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Harry Houckes, NBAA's U.S. Southeast regional representative and one of the founding leaders of the association's regional representative program, will retire on February 12 after more than 12 years of service at NBAA. Houckes represented the interests of NBAA members in Alabama, the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia.
The Army Corps of Engineers has issued a warning to an R44 pilot for plucking party-goers from boats on Tennessee's Dale Hollow Lake and letting them dangle from the skids before they dropped into the water. The FAA may take separate action.
While thousands of spectators watched the thrilling conclusion to last month's Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs, FBO operators in the Louisville area gazed out over ramps packed with aircraft. According to industry flight data provider FlightAware, 639 general aviation flights arrived in the Louisville area in the 72 hours before the race. At Louisville International Airport-Standiford Field, Atlantic Aviation, the lone FBO on the airport, saw 609 arrivals from Wednesday to Sunday, according to general manager Kimberly Deman.
Cessna Aircraft will position mobile service units (MSUs) in support of seven 2012 special events. Starting with the recent Super Bowl, additional events to be covered include the Daytona 500, NCAA Final Four in New Orleans, The Masters (Augusta, Ga.), Kentucky Derby (Louisville, Ky.), Indianapolis 500 and the Summer Olympics in London. MSUs perform scheduled maintenance, including phase inspections and maintenance steering group (MSG) tasked-based inspection documents.
An eight-member jury in Lexington, Ky., has awarded $7.1 million to the family of one of the victims of the 2006 crash of Comair Flight 5191. The widow and two daughters of Bryan Keith Woodward, one of 47 passengers who died in the Aug. 27, 2006 crash at Lexington Blue Grass Airport, stood as the only plaintiffs to take their case to trial after all the other families settled out of court.
The Brazilian Civil Aviation Agency (Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil–ANAC) has certified a new Embraer U.S. distribution center operated by UPS Supply Chain Solutions in Louisville, Ky. The certification is recognized by the FAA.
The Kentucky Supreme Court heard arguments last month on the question of whether a lower court can hold Lexington Blue Grass Airport liable for the Aug. 27, 2006, crash of a Comair Bombardier CRJ that killed 49 of its 50 occupants. Comair contends that the airport should bear some responsibility for the crash for not adequately notifying the pilots of a construction project that diverted airplanes on the taxiway.
A U.S. District Court's ruling requiring Comair to release confidential employee filings into evidence in the dozens of civil lawsuits stemming from the Aug. 27, 2006 crash of a Bombardier CRJ in Lexington, Ky., threatens the integrity of one of the FAA's most important safety mandates, according to the Regional Airline Association.
The NTSB blamed the crew of the Comair Bombardier regional jet that crashed at Lexington (Ky.) Blue Grass Airport on August 27 last year for failing to realize that they were taking off from the wrong runway. The crash killed 49 people; the first officer, the sole survivor, sustained serious injuries. Runway 26, the runway the crew mistakenly used, is only 3,500 feet long; Runway 22, the runway they were cleared to use, is 7,003 feet long.
The sole survivor of the crash of Comair Flight 5191 in Lexington, Ky., on August 27 last year has sued the FAA, Lexington Blue Grass Airport, chart maker Jeppesen and the supplier of the airport's runway and taxiway lights, Avcon.
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"Very Donatella," Backstage at Versace
The fifties and twenties may be getting a lot of play in Milan, but the reference points backstage at Versace weren't bound by a specific decade. "It's the Versace woman," Redken creative consultant Guido Palau said matter-of-factly, which meant "gorgeous and rich" hair fit for its designer, Donatella Versace—"big, bouncy blow-outs," more specifically. Adding extensions so that every model had hair that swept below her shoulders—a typically cropped Arizona Muse included—Palau prepped strands with Redken Aerate 08 All-Over Bodifying Cream Mousse and used a large round brush to dry hair, rolling sections into pin curls to set. Then, right before models hit the runway, the curls were let down for super-luxurious length with a bit of a soft bend through the ends.
"It's very Donatella," makeup artist Pat McGrath confirmed, crafting creamy, clear complexions before etching in a full, natural brow. Finishing touches came by way of mascara on top and bottom lashes, and a glossy coat of clear lip balm dabbed onto pouts for a hint of moisturized shine.
Photo: Luca Cannonieri / GoRunway.com


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The sex life after baby does wane. No one would or could lie about that. You go from being a couple with no kids and oodles of free time to canoodle to a couple whose time is mostly spent tending to a screaming creature who can neither speak nor tell you what he or she needs. Every couple makes an adjustment. But here's the good news: Once the sex does come back, it is (and should be) better than ever. After all, you have just shared something life changing and profound. Good sex is bound to follow, right?
Well, not so for many couples. The Daily Mail interviewed couples after baby and the surprising results show that men actually desire their wives less after baby. Somehow they're either turned off by their spouse or they're too preoccupied by the baby and the stress to want to do the nasty. Whatever the reason, it's very, very wrong and sad.
The fact is, a baby should be made from the love two people share. It should enhance that love and make it hotter. These men are all wrong.
It was one of those stories I read and was struck by how lucky I am. There are times in my day to day life where I forget just how special my relationship is with my husband, and then I read about the men out there I could be with. I shudder.
Who do these men think they are? Every couple goes through a transition when baby comes and both the man and woman need to adjust accordingly, but these short-sighted men are pretending that a new mom's lack of sex drive lasts forever. It doesn't.
For women, giving birth and raising a newborn are intensely physical experiences. Our bodies house these little ones for nine months. Then we likely nurse them on our sore, swollen breasts, often in the middle of the night. It isn't easy work, and no, a lot of times we don't feel super sexual. But it returns.
Child rearing isn't easy for men, either. I get that. But it's physically harder on women, and the last thing they should be worried about is that their man will find them less attractive. It's insane. Hey dude: She carried your baby! What is sexier than that?
It's just plain immature and impatient to reject your wife after baby.
Did you go through a hard sex time after baby?
