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Environmental Economics Seminar Series
Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, 1996
Mick Common
Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies
Australian National University
Equity (fairness, justice) means different things to different people. Some conceive it in terms of outcomes, others in terms of opportunities, and others in terms of procedures. Here equity is interpreted as fairness in outcome, following the dominant usage in the economics literature. In environmental economics the concern is mainly with efficiency rather than equity criteria (see, for example Cropper and Oates 1992). Equity considerations have been more to the fore in natural resource economics, and some would argue that they are central to ecological economics as the economics of sustainable development/sustainability.
The first section of the paper considers the connection between equity and poverty, and notes that the real bite of the argument that there are environmental limits to growth is that it returns the solution to the poverty problem to the distributional context. Section 2 is essentially a very brief overview of the intertemporal equity aspects of the natural resource economics literature. Section 3 looks at the question of the distributional incidence of the damage costs arising from environmental degradation, while section 4 considers the incidence of abatement costs. Questions about intratemporal equity and the environment have domestic and international dimensions: the latter have recently received a lot of attention particularly in the context of prospective global climate change. Some very brief concluding remarks are offered in section 5.
It is often stated that equity issues are at the core of the idea of sustainable development (see, for example, Pezzey 1989). It is claimed, that is, that the basic objective is equality across generations - we are enjoined not to degrade the environment such that our successors are less well off than ourselves. Actually, the basic Brundtland definition does not mention equity. It says:
Sustainable development seeks to meet the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability to meet those of the future (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)
What Brundtland appears actually to be about is addressing current poverty without creating future poverty.
In the period after the second World War, economic growth was promoted by economists and accepted by politicians as the holy grail of economic policy, largely because it was accepted that it could solve the poverty problem (Arndt 1978). In the absence of growth, improving the lot of the poor involved redistribution from the better-off which inevitably involves social tension of some degree. Economic growth was seen as the means to address poverty without creating excessive social tensions. Given it, the lot of the poor could be improved from incremental output, rather than by reducing the living standards of the better-off The reaction, particularly that of economists, to the publication of The Limits to Growth (Meadows et al 1972) has to be understood against this background. The point here was well put by the editor in the first issue of Ecological Economics:
Issues of sustainability are ultimately issues about limits...We do not have to worry so much about how an expanding pie is divided, but a constant or shrinking pie presents real problems (Costanza 1989).
The Brundtland Report received a much less hostile reception than The Limits to Growth. One reason for this was, no doubt, that it did not call for the abandonment of the growth objective, as did The Limits to Growth. On the contrary, it explicitly called for the continuation of growth in the developing and the developed economies as the means to address the global poverty problem. It did call for a different kind of growth from that of the past. Growth that avoids running into environmental constraints is what sustainable development is according to Brundtland.
The concept of poverty that can be addressed by growth is one that sees it as the failure to reach some living standard defined in absolute terms. Given this conceptualisation of poverty, there is no necessary connection between inequality and poverty. One could imagine a society where all are well above some poverty line defined in terms of an absolute living standard as the income required to buy the physiological necessities of life, yet there is massive inequality. This is essentially the vision of the future entertained by those who argue, for example, against progressive taxation on the grounds that it inhibits the wealth creation which is necessary if poverty is to be eliminated.
In fact, the experience of growth in the industrial economies has, in regard to reducing the perceived extent of poverty, been rather disappointing. This is explicable if the concept of poverty as relative deprivation is accepted. Poverty thus conceived is directly linked to inequality. According to, for example Townsend (1979, and see also Common 1995) an individual is poor if she lacks the means for the lifestyle considered normal by her culture, or lacks the means to participate fully in what the culture defines as normal social intercourse. On this conception of poverty, cultural subsistence moves with economic growth, and so long as there are major inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth, poverty will persist notwithstanding economic growth. On this conception of poverty, the pursuit of greater equity is not simply motivated by a concern for justice and fairness, but also by a desire to eliminate poverty.
Of course, conceiving of poverty as relative deprivation does not involve denying the existence of absolute deprivation. There is no question that the poor in Australia are absolutely better off than the poor in Bangladesh. There is no question that the latter require improvements in absolute standards irrespective of what happens to equity in that country. Addressing the problem of poverty in Bangladesh requires there what may, for want of a better term, be called economic growth. Addressing the problem of poverty in Australia is much more a problem of equity and redistribution. From a global perspective, if we project constant relativity of absolute consumption levels as between Bangladesh and Australia as the former grows out of absolute deprivation, given modern communications, we can expect the continuing perception of poverty in the former on the basis of relative deprivation.
If it is accepted that economic growth is not effective in dealing with poverty in developed economies, then its importance as a policy objective there is much reduced. This is important for the environment to the extent that arguments against policies to protect it are frequently couched, at least in part, in terms of the adverse effect of such policies on economic growth. If it were generally accepted that poverty alleviation in developed economies requires greater equality in the distribution of current output, rather than more output, arguments against 'costly' environmental policies would surely have less political leverage. On the other hand, if it is accepted that the global economy is currently at the limits of its prudent expansion, then the global poverty problem is back to being a redistributive problem, addressing which would enhance equity between nations.
In economics the end purpose of economic activity is the generation of individual utility, and intergenerational equity is considered in terms of the distribution of utility over time. The standard sort of model assumes a planner whose objective is the maximisation of the discounted sum of the future utilities of the representative individual alive at each point in time. Such models are useful for making some important and fundamental points (see, for an introductory treatment, Common 1988 chapter 7).(see note 1 below)
1 See Norgaard and Howarth (1991) for a treatment which looks at intergenerational equity in terms of intergenerational transfers with the interest rate as then endogenous and thereby emphasises the distinction between equity and efficiency considerations as noted below.
The simplest model assumes a single commodity which can be either consumed or added to the capital stock. Capital accumulation is productive in the sense that a unit of consumption foregone today makes available something in excess of one unit of consumption available tomorrow. The productivity of capital falls as capital is accumulated. The key parameters in this model are those capturing the behaviour of capital productivity as capital is accumulated and the planner's preferences as between consumption utility at different dates. In regard to the latter, it is usually assumed that the planner adds future utilities using weights that decline exponentially with futurity, and the relevant parameter is the social discount rate. It is widely believed that discounting at a positive rate is unfair to the future. In fact, in a model like this planning with zero discounting may mean that poor early generations save and invest large proportions of their production for the benefit of richer later generations, and that positive saving goes on forever. It might well be seen as unfair to the present. Generally, the outcome depends on the relative sizes of the two key parameters. In some ways this is the most important lesson - intertemporal equity cannot be considered simply in terms of the social discount rate alone. The implications of a given discount rate depend upon the productivity of saving and investment. Figure 1 illustrates for the two period case, assuming that 0(C) C so that consumption utility is non-declining. AB shows how saving and investment shift consumption over time. The II are the planner's indifference curves for consumption at different dates. For the social discount rate in use, the distribution of consumption over time favours the future. Clearly, the distribution would change with a change in AB - reflecting different opportunities for shifting consumption over time - and/or a change in the slopes of the II - reflecting a different social discount rate.
Figure 1 can also be used to make the important distinction in economics between intertemporal equity and efficiency considerations. Suppose that there is more than one commodity which can be produced and consumed or invested and that C in Figure 1 refers to aggregate consumption. AB then represents the way in which aggregate consumption can be shifted over time, assuming that intertemporal efficiency holds. Intertemporal efficiency holds when it is impossible to increase consumption at one date other than by decreasing it at another (for more detail see Common 1988 chapter 5). C1C2 combinations inside AB do not correspond to intertemporal efficiency as movement in a northwesterly direction toward AB is possible. Once on AB, C 1/C2 can only be increased at the cost of a decrease in C 2/C1. Intertemporal efficiency requires that the rates of return on investment in the production of all commodities are equalised. This will be the case if in all lines of production, investment is carried out up to the point where the rate of return equals the interest rate. An equivalent rule is to undertake all investment projects where the Net Present Value is equal to or greater than the interest rate. The project appraisal/cost benefit analysis rule, invest if the NPV is non-negative, is a rule concerned with the attainment of intertemporal efficiency.
Equity considerations are irrelevant to the use of this rule. Arguments that discounting in project appraisal/cost benefit analysis with long lived adverse environmental effects are 'unfair' to future generations are misplaced. Such analysis is not concerned with fairness or equity, but with efficiency. The real point about arguments concerning long lived environmental impacts must be either that they are of such magnitude as to affect AS, or that the environmental impacts involved are such that they should not be treated as commensurable with produced commodities. In either case, cost benefit analysis is simply inappropriate. A somewhat different argument that sometimes comes up is that in doing cost benefit analysis, the environmental effects should be discounted at a lower, often zero, rate than other inputs and outputs. This often turns out to be really an argument that the relative price attached to the environmental impacts should be increasing over time.
Going back to the distribution of consumption over time, the starkest problem arising from the use of environmental inputs in production arises where these are non-renewable natural resources, such as minerals and the fossil fuels. The first model run in The Limits to Growth had the world system collapsing on account of the depletion of such resources. Economists responded to this by considering planning models of the type described above, but where production of the consumption/capital good used inputs of a non-renewable resource as well as capital. This was really the origin of the neoclassical economics analysis of the sustainability question. The problem is: if production requires inputs from a finite stock of a non-renewable resource, is constant consumption forever possible? The answer to this question is 'yes' if the substitution possibilities in production as between capital and the resource are of the right kind, and if a particular saving/investment rule is followed. Hartwick (1977) showed that for a constant returns to scale Cobb Douglas production function, saving and investing the resource rent arising along the efficient depletion path would permit constant consumption forever, notwithstanding the finite nature of the resource base. The saving/investment rule here has become known as the Hartwick Rule. It has been shown that an essentially similar rule applies where renewable resources are at issue: Hartwick's original production function specification has been somewhat generalised. The Hartwick rule focuses attention on the substitution possibilities in production. As a necessary rule for sustainability as constant consumption it has immediate intuitive appeal. However, it is clearly a sufficient rule only if capital can in fact be substituted for resources as required to maintain constant consumption. Otherwise, a finite resource base necessarily implies that consumption falls and goes to zero eventually. Equity hinges on substitution possibilities that are necessarily highly uncertain.
In the case of a renewable resource, it is plausible that the size of the stock should be treated as an argument in the instantaneous utility function of the representative household. Whereas it seems unreasonable to suppose that people get utility from knowing that there is oil in the ground, it might be reasonable to suppose that the size of the stock of whales is an argument in utility functions. Planning models of the type considered above have been constructed along such lines, and have generated interesting results. Consider first such a model where the representative individual consumes, with costless harvesting, a renewable resource which grows logistically (Common 1988 chapter 6). Then, the planner's programme will involve the convergence of consumption and stock size on stationary levels - eventually it will involve sustainable yield harvesting. The stationary stock size will depend on the logistic growth parameter and the social discount rate, and for a given level of the former decreases as the social discount rate increases. In this case, setting the social discount rate to zero gives maximum sustainable yield harvesting in the stationary state.
Now, consider this model modified such that the stock size is an argument in the utility function along with the level of consumption. In this case the stationary state outcome depends on preferences over consumption and stock size, as well as on the growth rate and social discount rate. In this model setting the social discount rate to zero gives a stationary state stock size greater than that corresponding to maximum sustainable yield. Conservationists often argue that maximum sustainable yield harvesting is self-evidently the right and proper thing to do, that we should plan as if utility was increasing in renewable resource stock size, and that the future should not be discounted. The simple model considered here shows that conservationist preferences and zero discounting do not produce maximum sustainable yield harvesting - the outcome is a larger stock size and a lower level of consumption. These kinds of simple models are useful for checking the implications of simple ethical rules such as zero discounting. The point is that such a simple rule itself does not uniquely determine the equity outcome. The circumstances in which the rule is applied also have to be considered.
It is widely believed that, according to standard economic criteria, environmental protection/improvement programmes generally benefit the rich more than the poor - that they are regressive in terms of their net impact (see, for examples, Baumol and Oates 1988 chapter 15, Baumol and Oates 1979 chapter 12). This presumption arises mainly in the context of the consideration of programmes to abate environmental pollution, and it is generally this context that will be assumed in the remainder of this paper. In that context, the distribution of net benefits will depend on the interaction between:
(i) the distribution of the benefits flowing from the programme, which is the distribution of the damages avoided as a result of the programme
(ii) the distribution of the costs of the programme.
This section of the paper deals with the first of these. The distribution of environmental improvement costs is considered in the next section.
If pollution is a pure public bad then a programme to reduce it will reduce it equally for rich and poor. This does not, of course, mean according to economic criteria that rich and poor are to seen as suffering equally from the existing level of pollution, or that the benefits of reduction will be the same for rich and poor. If environmental quality is a normal, or a luxury, good, the demand for it increases with income. The rich will be willing, and able, to pay more for the given improvement than the poor, and in the standard cost benefit analysis calculus, will be recorded as benefiting more from it. To the extent that the rich have stronger preferences for environmental quality, this effect will be reinforced.
