text:
The Flask Mega-Tutorial, Part XV: Ajax
This is the fifteenth article in the series in which I document my experience writing web applications in Python using the Flask microframework.
The goal of the tutorial series is to develop a decently featured microblogging application that demonstrating total lack of originality I have decided to call
NOTE: This article was revised in September 2014 to be in sync with current versions of Python and Flask.
Here is an index of all the articles in the series that have been published to date:
- Part I: Hello, World!
- Part II: Templates
- Part III: Web Forms
- Part IV: Database
- Part V: User Logins
- Part VI: Profile Page And Avatars
- Part VII: Unit Testing
- Part VIII: Followers, Contacts And Friends
- Part IX: Pagination
- Part X: Full Text Search
- Part XI: Email Support
- Part XII: Facelift
- Part XIII: Dates and Times
- Part XIV: I18n, L10n
- Part XV: Ajax (this article)
- Part XVI: Debugging, Testing and Profiling
- Part XVII: Deployment on Linux (even on the Raspberry Pi!)
- Part XVIII: Deployment on the Heroku Cloud
This will be the last of the I18n and L10n themed articles, as we complete our effort to make our
microblog application accessible and friendly to non-English speakers.
In this article we will take a departure from the "safe zone" of server-side development we've come to love and will work on a feature that has equally important server and client-side components. Have you seen the "Translate" links that some sites show next to user generated content? These are links that trigger a real time automated translation of content that is not in the user's native language. The translated content is typically inserted below the original version. Google shows it for search results in foreign languages. Facebook shows it for posts. Today we are adding that very same feature to
Server-side vs. Client-side
In the traditional server-side model that we've followed so far we have a client (the user's web browser) making requests to our server. A request can simply ask for a web page, like when you click the "Your Profile" link, or it can make us perform an action, like when the user edits his or her profile information and clicks the Submit button. In both types of requests the server completes the request by sending a new web page to the client, either directly or by issuing a redirect. The client then replaces the current page with the new one. This cycle repeats for as long as the user stays on our web site. We call this model server-side because the server does all the work while the client just displays the web pages as it receives them.
Most applications are a hybrid between the two models and combine techniques of both worlds. Our
Translating user generated content
We now have pretty good support for foreign languages thanks to Flask-Babel. Assuming we can find translators willing to help us, we could publish our application in as many languages as we want.
But there is one element missing. We made the application very friendly and inviting to people of all places, so now we are going to get content in a variety of languages, so our users are likely to come across blog posts that are written in languages they don't understand. Wouldn't it be nice if we could offer an automated translation service? The quality of automated translations isn't great, but in most cases it is good enough to get an idea of what someone said in a language we don't speak, so all our users (even ourselves!) can benefit from such a feature.
This is an ideal feature to implement as an Ajax service. Consider that our index page could be showing several posts, some of which might be in several different foreign languages. If we implemented the translation using traditional server-side techniques a request for a translation would cause the original page to get replaced with a new page showing just the translation for the selected post. After reading the translation the user would have to hit the back button to go back to the post listing. The fact is that requesting a translation isn't a big enough action to require a full page update, this feature works much better if the translated text is dynamically inserted below the original text while leaving the rest of the page untouched. So today we are implementing our first Ajax service!
Identifying the language of a post
Our first problem is identifying what language a post was written in. This isn't an exact science, it will not always be possible to detect a language, so we will consider it a "best effort" kind of thing. We are going to use the
guess-language Python module for this. Unfortunately if you are using Python 3 the package guess-language will have issues, but a fork exists that can be used in its place:
flask/bin/pip uninstall guess-language
flask/bin/pip install https://bitbucket.org/spirit/guess_language/downloads/guess_language-spirit-0.5a4.tar.bz2
With this module we will scan the text of each blog post to try to guess its language. Since we don't want to scan the same posts over and over again we will do this once for each post, at the time the post is submitted by the user. We will then store the detected language along with the post in our database.
So let's begin by adding a
language field to our
Posts table:
class Post(db.Model):
__searchable__ = ['body']
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
body = db.Column(db.String(140))
timestamp = db.Column(db.DateTime)
user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'))
language = db.Column(db.String(5))
Each time we modify the database we also need to do a migration:
$ ./db_migrate.py
New migration saved as microblog/db_repository/versions/005_migration.py
Current database version: 5
Now we have a place to store the language of each post, so let's detect the language of each added blog post:
from guess_language import guessLanguage
@app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
@app.route('/index', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
@app.route('/index/<int:page>', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index(page=1):
form = PostForm()
if form.validate_on_submit():
language = guessLanguage(form.post.data)
if language == 'UNKNOWN' or len(language) > 5:
language = ''
post = Post(body=form.post.data,
flash(gettext('Your post is now live!'))
return redirect(url_for('index'))
posts = g.user.followed_posts().paginate(page, POSTS_PER_PAGE, False)
return render_template('index.html',
If the language guessing doesn't work or returns an unexpectedly long result we play it safe and save an empty string to the database, a convention that we will use to signal that a post has an unknown language.
Displaying the "Translate" link
The next step is to show a "Translate" link next to any posts that are not in the language used by the user (file
{% if post.language != None and post.language != '' and post.language != g.locale %}

{{ _('Translate') }}

{% endif %}
We are doing this in the
post.html sub-template, so any page that displays blog posts will get this functionality. The Translate link will only be visible if we could detect the language of the blog post and the language we detected is different than the language selected by the
localeselector function from Flask-Babel, which based on the work we did in the previous article we can now access at
This link required us to add a new text, the word "Translate" which needs to be included in our translation files, so we entered it with the translation wrapper to make it visible to Flask-Babel. To get it translated we have to refresh our language catalog (
tr_update.py), translate in poedit and recompile (
tr_compile.py), as seen in the I18n article.
We don't really know what we will be doing to trigger a translation yet, so for now the link does nothing.
Translation services
Before we can proceed with our application we need to find a translation service that we can use.
There are many translation services available, but unfortunately most are either paid services or free with big limitations.
The two major translation services are Google Translate and Microsoft Translator. Both are paid services, but the Microsoft offering has an entry level option for low volume of translations that is free. Google offered a free translation service in the past but that isn't available anymore. That makes our choice of translation service very easy.
Using the Microsoft Translator service
To use the Microsoft Translator there are a couple of requirements that need to be met:
- The application developer needs to register with the Microsoft Translator app at the Azure Marketplace. Here the level of service can be selected (the free option is at the bottom).
- Then the developer needs to register an application. The registered application will get Client ID and Client Secret codes to be used as part of the requests sent to this service.
Once the registration part is complete the process to request a translation is as follows:
- Get an access token, passing in the client id and secret.
- Call the desired translation method, either Ajax, HTTP or SOAP, providing the access token and the text to translate.
This really sounds more complicated than it really is, so without going into details here is a function that does all the dirty work and translates a text to another language (file
import urllib, httplib
import json
from flask.ext.babel import gettext
from config import MS_TRANSLATOR_CLIENT_ID, MS_TRANSLATOR_CLIENT_SECRET
def microsoft_translate(text, sourceLang, destLang):
if MS_TRANSLATOR_CLIENT_ID == "" or MS_TRANSLATOR_CLIENT_SECRET == "":
return gettext('Error: translation service not configured.')
# get access token
params = urllib.urlencode({
'client_id': MS_TRANSLATOR_CLIENT_ID,
'client_secret': MS_TRANSLATOR_CLIENT_SECRET,
'scope': 'http://api.microsofttranslator.com',
'grant_type': 'client_credentials'})
conn = httplib.HTTPSConnection("datamarket.accesscontrol.windows.net")
conn.request("POST", "/v2/OAuth2-13", params)
response = json.loads (conn.getresponse().read())
token = response[u'access_token']
# translate
conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('api.microsofttranslator.com')
params = {'appId': 'Bearer ' + token,
'from': sourceLang,
'to': destLang,
'text': text.encode("utf-8")}
conn.request("GET", '/V2/Ajax.svc/Translate?' + urllib.urlencode(params))
response = json.loads("{\"response\":" + conn.getresponse().read().decode('utf-8') + "}")
return response["response"]
return gettext('Error: Unexpected error.')
This function imports two new items from our configuration file, the id and secret codes assigned by Microsoft (file
# microsoft translation service
MS_TRANSLATOR_CLIENT_ID = '' # enter your MS translator app id here
MS_TRANSLATOR_CLIENT_SECRET = '' # enter your MS translator app secret here
To use the service you will need to register yourself and the application to receive the codes that go in the above configuration variables. Even if you just intend to test this application you can register with the service for free.
We have added more texts, this time a few error messages. These need translations, so we have to re-run
poedit and
tr_compile.py to update our translation files.
Let's translate some text!
So how do we use the translator service? It's actually very simple. Here is an example:
$ flask/bin/python
Python 2.6.8 (unknown, Jun 9 2012, 11:30:32)
>>> from app import translate
>>> translate.microsoft_translate('Hi, how are you today?', 'en', 'es')
u'¿Hola, cómo estás hoy?'
Ajax in the server
Now we can translate texts between languages, so we are ready to integrate this functionality into our application.
When the user clicks the Translate link in a post there will be an Ajax call issued to our server. We'll see how this call is made in a bit, for now let's concentrate on implementing the server side of the Ajax call.
An Ajax service in the server is like a regular view function with the only difference that instead of returning an HTML page or a redirect it returns data, typically formatted as either XML or JSON. Since JSON is much more friendly to Javascript we will go with that format (file
from flask import jsonify
from translate import microsoft_translate
@app.route('/translate', methods=['POST'])
def translate():
return jsonify({
'text': microsoft_translate(
request.form['destLang']) })
There is not much new here. This route handles a POST request that should come with the text to translate and the source and destination language codes. Since this is a POST request we access these items as if this was data entered in an HTML form, using the
request.form dictionary. We call one of our translation functions with this data and once we get the translated text we just convert it to JSON using Flask's
jsonify function. The data that the client will see as a response to this request will have this format:
{ "text": "<translated text goes here>" }
Ajax in the client
Now we need to call the Ajax view function from the web browser, so we need to go back to the
post.html sub-template to complete the work we started earlier.
We start by wrapping the post text in a
span element with a unique id, so that we can later find it in the DOM and replace it with the translated text (file

