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Ubiquitous Computing
TAB report no. 131. Berlin 2009, 300 pages
»The most profound technologies are those that disappear« Mark Weiser, Xerox PARC, 1991
What is ubiquitous computing?
Under the term »Ubiquitous Computing« (UbiComp) we understand the ubiquity of information technology and computing power, which in principle pervade all everyday objects. Computer power and information technology can thus be applied in many areas ranging from industrial production up to private, everyday life with a new quality.
Conceivable are countless very small, wirelessly intercommunicating microprocessors, which can be more or less invisibly embedded into objects. Equipped with sensors, these mini-computers can record the environment of the object in which they are embedded and provide it with information processing and communication capabilities. Such objects have a new, additional quality – they »know« for example, where they are, which other things are in the vicinity and what happened to them in the past. In the long term, ubiquitous computing can pervade all spheres of life: it promises to increase comfort in the private home area and to improve energy efficiency; »intelligent« vehicles may make roads safer; adaptive personal assistance systems could raise work productivity in the office; and in the medical field implantable sensors and micro-computers monitor the health of the user.
This ubiquity is reflected in a large number of almost identical concepts, such as »pervasive computing«, »ambient intelligence« or »the Internet of things «. In practice, the differences between these terms is of rather an academic nature: common to all is the goal of assisting people as well as a continuous optimization and promotion of economic and social processes by numerous microprocessors and sensors integrated into the environment. The following features characterize ubiquitous computing:
- Decentralization or modularity of the systems and their comprehensive networking,
- embedding of the computer hardware and software in other equipment and objects of daily use,
- >mobile support for the user through information services anywhere and any time,
- context awareness and adaptation of the system to current information requirements
- automatic recognition and autonomous processing of repetitive tasks without user intervention.
Typical devices include small mobile computers, further developments of today's mobile telephones, so-called »wearables« like intelligent textiles or accessories as well as computerized implants.
Ubiquitous computing in an international comparison
In the past ubiquitous computing and related concepts have found their way into the research policy of most developed nations, which however pursue different models. The new technologies are used here as a means to realize very different objectives, which range from maintaining a scientific-technological position of excellence via ensuring and expanding economic competitiveness up to transforming and modernizing society.
In the United States ubiquitous computing was already on the agenda of the most important civilian and military research promotion institutions in the late 1990s. Since 1999 issues of ubiquitous computing (universal networking, embedded systems) are represented in the list of the most significant trends in information technology of these institutions, although there was no comprehensive socio-political vision.
In Japan the creation of the so-called Ubiquitous Network Society represented an important focus of the state and industrial research agenda, at the latest since 2003/04. Goal of this program, which was largely formulated by industry, was a massive diffusion of fast, wireless networks and consumer-oriented services – quite in the tradition of mobile communications in Japan. This vision is called »u-Japan«, whereby »u« stands not only for ubiquitous but also for universal, user-oriented and unique, which illustrates the individualistic character of the Japanese initiative.
Similar to Japan, South Korea also aimed to become one of the leading ubiquitous network societies. In recent years, Korea has especially accelerated the expansion of its broadband network and is otherwise one of the leaders in implementing innovative ICT in products. On the whole, Korea today is a pioneer in realizing the information society and according to the estimates of the International Telecommunication Union, »is already swimming in information today«. Other than in Japan, Europe or the USA, the Korean plans have less an individual than a universal societal benefit in mind.
Singapore is today already completely equipped with broadband and wireless networks and is regarded as an ideal testing bed for new applications. In addition to the network infrastructure, Singapore should develop into a »ubiquitous information society«, according to government plans. Besides economic policy targets, societal benefits such as, for instance, the maintenance of the cultural diversity of the multi-ethnic state of Singapore are specifically addressed.
The European Commission preferred the term »Ambient Intelligence« for a long time, in which the needs of people should be foremost and less the technical possibilities. Not only the competitiveness of the European Economic Area should be encouraged, but also the transition to a dynamic knowledge society supported. In this context societal needs have to be taken into account.
Although aspects of ubiquitous computing were already addressed in Germany at an early stage in the context of the Futur process and the strategy debates of the large research organizations, the federal government only started paying real attention to the topic with the Innovation Initiative in the year 2005. In the High-tech Strategy the »Internet of things« finally developed into a »lighthouse topic«, whereby the focus lies less on consumer-oriented than on business or industrial applications.
Technical basics of ubiquitous computing
Many factors are driving the progress of information technology at quite different levels: the increased performance of important components and production processes, better methods to create software, more efficient programming languages and operating systems, innovative concepts for man-machine interaction and still many more. As a typical crosscutting technology ubiquitous computing utilizes the whole range of modern information and communication technologies (ICT), whereby the advances in communication technology, microelectronics, the energy supply, in user interfaces, information security, sensors and localization technology are of particular significance.
In the field of microelectronics it can be assumed that, according to Moore's Law, in the coming 10 to 15 years logic and memory elements will become even smaller and more powerful, respectively cheaper. New materials such as semi-conducting polymers help to ensure that electronic systems will be embedded in almost all conceivable objects and require less energy to operate.
Communication technology, in particular mobile communication, is considered the key technology in ubiquitous computing. Here it is to be expected that besides the »classical« technologies like Ethernet or UMTS, increasingly self-organizing ad-hoc networks and a number of powerful close range technologies will occur. Among the important technologies of the personal area networks belong primarily near field communication (NFC) and ultra-wide band technology (UWB), which enable a secure broadband transmission, as will be common in future in the data exchange between the end devices and between terminal devices and communication infrastructure.
In order to be able to interact with invisible, embedded information systems, innovative user interfaces are necessary which permit a »natural« interaction (e. g. by speech or physical interaction). The new type of interaction includes also the automatic capture of the context, which is not just about the registration of external parameters (e. g. location), but increasingly also to identify the user's emotional states or his intended actions (e.g. the automatic recognition of critical situations in medical monitoring systems). Only with the most accurate knowledge of each context is it possible to offer services in response to individual locations and situations and to delegate certain tasks completely to technology.
For context detection, powerful, light and cheap sensors are required, which are even today used in some pilot applications (e. g. in monitoring cold chains). Promising for the future are also so-called sensor networks, i. e. sensors with communication capabilities, which more or less autonomously monitor their surroundings and transmit the registered data regularly or on request to the operator/user.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is the most common technique for identifying and localizing objects from a distance. This automatic identification (auto ID) is an important basis for many of today's applications of ubiquitous computing. On the RFID chip a unique identification number and further information can be saved or read and vice versa up to several hundred bits of information can be stored wirelessly on the chip. This takes place in split seconds and at a distance of up to several meters. Today RFID chips including a paper-thin antenna (together called RFID transponders) cost between a few cents and more than € 100, according to their performance. The RFID technology is being driven by possible applications in the field of logistics: if products can automatically reveal their identity on demand, then a continuous tracking and tracing of the flow of goods throughout the complete supply chain without manual interventions can be guaranteed.
In addition to the identification number on the RFID chip, further information pertaining to an object can be saved in a remote database. Thus after reading the identification number this additional information can be retrieved via a mobile or fixed connection, so that any amount of detailed information can be "attached" to things or persons. This opens up application possibilities, which extend far beyond an automatic storage system and monitoring of the supply chain.
Even if the basic principle of automatic identification by means of RFID is relatively simple, a large number of open questions and unresolved problems still prevent broad diffusion. The costs of the RFID transponders and system integration are still the greatest barriers to introducing RFID to the consumer goods market. Here, however, through the use of new materials and production processes (polymer electronics) cost reductions and greater cost efficiency are becoming apparent. The realization of economies of scale however depends to a considerable extent on the standardization of RFID technology, which is one of the greatest international challenges momentarily. The point is that existing solutions and the different requirements of various applications must be taken into account in the definition of a (generic) standard.
Questions of information security are of paramount importance for the users of RFID, because although RFID systems should be open in order to utilize network effects, they can also allow access to security-essential or competition-critical information. A further complication is that the RFID chips are normally not powerful enough to implement cryptographic procedures. Finally, at present the consequences manufacturing and disposing of millions of disposable RFID chips will have for the environment are still unknown.
From the technical point of view ubiquitous computing will be realized in two phases:
- In the present first phase, the possibilities of auto-ID technologies will be utilized above all, in particular RFID, which contribute towards equipping objects of the real world and persons with information technologies. Especially in the business environment this enables a seamless communication, which is the basis for a great variety of (new) applications. These are primarily utilized to control processes and material flows more efficiently. For the private user new information services emerge in this phase, through which mobile devices will be upgraded. Technical precondition for the new functions/ features are an increased performance of the devices, further miniaturization and the possibility of ad hoc networking.
- The second phase of ubiquitous computing is characterized by an increasing integration of previously separate solutions and individual end devices to a completely networked information system. This can lead to the replacement of conventional devices by specialized devices (e. g. wearables) or by "ambient interfaces" and "responsive environments" that will be jointly used by many users. The increased use of sensors will enable these systems to recognize their users and environment and thus to process recognized tasks autonomously to a certain extent.