Except over limited spatial domains, pollution is very rarely a pure public bad. For many pollutants the individual's consumption level is endogenous, either by locational choice, occupational choice, recreational choice, or on account of the possibility of defensive expenditures.(see note 2 below) Given this, on the assumption that environmental quality is at least a normal good, one would expect the rich to consume less pollution than the poor. The implications of such endogenity for the relative benefits, in terms of willingness to pay for uniform environmental improvement do not appear to have been thoroughly analysed in the literature. However, given that pollution is not a pure public bad, a programme for its reduction does not have to involve uniform reductions across individuals, and endogenity may operate through the political process to shape the nature of the programmes actually put in place.
The presumption that willingness to pay for environmental quality increases with income is strong. In contingent valuation studies, it is routine to regress willingness to pay on income and to take a negative coefficient as indicating that there is something wrong with the survey. In the published literature anyway, a positive relationship between income and stated willingness to pay is what is usually reported. Similarly, in applications of the travel cost method one would have a prior that the coefficient on income in the trip generating function would be positive, and finding a negative coefficient would give rise to concerns about the conduct of the survey.
2 In regard to locational choice this endogenity is the basis for the 'hedonic pricing' approach to the valuation of environmental quality.
In recent years a number of cross-country studies have looked at the relationship between per capita income and a variety of pollution/environmental impact indicators. The data is generally taken to be consistent with the hypothesis that pollution initially increases with income, then levels off and declines, giving rise to an inverted U shaped curve: for a critical review of this literature see Stern et al (1994). According to such a relationship, beyond the turning point environmental quality improves with income. Some commentators argue that this evidence supports the view that rather than economic growth being a threat to the environment, it is necessary, and perhaps sufficient, for environmental protection:
Furthermore there is clear evidence that, although economic growth usually leads to environmental deterioration in the early stages of the process, in the end the best - and probably the only - way to attain a decent environment in most countries is to become rich (Beckerman 1992).
Others draw a different conclusion from the same evidence:
economic liberalisation and other policies that promote gross national product growth are not substitutes for environmental policy. On the contrary, it may be desirable that they are accompanied by stricter policy reforms...Economic growth is not a panacea for environmental quality; indeed, it is not even the main issue. (Arrow et al 1995)
The point here is that the evidence which supports these disparate conclusions indicates that for many pollutants, environmental quality is higher in the developed than in the developing economies. Internationally, that is, the incidence of damage is, generally, regressive in terms of physical measures, though not necessarily in terms of the willingness to pay measure of damage. On cost benefit analysis criteria, this is consistent with high levels of abatement spending on relatively minor human health problems in the industrial economies and low levels of abatement spending on major human health problems in the developing economies.
Consider the case of global climate change, where physical damage estimates are highly uncertain. According to the draft chapter on 'The social costs of climate change: greenhouse damage and the benefits of control' for the IPCC Working Group III Second Assessment Report, the 'best guess' damage assessments for CO2 x 2 are:
World Impact: 1.5-2.5 per cent of world GNP
Developed Country Impact: 1-2 per cent of GNP
Developing Country Impact: 2-9 per cent of GNP
These figures are drawn from a range of sources. This draft chapter gave rise to some controversy, as it was alleged that it endorses valuing damages such as loss of human life less if they occur in a developing country than if they occur in a developed country. Actually, it is not clear that it does endorse, or follow, this practice. The draft chapter advances the following qualitative considerations regarding the size of developing country impact relative to developed country impact:
The real cost of environmental measures is, ultimately, the additional resources needed to run the economy in a less polluting way. Smoke suppression devices and recycling processes use up raw materials, fuel and labour. The individual consumer will bear these costs in two forms: in higher taxes to pay for the operations of environmental agencies, and in increased prices when private industry passes on some (or all) of the increase in its costs. Whether industry is required to pay a pollution tax or is simply ordered to install pollution control equipment, its costs will increase, and this puts an upward pressure on the prices of its products...The issue, then, is: 'Who purchases the goods whose prices are increased?'...If the items take up a larger portion of the budgets of the poor, then the price rises will be 'regressive', and will effectively increase income inequality (Baumol and Oates 1979).
There is a widespread presumption that pollution abatement costs are, in fact, generally regressive. This could reflect an understanding that pollution arises mainly in manufacturing rather than the service sector, and that the proportion of expenditure going on services increases with income. Baumol and Oates cite a study that found the US National Environment Protection Program to have a regressive impact.
The case of CO2 abatement is instructive, especially since the dominant source of emissions is fossil fuel combustion. Increasing energy prices have long been considered to be regressive, since the poor spend larger proportions of their budget on fuels purchases. In the UK this is largely on account of heating, and in the 1975 there were proposals to subsidise the fuels purchases of the worst-off to prevent winter hardship. However, many of the studies cited in support of such proposals overstated the regressivity of higher energy prices, as they considered only fuels purchases by households. Since energy is used directly and indirectly in the production of all of the goods and services that households consume, this is to ignore much of the impact of higher energy prices on households. For the UK anyway, when the impact of higher energy prices on the prices of all of the commodities consumed by households is considered, the extent of regressivity falls (Common 1988). While the poor spend more on fuels, the rich spend more on air travel for example. One would expect this to carry over to the impact of CO2 emissions abatement, however that might be attained. Table 1 shows that for Australia the impact of carbon taxation is regressive, but that simulated regressivity is lower when all of the resulting commodity price increases are allowed to impact on households than when only the prices of oil, gas and electricity are accounted for.
The results in Table 1 assume that all of the carbon tax is passed through to the consumers of final demand, and that there are no substitution responses in production or consumption. It is difficult to see how allowing for such substitution responses could increase regressivity. Generally, models of the applied general equilibrium type which capture substitution possibilities do not distinguish households at different income levels, and so cannot produce results on regressivity within a nation.(see note 3 below) In the case of substitution in production, there are grounds for thinking that it could actually work to reduce regressivity. Energy and labour are substitutes in production, so higher energy input prices would work to increase the demand for labour, other things equal. Increasing the demand for labour would reduce unemployment, which is now a major source of relative deprivation in industrial economies. Of course, other things are not equal, and the effect on the demand for labour of the introduction of an effective programme for carbon emissions abatement would also include an output effect, the size and sign of which would depend on, especially, the actions on carbon abatement of other economies and the trade pattern of the economy introducing the programme.
3 Body and Uri (1991) used an applied general equilibrium model of the US which did distinguish households at different income levels and found no regressive impact from energy taxation.
In Australia, there have been lots of modelling studies which have looked at the effects of carbon emission abatement programme outcomes under a variety of scenarios in terms of who else does what, etc. None of the models are such that the implications for regressivity can be derived, though the net effect on aggregate employment is usually computed. For unilateral action by Australia, it is usually found to be negative. The abatement instrument modelled is usually the taxation at a uniform rate of the carbon content of fossil fuels. This generates government revenue, and the way that this is used affects the impact of the abatement programme. Clearly, the revenue arising could be used to reduce the regressive impact of carbon taxation. As noted above, existing applied general equilibrium models of national economies typically are, and for Australia all are, such that this question cannot be properly addressed using them. A variety of alternative approaches to the question can be adopted. One is to use a model to simulate the pattern of commodity price increases and the revenue arising, then to input the price increases and the modified tax/welfare system to models of household income and expenditure at different points in the income distribution. I am not aware that this has been done in Australia. Table 2 gives some results from a UK study of this kind, showing that it is possible to design packages which have substantial leverage on emissions, are approximately revenue neutral, and which reduce inequality: see also Smith (1993). Common and Hamilton (1994) report results for Australia, using the ORANI model, where the carbon tax revenue is used to reduce payroll taxation, and where aggregate employment is increased.
The incidence across nations of the abatement costs of securing a given reduction in global CO2 emissions has been the subject of much debate and analysis. This is not solely a question of equity in burden sharing. The outcome would depend upon the abatement instrument adopted, and upon the way it was implemented, and has implications for incentives to participate in an international programme of abatement. Broadly, the alternatives in terms of instrument are:
For 1 and 3, the first question is how to initially allocate the global emissions reduction between nations. For l, that determines national abatement targets. For 3, a nation's abatement target depends upon its calculation as to where its interest lies in striking a balance between abating and permit trading, given its initial allocation of permits. In both of these cases, the distribution of the costs of global abatement across nations depends upon the initial distribution of quotas and how abatement costs vary across nations, though the outcomes would be expected to differ, for any given initial quota allocation, between the two cases. It would also depend upon the choices of instruments by nations for achieving their abatement targets. A number of rules for the allocation of quotas/permits have been suggested and their implications analysed with varying degrees of sophistication (see Janssen and Rotmans 1995, for example). A rule which would appear to have considerable appeal on equity grounds would involve the global emissions target being divided by world population to give a per capita share, with each country given an allocation of quotas/permits based on its population size.
However, some might worry that this would generate perverse incentives in regard to population growth policies, given that allocations would likely be periodically adjusted.
In the case of 2, the distribution of the global cost of abatement would depend upon whether the tax was administered by an international agency, and then upon what it did with the revenues arising, or by nation states, and by the distribution of abatement costs. If the tax were collected by an international agency, it could use the revenues arising so as to promote international equity, for example, by returning the money to nations according to their population size adjusted for per capita income level, though again some might worry about the population growth incentives arising.
Table 3 gives some results from an applied general equilibrium model to illustrate some of these issues. For Options 1 and 2 all of the economies listed cut back by 50 per cent - National Emissions Targets are set on the basis of equal percentage cutbacks. Each economy uses the taxation of fossil fuel as an instrument for the attainment of its target. The two options differ according to whether the tax base is production or consumption. Option 3 involves an international agency taxing fossil fuel carbon content at a uniform rate across economies, and returning the revenue to economies according to population size. The figures shown for the economies under Option 3 refer to the situation after the disbursement of the tax revenue. For this option, the Rest of the World, roughly the developing economies, is actually better off in the post tax than in the pre tax situation. Note that this is also the least cost option for the world as a whole.
TABLE 3 Cost associated with alternative instruments for emissions reduction (percentage reductions in GDP)
Clearly, the issues arising from the intersection of environmental and equity considerations are complex and wide-ranging. The economic analysis that is generally seen as policy relevant is dominantly about the attainment of efficiency. Where it addresses equity, it employs the same ethical basis, ie, the particular version of utilitarianism which is consumer sovereignty. The standard assumption is that the consumption services that the natural environment provides can and should be brought within this ambit. There is generally a further, implicit, assumption that produced commodities can substitute for such services in production and consumption to the extent necessary to maintain the level of aggregate consumption over time, given appropriate savings and investment behaviour. One might speculate that to the extent that this is true, adaptation over time to the increasing scarcity of natural environment services could actually increase the potential for intratemporal inequality. It is often remarked that there was generally less scope for inequality in hunter gatherer societies than in agricultural and industrial societies on account of the simpler technology. Whether future technological adaptation will increase the potential for inequality will depend upon the extent to which the substitutions involved are matters of private or public provision. To some extent private or public provision is itself a technological matter, but will also in many cases involve social choice.
Arndt, H. W. 1978. The rise land fall of economic growth: a study in contemporary thought. Longman Cheshire, Sydney.
Arrow, K, Bolin, B., Costanza, R., Dasgupta, P., Folke, C., Holling, C., Jansson, B-O., Levin, S., Maler, K-G., Perrings, C., and Pimental, D. 1995. Economic growth carrying capacity and the environment. Science, 268:520-21.
Baumol, W., and Oates, W. 1979. Economics, environmental policy and the quality of life. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
Baumol, W., and Oates, IV. 1988 The theory of environmental policy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Beckerman, W. 1992. Economic growth and the environment: whose growth? whose environment? World Development. 20: 481-96
Boyd, R. and Uri, N. 1991. The impact of a broad based energy tax on the US economy. Energy Economics. 13: 258-73
Common, M. 1988. Resource and environmental economics: an introduction. Longmans, Harlow.
Common, M. 1995. Sustainability and policy: limits to economics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Common, M. and Hamilton, C. 1994. Taxation of greenhouse gas emissions and employment. Appendix C in House of Representatives Standing Committee on Environment Recreation and the Arts, Working with the environment: opportunities for job growth. AGPS, Canberra.
Common, M. and Salma, U. 1992. Australian carbon dioxide emissions and energy use: report to the Energy Research and Development Corporation.
Costanza, R. 1989. What is ecological economics? Ecological Economics, 1:1-7.
Hartwick, J. M. 1977. Intergenerational equity and the investing of rents from exhaustible resources. American Economic Review, 66: 972-4.
Janssen, M. and Rotmans, J. 1995. Allocation of fossil CO2 emission rights quantifying cultural perspectives. Ecological Economics, 13:65-79.
Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. and Behrens, W. W. 1972. The limits to growth. Universe Books, New York.
Norgaard, R. and Howarth, R. 1991. Sustainability and discounting the future. In R. Costanza (Ed) Ecological economics: the science and management of sustainability. Columbia University Press, New York.
Pezzey, J. 1989. Economic analysis of sustainable growth and sustainable development. Environment Department Working Paper No I5, World Bank. Washington DC.
Smith, S. 1993. Distributional effects of a European carbon tax. In C. Carraro and D. Siniscalco (eds) The European carbon tax: an economic assessment. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Stem, D., Common, M. and Barbier, E. 1994. Economic growth and environmental degradation: critique of the environmental Kuznets Curve. Discussion Paper in Environmental Economics and Environmental Management No 9409, University of York.
Symons, E., Proops, J and Gay, P. 1991. Carbon taxes, consumer demand and carbon dioxide emissions: a simulation analysis for the UK. Working Paper No 91-25, Dept of Economics, University of Keele.
Townsend, P. 1979. Poverty in the United Kingdom: a survey of household resources and standards of living. Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Whalley, J. and Wigle, R. 1991. The international incidence of carbon taxes. In R. Dornbusch and J. Poterba (eds) Economic policy responses to global warming. MIT Press, Cambridge.
World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. Our common future. Oxford University Press, Oxford