I agree HOWEVER do you see what some women look like after kids? They cut all their hair off, stop showering, do not lose any baby weight, etc.. It's sad but men are visual creatures and totally letting yourself go isn't going to help the sex drive at all. I think every mother deserves an adjustement period but it's not fair to your spouse to of once had a smokin hot wife to come home to a hot mess every day. Every mother I know agrees with this and they all have good sex lives!
That said, some men do suffer from a "mental illness" that after kids they view their wives as mothers and it freaks them out. So they get a girlfriend. Something to do with the madonna/whore complex...
No my SO was just as crazy about me like he has been since he met me! lol I wasn't wanting sex though. I hated even thinking of it and he wanted it every night! I am lucky, he thinks I am gorgeous no matter what I look like.
This is really sad to hear. Thankfully after giving birth to our second son almost a year ago, my Hubby and I have the best sex life we've ever had.
Hey Shelly... What does this have to do with becoming fat?
I see plenty of women while at the grocery store who are much smaller than I am, but dressed in sweats, no makeup, look generally frazzled, and have a child (or several) in tow... Maybe they were once attractive, but not now...
As a plus size gal, my husband already loves me for me (and my curves); but if I let myself go and stopped caring about how I looked and stopped making an effort, then ... yea, I could understand that he wouldn't be so attracted to me.
Size isn't everything; and a woman doesn't have to be "fat" to be unattractive.


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The 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties (Ramsar, Iran, 1971)
|"Healthy Wetlands, Healthy People"
10th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties
to the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971)
Changwon, Republic of Korea, 28 October - 4 November 2008
Ramsar COP10 DOC. 28
Healthy wetlands, healthy people - a review of wetlands and human health interactions
Draft Executive Summary and Key Messages
(see also COP10 DR 23, "Wetlands and human health and well-being")
1. Resolution IX.2 of the 9th meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP9, 2005) instructed the Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP) as a priority task to undertake a review of the issues and interactions between wetlands and human health, in recognition of the fact that these matters had not previously received significant attention under the Convention. This topic has subsequently attained further significance with the adoption of the theme for COP10 as "Healthy Wetlands, Healthy People".
2. The Panel established an expert Working Group to progress this task, under the initial leadership of the STRP Chair and the Deputy Secretary General. The Panel established a scope, approach and outline contents for this review report, and it invited a number of additional human health and wetlands experts to contribute to the drafting. The report drafting team has been led by Professors Philip Weinstein, Max Finlayson, and Pierre Horwitz, and the report preparation has received significant input from Robert Bos and Martin Birley from the World Health Organization, Professor Chris Skelly, and a number of other invited experts, STRP members (notably Rebecca D'Cruz and Ritesh Kumar), and observers as contributing authors.
3. The STRP and Secretariat are most grateful for financial support for this work from the governments of the Republic of Korea and Sweden, which enabled members of the report drafting team to meet in three writing workshops to progress its work: in Changwon, Republic of Korea (November 2007), Perth, Australia (January 2008), and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (April 2008).
4. The STRP determined that its initial report should focus on providing advice to wetland managers and decision-makers on the range of often complex issues concerning wetlands and human health interactions, but it has also recognized that this report should be the first stage of exploration of the issues and is recommending (in COP10 DR 10 and DR 23) that it should be asked to undertake further work on a number of aspects of the issues that have emerged as gaps. Amongst these the Panel has recognized, especially in relation to the COP10 theme, a need to further assess and provide a better understanding of what is meant by "wetland ecosystem health", including in relation to the commitments under the Convention concerning the maintenance of the ecological character of wetlands.
5. The full draft report is nearing completion and will be peer-reviewed before publication as a Ramsar Technical Report. This Information Paper provides a draft of that report's Executive Summary and Key Messages, in support of discussion during COP10 of DR 23 on "Wetlands and human health and well-being".
Draft Executive Summary and Key Messages
This review describes the extent and importance of the links that exist between wetlands and human health and well-being. The importance of these links is represented by the theme 'healthy wetlands, healthy people', which is used to highlight the need to promote wider cross-sectoral support for further consideration of the scientific and social aspects of human health and wetlands.
The review, setting these issues within the context of the Ramsar Convention's approach to wetland conservation and wise use, is designed to inform those responsible for the conservation and wise use of wetlands, including wetland managers and national and international decision-makers, about the importance of wetlands for human health and well-being and the need to engage more closely with their colleagues in the public and environmental health sectors, so as to work to ensure that wetland management and health-related interventions maximise the maintenance of wetland ecosystems and support for human health and well-being.
1. Introduction
1. The report reviews the complex relationships and issues concerning the wise use of wetland ecosystems and human health, including:
- public health principles and practices;
- wetland health and ecological character of wetlands;
- human health and wetland ecosystem services;
- the effects on human health of disruptions to wetland ecosystem services;
- economic values and incentives for supporting human health;
- global trends affecting wetlands and human health; and
- responses and interventions for maintaining the ecological character of wetlands and supporting human health.
2. The report is designed to assist those responsible for the conservation and wise use of wetlands, from wetland site managers to national and international decision-makers, in understanding the policy and management issues, so that they can engage more closely with their colleagues in the public and environmental health sectors and work to ensure that wetland management and health-related interventions maximise the maintenance of wetland ecosystems and their continued delivery of services.
3. Over millennia wetland ecosystems and humans have had an intrinsic relationship, with people obtaining many valuable services from wetlands, including direct and indirect support of human well-being and health. The increasing rate of human exploitation and modification of the environment has adversely affected the health of wetlands, many of which have been lost or degraded to an extent where they no longer provide the ecosystem services that previously supported human well-being and health. This situation has developed to the extent where failure to tackle the loss and degradation of wetland ecosystems could undermine progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
4. An underlying part of the relationship between wetland health and human health is its complexity, as shown by the paradoxical situation in which wetlands provide many valuable services to people but also support many disease vectors. Taking into account this complexity, the report focuses on human health as a component of human well-being that is linked inextricably with wetland health.
2. Public health principles
5. Today's definition of health was agreed sixty years ago and adopted by the founding Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) as part of its Constitution. It emphasizes the public health principles and concepts that evolved during the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century: Health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.