Applications of ubiquitous computing
Due to its crosscutting character, many applications of ubiquitous computing are possible in the business, public and private fields. This study concentrates on the economically or societally significant and pioneering applications in trade, logistics, industry (especially in automobile production), transport and healthcare, as well as personal identification.
Applications in retailing are based on the use of cheap RFID transponders, which (as a supplement or replacement for barcodes) are attached to product packaging or larger containers. In this way it becomes possible to identify goods at any time and along the supply chain. Based on this information it is possible to predict supply and demand for certain products more quickly and accurately and to organize procurement, picking and packing and distribution more efficiently.
Among the multiple possibilities for utilizing ubiquitous computing in retail are the automatic registration and identification of goods deliveries, a more efficient inventory management and the automatic recording of the inventory as well as of goods in the customer's shopping basket, the possibility to trace products using an electronic »family tree« and, last not least, improved protection against theft. Precondition for a broad and successful introduction of UbiComp applications in trade are uniform standards, which make an exchange of information along the supply chain possible. Additionally, it is imperative that as many stakeholders as possible participate in the systems. Due to the dominance of a few large commercial chains that can dictate conditions to their suppliers, the conditions are looking good. On the other hand, trade with consumer goods is very competitive and the price pressure correspondingly high. Consequently, the leeway for investing in new IT infrastructures and equipping products with RFID transponders is very restricted. Thus RFID labels are still too expensive for many low-priced goods or those with a very small profit margin. On the other hand, the costs and expected benefits are unequally distributed among the actors. Before ubiquitous computing can become a success story in retail, further technical advances, but also a general agreement of the companies about the distribution of costs and benefits is absolutely necessary. An increase in profits as a result of UbiComp can initially be achieved only by further rationalization and process optimization. Losers in this development are likely to be above all smaller specialist shops and retailers as well as employees with low qualifications.
Economic profit as a result of ubiquitous computing can at best be expected in the mid term and only if the suppliers succeed in developing new additional functions and services for which the customer feels a real need and for which he is willing to pay. In such integrated and individualized shopping worlds all products will be accompanied by extensive supplementary information which permit more rationalization via the automatic recording and accounting of the goods purchased, but also to create new offers for the clients. These range from customized advertising, which mainly benefit the seller, up to information about ingredients or best-by dates, which provide greater transparency for the client. Finally, innovative services are thinkable which range from customized delivery up to customer service offers and from which both sides should equally profit.
In view of the high investment costs for a »networked shopping world« it is still unclear whether such offers can be operated economically. Mixed financing is also conceivable here, in which besides user fees advertising revenue and marketing customer data could be considered, although it is unclear how this would affect the acceptance of such services.
Industrial production and material management
The automobile industry as one of the pillars of Germany industry has for years been a pioneer in the use of RFID, whereby the technology has been utilized until now primarily in in-house processes. It can be regarded as representative for applications of ubiquitous computing in industrial production and material management. The main tasks are the monitoring of raw materials, goods and intermediates as well as the utilization of intelligent transport containers. As in retail and logistics, the optimization of existing processes and increasing efficiency and productivity are the primary focus. Applications emerge particularly for the areas of production logistics, control of machines and equipment as well as the optimization of the utilization and availability of production facilities. The starting point is the information automatically collected during manufacturing, which replaces a great number of manual counting, scanning, data collection and control operations and which can be used to control the production process and the synchronization of the interfaces with other steps in the value creation chain. This can reduce waste and production stoppages because of lacking loading equipment and almost completely avoid misdirected items.
Manufacturing companies use ubiquitous computing however not only internally to increase production efficiency, but also for other reasons. For instance, recall actions can be planned more precisely if only single batches or tranches are involved which are documented in detail in data records. Further applications are in container management or in quality control for certain tools.
Most of the RFID projects currently being undertaken in automobile production are pilot projects. A continuous support of the goods and information flow combined with a closed container loop from the supplier up to traders and repair workshop via ubiquitous computing are among the long-term plans of the manufacturing companies. Similar to the situation in retail, however, a worldwide standardization of the technology and the data formats used would be beneficial. Parallels to retail applications exist also in the challenges which arise from the branch structure, with a few manufacturers and a large number of mostly medium-sized component suppliers. Here too the question must be answered, who can make the necessary investments and how an additional benefit can be fairly distributed among the stakeholders.
Transport logistics
In logistics it is important to know where the goods are at any time. In the long term ubiquitous computing furthers this goal, in that transport objects are equipped with communication and computing capabilities. For a more efficient flow of goods and information from suppliers to enterprises, containers, pallets and products will be universally equipped in the mid term with RFID transponders, which improve traceability and transparency in the supply chain. Thus the logistics processes can be optimized from the process planning and steering up to the handling of goods and information flows. Improving efficiency in the form of automatization and rationalization is necessary for firms in the hotly contested international logistics business, for reasons of competitiveness alone. The rationalization potentials lie not only in internal processes, but also in the cooperation with partners from industry and trade, with whose systems the technology used must be compatible.
Medium- to long-term goal is the creation of logistic networks, in which »intelligent objects« that detect their surroundings through advanced sensors can autonomously find their way to the addressee. However, a number of technical pre-conditions must be fulfilled first: the definition of international standards for the technology and applications or the exclusive reservation of further frequencies, if possible agreed on with the USA and Japan.
Through the use of UbiComp logistics service providers will increasingly become all-round service providers, managing the data resulting from the monitoring of the goods flows.
Personal identification and authentication
The proof of a person's identity is an important feature of many applications of ubiquitous computing. Today this plays a role primarily in applications for access control or payment procedures. The significance of this function will increase in future, because innovative applications should not only be location- and context-dependent, but tailor-made to suit the individual user.
German passports, for instance, have been equipped since November 2007 with a RFID chip on which the digitized prints of both index fingers are stored, besides the usual personal data. After initial doubts about the security mechanisms against unauthorized reading were expressed, now even non-governmental organizations such as the Chaos Computer Club assess the technology used as safe. Much more controversial, however, are the general reliability and usefulness of biometrics.
Also already very widespread is the use of UbiComp technology, especially RFID, in entrance tickets for events or ski passes. Although only few potentially critical data are collected in these contexts, the use in public space and the operation of the systems by private sector companies is not without problems, because in some cases very detailed patterns of movements and behaviour can be collected which can be utilized not only for the purposes of public safety, but for marketing. The RFID usage for the entry tickets for the FIFA Football World Cup in 2006 was considered by data protection authorities to be inappropriate and not compatible with data protection regulations.
Of particular concern from an ethical and data protection perspective are RFID implants, which are used explicitly in the long-term surveillance of »chipped« persons, even if this ostensibly serves a good purpose, such as preventing kidnappings.
Healthcare system
It is expected that the use of ubiquitous information technology can also help to meet the societal challenges posed by demographic change. Specifically, it is hoped that an increase in process efficiency and productivity will limit the costs in the healthcare system. Simultaneously, ubiquitous computing opens up possibilities for a better quality of care. The healthcare applications have a rather medium- to long-term implementation perspective, as they place much higher demands on the technology performance, in particular of sensors. The proponents of »pervasive healthcare« see possible applications in diagnostic, therapeutic, nursing and documenting functions. Within healthcare facilities, for example, a higher quality is expected through more extensive information of the medical and nursing personnel and relieving them of administrative tasks.
In assisting elderly and/or chronically ill people in their home environment, information technology is regarded as an essential resource that can be deployed to improve the quality of life and enrich everyday life in old age. Ubiquitous computing has been addressed in this context for some years under the terms health telematics and more recently, »ambient assisted living« (AAL). AAL includes concepts, products and services, which combine the new technologies and the social environment of the parties involved. The Goal is to improve, respectively maintain, the quality of life for elderly and ill persons at home.
A component of such systems is the automatic remote and self-monitoring and diagnosis for patients, which improve the possibilities for home care and medical care and support self-sufficiency and independent living. For this purpose vital parameters and motion data of the patients are recorded; also the home environment is monitored. The necessary sensors can be integrated in clothing and the collected data is sent for example to a microcomputer embedded in a belt. In emergency situations an alarm is set off, depending on the seriousness of the situation. The modelling of age-related, medical-psychological scenarios presents a special challenge in this context.
Ambient Assisted Living has been massively promoted in recent years, but up to now there are hardly any marketable products or even a market for AAL products and services. In addition to the large number of involved stakeholders from the ICT industry, the healthcare professions, manufacturers of medical equipment and the housing industry, the lack of interoperability of technical solutions, lacking standards as well as the issue of financing within the German health insurance system are considerable innovations and market barriers.
The use of ubiquitous computing to optimize processes in the healthcare system largely follows the same logic, which is found in trade, industry and logistics. Such systems for integrated patient or hospital management should ensure an increased planning and scheduling security of medical examinations and high utilization of medical equipment. Today's systems, however, support only single processes such as access management and obligatory documentation, automatic localization of patients, materials and equipment or the mobile monitoring of measured data. For the transition to integrated hospital management, a timely and detailed coverage of the current situation by means of different sensors and input devices is technically necessary. In particular, the location of equipment, persons and patients within the entire hospital environment must be ascertainable by means of suitable techniques. In order to be able to appropriately support the personnel and patients, different contexts must be automatically recognized. Some doctors however are questioning whether such scenarios individually or as a whole can really contribute towards facilitating work or simplifying processes or only encourage the tendency towards the »transparent patient«.