{{ post.body }}

Note how we construct the unique id using the post's id number. If a given post has an
id = 3 then the id of the
 element that wraps it will be
We are also going to wrap the Translate link in a span with a unique id, in this case so that we can hide it once the translation is shown:

{{ _('Translate') }}

Continuing with the example above, the translation link would get the id
And to make it a nice and user friendly feature we are also going to throw in a spinning wheel animation that starts hidden and will only appears while the translation service is running on the server, also with a unique id:

So now we have an element called
post<id> that contains the text to translate, an element called
translation<id> that contains the Translate link but will later be replaced with the translated text and an image with id
loading<id> that will be shown while the translation service is working. The
<id> suffix is what makes these elements unique, we can have many posts in a page and each will get its own set of three elements.
We now need to trigger the Ajax call when the Translate link is clicked. Instead of triggering the call directly from the link we'll create a Javascript function that does all the work, since we have a few things to do there and we don't want to duplicate code in every post. Let's start by adding a call to this function when the translate link is clicked:
{{ _('Translate') }}
The template variables obscure this code a bit, but really the function that we are calling is simple. Assuming a post with id = 23 that is written in Spanish and is viewed by a user that uses English then this function will be called as follows:
translate('es', 'en', '#post23', '#translation23', '#loading23')
So this function will receive the source and destination languages and the three DOM elements associated with the post to translate.
We can't write this function in the
post.html sub-template because its contents are repeated for each post. We'll implement the function in our base template, so that there is a single copy of it that is accessible in all pages (file
function translate(sourceLang, destLang, sourceId, destId, loadingId) {
$.post('/translate', {
text: $(sourceId).text(),
sourceLang: sourceLang,
destLang: destLang
}).done(function(translated) {
}).fail(function() {
$(destId).text("{{ _('Error: Could not contact server.') }}");
We rely on jQuery for this functionality. Recall that we included jQuery back when we styled the application using Twitter's Bootstrap framework.
We start by hiding the element that contains the translate link and showing the spinning wheel image.
Then we use jQuery's
$.post() function to send the Ajax request to our server. The
$.post function issues a POST request that to the server will be identical to a request issued by the browser when a form is submitted. The difference is that in the client this request happens in the background without causing a page reload. When a response is received from the server the function given as an argument to the
done() call will execute and will have a chance to insert the data received into the page. This function receives the response as an argument, so we just overwrite the translate link in the DOM with the translated text, then hide the spinning wheel and finally display the translated text for the user to see. Neat!
If there is any error that prevents the client from getting a response from the server then the function inside the
fail() call will be invoked. In this case we just show a generic error message, which also needs to be translated into all languages and thus requires a refresh of our translation database.
Unit testing
Remember our unit test framework? It is always a good idea to evaluate if it makes sense to write tests every time we add a new feature. Invoking the text translation service could be something we could inadvertently break while we work on our code, or it could break due to updates in the service. Let's write a quick test that makes sure we can contact the service and obtain translations:
from app.translate import microsoft_translate
class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_translation(self):
assert microsoft_translate(u'English', 'en', 'es') == u'Inglés'
assert microsoft_translate(u'Español', 'es', 'en') == u'Spanish'
We do not have a client-side testing framework at this time, so we will not test the end-to-end Ajax procedure.
Running our testing framework should give us no errors:
$ ./tests.py
Ran 5 tests in 5.932s
But if you run the test framework without having done the proper configuration for the Microsoft Translator you would get:
$ ./tests.py
FAIL: test_translation (__main__.TestCase)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "./tests.py", line 120, in test_translation
assert microsoft_translate(u'English', 'en', 'es') == u'Inglés'
Ran 5 tests in 3.877s
FAILED (failures=1)
Final words
And with this we conclude this article. I hope it was as fun to read for you as it was for me to write!
I have recently been alerted of some issues with the database when Flask-WhooshAlchemy is used for the full text search. In the next chapter I will use this problem as an excuse to go over some of my debugging techniques for Flask applications. Stay tuned for episode XVI!
The code for the updated application is available on github, here. For those that do not use github below is a friendly download link:
Download microblog-0.15.zip.
I look forward to see you in the next article!
23 comments
#1 Dogukan Tufekci said :
You are simply an amazing person! Thanks for this new article!
#2 crazygit said :
Thanks for this series articles, learned so much.
#3 Jimmy Juno said :
An amazing set of tutorials -- and they just keep coming! Thank you Miguel for your hard work. I've been shopping for a framework for an upcoming project and these non-trivial and clearly written examples have made my choice easy.
#4 gason said :
amazing,thank you very much.
#5 A Thankful Reader said :
This is an amazing tutorial! Thanks for putting in the time and effort to do this.
#6 James said :
Nice step by step tutorial. At this part I've got some problems with the unit tests. It seems its getting the post of the app.db instead of the test.db. I tried printing the post as the first statement of an unit test and I've got the posts of the website. Any ideas?
#7 Hari said :
Thank you so much for your time !! learned so much..
#8 dowlf said :
I am getting the similar behavior as James above in the unit tests, it is getting posts from the app.db instead of test.db. I am pretty stumped by it. I'll post again if I figure something out.
#9 Miguel Grinberg said :
@dowlf: I believe I see what the problem is. The place I chose to configure the testing database (in the setUp() method of the test case) is too late, by that time the application and the database have already been instantiated. I believe this worked when I wrote it, but maybe with newer releases of Flask or other dependencies this does not work. I haven't done this the right way anyway, the configuration should be set correctly from the start. I'll correct the problem and update the article.
#10 bs4h said :
I don't think putting the translate service in your test suite is a good idea. Running the tests shouldn't have any side-effects on the outside world (like fetching URLs or writing non-temporary files to disk), this makes test results less predictable and possibly, non-repeatable. Also, you might simply exceed some API quota ;) Instead, similarly to how an in-memory, temporary DB is set up for SQLAlchemy, you should write a simple "dummy" service exposing an identical API, and provide a simple abstraction layer that will call the "dummy" or the "real" service based on the configuration in effect. As long as your app calls the real service only through the abstraction, the abstraction layer and the dummy service will catch most of the errors in your code during testing. An extra benefit is that your tests will run in 20ms instead of 6 seconds! For big projects short times matter a lot. If the test suite can run in under a few seconds, I just leave a terminal open with "watch ./run_tests" and see a runtime error the moment I save the file.


text:
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attempting to lead it first before seconding
© Webster, Jan 2004
Route: Nine Years Absence
Camera used: Fuji FinePix A330

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Moving along on this day is apparently what the Penguins are doing despite their shocking ouster in four straight by the Boston Bruins in the Eastern Conference Finals. Moving ahead by keeping Dan Bylsma and giving a huge 8-year extension to Evgeni Malkin. Everyone, including the commentators on the NBC Sports Network had Bylsma fired after losing to Boston in game four but the Pens apparently feel he is good behind the bench and I'm sure a lot of the decision was made based on the opinion of some key players, like Malkin and Crosby. Maybe the Pens figure, keeping Malkin and Crosby off the board in four straight games is so exceptional and so unusual that it may never happen again. So, Bylsma is back and Malkin will be playing with Crosby for many years to come.
The biggest issue in golf is not the belly-putter or the technology of the golf ball or golf clubs, it is slow play. There is nothing more frustrating that getting behind golfers who just take their time, are not ready to hit, etc. No question in my mind, the amateurs could learn to play faster if the professionals did it too. It takes five to six hours for pros to play eighteen holes. The officials need to hurry things up and enforce the "slow play" rule. Giving a few golfers a stroke penalty here or there would certainly send the message. Golfers, be ready to hit when it's your turn, give a few putts away during a round if they are within two or three feet..after all, it's not the US Open and simply move along. It will make the game more enjoyable for everyone.