6. Public health is underpinned by three principles:
- First, the highest duty of public health is to protect populations from risks and dangers to health. It includes the performance of basic public health functions, such as ensuring the quality of medicines and the safety of food, water, and blood supplies. It also includes a responsibility to ensure that populations have the information and the means to protect their health. Obviously, it includes regulatory functions and requires the investment of public funds.
- Second, the highest ethical principle of public health is equity. This can be expressed in simple terms. People should not be denied access to life-saving or health-promoting interventions for unfair reasons, including those with economic or social causes.
- Third, the greatest power of public health is prevention. Medicine focuses on the patient, but public health seeks to address the causes of ill health in ways that provide population-wide protection.
7. Health determinants are factors that influence our state of health. These are classed in three broad levels:
- Individual/family determinants, such as poverty;
- Physical and social environmental determinants, such as exposure to pollutants and employment opportunities; and
- Institutional determinants, such as the capacity of health protection agencies, including utilities and medical care.
8. Many of the health determinants can change in both positive and negative directions, and in so doing, they can enhance or diminish the health outcomes experienced by the community. Some health determinants can be managed so as to enhance community health, for example the quality of water supplies. Others, such as age, cannot be managed. The three hierarchical levels can be seen as three concentric spheres that move progressively outwards from the individuals, to their environment, to the institutions regulating that environment. These categories, and subcategories, of health determinants can form a framework for structuring assessments of the associations between particular wetland types and health in specific settings.
9. Describing current thinking on public health principles must be informed by an understanding of the concepts in a historical perspective. Spanning the 60 years between 1948 and 2008, it becomes clear that the issues addressed by public health have not changed. The first World Health Assembly in 1948 established as the four priority areas for the WHO's Programme of Work: the control of malaria and tuberculosis; the improvement of mother and child care; the reduction of child mortality due to vaccine preventable diseases; and the management of health risks through environmental sanitation.
10. Four of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that emerged from the 2000 UN Millennium Declaration have specific public health targets (highlighted below in bold text):
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
11. Apart from the recent arrival of HIV/AIDS, the associated MDG targets to be achieved by 2015 could be applied with ease to the priority areas that were set back in 1948. In other words, despite the many and dramatic changes the world has witnessed over the past 60 years, public health priorities have remained remarkably constant.
12. In the context of wetlands and actions for their conservation, obvious health issues include water-associated illnesses, such as malaria and the other vector-borne diseases whose transmission depends on vector species that are inextricably linked to the aquatic environment. The link between safe drinking water and wetland ecosystem services is also easily perceived.
13. Less obvious is the role that wetland-specific social determinants of health may play in the transmission of HIV/AIDS, but nevertheless it is clear that wetland communities burdened by HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis or a range of water-borne diseases will have less capacity to contribute to maintaining and benefiting from wetlands and their services. The bi-directional nature of the links between health and wetland systems must be considered at all times.
14. Least clear for non-health professionals may be specific links between wetland determinants and maternal/child health and the burden of childhood illness. These will be closely associated with institutional health determinants, i.e., the capacity of the health services to reach wetland-dependent local communities and the possibility of members of the wetland communities to have access to the health services. Constraints and opportunities in this connection require location-specific analysis during the different seasons of the year.
15. While the eradication of hunger is a prime MDG, nutrition is not specifically referred to – yet the nutritional status of individuals and communities is a key component of their overall health status, and several aspects of the wetland ecology have their influence on the nutritional status of local communities.
16. To inform understanding and assessment of wetlands and human health interactions, it is useful to distinguish between different health outcomes. Main health outcome categories are:
Main categories of health outcomes
Communicable diseases
Malaria and other vector-borne diseases, diarrhoeal diseases, sexually transmitted infections / HIV/AIDS, respiratory infections.
Non-communicable diseases
Acute and chronic poisoning from hazardous chemicals and minerals, cancers, cardio-vascular diseases, and dust induced lung disease
Nutritional problems
Protein-energy and micro-nutrient deficiencies and excesses; food safety
Drowning, traffic-associated accidents, accidents related to the use of machinery in agriculture and construction
Psychosocial disorders and well-being
Suicide, depression, (communal) violence, substance abuse, stress, fear of disasters; happiness, fulfilment, social integration
3. Ecological character and ecosystem health
17. A composite approach for assessing the ecological character of wetlands has been devised and adopted by the Ramsar Convention, with particular application for assessing the reference or baseline condition of wetlands listed as internationally important. In addition to including the ecological components and processes that are generally seen as comprising a wetland, explicit attention is given to the ecosystem services provided by a wetland.
18. People derive benefits from wetlands both individually and collectively, and directly and indirectly. Such benefits from wetlands include the services of: provisioning (drinking water, food, genetic material, structural products, medicinal products, irrigation and industrial water), regulating (groundwater recharge, water purification, flood control, soil, sediment and nutrient retention, local climate regulation, carbon storage), cultural (recreational hunting and fishing, water sports, tourism and education, heritage, other livelihoods, aesthetic and spiritual values), and supporting (those ecosystem components and processes that underpin all of these).
19. By incorporating ecosystem services within ecological character, the Convention has recognized human well-being as being inextricably associated with ecological character through the services that a wetland provides. As human health is encompassed by human well-being, it is also linked with the ecological character and the services provided by wetlands, and not just limited to an absence of disease or illness. Furthermore, human health can be seen as commencing with the basic right to sufficient water for health and well-being through hydration, nutrition, and sanitation.
20. Ecological character and ecosystem services are subject to change through natural processes, gradual seasonal, successional or evolutionary changes, or more dramatic large-scale episodic events, and all these changes may or may not occur with human complicity. Such changes may themselves feed back to human health and well-being. Drivers of change in wetlands have been seen as natural processes but also as anthropogenic actions that come from well-defined areas of human endeavour, or systemic effects of which humans are a part.
21. Numerous examples exist of the link between changes in ecological character and human health. A change in hydrological regime, nutrient status, or trophic structure may enhance population numbers of vectors of human pathogens; changing hydrological regimes might mobilise chemicals toxic to humans or agricultural products. Some changes to wetland ecosystems render them less productive, with direct or indirect health consequences for people whose livelihoods depend upon that productivity.