On the whole, the healthcare area is certainly the most difficult environment for the introduction of ubiquitous computing, for multiple reasons. Medical data are for instance the most sensitive personal data and thus require appropriate data protection measure, such as tiered access procedures, the prevention of new transient data accesses or undesirable secondary use. The financing of »pervasive healthcare« could also be problematical under the existing reimbursement regulations and trigger distribution battles among the various actors, for instance, about the issue of whether the home environment should be promoted as a healthcare and nursing location. For these reasons alone applications in the healthcare sector have rather a long-term perspective and must be implemented step-by-step. Finally, a number of further ethical issues arise which can be summarized under the captions security, autonomy and participation.
In total, the discussion must break free from its technical focus and deal with systemic questions, e. g. the openness of the systems or the integration in the national and regional healthcare system. Ultimately, the crucial question must be asked, which of the new services provide real added value?
Mobility and transport
The utilization of ubiquitous computing in the area mobility and transport is regarded as a basis for a new generation of strongly networked and integrated systems to control transport flows and to inform road-users. Starting point here are solutions such as electronic tickets based on RFID or near-field communication, navigation and traffic recording systems as well as the traditional traffic telematics, which are currently being supplemented by so-called »vehicular ad hoc networks«.
In the long term, the supporters assume a comprehensive integration of such systems into a universal traffic management system based on real time data and offers operators as well as users of the traffic systems equal advantages:
- In the field of individual transport diverse functions are conceivable: (1) services to increase safety during travel (state of vehicle, accident prevention), (2) services to optimize traffic flows (navigation, optimization of fuel consumption) and (3) services for more comfort for the passengers (location-dependant information, entertainment, Internet access).
- For public transport the primary goal is better networking with other transport sectors and assistance for travellers when booking and setting off on the journey, or information about the itinerary, and possible connections.
Similar to the trade applications, it must be remembered that there will be impacts on individual sovereignty and privacy, if road users and vehicles themselves become (active) parts of the transport system. In particular, the extensive recording of transport data facilitates new opportunities to control traffic, for instance, the creation of incentives (or penalties) for using certain roads at certain times. According to experience this will find little acceptance among transport users. It is also doubtful whether a renewed attempt to optimize traffic flow will be more promising than in the past . Paradoxically, it appears that strengthening the individual user as foreseen in the scenarios tends to lead to less autonomy for the individual in the long term.
Ubiquitous computing mirrored in the press
The public presentation of science and technology influences decision-makers and their actions and is again momentous for science and research. For this reason, journalists' reports in the national daily papers about ubiquitous computing, in particular RFID, were analyzed. This shows what image of ubiquitous computing has been communicated to the public in recent years and what important impacts have been addressed. It also emerged which different positions the various actors wished to convey.
Basically, it can be said that the first, occasional articles about UbiComp have been appearing since 1997. Since about 2004 the issue has been continuously reported on, with a (slightly) increasing tendency. The early articles describe developments in the field of »smart homes« and appear to be fascinated by the new world of »house elf technology«. Besides the positive application possibilities, however, these articles also already mentioned the surveillance potential of ubiquitous computing and the challenges for data protection, which increasingly influenced the reporting in subsequent years.
Due to the presentation of the issue in the press, it could be assumed that data and consumer protection were the most problematical aspects of ubiquitous computing. In 2005 the Süddeutsche Zeitung warned against the tendency towards the transparent human being. Such warnings corresponded with the opinion of many consumers who considered the data protection risks to be higher than the additional benefits. The more business-oriented press reacted to these reservations by pointing out that most of the applications planned today hardly involve person-related data. Important industrial representatives occasionally argue in the press that the emphasis on data and consumer protection is not only unwarranted, but also stifles innovation, while data and consumer protection is regarded by clients as an important regulatory area.
Security and privacy protection are closely connected in ubiquitous computing – and the press reports about this with corresponding enthusiasm. Whereas more security is regarded without exception as a desirable objective, the press coverage conveys the impression that in return for this security a price must be paid in the form of more surveillance. Part of the press emphasizes in connection with public safety that curiosity on the part of state and industry can contain new dangers. In this context, however, the discussion only rarely addresses to what extent more monitoring can preventively lead to more security and what level of security is (financially and socially) feasible at all.
In recent years reporting has been most comprehensive on the use of RFID for various applications, above all in the areas logistics, retail, healthcare and housing. The issues raised here are relatively clear: in logistics and retail the rationalization of processes is the main focus, whereby retailers occasionally provide an additional benefit for the consumers. In applications in the fields of healthcare and housing, the main emphasis is on providing assistance to live a healthy and independent life even in old age. The press makes it clear that on the whole applications within or between companies have the greatest significance at present and cost-benefit considerations are decisive for the introduction of technology.
The issue of technology introduction is usually reduced by the press to the mere question of the price of RFID chips, which has fallen in the course of the years, without however reaching the level necessary for a market breakthrough. Nevertheless, the media estimate the realizable efficiency gains or savings through ubiquitous computing to be quite considerable. In which cost categories savings can ultimately be made is usually not mentioned, even if it can be assumed that rationalization can primarily reduce personnel costs. Thus some articles mention that the introduction of RFID will significantly endanger simple jobs, as many processes can be simplified and automated by using RFID.
On the whole, the press coverage of ubiquitous computing in recent years has undergone a typical attention curve: first of all, it was uncritically praised to the skies, and then after the first failures excessively criticized. Finally, with implementation and tests of first applications, a more realistic estimate of the real advantages, but also of the limits of ubiquitous computing has emerged. Overall, it can be stated that the press reports factually, in a balanced fashion and not uncritically about the issue.
Legal aspects of ubiquitous computing
Ubiquitous computing and its various applications present a considerable challenge for the further development of data and consumer protection. The legal challenges are to be seen primarily in the protection of users' informational self-determination in relation to the legally protected business interests of the operators of UbiComp applications. In addition, questions may arise from the expected utilization of autonomous information systems under private law. As technology developments are characterized by prognostic uncertainty, the question of the correct regulatory instruments also arises in addition to the substantive requirements of specific regulations to ensure the best possible balance of the actors' interests. The spectrum of possible regulatory approaches ranges from classical regulatory law to new, self-regulating instruments such as association agreements.
In order to ensure informational self-determination, the German Federal Constitutional Court has defined a number of substantive requirements and procedural safeguards which collide with the basic ideas of ubiquitous computing:
- The principles of purpose limitation and data minimization conflict with the goal of ubiquitous computing to support users invisibly, spontaneously and comprehensively. The requirement for informed consent also poses a serious challenge to the any collection, processing and utilization of data in a UbiComp environment. Usually this puts a heavy burden on the user as well as the data controller.
- The citizens' rights to access and correction cannot be asserted, due to the complexity of the data processing operations.
- The wide range of participants leads to a diffusion of responsibility for data-processing operations.
Against this background, it is questionable whether the traditional data protection law is still able to meet the challenges of ubiquitous computing. In an assessment of the adequacy of the law, one must wonder whether the framers of the Federal Data Protection Act (BDSG) formulated principles assuming that there are few applications that would not change a lot over time. This was true for public sector applications in the 1970s given the formality of administrative procedures. Today, this basic condition no longer holds true for private sector applications.
Therefore it is not surprising that the substantive and procedural regulations of the BDSG and the relevant telecommunication law have been found wanting in regard to RFID applications, and as a result the danger of legal uncertainty exists for providers and users of UbiComp applications. In order to address these uncertainties, the protection program of the Federal Constitutional Court should be revised and the Federal Data Protection Act modernized accordingly.
At the same time, the constitutional basis is of decisive importance in the question of »how« the new orientation should be designed. The legal questions about UbiComp are embedded in the overall discussion about the design of the future »Information Law«. Here two diametrically opposed opinions exist. On the one hand, in the private sector, personal information is understood largely as private property and therefore as a commodity. On the other hand, personal data is judged as an essential part of human rights and therefore as particularly worthy of protection. Which of these two points of view predominates has far-reaching impacts on the state mandate for action and the necessary substantive changes.
Because of the great uncertainties in foreseeing future developments in technology and business models, the initiatives of the European Commission in this area largely advocate self-regulating instruments rather than regulatory measures. For implementation in national law, however, targets should be defined in order to ensure that self-regulation does not lag behind existing legal provisions. In addition, the state should reserve for itself the possibility of taking new regulatory measures in the event that self-regulation proves to be inadequate.
Substantively, legal adjustments must be made in view of the expected changes in both EU data protection directives. Even if the practical impacts of ubiquitous computing are still low, because of limited utilization of RFID in public communication networks, the Telecommunications Act (TKG) should clearly state that RFID applications could fall within its scope. In addition, the scope of the BDSG should be clarified to make it explicit that simple RFID chips are within its purview. The requirement to provide written consent for data protection purposes should also be revised. There should be new provisions to ensure transparency in regard to long-term structural information. Furthermore, there need to be revisions to the legislation in regard to data protection requirements in the data collection phase. Protections are needed to address data mining. Finally, enabling class actions under data protection law as well as an independent data protection law for employees would be further useful options.