text:
Justin Bieber jetted off to Mexico with Selena Gomez to celebrate New Year together, after spending Christmas apart with their respective families. Upon their arrival at the tropical country, the on-off couple posed with a female fan separately.
"Time for a little relaxation," Bieber recently tweeted, without mentioning where he's heading for the much-needed getaway. "Chillin with friends on vacation."


text:
You Need a Tunic in Your Life
An airy tunic skims flatteringly over your curves and makes you feel all exotic and classic. The one that exactly fits your body and life is right here.
Back Next
Ben Goldstein/Studio D
What to look for:
Bell sleeves, a tunic trademark, are most flattering when they fall below the elbow or at wrist length, and are roomy but not super-wide.
Tunic shown: $29.99; avon.com. Sizes S to 3X.


text:
Gallery Rental
Art Galleries
Soon to be inaugurated under the name of a world-famous pioneer photographer, the Main Gallery space measures 2200 sq ft with a ceiling height of approximately 18 ft. Beautiful track lighting is mounted along the facility's exposed wooden ceiling beams, with walls painted flat white. LACP's Second Gallery space measures 600 sq ft, equipped with the same features. Both gallery spaces have an industrial floor finish, air conditioning, sound system and digital projection capability, if required.
Gallery Hours of Operation and Location
Monday, 10 am – 5 pm*
Tuesday, 10 am – 5 pm*
Wednesday, 10 am – 5 pm*
Thursday, 10 am – 5 pm*
Friday, 10 am – 5 pm*
Saturday, CLOSED
Sunday, CLOSED
*Viewings must be scheduled in advance by appointment only.
The Galleries are located at 755 Seward St, Los Angeles, CA 90038; ph: 323-464-0909
Rental Rates
Main Gallery Space (2200 sq ft): $1995/two weeks + opening night reception
Second Gallery Space (600 sq ft): $1495/two weeks + opening night reception
Repainting Fee:
In addition to the above rates, a one-time $150 repainting fee will be charged for all exhibits.
What's Included
Gallery rental rate includes one opening night reception (Friday night is recommended) which includes access to a kitchenette and public restrooms. In addition, the back parking lot will be available for valet parking service. The parking lot can accommodate roughly 30 tandem parked vehicles. Reception production expenses, such as food, beverage and security are NOT included in the rental fee. In addition to the opening night reception, exhibits will run for two weeks. During this time gallery viewings must be scheduled in advance by appointment only.
Reserve/Book Rental
To reserve or book gallery rental, please complete the form below and hit "send." In the "Your Message" portion of the form, please indicate the following:
1. Dates of exhibit and opening night reception (Friday night is recommended) (Please provide at least one month advanced notice.)
2. Indicate which gallery space is required (Main, 2200 sq ft or Second, 600 sq ft)
A representative will contact you to confirm booking. Please wait until you hear from a representative.


text:
Yesterday we adopted a beautiful, 2½ month-old Border Collie puppy. He was the more curious and attentive of two brothers, though it was still a difficult choice! He is heart-stoppingly cute, has that adorable "new puppy" smell, soft and fluffy long fur, and is already beginning to figure out the inscrutable noises of the silly humans. Po seems to be very comfortable at his new home:
May 2009
"I loved you in Wall Street!"
A single scene completely redeems one of the worst films of all time…
So much awesome.


text:
Ryan and Coleman received a warm welcome from the Champion Aquatic Team in Longview. The sports guys raced 7 year old Landon and 17 year old Grant in a 100 yard team relay.
Ryan and Landon took the first leg. The seven year old jumped out to a big lead. Ryan couldn't keep up. By the time Coleman took the water, Grant was already to the turn.
The 7 sports guys go down to a seven year old.
105 West Ferguson Street
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Auto News
AutoGuide News Blog
The AutoGuide News Blog is your source for breaking stories from the auto industry. Delivering news immediately, the AutoGuide Blog is constantly updated with the latest information, photos and video from manufacturers, auto shows, the aftermarket and professional racing.
Hot on the heels of Kim Kardashian buying Kanye West a $750,000 custom Lamborghini Aventador, a new study s revealing what folks living in America's wealthiest zip codes choose to drive, but the picks might surprise you.


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A Tarrant County justice of the peace has sued the Tarrant County Republican chairwoman who declared her ineligible to be on the March primary ballot.Jacquelyn Wright has served as the justice of the peace in Precinct 4 since the 1990s.The suit, filed this week in a civil District Court in Tarrant County, alleges that County Republican Chairwoman Jennifer Hall declared Wright ineligible to be on the ballot because she did not have enough signatures on a submitted petition.Hall said Wednesday that she is aware of the suit and referred questions to Kevin Carey, an attorney representing the Tarrant County Republican Party. Carey could not be reached for comment."I've heard about the suit, but I haven't been served and I haven't seen it," Hall said.According to the lawsuit, Wright submitted an eight-page petition on Nov. 2 with 351 signatures along with her application and filing fee for the primary ballot. She also submitted an affidavit indicating that the signatures were valid."Hall was not required to verify the validity of signatures due to the oath sworn by the petition circulators. As Chair, Hall is the final canvassing authority for the Tarrant County Republican Primary General Election," the lawsuit says.On Dec. 13, Hall informed Wright that she was ineligible to be on the ballot because she failed to submit enough signatures. She did not give any other reason for declaring Wright ineligible, according to the lawsuit.The minimum number of signatures needed to qualify to be on the ballot is 250.Vickie L. Phillips, a Republican, has also filed in the Precinct 4 race.The suit accuses Hall of violating Texas election laws and the plaintiff's constitutional right to run for office and have her name on the March 4 primary ballot.Wright is also seeking a temporary restraining order against Hall. "The damages sustained by Plaintiff [Wright] in losing her right to proceed as a candidate in the upcoming election are difficult to calculate and quantify, and any judgment herein would come too late," the lawsuit states.Wright's attorneys, Daniel Sullivan and Steve Maxwell, could not be reached for comment Wednesday.
Elizabeth Campbell, 817-390-7696 Twitter: @fwstliz


text:
Chef Dez
Chef Dez is a newspaper food columnist published in over 50 communities across Canada and Washington state. He is the author of two cookbooks, a live cooking show performer, and a cooking class instructor at six locations in British Columbia.
His has a bigger than life passion, for both food and people, and his column is the ultimate guide to bringing the culinary world alive in your home.
Recent Column Posts (1 - 1) Additional Posts (2 - 56)
Fire up the grill for these spicy pork chops | Chef DezBy Chef Dez - Sep 05If you are looking for a great pork recipe for your outdoor grill this summer, Fiery Asian Grilled Pork Chops is it. It has become a favorite with ...


text:
Resistant starch: 1 gram
Health APRIL 2011
1. Heat oil in a 3-quart saucepan over medium heat.
2. Add onions and cook until soft, 6–7 minutes.
3. Add garlic and cook, stirring, an additional 2 minutes.
4. Add chicken, cumin, and oregano and cook, stirring, until just cooked through, 5 minutes.
5. Add broth, tomatoes, hominy, green chile, salt, and pepper and bring to a boil. Reduce heat, skimming foam from top of soup, and simmer 10 minutes, until liquid has thickened slightly.
6. Divide among 4 bowls and serve immediately with tortilla chips alongside, if desired.
Go to full version of
Hearty Chicken Posole Stew recipe


text:
HARTFORD — Jeff Green keeps passing tests in his comeback from heart surgery. Green, the Celtics' leading scorer in two exhibition games in Europe this month, showed he can hold his own against NBA opposition in the Celtics' 98-95 overtime loss to the New York Knicks Saturday night at the XL Center.
Green scored 12 points, 10 during an impressive second quarter, as both teams went with their regulars in the first half. Green also displayed versatility, dunking twice, including a impressive one-hander over Henry Sims, followed by a 3-pointer on the next possession.