22. Ecosystem health is a conceptual approach that seeks to be explicit about human well-being and human health as a part of an ecosystem, not separate from it. It covers both an ecosystem approach to dealing with matters of human health, and using a metaphor of health for ecosystem assessment. It offers ways of measuring that go beyond other ecosystem indicators: what is the vigour (the activity, metabolism or productivity of the system), the organization (the vital signs of a system, diversity, specialisation), and resilience (measures of robustness, buffering). It is a whole systems view, where systemic thinking is required to understand not just the upstream causes of change, but also the downstream consequences of action. Taken from this view, human health can become an important indicator for the health of a wetland ecosystem.
23. Adopting a 'healthy wetlands, healthy people' theme therefore has multiple and beneficial messages, allowing wetland ecosystem assessment to enhance our understanding of ecological characters, embrace ecosystem services more fully, recognize the centrality of the link between wetlands and human well-being, and ensure a systems approach to wetland management.
4. Ecosystem services and benefits for human health
24. Ecosystem services provided by wetlands form the basis of a range of human health and well-being benefits. Effective recognition and communication of these benefits could form the basis of meaningful cooperation between wetland and health managers, leading to the development of more effective holistic management strategies.
25. Food security is one of the most significant contributions of wetlands to human health. Wetlands support all three elements of food security, i.e., availability, access, and nutrient sufficiency, and they directly support the health and livelihood of many people worldwide through the provision of important food items such as rice and fish. Future food security is also dependent on the genetic materials contained in plants, including those in wetlands. Wetlands can also support integrated food production systems producing carbohydrates as well as animal proteins, thereby providing options for balancing food security and human health with sustainable livelihoods. The importance of food security from wetlands has been underestimated in many places.
26. Wetlands play an important role in ensuring water security and are fundamental to human health and well-being. The role played by wetlands within the hydrological cycle provides an important opportunity for linking local public health concerns to wetland conservation. The fundamental importance of the supply of high quality fresh water for people is well recognized. The role of wetland vegetation in nutrient reduction has promoted the use of highly modified or artificial wetlands in many countries, with their relative efficiency in addressing diffuse sources of pollution.
27. Wetlands also provide products that form the basis of subsistence incomes for local communities. For rural people wanting to enter the cash economy, harvesting wild resources from wetlands (salt, fish, shellfish, useful plants) is an important option, as local knowledge and skills can be used to harvest products for trade to form an important part of their subsistence incomes. Complex trade networks commonly characterise this hidden economy, and the income received provides some buying power, which is an important component of food security. In many developing countries where there are limited government social security systems, these resources provide a form of "green social security".
28. Wetlands are one of the most productive sources of traditional medicines and new natural products. Traditional community medicines derived from wetlands are commonly used to treat parasitic diseases, diarrhoea, and oral hygiene in developing and underdeveloped economies, thus forming important parts of the health infrastructure. Wetland-based medicinal and aromatic plant species form a significant segment of global trade in these materials. New natural products derived from wetlands have wide range of applications ranging from medicine to agriculture.
29. By reducing human vulnerability to disasters and extreme events, many wetlands provide "insurance" value through the formation of natural buffers. Wetlands act as natural buffers against disasters in several circumstances, thus securing lives and property. By storing water and slowing movement, wetlands buffer surrounding areas from storms and floods. In several countries, conversion of wetlands has been cited as one of the primary reasons for enhanced vulnerability to disasters. Efforts to contain them, on the other hand, through structural and hard engineering measures have often proven to be costly and ineffective. This has prompted several governments to integrate wetlands in disaster reduction strategies.
30. Wetlands through their spiritual, recreational, inspirational and educational values contribute to the psychological and social well-being of human communities. Many religions attach spiritual and religious values to aspects of wetland ecosystems. The contributions made by wetland ecosystems to well-being by recreational use are best represented by the health benefits of physical activity, although some literature now documents substantial mental health benefits as well.
5. Health effects of disrupted wetland ecosystems
31. The disruptions to a wetland ecosystem through human activity can diminish the capacity of the wetland to deliver any of a variety of ecosystems services that contribute to human health:
- The disruptions to wetland ecosystems can produce effects that act indirectly, directly, additively or synergistically. For example, drainage of wetland ecosystems may i) alter breeding activities of vectors, thus altering disease patterns; ii) influence changes in local and regional climates, potentially affecting disease vector distributions over time; iii) mobilize pollutants; and iv) place stresses on agricultural production or the integrity of coral reefs and coastal fisheries, increasing vulnerability of populations to diseases or pollutants.
- Water scarcity jeopardizes food production, human health, economic development, and geopolitical stability. One third of the world's population now lives in countries experiencing moderate to high water stress. This will continue to increase as both population size and per capita water demand grow. Within the next 20 years, the amount of water available per capita worldwide is expected to drop by a third, and this will be exacerbated by climate change. The increasing pressures on fresh water and the expected reduction in availability are expected to fuel competition and conflict and increase the global burden of disease.
- Pollution of wetland ecosystems puts people at great risk, directly by affecting human health, and indirectly by degrading the resource base on which many people depend. Faecal and organic pollution related to untreated human wastewater continues to be a problem in rapidly industrialising countries, as well as in tropical countries where wastewater treatment systems are insufficiently developed. Organic and inorganic chemicals, and microbial toxins, can contaminate wetland ecosystems beyond their capacity to assimilate them. Atmospheric particles or chemicals emanating from wetland ecosystems (such as particulates in dust and smoke from dry or burning wetland sediments) can be particularly problematic for human health. Excessive flows of nitrogen contribute to eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems and acidification of freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems (with implications for biodiversity in these ecosystems).
- Wetland ecosystem disruption and socio-economic factors will continually interact to produce health effects. For instance, disruption of ecosystems may lead to the emergence or resurgence of disease, while local factors such as poverty, inadequate housing, poor water treatment, and heightened susceptibility may lead to local establishment of transmission. When these events combine with human activities related to globalization (such as international trade and travel), global pandemics can arise, as illustrated already by the development and spread of HIV/AIDS and, potentially, by the appearance in human populations of other new infectious disease strains, e.g., avian influenza.