Simultaneously, there should be provision for privacy by design, i.e., so that data protection should be designed into technology. This should be made explicit in legal regulations more strongly than is now the case. A suitable way would be an obligation to integrate a minimum set of access restrictions on the level of application protocols. This should be formulated in a technology neutral way. On this basis, using appropriate application software, the user would permit only those uses of his personal data that he so chose. As the experiences with technology regulation involving the Internet show, the legislation should focus more on formulating goals than on giving detailed specifications for a concrete technology design.
Although RFID technology has already achieved a high degree of technical maturity, other technical aspects of ubiquitous computing still require considerable research and development work before the hoped for functionalities are suitable for practical use. These are above all:
- Methods and techniques to create safe systems with predictable behaviours and good ability to diagnose errors,
- procedures for more reliable context recognition with at the same time good configurability by the user,
- innovative approaches to use »invisible« computers without traditional in- and output media.
Ubiquitous computing has a considerable economic potential, on the one hand to increase efficiency and thus competitiveness. For this reason these uses will probably prevail in the medium term. On the other hand, ubiquitous computing enables a great number of new services, whose usefulness for citizens and economic viability must still be proved. In order for these potentials to be actually realized, however, a number of pre-conditions must be fulfilled:
- international frequency harmonization and standardization,
- creation of a timely access to UbiComp technologies for medium-sized companies and their integration in the standardization processes,
- balancing the data and consumer protection interests of users and citizens or customers with a view to specific uses by initiating and moderating a discussion with all those concerned participating,
- modifying the disposal and recycling processes with regard to the expected mass utilization of RFID and simultaneously development of more environmental-friendly solutions.
Besides the economic impacts, there are a great number of possible effects of UbiComp for which a scientific and/or societal dialog must carefully weigh up whether the costs and benefits are acceptably correlated.
The most striking impact of ubiquitous computing is on privacy or informational self-determination. Both are currently being re-defined in the light of the ubiquity of data and data processing, whereby neither the size nor the sustainability of this new definition are completely predictable. The following activities could be useful:
- adapting the data protection law to the opportunities offered by ubiquitous computing to monitor and obtain personal data even from otherwise uncritical data sources,
- creation of a data protection law for employees,
- societal discourse about the origin and use of data tracks in ubiquitous computing as well as the
- systematic monitoring of new technologies and evaluation of their impacts on informational self-determination.
In addition, the societal compatibility of ubiquitous computing should be further discussed, best of all using concrete examples. Important questions concern the sustainability of ubiquitous computing, not only from an economic and ecological, but also societal viewpoint. Ensuring universal access to and participation in the advantages of new offers is as important in this context as issues of system dependency and possibility to elude, loss of control, monitoring and normalization of behaviour. Besides the necessary social discussion and other social science research tasks, there are a number of concrete approaches:
- early consideration of user interests in the development process through ethnographic studies and »living labs« and
- creation of real choices by labelling UbiComp systems and an opt-in model, in which the utilization of certain functions must be explicitly confirmed.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Video: Drake – Started From The Bottom
Drake releases a brand new music video for 'Started From The Bottom' that chronicles his rise to the top of the rap game. The track will be in his new album Nothing Was The Same which is due to be released this summer.
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Design Positions in New York
The Company
Bloomberg's media services include the global BLOOMBERG NEWS® service with more than 2,000 Professionals in 143 bureaus worldwide; the BLOOMBERG TELEVISION® 24-hour business and financial news network; BLOOMBERG RADIO services which provide up-to-the-minute news on XM, Sirius and WorldSpace satellite radio around the world and on WBBR 1130AM in New York; and Bloomberg.com, a top-ranked financial news site. In addition, Bloomberg publishes award-winning Bloomberg Markets magazine and BLOOMBERG PRESS® books for investment professionals.
The Role
Bloomberg's global Multimedia group -- which includes television, web, radio, and mobile -- is seeking talented information graphic artists, multimedia animators, and interaction designers to join a new multimedia "insight team."
This team's goal is to produce multimedia stories and interactive content that provide analysis and insight about the day's big stories in global business and finance. We aim to bring to life the significance of events, set news into broader context, and drill down beneath the headlines in a fresh, distinctly visual and multimedia way. These stories and content will be featured on our website, in our mobile news products, and on our global television channels, which together target a global business audience.
Our ambition is to produce content that exploits the full potential of the most innovative platforms for interactive and animated media to achieve an exceptional level of clarity, visual creativity, storytelling flair, and intellectual depth.
The daily task of the artists, animators, and designers will be twofold. First, they will collaborate with story editors and expert business news analysts to create storyboards that creatively combine information graphics (including data charts, diagrams and illustrations), animated graphics, video, text art, still imagery, and interactive graphics to bring news analysis to life as a visual story and/or interactive content. Second, they will turn these storyboards into multimedia content and interactive graphics for publication and broadcast.
We are looking for artists, animators, and designers with one or more of the following skills:
- A distinctive knack for visual storytelling
- Exceptional Information graphics and data visualization experience
- Intuitive and delightful interaction design for the web, mobile, and TV set touch-screens
- Exceptional animation skills that can be put to use telling engaging visual stories
- Stylish and quick illustration skills
- Masterful technical expertise on both mainstream and cutting-edge platforms e.g. Flash, Photoshop, Illustrator, Final Cut Pro, Javascript, Processing, etc.
- Intellectual curiosity about business, financial, and economic topics
Opportunities for freelance roles are also available. All applicants should include relevant work samples.
Please contact Sarah Mann at: email@example.com


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FIRST CASH Jobs & Careers
1 FIRST CASH jobs found on Monster.Jobs 1 to 1 of 1
First Cash Financial Services, Inc. Euless, TX, 76040
About the Company Founded in 1988, First Cash Financial Services, Inc. is a leading specialty retailer and provider of consumer financial services. Our pawn stores make small loans secured by pledged personal property and retail a wide variety of jewelry, electronics, tools and other merchandise. The Company's short-term loan locations provide various combinations of financial services products, ...
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Posts Tagged 'Frogger'
Metal Gear Solid Touch And Frogger Now iPad Approved
Remember when we were so excited to see those first MGS Touch screen shots for the iPhone? Then the game came out and it was basically just a expensive unfinished shooting gallery. The iPad version has just been released and ...


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SpeculativeFictionFan's Profile
|Display Name:
|SpeculativeFictionFan's Book Lists
|Dystopian fantasy (no zombies) (7 titles)
All sorts of Dystopian fantasy books out there. This list is a work in progress. Skipping the Zombie genre since they are so many and all but one or two are frighteningly BAD. (characterized by no character development and the average zombie novel reads like a collection of short action stories)
|City Fantasy (6 titles)
A list of fantasy titles that center around an urban locale. Where the location or city plays a central role. Some call this "urban fantasy" but avoid that term since it has come to be defined as softcore erotica wrapped in teen angst.
|SpeculativeFictionFan's Comments
|Dies the fire
by Stirling, S. M.
Re reading this series in preparation of reading the sequel. I still don't buy that the expansion and decompression rate of gas could be affected without simple biologic processes also being affected.. but if you can suspend your disbelief and just pretend this is "magic" it works great as a apocalyptic dystopia posted May 11, 2013 at 10:38AM
|The lottery : and other stories
by Jackson, Shirley, 1916-1965.
Before "Hunger Games", Before "The Running Man" there was "The Lottery" Anyone who has read the books or seen the movies should read this to see where they got the idea. posted Apr 29, 2013 at 8:34PM
by Pierce, Tamora
Tamora Pierce comes through again with a well rounded strong female character. Terry Pratchett fans will recognize this as a more serious treatment of the same issues explored in the humorous "City Watch - Discworld" series. posted Apr 28, 2013 at 12:09PM
|Guards! guards! : a novel of Discworld
by Pratchett, Terry.
Mr Pratchett is to Fantasy what Douglas Adams was to Sci Fi. Thankfully for his readers he is much more prolific, alive and kicking, and able to make deadlines, so we have plenty of material to enjoy. This part of his famous "discworld" series really starts to investigate what makes a city work. In this case he takes his sharp wit to see how the "city guard" or medieval police force of "Ankh-Morpork" is a vital living part of the city. posted Apr 28, 2013 at 12:03PM
by Jacka, Benedict
Almost a tribute spin off series to the Harry Dresden books by Jim Butcher. A welcome breath of fresh air, as Mr Butcher seems to have run out of things to torture his main character with. This is set in London with the main characters "magic" a mix of old fashioned seer and quantum theory. posted Apr 28, 2013 at 11:53AM
by Jacka, Benedict
almost a spinoff tribute book to the Harry Dresden series. A breath of fresh air, as Jim Butcher seems to have run out of tortures to put Harry Dresden through. The principal character, Alex Verus, magic focus is looking into the future using quantum theory. He envisions all the possible outcomes of immediate actions and sorts through them to the most desirable outcome. Takes place in London. posted Apr 28, 2013 at 11:48AM
|Winter's tale
by Helprin, Mark.
