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[QUOTE=Untouchable;4472260]Are you kidding me?
I'd gladly take that kind of production from Sanchez.
If he cracks the 60% mark in completions and throws for over 4,000 yards and 25+ TD's...I'll be happier than a pig in ****. And so will the majority of Jets fans.[/QUOTE]
Do you read these forums? I would venture that 25% of fans hate Sanchez regardless of what he does. They wildly claim that Sanchez is just pure garbage and refuse to acknowledge anything good about him. They will find fault in any of the seasons I posted without a doubt. Add those to the huge Tebow fanclub that is now onboard who could care less about the Jets, they just want to see their guy starting, and you have a giant pressure cooker. It's just the nature of the situation that was created with Tebow. A decent season like the ones I posted are just not going to cut it anymore. Sanchez will have to be all world or the criticism will continue.
Also, do you go to the games at all? I am not a season ticket holder but I do try to get to 3 or 4 games a year. The "fans" at the stadium are ridiculous these days. You would hear Sanchez sucks chants going on before kickoff. Trust me, there's no slack at all for Sanchez. Playing good won't cut it with these idiots. He'll have to play lights out.


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Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
Some stuff in Wow is just boring or "not perfectly" implemented. If they make it a little more interesting, much better. Also, many things were balanced for level 60 in mind, then 70 and 80 came and something had to be changed. At the end of the day easy does not mean "boring". It means you can do more things in less time, thus allowing people with less time to play more intensively and seeing more stuff.

subset: commoncrawl


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A Harvard professor** who once helped map the human genome is now gaining fame in a new way. He is seeking an "adventurous woman" to give birth to the first Neanderthal baby born in thousands of years. No, it's not Jurassic Park or science that is technically possible, if not totally impractical. This could really happen at some point. Maybe.
There is just one problem. Professor George Church needs a woman who would be willing to carry and birth the product of an experiment where artificial Neanderthal DNA from bone samples would be placed into stem cells, injected into an embryo, and then implanted. Wow. Sounds fun. Sign me up!
In an interview with Der Spiegel magazine, professor George Church says that it's technically possible and that, while his job isn't to say whether it's a good idea, it's an absolutely feasible one. Crazy, right? But is it?
According to Church, the ancient human ancestor known as the Neanderthal could actually be the key to increasing human longevity. He told the magazine that it wasn't just "curiosity" that is driving him.
... curiosity may be part of it, but it's not the most important driving force. The main goal is to increase diversity. The one thing that is bad for society is low diversity. This is true for culture or evolution, for species and also for whole societies. If you become a monoculture, you are at great risk of perishing. Therefore the recreation of Neanderthals would be mainly a question of societal risk avoidance.
What, at first blush, sounds totally insane is actually kind of making sense now, right? Damn science! In all seriousness, although I am not volunteering my uterus, I could see why a woman might be willing to do this. Why not be on the cutting edge of science?
Of course, there are all kinds of questions that I am sure Church could answer -- would the baby learn to talk? How would he/she be different from other babies? What would that mean for school? For his or her life? Would they hate being different?
Hmmm. The more questions I ask, the less I like the idea. As a mother myself, I know any woman who did this would be donating more than her womb. Few moms would be willing to walk away from their baby and leave him or her in the care of scientists. What kind of mom would that make them? So the ethical questions about the quality of life of the infant would give me great pause.
I guess I am not "adventurous" enough, after all. Dang. And it sounded like so much fun!
It feels like a dare issued to womankind: Who isn't going to be worried about the social ramifications and will be willing to put their child on the line for the sake of science? Who is willing to take the chance that the baby they grow in their belly for nine months is actually a dangerous experiment gone very wrong?
Not me. But it will be interesting to see if this ever really could happen.
Would you ever consider doing this?
***Editor's Note: This story has been revealed as a hoax by Professor Church.
Image via erix!/Flickr
Wow. There are so many things wrong with this. The baby will be raised as an experiment and more than likely be treated as a lab rat his/her whole life. And "low diversity" in our population is a load of bull! Most ppl born today are from mixed genes and cultures. Low diversity is not the problem here. It sounds like it's purely curiosity driven to me.
This is wrong on more levels than I think I can wrap my head around. Just because we HAVE the technology to play God, doens NOT mean we SHOULD. Neanderthals died out for a reason. We may not know what that reason is. but I bet it was a convincing one. Besides that, I dont care if its a test tube baby or not, that child would deserve rights of his/her own, and i think we all know that it would be kept in a lab and tested/poked/proded its entire misserasble life.
I don't think that reestablishing an extinct sentient species is a bad idea and they aren't human genetically, which means that you wouldn't be adding to the human culture anyway. he wants to do it because he can.
Completely unethical this scientist lacks a moral compass. Somethings should be left to god.
this is very wrong. that child wouldnt know love or comfort, and would be treated sub par at best. just...no


text: #Southlake #TrafficPolice are some of the most useless and money grubbing people on the earth. Median house value over $700k and every day I see a couple people pulled over and each week I see the commercial vehicle enforcement officers hassling semis. I guess they have to pay for this actually nice looking court house somehow. (at Southlake Municipal Court)


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Debra J. Saunders
More attitude from the Chronicle's token conservative columnist.
Monthly Archive for September, 2012
Rep. Pete Stark cops to having a "sharp tongue"
Rep. Pete Stark – a recipient of Esquire's "Ten Worst Members of Congress" list – has a new video out in which he confess to having a sharp tongue. "Not everybody likes my sense of humor," he observes. Then he asks voters to "forgive my tart tongue." Thing is, Stark's tongue is so tart that, it […] [Read More]
Barack Obama versus Mitch McConnell
"If I had a nickel for every reference to that line, I'd … well, you know," Major Garrett mused about the famous interview in which Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell infamously said, "The single most important thing we want to achieve is for President Obama to be a one-term president." It's the topic of my Thursday column. […] [Read More]
Death penalty foes solicit pen pals for convicted killers
Yes, thanks to death penalty opponents, Richard Allen Davis has his own home page. On it, as I mentioned in my Sunday column, Davis displays "hand-painted wood hobby craft items," which he made. He wonders if there's anyone out there who wants to know who he really is, and "if for someone like myself, can one ever fall back […] [Read More]
Romney video brouhaha could be a bubble
I was on KQED's Forum this morning with host Michael Krasny, comrade Carla Marinucci and Mother Jones editor Clara Jeffery. You can listen to the broadcast below. My view on the story is pretty simple. Romney misspoke and said things he should not have said. He also hit on a truth, which is that close […] [Read More]
Romney video: mostly donors giving advice
Here's the first half of the Romney video released by Mother Jones, you hear what candidates always hear at fundraisers: Donors grousing about the campaign: You can see the second half here. One donor asks: "Why don't you stick up for yourself?" And: "Why is it bad to aspire to be wealthy and successful?" Romney responds […] [Read More]
Obama, Romney and Afghanistan math
Mitt Romney didn't even mention Afghanistan in his speech at the Republican National Convention in Tampa. President Obama, on the other hand, liberally honored the service of U.S. troops who served in Iraq and Afghanistan at the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte. Michelle Obama also mentioned U.S. troops in Afghanistan. As she extolled "the best of the American spirit," […] [Read More]
Ayn Rand at the Democratic Convention
Last week at the Republican National Convention in Tampa, I talked to a number of delegates about "Atlas Shrugged," which became the topic of some blogs and columns. Dennis Miller and I also talked about the book. Dennis is a big fan. You can listen to our talk here. I'll be talking with Dennis Miller today […] [Read More]
Do Democrats think women are helpless?
From the Democratic National Convention Obamacare includes a provision that, as the new platform put it, " ensures that women have access to contraception in their health insurance plans." Because Republicans oppose the Affordable Care Act, speakers at the Democratic National Convention have been suggesting that Republicans want to deny women "access" to contraception and give employers a […] [Read More]


text:
Dogs don't see the world in black and white, but their color range is more limited than a human's. more...
October 2 , 1941 : Nazi Germany began its military offensive to seize Moscow. more...
Learn something new every day More Info... by email
A Firefly phone is a mobile phone specially designed for younger kids. The Firefly phone features only five buttons on the faceplate, which are picture-coded and designed to be pre-programmed by parents. The Firefly phone is kid-friendly in design and has a clip for attaching to backpacks.
The five buttons on a Firefly phone consist of green and red call buttons to begin and end a call, and mom and dad buttons with symbols similar to those used on public restroom doors to indicate gender. There is also a directory button that will hold up to 20 numbers programmed by mom or dad. On the side of a Firefly phone is a 911-assistance button. The Firefly phone is designed to be simple enough for a child to use and durable enough to withstand normal use by a child.
Many parents find value in being constantly connected to their kids, especially when children start preschool or kindergarten and spend part of their day at school and part of their day at daycare. With a Firefly phone, parents can provide a simple way for kids to reach them at work without needing to remember numbers. It also prevents older children from calling friends unnecessarily and racking up expensive bills.
Mobile service with a Firefly phone can be purchased on a pay as you go plan with pre-paid minutes or contracted through a Firefly approved cellular service provider. Pre-paid minutes can be purchased online, by phone, or with pre-paid cards available at select stores with a cost of US$.25 per minute. There are of course a variety of accessories available for Firefly phones, just like a grown-up phone, including hands-free headsets, carrying cases and different colored shells you can swap out just like a regular phone's faceplate. Consumers can purchase a Firefly phone for around US$100 from several retailers, including Target and Toys-R-Us, or online directly from Firefly.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!


