to the transaction phase of CPU bus activity. If signals associated with one particular transaction phase are active, then input buffers attributed to signals of other transaction phases can be deactivated. It is preferred that input buffers associated with signals of a request and arbitration phase be maintained active and coupled to power regardless of the present transaction phase unless the computer enters a powered down mode, such as sleep, idle or standby.
1. A computer, comprising:
an electronic display;
a central processing unit (CPU) operably linked to the electronic display;
a bus comprising a plurality of conductors coupled to the CPU, said plurality of conductors are segregated into sets of conductors, each set of which accommodates a plurality of signals which are active only during a discrete transaction phase of the bus; and
a bus interface unit comprising a plurality of input buffers segregated into sets of input buffers coupled to respective said sets of conductors, wherein each of said plurality of input buffers comprises a differential amplifier having a pair of inputs, one of which is coupled to receive a reference voltage and the other of which is coupled to one of said plurality of conductors, and wherein said sets of input buffers are selectively disconnected from power during times in which said plurality of signals forwarded thereto are inactive.
2. The computer as recited in claim 1, wherein said transaction phase of activity is selected from the group comprising arbitration, request, error, snoop, response and data transfer.
3. The computer as recited in claim 1, wherein said sets of conductors accommodates dissimilar transferred signals classified according to said transaction phase of activity selected from the group comprising arbitration, request, error, snoop, response and data transfer.
4. The computer as recited in claim 1, further comprising a pull-up resistor and a drive transistor coupled to each of said plurality of conductors.
5. The computer as recited in claim 1, wherein said sets of input buffers are selectively disconnected from power by forwarding a disable signal to a transistor coupled between a power supply and the sets of input buffers.
6. The computer as recited in claim 1, wherein said plurality of signals forwarded to respective said sets of conductors are inactive if the computer is in a power down state comprising sleep, idle or standby modes of operation.
7. A computer, comprising:
an electronic display;
a central processing unit (CPU) operably linked to the electronic display;
a bus;
a bus interface unit comprising a first set and a second set of input buffers coupled to receive a respective first set of signals and a second set of signals forwarded across the bus from the CPU, wherein said input buffers comprise differential amplifiers which consume power unless power is selectively removed therefrom; and
a mechanism for monitoring activity upon the bus, for selectively applying power to the first set of input buffers if the first set of signals are active, and for selectively removing power to the second set of input buffers if the second set of signals are inactive.
8. The computer as recited in claim 7, wherein said first set of signals are active during a first transaction phase of activity upon the bus, and wherein said second set of signals are active during a second transactional phase dissimilar in time from the first transactional phase.
9. The computer as recited in claim 8, wherein said first and second transactional phases may occur at different clock cycles of the bus.
10. The computer as recited in claim 8, wherein said mechanism comprises logic coupled to the bus for dispatching an enable signal to the second set of input buffers only if the second set of signals are active.
11. The computer as recited in claim 8, wherein said mechanism comprises logic coupled to the bus for dispatching a disable signal to both the first and second set of input buffers if the computer is in a powered down state.
12. The computer as recited in claim 7, further comprising a third set of signals and a respective third set of input buffers which retain power thereto regardless of whether the first, second or third set of signals are active.
13. The computer as recited in claim 12, wherein the third set of signals are active during a third transactional phase dissimilar in time from the first and second transactional phases.
14. The computer as recited in claim 13, wherein the third transactional phase comprises an initial phase of activity for a transaction related to a request for the bus.
15. The computer as recited in claim 13, wherein the third transactional phase comprises an arbitration phase of activity.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a computer and, more particularly, to a bus interface unit having a plurality of input buffers which can be selectively deactivated depending on the current power state of the computer and/or activity upon a central processing unit (�CPU�) local bus.
2. Description of the Related Art
Power consumption in an electronic device is always a significant concern. Longevity of the power supply, heat dissipation, physical size, weight, efficiency and other related characteristics are paramount in designing the electronic device. These characteristics become exceptionally critical when the device is a self-sufficient portable unit.
A portable unit is one in which power is supplied from a battery during times when the unit is decoupled from its main power source, e.g., a 110 volt ac supply. In some instances, the battery functions as an auxiliary power source to ensure critical circuits are kept alive and to retain information stored in memory. In other instances, the battery functions as the main power source to fully power the device in its operational state.