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The British Greetings Card Market
Cards For All Occasions The British are a nation of card buyers, sending more cards than any other country in the world. The current UK Greetings Card market is worth in excess of £1.5 billion a year. Over a billion of this is made up of everyday card sales with Christmas, … [Continue reading...]
Growth Outside The Supermarkets
This article is much abridged from the City Food Lecture delivered by Charles Wilson, Chief Executive of Bookers. We are very grateful for his permission to reproduce his work. The first self-service grocery store opened in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1916. Called Piggly Wiggly, it … [Continue reading...]
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Business, Innovation and Skills Committee – 2013
Rural Shops Alliance submission to the Business, Innovation and Skills Committee enquiry into the UK Retail Sector. Introduction The Rural Shops Alliance is a trade Association representing the … Continued reading
An Aging Population – How should rural retailers respond?
RSA National Meeting Debate When we visit rural shops, we always ask, "What sort of village is it, what sort of people live here?" The answer is very often that it is a retirement village, with … Continued reading
Post Office Network Transformation
A Briefing Paper from the Rural Shops Alliance 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The government wants to reduce considerably the current subsidy paid to Post Office Limited, with a view to converting the … Continued reading


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Much of the material listed on these archived web pages has been superseded, or served a particular purpose at a particular time. It may contain references to activities or policies that have no current application. Many archived documents may link to web pages that have moved or no longer exist, or may refer to other documents that are no longer available.
Joint media release
5 June 2009
A funding injection of $1.3 million will contribute to important conservation work in the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area.
The funding was announced on World Environment Day by the Federal Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts, Peter Garrett and the New South Wales Minister for Climate Change and the Environment, Carmel Tebbutt.
Mr Garrett said the funding is part of the Australian Government's $650 million Jobs Fund initiative.
"The Greater Blue Mountains is one of Australia's most spectacular landscapes and one of our 17 World Heritage areas. This investment of $1.3 million will ensure that vital heritage restoration works can begin on the popular and historically significant Grand Canyon Walking Track," Mr Garrett said.
"This new work will restore and protect the heritage elements to ensure the track will continue to provide an enjoyable and memorable visitor experience."
Mr Garrett said activities funded through the project include:
"As a result of this investment by the Australian Government the local community will benefit in terms of employment and building specialist trade skills. This is also a great opportunity for businesses to supply the necessary materials and services for these vital works," Mr Garrett said.
"The project will provide an enhanced visitor experience of the environment through interpretive signs and improved visitor safety. It will also reduce visitor impact on the environment, especially erosion associated with the high numbers of visitors to the area.
"The Jobs Fund is an important part of the Government's commitment to provide targeted funding for projects that not only protect and conserve some of our most important heritage places, but also help to generate jobs and provide economic stimulus around the country," Mr Garrett said.
Ms Tebbutt welcomed the funding as an important investment in the Blue Mountains region and announced the release of the Strategic Plan for the ongoing management of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area.
"This significant funding is a tremendous boost to local employment and local business confidence," Ms Tebbutt said.
"It will help to support much of the work already undertaken in the Blue Mountains in recent years, including the $1.5million upgrade to the historic National Pass track, which has already won numerous national and international awards.
"This good news goes hand-in-hand with the release today of the Strategic Plan for the future management of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area.
"The Plan maps out the broad management principles, strategic objectives and key issues for the area.
"More than six years of planning, research and consultation has produced this document which will help us to better manage and protect the World Heritage and other values of the area into the future," Minister Tebbutt said.
"With more than a million hectares of spectacular eucalypt and mountain landscapes, much of it wilderness, it is great that the Grand Canyon Walking Track upgrade will ensure that visitors can continue to access this magnificent place and support the region's tourism economy."
Mr Garrett welcomed the publication of the plan and congratulated everyone who has been involved in its preparation.
"This Strategic Plan highlights the Australian Government's commitment to working with the NSW government to maintain and improve the values of the area that make it special to so many Australians."
The $650 million Jobs Fund includes $60 million for projects related to Australia's historic, Indigenous and natural heritage places.
The $60 million for community heritage projects has been developed in consultation with Senator Bob Brown as part of the Government's $42 billion Nation Building - Economic Stimulus Plan.
Funding previously announced for heritage projects includes $2.5 million for four Tasmanian convict sites and more than $550,000 will protect and conserve the Cottesloe home of World War II Prime Minister John Curtin. In addition, $2 million has also been announced for conservation works to Old Government House in Parramatta and more than $360,000 has been provided for walking and bike trails at Budj Bim in Victoria, one of the worlds oldest known traditional aquaculture systems.
The Greater Blue Mountains is included in both the World and National Heritage Lists, is one of Australia's iconic National Landscapes and is protected through the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
For more information on Australias heritage projects visit www.heritage.gov.au


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Youth violence is a serious issue impacting many cities across the Nation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established the Academic Centers for Excellence (ACE) Program to help reduce youth violence in high-risk communities. One of those communities is Lower Park Heights in Baltimore, Maryland.
Baltimore consistently has one of the Nation's highest homicide rates. In 2009, Baltimore had the fifth highest homicide rate in the nation. Homicide rates are particularly high for youth. Lower Park Heights was chosen as an intervention community because of its significant problems with youth violence.1
In 2011, ACE funded Johns Hopkins University Center for the Prevention of Youth Violence (JHCPYV) to implement evidence-based interventions in the Lower Park Heights community of Baltimore, Maryland.
JHCPYV leverages community partnerships to deploy a community-wide youth violence prevention strategy. Evidence-based interventions are implemented in schools and throughout the community to prevent youth violence. One of JHCPYV's partners, Park Heights Renaissance, has been integral in carrying out the Safe Streets prevention strategy in the Lower Park Heights community. Safe Streets is a replication of Chicago's Cure Violence program, formerly CeaseFire. It aims to develop non-violent conflict mediation skills and promote changes in cultural norms among youth in areas with high rates of gun violence.
Safe Streets was selected by JHCPYV for the Lower Park Height community because of its proven effectiveness in other Baltimore neighborhoods. Between 2007 and 2010, Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore evaluated the Safe Streets program in four of Baltimore's most violent neighborhoods. Three of the four program sites experienced large, statistically significant, program-related reductions in homicides or non-fatal shootings.2 An evaluation in the Lower Park Heights community is currently being conducted by JHCPYV Comprehensive.
In addition to the work being done in Baltimore, ACE programs are implementing evidence-based interventions across the country in high-risk communities. To learn more about ACE programs, please visit: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/ace/index.html
1 http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/ace/pdf/jhu-a.pdf [PDF–545 KB]
2 http://cureviolence.org/effectiveness/baltimore-safe-streets-evaluation/
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Whether you're wanting to hire the whole or part of the restaurant, Salt will accommodate all function enquiries.
The restaurant seats 70 people or 120 cocktail style. A set menu can be crafted specifically for your function needs or simply choose a selection from the menu.
Feel free to contact us to see how we can help you with your next function.


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Scott County issued a burn ban Tuesday afternoon.
Click here to read the full story.
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Modern classics for gracious living
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Pump up your home décor with fun, eco-chic style. The Blue Rings Cotton Canvas Pillow from ecoaccents is crafted from organic cotton, which requires no pesticides or herbicides to grow. The trendy overlapping rings create a dimensional pattern that feels lively and hip. Use the fresh blue-and-white color scheme to spice up your contemporary space, or let the design add a youthful vibe to an eclectic mix. To take the environmentally friendly design to the max, this pillow also comes with a soft insert made from recycled plastic bottles.
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Genre: Mainstream, General Mainstream Fiction
This is a beautifully crafted story. The voice of heroine Beth is extraordinarily crisp and will resonate with readers as she climbs from the depths of despair to the heights of elation. And although the story's twist may leave some readers feeling uncomfortable, with his lyrical prose, Evans brings the magic of the holidays to life.
The year is 1989 and Beth's life is coming apart at the seams. After her seemingly perfect husband reveals that he is a cheater and then dies quickly of cancer, Beth is left alone to face a mountain of bills and the mysterious illness that is slowly killing her beloved daughter. However, the universe has a holiday surprise in store for Beth, in the shape of handsome stranger Matthew. But as Matthew becomes a rejuvenating force in her life, Beth is forced to wonder — what dark secrets is this mysterious man hiding? (Simon & Schuster, Oct., 334 pp., $19.99)
*Web Exclusive Review*
Reviewed By: Kate Girard
Publisher: Simon & Schuster
Published: October 2010


