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A variety of other surveys and data systems collect data on substance use and mental illness. It is useful to consider the results of these other studies when discussing the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) data. In doing this, it is important to understand the methodological differences between the different surveys and the impact that these differences could have on estimates of the presence of substance use and mental illness. This appendix briefly describes several of these other data systems and where possible presents comparisons between NSDUH results and results from the other surveys for 2002 and 2003 or other recent time periods. For some comparisons, NSDUH estimates were generated to be consistent with the data collection periods or groups surveyed in other studies.
In-depth comparisons of the methodologies of the three major federally sponsored national surveys of youth substance use have been done. In 1997, a comparison between the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse1 (NHSDA) and Monitoring the Future (MTF) was published (Gfroerer, Wright, & Kopstein, 1997). In 2000, a series of papers comparing different aspects of the NHSDA, MTF, and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) was commissioned by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Under contract with the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Westat, Inc., identified and funded several experts in survey methods to prepare these papers. The papers were published in the Journal of Drug Issues (Hennessy & Ginsberg, 2001). The major findings of these studies were as follows:
These findings suggest that differences in survey methodology may affect comparisons of prevalence estimates among youths from various surveys. This appendix investigates the similarities and differences among rates from NSDUH and other related surveys.
The Monitoring the Future (MTF) study is a national survey that tracks drug use trends and related attitudes among America's adolescents. This survey is conducted annually by the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan through a grant awarded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). The MTF and NSDUH are the Federal Government's largest and primary tools for tracking youth substance use. The MTF is composed of three substudies: (a) an annual survey of high school seniors initiated in 1975; (b) ongoing panel studies of representative samples from each graduating class that have been conducted by mail since 1976; and (c) annual surveys of 8th and 10th graders initiated in 1991. In 2002, for all three grades combined, 394 public and private schools and about 43,700 students were in the sample. In 2003, nearly 50,000 students in 392 schools were surveyed. The students complete a self-administered questionnaire during a regular class period (Johnston, O'Malley, & Bachman, 2003a; Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, & Shulenberg, 2004a).
Comparisons between the MTF estimates and estimates based on students sampled in NSDUH have generally shown NSDUH substance use prevalence levels to be lower than MTF estimates, with relative differences being largest for 8th graders. The lower prevalences in NSDUH may be due to more underreporting in the household setting as compared with the MTF school setting. However, MTF does not survey dropouts, a group generally shown (using NSDUH) to have higher rates of illicit drug use (Gfroerer et al., 1997). In 2002 and 2003, for most comparisons of estimates of lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of use of marijuana, cocaine, and inhalants among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders between NSDUH and MTF, NSDUH estimates were lower (see Table D.1 at the end of this appendix). In addition, both surveys showed that illicit drug use was stable or decreasing for most measures between 2002 and 2003. Exceptions were increases in past month cocaine use among 12th graders and lifetime and past year inhalant use among 8th graders included in NSDUH, and past year inhalant use among 8th graders in MTF.
The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) is a component of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), which biennially measures the prevalence of six priority health risk behavior categories: (a) behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries; (b) tobacco use; (c) alcohol and other drug use; (d) sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); (e) unhealthy dietary behaviors; and (f) physical inactivity. The YRBSS includes national, State, territorial, and local school-based surveys of high school students. The latest YRBS was conducted in 2003 (CDC, 2004b). The 2003 national school-based survey used a three-stage cluster sample design to produce a nationally representative sample of students in grades 9 through 12. The 2003 State and local surveys used a two-stage cluster sample design to produce representative samples of students in grades 9 through 12 in their jurisdictions. The 2003 national YRBS sample included 15,214 students in grades 9 through 12 in the 50 States and the District of Columbia. The national survey and all of the State and local surveys were conducted during the spring of 2003, with the exception of Hawaii. The Hawaii surveys were conducted in the fall of 2003. The students completed a self-administered questionnaire during a regular class period. In general, this school-based survey has found higher rates of alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and cocaine use for youths than those found in NSDUH. The prevalence of illicit drug use is generally much higher in the YRBS than in NSDUH (e.g., past month marijuana use was 22.4 percent in the 2003 YRBS compared with 12.2 percent for youths in grades 9 through 12 in the 2003 NSDUH). This is likely due to the differences in study design (school-based vs. home-based).
The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) was conducted to measure the effects of family, peer group, school, neighborhood, religious institution, and community influences on health risks, such as tobacco, drug, and alcohol use. Initiated in 1994 under a grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) with cofunding from 17 other Federal agencies, Add Health is the largest, most comprehensive survey of adolescents ever undertaken. Data at the individual, family, school, and community levels were collected in two waves between 1994 and 1996. In Wave 1 (conducted in 199495), roughly 90,000 students from grades 7 through 12 at 144 schools around the United States answered brief questionnaires. Interviews also were conducted with about 20,000 students and their parents in the students' homes. In Wave 2, students were interviewed a second time in their homes. In 2001 and 2002, the original Add Health respondents, now aged 18 to 26, were re-interviewed in a third wave to investigate the influence that adolescence has on young adulthood.
Survey results from the first two waves indicated that nearly one fourth of teenagers had ever smoked marijuana. Nearly 7 percent of 7th and 8th graders used marijuana at least once in the past month as did 15.7 percent of 9th through 12th graders (Resnick et al., 1997). In the 2002 NSDUH, 20.6 percent of youths aged 12 to 17 had ever used marijuana, and 8.2 percent were past month users; in 2003, these percentages were 19.6 and 7.9 percent, respectively.
The Partnership Attitude Tracking Study (PATS) is an ongoing national research study that tracks drug use and drug-related attitudes among children, teenagers, and their parents. It is sponsored by the Partnership for a Drug Free America (PDFA). In the 2002 PATS, 7,084 teenagers in grades 7 through 12 completed self-administered questionnaires (PDFA, 2003). For the first time in 2002, PATS included questions on prescription drug abuse. The 2002 PATS found that 20 percent of youths in grades 7 to 12 had ever used prescription pain killers without a doctor's prescription; 19 percent of adolescents reported lifetime use of inhalants; and 40 percent reported lifetime use of marijuana. In 2003, 7,270 youths completed the survey and prevalence rates remained very similar to rates in 2002 (PDFA, 2004). The 2003 PATS found that 21 percent of youths in grades 7 to 12 had ever used prescription drugs; 18 percent had used inhalants; and 39 percent reported using marijuana in their lifetime. NSDUH reported notably lower prevalence rates than PATS. For youths aged 12 to 17, the rate of lifetime prescription pain reliever use was 11.2 percent in the 2002 and 2003 NSDUH, lifetime inhalant use was 10.5 percent in the 2002 NSDUH and 10.7 percent in the 2003 NSDUH, and lifetime marijuana use was 20.6 percent in 2002 and 19.6 percent in 2003. The major difference in these prevalence estimates is likely to be due to the different study designs. The youth portion of PATS is a school-based survey, which may elicit more reporting of sensitive behaviors than the home-based NSDUH.
The National Survey of Parents and Youth (NSPY) is sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) to evaluate the Office of National Drug Control Policy's (ONDCP's) National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign. The survey is specifically designed to evaluate Phase III of the campaign, covering the period between September 1999 and June 2003. Data collection provides estimates of trends in drug use between 2000 and the first half of 2003, as well as changes between 2002 and 2003.
In Phase I (Waves 1 through 3 of data collection), a sample of youths aged 9 to 18 and their parents were recruited to participate in the in-home survey. In Phase II (Waves 4 through 7 of data collection), the respondents from Phase I participated in two additional interviews at intervals of 6 to 24 months. In December 2003, ONDCP released the sixth semiannual report of findings that contained data from all three phases (Hornik et al., 2003).
Wave 5's data were collected between January and June 2002 and included 4,040 youths and 2,882 parents. Wave 6's data were collected between July and December 2002 and included 2,267 youths and 1,640 parents. An average of the estimates from Waves 5 and 6 showed that the past year rate of marijuana use among 12 to 18 year olds was 16.4 percent. The corresponding 2002 NSDUH estimate for past year marijuana use among youths aged 12 to 18 was 18.4 percent.
Wave 7's data were collected between January and June 2003 and included 3,587 youths and 2,621 parents. Despite the differences in methodology, the two surveys produced similar estimates for youths (see Table D.2). For example, the latest wave of NSPY data indicated that 16.7 percent of youths aged 12 to 18 had used marijuana in the past year, and the 2003 NSDUH yielded an estimate of 18.1 percent among this age group.
In past waves of NSPY data collection, parents also have been asked about their drug use behaviors; however, parental use was not asked in the Wave 5 or Wave 7 data collections. Lifetime use of marijuana among parents was 53.7 percent in 2001, and past month use was 3.4 percent. According to NSDUH, lifetime use of marijuana among adults aged 18 or older was 42.7 percent in 2002 and 43.1 percent in 2003; past month use was 6.0 percent in 2002 and 2003.
The National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES) was conducted in 1991 and 1992 by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 42,862 respondents aged 18 or older in the contiguous United States. Despite the survey name, the design was cross-sectional. The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) was conducted in 2001 and 2002, also by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for NIAAA, using a computerized interview. The NESARC sample was designed to make inferences for persons aged 18 or older in the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States, including Alaska, Hawaii, and the District of Columbia, and including persons living in noninstitutional group quarters. The NESARC is designed to be a longitudinal survey. The first wave was conducted in 2001 and 2002, with a final sample size of 43,093 respondents aged 18 or older. The second wave is planned for 2004 and 2005 (Grant, Kaplan, Shepard, & Moore, 2003).
Over the decade from 1992 to 2002, the prevalence of marijuana use in the past year among adults remained stable, at about 4.0 percent (Compton, Grant, Colliver, Glantz, & Stinson, 2004). The rate of past year marijuana use among adults was 10.4 percent in the 2002 NSDUH and 10.1 percent in the 2003 NSDUH.
The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is a continuing nationwide sample survey that collects data using personal household interviews. The survey is sponsored by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and provides national estimates of selected health measures. The data presented are from January through September of 2002 and 2003. In the NHIS, current smokers are defined as those who smoke daily, smoked on 1 or more days in the past month, or quit smoking fewer than 30 days ago (for those who smoked 100 or more cigarettes in their lifetime). The survey estimated that 22.5 percent of the population aged 18 or older were current cigarette smokers in 2002 (Ni, Schiller, Hao, Cohen, & Barnes, 2003). Among males, 25.3 percent reported current cigarette smoking compared with 19.9 percent of females aged 18 or older. For 2003, the rates were slightly lower with an estimated 21.6 percent of the population reporting current cigarette smoking (23.7 percent among males and 19.4 percent among females).
In NSDUH, current cigarette smoking is defined as any use in the past month. The NSDUH rate was 27.5 percent in 2002 for those aged 18 or older. Although the two surveys employ different methodologies, NSDUH produces similar estimates when using the NHIS definition. For example, when using a definition similar to the NHIS definition, NSDUH estimates 25.6 percent of adults aged 18 or older were current smokers in 2002 and 25.1 percent of adults were current smokers in 2003. See Table D.3 for a comparison of smoking rates between these two surveys by age and gender.
The NHIS defines excessive alcohol drinkers as those who consumed greater than or equal to five drinks in 1 day at least 12 times during the past 12 months. The NHIS rate for excessive alcohol consumption among those aged 18 or older was 9.6 percent in 2002. For the 2003 early release data, NHIS redefined excessive alcohol drinking as having consumed greater than or equal to five drinks in 1 day at least once during the past 12 months. This NHIS rate for excessive alcohol consumption among those aged 18 or older was 19.4 percent, down slightly from the rate in 2002 of 19.9 percent (NCHS, 2004). NSDUH defines heavy alcohol use as having five or more drinks on the same occasion on at least 5 different days in the past 30 days. The NSDUH rates for heavy drinking among those 18 or older were 7.2 percent in 2002 and 7.3 percent in 2003.
Even though MTF estimates of cigarette use among 8th and 10th graders are higher overall than NSDUH estimates, both surveys showed a slight decrease in past month smoking in all grade levels between 2002 and 2003. For example, among 10th graders, past month smoking was 17.7 percent in 2002 and 16.7 percent in 2003 according to the MTF. The NSDUH past month smoking rates for 10th graders were 17.6 in 2002 and 17.0 in 2003. See Table D.1 for a comparison of the MTF and NSDUH cigarette use estimates by grade level.
Rates of alcohol consumption are higher overall in the MTF sample compared with NSDUH. Both surveys indicate a varying pattern of alcohol consumption by grade level. Table D.1 shows how the MTF estimates of alcohol use compare with NSDUH estimates.
As seen with illicit drug use, the YRBS estimates of cigarette and alcohol consumption were higher than the NSDUH estimates. The 2001 YRBS found lifetime cigarette use was 63.9 percent and past month cigarette use was 28.5 percent among students in grades 9 to 12 (CDC, 2004b). The 2002 NSDUH lifetime cigarette rate for high school students was 45.6 percent, and the past month rate was 19.6 percent. According to YRBS data, in 2003, 58.4 percent of high school students had tried cigarettes and 21.9 percent of students had smoked cigarettes during the past 30 days. The 2003 NSDUH rates were 43.6 percent for lifetime cigarette use and 19.0 percent for past month cigarette use among students.
Past month alcohol use among 9th to 12th graders in the YRBS was 47.1 percent in the 2001 survey and 44.9 percent in 2003. In contrast, NSDUH showed a past month alcohol use rate of 27.2 percent in 2002 and 26.9 percent in 2003 among 9th to 12th graders. Lifetime alcohol use rates among students were 59.6 percent in NSDUH in both 2002 and 2003 and 74.9 percent in the YRBS in 2003. It is important to note that the two surveys were conducted in different time periods.
Data from the PATS show that the prevalence of past month cigarette for adolescents in grades 7 through 12 was 28 percent in 2002 and 26 percent in 2003 (PDFA, 2004). The NSDUH prevalence of past month cigarette smoking among youths aged 12 to 17 was 13.0 percent in 2002 and 12.2 percent in 2003. Again, the lower prevalence estimates in NSDUH are likely due to its home-based study design.
Even though the PATS estimates were higher than the NSDUH estimates, both surveys showed relatively steady rates of drinking among youths from 2002 to 2003. PATS found that 53 percent of teenagers reported past year alcohol use in 2002 and 51 percent reported past year use in 2003. This compares with NSDUH estimates of 34.6 percent of youths aged 12 to 17 reporting past year use in the 2002 and 34.3 percent in 2003. The 2002 PATS also found that 36 percent of teenagers reported past month alcohol use and 30 percent reported binge drinking in 2002. In 2003, 34 percent of youths used alcohol in the past month, while 29 percent reported binge drinking. In comparison, the 2002 NSDUH rates for past month alcohol use and binge drinking for 12 to 17 year olds were 17.6 and 10.7 percent, respectively. For the 2003 NSDUH, 17.7 percent of youths reported past month alcohol use, and 10.6 reported binge drinking.
BRFSS is a State-based telephone survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized adult population aged 18 or older and is sponsored by the CDC. In 2001 and 2002, BRFSS collected data from all 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam. BRFSS collects information on access to health care, health status indicators, health risk behaviors (including cigarette and alcohol use), and the use of clinical preventive services by State. The median percentage of adults who reported having five or more alcoholic drinks on an occasion at least once in the past month, or binge alcohol use, was 14.8 percent in 2001 and 16.1 percent in 2002 (Ahluwalia, Mack, Murphy, Mokdad, & Bales, 2003; Balluz et al., 2004). The median percentages of adults who had five or more drinks on an occasion at least five times in the past month, or heavy drinking, were 7.0 percent in 2001 and 7.3 percent in 2002 (CDC, 2002, 2004a). In comparison, the rate of binge alcohol use for adults was 24.3 percent in the 2002 NSDUH and 24.0 percent in the 2003 NSDUH. The heavy drinking rate for adults was 7.2 percent in the 2002 NSDUH and 7.3 percent in the 2003 NSDUH.
Results from the 199495 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health indicated that nearly 3.2 percent of 7th and 8th graders smoked six or more cigarettes a day, as did 12.8 percent of 9th through 12th graders (Resnick et al., 1997). In addition, the Add Health study found that 7.3 percent of 7th and 8th graders used alcohol on 2 or more days in the past month, as did 23.1 percent of 9th through 12th graders.
Past waves of the NSPY collected information on cigarette and alcohol use, but Wave 5 in 2002 did not. In 2001, this survey estimated that 34.9 percent of youths aged 12 to 18 had used cigarettes at some point in their lifetime and past month cigarette use was 11.7 percent. The 2002 NSDUH rates of lifetime and past month cigarette use for youths aged 12 to 18 were 38.8 and 16.7 percent, respectively. The 2003 NSDUH rates for lifetime and past month cigarette use among youths aged 12 to 18 were 36.2 and 15.8 percent, respectively. The two surveys have produced similar smoking estimates over the past few years.
In 2001, the NSPY estimated that 45.9 percent of youths aged 12 to 18 had used alcohol at some point in their lifetime, and the estimate for past month use was 36.5 percent for the same age group. The 2002 NSDUH rates for lifetime and past month alcohol use were 49.1 and 22.2 percent, respectively, and the 2003 rates were 49.0 and 22.2 percent. Both the 2002 and 2003 NSDUH estimates are based on data collected from January through June.
In 1993, the Harvard School of Public Health conducted a mail survey of students from a nationally representative sample of 140 colleges. The purpose of the study was to gather data on the drinking patterns of college students. The study was repeated in 1997, 1999, and 2001. Response rates were 70 percent in 1993, 59 percent in 1997 and 1999, and 52 percent in 2001. The 2001 survey analyzed data from 119 of the 140 universities in the 1993 sample (Wechsler et al., 2002). The 2001 survey found that the overall rate of binge drinking was 44.4 percent. The CAS defined binge drinking as the consumption of five or more drinks in a row for men and four or more drinks in a row for women. The study found that the number of students who binge drank frequently was 22.8 percent and those who did not drink at all was 19.3 percent. The 2002 NSDUH binge drinking rate among full-time undergraduates aged 18 to 22 was 44.4 percent, and the 2003 estimate was 43.5 percent. It is useful to note that NSDUH defines binge drinking as five or more drinks in a row on at least one occasion in the past month for both men and women. Despite using different definitions of binge drinking, the CAS estimate and the NSDUH estimate are the same, but it is important to note that the two studies were conducted in different time periods.
The National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) was sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and the W. T. Grant Foundation. It was designed to measure the prevalence of the illnesses in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1987) in the general population. The NCS was a household survey consisting of more than 8,000 respondents aged 15 to 54. The interviews took place between 1990 and 1992. The NCS used a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (the UM-CIDI) for its diagnoses. The results showed that 3.6 percent of the population abused or were dependent on some type of drug in the previous 12 months (Kessler et al., 1994). The corresponding NSDUH rates for persons aged 12 or older were 3.0 percent in 2002 and 2.9 percent in 2003. Alcohol abuse or dependence, however, showed a much higher prevalence in both the NCS and NSDUH. In the NCS, 14.1 percent of the population was abusing or dependent on alcohol in the previous year. In NSDUH, 7.7 percent in 2002 and 7.5 percent in 2003 of persons aged 12 or older were alcohol abusers or dependent on alcohol, rates well below the NCS rate. When comparing these two studies, one should keep in mind that they were conducted in two different time periods and they each used a different set of diagnostic questions. The 2002 and 2003 NSDUH estimates for abuse and dependence were based on the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (APA, 1994).
The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) was conducted between February 2001 and December 2002 with more than 9,000 respondents aged 18 or older. Data on substance abuse and dependence will be released in the summer of 2005.
The NLAES and NESARC included an extensive set of questions designed to assess the presence of symptoms of alcohol and drug abuse and dependence in persons' lifetimes and during the prior 12 months, based on the criteria from the DSM-IV (APA, 1994). The 19911992 NLAES found that 7.4 percent of adults were abusing or dependent on alcohol (Grant, 1995). In the 20012002 NESARC, the rate of alcohol abuse among adults was 4.7 percent, and the rate of alcohol dependence was 3.8 percent. Between 1992 and 2002, the prevalence of alcohol abuse increased and the prevalence of dependence declined (Grant et al., 2004). In 2002, NSDUH found that 7.9 percent of adults were abusing or dependent on alcohol; in 2003, this rate was 7.7 percent. The NLAES and NESARC also found that the prevalence of marijuana dependence or abuse among adults increased from 1.2 percent in 1992 to 1.5 percent in 2002 (Compton et al., 2004). In comparison, the 2002 NSDUH found that 2.7 percent of adults were abusing or dependent on some illicit drug; in 2003, this rate was 2.6 percent. The 2002 and 2003 NSDUHs also estimated that 3.2 million adults each year, or about 1.5 percent of all adults, were abusing or dependent on marijuana. Although the estimates from these two surveys are relatively close, one should note that they were conducted using different methodologies
The National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) was a collaborative epidemiologic investigation designed to study the prevalence and correlates of DSM-III-R (APA, 1987) disorders and patterns and correlates of service utilization for these disorders, as described in Section D.3. The NCS was the first survey to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a nationally representative sample. The survey was carried out in the early 1990s with a household sample of over 8,000 respondents. Diagnoses were based on a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (the UM-CIDI), which was developed at the University of Michigan for the NCS. Items on mental illness included personal and family history of psychiatric problems, mental health treatment, symptoms of psychiatric disorders, and mental health status. According to the NCS, 6.4 percent of persons aged 18 or older were classed as having serious mental illness (SMI) in the past year; 7.5 percent of persons aged 18 to 54 and 4.3 percent of persons aged 55 or older had SMI (Kessler et al., 1996).
The NSPY, described above, is distinct in that it measures drug use and attitudes among youths as young as 9 years. The earlier NSPY results showed that youths aged 9 to 11 were strongly opposed to marijuana use. Wave 3 of the survey estimated that only 0.3 percent of youths aged 9 to 11 had used marijuana in the past year. The corresponding rates for Waves 1 and 2 were 0.8 and 0.0, respectively (ONDCP, 2004).
The Washington, DC, Metropolitan Area Drug Study (DC*MADS) was designed (a) to estimate the prevalence, correlates, and consequences of drug abuse among all types of people residing in one metropolitan area of the country during one period of time with special focus on populations who were underrepresented or unrepresented in household surveys and (b) to develop a methodological model for similar types of research in other metropolitan areas of the country. Sponsored by NIDA and conducted from 1989 to 1995 by RTI and Westat, Inc., the project included 11 separate but coordinated studies that focused on different population subgroups (e.g., homeless people, institutionalized individuals, adult and juvenile offenders, new mothers, drug abuse treatment clients) or different aspects of the drug abuse problem (e.g., adverse consequences of drug abuse). DC*MADS provided a replicable methodological approach for developing representative estimates of the prevalence of drug abuse among all population subgroups, regardless of their residential setting, in a metropolitan area. The key population domains in DC*MADS were the homeless, the institutionalized, and the household.
A major finding of DC*MADS was that, when data are aggregated for populations from each of the three domains, the overall prevalence estimates for use of drugs differ only marginally from those that would be obtained from the household population alone (i.e., from NSDUH), largely because the other populations are very small compared with the household population. However, a somewhat different picture emerged when the numbers of drug users were examined. Adding in the nonhousehold populations resulted in an increase of approximately 14,000 illicit drugs users compared with the corresponding estimates for the household population. About 25 percent of past year crack users, 20 percent of past year heroin users, and one third of past year needle users were found in the nonhousehold population (Bray & Marsden, 1999).
The 2002 DoD Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Military Personnel is the 8th in a series of studies conducted since 1980. The sample consisted of 12,756 active-duty Armed Forces personnel worldwide who anonymously completed self-administered questionnaires that assessed substance use and other health behaviors. For the total DoD, during 30 days prior to the survey, heavy alcohol use declined from 20.8 percent in 1980 to 15.4 percent in 1998 and increased significantly to 18.1 percent in 2002; past month cigarette smoking decreased from 51.0 percent in 1980 to 29.9 percent in 1998 and increased significantly to 33.8 percent in 2002; and past month use of any illicit drugs declined from 27.6 percent in 1980 to 2.7 percent in 1998, and also showed a nonsignificant change in 2002 to 3.4 percent (Bray et al., 1999, 2003). In 2002, military personnel had significantly higher rates of heavy alcohol use than their civilian counterparts (16.9 vs. 11.2 percent) when demographic differences between the military and civilian populations were taken into account (civilian data were drawn from the 2001 NHSDA and adjusted to reflect demographic characteristics of the military). Differences in military and civilian heavy alcohol use rates were largest for men aged 18 to 25. Among this age group, the military rate was nearly twice as high as the adjusted civilian rate (32.2 vs. 17.8 percent). Military personnel showed similar rates of cigarette use (31.6 vs. 31.1 percent) compared with civilians. Rates of illicit drug use in the military were significantly lower than those observed for the comparable civilian population when demographic differences between the military and civilian populations were taken into account (3.3 vs. 12.1 percent).
The 1997 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities sampled inmates from a universe of 1,409 State prisons and 127 Federal Prisons for the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Systematic random sampling was used to select the inmates for the computer-assisted personal interviews. The final numbers interviewed were 14,285 State prisoners and 4,041 Federal prisoners. Among other items, these surveys collected information on the use of drugs in the month before the offense for convicted inmates. Women in State prisons (62.4 percent) were more likely than men (56.1 percent) to have used drugs in the month before the offense (BJS, 1999, 2000). Women also were more likely to have committed their offense while under the influence of drugs (40.4 vs. 32.1 percent of male prisoners). Among Federal prisoners, men (45.4 percent) were more likely than women (36.7 percent) to have used drugs in the past month. Male and female Federal prisoners were equally likely to report the influence of drugs during their offense (22.7 percent of male and 19.3 percent of female prisoners). The survey results indicate substantially higher rates of drug use among State and Federal prisoners as compared with the household population.
|Drug/Current Grade Level
|NSDUH (January-June)
|Past Year
|Past Month
|Past Year
|Past Month
|8th grade
|10th grade
|12th grade
|8th grade
|10th grade
|12th grade
|8th grade
|10th grade
|12th grade
|8th grade
|10th grade
|12th grade
|8th grade
|10th grade
|12th grade
|*Low precision; no estimate reported.
-- Not available.
a Difference between 2002 estimate and 2003 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
b Difference between 2002 estimate and 2003 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.01 level.
MTF = Monitoring the Future.
SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002 and 2003.
The Monitoring the Future Study, University of Michigan, 2002 and 2003.
|Use Measure
|Age Group
|Percent Reporting Use
|20021 (Full Year)
|2003 (January-June)
|2002 (Full Year)
|2003 (January-June)
|Past Year
|12 to 13
|14 to 16
|12 to 18
|Past Month
|12 to 13
|14 to 16
|12 to 18
|-- Not available.
1 NSPY estimates for 2002 are averages of data from Wave 5 (collected between January and June 2002) and Wave 6 (collected between July and December 2002).
NSPY = National Survey of Parents and Youth.
SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002, 2003.
National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Survey of Parents and Youth, 2002, January–June 2003.
|NHIS (January – September)
|NSDUH (January – September)
|18 to 44
|45 to 64
|65 or Older
|18 to 44
|45 to 64
|65 or Older
|18 to 44
|45 to 64
|65 or Older
|Note: For the NHIS, past month cigarette use is defined as currently smoking daily or smoking 1 or more days in the past month or quitting smoking fewer than 30 days ago (for those who smoked 100+ cigarettes in the lifetime). The analysis excluded those with unknown use status (about 1 percent each year). For NSDUH, past month cigarette use is defined as having smoked in the past month. For comparison purposes, the NSDUH definition was adjusted to include those who had smoked in the past month and smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime.
NHIS = National Health Interview Survey.
SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002, 2003.
National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2002, 2003.
1 Beginning with the 2002 survey year, the survey name was changed from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH).
This page was last updated on June 03, 2008 .