Various types of portable units can be powered from a battery including, for example, a computer. Modern portable computers are called upon to perform at increasingly higher levels. For example, a high performance portable computer may employ a high speed CPU and multiple buses between the CPU and numerous input/output devices. Multiple buses may include a CPU local bus connected directly to the CPU, a peripheral bus connected to slower input/output devices, and a mezzanine bus connected between the CPU local bus and the peripheral bus. The peripheral bus can be classified as, for example, an industry standard architecture (�ISA�) bus, an enhanced ISA (�EISA�) bus or a microchannel bus. The mezzanine bus can be classified as, for example, a peripheral component interface (�PCI�) bus to which higher speed input/output devices can be connected.
Coupled between the various busses are bus interface units. According to somewhat known terminology, the bus interface unit coupled between the CPU bus and the PCI bus is often termed the �north bridge�. Similarly, the bus interface unit between the PCI bus and the peripheral bus is often termed the �south bridge�.
The north bridge bus interface unit must accommodate the high speed clocking cycles of the CPU. In many instances, the internal clock of a modern day CPU will transition at rates exceeding several hundred MHz. In order to accommodate this speed, signal swing within the CPU bus must be somewhat limited. For example, complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (�CMOS�) signal swings are too large even though CMOS technology consumes minimal power.
Recently, another standard for electrical signal transmission called Gunning Transceiver Logic (�GTL�) has been devised which can accommodate the higher speeds of modern CPU buses. Typically, a GTL signal will extend minimally above and below a reference voltage. In order to illustrate GTL usage in a modern Pentium� Pro CPU bus operating in excess of 50 MHz, GTL signal swings are typically constrained less than 200 millivolts from a reference voltage.
Smaller voltage swings may allow higher clock speeds. However, a GTL bus is an �open-collector� bus which generally requires pull-up resistors near terminating ends of each bus conductor. Significant power consumption is due, in part, to the operation of the pull-up resistors. In addition, GTL or GTL+ advocated by Intel Corporation requires a level-sensitive differential amplifier coupled to receive the GTL signals. Regardless of whether the signal is active or inactive, the differential amplifier nonetheless remains on and consumes power. Embodied upon the north bridge and associated with each conductor of the CPU bus is a constantly on differential amplifier.
It would be desirable to produce a portable computer which can accommodate a high speed CPU bus using, for example, differential signals set forth possibly in a GTL, GTL+, 1394 or serial link format. However, to produce a viable portable computer having the aforesaid performance characteristics, a mechanism must be derived which can monitor the CPU bus and periodically reduce power consumption in the critical elements of the portable computer. Namely, an improvement is needed for dynamically reducing power consumption of the differential amplifiers within the north bridge when the differential signals sent across the CPU bus are inactive. Reducing power consumption in a portable computer having a bus which employs differential signals would help extend the battery life of the computer.
The problems outlined above are in large part solved by an improved power management technique. Power management involves reducing power in the north bridge by disconnecting power to differential input amplifiers when they are not receiving active signals. A mechanism is used to monitor the CPU bus and signals within that bus. If signals appear, they generally appear in relation to a particular bus activity. That is, all transactions of a CPU bus are related to a single bus request, beginning with bus arbitration, and the assertion of an address strobe, ADS#. Transactions are driven to transfer data, to inquire about or change cache state, or to provide the system with information. Thus, a transaction may contain numerous phases, wherein a phase uses a specific set of signals to communicate a particular type of information. For example, the Pentiumt� Pro CPU bus protocol involves up to six phases: arbitration, request, error, snoop, response, and data transfer.
By monitoring signals associated with specific transactional phases, it is determined that many of the input buffers within the north bridge can be periodically turned off (i.e., disconnected from power or ground). For example, when signals attributed to a snoop phase are active, then signals associated with all other phases will be inactive, if the phase attributed to those signals do not overlap with the snoop phase. This allows an opportunity to disconnect power to all input buffers within the north bridge except those receiving active signals, or except those which are needed to receive the initial address strobe, ADS#. Accordingly, when signals associated with a particular phase are active, only the differential amplifiers which receive those signals are powered, along with differential amplifiers configured to receive the original request phase signals should they occur.