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2. Add the coffeemaker to your order and select how often you want it delivered (if you don't want to keep up the regular shipments, I'd go with the 13 weeks option to give you plenty of time to cancel). The picture of the coffee-maker is white, but it specifies that the color is black after you add it to your cart.
3. Your final total will be $9.99 + free shipping!.
4. Once you get your first order, BE SURE TO CANCEL if you don't want to continue receiving shipments and being charged. We have done this deal a couple of times in the past (once for our coffeemaker at the house and once for Ryan's coffeemaker at work) and canceling was very easy both times. AND (my favorite part) you don't even have to talk to a person to cancel! You just create a Gevalia account and go into your "My Account" section to see the "Auto Delivery Orders" screen and click on the link to cancel.
And that's it!
Related posts:
Woohoo! Budget travelling is right up my alley!
TODAY only, you can get a subscription to Budget Travel Magazine for only $4.29 per year (which comes out to 64% off)!
You can order up to 3 years at this price! Just enter the coupon code SURVIVINGTHESTORES during checkout to see the price go down.
This offer expires at Thursday 05/03/12 11:59 PM EST!
Related posts:
Here is a great present for your mom for Mother's Day! Get a Free Custom 11oz Ceramic Mug (Value of $8.99) and only pay shipping of $5.99! This is a really good deal considering a lot of cards cost the price of the shipping plus you can add a picture of your little prince or princess. I would think moms everywhere would love looking at those precious faces everyday enjoying coffee or tea!
Be sure to use Coupon Code: FREEMUG when ordering to get the price down to free.
More great Freebies & Samples!
Related posts:
Today Only (5/3) you can get the 3M Filtrete Water Station, which includes FOUR BPA-free water bottles, for only $19.99! The retail on this is $49.99, and yesterday's price was $33, so they are definitely offering a significant discount.
Shipping is free if you can get your order over $25 or free 2-day shipping with Amazon Prime.
Here are some of the product's features:
Click to view the deal on Amazon!
This is their Gold Box deal, so it is good today only (5/3) or while supplies last.
NOTE: The prices on Amazon can vary from one minute to the next. I can make no guarantees that the price will be the same as the one above when you click on the Amazon link. Let me know in the comments section below if the price changes and I will get the post updated as soon as possible.
More great Amazon Deals!
Related posts:
The high-value $1.25/1 I Can't Believe It's Not Butter Printable Coupon is available again! Use this coupon at Walmart to get it at a great price!
Here's how it would look:
I Can't Believe It's Not Butter (15 oz) – $2.68
Use $1.25/1 ICBINB Printable Coupon
$1.43 each after coupon
I've also added this to the Walmart Coupon Match-ups for this week too!
More great Printable Store Coupons!
Related posts:
If you are on the South Beach Diet or looking for lower carb snacks, be sure to print out this $1/1 South Beach Diet Meal Bars coupon! You will want to print it out (two per computer) and hold on to a sale to for an even better deal.
More great Printable Store Coupons!
Related posts:
There's a new FREE Kindle book – Crochet Rag Rugs Basic Pattern Collection (How to Make a Rag Rug) available for your Amazon Kindle or Kindle App!
This book will teach you how to crochet your own beautiful rugs out of fabric such as clothes your kids have outgrown to old cotton shirts. You'll be crocheting in as easy as 1, 2, 3 with this "how to book" by Sarah Holmes.
Remember, you do not need an Amazon Kindle in order to read these free Kindle Books. You can download it to your Smartphone, PC, Mac, iPod, or iPad or read it in the Kindle Cloud Reader as well!
If you are interested in purchasing a Kindle, here are the different options available:
Amazon Kindle with Special Offers - $79
Amazon Kindle Touch with Special Offers - $99
Amazon Kindle Touch 3G Global Wireless with Special Offers - $149
Amazon Kindle Keyboard 3G Global Wireless with Special Offers - $139
Amazon Kindle Fire Wi-Fi - $199
NOTE: The prices on Amazon can vary from one minute to the next. I can make no guarantees that the price will be the same as the one above when you click on the Amazon link. Let me know in the comments section below if the price changes and I will get the post updated as soon as possible.
For all of the latest Free Kindle Books, hot deals, printable grocery coupons, store deals, restaurant & retail coupons, freebies, samples, and a lot more be sure to sign up for the Surviving The Stores Email Newsletter, Like STS on Facebook, and follow us on Twitter!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Hepatitis Health Center
New Drug Combo Helps Hard-to-Treat Hepatitis C
By Amy Norton
HealthDay Reporter
TUESDAY, Aug. 27 (HealthDay News) -- Combining an old drug with an experimental one may cure many cases of hard-to-treat hepatitis C -- without the harsh side effects of the standard regimen, a U.S. government study finds.
Experts said the study, reported in the Aug. 28 Journal of the American Medical Association, is an important research step. It focused on patients who often do not respond well to the current hepatitis C drug regimen because they already had liver damage, harbored a particularly stubborn strain of the virus or had other "unfavorable treatment characteristics."
In other words, they were the patients who often are left out of clinical trials.
"This was the real world, and the treatment response was really quite good," said Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and one of the researchers on the work.
Of the 60 patients in the trial, 48 percent to 68 percent had the virus cleared from their bodies, depending on the drug dose.
The therapy included one older hepatitis C drug, called ribavirin, and one currently being considered for approval in the United States and Europe, called sofosbuvir. Most important, the regimen excluded interferon -- an injection drug that is part of the current standard treatment for hepatitis C.
Interferon is difficult to take and can cause side effects including sleep problems, depression, nausea, diarrhea, muscle pain, fever and fatigue. Researchers are working on various interferon-free drug regimens for hepatitis C.
There are dozens of drugs under development, with several expected to be on the market within the next year or two.
That means the best is yet to come, said Dr. Eugene Schiff, a liver disease expert who was not involved in the new trial.
"This is an important paper," said Schiff, who directs the Center for Liver Diseases at the University of Miami. "But these results reflect an interim experience. It's a treatment that will be out there for only a short time."
Schiff said that in the next year and a half, there should be new oral drug combinations that allow hepatitis C patients to skip not only the interferon, but also ribavirin -- which can have substantial side effects of its own, including anemia.
"We're in the middle of an exciting time," Schiff said. "I'm very optimistic."
The current study included 60 hepatitis C patients with factors that make standard interferon-based treatment unlikely to work.
Most had a genetic strain of the virus that does not respond well to interferon. Many also had liver fibrosis -- scarring of the organ that can progress to more severe damage, known as cirrhosis, and possibly liver cancer. And most participants were black, a group that traditionally has not fared as well with hepatitis C regimens compared to whites.