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Angsana Gallery Riads Collection Morocco
The Angsana Gallery showcases local art and handicraft, and preserves the cultural heritage by supporting the community of artisans.
The Angsana Gallery is the brainchild of Claire Chiang, co-founder of Banyan Tree Hotels and Resorts, a part of Angsana Hotels and Resorts. In 1989, Claire supported the 'maun' triangular cushion project in the Thai village of Yasothorn. She furnished the resorts of Laguna Phuket with handmade cushions and traditional Thai handicrafts and textiles.
The Angsana Gallery was commissioned in the then Sheraton Laguna Phuket, and is now a standard feature at Angsana resorts worldwide. It offers Thai herb-based essential oils, incense sticks, massage oils, ceramic and 'celadon' spa accessories, skin and body care products as well as fashion apparel and home furnishings with a contemporary touch. All products and merchandise are sourced from Thailand.
Green Imperative Fund
In 2001, Banyan Tree instituted the Green Imperative Fund (GIF) to increase the reach and improve the effectiveness of environment and community-based projects. Banyan Tree guests are invited to support GIF with a contribution of US$ 2 per room per night, under an "opt-out" arrangement. Similarly, guests at Angsana resorts can support the cause with a donation of US$ 1 per room per night. The company matches the contribution of guests, dollar for dollar. The fund is audited by Ernst & Young and the proceeds are used for community and environment-related projects.
Community Project
More than 14,000 street children in Marrakech are vulnerable to violence, drugs and sexual exploitation. The Angsana Gallery Riads Collection Morocco partners with the Atfalouna (Arabic for 'our children') Association to improve their living conditions and ensure access to food, clothing, shelter, healthcare, and education. Learn more at www.atfalouna-marrakech.com
Corporate Social Responsibility
The women of the 'Ait Baamrane' region need support for their agrarian livelihood. The Angsana Gallery Riads Collection Morocco partners with the Aknari (Berber for 'cactus pears') women's cooperative to ensure high quality cactus pear and date preserves produce. The objective is sustainable development of the region and employment for women. We provide a jar of each preserve as a part of the amenities of exclusive rooms. Learn more at www.aknari.net