The present mechanism can also monitor the power state of the computer to determine if the computer is in a run state or a sleep state. If in a sleep state (including, e.g., idle state, standby state and hibernation state), then the CPU bus is monitored for a stop clock signal (STPCLK_) which indicates entry into the sleep state. If the stop clock signal is encountered, then all input buffers and/or differential amplifiers coupled to receive input signals from the CPU bus are disconnected from power. As defined herein below, power is the upper or lower power supplies, including VDD, VCC and/or ground.
Broadly speaking, the present invention contemplates a computer. The computer comprises a CPU and a bus coupled to the CPU. The bus comprises a plurality of conductors segregated into sets of conductors. Each set of conductors accommodates a plurality of signals which are active only during a discrete transaction phase of the bus. The computer further comprises a bus interface unit coupled to the CPU bus. The bus interface unit comprises a plurality of input buffers segregated into sets of input buffers coupled to respective sets of conductors. The sets of input buffers are selectively disconnected from power during times in which the plurality of signals forwarded thereto are inactive.
According to one embodiment, the transferred signals are classified according to a transaction phase of activity upon the CPU bus. A set of input buffers can be selectively disconnected from power by forwarding a disable signal to a transistor coupled between a power supply and the input buffers required to be powered down. The selectively disconnected input buffers are attributed to signals of a transaction phase which are currently inactive. Signals within a transaction phase that are active have, associated therewith, power-connected input buffers. By selectively disconnecting power from input buffers and specifically differential amplifiers associated with those buffers, current through and power consumed by input buffers which receive inactive signals is eliminated.
The present invention further contemplates a computer comprising a CPU, a bus interface unit, and a bus interposed therebetween. The bus interface unit comprises a first set and a second set of input buffers coupled to receive a respective first and second sets of signals forwarded across dissimilar conductors within the bus extending from the CPU. A mechanism is provided for monitoring activity upon the bus, for selectively applying power to the first set of input buffers if the first set of signals are active, and for selectively removing power to the second set of input buffers if the second set of signals are inactive. The input buffers comprise differential amplifiers which consume power unless power is selectively removed therefrom. The bus interface unit further comprises a third set of input buffers coupled to receive a respective third set of signals. Power is retained upon the third set of input buffers regardless of whether the first, second or third set of signals are active. Accordingly, the third set of signals are active throughout all transactional phases and during a third transactional phase dissimilar from the first and second transactional phases associated with the first and second sets of signals, respectively. The third transactional phase comprises an initial phase of activity for a transaction related to a request phase of the CPU bus.
The present invention yet further contemplates a method for minimizing power consumption within the bus interface unit. The method comprises monitoring transactional phases of activity within a bus coupled between a CPU and the bus interface unit. Sets of input buffers within the bus interface unit are selectively disconnected if signals forwarded to the input buffers attributed to a particular transactional phase are inactive. Sets of input buffers within the bus interface unit are selectively connected if signals forwarded to the input buffers attributed to a particular transactional phase are active. Each of the sets of input buffers can be disconnected within the bus interface unit if a clock internal to the CPU is disabled (i.e., if the CPU undergoes a power down state or �sleep state�).
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system comprising north and south bus bridges;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the north bus bridge and coupling thereto;
FIG. 3 is a state diagram of various power states of the computer system;
FIG. 4 is a timing diagram of two exemplary transactions and data transfers of various transaction phases across a CPU local bus;
FIG. 5 is a circuit schematic of a transceiver used to transfer and receive signals sent across the CPU local bus;
FIG. 6 is a circuit schematic of an input buffer within a receive portion of a transceiver;
FIG. 7 is a partial circuit schematic of the input buffer of FIG. 6 depicting a mechanism for selectively deactivating the input buffer depending on the transaction phase and power state encountered; and
FIG. 8 is a diagram of various enable signals used to trigger transaction phases and power down states, and various disable signals used to deactivate select input buffers during those phases and states.
While the invention may be modified and have alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Turning to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a computer 10 having multiple buses, including a CPU bus, a mezzanine or PCI bus, and a peripheral bus or ISA/EISA bus. The CPU bus connects a CPU or processor 12 to a bus interface unit or north bridge 14. A cache memory 16 can be embodied within or external to CPU 12.