Very odd book. A unique look at the development of New York City over time as seen through a mythological lens. It can't really be described as having a plot. Most of the beauty is in the description and view of the world. posted Apr 28, 2013 at 11:45AM
by Gaiman, Neil
True "city" fantasy. Really delves into what a "living" city means with all the storytelling skills of Mr.Gaiman present in full force. posted Apr 28, 2013 at 11:42AM
|Storm front
by Butcher, Jim, 1971-
Old fashioned "hard boiled" Detective series with a Fantasy twist set in contemporary Chicago. The author seems to have run out of ideas for what terrible thing can happen to the main character around book 11 and the first person narrative gets a little whiny around book 12.. but overall a strong series. posted Apr 28, 2013 at 11:40AM
|The eye of the world
by Jordan, Robert
While this is a great "must read" book, It's strength is its core principal characters and their development. Unfortunately the series is about 8 books too long (FOURTEEN books to achieve closure.. and then only because the author died on book Eleven) The series gets overloaded with characters you just can't bring yourself to care about and absorbed with a grandiose view of the "fate" of the world. I lost interest around book 5 and was only barely able to force myself through book 7. May pick this up again just to get a sense of closure. posted Apr 28, 2013 at 11:05AM


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When Nnamdi Asomugha signed a deal that made him the highest paid defensive back in the history of professional football the backlash was immediate.
According to the Summer's Eve scented analysts on the Disney Sports Network, his mega contract caused the stock market to crash and forced a border skirmish in the Middle East.
I'm speaking in hyperbole here, but you get the point. When Al Davis spends millions on the best corner in the league, he's a fool. When Dan Snyder drops twice as much on the best defense tackle, he's just paying "market price".
Trust me, if this guy woke up on Friday morning as a Raider, the only thing you'd see on the Mickey Mouse Sports Channel would be a constant loop of Haynesworth's famous foot stomp with a graphic of "$100,000,000" in bright font on the lower third of the screen.
Of course if you listen to the Crypt Keeper, he will tell you that the only reason Fat Albert got his loot is beacuse Al Davis raised the bar with Nnamdi's contract. Right! Because nobody was going to pay more than $50 million for a dominant defensive lineman.
Al Davis did himself no favors last off-season when he drew straws to determine how best to spend $250 million. I'm not defending him on that. He's on his own. I just find it hard to understand why the league's best cornerback isn't worth Peyton Manning money, but somehow Albert Haynesworth is.
I'm not mad at Haynesworth for getting paid. In this business of pro football, I'm all for the players breaking the bank. They risk their bodies in the name of ticket sales and the second their time is done they become expendable. Don't take my word for it though, give L.T. a call and ask him how that goes.
Haynesworth would have been exactly what the Raiders and their Baskin Robbins ranked run defense needed. I wish Al Davis would have poured all that coin out of his Silver and Black man purse to land Haynesworth.
The fact is that the national media loves to hate everything Raider. Yeah I said it! I can hear my inbox filling with more hate mail by the second. Bring it! I'll go to war on this one by myself.
Yes, I know I'm bitter. Six years of misery will do that to any die hard.
I also know that Haynesworth is not going to make the Redskins instant Super Bowl favorites. I heard somebody say this morning that they now have the best defense in the NFC East. Really? Better than Dallas, Philly and the Giants over night? That's amazing!
Hey, Jim Zorn, let me rap with you for a second. Maybe I'm a Raider Myopian, but I do pay attention to the rest of the league too. Here's a little fact you might want to know about your owner: Less than 10 years ago Dan Snyder handed out major doe to a Hall of Fame defensive lineman and a shutdown cornerback. The result was a team going from 10-6 to 8-8. Now here we are almost ten years later and your man just inked Haynesworth and MeAngelo Hall to big deals. You see a pattern?
Let me vent on MeAnglo for a second too, because he only helps my argument here for the Raider double standard. If you honestly think that by putting on a Raider helmet he suddenly got football amnesia, well, you're kidding yourself. He was on the opposite side of Nnamdi and got undressed every Sunday. The only thing missing was a pole and Pacman Jones sitting there dropping singles on the field. My advice, Mr. Zorn, is to get with Greg Blache and give him these four letters: Z-O-N-E.
Last off-season, Al Davis used as much discretion with his money in free agnecy as J. Howard Marshall did in a stip club. But that doesn't mean Asomugha is not worth what he is getting paid. Asomugha is, for his position, as dominant as Haynesworth and he's been doing it all by himself. Nnamdi played in a defense that got no pressure on the quarterback at all. Fat Albert had a Pro Bowl corner and a beast of a linebacker in Keith Bullock playing behind him.
I know the grief is coming. Bring it on! I also know that chances are Fat Albert isn't going to play a full season in 2009, might stomp another Cowboy with his size 14s and three years from now Dan Snyder will be calling A.J. Smith to get some advice on the best way to get rid of a monster contract.
Jim Zorn, I like you and your "Rah-Rah" spirit. However, your owner is setting you up to unseat Norville Turner as the king of coaching mediocrity.
Had this been Al Davis giving Albert Haynesworth $100 million; the rest of the owners would have screamed "foul". Had this been Al Davis giving the best in the league at his position top dollar; the media would have cried "over payment". Had this been a team with a losing record going for broke to sign a great defensive player in hopes of improving; fans around the nation would laugh. Funny how going 8-8 gives you a "laugh-free" off-season.
You can tell me I know nothing about football at all for this rant. That's fine. The great thing about sports is that we get to see the truth manifest itself on the field of play. The Redskins will make a trip Oakland in 2009 and the two highest paid defensive players will take the field that day. We can revisit this topic later.
Tags: A.J. Smith Al Davis, Oakland Raiders, Raider Nation, Fans, Popular, Featured Albert Haynesworth Deangelo Hall Greg Blache Jim Zorn Nnamdi Asomugha Norville Turner Pacman Jones


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From 1 SecDef to another: Hagel calls @timhowardgk to say thanks for defending USA. We (USA) are proud of @ussoccer! pic.twitter.com/M8nsYdlXFn— U.S. Dept of Defense (@DeptofDefense)July 2, 2014
United States men's national team goalkeeper Tim Howard became America's favorite bailout plan on Tuesday night, and with good reason.
The USA netminder made 16 heart-stopping saves in USA's 2-1 defeat Belgium — the most by any goalkeeper in a World Cup match since 1966. His exploits set the internet ablaze and got fans calling for the renaming of the Ronald Reagan Airport in his honor.
Now, the Pentagon joined in on the praise with Secratary of Defense Chuch Hagel calling the USA soccer hero after Hagel's "Secretary of Defense of the United States of America" Wikipedia page was replaced with an image of Howard in action.
Per an official release from the United States Department of Defense:
"Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel called United States men's national team goalkeeper Tim Howard to thank him for defending the United States of America at the World Cup. Secretary Hagel congratulated Howard on his record-breaking game and a great run in Brazil. He invited Howard and the entire team to come to the Pentagon later this year. He told Howard that with some training, he could someday become the real secretary of defense."
And that's not all!
Later, President Barack Obama also dialed up Tim Howard, as well as captain Clint Dempsey to commend the team for their valiant performance.
Tim Howard fever has well and truly taken over the USA's post-World Cup reaction. The keeper has become so popular that some fans started an official White House petition to rename Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport after Howard.
Despite the USA's dramatic 2-1 extra-time defeat to Belgium on Tuesday, Premier League goalie Howard came out smelling of roses with a heroic effort in between the sticks.
The fans started the petition on a section of the White House website calling for the renaming of the Ronald Reagan Airport.
"We politely request that we rename the airport to recognize his accomplishments, and meritorious service to the United States of America," the petition read.
Any member of the public can start a petition on the "We the People" site, launched by the White House to give the people a voice. If the petition gets enough support — usually 100,000 signatures — then the White House staff will review it and issue an official response.
The man from New Jersey with an impressive beard managed a record-breaking 16 saves — the most in a World Cup match since 1966 — even inspiring a social media meme with the hashtag #ThingsTimHowardCouldSave…
#ThingsTimHowardCouldSave #Bambi pic.twitter.com/XYMn9fp0gK— Elliot Wagland (@elliotwagland)July 2, 2014
#ThingsTimHowardCouldSave pic.twitter.com/BuSSrU5EKr— mads (@_madisonwalsh)July 2, 2014
Tim Howard could've saved my parents' marriage.— Jensen Karp (@JensenClan88) July 1, 2014
…and a change in the Wikipedia page for the U.S. Secretary of Defense:
Someone changed the US Secretary of Defence on Wikipedia to Tim Howard. Fantastic. pic.twitter.com/haPrHWPLjx— Cam (@_camwba)July 1, 2014
Following their exit, an emotional Howard shared words of encouragement for the national team going forward.
"The dream fell short, but this is an incredible group, and we'll never forget this night," he said.
(H/T Chicago Tribune)
So this cut is the new rage back home? Lol pic.twitter.com/qIWQ9MFn8f— tim howard (@TimHowardGK)June 27, 2014
Following Tim Howard's heroics as part of the United States men's national team's success at the 2014 World Cup, one hardcore fan got his hero etched into a fresh looking haircut resulting in Howard giving praise to the fan and barber on Twitter.