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Sneak peek images: Joey, The War Horse
Published On: Oct 17 2013 02:03:01 PM EDT
Take a behind-the-scenes peek at a horse that is actually an amazingly life-like, 8-foot-tall puppet.
Click here to see images of Joey, the War Horse
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As a result of vocation and experience, I spend a great deal of time bridging generations and striving to support leadership and professional development for those just reaching the executive suite and for those just starting out on their career journeys.
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Item: 731578 Model: TI83PLUSTK
This ten-pack of Texas Instruments TI-83 Plus graphing calculators is the perfect choice for teachers or employers. Each of the ten included calculators is designed to handle complex graphing and numeric calculations. With multiple graphing styles, advanced statistics functions, and numerous financial operations, these calculators are ideal for both educational and professional use.
Multiple Mathematical Functions
The TI-83 Plus can handle a wide range of calculations, making it a great choice for students studying algebra, trigonometry, physics, statistics, or the biological sciences. From basic graphing to advanced probability distributions, the calculator works quickly and returns results that are easy to read. The calculators come preprogrammed with seven different graphing styles, allowing users to differentiate between individual graphs. If your students are more advanced, they can use functions for amortization, cash flow, or confidence intervals.
Easy to Use
The TI-83 Plus is designed for easy operation, so students can focus on the task at hand. With a display that holds sixteen characters and eight lines, the calculator allows for maximum visibility from edge to edge. Each calculator has a memory of 160 kilobytes and 24 kilobytes of RAM, allowing it to process even the most complex calculations in seconds. If your students or employees require a more advanced calculator, you might consider the TI-Nspire, which features a touchpad and expanded functionality.
Upgradeable and Rechargeable
With the TI-83 Plus calculators, you won't need to worry about purchasing new models in a year. Each calculator comes with a flash memory that can be upgraded electronically, minimizing the risk to physical components. Plus, the calculators can be charged easily with four AA batteries and connected with a USB cable for easy data transfer.
Suggested Courses/Subjects for TI-83 Plus:
Algebra 1, Algebra 2, Trigonometry, Biology, Physics, Statistics, AP Statistics
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What's in the Box?(10) TI-83+ Calculators
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Cageside's VT Shorts are versatile and reliable. And at eighteen bucks, you're not finding a better deal on quality fight trunks any time soon! Whether you need shorts for no-gi, MMA, or under the Gi pants, these VT shorts will get the job done. When sported in the cage or ring, these VT shorts leave you plenty of room for sponsor logos and team patches.
Constructed from a Nylon/Spandex/Lycra blend with a gusseted crotch that provides the ideal fit for mixed martial arts. Equipped with a wide elastic waistband and leg cuffs that keep the waist from shifting and the cuffs from riding up. The elastic's flexibility results in an accommodating range of comfortable fits. Includes an internal drawstring and cup pocket.
SizingS: 26"-29"M: 29"-32" L: 32"-35" XL: 34"-37"They run snug so if you're in between sizes, go up.


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Leave your sanity at the door.
Open for trades.
Open for requests.
Open for commissions, but not expecting any.
If, however, you are looking for a commission or trade, feel free to send me a note with what you want and we'll work things out.
"Whelping it!" commissions info:
Basically, I make a dragon whelp on an A4 sheet of paper by your specifications as long as they are realistic. But I can make whelps out of anything. A single colour, a single word, anything.
(Warning: I may question you endlessly until I feel confident what I have in mind for the drawing will please you)
So far only possible in DA points, until I set up some other payment method.
Single-colour for 35 DA points. Example: eppon.deviantart.com/art/Scorc…
Coloured for 50 DA points. Example: eppon.deviantart.com/art/Beer-…
Simple background costs 5 points extra. Example(coloured+background, total 55 points): eppon.deviantart.com/art/Verry…
Each commissions features one whelp in your preferred pose*, carrying one item of choice*.
Payment can be made somewhere between the moment I decide to make your commission and after I submit your picture.
Your consent is always asked after the drawing is finished and if answered within 3 days, changes you ask for improvement can be implemented.
After payment is made, watermark will be removed from the finished drawing and you are allowed to download it and put in your gallery, as long as I am properly credited for making it.
So if you want a whelp, note me with your wishes, pose*, item involved*, skin type** background*** and reference info if you have any.
* Optional. You may just leave it up to me. If you're brave.
** Smooth skinned and shaded, furred, feathered, scale-plated, scaled in detail... Whatever you wish.
*** Optional, costs extra.
Current Residence: My own little world
Favourite style of art: Fantasy
Personal Quote: I'd rather be insane than sane, there is no chance of curing sanity.


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Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
Even though I am a relatively new player (I joined halfway through 3.3), it's always bothered me in the Wrath heroics that there were entire schools of spells not used because the dungeons were too easy and promoted chain pulling.
Cataclysm opened my eyes to my true calling: Being one of the most versatile classes in WoW. The amount of things I can bring to a five man is stunning: Up to five pets with their own buffs and debuffs, two solid cc's (you forgot wyvern sting, stings are one per mob limit), an aoe slow, misdirection, and an emergency taunt. I can also get myself out of harm's way with a Feign Death or when taunt, I can temp tank through Deterrence.
Camouflage is also hugely interesting if you don't have a rogue to scout, or you just want to range pull - misdirect to your tank.
It's great. We got only three skills from 80 to 85; but all three define the build.


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Home » Vladimir Kozlov » Music
Vladimir Kozlov
Real Name
Oleg Prudius
Date of Birth
April 27, 1979
Place of Birth
Rumors surfaced this week that Dixie Carter was going to make an announcement about the new network that Impact Wrestling would be moving to. However, at the last minute, Country Music Television has emerged as a strong candidate to land the weekly TNA show. The network is under the same corporate umbrella as their current home, Spike. CMT is available in close to 100 million homes.
September 24, 2014
Since he no longer has the burden of the hectic WWE schedule to worry about, CM Punk has been enjoying his time tremendously. The former world heavyweight champion was recently spotted at the Riot Fest music event in Chicago. Punk was even invited onstage by a band called The Bouncing Souls and performed a song with them.
September 15, 2014
The music world has not seen the last of Brooke Hogan. She has been spending a lot of time in Nashville lately to prepare for the next stage of her career. Right now, she is putting together an audition to create a country band. Her manager Drew Davis is the one that is checking out the performers. Not a lot of other details have been made available.
August 23, 2014
It looks like the feud between Chris Jericho and Bray Wyatt will be continuing for another month. As of right now, WWE has the two of them penciled in for some sort of gimmick match at Night of Champions 2014. Each man has a victory on pay per view against the other, but the belief is that Jericho will be putting Wyatt over before taking off to focus on his music again.
August 19, 2014
Since leaving WWE earlier in the year, CM Punk has remained relatively quiet, making sporadic appearances at NHL and MLB games. The former world heavyweight champion is going to be making a higher profile appearance later on this month. Punk will be the co-host of the kickoff show for the Alternative Press Music Awards, which is being held at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland.
July 9, 2014
When news initially broke out that Jeff Jarrett was starting a new wrestling promotion, all fingers pointed to Toby Keith as his financial backer. The country music singer is a big fan of wrestling and good friend of Jarrett. However, reports are surfacing now that Keith is not involved with Global Force Wrestling. There are rumors that the financial backer is someone that Jarrett knows through his NASCAR connections.
June 29, 2014
Country music singer George Strait held his last concert ever this weekend in Dallas, and drew in an incredible amount of people to the show. Among the 105,000 fans at the concert were Undertaker, Michelle McCool and Steve Austin. No word yet on whether or not the former WWE stars were at the event together or just happen to be there at the same time.
June 9, 2014
Now that she has successfully defend the WWE Divas Championship against Alicia Fox, it looks like Paige is moving on to another challenger. Based on a press conference video, it appears that the next challenger is Cameron. The move could be designed to help promote her new music. It could also be WWE filming footage for the upcoming season of Total Divas as well.
June 3, 2014
A picture of Stacy Keibler and her friends before heading off to Coachella, a big music festival in the California desert. The former WWE diva has been spotted at the event in the past, so she is quite the fan.
April 20, 2014
While she continues to fulfill her weekly duties as the announcer for WWE, Lilian Garcia is still finding time in her busy schedule to focus on her singing career. She noted on Twitter that she is back in Los Angeles this week and shooting a new music video. She formed a new band a couple of months back, and they have been performing frequently in Las Vegas.
April 18, 2014
A picture of Chris Jericho and Edge partying together at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony this week. The former WWE stars are well known fans of this genre of music.
April 12, 2014
Through Twitter, Chris Jericho posted this message to let fans know that he and Fozzy will be releasing a brand new single called Lights Go Out on April 29. It is a teaser for the full album coming out in June. The former undisputed heavyweight champion is still rumored to return to WWE after he is done with his music stuff this summer.
April 2, 2014
Earlier this month, Lilian Garcia and her band were in Las Vegas, performing concerts for NASCAR fans. It looks like they did well enough to where they were invited back to the city to do their music for people who are in town for March Madness, the annual college basketball tournament by the NCAA that draws in millions of people across the country.
March 21, 2014
Since he is no longer on the road for WWE every single week, CM Punk has found himself with some free time. The former world heavyweight champion was recently spotted in the studios, recording guest vocals for a band called Madball. The belief is that this is just a favor to his friends, as opposed to Punk seriously pursuing a career in music.
March 20, 2014
A picture of Jake Roberts and Diamond Dallas Page in a music studio, where it looks like the former WWE stars are singing a duet together.
March 19, 2014
Earlier this year, we learned that Nikki Bella and Brie Bella were doing a music video with Trey Songz called "Na Na". Here is the video.
March 13, 2014
After dabbling in music for the last several years, Christy Hemme has finally released an album. She posted this special message on Twitter to let her fans know. The TNA Knockout also posted a picture of the album cover.
March 5, 2014
Through Instagram, Brie Bella posted this picture of herself in underwear. The WWE diva is doing a music video for Trey Songz with her twin sister Nikki Bella.
February 27, 2014
Even though she recently signed a contract extension with WWE, Lilian Garcia will continue to focus on her music career. She and her band have recently revealed that they will be doing a performance at a huge NASCAR event in Las Vegas during the month of of March. The event normally draws more than 100,000 people from around the country.
February 27, 2014
While it has not received as much publicity, Mickie James is still continuing with her music career. The former TNA star performed a concert over the weekend at a venue called 227 Lounge in Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada. She still has an interest in returning to one of the major wrestling promotions, but she is also content with just doing music as well.
February 24, 2014
A picture of Vladimir Kozlov doing MMA, in case you're wondering what the former WWE star has been doing with his time since leaving the company a couple of years back.
March 13, 2014
Since he left WWE a couple of years back, Vladimir Kozlov has been doing a little MMA training and a little acting. Based on his Twitter account, however, it seems like his full time job is living, as he is constantly posting pictures of himself at various social functions. He posted this picture recently of himself and his attractive girlfriend.
February 19, 2014
Former WWE star Vladimir Kozlov posted a picture of himself with his girlfriend on Twitter.
December 14, 2013
While WWE was in Florida this past week, Santino Marella met up with Vladimir Kozlov to hang out for a bit.
October 30, 2013
Approximately a month after being released by WWE, Vladimir Kozlov has rebounded and found a new job in the world of professional wrestling. He has signed on with Japanese legend Antonio Inoki and his Inoki Genome Federation. He will be utilizing the name Alexander Kozlov since Vince McMahon currently owns the rights to his previous moniker.
September 3, 2011
Santino Marella and Vladimir Kozlov walked into Elimination Chamber 2011 as the WWE Tag Team Champions, but they would walk away without the gold, as Justin Gabriel and Heath Slater, representing the Corre, were victorious in their match. Ezekiel Jackson and Tamina Snuka were both at ringside.
February 20, 2011
After scouting the MMA fighter for quite some time, WWE was finally able to sign Vladimir Kozlov to a developmental contract. Since he has limited experience with professional wrestling, the company plans on sending him down to Deep South Wrestling for some training.
January 17, 2006