North bridge 14 provides an interface between components clocked at dissimilar rates. According to one embodiment, north bridge 14 interfaces a slower PCI bus and a faster CPU bus. North bridge 14 may also contain a memory controller which allows communication to and from system memory 18. A suitable system memory 18 comprises DRAM or SDRAM. North bridge 14 may also include a graphics port to allow connection to a graphics accelerator 20. A graphics port, such as the Accelerated Graphics Port (�AGP�) provides a high performance, component level interconnect targeted at three dimensional graphic display applications and is based on performance extensions or enhancements to PCI. AGP interfaces are generally standard in the industry, the description of which is available from Intel Corporation.
Generally speaking, AGP is physically, logically, and electrically independent of the PCI bus and intended for the exclusive use of a display device 22 coupled to the graphics port (or AGP) by a graphics accelerator 20 and local memory or frame buffer 24. The form and function of a typical graphics accelerator is generally known in the art to render three dimensional data structures which can be effectively shifted into and from system memory 18 to alleviate increased costs of local graphics memory. Frame buffer 24 is generally understood as any buffer which can capture a frame of memory, defined as a still picture. Display 22 is any electronic display upon which an image or text can be presented. A suitable display 22 includes a cathode ray tube (�CRT�), a liquid crystal display (�LCD�), etc.
North bridge 14 is generally considered an application specific chip set, or application specific integrated circuit (�ASIC�) that provides connectivity to various buses, and integrates other system functions such as memory interface and P1394. System memory 18 is considered the main memory and refers to a portion of addressable memory that the majority of memory access target. System memory 18 is accessed via north bridge 14, and is considered the largest continuous memory space of computer 10.
Unlike the CPU bus which runs at speeds comparable to CPU 12, PCI bus generally runs at speeds of, e.g., 33 MHz or lower. A south bridge 28 is coupled between the PCI bus and the peripheral bus. Similar to north bridge 14, south bridge 28 is an ASIC or group of ASICs that provide connectivity between various buses, and may also include system functions which can possibly integrate one or more serial ports. Attributable to the PCI bus are input/output (�I/O�) devices 30 which require higher speed operation than I/O devices 32.
Turning to FIG. 2, details regarding north bridge 14 are shown. The various subcomponents of north bridge 14 can be connected upon a monolithic substrate for high end portable computers. North bridge 14 operates in conjunction with south bridge and includes five functional blocks: CPU interface 34, PCI interface 36, memory controller 38, AGP interface 40, and queue manager 42. Interfaces 34, 36 and 40 each contain transient buffers where address and data information (write cycles only) for memory cycles are stored. These interfaces communicate with memory controller 38 via queue manager 42.
Queue manager 42 arbitrates from among various read and write memory requests emanating from interfaces 34, 36 and 40. Queue manager 42 further includes a read request queue 44 and a write request queue 46. Queue manager 42 receives read/write requests from the various interfaces, arbitrates between them, and loads the request into either the read request queue or the write request queue 44 and 46, respectively. Queue manager 42 does not necessarily give a higher priority to any one interface, allowing isochronous devices to be added without substantial changes in the overall design. All write cycles are snooped before the are loaded into write request queue 46. Read cycles snoop the write request queue on only select address bits. A comparison of, e.g., the upper order bits determines if a hit or miss applies. If cross snooping detects a miss, the read within queue continues to memory controller without any intervening action. However, if a hit occurs, write cycles within queue 46 are flushed before a read cycle occur. The so-called read around write is performed within memory controller 38. Write cycles can also snoop queue 44 so that writes are not flushed (which come later in sequence) ahead of reads when write queue 46 is flushed. Memory controller 38 assigns a higher priority to a read cycle than a write cycle, thereby implementing the read around write feature.