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staceythinx: Periodic Table of Elements Cubes from the ElementsCubed Etsy store.
[Space exploration] is in financial trouble. Yet by many standards, such missions are inexpensive. Mariner Jupiter/Saturn costs about the same as the American aircraft shot down in Vietnam in the week in which I am writing these words (Christmas 1972). The Viking mission itself costs about a fortnight of the Vietnam war.
I find these comparisons particularly poignant: life versus death, hope versus fear. Space exploration and the highly mechanized destruction of people use similar technology and manufacturers, and similar human qualities of organization and daring. Can we not make the transition from automated aerospace killing to automated aerospace exploration of the solar system in which we live?
Carl Sagan
His thoughts on discovery versus destruction, from the same 1971 panel on Mars exploration that gave us Ray Bradbury's romantic ode to Darwin and exploration.
How appropriate this is today. It puts our priorities squarely in view, like a mirror to the soul of mankind. Do we like what we see?
(via Brain Pickings)
|Gigione Kroto (via scipsy)


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New Iberia
Variety Wholesalers Jobs in New Iberia
1 Variety Wholesalers jobs in New Iberia, Louisiana found on Monster.Jobs 1 to 1 of 1
Softlines Manager If your goal is success and achievement with the opportunity to make a contribution to change an organization...JOIN OUR TEAM! We've been in business since 1915 and achieved and maintained our leadership position by staying in constant touch with what's new and exciting with changing fashion, tastes and lifestyles. We also have the reputation for offering our managers and staff...
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It's easier than ever to work from home. Of course, not every job is a mobile job, and some companies aren't interested in having their employees work from home.
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Engineers will find job opportunities in select disciplines in 2013, with candidates who are all-around, client-oriented businesspeople in demand.
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Want to earn a good salary and enjoy a measure of job security as well? Check out these well-paying jobs on tap for fast growth in the coming years.


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1703 North Beauregard Street
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Tel: 1-800-933-ASCD (2723)
Fax: 703-575-5400
8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday
Local to the D.C. area, 703-578-9600, press 2
Toll-free from U.S. and Canada, 1-800-933-ASCD (2723), press 2
All other countries (International Access Code) + 1-703-578-9600, press 2
ASCD membership offers more information and ideas about learning and teaching than any other single source.
Member Benefits
Author and researcher Patti Drapeau explores and explains research related to creativity and its relevance in today's standards-based, critical thinking–focused classroom. More
Easily access e-books purchased from the ASCD store on your iPad. More
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Give your entire school or district non stop professional development support with an annual subscription to ASCD's extensive library of videos. More
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Designed for use in schools around the world, this online tool offers educators a comprehensive needs assessment for the school year.
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10/14. Tony Sparks Birthday @ 1582 Folsom St. SF. $5. 7PM. Presented by Speech Therapy.
SpeechTherapyComedy presents..
NO MIC NIGHT!It's His Birthday Y'all!It Ain't Nuthin But A Party Y'all! Come Chill, Get your grove on, Drink, Network, stop by, whatever it is.>YOU KNOW WHO HE IS!! Come pay respects/Homage to the man who makes you laugh/ put Most of you on stage/gets some comedy advice from/took his comedy class/Booked him/Roasted him/You Love him/You Hate him…. etc..DJ MKYE ONE from the Legendary Almighty DJ's crew will be layin' it down.#Don'tSleep!!So take a break from your normal Sunday evening activities & hang out with The DON of Bay-Area Stand-Up Comedy TONY SPARKS! No Roastin' we Toastin' it Up! $5 Donation All Night! (no guest list)If You Ain't There, You Ain't Right!
SpeechTherapyComedy presents..
Tags: tony sparks Speech Therapy sf san francisco comedy birthday comedian event Space 1582 bay area
Bay-Area, CA based comedy blog from Bay-Area, CA based comedian blogger. News, event reviews, room reviews, journals, highlights, videos, links, and anything else from the San Francisco/Bay-Area comedy community.
If you have any shows happening in the Bay-Area or photos or anything comedy related shoot it over to firstname.lastname@example.com
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Hi! I am a young woman from the United States with a passion for food, culture, and language. I have always been interested in writing and reading erotic literature and this site has been a place for me to share my thoughts and ideas.
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❝From personal experience, these next few years will be crazy awesome, super scary, and kinda freaky. You'll begin to realize that everything is up to you. You can be, do, or dream anything and everything you want…the hard part is finding that thing. You never know that you truly want, need, or love until you try. A lot of trying ends in bruises, tears, and frustration. But know that you'll never fall too hard, because I'll be there to break your fall. And never be afraid to jump, because I'll always be ready to catch you
what my big sister wrote in my birthday card


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"Ultimately, it is up to Israelis and Palestinians to take action. No peace can be imposed upon them, nor can endless delay make the problem go away."
— From text of President Obama's MidEast speech
"Peace is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means by which we arrive at that goal."
— Martin Luther King Jr.


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TAGE is proud to partner with TCSS in organizing a geography strand for social studies educators at the 62nd Annual TCSS Fall Conference. We are now accepting presenter proposals. All presentations are 1 hour and 15 minutes. Unlike previous years, TAGE is unable to pay the registration fee for geography strand presenters. Presenters confirmed by TAGE will be required to register separately with TCSS.
When: October 31 - November 2, 2014
Where: Moody Gardens Hotel Hope Blvd Galveston, TX 77554
TAGE encourages submissions related to geography, including an elementary focus.
Proposal Submission Deadline: June 30, 2014 Extended to July 25!
For additional information, contact TAGE at firstname.lastname@example.com 512.245.3827
Presenters with accepted submissions will be notified by email. Once notification is received, selected presenters will be required to confirm their participation and provide additional registration information.


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Download of the Week: Field Report "Taking Alcatraz"
If you unscramble the letters in Field Report, you get the last name of the lead singer, Chris Porterfield. While his name might not ring a bell, you've definitely heard him before, since he produced and played on Bon Iver's records. He lives in Wisconsin too, making a similar strain of quiet folk rock that floats by like a breeze from an open window. Singing from his chest instead of in a falsetto, Porterfield is a littler rougher around the edges than Bon Iver, but that's not a bad thing. He's currently touring all over the country, supporting the self-titled Field Report album, which we love.