32. While wetlands can be associated with an increased incidence of globally significant and locally important infectious diseases (such as malaria and schistosomiasis), the removal of wetlands or alteration of their water regimes is not generally the only disease management option that should be considered. The incidence of many of these diseases can instead be reduced through provision of clean water, improved sanitation, and – importantly – good management of wetlands.
33. There is a need to broaden the traditional perspectives of public health and their epidemiological approaches into one more closely aligned with the science of ecology, an area where wetland managers have a significant contribution to make. Infectious diseases include water-borne, vector-borne pathogens and come from a diverse range of biotic groups, all requiring an ecological understanding of the conditions that allow proliferation, resurgence, or emergence of the pathogen.
34. Wetland managers need to acknowledge people's awareness and perception of change as mediating variables when examining the effects of their decisions on local environmental quality. This awareness and perception of change can have a pathological extension, for instance the pain or sickness caused by the loss of, or inability to derive, solace connected to the present state of one's home environment.
35. The consequences for human health may persist or arise over the long term, so interventions must operate with all relevant temporal scales rather than just the short or medium term. For instance, communities that have experienced natural disasters can suffer from physical injury, exposure to microbial and chemical contaminants, increased disease vector activity, over the shorter term, but the mental health effects can be persistent and long-term and potentially affect several generations.
36. Since many of these matters operate at, or are driven by factors at, the global scale, the attention of wetland managers must also be focused beyond the local and regional scale. Freshwater ecosystem disruptions at the global scale will affect both developed and developing countries, and the same holds for the consequences of climate change on human health.
6. Economic values and incentives
37. Despite an important role of wetlands in providing ecosystem services that support human health and well-being, there is a significant danger that these will be overlooked or underconsidered in decision-making processes. Policy makers are often faced with the need to choose between alternatives to support effective resource allocation. The given scarcity of some ecosystem services and need to choose between alternatives posits the unavoidable question of relative values. Quantification and valuation of wetland ecosystem services in a way that makes them comparable with the returns derived from alternative uses can facilitate improved policy and decision-making.
38. Application of economic valuation techniques have yielded useful economic estimates of the contribution of wetlands towards health objectives to guide sound decision-making. Case studies from across the globe have yielded region-specific to global economic estimates indicating the significant contribution of wetlands to local, national, regional and global economies and local livelihoods. Several assessments also indicate that when both marketed and non-marketed economic benefits are included, the total economic value of an unconverted wetland is often greater than a converted wetland. However, further research needs to be directed at integrating tradeoffs that emerge at various scales and across a multitude of stakeholders. Recent advances in ecological-economic modeling show interesting applications to address these issues in line with the principles of wise use.
39. Disruption and/or loss of wetland ecosystem functions impose huge economic costs. Staggering economic estimates of damages due to destruction of wetlands, particularly emerging from the recent disasters, and of restoration costs, indicate the relative cost effectiveness of investments in the conservation and wise use of wetlands.
40. Valuation of health and well-being outcomes of disrupted wetland ecosystem services has been under-researched, though theoretical frameworks are apparently well developed. Assessment approaches have focused on tradeoffs made by individuals, governments and/or decision-makers between changes in probability of mortality and/or morbidity and other marketed goods. Measures such as willingness to pay per Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY), Value of Statistical Life (VSL), or modelled economic behaviour to undesirable health conditions have been applied to air and water pollution. Review of empirical evidence reveals a gap in terms of application to wetlands.
41. The development of sustainable incentive systems is an important opportunity for wetland managers and policy makers to promote the conservation and wise use of wetland ecosystem services and realize health and well-being outcomes. The 'public good' character of wetlands (by virtue of which many wetland ecosystem services are seen as free and markets fail to correctly reflect the full value of costs and benefits of changes in their levels of provisioning) is one of the key reasons for wetland degradation and their unsustainable use, leading to an undermining of their contributions in decision-making and policy processes. Recently there is a growing focus on the valuation of environmental services through payments for environmental services (PES). Though applications have not been specific to wetland services, several case studies indicate the adoption of a landscape as a unit of service provision, which has the potential for affecting the various factors that influence wetland functioning. Encouraging such incentive systems can promote stewardship and create a basis for public/private partnership for continued provisioning of wetland ecosystem services.
7. Global trends affecting human health
42. There are a number of direct and indirect drivers of change to ecosystems whose historical, current and projected trends have affected, are affecting and are expected to continue to affect wetlands, largely through issues of changing (often decreasing) water availability and quality. These include the availability of freshwater; river fragmentation; sanitation; agriculture expansion and intensification; aquaculture expansion; land conversion and urbanization; population and demographic change; and global climate change. Although each has specific implications for wetlands and human health, there are of course many interactions and links between such drivers, and all of them will be further influenced by trends in global climate variability and change.
43. Much of the available information comes from water and human health assessment, rather than from interactions between wetland ecosystems themselves and human health.
44. Many of the current and continuing pressures on wetlands and driving trends in human health nevertheless occur chiefly through the medium of water, or rather the increasing lack of water availability, and of water of suitable quality, to meet the needs for food production, sanitation, and drinking purposes.
45. Whilst in the industrialized world the disease burden has shifted from infectious diseases and specific nutrient deficiencies to one that is driven by exposure to environmental hazards and toxins, a more sedentary lifestyle, and over-consumption, a further disease burden shift now seems to be occurring to one driven by global ecosystem disruptions, notably in water and wetlands. Increasing pressure on freshwater and the expected reduction in its availability has led water to be called "the next oil", where scarcity and demand will fuel conflict and increase the global burden of disease.