FIG. 2 further indicates a plurality of conductors within the CPU bus, two of which are assigned to transfer a stop clock (STPCLK ) and a stop clock acknowledge (STPCLK_ACK). Also illustrated are various conductors designed to transfer a sleep request signal (SLEEP_REQ), and idle acknowledge signal (IDLE_ACK) and a standby signal (STANDBY) arising from a power management controller embodied within south bridge 28.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3 in combination, the present computer comprises a power management device which can turn off various clocks of the computer subcomponents in order to save power. Thus, the present computer can operate in various power management states comprising run, sleep request, sleep, idle and standby. An additional power management state, known as hibernation, may also be included. However, as a minimum, power management includes a run state and a sleep state. If a sleep request signal is dispatched from the south bridge 28, north bridge 14 responds by dispatching a stop clock signal to CPU 12, as shown in sleep request state 52. Eventually, CPU 12 will respond by returning a stop clock acknowledge signal back to north bridge 14, causing a transition to the sleep state 53. Absent a stop clock acknowledge signal (i.e., during !STPCLK_ACK), sleep request state 52 is retained.
Sleep state 53 disables the internal clock of the CPU but maintains the internal clocks of the PCI and AGP interfaces 36 and 40, respectively. Sleep state also maintains the internal clock to all other interfaces within north bridge 14. During sleep state 53, the PCI and AGP interfaces remain active to allow accesses thereto. North bridge 14 remains in sleep state 53 until the sleep request signal is deasserted (i.e., during !SLEEP_REQ). PCI or AGP cycles can still occur in sleep state 53, and will be snooped by CPU 12. While otherwise, if all the internal queues 44 and 46 within queue manager 42 become empty, and no access is emanating from the PCI or AGP buses, then north bridge 14 will transition to an idle state 54.
In the idle state, both CPU 12 and north bridge 14 have their internal clocks disabled. An idle acknowledge signal is sent to south bridge 28 to indicate entry into idle state 54 from sleep state 53.
Transition from idle state 54 to standby state 56 occurs by assertion of a standby signal from south bridge 28 while north bridge 14 and CPU 12 internal clocks are off. The internal phase lock loop (�PLL�) of north bridge 14 is turned off.
Regardless of whether the current state is a sleep request state 52, a sleep state 53, an idle state 54 or a standby state 56, deassertion of SLEEP_REQ (or !SLEEP_REQ) triggers return to run state 50 and activation of the various internal clocks.
FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate power management states which produce power saving responses upon input buffers of north bridge 14 based on those states. As will be described herein below, all power management states except for run state 50 cause a disable signal upon differential amplifiers of each and every input buffer coupled to receive conductors of the CPU bus. Thus, if the computer is in a state other than run 50, the input buffers within north bridge 12 coupled to receive signals from CPU 12 are disconnected from the power supply in response to the sleep request signal and after a STPCLK_ACK cycle (i.e., CPU acknowledging by running a STOP_GRANT cycle). Accordingly, the current power management states determines connect/disconnect of the input buffers, similar to transactional phases upon those input buffers.
Turning now to FIG. 4, transaction phases of an exemplary Pentium� Pro processor bus, suitable for use as the CPU bus, is shown. In particular, two transactions with data transfers are indicated pipelined through the various phases, beginning with arbitration phase, and ending with data transfer phase. Accordingly, each transaction related to a single bus request is broken into up to six phases. Not all transactions may contain all phases, and some phases can be overlapped.
Attributed to each phase are one or more signals forwarded across the CPU bus from the CPU. Thus, the north bridge receives signals based on which phase of activity the CPU bus cycle is currently undertaking. For example, arbitration phase signals include a bus request and a lock signal (BREQ#, BPRI# or LOCK#). Request phase signals include address strobe, request command and address signals (ADS#, REQ# and A#). Error phase signals include an address parity error (AERR#) while snoop phase signals include a hit, a hit to modified cache line signal (HIT# and HITM#), and a defer or retry signal (DEFER#). Response phase signals include response status signals, response parity and target ready signals (RS#, RSP# and TRDY#). Yet further, data phase signals include data ready, data bus ready and data signals (DRDY#, DBSY# and D#). Error phase signals are generally associated with bus initialization and bus error signals (BINT#, BERR#) etc. The various signals attributed to each transaction phase of a Pentiume� Pro CPU bus are well documented and available from Intel Corporation.
FIG. 5 illustrates one of several transceivers for transferring differential signals across each conductor of the CPU bus. Transceiver 60 includes a driver 62 and a receiver 64 located at each end of each conductor of the CPU bus. External pull-resistors 66 are also provided, which are coupled between the conductors and a termination voltage (VTT).