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Charity & Festival EventsRegister ▻
The following are the terms and conditions of entry of USM EVENTS PTY LTD trading as IRONMAN Australia "The Company" for the 2014 Noosa Triathlon Multisport Festival. These terms are not negotiable and by accepting an entry to the event via The Company registration system and paying the entry fees you are hereby acknowledging your acceptance of our terms and conditions (For competitors under 18, a parent or guardian must accept).
As a Team Captain of a triathlon team, I agree to these terms and conditions of entry on behalf of my team members.
WARNING: This is a legal document that affects your rights, if you are uncertain or uncomfortable with some of the conditions of registration then we recommend that you obtain advice to ensure you understand and accept the conditions of entry.
I agree to participate in this event on the following basis:
1. I acknowledge that competitive sporting events involve the real risk of serious injury or even death from various causes including overexertion, equipment failure, dehydration, accidents with other competitors, spectators or road users, and course or weather conditions and other causes.
2. I understand that I should not participate in this event unless I have trained appropriately and will be in a fit state to complete the event safely. I acknowledge that if I am aware of an existing medical condition and uncertain of my state of fitness then a medical practitioner should verify my physical condition.
3. By participating, I accept all risks necessarily flowing from my participation that could result in injury, loss of life or permanent injury. Accordingly, I release all persons or corporations associated directly or indirectly with the conduct of the event from all claims demands and proceedings arising out of my participation and I hereby indemnify them against, all liability (including liability for their negligence and negligence of others) for all injury, loss or damage arising out of or connected with my participation in this event. This release shall extend to and include The Company, Triathlon Australia Inc, its members, state and territory triathlon associations, Sunshine Coast Council, event sponsors, event marshals and their respective directors, partners, managers, officers, agents, contractors, employees and volunteers including event medical and paramedical personnel. This release and indemnity continues forever and binds my heirs, executors, personal representatives and assigns.
4. I consent to receiving any medical treatment including ambulance transportation that event organisers think desirable during or after the event.
5. I have provided correct details of any medical or physical conditions from which I suffer that might affect my performance or be relevant if medical treatment is needed. I accept the risk of participating despite these conditions. I have supplied an emergency contact name and number, this person is contactable both during and after the event and is not another participant.
6. I understand that compulsory insurance cover for participants in this event may not cover for all injury, loss or damage sustained by me.
7. Safety precautions undertaken by organisers (such as course supervision, race safety briefings, bicycle and helmet safety checks) are a service to me and other participants but are not a guarantee of safety.
8. My registration is not transferable to other people. Any attempt to transfer my entry or allow another person to participate under my name may result in total cancellation without refund, insurance being deemed void and inability to enter further The Company events.
9. If I wish to withdraw from the event I must do so through my online registration and the following cancellation policy will apply:
• A 50% cancellation fee will be incurred if you withdraw up until 5pm Friday 1st August 2014
• A 75% cancellation fee will be incurred if you withdraw up until 5pm Friday 19th September 2014
• If purchased, your Triathlon Australia one day membership will 100% refundable up until 5pm Friday 19th September 2014.
• No refunds will be offered from 5pm Friday 19th September 2014
10. I agree to become a 2014/2015 Triathlon Australia Annual member OR purchase a $20 One Day Membership after July 1st 2014. If I am a member of an ITU recognised National Triathlon Federation I am not required to purchase a Triathlon Australia One Day Membership. I must bring proof of my relevant membership to check in and if I cannot prove your membership then you will be required to purchase a ODM to Triathlon Australia at race registration.
11. Event organisers may change the event format, course or other race conditions at their discretion. If that occurs, this agreement applies to the changed conditions.
12. I agree that if the event is cancelled due to storm, rain, inclement weather, winds or other 'Act of God' conditions or safety concerns, or if I do not participate in the event for any other reason, my entry fee shall be non-refundable.
13. I agree to abide by all race results and directions issued by the event organiser and/or the relevant sport's governing body.
14. I certify I will read and abide by the Athlete Information Guide which is available to download from www.noosatri.com.au
15. I acknowledge and consent to photographs and electronic images being taken of me before, during or after the event by an official representative of the event organiser. I acknowledge and agree that such photographs and electronic images are owned by the event organiser and that the event organiser and event sponsors may use the image for promotional use. These images, my name and my event results may be used for reporting purposes or other purposes at any time by any form of media without my further consent being necessary. The event organiser is not responsible for photographs and electronic images taken by persons who are not an official representative of the event organiser.
16. I acknowledge and consent to the event organisers providing my personal details (limited to race number, full name and email address) to FinisherPix for the purpose of promoting photographs from the event. FinisherPix will contact you via email to alert you when photos from the event are available on their website, www.finisherpix.com. These photos will be available for purchase.
17. I acknowledge that if I have selected to receive The Company email newsletter that I will receive this communication including important information and event updates bi-monthly from The Company. I can opt-out at any time by clicking the relevant link in any issue of the eNews. I acknowledge that if I do not wish to receive bi-monthly email newsletters I will still receive an email newsletter on the week of my registered event. In the lead up to the event it is my responsibility to obtain event updates and information from the event website www.noosatri.com.au
18. I am fully responsible for the security of my personal possessions at the event including my bike and other valuable items within the race transition area. I agree that after the promoted unsecure time of transition, I am fully responsible for any possessions I have left in the area. The Company will not be liable for replacement of any personal possessions.
19. I acknowledge that I will receive a race timing band at all timed events which remains the property of The Company. A recorded time is not guaranteed. Should I not return my timing band to The Company I agree to reimburse them $150.
20. I certify that I am 18 years of age or older, or I am the parent/legal guardian of a child under the age of 18 and I have read this document and understand and accept the terms and conditions it contains.


text:
According to crews on the scene, the area near the Frame Road/Elkview exit and the Clendenin exit will be partially closed for about an hour due to an accident.
The fast lane in the south bound lanes is open now.
According to our crew on the scene, two SUV's were involved in a rear-end style collision.
One person was transported to a local hospital.
West Virginia State Police, Kanawha County Sheriff's Office, and the Pinch Fire Department are on the scene.
Stay with 13 News for the latest on this developing story.


text:
Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
3 words: Fan of knives
3 words: Fan of knives
Stratfu wrote up an article before LB got nerfed-
and now all of that is unvalid because of the hotfix.
The major discussion on the forums is here-
The consensus of the discussion says:
When there are tons of targets time is better used replying LB instead of using hotstreak.
The only place hotstreak LB really buffs is single target and mobility fights.


text:
Playing In The SandFor those of us who were fortunate to grow up near an ocean or close enough to visit, frolicking on the beach and sand is a fond childhood memory. With a plastic bucket a small shovel and no other materials except white sand and chilly salt water the boys made "forts" and the girls made castles. My 'Barbie Castle" was nothing more then a few overturned buckets of wet sand, many shovel-fulls of the dry stuff, stacked-sand ramparts and a rich imagination.
Earlier this month at nearby Fort Myers Beach, FL, the world sand sculpting championship was staged with teams from around the world representing their native countries. They used pretty much the same implements seven-year old Katie once used -- shovels, buckets -- but that's where any comparison ended:
(note the man and woman admiring the cubist butterfly that landed on the back
of a person's hand. . . or are they Goda's Towers?)
(ever have one of those brain-pain days?)
And the winner . . . "Rich Piggy."
Credit the Fort Myers News Press for the shots. A person can spend only
so many hours at the beach.
I've always admired people who can do that. My talent is limited to the shape of the bucket. I think what makes them more impressive is the artist knows the sculpture is only temporary.
What great art. Doesn't look like anything I used to do (or could do now). Thanks.
Went to stay with family recently and started playing with 2-year-old cousin on the beach... eventually he got bored and wandered off and I found myself sitting in the sand on my own carving an elaborate moat around a sandcastle. At 24 years old...

I regret nothing!
I am so jealous of you .... I lived in Clearwater for about 8 years .... and visited North Captiva many times throughout the year ..... absolutely the best beaches and the best shelling ....
beautiful :)
Rockin' :-)
I miss the warm weather and the beach. These pictures made me happy.

I think playing in the sand is a great metaphor for life itself. Think about it...
I love the beach and playing in the sand. It is so relaxing.
i love the beach. I have nt spent much timenear the ocean, 5 or 6 time I have visited there. Ilive near the Great lakes and spend pleanty of summer days on the beach there. Itit so relaxing. These a re some great potos. I can never make anything that good. Mine are just a sand castle made with a bucket like you talked about in your story. Thanks for the story it reminds me of the great times I have had at the beach with my family.
Very cool photos.

I have always lived by fresh water beaches of Lake Michigan and love the beach.
these make our los anegeles sand competitions look like ****. thanks a lot show off.
no sand here... but we do the same thing with snow!! :0]
Wow! This is beautiful! I love the pictures, and your desc<x>ription was amazing! I miss the ocean so very badly right now!
Don't insult Grant. He and I were both born in the same county, albeit over 100 years apart. In HS, we used to drink beer at his birthplace at Pt. Pleasant, OH. Grant was actually a very good military commander, but an iffy president. The criticism of Grant as a "butcher" is totally unjustified and looks more silly when you look at the wars which came after our Civil War (not War Between the States).
The sand shapes are nothing compared to the lady who made this post.
Got that right! She's someone special for sure.
Mine was a sand beach on a lake my grandparents owned in Clay County in North Florida. Driving down from Ohio, we would usually stop at the battlefield at Chattanooga, or Chickamagua or Kennesaw Mountain; so I arrived at the lake imbued in Civil War history. Then, on the beach, I would try to create in sand what I thought (at ages 7-12) should have been done 100 years before.
Great story and pics, Katie. We saw some amazing sand sculpture competitions in Europe; one in Biarritz, France, and another in Bruges, Belgium. They are incredible.
Life can be a real beach if we're lucky.
it is a reminder that the mass of our achievements are no more than castles made of sand. They may stand a bit longer, but it is the act of building and the relationships built in that sand are all we really have.
Ah, yes...nothing like the beach to make sand castles. Take my kids as often as I can. But, of course... we have problems making even the basic of castles. Still...it's fun.
I had to settle for lake sand as a kid, but loved building sandcastles nonetheless. I always love pictures from these things, thanks for sharing :)
My parents owned an apartment complex in Santa Cruze Ca. right across the street from the beach, one unit was kept vacant for family. Many summers were spent there.
Wow! Those are amazing!