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Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
In Cata more than ever before, playing an Alliance character makes one feel like they're casting rocks into a hurricane. You never really feel like you're making a difference as an Alliance player - at most it feels like you're slowing or stopping the rot. And the victories you do get are either pyrrhic or else mirrored for the Horde.
I think the biggest problem is that the Alliance frankly hasn't had a big, triumphant win (in the sense of a victory that makes one want to fling their hands up in the air and shout 'For the Alliance) since Warcraft II. Really. Warcraft II.
Think about it.
Warcraft III and TFT were all about stomping on the Alliance's face, with the sole bright point being the victory at Hyjal...but that's more a victory for the world as a whole, for the combined Alliance/Horde/night elf forces over the Legion, not something for the Alliance as a faction.
This trend continues in WoW. In vanilla wow the biggest in-game event was the opening of Ahn'Qiraj, but that was bi-factional and Saurfang was the guy who got the Big Damn Speech when the gates opened
In BC, the Alliance and the Horde were each given two major story lines - the Horde had the reunification with the mag'har and the plight of the blood elves, while the Alliance had the story of recovering the lost expedition and the return of the draenei to their lost world.
Both of the Horde storylines came to a definitive conclusion - Garrosh was empowered by the news of his father's legacy, while the traitor Kael'thas was deposed and the Sunwell was reignited, providing a new beginning for the elves. Both of these storyliens also had ramifications in Wrath.
On the other hand, neither of the Alliance's stories came to a definitive conclusion - finding and questing with Danath was a major win, but Khadgar did almost nothing besides act as A'dal's spokesman, and Kurdran did nothing at all. Turalyon and Alleria (largely considered the most important of the five heroes) were teased at through their son, but never found. The draenei, meanwhile, showed almost no storyline at all in regards to their lost cousins - the Aldor, the Kurenai, the Ashtongue, there was no resolution, or even much acknowledgement between them and those on the Exodar
Moving on to Wrath, which a lot of players point to as the Alliance-flavored of the expansions. The expansion started out with a major, major piece of Alliance lore, the Knights of the Silver Hand, getting ripped out wholesale and presented as a neutral anti-Scourge group friendly to both factions, without so much as a hint of antipathy for the Horde. Dalaran, a former Alliance city-state, likewise went neutral and invited the Horde (including the Forsaken who had quests to kill their citizens in vanilla) into their streets.
Some players scoff at the importance of this, but this kind of act (and that of the defenders of Hyjal in Cata) drastically undercuts the Alliance as a faction. By tearing out these major, major themes, it makes the Alliance feel less flavorful, because the Horde gets to enjoy their own factional themes, and the Alliance's as well. To be fair, some of it goes the other way (Earthen Ring, for example) but the importance of the effective loss of these themes just can't be understated.
But moreover, look at Alliance questing in Wrath (I largely ignored questing in BC because so much of it was mirrored). What does the Alliance gain in Wrath? Okay, they get Muradin Bronzebeard back, that's one. But what else? The humans, gnomes and dwarves learn their origins...but what meaning does that have for them? What effects do we see from these revelations?
Despite the Alliance 'flavor' of the expansion, the major story between the factions was Horde-driven - Garrosh's story progressed and the Wrathgate and Battle for the Undercity revealed the depths of depravity to which some of the Forsaken had sunk, firing on their own allies and turning on Sylvanas to serve the Burning Legion. The resulting Horde story? The Horde truimphantly returns to Undercity, bulldozes the apothecarium traitors and the Legion forces and kills Varimathras. The Alliance story? The Alliance attacks Undercity through the sewers in an attempt to retake the place, kills Putress, Varian has his big "what have they done" moment...then Alliance players all get kicked out of the place because Jaina flinches. Net result? Horde story progresses, Saurfang gets facetime with the pathos over his lost son, while the Alliance have nothing to show for it aside from a lost faction leader (and a fairly major character) and the somber ending note of "we'll see what war brings."
This is followed up with the Broken Front story, where Alliance players learn about how the Horde rushed an Alliance army engaged with the Scourge from behind, resulting in both armies getting wiped out. Then they have to go through the ordeal of mercy-killing Alliance soldiers (while Horde players get to mercy-kill...Alliance soldiers)
And finally we come to Cataclysm. Cataclysm, where Gilneas ends with your character being evacuated in the face of a Horde invasion, Westfall ends with Sentinel Hill on fire from the Defias, Redridge ends with the deaths of Bravo Company, Darkshore ends with the night elves' major character getting tricked by the bad guys, Stonetalon makes you watch a school get nuked, Andorhal ends in retreat, Swamp of Sorrows ends with no change...and the major character of the expansion is the guy formerly in charge of your enemy faction. And you're expected to like him.
Here's what it all comes to-Allaince questing rarely, if ever, makes you feel empowered. I know a lot of Horde players hate the things you end up doing in some zones (Hillsbrad, Stonetalon) but those zones make you feel powerful. You're walking all over the bad guys. In Alliance questing, this just never pulls together. Zones with an overarching story end with ignominous retreats or pyrrhic victories, and the few wins players do get (Wetlands, early Darkshore) are largely against non-player factions. Never the Horde itself.
Meanwhile the Alliance's overall story spins its wheels, going nowhere at top speed. Faction leaders seem to do nothing, your major characters are takeoffs of pop culture (John J. Keeshan and Horatio Lane) or downright silly (Flintlocke...oh god Flintlocke), and most importantly Cataclysm never gives you reason to make you feel like you've accomplished anything - at most you've held the line.