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January 21, 2012
Photo by Derrick Mahone
Jonesboro coach Michael House gives point guard Victoria Florence some instructions during first half action of the Lady Cardinals' 52-39 upset win at Forest Park on Friday.
Stories this photo appears in:
Jonesboro snaps Forest Park's region win streak
Forest Park built its 32-game Region 4-AAAA win streak by taking care of the basketball and pressuring its opponents into making mistakes.
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AP News - Hugo Chavez coffin parades past Venezuela's ills
Chavez embalmed body will remain on permanent display -A Photographic Guide 2 The World's Embalmed Leaders" via @digg
Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez dies #fb
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Maybe she's been watching Oreo commercials?
Sarah's new method of eating sandwiches with creamy fillings (e.g. peanut butter & jelly, grilled cheese) is to pull the bread apart, scrape the filling off with her finger, and then stick said finger in her mouth. It takes a little longer to eat this way, and there's a lot of waste (the bread), but it works for her.
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Peter Bratt (left) and Benjamin Bratt, following the screening of their film in PhoenixI made the 7 p.m. Friday, June 11 showing of La Mission at AMC Arizona Center to catch the appearances of the film's stars Benjamin Bratt and Jeremy Ray Valdez, as well as director Peter Bratt, Benjamin's brother. ... More >>
Benjamin Bratt as Che Rivera in his new film La Mission, which opens today in PhoenixAs I mentioned in my Bird column this week, actor Benjamin Bratt's in town with his brother director Peter Bratt to promote their new film La Mission, a "cinematic love letter" to lowrider culture and the San Franci ... More >>
MJ moonwalks again in new concert flick
Whose Line cutups break out
The stars come out for the Phoenix Film Festival
Film, feta and Fever
It's the fifth annual Out Far! Phoenix International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival
April 22-28, 1999
"Czech It Out!"
September 24 - 30, 1998