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Categories > Cartoons > Class of the Titans > A Letter For Dad
September 24th2 Reviews
Allie finds a new friend, and setles into her skin a bit more at new Olympus high.
Dear Dad,
I have a new best friend. His name is Alex, and ironically his mom was Atlanta. We spend most of are time training with Herry. Callie is always criticizing us for that, but she's cool, and Odie's daughter so she is super smart.
Lately Jenica and Tommy have been acting like they know something that we don't; they are Jay and Theresa's kids, respectively. Though Jay, Neil, Theresa, Odie and Herry want to talk to us tomorrow, apparently it is important. Apparently we are all so much like are parents. I think Natalie has the strongest resemblance to her dad though; her and Neil could be twins if he was not her father. Hammy is a lot like Herry to they are both so strong!
Well I have to go, Herry wants me to run a few laps, and Alex is coming to.
Love, Allie.
************ ******
Hope you enjoyed that! Please rate and review, I love hearing from all of you!


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What you should know about 'pet rent'
Pet deposits are common when renting apartments. But are monthly dog and cat fees worth it?
When you move into a rental, you know you'll have to pay the rent each month. But what about your pet? Four-legged family members can get slapped with monthly dues too — it's often called "pet rent," and you may be faced with paying it.
But should you?
Typically, pet owners pay an additional deposit during the lease signing that covers any wear and tear the pet does to the rental. Pet rent, which is becoming more common, especially in corporate-owned apartment complexes, works differently.
Post continues below
With pet rent you'll pay a monthly fee as long as you and your pet live in the rental. The fee is relatively small — usually $35 or less — and is considered a discretionary charge, meaning the landlord can legally include this extra charge in your lease in most cases.
On the surface, pet rent may seem like just another way for a landlord to make money off a tenant, but some landlords argue that pets cause extra wear and tear on the apartment building and require additional maintenance. For example, pet rent covers damage to landscaping or wear and tear on carpets in the lobby.
While it may not seem as though there is any advantage to paying another rental fee, you might get a better deal by paying pet rent. Say, for example, you're comparing two apartment complexes with similar apartments. One complex charges $985 a month with a $300 nonrefundable pet deposit and no pet rent. The other charges $900 a month with a $150 refundable deposit and $15 a month pet rent. For a 12-month lease at the first complex, you'd pay $12,120. But you'd only pay $11,130 at the second complex and may get back your $150 refundable pet deposit.
Being willing to pay a pet deposit could give you more rental options, especially if you have a special circumstance. While many landlords are only willing to allow pets with specific rules, such as one pet per household or a small weight limit, other landlords may be willing to accept your three cats or large dog if you agree to pay a monthly fee.
Pet rent also has a few big disadvantages — namely, paying another fee that will add up over the course of the lease. Say, for example, you sign a 12-month lease with a $25 pet rent fee. Over the course of the lease, you'll end up paying an extra $300.
If you're a long-term renter, a small monthly fee becomes an even bigger deal. If you renew your lease for another year you'll pay $600 in total, and if you decide to stay put for five years you'll end up paying $1,500 in pet rent alone.
While you could simply walk away from any rental with pet rent, you might have luck negotiating with the landlord. For example, if you're planning on staying in a rental for a year or more and know your pet won't cause problems, you could use that information as leverage and offer to sign a longer lease in lieu of paying pet rent. You could also offer to pay a higher upfront pet deposit to cover any wear or tear your pet causes to the building. It may not work, but many landlords are willing to negotiate with tenants.
More from realtor.com
As far as animals go, I would say that it depends on the animal. But even if the animal is well-behaved - things can happen. When I was in college we used to have a german shepard mix who was very well behaved and we never had any problems with him. One day we were delayed about two hours coming home from work because of a snow storm. When we got back, our dog had tore up our couch and scratched the front door pretty badly. Our vet thought it was just a bad case of anxiety - he probably got worried since we weren't home yet and started going nuts. Needless to say, we didn't get our deposit back. :-(
I rented my home to a tenant with 2 small cute pets(1 cat and 1 dog). The home deposit was $1500 a month and the pet deposit was $350 each. Well the dog was not trained and pee and poop all over the carpet making stains and bad smell that could not be removed by professional carpet cleaners. The cat clawed the doors and the wood strips along the baseboards of the walls. To make a long story short my income on that property minus the expenses(mortgage, repairs, replacements, cleaning, taxes) for the year was a loss. After 12 months the end result was a loss of $275.00 . Next time, I will ask for more deposit, pet rent or just avoid renting to people with pets because could be what makes or breaks your profit for the 12 months. I love pets but could not afford the damages caused by them.
I bought a four family building. A tenant who was there when I purchased the building moved out a year later. After his furniture was gone you could see the damage his two cats made. They clawed a 3 inch by 2 foot strip of carpeting right down to the wooden floor below. It looked like someone took a knife and cut a rectangle into the carpet and padding. This tenant had no pet deposit and I spent > $1000 to replace the carpet. Now, I don't care what a new tenant is willing to pay to keep an animal. NO DOGS OR CATS PERIOD. Other tenants in the building who have allergies or can't sleep because of barking dogs are happy. If you want pets, buy a house.


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* Olson, G.M., and Olson, J.S. "Distance Matters," Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 15, 2001, pp. 139-179.
A more recent, less comprehensive study than Allen:1984 with similar results.
* Teasley, S., Covi, L., Krishnan, M.S., Olson, J.S. "How Does Radical Collocation Help a Team Succeed?," CSCW'00, December 2-6, 2000, Philadelphia, PA. (Also found here.)
- A field study of six teams in warrooms.
Our study of six teams that experienced radical collocation showed that in this setting they produced remarkable productivity improvements. Although the teammates were not looking forward to working in close quarters, over time they realized the benefits of having people at hand, both for coordination, problem solving and learning.
Teams in these warrooms showed a doubling of productivity
* Allen, T., Managing the Flow of Technology, MIT Press, Boston, 1984.
A study of communication and information flow in multiple R&D organizations. Lots of data, graphs, etc. Ends with design of a team room.
* An Empirical Study of Speed and Communication in Globally Distributed Software Development
One key finding is that distributed work items appear to take about two and one-half times as long to complete as similar items where all the work is colocated
* Team Knowledge and Coordination in Geographically Distributed Software Development
Our findings reveal that: software developers have different types of coordination needs; coordination across sites is more challenging than within a site; team knowledge helps members coordinate, but more so when they are separated by geographic distance; and the effect of different types of team knowledge on coordination effectiveness differs between co-located and geographically dispersed collaborators.
* An empirical study of global software development: distance and speed
Our results show that, compared to same-site work, cross-site work takes much longer and requires more people for work of equal size and complexity. We also report a strong relationship between delay in cross-site work and the degree to which remote colleagues are perceived to help out when workloads are heavy
* RE challenges in multi-site software development organisations
Based on the empirical evidence, we have constructed a model of how remote communication and knowledge management, cultural diversity and time differences negatively impact requirements gathering, negotiations and specifications. Findings reveal that aspects such as a lack of a common understanding of requirements, together with a reduced awareness of a working local context, a trust level and an ability to share work artefacts significantly challenge the effective collaboration of remote stakeholders in negotiating a set of requirements that satisfies geographically distributed customers
* CSCW 2008 Workshop: Supporting Distributed Team Work
It doesn't take much distance before a team feels the negative effects of distribution - the effectiveness of collaboration degrades rapidly with physical distance. People located closer in a building are more likely to collaborate (Kraut, Egido & Galegher 1990). Even at short distances, 3 feet vs. 20 feet, there is an effect (Sensenig & Reed 1972). A distance of 100 feet may be no better than several miles (Allen 1977). A field study of radically collocated software development teams, i.e. where the teammates share a large open-plan room, showed significantly higher productivity and satisfaction than industry benchmarks and past projects within the firm (Teasley et al., 2002). Another field study compared interruptions in paired, radically-collocated and traditional, cube-dwelling software development teams, and found that in the former interruptions were greater in number but shorter in duration and more on-task (Chong and Siino 2006). Close proximity improves productivity in all cases.