Driver 62 may include an inverter 68 and an open-drain transistor 70. When an active low signal is driven onto a conductor of the CPU bus, inverter 68 produces a logic high value which turns on an n-channel transistor 70, thereby producing an active low signal upon the CPU bus conductor. In instances where an active low signal is not driven, pull-up transistors will transition the conductor voltage towards VTT. The voltage differential upon the bus conductors will therefore transition from an active low to an inactive high value centered about a reference voltage VREF. The signal is therefore deemed a differential signal in that it differentiates about VREF. The amount of differential change is relatively small to allow high speed transitions.
In order to discern the differential voltages upon the CPU, receivers 64 are embodied at terminal ends of the CPU bus (i.e., within the CPU and the north bridge). A more detailed illustration of receiver 64 within north bridge 14 is shown in reference to FIG. 6.
FIG. 6 illustrates one of numerous receivers 64 associated with each conductor of the CPU bus. The conductor transfers a differential input voltage VIN to each input buffer, or receiver, attributed to each input pin of north bridge 14 to which the CPU bus is connected. Thus, FIG. 6 illustrates differential input signal VIN connected, along with reference voltage VREF, to a differential amplifier embodied as receiver 64. The differential amplifier 64 is somewhat used interchangeably as a receiver to indicate an input pin of north bridge 14 coupled to the CPU bus. According to one embodiment, reference voltage VREF may be approximately two thirds of termination voltage VTT. The value of pull-up resistors 66 may be adjusted to balance the hi-to-low and low-to-hi noise margins. Increasing the value of pull-up resistors 66 tends to the slow the rising edge, increasing rising flight time, and decreasing the low-to-hi noise margin while increasing hi-to-low noise margin by lowering VOL. The differential voltage swing of VIN can vary such that the voltage input high VIH and the voltage input low VIL can vary approximately 200 millivolts from VREF. If VIN exceeds VREF according to VIH, then the amount of that difference will be amplified by differential amplifier 64 into flip-flop 72. A clocking input to flip-flop 72 is used to synchronize output from flip-flop 72 with, e.g., the PLLs within north bridge 14.
Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7 in combination, differential amplifier 64 includes a connect/disconnect transistor 74. Transistor 74 includes a gate conductor upon which various input enable signals may be forwarded. Thus, each amplifier 64 associated with each CPU bus conductor includes a mechanism for disconnecting power from amplifier 64. Transistor 74 may, according to one embodiment, be placed between the differential transistor pairs 76 of amplifier 64, and a power supply. The power supply can comprise either the upper power supply (e.g., VDD, VCC) or ground. As will be described below, input enable signals (generally grouped and indicated as �_EN� signals) effectuates connection, while absence of enable signals effectuates disconnect. Amplifier 64 will be disconnected from the power supply if: (i) computer 10 is in an idle or standby state indicative of a sleep request signal being sent, along with acknowledge of stop clocks, accesses to the PCI or AGP interface being absent, and queues being empty, or (ii) an internal signal is asserted to disable an inactive differential amplifier if the signal connected to it is not needed for the current phase(s) on the bus. In the latter instance, receiver, or amplifier, attributed to certain �inactive� transaction phases will be disconnected from power, while only those receivers attributed to the currently active, one or more transaction phases are coupled to power. It is noted that receivers associated with conductors which carry bus arbitration and request phase signals will always remain connected to the power supply unless a sleep, idle or standby state is encountered. Thus, the CPU bus inputs can be disabled when there are no outstanding cycles pending from the CPU bus. Removing power to the differential transistor pairs 76 ensures that both transistor pairs are off. This is contrary to a differential transistor pair normal operation in which one transistor is always on, regardless of the input voltage VIN value.