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This is a tumblelog, kinda like a blog but with short-form, mixed-media posts with stuff I like. Scroll down a bit to start reading, or a bit more to read more about me.
can we PLEASE just appreciate the most amazing shoes on earth. Topshop x Ashish x Buffalo Light up platform trainers from London Fashion Week!!! More pics on my tiny post here
Jovian Rings - Jupiter
Space Travel Poster - 28 of 52 By Ron Guyatt
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The planet Jupiter has a system of rings, known as the rings of Jupiter or the Jovian ring system. It was the third ring system to be discovered in the Solar System, after those of Saturn and Uranus. It was first observed in 1979 by the Voyager 1 space probe and thoroughly investigated in the 1990s by the Galileo orbiter. It has also been observed by the Hubble Space Telescope and from Earth for the past 23 years. Ground-based observations of the rings require the largest available telescopes.
The Jovian ring system is faint and consists mainly of dust.It has four main components: a thick inner torus of particles known as the "halo ring"; a relatively bright, exceptionally thin "main ring"; and two wide, thick and faint outer "gossamer rings", named for the moons of whose material they are composed: Amalthea and Thebe.
Space tourism is still a long ways off, but it's not hard to imagine that someday, tourists will visit the natural geological landmarks of other worlds much like they tour the Grand Canyon, Mount Everest or Ayers Rock. Each of these great tourist destinations needs a classic retro travel poster to entice visitors. Until the day people settle off world and make their own destinations many of these may be the places that people will want to travel too. I hope that these posters can inspire people to think beyond our world to the limitless possibilities of the Universe.
Check back every Sunday for a new Poster highlighting various Destinations, Landmarks and Wonders in our Solar System.
EPSON workforce
by Mike Tseng
PUBLICITÉ SAUVAGE, 25th ANNIVERSARY EXHIBITION SERIES
Posters for exhibition 12/15 organized by Publicité Sauvage in Montreal, celebrating their 25th anniversary.
This alternative typographic approach was not produced for outdoor promotion.
Awards & Recognition IdN Extra 08: Typo/graphic Posters – Data Typography, Graphics, and its Application in Creative Poster Design, 2013
By 26 Lettres
Edita, text typeface
by Pilar Cano
Back to the Future - by Justin Cybulski
Available as a print at his Etsy Shop.
My Submission for The Type Fight. Cast your vote here.
See more at: WillTypeForPay.com
Fine Art Collection by PurpleFishBowl
page 36 ' chapter 2 :3
Jessica Svendsen
Pony City Wings Hi - Order Online at JackThreads
more here
Pink is the new black


text: This perfect matched couple has been married for over a year now and still no child. Many people have been asking Kob Suvanant causing her to stress many times. Not just this, but there's gossip going around saying that her husband, Brook Danuporn, is not willing to do his homework causing her to complain to her mother-in-law. Kob denies these rumors saying that it isn't true. Continue reading


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Davis will attempt to trade for a Pro Bowl-caliber quarterback so that the Raiders have a better chance of making the playoffs next season. In turn, Russell will get more time to work on his shortcomings.
At this rate, the Raiders figure to have a top-10 draft pick to dangle as trade bait, along with enticing young players such as running backs Michael Bush and Darren McFadden, as well as veteran defensive lineman Richard Seymour.
Trading away draft picks for a QB didn't really work out well for the Bears, and the Raiders have a lot of the same offensive deficiencies that the Bears did, before bringing in Jay Cutler. And since Al Davis thinks it's a good idea, it's obviously a terrible one.
The Raiders need to keep their draft picks, and start drafting well. That's where they're REALLY going wrong. And of course, there usually aren't a lot of Pro Bowl-caliber QB's on the trade market in the offseason. Maybe they should... I dunno... try scouting a little bit, and grab one in the draft.