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Danilo Dolci
Danilo Dolci (June 28, 1924 – December 30, 1997) was an Italian social activist, sociologist, popular educator and poet. He is best known for his opposition to poverty, social exclusion and the Mafia on Sicily, and is considered to be one of the protagonists of the non-violence movement in Italy. He became known as the "Gandhi of Sicily".[1]
In the 1950s and 1960s, Dolci published a series of books (notably, in their English translations, To Feed the Hungry, 1955, and Waste, 1960) that stunned the outside world with their emotional force and the detail with which he depicted the desperate conditions of the Sicilian countryside and the power of the Mafia. Dolci became almost a cult hero-figure in Northern Europe and the United States. Young people idolised him and committees were formed to raise funds for his work.
In 1958 he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize, despite being an explicit non-Communist.[1] He was twice nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), which in 1947 received the Nobel Peace Prize along with the British Friends Service Council, now called Quaker Peace and Social Witness, on behalf of all Quakers worldwide.[2] Among those who publicly voiced support for his efforts were Carlo Levi, Erich Fromm, Bertrand Russell, Jean Piaget, Aldous Huxley, Jean-Paul Sartre and Ernst Bloch. In Sicily, Leonardo Sciascia advocated many of his ideas. In the United States his proto-Christian idealism was absurdly confused with Communism.
Early years[edit]
Danilo Dolci was born in the Karstic town of Sežana (now in Slovenia), at the time part of the Italian border region known as Julian March. His father was an agnostic Sicilian railway official, while his mother, Meli Kokelj, was a deeply Catholic local Slovene woman. The young Danilo grew up in Mussolini's fascist state. As a teenager Dolci saw Italy enter into World War II. He worried his family by tearing down any Fascist war posters he came across.[3]
"I had never heard the phrase 'conscientious objector'," Dolci later said, "and I had no idea there were such persons in the world, but I felt strongly that it was wrong to kill people and I was determined never to do so." He tried to escape from the authorities who suspected him of tearing down the posters, but he was caught while trying to reach Rome and ended up in jail for a short time. He refused to enlist in the army of the Republic of Salò, Mussolini's puppet state after the Allied invasion in 1943.[3]
Dolci was inspired by the work of the Catholic priest Don Zeno Saltini (it) who had opened an orphanage for 3,000 abandoned children after World War II. It was housed in a former concentration camp at Fossoli near Modena in Emilia Romagna, and was called Nomadelphia (it): a place where fraternity is law. In 1950 Dolci quit his very promising architecture and engineering studies in Switzerland at the age of twenty-five, gave up his middle class standard of living and went to work with the poor and unfortunate. Dolci set up a similar commune called Ceffarello.[3][4]
Don Zeno was being harassed by officials who felt he was a Communist, and even the Vatican turned against Don Zeno, calling him the "mad priest." The authorities decided to put the orphans into asylums and close down both Nomadelphia and Ceffarello. Dolci had to sit by and watch as government forces took off with many of the commune's children, and had to gather up all his energy in the building of a new Nomadelphia. By 1952, he was ready to move on and work elsewhere.[3]
In Sicily[edit]
In 1952 Dolci decided to head for "the poorest place I had ever known" — the squalid fishing village of Trappeto in western Sicily about 30 km west of Palermo. During a previous visit to Sicily's Greek archaeological sites he had become acutely aware of the squalid rural poverty. Towns without electricity, running water or sewers, peopled by impoverished citizens barely surviving on the edge of starvation, largely illiterate and unemployed, suspicious of the state and ignored by their Church.[3][4]
"Coming from the North, I knew I was totally ignorant," Dolci wrote later. "Looking all around me, I saw no streets, just mud and dust... I started working with masons and peasants, who kindly, gently, taught me their trades. That way my spectacles were no longer a barrier. Every day, all day, as the handle of hoe or shovel burned the blisters deeper, I learned more than any book could teach me about this people's struggle to exist..."[3]
In Trappeto Dolci started an orphanage, helped by Vincenzina Mangano, the widow of a fisherman and trade unionist whom he rescued from penury and whose five children he adopted as his own. Later, he moved uphill to nearby Partinico, where he tried to organise landless peasants into co-operatives. Dolci started using hunger strikes, sit-down protests and non-violent demonstrations as methods to force the regional and national government to make improvements in the poverty stricken areas of the island. Eventually, he became known as the "Gandhi of Sicily".[1]
Throughout his career in Sicily, Dolci has used this method, with one of his most famous hunger strike being in November, 1955, when he fasted for a week in Partinico to draw attention to the misery and violence in the area and to promote the building of a dam over the Iato River, which roared down in the winter rains and dried up in the nine arid months, that could provide irrigation for the entire valley.[5]
One technique that he innovated was the "strike in reverse" (working without pay), which initiated unauthorized public works projects for the poor. This earned him his first notoriety in 1956, when he gathered a few unemployed men to mend a public road.[6] The police called it obstruction; his helpers walked away; he lay down on the road and was arrested. Skilfully, he drummed up publicity. Famous lawyers offered to defend him free. Famous writers, such as Ignazio Silone, Alberto Moravia, Carlo Levi, among others, protested. The Palermo court acquitted Dolci and his two dozen co-defendants of resisting and insulting the police, but sentenced them to 50 days' imprisonment (time they had already served) and a 20,000 lire (US$32) fine for "having invaded ground that belonged to the government."[7] On his release he resumed the campaign for a big dam on the Iato river.
He actively assisted victims of the earthquake which destroyed much of the Belice Valley in January 1968. The funds for relief and reconstruction were siphoned off by greedy administrators, and "Belice" has since become an Italian by-word for political corruption.[8]
Dolci became aware of the stranglehold of the Mafia upon the poor in Sicily. He did not attack the Mafia at first but he did come up against them at once challenging their monopoly of water supply with the project of the Iato River dam. Later he became too well known in Italy and abroad to be dealt with without too much adverse publicity.
He began his crusade against the Mafia by claiming that government officials were receiving help in their elections from Cosa Nostra. Rather than making his accusations only in Sicily, he traveled to Rome to participate before the Antimafia Commission, which was established in 1963, to ensure that his worries about the Mafia in Sicily were heard. His willingness to stand up to the Mafia in his quest to improve the living conditions of Sicilians helped him to gain the confidence of the locals.[3]
Throughout 1963 and 1964, Dolci and his assistant Franco Alasia had been gathering evidence on the links between the Mafia and politicians for the Commission. At a press conference in September 1965, they presented dozen of testimonies of people who had supposedly seen Bernardo Mattarella and Calogero Volpe meeting with leading mafiosi. Mattarella and Volpe sued Dolci and Alasia for libel.[9][10]
In the ensuing two-year trial, dozens of witnesses were heard and many documents were considered. When the Court refused to allow new evidence from witnesses, Dolci and Alasia decided that the trial was a travesty. They announced that under these circumstances they would no longer attempt to defend themselves. The remainder of the trial, therefore, took place with Dolci and Alasia absent from the courtroom. Dolci responded by broadcasting his opinions over a private radio station, which was promptly closed.[9][11]
On June 21, 1967, the Court of Rome sentenced that Mattarella offered reliable evidence of his opposition to the Mafia in the entire course of his political career. The statements collected by the defendants – Dolci and his assistant Alasia – were considered nothing more than "deplorable gossip, malicious rumour or even simple lies." The Court was of the opinion that Mattarella "never had relations with the Mafia environment."[12][13] The results of the investigation were published in 1966 in the book Chi gioca solo (The Man Who Plays Alone).