text:
Was £22.00
Now £13.20
Now £8.80
60% Off
Save a total of £13.20
Item not in stock
Standard Delivery
Click & Collect
International Delivery
Tactilien Figure - Rook
Item No.1710012087
Collect the all new Multi-Material Figures from the Ben 10 Omniverse series! Each poseable figure comes with a light up feature and multiple material sections for a cool new look and feel!
- Exclusively available online
- Age: 4 years+
- No assembly required
- HWD: 24.5 x 9 x 5cm
- 2 x LR44
- Warning: Not suitable for children under 36 months - Contains small parts which could be swallowed
Deliveries are between 8am - 6pm, Mon - Sat.
FREE if you pay with your Debenhams card
FREE delivery on all orders over £30 (normally £3.99)
Deliver to store for collection ( 160 participating stores ) FREE
International Delivery £7.00 to £15.00
Debenhams is happy to exchange or refund your purchase within 28 days providing the goods are in a fully resaleable condition (including tags) and not within the exclusion policy*. This policy does not affect your statutory rights. You can return unwanted items either by visiting your local store (the fastest way to get a refund), by arranging a courier collection or returning by post. Exclusions apply to selected products. For instructions on how to return products and information on Debenhams refund policy visit the returns and refunds section of the website.


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Yummy-Mummy Karisma's ramp-walk
By IndiaTimes | April 16, 2012, 2:17 pm IST
With Dangerous Ishhq all set for release, Karisma Kapoor has been making several public appearances. Over the weekend, the ravishing Lolo walked the ramp for designer Nivedita Saboo at the Pune Fashion Week.
Also spotted on the ramp were Randeep Hooda & Arjana Sukhani.
Speaking about the trend of Bollywood showstoppers, Karisma said, "For actors, walking the ramp is a nice change."


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Tailor made tours
DSA Vacations is the Southern African specialist, after all Africa is where we call home. Our dedicated travel professionals are waiting to create your ideal African vacation, from exploring the crystal clear waters of the Okavango Delta in a traditional mokoro to witnessing the great zebra migration or following Botswana's great elephant herds! Whatever your wants or needs our team will customize your journey to make it your ultimate vacation. Call us today on 1-800-203-6724 and let your dream Africa vacation begin!
Keep me up to date
This tour offers you the chance to visit some of the finest game viewing reserves and most luxurious lodges in Botswana ...Virtual Itinerary More Info
Spend 6 nights in Botswana covering the country's most celebrated game viewing destinations, the Okavango Delta, the Moremi Game Reserve and Savute in the Chobe Game Reserve.Virtual Itinerary More Info
This package affords you the opportunity to safari in Botswana's prime game viewing areas, with 2 nights at Okuti Camp in the world renowned Moremi Game Reserve, 2 nights at Kanana Camp, a hidden jewel in the southwest of the Okavango Delta and 2 nights at Shinde Camp, nestled on a lush palm island in the heart of the northern Okavango Delta...Virtual Itinerary More Info


text:
Wonderful Words of Life is a worldwide soundcast of The Salvation Army. It is a 15-minute program packed with lively dialog, the best Salvation Army music in various styles, and inspirational teaching. Its messages will stir your spirit and its music will soothe your soul.
Current Series: Jesus Stories
During His ministry here on earth Jesus Christ often used stories, or parables, to teach about the Kingdom of God and how to live life. Each parable used imagery taken from everyday life that could be understood by everyone. However, it was how each person responded to Jesus' parables that divided them into two groups: those who were committed to the Kingdom of God and those who were not. Join us for our series as each week we consider a different Jesus Story and deepen your relationship with Him.
Hosts of Wonderful Words of Life
The hosts on Wonderful Words of Life are all members of The Salvation Army. The announcers are Lt. Colonel Willis Howell, Divisional Commander of the North and South Carolina Division; and Captain Sally Broughton, Gospel Arts Coordinator and Educational Resource Officer at the Evangeline Booth College of The Salvation Army in Atlanta, Georgia. With much enthusiasm these two engage in dynamic dialogue as they share listeners' feedback, personal stories, or guest interviews before previewing the message by the speaker, Lt. Colonel Vern Jewett. Divisional Commander of the Florida Division, Colonel Jewett's life-long experience in ministering to others as well as, his preaching and teaching of the Scriptures is evident in the friendly and communicative style he brings to the microphone.
The Salvation Army, an evangelical part of the universal Christian church established in London in 1865, has been supporting those in need in His name without discrimination for more than 130 years in the United States. Nearly 30 million Americans receive assistance from The Salvation Army each year through the broadest array of social services that range from providing food for the hungry, relief for disaster victims, assistance for the disabled, outreach to the elderly and ill, clothing and shelter to the homeless and opportunities for underprivileged children. 82 cents of every dollar The Salvation Army spends is used to support those services in 5,000 communities nationwide. For more information, go to www.salvationarmyusa.org.


text:
Map It
Map City Services
Metro Newsroom
LouisvilleKY.gov Links
Monday October 10, 2011
The Louisville Metro Board of Health will hold a community forum on the pending merger between University of Louisville Hospital, Jewish & St. Mary's Health System and Catholic Health Initiatives. The forum will be held Wednesday, October 19, from 5:45 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. at Memorial Auditorium located at 970 South Fourth St.
Representatives of each of the merger organizations will participate. Jean West of WAVE-TV will moderate the forum.
"The Board of Health is convening this forum, which is open to the Louisville community at large, to facilitate a fact-based discussion about the risks and benefits of the pending merger," said Board of Health Chairman, William Altman "Most importantly, the forum will provide an opportunity for community members to pose questions about the merger. We urge everyone to attend."
People are encouraged to submit questions in advance by email at email@example.com or by regular mail at Louisville Metro Board of Health, 400 East Gray Street, Louisville, KY 40202 by noon, October 19 People will also have the opportunity to submit questions in writing at the community forum.
The Louisville Metro Board of Health acts as an independent voice to promote and protect equitable physical, mental, and environmental health in the Louisville community through advocacy, education, regulation, and collaboration with public and private entities. Learn more about the Board of Health at www.louisvilleky.gov/health.