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Dr. Michaela Higgins is an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and an Attending Physician with the Breast Cancer Program at Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Higgins attended medical school at University College Dublin in her native Ireland. She completed her residency in Dublin and trained for two years as a fellow in Medical Oncology in Ireland before moving to the USA and completing a 3 year fellowship in Medical Oncology at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland. Dr. Higgins was awarded an American Society of Clinical Oncology Young Investigator Award in 2009 and served as Chief Fellow in Medical Oncology during her last year at Johns Hopkins. She is the recipient of a 2012 Conquer Cancer Foundation Career Development Award.
Dr. Higgins' research focus is on the incorporation of novel agents to overcome resistance to standard therapies in breast cancer. She is Principal Investigator of several clinical trials being offered to breast cancer patients.
Phone: 617-724-4800
Phone 2: 617-726-6500
Fax: 617-724-1079
Phone: 617-724-4800
Phone 2: 617-726-6500
Fax: 617-724-1079
Call the Massachusetts General Hospital physician referral service at 800-711-4644.
Mass General accepts most health insurance plans. Find out what you need to know before coming to Mass General.
Driving to Mass General? Get driving directions or locate a parking lot on the hospital's main campus.


text: Baseball movies If you build it, they will come. We built a quiz about baseball movies. Ready to test your baseball flick I.Q.? Come on along, and thanks for playing! Question 1 of 11 Kevin Costner's character in "Field of Dreams" (1989) heard a voice say, "If you build it, he will come." Who came? Babe Ruth Shoeless Joe Jackson Ty Cobb Cy Young


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Top Posts
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France beats Lithuania to win World Cup bronze
Sep 13, 2014, 8:00 PM EDT
Bronze was a quality finish for the defending European champions.
New Hawks CEO posts open letter to fans: 'We are very sorry'
Sep 13, 2014, 6:30 PM EDT
Read the entire letter from Atlanta's new CEO, which details plans on how he intends to change the team culture.
Highlights from France's bronze medal win over Lithuania at FIBA World Cup (VIDEO)
Sep 13, 2014, 5:00 PM EDT
Plenty of Boris Diaw.
Carmelo Anthony says nobody would want to play for Hawks
Sep 13, 2014, 3:30 PM EDT
Anthony was very direct in his assessment of the racially insensitive remarks made by the team's GM and ownership.
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Team USA has won its last three games by an average of 31 points.
Rudy Gay upset over 'dirty play' that caused him to suffer a fractured jaw in Team USA's win over Lithuania
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DeMarcus Cousins caught an elbow too, and the teams had to be separated once the game was over.
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All kinds of fun.
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Demand is just slightly higher for tickets in Cleveland this season. Slightly.
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Clippers roster is now at 14 players for next season.
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Messing around at practice in advance of Team USA's medal game against Serbia, the Pistons big man drains a difficult shot.
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Shaq asks a question pondered by plenty of Lakers fans in this new trailer for NBA2K.
Kyle Korver: Luol Deng told me he didn't think Danny Ferry was racist
Sep 12, 2014, 9:49 PM EDT
Insensitive comments centered around Deng caused a world of trouble for the Hawks GM.
Knicks owner James Dolan's band to open for the Eagles at MSG
Sep 12, 2014, 8:21 PM EDT
He owns the building.
Serbia's Miroslav Raduljica with lucky tip-in bucket. That mattered. (VIDEO)
Sep 12, 2014, 7:13 PM EDT
This is as lucky as it gets… this was Serbia's night.
Serbia holds off furious French comeback, wins to advance to gold medal game vs. USA
Sep 12, 2014, 6:46 PM EDT
The USA will be huge favorites. As they should be.
Hawks GM Danny Ferry releases statement on his leave of absence, apologizes again
Sep 12, 2014, 5:20 PM EDT
"No words can adequately describe my remorse for the hurt that I have caused many people through the statements I repeated, most importantly Luol Deng." —Danny Ferry
Hawks GM Danny Ferry goes on indefinite leave of absence
Sep 12, 2014, 4:24 PM EDT
The question is will he ever get his job back.
African comment Danny Ferry said apparently originated from Cavaliers front office
Sep 12, 2014, 3:54 PM EDT
Read the Hawks' scouting report on Luol Deng, including the infamous African passage
What would most NBA rookies do when their girlfriend cheats? 'Call another girl and hang out with her'
Sep 12, 2014, 3:13 PM EDT
Another peak inside the NBA Rookie Transition Program
Report: Luol Deng's scouting report contained African comment Danny Ferry said
Sep 12, 2014, 2:27 PM EDT
Hawks general manager was not reading verbatim, though
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This Cabernet Sauvignon is once again the expression of Calina Reserva wines philosophy: to source grapes from different terroirs and blend them to produce the best wine. Here, the combination of Cabernet Sauvignon from Colchagua gives a ripe and balanced wine with soft tannins in which the red fruits and mint aromas are predominant, whereas the Cabernet Sauvignon from Maule brings chalk stone tannins and a unique natural acidity. The final blend is a complex red juicy fruit flavours wine with a long finish and finely integrated tannins.
Calina's bold innovations in the vineyard and cellar are setting a new standard of excellence for winemaking in Chile. Calina uses the famed vineyard practices and winemaking technology developed by Kendall-Jackson Wine Estates in California, while sourcing the best fruit from the emerging top Chilean coastal appellations. This unique philosophy means Chilean coastal...Read More About Calina
Long and thin, Chile has a lot of land north to south. The wine region here is a series of districts based near Santiago. The vineyards are protected by the Pacific on the west and the Andes mountains on the east. This could help explain why the climate changes more from east to west than north to south - also why the country has remained phylloxera free....Read More About Chile
(cab-uhr-NAY sow-veeh-yawn) King of Red Many refer to Cabernet Sauvignon as the king of red grapes. Perhaps that title is due to its ability to grow worldwide in a number of climates, or to the fact that it produces wine with such character yet such diversity. Either way, this grape is responsible, as a whole or a partner, for some of the greatest wines in the world. In Bordeaux,...Read More About Cabernet Sauvignon
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Business Travel
10 Apps to Save You Time, Money and Energy on Your Next Business Trip
Want a hotel reservation in a jiffy or need to fly out of town in two hours? Fire up these applications on your smartphone.
Business Travel Articles and Videos
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This Anti-Luxe Lodging Startup Will Put You Up in a Half-Built Treehouse For $19
A new online service aims to find accommodations for brave, broke college students who are traveling.
This Little Gadget Caused an Epic Airline Passenger Brawl
A United Airlines flight was diverted after using something banned by most airlines: an anti-reclining seat device called the Knee Defender.
Grow Your Business
Out of Office: When You're Flying, So Should Your Mind
Travel is a big part of most business jobs and doing travel right should be invaluable.
A Laptop Built for Business Travelers
The Samsung Chromebook 2 is light and built for conducting business on the fly.
This Brand of Design-Savvy Hotels Is Built for Entrepreneurs
Aloft leads the pack in the tech-savvy select-service hotel category.
Flight Cancelled? Google Wants to Prevent You From Having a Meltdown.
A new feature within Google Now offers users the ability to Find alternate flights in the event of cancellation or delay.
The 'Treps
5 Steps to Plan a Safe International Business Trip
Don't let scary headlines keep you from pursuing opportunity overseas. Arm yourself with information and some basic precautions.
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Money makes the world go 'round but don't take anything else for granted when doing business far from home.
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The U.S. Department of Transportation has a hang-up with in-flight calls, perhaps enough to put an official kibosh on them and soon.
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This mom and business owner divides her time across two continents. She shares the must-haves that make it work.
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Airbnb and Uber both announced new services exclusively targeting businesses, but will travelers look beyond a host of security and regulatory issues plaguing the sharing economy?
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This rich, satisfying vegetable stew celebrates the first vegetables of spring--artichokes, leeks, carrots and peas. For a truly indulgent flair, omit the butter at the end and drizzle each serving with a little truffle oil.


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All You JANUARY 2010
Preheat oven to 325ºF. In a large bowl, toss together nuts, crackers, cereal, pretzels, peas, seeds and all chips. In a small bowl, combine butter with Worcestershire sauce, dry mustard, garlic powder, paprika and cayenne. Pour onto nut mixture; toss to mix well. Spread out in a single layer on a rimmed baking sheet and bake until brown and crispy, 20 to 25 minutes. Let cool on baking sheet on a wire rack. Store in an airtight container at room temperature until ready to serve.
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Keep Believing - Inspirational Videos
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Posted By tamsong316 2012-04-30T20:29:21
This song is a song of enouragement to keep believing even when obsticals may seem to get in the way. Copyright 2012 Tammy Allen
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Welcome Black Friday Customers! - Take 20% OFF - Use Code: BF20
Get a head start on your Holiday shopping by previewing our great gift ideas! Whether your list is filled with those who were naughty or nice, we have treats, sweets and savories to help you check off your list.