Dolci made an application for an amnesty, but was sentenced to two years imprisonment for libel along with heavy fines. Alasia received a sentence of one and a half year. They never served the verdict, because of a pardon. It would have been too scandalous to send Dolci to prison and the sentence was cancelled. Mattarella had won the trial but lost a cabinet post in the new government of Aldo Moro. In appeal the sentences were confirmed in 1973. "To each his own responsibility before today's public opinion and tomorrow's history," Dolci commented the sentence.[14]
Popular educator[edit]
Dolci became convinced that the key to progress was through education. With the money he received for the Lenin Peace Prize in 1958, he founded the Centro studi e iniziative per la piena occupazione (Center of Research and Initiatives for Full Employment) in Partinico, the village in the Palermo hinterland that became his home.
The centre was one of the most important examples of community development in Italy and especially in the south since the war. It became both a form of self-organisation of local communities and a training school for a generation of socially and politically committed young people, who found their cohesion as a group and attempted to construct a process of social aggregation through the methods and instruments of active non-violence.
Dolci used the Socratic method, a dialectic method of inquiry, and "popular self-analysis" for empowerment of communities. His pedagogical methods, with their emphasis on social awareness and cultural interaction, won him a worldwide reputation, and a small but ardent following at home that took his ideas, over the years, across Sicily and into mainland Italy.
Dolci's life and actions stirred ample controversy. He annoyed the authorities which often actively worked against him. Some of the locals that opposed the Iato river dam were not pleased to see the valleys flooded, and gardens and olive trees ruined.[5] The contractors of the works eventually were either in the Mafia or their middlemen. Dolci was often short of, and careless of, money. He was helped out from time to time, predominantly by English families whose fortunes had been made with the sweet Marsala wine manufactured in Sicily.[1]
Palermo archbishop Cardinal Ernesto Ruffini publicly denounced Dolci and Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, author of The Leopard, as well as the Mafia, for "defaming" all Sicilians.
In 1968 Dolci was accused of embezzling funds sent from abroad to help the victims of the earthquake which destroyed much of the Belice valley. At the same time, some of his followers left to set up their own educational centres accusing him of excessive authoritarianism.[15] Some of Dolci's later initiatives were less successful than others, often bordering on the intangible. His centre sought to produce evidence against a secret NATO submarine base around Maddalena island off Sardinia on the basis that such an installation required Italian approval and control which in this case was apparently granted covertly to the United States Navy.[8]
The smears succeeded in pushing Dolci out of the spotlight in Italy. The last 20 years of his life he disappeared from public view, although he continued to be revered abroad, winning prizes for his poetry, and working as a guest lecturer at universities.
Dolci has been proposed for the Nobel Peace Prize, denounced by the Cardinal Archbishop of Palermo; he has won the support of many Communists and some Jesuits, been threatened by the Mafia, and been prosecuted for obscenity by the Italian government for his book Inchiesta a Palermo (Report from Palermo).[16]
Dolci was a great writer. His books are remarkable accounts of the society he surveys, and their accuracy and insight have helped to give a realistic basis to any schemes for improvement. Above all he has given a voice to the abandoned, forgotten, despairing, nameless, suffering people of Sicily. Unforgettably he enabled peasants and fishermen, mothers and prostitutes, street urchins, outlaws and bandits, police and mafiosi to tell their stories.
He refused to answer to anybody and never joined a political party despite several invitations from the Italian Communist Party to run for office. "Reality is very complex," he said. "To understand it, men have tried Christianity, liberalism, Gandhiism, socialism. There is some truth in all solutions. We are all mendicants of truth."[16] In the 1970s he rebelled against the state monopoly on broadcasting and set up his own radio station in Partinico in the face of stiff resistance from the police.
Dolci died on December 30, 1997 in Trappeto, from heart failure. He was survived by the five adopted children he had with his first wife, Vincenzina, and by two children from his second marriage. His death has triggered a curious mixture of reactions. While the chief Antimafia prosecutor in Palermo, Gian Carlo Caselli, said Dolci was one of the people who gave him the keys to do his job, the national press gave him surprisingly short shrift, describing him as a historical curiosity whose work has long since been forgotten.[15]
According to the obituary in The Independent: "If the world now knows anything about the dark, secretive world of the Sicilian Mafia in the first turbulent years after the Second World War, it is largely thanks to Danilo Dolci."[15] The man who in his youth studied architecture became an architect of social change.[8]
For long, he was practically unknown in his native Slovenia. In 2007, however, an exhibition on his life and work was organized in his native town of Sežana. In 2010, a book of his poetry was first translated into Slovene. The same year, a bilingual memorial plaque was placed on his native house, and a local educational organization was named after him.[17] His papers are currently housed at the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center at Boston University.
Books in English[edit]
- To Feed the Hungry (1955/1959), London: McGibbon & Kee.
- Report from Palermo (1959), New York: The Orion Press, Inc.
- Sicilian Lives (1960/1981), New York: Pantheon Books.
- Waste (1964), New York: Monthly Review Press
- The Man Who Plays Alone (1968), New York: Random House
- McNeish, James (1965). Fire Under the Ashes: The Life of Danilo Dolci, London: Hodder and Stoughton.[18]
- Mangione, Jerre (1968). A Passion for Sicilians: The World around Danilo Dolci, New York: William Morrow and Co.
- ^ a b c d Danilo Dolci, the Gandhi of Sicily, died on December 30th, aged 73, The Economist, January 8, 1998
- ^ AFSC's Past Nobel Nominations
- ^ a b c d e f g Danilo Dolci, by Jaclyn Welch, in Danilo Dolci nell'accademia del villaggio globale (a cura di Gaetano G. Perlongo), July 5, 1997
- ^ a b Danilo Dolci, by Frank Walker, in Danilo Dolci nell'accademia del villaggio globale (a cura di Gaetano G. Perlongo), March 1998
- ^ a b Danilo's Dam, Time Magazine, September 21, 1962
- ^ Dolci v. Far Niente, Time, February 20, 1956
- ^ The Sting of Conscience, Time, April 9, 1956
- ^ a b c Danilo Dolci – The defiant social activist, by Vincenzo Salerno, Best of Sicily Magazine, April 2004
- ^ a b Bess, Realism, utopia, and the mushroom cloud, pp. 194–97
- ^ (Italian) Danilo Dolci e la dimensione utopica, di Livio Ghersi (accessed March 2, 2011)
- ^ (Italian) Ragone, Le parole di Danilo Dolci, pp. 220–22
- ^ Decision of the Tribunal of Roma, June 21, 1967, published in "Il Foro italiano" 1968, 342 ff., confirmed by both the Court of Appeals of Rome (July 7, 1972) and the Court of Cassation, VI chamber (June 26, 1973).
- ^ (Italian) Trent'anni dall'omicidio di Piersanti Mattarella: L'"uomo nuovo" della Democrazia cristiana, asud'europa, January 25, 2010
- ^ (Italian) Ragone, Le parole di Danilo Dolci, p. 41
- ^ a b c Obituary: Danilo Dolci, by Andrew Gumbel, The Independent, 1 January 1, 1998
- ^ a b From the Slums, Time, January 13, 1958
- ^ (Slovene) Dolcijeva dvojezična pesniška zbirka "Ne znaš izbirati", Slomedia, November 19, 2010
- ^ Some Sort of Sicilian Saint, Time, April 8, 1966
- Bess, Michael (1993), Realism, utopia, and the mushroom cloud: four activist intellectuals and their strategies for peace, 1945–1989, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-04421-1
- Ragone, Michele (2011). Le parole di Danilo Dolci, Foggia: Edizioni del Rosone, ISBN 978-88-97220-19-0
- Servadio, Gaia (1976). Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day, London: Secker & Warburg ISBN 0-436-44700-2
External links[edit]
- Danilo Dolci. Fare presto (e bene) perché si muore (a cura di Gaetano G. Perlongo)
- Danilo Dolci nell'accademia del villaggio globale (a cura di Gaetano G. Perlongo)
- Danilo Dolci Papers Swarthmore College Peace Collection.