Check out the finished piece:
"Rob The Original" is the man responsible for the Howard restyle and a similar cut featuring Mexico goalkeeper Guillermo Ochoa:
(H/T: USA Today)
Image: Twitter/@petauk
Everton and US national team goalkeeper Tim Howard became the latest pro athlete to join PETA's "Ink, Not Mink" campaign, stripping off to reveal his abundant collection of eye-catching tattoos.
In a video interview which you can view below, he discusses what drove him to be part of PETA's campaign.
"Protecting animals is very important to me, and I think speaking out against fur is an amazing cause," Howard told PETA. "When I see someone wearing fur, I just want to sit them down in front of one of PETA's videos and show them just how badly animals suffer for this supposed fabric that no one needs."
Other American athletes involved in the Ink, Not Mink campaign include NFL players Terrell Suggs, Willis McGahee, Maurice Jones-Drew, Tony Gonzalez and Michael Strahan, as well as boxer "Sugar" Shane Mosley, and hoops players Ty Lawson and Metta World Peace.
The United States men's national team slumped to the occasion in their 2-0 loss to Ukraine in a friendly marred by circumstances on Wednesday. Goals from Andriy Yarmolenko and Marko Devic dealt Jurgen Klinsmann's squad a harsh blow in a wholly deserved loss. It was the final game in which Klinsmann had his European-based players at his disposal before convening his World Cup camp in mid-May, and he cannot have been pleased with what he saw.
"This game helped us a lot to see where individual players are, collectively where we stand with this group of players," Klinsmann said on ESPN after the match. "Obviously we had to form a couple of new things there, starting from the back line — and you could see that, that they never played together that much."
His motley USA side, comprised of a few regulars and a slew of players on the bubble, were outsmarted by a cunning Ukrainian side. Knowing full-well where the Americans were weak, Yarmolenko and Yevhen Konoplyanka tore their flanks to shreds while the high defensive line was pelted with through balls.
The tentative American defense let the Ukrainians stroll through its line several times early on. In the 12th minute, a simple ball over the top caught the central defensive pairing of Oguchi Onyewu and John Brooks well out of position. That put Denys Harmash through on Tim Howard's goal by himself. The American goalkeeper made a fine stop on his attempt, but Harmash coolly collected the rebound and laid it wide for Yarmolenko for him to pass the ball into the net.
Just a few minutes later, the Americans were caught out again on a clever play off a Ukrainian corner, but they were saved by a possibly erroneous offside call that time – Alejandro Bedoya actually appeared to keep the play onside. Sloppy and unimaginative in possession, the Yanks produced just two attacks of note in the entire first half. On the first, goalkeeper Andriy Pyatov alertly picked off the cross; on the second, Edgar Castillo's cross wasn't quite right and cleared. And they would give away several more fat chances, which a more incisive opponent might have punished, before the halftime whistle brought a respite.
#TBT: Tim Howard wins MUFC debut (2003)
Think back to a time when there were no preseason tournaments, no trophies to play for on baseball fields, and clubs simply resorted to friendlies against cupcake opponents as way to get ready for the season. How dull!
Thanks to the International Champions Cup (ICC), Los Angeles became the latest of US cities to host the newest — and really the most compelling — of preseason competitions. On Saturday night, it did not disappoint.
Four teams from four countries — Real Madrid, Juventus, Everton, and the hometown LA Galaxy — offered fans an entertaining night of soccer and, more importantly, the unique opportunity to see their favorite players in the flesh. While some preseason fixtures fall flat due to teams' unwillingness to trot out their best sides, the International Champions Cup delivered.
Cristiano Ronaldo, Tim Howard, Andrea Pirlo and Landon Donovan all played at least one half to the clear approval of the fans. Every Ronaldo step-over was greeted with a rising ensemble of "ooh's" and "aah's." USA chants rang out every time Howard touched the ball, and ladies in every section fainted at the sight of Pirlo's herculean beard (okay, that last part was made up. Maybe. You really can't be sure.)
The fans' enthusiasm at Dodger Stadium was heard and felt throughout the night, and the players returned the favor with some fine showmanship. Ronaldo's bravado was on full display, Howard made some truly outstanding saves, and the late consolation match between Juventus and LA was a high-energy affair thanks to LA taking the play to the Italian champions. In other words: the fans most definitely got their money's worth.
The tournament also provided some unintentionally funny moments; Galaxy defender Omar Gonzalez celebrating his goal against Gigi Buffon as if it was a World Cup final; the referee getting booed mercilessly for cutting a half 30 seconds short; Real Madrid's Kaka — merely a rotation player now — receiving by far the loudest cheers of the night. It were those quirky moments within the competition that reminded us it's still the preseason (well, except for LA). Yet, they also added to the charm of the International Champions Cup.
In the end, there will be one champion lifting up a trophy. But to the fans, the media, and maybe even some of the players, Saturday night could be summed up by one thought: is the preseason supposed to be this much fun?
Former United States men's national players reunited for a good cause Friday during Carlos Bocanegra's golf charity event to raise funds to build soccer fields near Bocanegra's hometown in Southern California.
The former US captain, who is trying to regain a spot on the national team, is among 35 players on the American preliminary roster for the CONCACAF Gold Cup next month.


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WWE's Stephanie McMahon takes ALS Ice Bucket Challenge with help from Maria Menounos, Ronda Rousey, Four Horsewomen
WWE's Chief Brand Officer Stephanie McMahon accepted the "ALS Ice Bucket Challenge" from TV personality Maria Menounos during WWE SummerSlam Weekend.
Brock Lesnar, Roman Reigns, Bray Wyatt win; Nikki Bella turns at WWE SummerSlam
LOS ANGELES - Some young fans may have a hard time sleeping after Brock Lesnar decisively defeated their hero John Cena for the WWE World championship at the WWE SummerSlam pay-per-view on Sunday, Aug. 17.
The Beast Incarnate Brock Lesnar devours John Cena to win WWE World title at SummerSlam
The Beast is king of the WWE jungle.
Mega event with Stone Cold Steve Austin, John Cena, Hulk Hogan, Sting as 'WWE 2K15' roster revealed during SummerSlam Weekend
LOS ANGELES - A sports entertainment dream team, past and present, participated in the big reveal of the "WWE 2K15" roster at Club Nokia.
WWE's Triple H, Vince McMahon take 'Ice Bucket Challenge' to fight ALS during SummerSlam Weekend
Triple H challenged his father-in-law, WWE Chairman and CEO Vince McMahon, to the "Ice Bucket Challenge."
S.T.A.R. Alliance with Jose Bautista, Daughtry, Flo Rida, Darius Rucker, Train launches through Creative Coalition, WWE to help stop bullying
The Creative Coalition and WWE (NYSE:WWE), co-founders of the Be a STAR (Show Tolerance And Respect) anti-bullying initiative, announced the launch of the S.T.A.R. Alliance, a group of actors, musicians, comedians, athletes, television personalities and members of The Creative Coalition, who have banded together to put an end to bullying.
TNA Impact Wrestling moving to Wednesday nights on Spike TV
TNA announced its flagship program, IMPACT WRESTLING, will make a permanent move from Thursdays to Wednesday nights at 9/8c on SPIKE TV beginning Wednesday, Aug. 20.
TNA superstar Jeff Hardy makes Tom Trussler's day; solid numbers for Impact Wrestling on Spike TV
Tuesday, Aug. 5, is a day Jeff Hardy superfan and Middlesex, England resident Tom Trussler will forever remember.
2K's new mobile device card game 'WWE SuperCard'
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WWE SummerSlam party at Miller's Ale House in South Florida
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WWE Network reaching more countries, territories
The U.S. English language version of WWE Network is now available on an over-the-top basis in more than 170 countries and territories, including Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, Mexico, Spain, and the Nordics among others.
Former TNA, WWE superstar Chavo Guerrero Jr. wrestling on CCW show in South Florida
Former TNA and WWE superstar Chavo Guerrero Jr. faces Coastal Championship Wrestling champ Santos as CCW returns to the Coral Springs Charter School on Saturday, Aug. 16 in North Broward County in South Florida.
WWE Hall of Famer Shawn Michaels, 'WWE 2K15's' Mark Little reveal game details
Shawn Michaels and Triple H had one of the greatest matches in SummerSlam history in 2002.
Paul Heyman discusses WWE DVD 'Ladies and Gentlemen, My Name is Paul Heyman'
Paul Heyman is one of WWE's greatest orators; thus, not one to shy away from a microphone.
TNA President Dixie Carter slammed through a table by Team 3D in NYC
During the broadcast of IMPACT WRESTLING (9/8c, Spike TV) on Thursday, Aug. 7, TNA President Dixie Carter was raised atop Bully Ray's shoulders and smashed through a table, her broken body lying in the center of the ring until EMT's could come to her aid in front of a sold out Manhattan Center crowd in New York City.
Celebrate Hulk Hogan's birthday with special guests on WWE Monday Night Raw
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Famed artist Rob Schamberger to paint Stone Cold Steve Austin during WWE SummerSlam Weekend
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British Boot Camp winner Rockstar Spud talks 'TNA Wrestling: British Boot Camp 2'
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WWE superstar John Cena reveals first in-game screenshot for 'WWE 2K15'
WWE superstar John Cena revealed the first in-game screenshot of "WWE 2K15" through his Twitter account @JohnCena.