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Corned Beef 'n' Cheese Strata
If you like Reuben sandwiches, you'll love the flavor of this easy-to-prepare strata that's good for any meal of the day. —Anita Bukowski
9-12 Servings
Prep: 15 min. + chilling Bake: 50 min. + standing
10 slices rye bread, cut into 3/4-inch cubes
1-1/2 pounds cooked corned beef, shredded
2-1/2 cups (10 ounces
) shredded Swiss cheese
6 eggs
3 cups milk
1/4 teaspoon pepper
Place bread cubes in a greased 13x9-in. baking dish. Sprinkle with
the corned beef and cheese. Whisk the eggs, milk and pepper; pour
over the top. Cover and refrigerate overnight.
Preheat oven to 350°. Remove strata from the refrigerator 30
minutes before baking. Cover and bake 40 minutes. Uncover; bake 10
minutes longer or until a thermometer reads 160°. Let stand 5-10
minutes before cutting. Yield: 9-12 servings.
Nutritional Facts:
1 piece equals 368 calories, 22 g fat (10 g saturated fat), 188 mg cholesterol, 937 mg sodium, 17 g carbohydrate, 2 g fiber, 24 g protein.
Sparkling Wine: Enjoy this recipe with a
sparkling wine
© Taste of Home 2014


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http://www.prosportsdaily.com/articl...ks-765368.html bye bye playoffs
http://www.prosportsdaily.com/articl...ks-765368.html bye bye playoffs
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Is it just me or is he forever injured.
That sucks.... Damn..
injury prone just like rubio and derrick rose
Love loves the DL.
Hooray for me drafting him, Verejao, Amare, Lowry, and every other perpetually injured player this year!
Jason Kidd and Chris webber
2000-2001 48-34 first round KO
2001-2002 64-18 first round KO
2002-2003 55-27. Second round KO
2003-2004 46-36 second round KO game 7 loss
2004-2005 42-40
2005-2006 welcome Glenn big dog
Sig bet with Mr. baller on Yankees making the playoffs loser has to hold
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knew they wouldnt make the playoffs. they really need to stop getting top draft picks and start trading them for real talent.
The new era begins here...bring it home Deron bring that trophy home
Feel bad for the wolves fans out there, injuries pilling up seems like a regular thing for that team lol.
A Wolves trade for Gasol is coming, wait and see.
Then he will probably get injured after two games (not dificult since he already is).
If you want the ultimate, you've got to be willing to pay the ultimate price. It's not tragic to die doing what you love.
I know I am going to get killed because of this, and honestly I am probably wrong, but to tell you the truth I think they are a better team without KLove. I think they focus more on Love getting his when he is in there and when he isn't they move the ball a lot better. Plus, these role players are playing way harder with him off the court so they can prove themselves. If I am not mistake, they have been better with Love off the court. With his constant *****ing, I would send him to the Bulls for Deng,Mirotic,Gibson, Bulls 1st, and Charlotte first. I feel like that is a solid trade, no? I am a Bulls fan, however.
The Wolves can survive a few games or quarters without Love, and could probably win 35 games this year without him, now that the roster is better balanced and has more talent. But you don't play better with your all NBA, all star, top 10 in the league player not playing, sorry.
So far, the Wolves have played 31 games. 130 games missed due to injury, with 25 more for Love and Bud coming, the rest of the season for Lee, and whatever Roy tacks on there. And now even Adelman may be out an extended period of time with personal issues. Does this season possibly get any worse for the Wolves?
If you want the ultimate, you've got to be willing to pay the ultimate price. It's not tragic to die doing what you love.
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Young entrepreneurs have started to see a great business opportunity in laundromats, also referred to as coin laundry businesses, as they involve a modest investment that will pay off sooner than expected. Having said that, here is a brief overview of the most notable benefits of buying a laundromat for sale in Lebanon Oregon:
1. A Coin Laundry Business Will Make You Money Very Quickly
Laundromats function on the "plug and play" system, meaning that they can turn out to be outstanding money makers, provided that the equipment is maintained properly and located in a central area. At the same time, the cleaner the location where the coin laundry business will reside, the more likely you are to build a reputation for yourself and to attract more customers.
2. Coin Laundry Businesses Run Themselves
One of the most important benefits of coin laundry businesses is that these machines run themselves, meaning that you do not need to invest your time and your money in personnel that will keep an eye on the machines, as they are very independent. Not many small Lebanon OR businesses are able to run themselves as efficiently as laundromats do. In other words, not only is this very time-effective, but very cost-effective as well – it is a great way to work your way through the top in the business industry, especially if you start off with a modest sum of money.
3. This Industry Is Not As Competitive As Others
Despite the fact that in a large city, every neighborhood has one or two laundries, a laundromat is certainly a better and more convenient alternative for many people – if you want to start a successful smart business, then a coin laundry is your ticket to success, especially if you put great emphasis on cleanliness and you know how to attract customers and to keep them loyal over the years.
4. A Laundromat Can Turn Out To Be Your Personal, Portable Gold Mine
Given the fact that a coin laundry business can help you earn up to $40,000 per year or even more, a laundromat can turn out to be one of the best and most rewarding investments you have ever made. The good part is yet to come: you do not need to worry about sky-high utility bill either, given the fact that most modern laundromats are designed to be energy-efficient! Keeping in mind the energy-efficient character of most coin laundry businesses these days, a laundromat will help you generate money without having to worry about bills!.
Map of Lebanon, Oregon
Unable to parse entered address. API response code: OVER_QUERY_LIMIT
5. Laundromats Are Straightforward And They Do Not Require Supervision
Laundromats do not need to be supervised, although you may need to hire a professional to fix them every once in a while, given the fact that they will be under heavy use.
Cool site, thanks!
Thanks for putting together such a helpful resource. I was able to research all the buying and running A laundromat doctors in Oregon and found one I really like.


text: Tosin Oyebade, the United kingdom-based daughter of the Commandant of Nigerian Army Cantonment, Ikeja, Brig. Gen. Adeniyi Oyebade, on Saturday joined the exclusive group of married women when he walked down the aisle with her heartthrob, Titus Festus Agbara. The groom is also based in the UK. The colourful ceremony which attracted several dignitaries within and outside the military took ...Read More »


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Please Register as a New User or Login as Existing User to gain full access to all the photos on this site. Registration is quick and completely free.
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The horns of Beinn Alligan, Beinn Dearg, Liathach and Beinn Eighe.
© mr rob, Jan 2009
Camera used: Nikon Fm, 24mm Velvia, Film "scanned" with a Nikon d40!


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Twice weekly articles to help SMB companies optimize business performance with data analytics and to improve their analytics expertise.
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Many business analysts and managers are aware of the Pareto principle or the 80-20 rule in business. They may even have applied it certain contexts, mostly likely to sort data by Pareto ranking. Our regular readers will recall that the 80-20 refers to a distribution ratio between profits on the one hand and products/customers on the other hand: for example, 80% of the business' profits are attributed to 20% of the company's products.
A structured application of "Pareto 80-20" analytics will allow businesses to hone in on the most profitable activities with a laser sharp focus. The biggest advantage, however of the Pareto 80-20 is in guiding business strategy. After you understand the analytics and the implementation procedures behind the Pareto 80-20 process, you should be able to achieve at a minimum the following objectives:
There are nuanced differences between applying the Pareto 80-20 for products and customers, but the broad methodology is of course very similar. We have described in this blog how to apply the Pareto 80-20 rule for products and how to apply the Pareto 80-20 for customers.
There are some common confusions to overcome when you are applying the Pareto 80-20. Assuming that the value of this analytics is clear to you, you may yet run into some common objections to the Pareto 80-20 and it is helpful to be aware of these as an analyst. Finally, there may even be some "philosophical" issues about the Pareto 80-20: is it a solid mathematically structured principle or a simply a good thumb rule?
Now that you have armed yourself with sufficient know-how behind this valuable analytics methodology, a few case studies and a good tutorial should seal the deal!
Want to master applying Pareto principle in your business? Get our interactive learning module now!
Not ready to buy? Download our free whitepaper on the Pareto 80-20 rule in business below.
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Human Resource Specialist
The Museum of Contemporary Art seeks Human Resource Specialist responsible for processing and administering human resources, employee payroll and benefits activities. Maintains personnel and administrative records & provides reports as needed.
Processes all hires, terminations, changes, benefit deductions on the HRIS.
Coordinates workers compensation, COBRA, unemployment, FMLA, disability and processes billings for all employee benefits. Assists Director of Administration in developing and interpreting MCA personnel policies.
Bachelor's degree or equivalent experience required. Two to four years human resource or related administrative business experience required. PHR or SPHR certification a plus. Museum or not-for-profit background and/or experience preferred. Word processing, database and spreadsheet (Excel) skills necessary. Knowledge of HRIS/payroll a plus. Excellent organization, communication and interpersonal skills required.
Monday through Friday, 9 am to 5 pm and additional hours as required by activity in administration department.
Send letter and resume to Human Resources, Application for Human Resource Specialist position, Museum of Contemporary Art, 220 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. Applications are also accepted by fax at 312.397.4095 and by email at firstname.lastname@example.com. The Museum of Contemporary Art is an Equal Opportunity Employer and seeks diversity in its workplace. No calls please.