46. About 2.8 billion people currently face water scarcity. More than 1.2 billion of them live in areas of physical water scarcity and 1.6 billion in basins that face economic water scarcity. Some 1.2 billion people are estimated to live in river basins where human water use has surpassed sustainable limits, with another 500 million people in river basins that are fast approaching this situation. Yet water withdrawals are predicted to increase by a further 50% in developing countries by 2025, and 18% in developed countries, much of this for food production. Worldwide, water quality conditions have degraded in almost all regions with intensive agriculture and large urban and industrial areas, and even the best developed drinking water supplies can pose a health risk. Increasing river fragmentation and upstream water abstraction is jeopardising the provision of water and other ecosystem services downstream, yet this is where the increasingly urbanised human population is moving. Although there has been some progress in improving sanitation, there is an increasing deterioration of water quality due to industrial and urban waste, agricultural runoff, and insufficient investment in the domestic water supply infrastructure. Contaminated water remains the greatest single cause of human sickness and death globally.
47. So at the same time we are striving to meet the MDG on food security, the decreasing availability of water for wetlands, the diminishing capacity of wetlands to continue processing and delivering the water vital for drinking and food production, and the increasing demand for this water is projected to further add to the disease burden and related human health problems. Less developed countries and poorer people are expected to continue to face greater health-related impacts. Competition between water for food production and water for other sectors will intensify, but food production will remain the largest water user worldwide.
48. Climate change has exacerbated, and is expected to continue to exacerbate, health impacts in relation to wetlands and water, both by affecting the wetlands themselves, for which it is projected that there will be more adverse than beneficial impacts (particularly affecting reefs, atolls, mangroves, and wetlands in prairies, tropical and boreal forests, and arctic (including permafrost) and alpine ecosystems), and by affecting disease burdens through increased death and disease from climate extremes, through climate change and variability changing distributions of vector-borne disease, and through more widespread drought decreasing food production in low latitudes, thus increasing the number of undernourished people in the low-income world.
8. Responses and interventions
49. Wetland management actions can result in positive or negative consequences for human health. For instance, wetland restoration in an urban area may involve re-establishing a hydrological connection that might then provide the habitat for a vector where a water-borne disease occurs. The reciprocal of this is that by attending to human health and well-being matters, societal actions may directly or indirectly result in ecosystem disruption. Wetland managers therefore will need to respond appropriately in both cases.
50. Wetland managers need to engage actively with the health sector at the local and national levels. Some of the key approaches, tools and instruments likely to be used by the health sector to respond to health effects and health outcomes of disruption to ecosystem services should be understood. Monitoring, surveillance and intervention, burden-of-disease assessments, health impact assessments (HIA), risk assessments, community and stakeholder engagement are commonly used.
51. One valuable strategy to achieve cross-sectoral action may lie in using human disease burden data as a bio-indicator to help target and prioritise wetland remediation. Human health data are generally collected more widely and more reliably than are ecosystem health data, and closer collaborations between wetland ecologists and health researchers could therefore help to demonstrate the sustainable provision of wetland ecosystem services.
52. Many of the possible response options for addressing ecosystem change and human well-being lie primarily outside the direct control of the wetland sector, or even the health sector. Instead they are embedded in areas such as sanitation and water supply, education, agriculture, trade, tourism, transport, development, and housing. Inter-sectoral and cross-sectoral integrated options are therefore needed to reduce the potential health impacts of ecosystem change. In this regard, it is important to identify the principal cross-sectoral partners and responsible stakeholder groups required to achieve appropriate outcomes. These integrated interventions will necessarily address existing social values and cultural norms, existing infrastructure, and the social, economic, and demographic driving forces that result in ecosystem change.
53. Wetland managers need to recognize that different approaches (involving different instruments and forms of engagement) are available to plan or implement the intervention. For instance, plans aimed at improving water sanitation will require developing appropriate participation of parents, particularly women, in local communities in the planning and implementation phases.
54. Wetland managers need to be involved in building coping capacity in human communities, and to recognize that these responses will need to operate at local, national, or regional levels. This is because the forces that place populations at risk (such as poverty and high burdens of disease) in many cases also impair the capacity of these populations to prepare for the future, or in this instance, manage their wetland ecosystems appropriately.
55. In the context of ecosystem management, interventions need to be designed at spatial and temporal scales appropriate to the ecosystem disruption and the health outcome of concern. They can focus on local, national, regional, and international scales and, within any of these scales, on vulnerable subgroups. Overall factors affecting the choice of responses include the knowledge and understanding of the underlying processes or causes; the capacity to predict, forecast, and warn; the capacity to respond (institutional and otherwise); how the risk might change over time and with ecosystem change; and ethical appropriateness.
56. Where interventions or responses involve tradeoffs, it is important to understand the consequences of taking one path in preference to another. Recognizing the potential for tradeoffs is the important first step in this understanding. Undertaking a process by which tradeoffs can be negotiated becomes the central concern: representation of marginalised stakeholders, increased transparency of information, and engaging with the core pursuits of other sectors will be key components of such processes.
57. Response options and specific interventions to address classes of health effects and health outcomes resulting from diminished ecosystem services, include:
- Institutional and governance reforms: interagency collaboration, integrated adaptive management approaches, development of institutions that devolve decision making, resolve market and ecosystem interactions, and involve concerned stakeholders in decision-making processes.
- Economics and incentives: elimination of subsidies (and perverse incentives) that promote excessive use of ecosystem services (and, where possible, transfer of these subsidies to payments for non-marketed ecosystem services), and greater use of economic instruments and market-based approaches in the management of ecosystem services.
- Social and behavioural: measures to reduce consumption, raise awareness, develop curricula, empower communities, promote participation, all to entrench societal understandings of wetland and water management not just as a technical issue, but also a social and political one.
- Technological: dramatically improve irrigation efficiencies and promote other technologies capable of productivity gains in agriculture without concomitant upscaling of water, ecosystem and energy costs.
- Knowledge and cognitive: develop human and institutional capacity to ensure that a broader range of knowledge-bases are called upon in decision-making, including indigenous and local knowledge, not just scientific-technical knowledge. Continue to refine the correlations between water and wetland indicators and the indicators for childhood illness/mortality and nutritional status.
58. Managing wetland ecosystem services to improve human health will help achieve the Millennium Development Goals. This can be demonstrated by the close relationship between food production, water use and water extraction, and wetland management.