Fozzy, WWE's Chris Jericho hosts online Q&A on Aug. 4
Fozzy's new studio album "Do You Wanna Start A War" (Century Media Records) made its debut on the Billboard charts recording the band's highest chart debut on the Billboard 200 at #54 while also notching several major milestone debuts including #20 Rock Albums, #10 Independent Albums, and #9 Hard Rock Albums.


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I will give you 1,000 acres of land on Planet Orgy for your people if you aid us in this military conflict.
Warhead wrote:my head burns with War.
BrikWars 2010 Rules wrote:BrikWars ... stands in pretty direct opposition to many fundamental elements of the LEGO® philosophy, such as "Not Teaching Kids How Funny It Is to Set People on Fire."
mgb519 wrote:Seriously, you are now the first ever forum superhero.
Colette wrote:I hereby acknowledge Silverdream as the one and only forum troll as agreed in the bet.
Quantumsurfer wrote:No, I have 2 silver.
Falk wrote:WHERE ARE THE ENGINES?
Warhead wrote:my head burns with War.
Users browsing this forum: Yahoo [Bot] and 2 guests


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Photo Credit: Courtesy Jessica Simpson/Twitpic.com
Jessica Simpson has always been known for her sexy, curvaceous body. But now that she's pregnant, certain parts of her are getting curvier than others.
"My belly is officially bigger than my boobs," the singer twittered on Nov. 8, sharing a photo of her growing bump. "Well kinda...ha."
But it's not just her morphing figure that the mom-to-be is dishing about. Simpson, 31, reveals that pregnancy has brought on some very strange cravings. For example, the fashionista tells People that she no longer cares for pizza because it "tastes sour," and she's developed an obsessive need to eat a particular fruit -- but only if it's prepared the way she likes it.
"I crave cantaloupe like a crazy person," Simpson says. "But I put salt all over it, so I don't know if it's that healthy. I crave anything salty and sweet. That mixture to me is so good. I can eat a whole cantaloupe in one morning."
Fortunately, Simpson won't have to worry about her wacky food tastes affecting the menu at her wedding. The Fashion Mentor star tells Entertainment Tonight that she's planning to wait to marry fiance Eric Johnson until after their baby arrives.
"We didn't even have a [wedding] date nailed down," she said. "I'm going to wait until everything is over so I don't end up being a hormonal Bridezilla."


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Sawa sighed and then smiled. The Forest Realm. She loved that realm. It's just so green, and large with so many places to hide. But one look at Mine and she knew they couldn't go there. "How about we choose another Realm to go to?" she asked, tilting her head to the left in a said 'cute' manner. Sawa cared enough about Mine to give up a trip to one of her favorite realms.
Once again, her hair fell into her face. However, she did not make any attempt to move it this time.
Views: 8
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Simple Green: Swap Cloth for Paper
We've hung a kitchen towel to wipe our wet hands, purchased a stack of terrycloth bar mops to wipe up spills on our kitchen counters and kitchen floors, and, instead of paper napkins, we're breaking out Grandma's white linen napkins to use for everyday dinners instead of paper napkins. Besides being a green choice, they're elegant, and they make sitting down to dinner an event. We already use Trader Joe's Microfiber Cloths instead of disposable cloths in our Swiffer Mop and a small dry erase board by our phone and our bed to write stuff down. What paper products can you give up and what "green" substitute will you make?
8 Comments
This is how I grew up--hand and dish towels, cloth napkins, regular broom and mop... Before it was "green" it was called "thrifty."
I go crazy if the kitchen towel disappears! I refuse to use a napkin to dry/clean my already clean hands!
Ikea has some plain waffle weave dish towels dirty cheap. I must have something like 2 dozen of them. I use probably 2 a night. I'd be lost without them.
Now my husband, the former executive chef, hates them. From a health code prespective they are a problem apparently. He can't watch Emerill because he's always using the same dish rag then tossing it on his shoulder then using it again.
I have been paper towel free for almost two years now and I don't notice a difference. Besides cloth looks so much better.
it's surprisingly easy to kick paper towels. using cloth at the table and in the kitchen is comforting!
I've almost completely made this switch, using a batch of white shop towels in the kitchen for mopping up spills but... What do you use when you need to absorb grease from food? (ie - cooked bacon)?
I'm fine with washing and reusing cloths for cleaning, but it gets a bit squidgy when it's going to be directly in contact with my food - especially greasy stuff.
Paper bags and some newspapers absorb bacon grease well.I never use paper towels, but napkin rings are just doo-dads.
I guess I'm too green already. I don't use paper bags (got my own bags to tote groceries), I don't read the physical newspaper (hello Internets!) and I don't eat out enough to get take-out napkins. Guess I gotta hold onto my paper towels just for the bacon grease and the pet accidents!


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|Meachem reportedly having knee surgery
|Written by Admin
|Tuesday, 05 June 2007 14:03
Meachem injured his knee at Sunday's minicamp practice and sat out Monday's workout.
``He was held out because he had a slight flare-up of the meniscus in his knee,'' team spokesman Doug Miller said Tuesday.
Miller could not confirm the surgery, as reported by NFL.com, but said coach Sean Payton would comment on the injury Wednesday. Meachem's agent, Jeff Griffin, did not return a telephone call.
According to NFL.com, Meachem was expected to miss four weeks, but should be ready for the start of training camp in late July.
Meachem had problems with the knee at Tennessee. In 2003, Meachem had arthroscopic surgery to repair his meniscus, then took a medical redshirt year.
Payton said after Monday's practice that the Saints knew about a possible minor knee problem before they drafted Meachem with the 27th overall pick.
It's not the first injury for Meachem since the Saints drafted him. Meachem showed up at the Saints' first mandatory minicamp overweight and out of shape. He sprained his left ankle on the first day of workouts.
The Saints hope Meachem can replace Joe Horn as the receiver opposite Marques Colston.
Horn, a four-time Pro Bowler, was released this spring. Horn caught 523 passes for 7,622 yards and scored a team-record 50 touchdowns after joining New Orleans as a free agent in 2000. He ranks second in club history in catches and yardage, and is the team's career leader in 100-yard receiving games with 27.


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Literacy for All Conference
November 3-5, 2013
Estimated attendance: 1,400 Hours: 8:30 AM- 5:00PM Cost is variable, depending on the registration type. This event is suitable for reading recovery and classroom educators, principals, literacy coaches in grades pre K – 8. For more information visit www.lesley.edu/literacyfor all. This event is open to the public, with advanced registration by 11/3/2013


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Contact Us
At LaFigurelle we love hearing your feedback. Our LaFigurelle garments are designed with lots of TLC and other brand products chosen with the same care and attention to detail. Our service is also tailored to your needs.
If you have any comment to make regarding any of our products, please don't hesitate to contact us. If you require a bespoke service, have an enquiry regarding an out of stock item or if there's anything we can do to help in any way, please email or telephone us. We endeavour to contact all our clients within 48 hours.
Tel: 01 9023700 (within Ireland)
Tel: +353 1 9023700 (outside Ireland)
LaFigurelle Lingerie Ltd., 2 Kandoy House, Fairview Strand, Dublin 3 Ireland


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We recommend for you to submit your application to us at least 2 weeks before the semester commences. However, applications can still be accepted after this date on a case by case basis.
More Orientation Info »
Sydney Institute of Business and Technology Pty Ltd
CRICOS Provider Codes: SIBT 01576GMacquarie University 00002J


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Well it's safe to say that I'm hooked on 'The Hunger Games' after reading the first book in a couple of hours. I've just gone and bought the next two for my kindle and I can't wait to read them.
I might have to stop being anti-social now and spend the evening with Ben.
Yay for Fox and the Hound!
Today hasn't got off the best start, now I feel bad for messing everyone around.
I've had such a lovely evening but now I've sunk into 'one of those' moods and I don't know what to do with myself.


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GreatSchools Rating
Teacher quality
Principal leadership
Parent involvement
My child started kindergarten in August of this year and my experience with her teacher and the staff has been very positive. I can see that the people who work here genuinely care about the children and strive to do their best in providing a good environment that fosters learning. I am impressed by the learning opportunities beyond the usual curriculum: art, computer, PE classes are just some examples (for kindergarteners, no less!) Many of these special classes are possible from the support of the PTO which also illustrate the involvement of parents. I help out once a week in the class and have observed first hand how well my daughter's teacher works with the individual child as well as with the group as a whole. I personally think teaching can be incredibly rewarding but challenging as well and I have great respect for what teachers strive to do each day. My take on it is that we as parents are the most important influence on our children and are their primary teachers. Their teachers at school are important partners and teamwork is the key to a happy child who loves school. So far, I am glad to report that my daughter loves her school and her teacher!
I am not sure why the school has been getting such awful reviews in the last year. Apparently people didn't like Mrs. Franklin. There is a new principal and it's too early to tell what she will do for the school. Stevens Creek is a really good school with many fine teachers and programs for students. No school is perfect. Parents who think a school can do everything for their children are going to be disappointed. Stevens Creek works with the help of the parent community. If you're not happy with the school then get involved and don't just complain. You can make a huge difference.