FIG. 8 illustrates various transaction phases of the CPU local bus, and a power management state of the computer. Transactional phases include arbitration phase 82, request phase 84, error phase 86, snoop phase 88, response phase 90 and data transfer phase 92. The phases can be followed in order, beginning with the arbitration phase and ending with the data transfer or response phase. Various phases can be skipped, and phases may overlap if cycles are pipelined on the CPU bus. Input enable signals associated with each phase which allows the north bridge to disable the CPU bus inputs are within those respective phases. For example, the arbitration phase includes signals BREQ# and LOCK# forwarded from the CPU across the CPU bus. Responsive to the certain conditions within each transaction phase, amplifiers associated with error signals, snoop signals, response signals, and data transfer signals, can be deactivated (disconnected from the power supply) during the arbitration phase. Power savings occurs in the various phases when the respective input enable signals are deasserted. Input enable signals are shown in FIG. 8 corresponding to each phase in which they are present. Input enable signals which are asserted (thus input buffers are enabled) during arbitration phase 82 include snoop enable (SNP_EN), provided the snoop count exceeds zero, data enable (DATA_EN) indicative of an outstanding write cycle, arbitration enable (ARB_EN) and the request enable (REQ_EN). Thus, amplifiers are active that are associated with the various signals enabled during each of the respective phases.
As shown in FIG. 8, regardless of the current transaction phase, amplifiers associated with request signals remain active in order for them to immediately receive and respond to a request phase. The only time in which the request phase signal cannot be recognized, and therefore amplifiers associated with the request phase signals are deactivated, is when the current power management state is in an idle or standby state (54 and 56) respectively. As noted in FIG. 8, certain conditions apply depending on which transactional phase arises. For example, the snoop phase signals are enabled when there is an outstanding snoop phase that must be completed (SCNT>0). The north bridge keeps track of the outstanding snoop phases on the CPU local bus by incrementing a snoop count (SCNT) with each assertion of ADS# detected on the CPU bus. The north bridge also tracks when the snoop phase for each CPU transaction completes, and decrements SCNT upon detecting each snoop phase completion. The data control signals (DRDY# and DBSY#) are enabled only during the data phase of a read or write transaction. The data bus signals (D#) are enabled only during the data phase of write transactions.
The north bridge comprises a mechanism for monitoring a CPU bus and for dynamically removing power and then reestablishing power to input buffers according to their classification attributed to transaction phase signals. North bridge 14 is therefore particularly suited to high end CPU bus systems employing differential inputs, such as GTL or GTL+. A high performance CPU bus can be accommodated but not with the power consumption penalties normally associated with differential amplifiers/receivers connected to that bus. Thus, the present computer enjoys high speed CPU bus transfers with minimal power consumption for idle conductors within that bus. Accordingly, the present computer is well suited for a portable computer where power management is utilized by not at the detriment of performance.
It will be appreciated to those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that this invention is believed to be capable of performing high speed CPU bus transfers with minimal power consumption, and/or dissipation. Various modifications and changes may be made as would be obvious to a person skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such modifications and changes and, accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
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Home » News » Education
Londonderry schools take closer look at security measures
LONDONDERRY - In the days after the deadly school shooting in Newtown, Conn., Londonderry police have maintained a visible presence at the district's six schools.
During Tuesday night's school board meeting, Superintendent Nathan Greenberg shared details of the precautions being taken in response to last Friday's tragedy. On Friday afternoon, local police officials immediately called Greenberg and sent officers to each school. The superintendent then immediately called an administrative meeting to discuss school security measures.
On Saturday, administrators participated in a telephone conference with Gov. John Lynch to further discuss which options were available, and over the weekend, emails were sent with lists of resources for administrators, faculty and staff members.
"We went through all the facets of our current protocols and identified the areas we felt it was important to address," Greenberg said. "Some of them are short-term quick fixes."
Administrators will meet again for further review on Thursday. Greenberg noted that all schools currently have emergency plans in place, and staff and students practice their responses to different threats on a regular basis. Security cameras have been inside the schools for nearly a decade, the superintendent said, and the elementary and middle schools are equipped with buzzer systems.
At the high school, which doesn't currently have a buzzer system, there are always two staff members posted at the front entrance to screen visitors, along with the school resource officer.
"We've slightly changed our protocols surrounding people buzzing into the schools and the questions we ask them," Greenberg added.
School board chairman John Laferriere urged parents to communicate freely with their children's teachers, noting that those with questions or concerns may contact the board at any time.
Middle School principal Richard Zacchilli said his school held its holiday concert last Saturday, immediately after the incident in Newtown. "There were about 600 kids there and 1,500 parents," said Zacchilli, noting that two Londonderry police officers remained on the premises throughout the event. "I think everyone felt safe and secure even though it was a difficult day," he said.
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