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-Highest and lowest prices paid for these shares were 317.80 pence and 315.50 pence per share respectively.
-Shares at 0935 GMT down 4 pence, or 1.36%, at 313 pence valuing the company at 3.81 billion.
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text: Centrica idles gas-fired plant amid low spark spreads 12 Mar 2012, 5.59 pm GMT Centrica idles gas-fired plant amid low spark spreads London, 12 March (Argus) — Centrica will mothball its 340MW Kings Lynn gas-fired power plant in eastern England from 1 April as it sees no improvement in spark spreads in the medium term, the company said today. Centrica said it will continue to operate its 245MW Barry gas-fired station in Wales, which had also been earmarked for possible mothballing, as a peaking plant. Centrica's director for power generation Sarwjit Sambhi said: "Our older, less efficient, power stations are facing very challenging economic conditions as a result of high gas input prices. As we do not expect the situation to improve in the medium term, we have had to make the difficult decision to close Kings Lynn power station." Centrica's move on Kings Lynn, first proposed in October, comes as rival UK utility Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE) prepares to idle its two oldest combined-cycle gas turbines in late March, also because of low spark spreads. SSE will undertake extended maintenance at its 760MW Keadby and 688MW Medway plants, which is expected to keep them off line for at least a year. Separately, London-based generator Barking Power is idling some capacity at its 1,000MW plant. The operator said it expects the idled capacity to be unprofitable for the next couple of years, based on current gas and power price forecasts. Centrica has permission to build 1,000MW of capacity at Kings Lynn and it will keep this option option. But a final decision depends upon improved market conditions and clarification of the government's intentions in relation to market reform, the company said. Centrica in late February repeated calls for greater clarity on the UK's planned reforms of the wholesale market, which include the introduction of a capacity market, as well as support for nuclear and other low-carbon generation. Send comments to firstname.lastname@example.com sp/jc 2.4 If you would like to review other ArgusMedia.com content options, request more information about Argus' energy news, data and analysis services. Copyright © 2012 Argus Media Ltd - www.ArgusMedia.com - All rights reserved. View more news articles