It's hard to believe how CUSD has kept Vivian Franklin still employed! The parent and the student community at Stevens Creek are absolutely disgusted and annoyed with her, her punitive methods, harsh, indifferent attitude and autocratic rule. All this has factored in to bring this school down to rocks.... Most of the good teachers who were earlier there with the previous principal have left and those who are currently continuing also laugh and mutter at Vivian Franklin's back. Everybody is dissatisfied shows through when one is in the campus. Being a parent of two kids in this school I have seen all of these things happening in front of my eyes, but just tolerated and kept quite so that my kids are not targeted.
We have been with this school for long time putting a few kids thru elementary school. I pleased to say this is our last year at Stevens Creek. It has been a shame how the school has gone from an absolutely loving and yet high standard environment to what it has become today. As a part working in high tech in the valley, where leadership makes or breaks companies, I think that is what it has done to Stevens Creek. Ms. Franklin may have the best intentions in mind, but her style does not work for today's environment. The only saving grace for school i the few good teachers left from the old days.
Principle Vivian Franklin is HORRIBLE Has control issues. Unable to make it in adult work place, so chose to work with children. Facility is outdated and run down
This school stinks. I am one of the students at this school writing this review. This is anonymus. I hate this school. They spend too much of their money on technology. Every classroom has at least 1 I-pad and now they have a mobile I-pad lab. The money should be spent on useful programs for students who need a challenge, like the GATE program. I am one of those students.I will not say who I am. This school needs to change the way it uses its money. I am glad I am going to a different school next year.
should this school be the babysitter center not the shcool since children at these ages as well older ages have great ability to learn by themselves & set guildline , rules for their peer to follow. they r more comfortable at their own age// these days these teachers & principlal think schools r build & create 4 them , they should be constantly reminded as little rude child they r here to baby sit not need to teach & children & parents teach & they learn more from parents & peers
I do not recommend this school. The principal is a bully who prances around in a miniskirt and high heels yelling at parents through a megaphone. She will call you up and harass you for money when donations are optional. Hey, public school is public, duh. Not everyone is rich. The kids who thrive are taught everything by their parents before they enter the classroom. So if you are not from a culture where that is the norm get ready for a world of hurt!!!! If so many parents have to get a tutor, hey that's an indication something is wrong with the curriculum. I love my teachers and I know they try with so many kids. Many of the parents I've talked to have children who are not thriving at this school. The music program is great if you are not one of the kids runnIng out of the class crying. I see a lot of criticism and zero 'one on one' teaching with my child. Don't believe the hype, people. Cupertino is not the answer and Stevens Creek has been such a disappointment. All I can do is get a tutor like all the other moms. Don't even think about asking for help from the principal, she is mean. Good luck! Oh, and my kid doesn't know how to do a proper push-up or sit-up! Gosh! Omg.
It provides a caring and nurturing environment for the children and is a welcoming institution for the parents.
Teacher with great passion, incl great music and PE programs that kids love!
My children had exceptionally good experiences in learning at this school and they had terrific after school programs also.
It is a great school to be in .Very positive environment and good quality of education as a whole not just curriculum .
We feel very fortunate to have our children at Stevens Creek. Intelligent, devoted teachers, safe learning environment, high standards, great support programs, and involved parents. We are also happy with the Principal. Her style is to allow minimal disruption, and the kids respect her. I think she is doing a great job.
A great school with great principal, teachers and involved parents.
Mrs. Franklin is a wonderful, dedicated principal who works really hard to make Stevens Creek one of the best in CUSD. She has great leadership skills and her emphasis on rules and discipline policy makes it a positive, safe environment for the students. I feel really sorry to her because a small group of parents are attacking her personally by bringing up some unreasonable issues and spreading the rumors around the campus. I fully support her and would definitely want parents to stop posting comments about how she is verses the previous principal. Mrs. Franklin is by far the best principal that I've ever met!
I really like the school. Every principal tries to make the school best. I disagree with previous reviewer on principal being rude. Overall I portray it as discipline and how to organize the kids. I also liked how they are trying for different things - was impressed by the science fair this time.
The new principal is extremely rude in her interactions with parents and portrays negative leadership skills. The school used to be much more better both academically and socially during Vidmar's time. Surely this pricipal lacks vision, positive leadership skills and communication.Its time for Stevens Creek to have a new principal or a change.
Stevens Creek is a great school with dedicated teachers and parents. While the principal may have ruffled some feathers after moving from Regnart, she had some big shoes to fill- Patti Vidmar's. This school excels because of the parental involvement and the great and caring teachers. It is unfortunate that the previous reviewer cites a lack of leadership skills based on personality differences with the principal. CUSD sets the bar high when it comes to achievement. Stevens Creek remains up there with the best, and API scores have improved each year since 2006. The Superstars are well prepared for Kennedy Middle School, one of the highest achieving schools around. Go, Superstars!
Vivian Franklin, the new principal totally without leadership skills resulting in an extremely negative attitude by the staff and teachers. Worse, she is hiring techers with her same cold, uncaring attitude which makes for ineffective instruction. It is so bad there, I'm pulling my kids out of this school at first opportunity.
I agree with the recent reviews. There is certainly some issues with leadership by the new principal. Also some teachers for the younger kids are not upto the mark. My daughter's teacher is always precoocupied with her own personal matters. It was not like this a few years ago when my son went to the school. It used to be good school then with the previous principal and teachers much more engaged.
Community ratings and reviews do not represent the views of GreatSchools nor does GreatSchools check their accuracy or verify the reviewers' identities. Use your discretion when evaluating these reviews.
The Community Rating is the school's average rating from its community members (e.g., parents, students, and school staff). The highest possible rating is five stars; the lowest is one star.
10300 Ainsworth Drive
Cupertino, CA 95014
Phone: (408) 245-3312
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Bridal Packages
For the most important day in your life, trust the wedding professionals at Salon Monaco. We specialize in making your wedding day the most relaxing and glamorous day of your life. Visit Salon Monaco for a day at the spa before your wedding, for your bachelorette party, or even a couple's party. We also have expert hair stylists and makeup artists available to make everyone, especially you, look absolutely fabulous for your big day!
Platinum Package … $750+
- Complimentary Wine & H'orderves or Fruit Tray Upon Arrival
- Hair & Makeup for the Bride and Mother of the Bride
- Hair for 3 Friends
- Eyebrow or facial waxing 2 days before the Wedding
- Hair & Makeup Trial for the Bride
Gold Package … $625+
- Complimentary Wine and Fruit Tray Upon Arrival
- Hair and Makeup for the Bride and Mother of the bride
- Hair for 2 Friends
- Eyebrow or Facial Waxing for the Bride, Mother and 2 Friends 2 days before the Wedding
- Trial Hair and Makeup for the Bride
Silver Package … $400+
- Complimentary Wine and Coffee Upon Arrival
- Hair and Makeup for the Bride and Mother of the Bride
- Eyebrow or Facial waxing 2 days before the Wedding
- Includes Trial Hair and Makeup for the Bride
GQ Package … $300
- Haircut
- Scalp Treatment and Massage
- Eyebrow waxing
- Manicure for the Groom and 2 Friends the day before the Wedding
Hairstyle/ Makeup/ Add-ons
Children 12 and under Wedding Hair Design …………………………………………………. $35+
Bride's Hair ………………………………………………………………………………………… $75-$125
Bridal Party Hair ………………………………………………………………………………….. $65+
Bride's Makeup ……………………………………………………………………………………. $75
Bridal Party Makeup ……………………………………………………………………………… $60+
Eyelashes …………………………………………………………………………………………. $20
Eyebrow Shaping …………………………………………………………………………………. $25
Eyelash Extension ………………………………………………………………………………… $200+
Five Minute Eye …………………………………………………………………………………… $35+
Organic Face Mask ……………………………………………………………………………….. $18
Travel……………………………………………………………………………………………….. $150*
Early Opening ……………………………………………………………………………………… $50**
Permanent & Temporary Hair Extensions Also Available
What every bride should know
- Manicures should be done, prior to the wedding day to eliminate the chance of cuticle nicks due to dryness or sensitivity.
- Facials should be done at least two days prior to the wedding day to improve skin texture.
- Waterproof mascara should be provided by the bride.
- Waxing is recommended two – three days prior to the event in order to eliminate redness and swelling. If you have sensitive skin, schedule your services at least five days prior to the wedding. Waxing rather than shaving allows the bride to have less worry during a summer honeymoon.
- Schedule highlights, color and perms at least two weeks prior just in case treatment is not what you expected. This will allow the colorist adequate time to make any needed changes.
- Do not flat-iron your hair if you plan to have a curly hairstyle.
- It is a good idea to bring your camera to your trial run so that you can make sure that you can take a photo and bring it with you on the wedding day.
- Have a professional makeup artist apply your bridal photography makeup- it's worth it.
- Purchase the shade of lipstick used in your bridal makeup application for touch-ups. Cover your lips completely with liner and fill in the lip color. This will decrease the number of reapplications.