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Start learning with our library of video tutorials taught by experts. Get started
Use Pro Tools 7 LE to create, edit, and mix digital sound professionally.
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Friday, January 25, 2013
PBS Digital Studios "Inventors" Martin Goetz
PBS Digital Studios' biweekly series called "Inventors," features portrait videos by filmmaker and photographer David Friedman, chronicling the work of contemporary inventors from all walks of life. It offers rare glimpses into the inspiration for their creations, which range from the first digital camera and first video game console to a drive-able amphibious ice-fishing vehicle. Martin Goetz, the inventor of the first patented software, is the subject of this week's video,
There's a good chance that you've heard about the controversy around software patents, but you probably don't know the story of Martin Goetz, who got the very first software patent in 1968. Today, some people say that software patents owned by big companies end up stifling innovation in small companies, but the first software patent was a tool that enabled a small company to compete against a big corporation.
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Bum Juice - 1. A cheap alcoholic drink, Mostly off brand malt liquor. 2. Any form of "street" brewed or distilled alcohol, made by homeless for the homeless. *note stay far from the latter definition, should only be used in small portions.
by Gayden Peel September 15, 2005
A liquid concotion consisting of urine, blood, cum, and trash. Usually found on items of stolen clothing that a homeless man in Philadelphia would try to sell .
"Gregg, I'm pretty sure that's bum juice that's on your six dollar pea coat," Lauren announced.
by thisisawesomeawful November 21, 2010
A clear or slightly cloudy viscous liquid with a unique odour that is secreted from the colon or rectum especially during anal sex.
"Wow we had such great sex last night, I self-lubed and I've been popping out turds greased with bum juice ever since."
by Macro Evolution February 29, 2004


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Our annual report reviews our progress over the previous
year, including some of our key achievements as well as our
performance in a number of areas. This year we have
produced two versions of the report. The first is an overview of
the things tenants told us they wanted to know about such as
repairs, anti-social behaviour and our Modern Homes Programme. The
second is a more comprehensive report, which details our
performance during the year, in relation to our new strategic
objectives. These objectives reflect the environment we now find
ourselves operating in and underpin everything we do . Our annual
report is a key public record of accountability.
In reponse to tenants' feedback we have taken out the financial
accounts but they are available for you to view here:


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Made this tonight and my husband declared it a "Keeper". It was a bit tart, but we like tart. (My husband's favorite fruit pie is rhubarb.) The nutmeg and cardamom give it a distinctive flavor. We will be having this at Thanksgiving this year.
Rustic Cranberry Tart
Yield: Serves 8 (serving size: 1 slice)
More From Health
Nutritional Information
Amount per serving
- Calories: 343
- Fat: 16.2g
- Saturated fat: 4.3g
- Monounsaturated fat: 7.4g
- Polyunsaturated fat: 3.2g
- Protein: 2g
- Carbohydrate: 50g
- Fiber: 4g
- Cholesterol: 4mg
- Iron: 1mg
- Sodium: 119mg
- Calcium: 18mg
- 3/4 cup pecans
- 1 11-inch prepared pie crust (thawed if frozen)
- All-purpose flour
- 5 cups cranberries
- 1 cup sugar
- 1 tablespoon all-purpose flour
- 1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1/8 teaspoon ground nutmeg
- 1/8 teaspoon ground cardamom
- 1 teaspoon orange zest
- 2 tablespoons orange juice
- 1 tablespoon unsalted butter
- Preheat oven to 350°. On baking tray, toast pecans until lightly golden (about 7 minutes). Bring pie crust to room temperature until slightly pliable. Sprinkle work surface with flour; flatten crust into even disk. Transfer crust to 9-inch glass pie pan; it will hang over edge of pan. Combine cooled pecans with cranberries, sugar, 1 tablespoon all-purpose flour, cinnamon, nutmeg, cardamom, orange zest, and orange juice. Pile filling in pie crust center, leaving a 2-inch border. Fold crust's edges onto fruit mixture, leaving most of mixture exposed. Dot filling with butter before placing tart in oven. Bake about 1 hour, until crust is browned and filling is thick and bubbly.
My Notes
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Rustic Cranberry Tart Recipe at a Glance
- COURSE: Desserts, Pies/Pastries
- CONVENIENCE: Entertaining
- CUISINE: American
- MAIN INGREDIENT: Fruits, Rice/Grains
- DIETARY CONSIDERATION: Low Cholesterol, Low Sodium
- COOKING METHOD: Bake
- OCCASION: Autumn
- PUBLICATION: Health
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RED LINE MEDIA is an interactive web design firm located in Bloomington, Indiana USA. We specialize in creating dynamic, world-class web sites. We have won many web design awards and are respected thr
"Designing brands with heart" We believe that brands with heart uplift the world & positively change the way we live in. Our passion for design allows us to observe and listen to the world, to
Creative result driven agency that seeks the satisfaction of its customers in terms of graphic design and building a high standard corporate Image.
Webkudu is a full-service web design company. We specialize in building highly customized websites for our clients. We can take care of everything for you, from start to finish. You don't need any tec
We provide you website designing, logo design, graphic design & flash design & development, psd to html/xhtml/html5 Conversion, SEO Services, image editing, convert (.psd .jpg .giff .png) to W3C valid
Welcome to The Emergency Room Designs and Technology, your one stop resource for all your graphic design and website design needs. We are a Jamaican-based company with a global reach. No matter how
Chestnut St. Pixel Foundry is a diminutive design studio with tremendous ideas. We offer a variety of services, including print and online communication. Chestnut St. Pixel Foundry is capable of d
Perth based logo & graphic design, branding, marketing, and web design consultants committed to growing businesses through integrated branding and marketing. Like the idea of working with an award-
We are you experienced team of professionals offering you a wide range of services to build, brand, and market your business. Give us a call for any questions.
Leading graphic design firm based out of Raleigh, NC. Specializes in a unique/minimal style that reaches design, print, web, brand, and marketing.
We area full-service graphics specializing in web design development. We provide custom website design, maintenance, graphic design for Real Estate, Residential & Commercial Developers, Restaurants.
Custom websites, redesigns, search engine optimization, Flash, Video, various computer repair, networks. We stand by our services and guarantee your satisfaction. We pride ourselves in helping smal
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Process Blue is a full service design studio located in Bolton, Greater Manchester. We specialise in creating bespoke web design, print-based graphics, logo design, corporate identity and branding bot
IT Consulting & Custom Development Service Provider.
VertexPlus Softwares is a global IT service provider, delivering excellence across wide spectrum of technology solutions and industrial verticals. VertexPlus is an ISO 9001:2008 certified and STPI reg
Hello World Design provides the highest quality in lovingly hand-coded, fully custom website design and all kinds of internet-or-otherwise marketing services.
Lifeline Web Design Inc. creates and manages fully interactive websites for all of your small business needs
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I have been working in Design, Publishing & Graphic Arts for more than 15 years. I have extensive experience in Graphics, Advertising, Marketing, Magazine-Book Publishing, Packaging, Labels, Pre-Pres
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"My daughter loves her new soccer bag, has plenty of room for all of her equipment." (E833)
"The nets work great in the PVC goal frames I built. " (E1539)
"Have used these for several years now. They are light, and clean easy. some players tend to get on the ground in the game and some look like they have been on the bench the whole game. Come team picture time they all look bright and clean." (E1467)
Aerosol Turf Paint - Free Shipping with 15+ Cases (RMP) [E45659]


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KALAMAZOO (WKZO) -- Two party stores in Kalamazoo County are being investigated for Liquor Control Commission violations.
Howard's Party Store in the 1300-block of Portage Street and G&M Party Store in the 2300-block of East Main Street both have the same owner. Kalamazoo County Sheriff's deputies worked with the Michigan Liquor Control Commission during a three week investigation.
The owner and employees allegedly purchased stolen alcohol and cigarettes from customers, then relisted the items for sale in the store. Several criminal charges are expected to be filed against the owner and employees after a review by the Kalamazoo County Prosecutor's Office.
Both stores were closed for about two hours while evidence was seized, then re-opened once investigators cleared the scenes.