9. Conclusions and recommendations
59. The report reaches a number of conclusions and recommendations for future action, including:
- Identify and implement interventions that benefit both wetland ecosystem health and human health concurrently.
60. In support of this recommendation, it would be useful to:
- In the first instance target wetlands that are high on the priority list for both their conservation value and their human health benefit. Successful demonstration projects that include quantifiable environmental, societal and economic benefits should provide the necessary leverage to gain support for then expanding the type and number of wetlands involved.
- pursue multidisciplinary research to provide an evidence base a) to identify appropriate interventions and b) monitor the efficacy of those implemented (including human health outcomes);
- apply the principles of conservation through sustainable use to wetlands where conservation needs and human needs are in apparent conflict (with particular emphasis on disease suppression);
- engage with ecological economists and health economists to establish dollar values for the wetland ecosystem services conserved;
- engage with wetland ecosystem managers to demonstrate the value of best practice in terms of a) economic gain from maintaining wetland ecosystem services (including human health) or b) other paradigms that resonate with the particular communities concerned.
61. One possible strategy for identifying target wetlands involves the use of human health surveillance data as bio-indicators of disrupted wetland ecosystem services.
- Take action to improve the health and well-being of people in harmony with wetland conservation and wise use objectives, in particular:
i) by identifying and implementing actions that benefit both wetland ecosystems and human health concurrently or, in case of any perceived conflict between these objectives,
ii) by applying as appropriate the guidance on wise use adopted under the Convention;
- Address the causes of declining human health linked with wetlands by maintaining or enhancing existing ecosystem services that can contribute to the prevention of such declines, and ensure that where possible any necessary disease eradication measures in or around wetlands are undertaken in ways that do not jeopardise the maintenance of the ecological character of the wetlands and their ecosystem services.
- Encourage strengthened collaboration and the seeking of new partnerships between the sectors concerned with wetland conservation, water, health, food security and poverty reduction within and between governments, non-government organizations, and the private sector.
- Encourage countries and development sectors, including mining, other extractive industries, infrastructure development, water and sanitation, energy, agriculture and aquaculture, transport and others, to take all possible steps to avoid direct or indirect effects of their activities on wetlands that would impact negatively on those ecosystem services of wetlands that support human health and well-being.
- Make the interrelationship between wetland ecosystems and human health a key component of national and international policies, plans and strategies, including by definition of specific wetland targets and indicators that link sustainable wetland management to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD, Johannesburg, 2002) targets for water, energy, health, agriculture and biodiversity ("WEHAB") and to the Millennium Development Goals, notably goals 1 ("eradicate extreme poverty and hunger"), 4 ("reduce child mortality"), 5 ("improve maternal health") and 6 ("combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases").
- Bring information on the scientifically-proven contributions that naturally-functioning wetland ecosystems make to good health and well-being to the attention of national ministries and agencies responsible for health, sanitation, and water supply.
- Encourage improved collaboration amongst the wetland management sector, the human health sector, and all relevant stakeholders in assessing the consequences of wetland management measures linked with human health, including the identification of appropriate tradeoffs in decision-making.
- Consider ways and means of assessing more directly the interactions between inland and coastal wetlands and human health, since much of the available information on the trends in interactions between human health and wetlands is derived from analyses of health and water interrelationships, rather than on those between the wetland ecosystems themselves and human health.
- Ensure that decision-making on co-managing wetlands and human health issues takes into account current understanding of climate change-induced increases in health and disease risk and maintains the capacity of wetlands to adapt to climate change and continue to provide their ecosystem services, since changing climate is expected to continue to increase risk of human health problems, including disease burden.
- Wetland authorities, working with their health sector counterparts and others, should seek to:
i) be vigilant for the emergence or re-emergence of wetland-linked diseases;
ii) act preventively and proactively in relation to such diseases; and
iii) develop scientifically-based responses taking into account current good practices, where instances of such diseases are identified.
- Dedicate resources to building capacity for more integrated approaches to wetland and water management and health, including the application of local and traditional knowledge.
- Identify, with the World Health Organization, ways and means of strengthening collaboration with the Ramsar Convention, including on technical issues of common interest, and make available the finding of this report to the relevant parts of the human health community.
- Further investigate the links between wetlands and health, working with the World Health Organization, the COHAB Initiative, and other relevant bodies concerned with human health and ecosystems, in particular by:
i) developing from this report and other relevant sources further products for the human health sector concerning human health and wetlands;
ii) further assessing the interactions between wetland ecosystems and their services and human health and well-being, including issues related to impacts on relevant ecosystem services from pollution, degradation, and loss of wetlands, as well as the role of wetlands in relation to waterborne diseases and disease vectors;
iii) developing interpretations and conceptual thinking in a Ramsar context of the applicability or otherwise of "health" to wetland ecosystems, the relationship of wetland ecosystem health to the concepts of ecological character and ecosystem services, and the implications for implementing and monitoring wise use and ecological character objectives under the Convention, taking into account both socio-economic and ecological considerations;
iv) identifying gaps in knowledge and information on wetlands and human health for different regions, and finding ways and means of filling such gaps;
v) identifying opportunities to promote the value of Ramsar sites that have high positive values for human health; and
vi) preparing guidance for wetland managers and the human health sector on processes for identifying appropriate responses to the co-management of wetlands and human health issues, including tradeoffs as well as the application of health impact assessment approaches, increased transparency of information, representation of marginalized stakeholders, and engagement with the core business of other sectors such as water management.
- Encourage governments, non-governmental organizations, research institutions and others to make available, in appropriate forms, including to the Ramsar Secretariat and the STRP, the results of research and demonstration projects on good practice in integrated approaches to wetland ecosystem conservation and wise use and human health, so that demonstrations of the practical value of such good practices can be made available to those directly involved with wetland management.
For reasons of economy, this document is printed in a limited number, and will not be distributed at the meeting. Delegates are requested to bring their copies to the meeting and not to request additional copies.


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Natural family planning made safe and easy. No batteries needed; no need for disposal. Features convenient easy-read magnifying case.