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should a historian become an archivist? details inside
April 24, 2010
should a historian become an archivist?
I live in a small European country. I got a PhD in history a couple of years ago and have been mostly employed as a lecturer and tutor ever since. I am still working, however, in the same university I did all my undergraduate and postgraduate work in. I am very dedicated and love teaching, but I feel very personally stunted by never having left my alma mater. My department and my supervisor were very laissez faire on career development and in 7 years (count them) I've only done 5 conferences (only one outside the country I live in), and published nothing. The current economic situation makes it seem like I would be better off looking abroad for work, but I have a very stable and quite happy set up in the city that I live in and I'm reluctant to leave it. Part of the reason for not having published is that I work on a pre-modern topic which demands a lot of archival time to do it properly and I am meticulous (I am working on two articles now in the spare time that I have). I know that I am capable of eventually producing quite a good book if I continue to research, and those who've worked with me show a lot of faith in my abilities, but the realities of this situation are depressing me. Paying off a loan I got to finish my doctoral studies while living below the minimum wage is really taking its toll at this stage. Additionally, I'd really like to see Japan before I die, write a novel, play in a band, etc, and I've found that the cycle in academia has been the same since I started as a postgraduate. By the time term comes to an end, I'm a nervous wreck with stress and RSI, exhausted, and feeling stale and bored from working on the same material all the time (I'm 28, and I've been in college continuously – and yes, I've read the Anatomy of Melancholy and I know what 'overmuch study' does to a person in theory and in practice)
So, I'm thinking about spending next year getting a masters in archival and records management in a different university instead of hanging around waiting for a post-doc that suits my subject to come up. I read this: http://cliobluestockingtales.blogspot.com/2006/05/why-i-thought-becoming-archivist-was.html, which made me pause. I love libraries and archives and can get obsessively absorbed in looking at books and manuscripts for hours, but I also enjoy working with other people, which teaching allows for. Ideally I'd like to be a rare books librarian or pre-modern manuscript archivist and continue to publish academically while also making enough money to not have to constantly worry about it and make future plans, but I'm finding thus far that my teaching load is too onerous to do both except outside of term time. I'm also hoping that my theoretical and practical knowledge of the material I'm already familiar with can be built on if I work in the kind of archives that have this material. Am I concieving things from a historian's perspective and getting it wrong? Has anyone made this transition and did they have different experiences to Clio?
posted by
Work & Money
(5 answers total)
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I took this path in the days before archive admin diplomas were always required. Becoming an archivist is likely not a painless solution to your difficulties. Firstly, getting a job is highly highly competitive, nowadays, you'll need not only your archive admin diploma but a lot of work experience. Secondly if you think you'll get to research and spend time working on your specialist field, think again. This is rare. My friends who are still in the profession hardly get to do any specialist cataloguing. We had to spend most of our time listing at superficial levels large collections which are nothing to do with our specialist fields. There was no kudos for publishing - indeed there was suspicion of 'doing your own research' instead of listing things unrelated to your field. Thirdly, many big research archives/libraries are increasingly fur coat and no knickers, all the money goes on PR and marketing people and their shallow gimmick-led initiatives, while cataloguing and curatorial expertise is cut.
On the plus side it was a steady nine-to-five job with not-too-much stress, but if you really care about the history and get 'obsessively absorbed in looking at books and manuscripts', you will really suffer as you are forced away from the interesting historical stuff to spend your time listing and sorting stuff unrelated to your historical interests - not to mention being managed by people who haven't the slightest interest or knowledge of the collections. If you were in the lucky position of getting a job where you would be allowed to do specialist historical cataloguing, then yes that is absorbing stuff where you learn a lot - but it's massively undervalued by universities, who discount it as compared to publishing articles, so if you try to get back into academia you will really be in trouble. However the crucial thing to understand is that these jobs are few and far between and increasingly under attack. That's why I left mine, I was increasingly being pushed to work sorting and listing modern unrelated stuff, which bored me to the point of insanity and I just didn't have the tidy business-like mind needed for that kind of work.
posted by
on April 24, 2010 [
1 favorite
I just realised I'd accidentally skipped one of the Clio blogposts.
is absolutely spot on:
Archivists see the documents as object to be stored, classified, and described. They are, as my cataloging professor described them, "information packages." An archivist does not necessarily need to know what is contained in that package beyond a descriptive level. The archivist also does not need to know much about the creation of these packages beyond their provenance into the archive. Theorists in the archival profession have discussed these issues as they impact the goal of preserving the evidence of human activity, but those archivists are, again the academic archivists. The practicing archivist are much more utilitarian. They do not so much ask "how can these documents be used in the interpretation of history" as they ask "do we have the time and personnel to finish processing this collection" and "what does this collection look like." Researchers are left to sort out the details of context, importance, and contents.
Thinking like a historian is a fundamental problem with me as an archivist. I am approaching the collections as a story to be told, not as an object to be described. In fact, while sitting in my library school classes and in meetings at work, I find that I have very little to contribute to the discussion of collection management. I find that I have no desire to contribute to the discussion of collection management. I find that I have little desire to learn more about the tools of my profession beyond how they will better help me to research history. I find that I have no interest in collections that do not tell interesting stories. The archivists are not wrong. They are very capable. What they do is important to me; but it is important to me as a historian. I do not think like an archivist. I think like a historian. I have no desire to change.
This sounds exactly right to me - it was my experience too and I was working in a big European research library with large archival collections. There was a big spilt in personality and approach between historians who couldn't get an academic positions and professional archivists. The historians were very much the frustrated misfits whose eyes glazed over when all the talk of Encoded Archival Description started. Honest to God, if you can't summon up enthusiasm for the like of EAD, and just sitting there spending your life listing and weeding stuff which means nothing to you, while your beloved medieval/early modern stuff goes neglected, then don't do this!
posted by
on April 24, 2010
(I'm writing this from the perspective of someone who works as a librarian in what I think of as a prestigious history museum, but what I write of course reflects my opinion and not that of my employer.)
If you want to make this transition successful, you MUST NOT think of yourself as a historian who is "slumming it" as an archivist. You have to
what archivists do if you want to make this work. If you are at all unclear on what an archivist's daily job is like, volunteer in a few of them. Don't assume that it involves reading books or looking at old paper all day.
Librarians and archivists play a vital role in the world of research in the humanities, but it's a different role from that of historians. To offer an odd simile, we're kind of the connective tissue in the process: the sources are the bones, the historians are the muscle that mobilize the sources to create a certain argument, and librarians and archivists are the ligaments and tendons that connect the two and make the whole thing work. If you are one who thinks that playing this connective role is somehow less important than other parts of the process, then save yourself a lot of heartache and don't do it. Personally, I
helping people to find the exact sources they need for their projects, and have little to no interest in playing the reputation games that often go along with being a historian.
Now, you can be an active historian--in terms of writing papers, presenting at conferences, etc.--while also being an archivist, but if you would honestly prefer to be doing that than the day-to-day work of organizing collections, assisting researchers, maintaining databases, etc. that make up the life of an archivist, then please leave the profession to those of us who do. On the other hand, if you volunteer in an archives and find that you really like what happens there, then go for it. Yes, all the things Flitcraft says about the job market are absolutely true and must be taken into account, but don't exacerbate it by not fully loving the role of an archivist. (This seems to have been part of Clio's problem in the linked blog post. There are many, many other problems with that post that I don't have the time to go into at the moment. Suffice to say, there appear to have been some extenuating circumstances that led to her rocky transition.)
I could keep going, but I'm on an unstable computer with an unreliable internet connection, so I should probably post this and hope it goes through. Don't hesitate to email me if you have any questions!
posted by
on April 24, 2010 [
1 favorite
Thinking like a historian is a fundamental problem with me as an archivist.
This is what I mean when I say you have to know what an archivist does before you even think about making this transition. Clio seems to have presumed that just because she could handle the work to get a Ph.D, she could apply that to the world of archives. Please do not assume that the work of a librarian or archivist is somehow "easier" than the work of a historian; they are two different jobs, requiring different skill sets. Clio simply didn't know what she was doing when she made the leap, and her posts can serve as a cautionary tale.
Now, if you happen to have the skills and desire to be an archivist who also has the background of a trained historian, you will be potentially more valuable to employers. But, do not presume that the letters Ph.D after you name will somehow impress the director of the library or archives to which you are applying.
posted by
on April 24, 2010
As an archivist who is not a historian (not even a history major in college), I can say that I wish I had a stronger background in history. This is especially true since I work at a government archives.
As a supervisor who will hire low-level archivists, I know that the work I'm hiring for isn't sexy, and can be downright dirty and boring. I need people who will do some real research, to do exactly the things Clio talked about in trying to organize a collection. Many times, it's nothing more than alphabetizing and putting stuff in folders. Other times, it's doing research not only about the agency and the records, but also on our own previous work with the materials.
I also need people who won't get caught up in the records they're processing. They need to keep focused on the goal: making the records available for
other people
So, like Clio discovered, you need to have a good idea of why you want to be an archivist. It's not all magical old records.
posted by
ES Mom
on April 24, 2010
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