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Financial assistance for ALL students is administered by the centralized OSU Financial Aid Office. You may contact them directly at (541) 737-2241 or http://oregonstate.edu/admin/finaid/ for more information.
Additional OSU Scholarships: In addition if you are a newly admitted freshman to the OSU, you are automatically eligible for first-year student OSU scholarships when you fill out the OSU Scholars information in your admissions application. Scholarships are generally based on SAT scores and GPA. Priority is given to on-time applicants.
NEWCOMB SCHOLARSHIP: This is a College of Business scholarship that is only available to new OSU students - Freshman or Transfer Students. Early consideration will be made for students who apply by December 1. Application deadline is April 30th.
Graduate Students: For graduate students, Oregon State University offers scholarships for eligible students with outstanding academic qualifications. All students who have complete MBA applications on file with the College of Business by March 1 are considered for these scholarships.
To apply for the Newcomb and other College of Business scholarships, see Advising and Services.
View 24/7 coverage here!
Visit the OSU Foundation and consider a gift to the College of Business. Click here to learn more.
Log-In to Beaver JobNet for access to jobs, internships, and more!
302 Austin HallCorvallis, Oregon 97331-2603541-737-2551 | Fax: 541-737-6023
Copyright © 2014
Oregon State University


text:
Rolling in reverse
Learn the easy steps to backing safely.
Truck drivers hear the three simple rules of backing up over and over again, like mama scolding: "When backing in, go slow, get out and look (GOAL), and most of all, don't hit anything."
Yeah, you've heard it before. But backing remains the most accident-prone part of the job, and almost all backing mishaps occur because drivers ignore the rules, get in a hurry, don't get out and look, and hit something. Inexperienced drivers don't know any better. Old-timers sometime think they know better and stop thinking.
Usually, a driver is least likely to slow down and get out to look when doing so is necessary: it's dark, cold, rainy and muddy at the end of a long, tiring day, and other drivers are on the CB giving criticism: "Do you want one of us to come and back that truck in for you?" or "Get under it, get under it," when the self-appointed coach can't see how little clearance you have in front.
The more unpleasant the task, the more professionalism must be applied.
Accident-free million-milers are commended for their professionalism because they give what the job requires, not what they think it should get. They back in slowly: maybe just a few inches at a time. They know what's behind their trailers and what they're backing into. They don't hit anything.
The first step to backing in is not backing in. "If you can avoid backing in, do it," says owner-operator John Brown of Hereford, Ariz. If you find a pull-through – two empty parking spots head-to-head – take it.
Don't force the issue. If backing into one spot looks too difficult, find another. "Eight of 10 times I come to this truckstop, the place is busy, but there's one spot that's always open," says owner-operator Gary Eastman from Blaine, Minn. "They can't get into it because they don't know how to set up for it right."
Eastman means a spot next to last in a long row of parking places. There's very little room to its left, so the driver who gets into it will either blind side from the right or very skillfully back in from the left.
This might be a question of experience. Newer drivers who haven't become confident of their backing skills yet might wisely pass on a spot that a more experienced driver would try. Rookie drivers who know their limitations show unusually advanced skill and professionalism when they avoid difficult backing situations, especially compared with beginners who take on difficult back-ups, hit something and lose a safety bonus.
"I remember the first time I backed in," says owner-operator Dustin Cullison of East Brookfield, Mass. "I was terrified, and my friends were laughing at me." That was more than 11 years ago, but his fear stood Cullison well. "I've never backed into anything," he says.
Some new drivers seem born to back up big trucks and catch on quickly. Others have previous experience maneuvering large vehicles into specific positions.
"Sometimes I have to pull up: every now and then," says Hitchcock company driver Dave Brzak of Webberville, Mich. "But I come from a farm, and I've backed up equipment before. So backing in one of these trucks kind of comes natural to me."
If you're going to back in, the procedure starts well before the truck is in reverse.
As you drive past the place you're about to back into, take a good look at it.
OverdriveOnline.com strives to maintain an open forum for reader opinions. Click here to read our comment policy.


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Big Data is not a fad; it is the goal of leveraging data and taking it outside of a health organization's four walls for the purpose of identifying trends, predicting outcomes, managing population health and influencing patient care. The power of the data and its ability to improve healthcare and decrease medical costs cannot be overstated.
Data has to be clean, actionable, and integrated to most benefit the efficient delivery of healthcare. Read more about the importance of Big Data as a new way of doing business. Learn more.
Daniel Garrett, US health information technology leader discusses the possibilities and challenges of "big data". Read more about capitalizing on the strategic value of technology. Learn more.


text:
rollover image to zoom
from Wonderful Hands
PDF Digital Download
Have you made this pattern?
Share with the Craftsy community.
Soft Crochet Motif!
Excellent for a gift or a travel!
Make your own slippers
Images Tutorial step by step
They feet very well!
SIZE: Make yours
I believe you will like the pattern easy
I am a mother and love crafts since a child. I wish you see utility to your ideas! They are colorful!


text: I read some stories with Crap Mariner, Derry McMahon and Elder Priestman at West of Ireland today. Crap and I double teamed two stories with Derry providing the voice for the lady of one of those stories. We read 'Hearts and Hands' and 'Roses, Ruses, and Romance' by O Henry.


text:
Google Is Changing Mobile PPC Ads – What You Need To Know To Be Ready!
Google has announced that it is changing the format of Mobile PPC ads and the impact can make a huge difference to how your mobile search ads perform against competitors. For the past year, Google's mobile PPC ads have looked very similar to PPC ads that you can see on your desktop in that ads have two Description lines […]Read More
Categories: Announcements


text:
New Books
A Boy Named Zelton
Deeds Publishing (2012)
By Phyllis Conner Free (BFA '69)
This memoir, composed of a narrative compilation of humorous and inspiring stories, chronicles the boyhood life of the late Okefenokee Swamp storyteller Zelton Conner.
Dunaway's Crossing
Lloyd and Aspinwald (2012)
By Nancy Brandon (BSEd '88, PhD '00) This work of historical fiction, set in Savannah and middle Georgia in 1918 during the Spanish influenza pandemic, follows newlywed Bea Dot Ferguson as she struggles against her brutal husband and the deadly virus.
Everything You Need to Survive the Apocalypse
Simon Pulse (2012)
By Lucas Klauss (AB '05)
In this novel, 15-year-old Phillip Flowers wrestles with questions about love, loss, faith and the end of the world.
The Red and Black Breed
Red House Books (2012)
By Molly Read Woo (ABJ '84)
This novel combines murder mystery with a memoir, set in Athens and featuring many local landmarks.
Secrets of Shakespeare's Grave
Houghton Mifflin (2012)
By Deron Hicks (BFA '90)
In this pre-teen novel, 12-year-old Colophon Letterford investigates the link between her family's literary legacy and Shakespeare's tomb, embarking on a journey of literary and historical mystery.
Images of America: Madison
Arcadia Publishing (2012)
By Marcia Brooks (MPA '02) and Kittie Mayfield
This photographic biography of a city tells the story of Madison, Ga., through images dating from the early 1900s to today.
I Love Georgia/I Hate Florida
Triumph Books (2012)
By Patrick Garbin (BBA '98)
In Garbin's fifth book on UGA football, the Bulldog Nation is provided with a 320-page manual as to why it should love its Georgia Bulldogs and hate the despised Florida Gators. Foreword by former UGA All-American tailback Tim Worley.
The First Apartment Book: Cool Design for Small Spaces
Clarkson Potter (2012)
By Kyle Schuneman and Heather Summerville (ABJ '03)
This guide offers bold ideas for achieving big style in small places on any budget, with photo examples.
Why Men Get Married
CreateSpace (2012)
By Nikki Farrin (BBA '99)
Using 20 years of discovery through dialog with men, the author delivers a hard-hitting, candid and revealing narrative about the way men really feel about marriage.
Atomic Assistance
Cornell University Press (2012)
By Matthew Fuhrmann (AB '02, PhD '08)
Part of the Cornell Studies in Security Affairs series, Fuhrmann's essay examines historical precedents and argues that providing peaceful nuclear assistance helps the spread of nuclear weapons.
South Carolina Curiosities
Globe Pequot Press (2011)
By Lee Davis Perry (ABJ '76) and J. Michael McLaughlin
Part of a series of state-specific books, this book highlights the most outlandish places, characters, events and wonders found within South Carolina's borders.
Neiko's Five Land Adventure
Two Harbors Press (2010)
By A. K. Taylor (BS '07)
In this children's book, a girl named Neiko becomes trapped in a new land after stepping through a doorway into another universe, and she must defeat the evil that trapped her there.