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Key departmental publications, e.g. annual reports, budget papers and program guidelines are available in our online archive.
Much of the material listed on these archived web pages has been superseded, or served a particular purpose at a particular time. It may contain references to activities or policies that have no current application. Many archived documents may link to web pages that have moved or no longer exist, or may refer to other documents that are no longer available.
Compiled by Leon P. Zann
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville Queensland
Ocean Rescue 2000 Program
Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, 1995
Department of Plant Science
University of Tasmania
GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Tas, 7001
The phytoplankton algae that make up the floating pastures of Australia's marine environment are the food base that supports, either directly or indirectly, the entire production of the open sea. These microscopic plants range in size from 0.2 m to 200 m (a m is 1/1000 mm), with the exceptional few reaching 4 mm in length. The diversity of organisms involved is immense and encompasses representatives of 13 algal divisions. These classes include the well-known diatoms (5000 species), dinoflagellates (2000 species), golden-brown flagellates and green flagellates (several hundred species) and the coccoid picoplanktonic forms (cyanobacteria, prochlorophytes). Just like land plants, phytoplankton algae require carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and nutrients for growth and photosynthesis. Their depth distribution is limited by the extent to which photosynthetically available sunlight can penetrate, and this ranges from 200 m in the clearest oceanic water to several metres in turbid estuaries. For their nutritional requirements (nitrates, phosphates, silicates, trace elements) the phytoplankton are strongly dependent upon physical dynamic processes which move nutrient-rich deeper water into the upper lighted zone. 'Nutrient upwelling' can occur by many mechanisms, mostly driven by winds interacting with currents and continental shelf topography. While Australian waters have no major upwelling systems comparable to those off Peru, California or north-west Africa, enrichments of a lesser kind do occur regularly and provide the nutrients for the rich diatom blooms which support Australia's most productive fisheries grounds. Anthropogenic nutrient discharges via domestic and industrial wastes can also increase the algal biomass of coastal waters but, more seriously, this has the potential to dramatically alter the original phytoplankton species composition with far-reaching implications for the structure of entire marine food chains.
This review summarises the status of our knowledge on marine phytoplankton communities in the Australian region (excluding the Antarctic) and identifies the impact of human disturbances upon them.
Recognition of three distinct phytoplankton assemblages in Australian tropical and oceanic waters has come from light microscope and electron microscope studies of the extensive phytoplankton collections made by CSIRO scientists on the research vessels RV Sprightly and FRV Soela (1980-1985). A tropical oceanic community occurs in the offshore waters of both the Coral Sea and Indian Ocean, a tropical shelf community is confined to the Gulf of Carpentaria and the North West Shelf and a temperate neritic (inshore) community is found in coastal waters of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania (Figures 1, 2). The larger (30-200 m) diatom and dinoflagellate species in the assemblages are different, but the smaller nanoplankton (2-20 m) are remarkably similar in all environments studied. Sometimes typical warm-water species are found in subtropical or temperate waters. This phenomenon results from tropical waters penetrating southwards in the current or eddy formations and carrying their entrained plants and animals within them. Conversely, a fourth assemblage of subantarctic phytoplankton species has been observed episodically off southern Tasmania.
The phytoplankton flora of the Australian region has strong similarities with the warm- and cold-water phytoplankton floras of the northern hemisphere. In contrast to the macroalgal flora, there is virtually no endemism in the phytoplankton. The concept of threatened species is difficult to apply to phytoplankton communities, although there is growing evidence for immigrant species being introduced into local waters of many countries via ships' ballast water (Hallegreaff & Bolch 1992). Well-documented examples are the diatom Coscinodiscus wailesii in the North Sea (which can clog fishermen's nets) and the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum in Tasmanian waters (which can contaminate shellfish with toxins harmful to the human consumer). Such introduced species or other human-made disturbances of the marine environment can only be identified from a thorough baseline knowledge of the 'normal' phytoplankton taxa and their seasonal changes in abundance and diversity in a region. In Australian coastal waters, phytoplankton checklists exist for the North West Shelf (Hallegreaff & Jeffrey 1984), the East Australian Current (Jeffrey & Hallegreaff 1987), the waters of the Great Barrier Reef (Revelante & Gilmartin 1982) and Port Hacking, New South Wales (Hallegreaff & Reid 1986). A diatom flora for the Swan River estuary in Western Australia has been prepared by John (1983) and a comprehensive phytoplankton flora for Bass Strait is also in preparation (D. Hill and co-workers). Such information is still lacking for many other parts of the Australian coastline.
Figure 1: Map of the Australian region showing the major current systems (after Jeffrey & Hallegraaf 1990).
Open ocean and coastal waters
The open ocean waters surrounding the Australian continent (Figure 1) are generally poor in nutrients (Jeffrey, Rochford & Cresswell 1990). The major factors responsible for this low nutrient status include: general nutrient impoverishment (particularly in phosphates) of coastal-drained soils; lack of a nutrient-rich eastern boundary current in the Indian Ocean originating in high latitudes; isolation by the Subtropical Convergence of Great Australian Bight waters from rich subantarctic waters to the south; and dominance of large areas by subtropical waters with limited nutrient reserves down to 100-200 m. Natural enrichment mechanisms in the Australian region include limited upwelling along the outer margin of the Great Barrier Reef, along the New South Wales coast between the Queensland border and Port Stephens, off the Gippsland coast of Victoria and off Port Macdonnell in South Australia; seabed coastal enrichments off New South Wales; deep convective overturn within warm-core eddies in the Tasman Sea providing nutrient enrichment to the surface; and some nutrient enrichment in the eastern Arafura Sea and northern Gulf of Carpentaria, possibly originating in the Aroe Island upwelling system. Table 1 summarises typical phytoplankton chlorophyll biomass values in various oceanic, coastal and estuarine Australian waters. Significant increases in chlorophyll biomass, exceeding these average values, are one of many signs of cultural eutrophication (see below). Well-studied phytoplankton communities in the Australian region are those of the North West Shelf and the Great Barrier Reef region, the New South Wales coast, and eddy systems of the East Australian Current.
Table 1. Summary of the seasonal range of phytoplankton chlorophyll a biomass in Australian waters
mg L-1
mg m-2
(water column total)
|Indian Ocean
|Humphrey 1966
|Coral Sea
|Furnas & Mitchell 1986
|East Australian Current
|Jeffrey & Hallegraeff 1987
|Gulf of Carpentaria,
|Hallegraeff & Jeffrey 1984
|Arafura Sea
|Hallegraeff & Jeffrey 1984
|North West Shelf
|Hallegraeff & Jeffrey 1984
|Sydney coastal waters
|Hallegraeff 1981
|Bass Strait
|Gibbs et al. 1986
|Great Australian Bight
|Motoda et al. 1978
|Tasmanian coastal waters
|Harris et al. 1991
|Sydney Harbour
|Revelante & Gilmartin 1978
|Port Hacking estuary
0.1- 8.0
|Scott 1978
|Cleveland Bay,Townsville
|Walker 1981
|Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne
|Axelrad et al. 1981.
Figure 2: The distribution of three distinct marine phytoplankton assemblages in Australian waters: (a) tropical oceanic species; (b) tropical neritic species; and (c) temperate neritis species (after Jeffrey & Hallegreaff 1990). These assemblages support differnt marine food chains and are likely to have different sensitivities towards nutrient and pollutant stress.
North West Shelf and Gulf of Carpentaria: The phytoplankton chlorophyll biomass (10-55 mg m2) of the warm continental shelf waters of north-west Australia, the Timor Sea, the Gulf of Carpentaria and Arafura Sea is significantly higher than that of other parts of the Eastern Indian Ocean. This is reflected in the fisheries resources of the region. The North West Shelf is the site of a productive demersal trawl fishery and the Gulf of Carpentaria supports a productive prawn fishery. In summer the North West Shelf region is invaded by nutrient-rich tropical waters, and a variety of processes such as tidal currents, internal waves and cyclone mixing carry these nutrients into the bottom waters of the shelf. Nutrient enrichment in the eastern Arafura Sea and northern Gulf of Carpentaria possibly originates in the Aroe Island upwelling system. The phytoplankton community of these waters is basically a diatom flora (Bacteriastrum, Chaetoceros, Rhizosolenia, Thalassionema ), except on occasion of episodic cyanobacterial blooms of Trichodesmium (Hallegreaff & Jeffrey 1984). Symbioses of algae within algae, or algae within animals are a feature of this tropical assemblage.
Figure 3: Annually recurrent phytoplankton blooms (as water column chlorophyll a) in Sydney coastal waters in the years 1958,1959, 1960 and 1978 (after Hallegreaff & Jeffrey 1993). It would be of considerable interest to reexamine the phytoplankton species successionsand nutrient status of these waters following the commissioning of the three new sewage outfalls in the area in 1990-91.
Great Barrier Reef region: The warm oligotrophic waters of the Coral Sea are characterised by low phytoplankton concentrations (15-20 mg m2), with a dominant contribution (more than 50%) of picoplanktonic cyanobacteria and coccoid eukaryotes (Furnas & Mitchell 1986). Limited upwelling occurs along the outer margin of the Great Barrier Reef and the strong tides of the region periodically pulse deep nutrient-rich waters into the coral reef lagoons during the flood tide (Andrews & Gentien 1982). This results in diatom blooms (Nitzschia, Pseudonitzschia) close to the outer reef barrier (30-70 mg m2). The Great Barrier Reef, the largest assemblage in the world of living coral-symbiotic dinoflagellate (zooxanthellae) communities, therefore represents an ecological response to tropical upwelling. Any change in the nutrient status or turbidity of these coral reef waters is likely to have significant impact on the diverse tropical benthic communities it supports. Episodic cyanobacterial blooms of Trichodesmium are also a prominent feature of the waters of the Great Barrier Reef ( Revelante & Gilmartin 1982; see below).
New South Wales coastal waters: Coastal waters off Sydney are characterised by a series of sharp chlorophyll peaks (more than 10 times normal algal biomass) due to short-lived diatom blooms (Lauderia, Pseudonitzschia, Rhizosolenia, Thalassiosira) which usually occur in spring, early summer and autumn. This phenomenon, first recognised in the 1930s (Dakin & Colefax 1933), was documented in more detail in 1958-60 (Humphrey 1963) and 1978-79 (Hallegreaff 1981) (Figure 3). Surveys in 1981 and 1984 (Hallegreaff & Jeffrey 1993) demonstrated that these diatom blooms are a feature of the entire New South Wales coastline, from Cape Hawke in the north (32oS) where the East Australian Current separates from the coast, to Maria Island off Tasmania in the south (43oS). These blooms result from nutrients brought into surface waters by the shoreward transport of deep continental slope waters, induced by the action of the East Australian Current and its associated eddies. These phytoplankton peaks (100-280 mg chlorophyll m2) must have profound significance for New South Wales coastal fisheries and coincide, for example, with the spring time spawning migrations of gemfish. It would be of considerable interest to re-examine the nutrient and phytoplankton status of Sydney coastal waters following the commissioning of three new submarine sewage outfalls in 1990-91. Extensive red tides by the dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans in Sydney coastal waters in early 1993 could well be an early sign of eutrophication.
East Australian Current eddies: Warm-core eddies of the East Australian Current are parcels of Coral Sea water which pinch off from meanders of the East Australian Current and drift southwards into the cooler Tasman Sea. As the surface waters cool and sink, the thermocline becomes eroded and convective overturn leads to a progressively deeper surface mixed layer of up to 300 m depth. Nutrients brought up by these deep mixing processes recirculate into the photic zone causing enrichments and diatom blooms (Pseudonitzschia, Rhizosolenia), especially at the eddy centre and sometimes also at the western boundaries where the eddies interact with the continental shelf (Jeffrey & Hallegreaff 1980, 1987). Valuable pelagic fish such as tuna tend to congregate at temperature discontinuities associated with eddy systems.
There is a growing public concern about the environmental quality of most major rivers, estuaries and coastal waters near Australia's large population centres where discharges of industrial, domestic and agricultural wastes are raising the nutrient levels in the water. Phytoplankton species that have always been present in low concentrations can respond to this increase by growing to bloom proportions (millions of cells per litre). Bloom-forming algae can become so densely concentrated that they generate anoxic conditions resulting in indiscriminate kills of both fish and invertebrates, especially in sheltered bays. The dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea has caused red-brown seawater discolourations and fish kills; for example, in the Hawkesbury River (New South Wales) and West Lakes (South Australia) (Hallegreaff 1991). This species (under the name Glenodinium rubrum) has also been implicated in causing fish kills in Sydney Harbour as early as 1890 (Whitelegge 1891). Other estuaries with annually recurrent algal bloom problems are Port Phillip Bay (Victoria), Huon and Derwent rivers (Tasmania), the Port River (South Australia) and the Peel-Harvey estuary and Cockburn Sound (Western Australia). As in many other parts of the world (Anderson 1989, Smayda 1990, Hallegreaff 1993), in the past two decades there has been a recognition of an apparent increase in the frequency, intensity and geographic distribution of such harmful algal blooms in the Australian region (Hallegreaff 1992).
Figure 4: Long-term nutrient data for the River Rhine in europe, showing evidence for a 7.5-fold increase in phosphate loading, a 3-fold increase in nitrate levels , but more seriously a significant decrease in Si:P and N:P nutrient ratios. Such altered nutrient ratios favour blooms of nuisance flagellate species ( Phaeocystis pouchetii, Chrysochromulina polylepis) replacing the normal 'wholesome' spring and autumn blooms of siliceous diatoms (after Hallegreaff 1993).
Overseas experience from areas such as Hong Kong harbour, the Seto Inland Sea in Japan and northern European coastal waters indicates that 'cultural eutrophication' from domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes can stimulate harmful algal blooms. Figure 4 illustrates the pattern of long-term increase in nutrient loading of coastal waters of the North Sea. Since 1955 the phosphate loading of the River Rhine has increased 7.5-fold, while nitrate levels have increased 3-fold. This increase has resulted in a significant 6-fold decline in the silicate:phosphorus ratio, because long-term reactive silicate concentrations (a nutrient derived from natural land weathering) have remained constant. More recently, improved wastewater treatment has also been causing increases in the ammonia:nitrate ratio of River Rhine discharge (see review by Hallegreaff 1993). It is important to realise that the nutrient composition of treated wastewater is never the same as that of the waters in which it is being discharged, and indiscriminate reductions in nutrient discharges are therefore not addressing the problem of changing nutrient ratios of coastal waters. There is considerable concern (Smayda 1990) that such altered nutrient ratios may favour blooms of nuisance flagellate species which replace the normal spring and autumn blooms of 'wholesome' siliceous diatoms. Changed patterns of land use, such as deforestation, can also cause shifts in phytoplankton species composition by increasing the concentrations of humic substances in land run-off (Figure 5). Only three comparable long-term phytoplankton and nutrient data are available for Australian waters, viz. the CSIRO hydrological stations at Port Hacking (New South Wales), Maria Island (Tasmania) and Rottnest Island (Western Australia).
Figure 5: Changed patterns of land use, such as deforestation, increase the concentration of humic substances and trace metals in land runoff and can cause shifts in phytoplankton species composition (from Graneli el al. 1989).
Trichodesmium blooms in tropical waters
The filamentous cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum is the most common 'red tide' organism in tropical Australian coastal and oceanic waters. At the start of the bloom, the filaments usually appear throughout the water column, but during late-bloom stages the development of strong gas vacuoles causes a massive rise of the alga to the surface layers. This species produces seasonal (February-April) water blooms in the Java, Banda, Arafura and Coral seas, and from there the East Australian Current and Leeuwin Current transport the algal masses (covering up to 40 000 km2) as far south as Sydney (Jervis Bay) and Perth (Albany) respectively. The alga is perceived as a nuisance to swimmers on Australian beaches and has significant impacts on recreation, but harmful effects on humans or marine life have seldom been reported. It is not yet known whether Australian strains of Trichodesmium produce neurotoxic compounds similar to those reported from populations from the Virgin Islands (Hawser et al. 1991). Trichodesmium red tides ('sea sawdust') were observed as early as 1770 during Captain Cook's voyage through the Coral Sea, and in a strict sense, they should be regarded as completely natural events. Differentiated cells in the centre of each minute Trichodesmium colony are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, which allows the alga to thrive under nutrient-impoverished oceanic conditions. It is possible, however, that coastal nutrients (especially phosphates) can stimulate or prolong the blooms once they are washed inshore. It is a contentious issue, at present, whether or not the apparent increase in Trichodesmium blooms in the Great Barrier Reef region is caused by coastal eutrophication (Kinsey 1991).
Figure 6: Long-term pattern of toxic Nodularia spumigena cyanobacterial blooms in the Peel-Harvey estuary, Western Australia, related to phosphate discharge from agricultural fertilisers in the previous winter period (after Hillman, Lukatelich & and McComb 1990).
Figure 7: The production by plankton dinoflagellates of potent neurological toxins which accumulate in shellfish and thereby can poison human consumers. Until 1980, this phenomenon of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) was unknown fron the Australian region and there exist, for example, no historic Aboriginal reports of poisoning after shellfish consumption. There is strong circumstantial evidence the PSP dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum was introduced into Tasmanian waters via ships' ballast water originating from either Japan or Korea.
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in freshwaters and estuaries
Toxic blooms of the brackish water cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena were first recorded in Australia from Lake Alexandrina as early as 1878 (Francis 1878). However, their increasing frequency and distribution in the Gippsland Lakes system in eastern Victoria, in Orielton Lagoon in Tasmania, in the Darling and Murray rivers of South Australia and in the Peel-Harvey, Cockburn Sound and Vasse- Wonnerup estuaries of Western Australia, appears to be related to phosphorus from agricultural fertilisers and sewage being washed into the river systems (Hillman, Lukatelich & McComb 1990; Figure 6). This brackish water organism produces the hepatotoxic peptide, nodularin, which has killed domestic and wild animals that drink from the shores of eutrophic ponds, lakes and reservoirs (Main et al. 1977). The species Anabaena circinalis (producer of the neurotoxic alkaloid, saxitoxin and derivatives) and Microcystis aeruginosa (producer of the hepatotoxic polypeptide, microcystin) cause similar problems, but tend to be confined to truly freshwater environments. In November- December 1991, a massive bloom of Anabaena circinalis throughout 1200 km of the Darling River system contaminated essential drinking water supplies for country towns, killing sheep, cattle and wildlife. This bloom has been attributed to a combination of sluggish river flow, high water temperatures and the build-up in sediments of nutrients from agricultural fertilisers, feedlot wastes and especially sewage from townships.
The considerable expansion of marine and freshwater aquaculture production in Australia (O'Sullivan, 1990) is focusing attention on phytoplankton species that can contaminate shellfish with human neurotoxins or damage the sensitive gill tissues of finfish, especially when held in intensive cage culture systems.
Algal blooms affecting shellfish aquaculture
Until the late 1980s, the phenomenon of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP; Figure 7) was unknown from the Australian region. Tasmania was the first State in Australia to suffer major problems with toxic dinoflagellates contaminating farmed shellfish. Blooms of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum in 1986, 1987, 1991 and 1993 caused the temporary closure of up to 48 shellfish farms for periods of up to six months Hallegreaff et al. 1989). The localised distribution of G. catenatum around the port of Hobart and the absence of plankton and benthic cyst records of this species prior to 1980 led to speculation that this organism had been introduced. Cyst stages of this species have been detected in ships' ballast water entering Australian ports from Japan and Korea (Hallegreaff & Bolch, 1992).
Red tides by the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum were first recognised in the Port River area near metropolitan Adelaide in October 1986 (Hallegreaff, Steffensen & Wetherbee 1988). This species now produces annually recurrent red water blooms (up to 10 8 cells per l) in the period September-November (Cannon, 1990) and has also been detected in low concentrations in Western Australia and New South Wales. Wild mussels from the Port River area can be highly toxic to humans (Oshima et al. 1989), but fortunately no commercial shellfish farms are located in the affected area. Plankton and cyst surveys in Port River in 1983 failed to detect A. minutum in an area which now has recurrent blooms. This result has led to speculation that A. minutum could also be an introduced species, and genetic studies using ribosomal DNA sequencing have confirmed a close affinity between Australian and Spanish isolates of this species complex (Scholin, Hallegreaff & Anderson 1994). Finally, the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella was first recognised in 1986 in Port Phillip Bay where it caused significant toxicity in wild mussels. Fortunately only minor effects on commercial shellfish farms have been reported ( Hallegreaff et al. 1991). This species is also known from New South Wales (Port Jackson, Port Botany, Batemans Bay). Once an area has been infested with cyst-producing toxic dinoflagellates, there is little hope to eradicate the problem. The only solution is an avoidance strategy of regularly monitoring shellfish products for toxins and, on the basis of the results, imposing temporary closures of farms. Every attempt should be made not to spread the problem - for example, by resuspending cysts by dredging operations or by relaying shellfish stocks to non-infected areas.
Algal blooms affecting finfish aquaculture
A wide range of prymnesiophyte, diatom and dinoflagellate species can damage fishes' gills, either by purely physical mechanisms such as increased seawater viscosity due to secretion of algal mucilages, by chemical mechanisms such as the production of substances which affect cell permeability and/or cause a necrosis and sloughing of epithelial tissues of the gills and digestive system. While wild fish stocks have the freedom to swim away from problem areas, caged fish are extremely vulnerable to noxious algal blooms. In January 1989, a bloom of the raphidophyte flagellate Heterosigma akashiwo in Big Glory Bay, Stuart Island, New Zealand, killed NZ$ 12 million worth of cage-reared chinook salmon (Chang, Anderson & Boustead 1990). Within the Australian region, blooms of this species are known from Port Stephens (New South Wales), West Lakes (South Australia) and Cockburn Sound (Western Australia), but no major marine mortalities have been reported. The dinoflagellate Gymnodinium mikimotoi (related to the Norwegian fish-killer Gyrodinium aureolum Tangen 1977) has caused some mortality in fish farms in south-eastern Tasmania (Hallegreaff 1991) and a diatom bloom of Chaetoceros criophilum has been associated with irritation among caged fish in south-eastern Tasmanian waters. The diatom's spines (setae) can break off and penetrate the gill membranes of fish .
Chemical pollutants, including both organic and inorganic compounds, can cause selective inhibition of phytoplankton species, with wide ranging effects at higher trophic levels. Chlorinated organics, including DDT, dieldrin, chlordane, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorophenols, are of particular concern because they readily absorb to particulates and sediments, are resistant to degradation and have the potential to bioaccumulate. PCB levels (1-10 mg per l) have been reported in Botany Bay and Port Phillip Bay, and may depress the growth of sensitive diatoms (Fisher & Wurster 1973). Pesticides in agricultural land run-off may inhibit zooplankton grazing, thereby stimulating algal blooms. The effects on phytoplankton of effluents from chlorine-bleaching pulp and paper mills, including chlorate, chlorophenols, resin acids and chlorinated lignin derivatives, are also receiving attention (J. Stauber, pers. comm.). Some of the chlorophenolic compounds, such as the more substituted chlorocatechols, are toxic to freshwater algae and marine diatoms (Kuivasniemi, Eloranta & Knuutinen 1985), with chlorate being particularly toxic to phytoplankton. Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination (1-23 mg per l) has also been documented in Australian waters - for example in Port Phillip Bay (Smith & Burns 1978). While occasional oil spills may lead to acute toxic effects (ie plankton mortality) chronic effects are less likely to occur because of degradation and removal processes.
The Australian coastline has a number of locations with high heavy metal concentration