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Value in Health
Published on behalf of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research
Please note that due to a system merger our fulfillment system will be down beginning September 22nd with an anticipated date to begin shipping orders October 10th. We would like to apologize for any inconvenience by offering you a special 20% discount on select products. Please use Promotional Code 12760. Click here for promotion details.
Value in Health contains original research articles for pharmacoeconomics, health economics, and outcomes research (clinical, economic, and patient-reported outcomes/preference-based research), as well as conceptual and health policy articles that provide valuable information for health care decision-makers as well as the research community. As the official journal of ISPOR, Value in Health provides a forum for researchers, as well as health care decision-makers to translate outcomes research into health care decisions.
Benefits to authors
We also provide many author benefits, such as free PDFs, a liberal copyright policy, special discounts on Elsevier publications and much more. Please click here for more information on our author services.
Please see our Guide for Authors for information on article submission. If you require any further information or help, please visit our support pages: click hereView all Internal Medicine titles
Related Links
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- Journal
- Imprint: ELSEVIER
- 2013 Impact Factor: 2.891*


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Mustard Seed School - School Profile (Private School)
Helpful Resources
Corrections to the school database are encouraged! School Edit Form.
Mustard Seed School - School Boundaries Map (School Attendance Zone)
Nearby Public Schools (within a 15-mile radius)
Rogue River Elementary School, OR
(0.2 miles SW)
Rogue River Middle School, OR (0.3 miles SW)
Rogue River High School, OR (1.4 miles N)
Patrick Elementary School, OR (5.5 miles E)
Hanby Middle School, OR (5.8 miles E)
Newbridge High School, OR
(6.6 miles W)
Riverside Elementary School, OR (6.7 miles W)
Evans Valley Elementary School, OR (6.9 miles N)
Lincoln Elementary School, OR (7.4 miles W)
Fruitdale Elementary School, OR (7.4 miles W)
Nearby Private Schools (within a 15-mile radius)
Mustard Seed School, OR
(< 0.1 mile)
St. Anne Catholic School, OR (7.4 miles W)
Brighton Academy, OR (7.8 miles W)
Inn Sight Alternative Education, OR (7.8 miles W)
Grants Pass Seventh-Day Adventis, OR (8.6 miles WNW)
New Hope Christian Schools, OR
(11.5 miles WSW)
Vineyard Christian School, OR (13.1 miles WNW)
Noah's Ark Early Learning Center, OR (13.7 miles ESE)


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Rover - Local Area Photos and Information
Local Area Photos | Local Business Directory | Local Real Estate | Local Employment Center
Rover is a populated place located in Yell County at latitude 34.946 and longitude -93.405.
The elevation is 394 feet. Rover appears on the Rover U.S. Geological Survey Map. Yell County is in the Central Time Zone (UTC -6 hours).
Yell County: Cities & Towns | ZIP Codes | Schools | Features (airports, churches, hospitals, etc.)
BOUNDARY MAPS: | Township of Rover | Yell County
Rover - Searchable Map, Aerial Photos & Driving Directions
|BIG Map |
Driving Directions |
Data Source - USGS GNIS FID: 73424
BOUNDARY MAPS: | Township of Rover | Yell County
Nearby Cities, Towns & Census Designated Places
Rover, AR
(< 0.1 mile)
Wing, AR (3.4 miles W)
Briggsville, AR (5.1 miles W)
Macedonia, AR (5.3 miles NW)
Onyx, AR (6.6 miles S)
Plainview, AR
(6.8 miles ENE)
Shark, AR (7.1 miles WNW)
Steve, AR (7.1 miles SE)
Kingston, AR (7.1 miles NE)
Danville, AR (7.5 miles N)
Nearby Neighborhoods, Subdivisions & Other Small Populated Places
Wards Crossing, AR
(4.3 miles E)
Fourche Valley, AR (7.6 miles WSW)
Ava, AR (12.5 miles ESE)


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LiveClicker Video Commerce Summit June 1-2
The 2009 LiveClicker Video Commerce Summit is set for June 1st and 2nd. The topic of the conference is obviously video commerce and will bring together industry leaders, innovators, online retailers and everyone that is interested in pushing the boundaries of using video for commerce online.
In one day you'll meet with the biggest mover and shakers in the industry and learn how to build the best video commerce sites around and maximize your profitability. But there are only 50 seats so if you really want to go then you need to get moving.
Participants and speakers at the conference are scheduled to include CEOs, Vps and other big heads from the likes of eBags, Altrec, Motosport, REI and more..
The two-day event begins with a reception at SafeCo Field and a Seattle Mariners game followed by a post-game networking event. The next day starts early and consists of a day full of keynotes, panels, and speakers.
Topics for the day include:
Video Commerce – A new Paradigm in Online Shopping
Developing a Winning Video Content Strategy
How to control costs for video production and acquisition
and more…
Seats are probably going extremely fast for this event so if you're using video online for commerce or thinking about getting into arena you might do well to head over and register today. http://www.regonline.com/builder/site/default.aspx?EventID=715777


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Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
Inflation affects the value of gold, therefore it affects the value of repairs. As repair costs are pretty much fixed it would seem that it gets relatively cheaper to do the as the gold market inflates. As everyone pays for this service there is some merit in keeping tabs on the relative value of it.


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- Solid Waste Management
- Resource Recovery & Waste Management
- Division Information
- Quick Links
Solid Waste Management
Trash Collection, Recycling, Composting, and Hazardous Waste Disposal
Slider controls:
Residential Trash Collection Route Changes - May 6, 2014
NEW! Find your collection days on our interactive map.
Starting on May 6th, the city's Solid Waste Division new residential trash collection routes will begin. Half of our residential customers will be assigned a different day of the week for trash collection. The other 50% will not experience a trash day change. Lawrence will be split in four sections. Residential trash will be collected weekly on a Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday or Friday.
To view a larger printable map click here (PDF).
NEW Online Forms To Request The Following Services
- Switch to a different trash cart size or receive additional trash carts
- Schedule a special item pickup service for bulky items, carpet, tires, and construction, remodeling, or building materials
- Purchase a 95-gallon yard waste cart for Monday yard waste collection
- Residential Trash Collection Guidelines (PDF)
- City-wide Collection Service for Residential Recycling - Fall 2014
- Moving Out? Learn about donation and recycling options here
- Yard Cleanup Disposal Tips (PDF)
- Backyard Compost Bins, Kitchen Scrap Pails and Compostable Yard Waste Bags for sale
- Pharmaceutical/Medication Disposal
- Curbside Recycling Services
Upcoming Events


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Roja Janeman
Lyrics & Chords
Song from Roja….
Originally sung by SPB sir …… Actually I am inspired by Sreeharshan sir's comment on my "Enagali mundhe saagali" song …… And plz forgive my hindi accent :-)
Harshan Nambiar said
Ravi …ha ha ….I guess I was right …you have an awesome voice which resembles the maestro. You have sung this very well, except for a few minor offs. Very expressive rendition ….just work on your sur ….your hindi diction is pretty good….except for thandi thandi :) This is a good start and Muzibooan's will really help you out with their honest feedback !!
5/5 from me ….keep it coming.
Check out
Dil ke jharonke mein
"Panthi hoon mai"http://www.muziboo.com/sreehu420/music/panthi-hoon-mai-us-path-ka-
my duet with smitha Jaane jaa
Jenefa (inactive) said
Hi Ravi…
you've gotta superb expressive voice!! As Harshanji said you will get even better as you sing more n more….Keep singing!!
Jenefa :)
Unnikrishnan Kb said
Nice singing… Ravi… i like the way you carried the sining… i give a 5/5
Harsh said
harsh roja
Naren Allam said
now i inspired by U….keep going
Naren Allam said
I found the voice like mix of 2 great singers….
SPB and Hariharan….I have to do better in Telugu.
Sushmita Mishra said
nice singing ravi ji.starting is very nice but i think the harkat in tarse is little bit different.otherwise overal good
comments on my upload tera mera pyar amar
Music was my refuge. I could crawl into the space between the notes and curl my back to loneliness.with regards,sumi
Ravi Kumar said
Thanx a lot Susmita :-)
Harika said
Nicely sung! slight diction errors but besides that everything is great :)
by Ravi Kichcha
uploaded about 5 years ago
- 325 Plays. Last played on September 16, 2014
- 1 Favorites
- 3 Likes
- 13 Comments
- 210 Roja Janeman MP3 Download


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You wipe my tears, you give the foods to me with your hand directly, you support me with your heart & ur energy. Oh, how I miss all of them what u did to me. If god gave me once again to life I will choose u to be my angel. ♥you! #feelingblessed
Tagged: feelingblessed
Posted on December 17, 2013
Welcome the newest!
Posted on September 16, 2013
Nobody can change you. Yes, you are you.
Posted on August 18, 2013
By : Me
Posted on July 19, 2013
Posted on June 16, 2013
This symbol for u, uyeah!
Posted on March 2, 2013
Ma Room:(♥♡
Posted on February 25, 2013
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Just posted a photo
Posted on February 17, 2013
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