text:
Founded in the North West as one of the UK's first community interest companies, Social Enterprise Solutions is a pioneering body of social entrepreneurs delivering national and European programmes of business support.
Whether it is grass-roots events to help local people, employment initiatives or big ideas like Social Enterprise Places, the team is committed to helping communities to achieve more. To find out more use the link below:
From its base in Blackpool, Social Enterprise Solutions has undertaken major funded programmes including Future Jobs Fund, LEGI and ERDF.
Our Strategic Vision
To assist in creating and developing dynamic and sustainable social enterprises which strengthen an inclusive and growing economy, providing opportunities for personal growth for people within communities many of whom face disadvantages.
Our Mission Statement
Our mission is to be recognised as the thought leaders in all aspects of social enterprise. We will encourage economic activity in less prosperous areas and support and mentor emerging and existing social enterprises so that they can engage in sustainable trading activities.
Our Values
We believe that ethical enterprises add value to the economy and to society. Social enterprises make profits and provide employment. They offer volunteering opportunities and services to the community. Social enterprises are high value community assets to be nurtured and sustained.
Find out more about Social Enterprise Solutions CIC


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Let us help you find the right one.
Call 954-759-7400 for assistance, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Broward Health Imperial Point's Man Van is taking men's health screenings across Broward. Find out more »
Broward Health offers a wide range of programs to improve the health of the people of Broward County, including: lectures, screenings and outreach, senior services, maternal and child health, school health, HIV/AIDS care, homeless services and more.
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» Watch some of our top physicians perform cutting-edge surgeries
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ACETYLCYSTEINE (a se teel SIS teen) is a drug that loosens and thins mucus in the lungs. It is used to make breathing easier in patients with bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, tuberculosis, or other lung problems.
This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
lung blockage
stomach ulcer or varices
an unusual or allergic reaction to acetylcysteine, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
pregnant or trying to get pregnant
This medicine is usually inhaled into the lungs using a nebulizer. In a hospital or clinic setting, a health care provider may put this medicine directly into the lungs through a trachea tube or give by mouth in an emergency. Follow the directions on the prescription label. For inhalation through a nebulizer, dilute with sterile saline or water as directed. You will be taught how to use your nebulizer. Use diluted medicine within 1 hour of mixing. Take your medicine at regular intervals. Do not take your medicine more often than directed.
Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed.
Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of this medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.
NOTE: This medicine is only for you. Do not share this medicine with others.
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, take only that dose. Do not take double or extra doses.
Interactions are not expected.
This list may not describe all possible interactions. Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use. Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs. Some items may interact with your medicine.
Tell your doctor or health care professional if your symptoms do not improve or if you get worse. If you are using a nebulizer at home, make sure you understand how to use it properly.
Drink water as directed. This will help to loosen and thin mucus.
Inhalations of this medicine can leave a sticky film in your mouth and on your face. Rinse with water after each treatment.
Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:
allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
breathing problems
chest tightness, pain
coughing up blood
Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
changes in taste
mouth sores
nausea, vomiting
runny nose
This list may not describe all possible side effects. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Store unopened bottles at room temperature between 15 and 30 degrees C (59 and 86 degrees F). If only some of a bottle is used, store the remaining undiluted medicine in a refrigerator. Use open bottles within 96 hours (4 days). Use diluted medicine within 1 hour. Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.
ACETYLCYSTEINE (a se teel SIS teen) is used after an acetaminophen overdose to prevent liver damage.
This medicine is usually given by injection into the veins in a hospital or clinic setting. In some situations, a health care provider may also put this medicine directly through a stomach tube or by mouth in an emergency.
Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. Although this medicine may be used in an emergency even in very young children and infants, precautions may apply.
Overdosage: If you think you've taken too much of this medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.
This does not apply. Your doses will be given to you in the hospital or clinic. It is very important to take all scheduled doses as directed until the treatment is complete.
Tell your doctor or health care professional if your symptoms do not improve or if you get worse. You will be carefully monitored during your treatment.
low blood pressure
rapid heartbeat
Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (Report these to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome.):
changes in taste or smell
flushing of the face
sore throat
This drug is given in a hospital or clinic and will not be stored at home.
NOTE: This sheet is a summary. It may not cover all possible information. If you have questions about this medicine, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or health care provider.
Here at the Center for Wound Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, we are pleased to let you know that as part of your treatment you may be a candidate to receive hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT).
The following information is about HBOT and the important guidelines which must be followed carefully. This course of treatment can be highly beneficial, but the patient must be committed to success and knowledgeable about the process. We encourage you to provide our staff with any questions you might have.
**Ask your hyperbaric physician for advice on wearing contact lenses during treatment. You should also refrain from smoking or the use of any tobacco products over the entire course of therapy. Tobacco use will prolong or even prevent healing of a wound site due to its effect on the blood vessels in your body.
**Ask your hyperbaric physician for advice on wearing contact lenses during treatment. You should also refrain from smoking or the use of any tobacco products over the entire course of therapy. Tobacco use will prolong or even prevent healing of a wound site due to its effect on the blood vessels in your body.
You should inform the staff and the Center if you have a cold or cough, the flu, sore throat, chills, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Alert the staff to any medications you are taking, or changes in medication during the course of your treatment. If you are diabetic, please eat properly and continue to take your prescribed medication to control blood sugar level. Your blood sugar level will also be checked during each visit to the Center.
You may experience temporary vision changes that should return to normal a few weeks after your therapy is completed. Our physicians recommend that you not change the prescription of your eyewear during the course of your therapy. Some patients experience fatigue during treatment. This is completely normal.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is usually administered on an outpatient basis. If you drive, you may drive yourself to the Center for therapy, and should allow up to two and one half hours for each visit. Medicare and most health care plans reimburse for hyperbaric oxygen therapy for "currently accepted indications." Our courteous and professional staff is available to assist you with all of your personal insurance issues.
We look forward to serving you. Please contact a member of our staff with any other questions you may have regarding your therapy at 954-776-8920.


text:
Extortionists threaten to add a nasty new ingredient to the energy drink unless the company pays up.
Lt. Gov. Jennifer Carroll resigns amid a scandal involving the Allied Veterans of the World, which is accused of funneling money to politicians.
If you're in a far-off suburb more than 45 minutes from a major city, there's a strong chance your area is losing population.
A new study finds they're 24% less likely to get approved than men, while women with mortgages are 39% less likely to get an OK for refinancing.
The husband of former US Rep. Gabrielle Giffords shows how easy it is to buy a military-style rifle. But walking out the store with that rifle isn't easy at all.
The Los Angeles chapter, accused of accepting money for good ratings, gets kicked out of the organization, which is already struggling for relevance.
Some businesses shelled out plenty to comply with Mayor Bloomberg's ill-fated limits on sugary drinks.
The owner of 8 North Carolina outlets says health care will cost him a store's worth of profits. The growing burger chain -- which counts the president as a fan -- has distanced itself from that complaint.
Copyright © 2014 Microsoft. All rights reserved.
Fundamental company data and historical chart data provided by Morningstar Inc. Real-time index quotes and delayed quotes supplied by Morningstar Inc. Quotes delayed by up to 15 minutes, except where indicated otherwise. Fund summary, fund performance and dividend data provided by Morningstar Inc. Analyst recommendations provided by Zacks Investment Research. StockScouter data provided by Verus Analytics. IPO data provided by Hoover's Inc. Index membership data provided by Morningstar Inc.
As geopolitical tensions threaten to spin out of control, investors are wondering how best to position their portfolios for the global turmoil.
The Market Dispatches column has been discontinued. Here's where to find the latest stock and business news on MSN Money, and the latest from market writer Charley Blaine.
The popular online program lets you earn Amazon cards, PayPal cash and other rewards.
Breaking up big banks is an untested solution to the too big to fail problem that attempts to isolate and dismantle large, troubled institutions while protecting the rest of the economy.
Occupy Wall Street bought and forgave the student loan debt of more than 2,700 Everest College students.
Six weeks later, most Americans have forgotten about the 2014 tax season -- except those who didn't file by the April 15 deadline.
- Video: Easy DIY smoked meats at home
A charcuterie master shares his process for cold-smoking meat at home.
- Jetpacks about to go mainstream
- Weird things covered by home insurance
- Bing: 70 percent of adults report 'digital eye strain'