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What do you get when you mix pizza with a room full of students and 8 industry professionals? Career Advice and a Slice!
Join the Career Center and industry professionals on Friday, October 11th in the SU Galaxy Rooms. We are serving pizza and career advice starting promptly at 12 pm. There will be three 15-minute rotations during which you will have the opportunity to visit with representatives from 3 different industries.
The industry topics are:
No need for business attire at this event - come as you are!
The event will begin promptly at 12:00 pm and works on a rotation process. You may be denied admittance until the next round begins.
There is no cost to attend, but you are required to register for this event through your CometCareers account. By registering, you are committing yourself to attend.
Tagged as Lectures/Seminars, Workshops, Professional Dev.
See more events from Career Center
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New Zealand trials an alternative to the quad bike which is causing death and serious injuries on Australian farms.
This [series episode segment] has
It's not often offers come up to go to a college to learn how to wrestle crocodiles. And it's not often a grandmother would raise her hand to take on the challenge.
A bush survival instructor says he's doing more training with exploration and mining teams than ever before.
Animal welfare groups have been kept busy recently with the live export debate but an issue that has been on the agenda for years is the inclusion of rodeo in the Australian sports agenda
A new study has found greater variety in an older person's diet will lead to increased survival and lower the risk of cognitive impairment.
Life of the land demands resilience but it can also offer solace. A Japanese farmer who survived the massive tsunami, earlier this year, says her children and cattle help her keep going.
Amid the deaths, the crime and the pain, the community is looking for solutions.
When it comes to violence in Alice Springs it is difficult to avoid the blame game.
Alice Spring is a community of thirty thousand people in the heart of Australia.
The original croc hunter, Malcolm Douglas, died yesterday in a car accident at his Wilderness Wildlife Park in Broome when his four-wheel drive crashed into a tree.
Weekdays 11am
Presented by Cameron Wilson
Find out more
ABC Rural online is a digital space to tap the national debate about food, fibre and minerals production.
Find out more
Bush Telegraph is following the life of Wilbur 101—a free range pig—from birth to slaughter. Read about the animal welfare issues faced by Wilbur 101's owners, and give your point of view in our online polls. Wilbur 101 is not a pet, and his owners plan to slaughter and sell him at Christmas.