text:
Personal pick of the week. A must have for the personal stash.
Etat Brut
Mutations Et Protheses
Sub Rosa
Rare recordings by pioneers of industrial noise music, 1979-1983, never released before on CD or LP. Etat Brut was an industrial/noise band from Brussels that operated from 1979 until 1983. The duo (Phillippe x and Philippe X, today academic scientists) released dozens of cassettes, various flyers and Xeroxed booklets. Some collective concerts were organized at that time with Club Moral and Pseudocode. Cassettes like Emissions 1 (1981) or Géométrie d'un assassinat (1982) were released on their own label, some others in collaboration with Danny Devos (Club Moral) or Jerry WX (2Tracks, Digital Dance). EB001 was released by Club Moral in 1986, a few years after the fact. The double cassette Mutations et Prothèses was released in 1981 (Etat Brut) and re-released by Club Moral in 1986. The two bonus tracks (only on CD) "Sollicitation Extérieure" and "Psychosomatique" are extracted from 4 IN 1, a cassette released in 1982 by Grafika Airlines, Brussels, including works by Pseudocode, Human Flesh and Mécanique Végétale.
I need this.


text:
Engage ephemeral exoskeleton. Take no prisoners.
Vintage Chiffon
Image: Tracy Kahn
Styliste: Vija Hodosy
Maquillage: Tomiko Taft
Femme: Hannah Tokuno
Engage ephemeral exoskeleton. Take no prisoners.
Vintage Chiffon
Image: Tracy Kahn
Styliste: Vija Hodosy
Maquillage: Tomiko Taft
Femme: Hannah Tokuno
Back when my head like an egg in a nest
was vowel-keen and dawdling, I shed my slick beautiful
and put it in a basket and laid it barefaced at the river
among the taxing rocks. My beautiful was all hush
and glitter. It was too moist to grasp. My beautiful
had no tongue with which to lick—no discernible
wallowing gnaw. It was really a breed of destruction
like a nick in a knife. It was a notch in the works
or a wound like a bell in a fat iron mess. My beautiful
was a drink too sopping to haul up and swig!
Therefore with the trees watching and the beavers abiding
I tossed my beautiful down at the waterway against
the screwball rocks. Even then there was no hum.
My beautiful was never ill-bred enough, no matter what
you say. If you want my blue yes everlasting, try my
she, instead. Try the why not of my low down,
Sugar, my windswept and wrecked.
Adrian Blevin
As difficult as ditching treasure can be, my imminent move to NYC has forced me to pick favourites and refuse eye contact with the many 'not quite dope enough' castaways.
Above you'll find some exceptions:
1. Rainbow macaw feathers, porcelain-doll-head-excavated-from-a-field-near-a-German doll-factory-bombed-in-WWII (pheeeww), neon paper airplane cut-outs.
2. 1976 35 mm Nikkomat, Alexander McQueen Savage Beauty {purchased on my birthday at the MET in NYC), feather earrings from a costume shop.
3. Sterling silver Mexican belt buckles, Afghan pendant, bronze octopus sculpture, Ottoman "Beloved" coin necklace replica c.1900, TIME Human Body Encyclopedia (1980).
I just discovered that my wicker, elephant-shaped table has termites! Dammit. Non-denominational prayers, its doppelganger shows up at Brooklyn Flea.
Tweet me links to your most prized loot.
Nom Nom Nom,
Hiver en Californie 2012 : Winter yawns at misfortune, so we'd better have our skills in order.
{ COCO DOES RIO HQ for the full spread. }
The latest editorial isn't a far cry from how we normally spend our time up at the ranch, save for the omitted whiskey, rifles and SMILES.
Oh how I'll miss California. Ever seen a western played out on a Manhattan rooftop? Hmmm…
Me Neither,
PHOTO: Moi


text:
When you vote, your voice is not being heard, you are simply writing a party a blank cheque. You're a fool that props up the present rotten system: ask yourself what would happen if everyone DIDN'T vote.Amazingly, something like this actually worked in Poland: a majority basically voted No, and the Party had backed itself into a corner. Political reform followed.
That would speak more loudly and clearly to the political class than any naive civil-minded voter's cross or punched chad. By voting, you're prolonging the crisis.
I don't think that sitting on my thumbs is "doing something," but I don't think voting helps anything eitherThere are options other than voting. You could, say, run for office yourself. Join the local Communist Party cell, or Objectivist discussion group, or whatever floats your boat.


text:
Firefighters were called to the scene of an early morning structure fire in Raleigh County on Friday.
Dispatchers said the call came into a home on Tingler Ave. in Coal City just after 3:20a.m.
No one was injured in the blaze.
According to 911 operators, arson investigators were called to the scene due to the location of multiple blazes inside the home.
The Coal City Vol. Fire Dept. responded. Stay with WVVA on-air and online for the latest on this developing story.


text:
On Saturday afternoon, October 13th, Harold Hunter Day VI went down at the LES Skatepark under the Manhattan Bridge. It was a crisp fall day with plenty of sunshine and lots of amazing skateboarding. Like every HH Day, it was a packed house with Harold's many friends, family and fans coming together for a positive, fun-filled day of shredding, live music, youth-made films from the Kickflip Project, and most importantly, remembrance. LEGENDS NEVER DIE!
Harold Hunter Day VI was made possible through generous support from Airwalk, Zoo York, Supreme, Monster Energy, CCS, SHUT, City Lore, Rock Star Bearings, NYskateboarding.com, Trophy Grip, Reel Works, The Professionals: NYC Sound Company, and the collective New York City skateboard community.
Special thanks to Peter Pabon and Rick Sulz for supplying the following event photos. To view even more pics check out NYskateboarding.com's wrap up report – Part 1 & Part 2.
Photos by Peter Pabon
Photos by Rick Sulz


text:
Procter & Gamble publishes 2001 catalog
March 20, 2001
Procter & Gamble Professional Line's 2001 Commercial Cleaning Products Catalog offers a wide array of brand name cleaning products. Included in the catalog are floor cleaners such as the Mr. Clean Finished Floor Cleaner, Institutional Formula Tide Floor and All-Purpose Cleaner, Spic and Span Floor Cleaner, and more. In addition to color photos and detailed product descriptions, each item features a size and weight chart.


text:
QualityHealth Home > Recipes > Spicy Corn Salsa Recipe
Spicy Corn Salsa
1 tbsp red wine vinegar
2 tsp sugar
2 tbsp lime juice
1/2 cup red onions, minced
2 cups corn kernels
1/4 cup ripe avocado, diced
2 tbsp tomatoes, minced
2 tbsp jalapeno pepper, minced
Cooking Directions:Combine all ingredients and chill for several hours before serving.
Nutritionist Recommended For:
Nutrition Facts
Calories 83
% Calories From Fat 18.4%
Total Fat 1.7g
Saturated Fats 0.2g
Mono-unsaturated Fats 0.8g
Poly-unsaturated Fats 0.5g
Cholesterol 0mg
Sodium 1.5mg
Total Carbohydrates 18g
Dietary Fiber 2.3g
Sugar 4g
Protein 2.2g
More Information
Thiamin B1 0.13 mg
Vitamin B12 0 mcg
Vitamin K 2.1 mcg
Vitamin A 200 IU
Niacin B3 1.1 mg
Pantothenic Acid 0.6 mg
Riboflavin B2 0.054 mg
Vitamin C 7.8 mg
Vitamin D 0 IU
Vitamin B6 0.079 mg
Vitamin E 0.22 mg
Choline 18 mg
Manganese 0.12 mg
Magnesium 19 mg
Calcium 6.9 mg
Zinc 0.41 mg
Phosphorus 51 mg
Copper 0.049 mg
Fluoride 0.68 mcg
Selenium 0.22 mcg
Sodium 1.5 mg
Potassium 190 mg
Iron 0.34 mg
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text:
Control Your Game - White on Pink
by Lisa Ortale
Phone Cases
Protect your iPhone with a one-piece, impact resistant, flexible plastic hard case featuring an extremely slim profile. Simply snap the case onto your iPhone for solid protection and direct access to all device features.
A pattern of various game controllers
- 3Promote


text:
MIT Video Tech Could Turn iPhones Into Real Life Tricorders
Imagine that you could just point your iPhone's camera at your baby and it would immediately tell you his vital signs: heartbeat and so on. Or that you could fire up an app and it could pick out tiny, invisible movements from what looks like a still video. Using a process called Eulerian Video Magnification, boffins at MIT are doing this already.