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Incisor Malocclusion and Overgrowth in Rabbits
A rabbit's teeth usually grow throughout its life, and a high fiber diet, with foods that warrant heavy chewing, are required for proper alignment and functioning, as the coarse foods help to keep the teeth at a manageable length. Occlusion, the fitting together of the teeth of the upper and lower jaws when the mouth is closed, can be hampered by overgrowth of one or more of the teeth, a condition referred to as malocclusion (where the prefix mal- joined with -occlusion refers to the ill-fitting shape of the teeth).
If elongation of the cheek teeth occurs, complete closure of the mouth cannot be achieved, and the upper incisor teeth are prevented from coming into contact with the lower incisors, leading to excessive growth of the incisors. The incisor teeth can grow as much as one mm a day if left unopposed by the opposite jaw – the meeting/occlusion of the teeth, along with a diet high in roughage, acts as a natural inhibitor of the tooth's growth.
Symptoms and Types
- Readily visible teeth
- Excessive drooling
- Tooth grinding
- Nasal discharge
- Food drops out of mouth
- Preference for softer foods
- Preference for a water bowl over a sipper bottle
- Decreased appetite or complete loss of appetite (anorexia)
- Weight loss
- Excessive tear production
- Facial asymmetry or exophthalmos (protrusion of eyeball)
- Pain (i.e., reluctance to move, depression, lethargy, hiding, hunched posture)
- Unkempt hair coat due to lack of self grooming
There are many factors that can lead to cheek teeth overgrowth. The most significant contributing or exacerbating factor is a diet that contains inadequate amounts of the coarse roughage material that is required for properly grinding the tooth's surface, allowing the incisors to grow into the surrounding soft tissues, damaging the tissue and even leading to secondary bacterial infections in the mouth. Dwarf and lop breeds have been found to be at an increased risk for congenital malocclusion, as they are more prone to skeletal abnormalities.
Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical exam on your rabbit, differentiating between overgrown incisors and other tumors of the mouth of skull. Visual diagnostics will include skull and face X-rays, and computed tomography (CT) for better viewing of abnormalities. A fine needle aspiration (drawing and analyzing the fluid from swelling) will be taken for laboratory testing. A complete blood profile will be conducted, including a chemical blood profile, complete blood count, urinalysis, and a bacterial culture to determine the exact strain of bacteria so that the appropriate antibiotics can be prescribed.
Treatment, whether outpatient or inpatient, will be based on the severity of the symptoms. Fluids may need to be given if your rabbit is dehydrated, and intravenous nutrition if your rabbit has been suffering from a condition of anorexia. Appropriate antibiotic therapy will be given with caution. This is not the primary choice of treatment. If necessary, surgery may be performed to trim the teeth, extract teeth that cannot be repaired, or drain abscess that have occurred as a result of the malocclusion.
In some cases, the intestinal tract may have been affected as well, and surgery may be required to remove solids from the intestine. After you have returned home, monitor your rabbit's appetite and production of feces, and report any abnormalities to your veterinarian immediately, as death may occur due to sudden and severe complications.
Living and Management
A warm, quiet environment will need to be set aside for your rabbit to recover in, but encourage a return to activity as soon as possible, as activity can greatly enhance recovery. If the rabbit is not too tired, encourage exercise (hopping) for at least 10-15 minutes every 6-8 hours.
After the initial treatment, most rabbits will require assisted feeding for 36-48 hours postoperatively. Keep fur around the face clean and dry. It is important that your rabbit continue to eat during and following treatment. Encourage oral fluid intake by offering fresh water, wetting leafy vegetables, or flavoring water with vegetable juice, and offer a large selection of fresh, moistened greens such as cilantro, romaine lettuce, parsley, carrot tops, dandelion greens, spinach, collard greens, and good-quality grass hay. Feed timothy and grass hay instead of alfalfa hay, but also continue to offer your rabbit its usual pelleted diet, as the initial goal is to get the rabbit to eat and to maintain its weight and nutritional status. If your rabbit refuses these foods, you will need to syringe feed a gruel mixture until it can eat again on its own. Unless your veterinarian has specifically advised it, do not feed your rabbit high-carbohydrate, high-fat nutritional supplements.
Recurrence is likely, so it is important to provide adequate tough, fibrous foods such as hay and grasses to encourage normal wear of teeth. Lifelong treatment, with periodic teeth trimming, is often required, usually every 1-3 months. This, in turn, will require both an investment in time and money on your part.
Euthanasia may be warranted with severe or advanced disease, especially in rabbits that are in constant and/or severe pain, or cannot eat.
The type of contact that occurs between the teeth where chewing is concerned
A type of animal feed that is high in fiber; may include hay or pasture crops
An in-depth examination of the properties of urine; used to determine the presence or absence of illness
A condition in which the teeth do not connect properly
The condition of being drowsy, listless, or weak
A crop; often eaten by horses as a vital source of fiber and protein. Alfalfa has compound leaves made up of three small leaves.
The term for the front teeth that are used for cutting
A localized infection, usually a lesion filled with pus. Can be large or small in size.


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