As you chart your daily temperature upon waking in the morning, you will see a pattern develop during each monthly cycle. A slight but consistent rise in temperature generally indicates that ovulation has occurred. Additional information and tracking charts are enclosed. Grasp top of thermometer and shake with snapping motion of the wrist until below 97 degrees F. Place under tongue for 3 minutes. Place in magnified case for easier viewing. Before storing, clean with a cotton ball or gauze saturated with isopropyl alcohol.
Remember, temperature fluctuations are only indicators of ovulation. Please consult your physician to help interpret the information that you have charted. This product only aids in determining family planning techniques.


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David Luban
Founding Editor
David Luban is University Professor in Law and Philosophy at Georgetown University Law Center. He has written widely on just war theory, international criminal law, legal and military ethics, the U.S. torture debate, and legal philosophy. Luban's most recent books are Torture, Power, and Law (Cambridge 2013) and Legal Ethics and Human Dignity (Cambridge 2007), as well as textbooks on international criminal law and legal ethics.
Luban has been a Guggenheim Fellow and a Fellow of the Woodrow Wilson Center, and received awards from the American Bar Foundation and the New York Bar Association for distinguished scholarship. In 2011 he was a fellow of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Jerusalem, and in 2013-14 he is serving as Distinguished Visitor at the Stockdale Center for Ethics, U.S. Naval Academy.
Areas of Expertise: Just War Theory, International Criminal Law, Legal and Military Ethics, Torture
Selected Media Appearances
Did Justice Department Lawyers Violate Ethics? – NPR (All Things Considered)
Judges and Conflicts of Interest – NPR (All Things Considered)
The Debate Over Torture – NPR (Talk of the Nation)
Ex-FBI agent critical of CIA interrogations – NBC News
Torture, American-Style – The Washington Post
Media Inquiries: Contact Michael Joshi, Communication Director
Office: (212) 992-6176 Cell: (913) 269-6735
E-mail: email@example.com


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November 2, 2011: Battat Recalls Magnetic Sketchboards
About 99,300 magnetic sketchboards have been recalled. The magnetic pen tip poses choking hazards.
Recall Reason
The US Consumer Product Safety Commission and Health Canada, in cooperation with Battat Inc., of Plattsburgh, New York, have recalled about 99,300 (95,000 in the United States and 4,300 in Canada) Toulouse-LapTrec magnetic sketchboards.The magnetic tip of the drawing pen can dislodge from the pen, posing a choking hazard to children. Battat has received 19 reports of the magnetic tip separating from the pen. No injuries have been reported.
Do You Own This Product?
Click here to see the official recall.
This recall involves the Toulouse-LapTrec magnetic sketchboard, which has a white plastic writing surface bordered by either a red or brown plastic frame, and has a bean bag type backing. The sketch board has four animal shapes across the top—a rabbit, dog, cat, and duck. The multicolored magnetic pen is affixed to the front of the sketchpad. The model number BX1026 (red frame) or BX1027 (brown frame) can be found on a paper wrapper that comes with the product at the time it was purchased. The sketchboards sold at Target and Barnes & Noble stores nationwide and by various online retailers from March 2010 to March 2011 for about $16.
Whom to Contact
Consumers should immediately take recalled sketchboards away from children and contact Battat to receive a free replacement sketchboard. For additional information, contact Battat toll-free at (866) 665-5524 between 8:30 AM and 4:30 PM EST, Monday through Friday, or visit Battat's website at www.battatco.com.


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Most canon A:TLA pairings: Zuko/Awkwardness
I know one thing I care about. I care about you.
(Source: viria)
I don't have sob stories like all of you. I could sit her and complain how our mom liked Zuko more than me. But I don't really care. My own mother… thought I was a monster… She was right of course, but it still hurt.
My father says Azula was born lucky. He says I was lucky to be born
Avatar the Last Airbender: Zutara
You heard me.
all night long.
Alright, tomorrow I start moving into my new dorm room & getting ready to start my college classes.. So, that means I won't be posting much for the next week- Sorry guys! But don't worry, I'll be back. :)
In the meantime, feel free to request Avatar:TLA characters/scenes/quotes/etc. and I'll be sure to make some new graphics with them! I can do animated and non-animated. Request away! =)
Katara: But I am ready to forgive you.
"honor is something you have to earn for yourself."
I remember when Aang was talking about getting his honor back and people were asking if he would be the new Zuko, ahaha. Reminds me of Ember Island and the epic that was Zuko's actor.


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Wow they're not even trying to make these parallels subtle.
It would be really great if the Supernatural writers would stop assuming that their audience is stupid. Bc these parallels are so obviously constructed, they're almost painful for me to watch. Come on, guys. It's not that I don't appreciate the parallels, don't get me wrong. But this is some fucking lazy writing and we deserve better.
Travolta scoping out his next victim Becfjeslihct Cubiwoisdfch


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Corey Fuller
No. 27, 24, 25, 26
|Safety / Cornerback
Personal information
|Date of birth:May 1, 1971
|Place of birth: Tallahassee, Florida
Career information
|High school: Tallahassee (FL) Rickards
|College: Florida State
|NFL Draft: 1995 / Round: 2 / Pick: 55
|Debuted in 1995
|Last played in 2004
Career history
Career NFL statistics
Corey Fuller (born May 1, 1971 in Tallahassee, Florida), is a former professional American football player who was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the 2nd round (55th overall) of the 1995 NFL Draft. A 5'10", 209-lb. defensive back from Florida State University, Fuller played in 10 NFL seasons from 1995 to 2004 for the Vikings, Cleveland Browns, and Baltimore Ravens.
Corey Fuller played high school football at Rickards High School where he had 3 exceptional seasons to fuel Florida State University to offer him a full scholarship.
In his career, Fuller played in 152 games, intercepting 17 passes for 145 yards and one touchdown.
Corey Fuller is the older cousin of former Clark Atlanta University defensive back, Justin Hill and Minnesota Vikings Undrafted free agent defensive back, Ryan Hill from the University of Miami.[citation needed]
|This biographical article relating to an American football defensive back born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
- 1971 births
- Baltimore Ravens players
- Cleveland Browns players
- Florida State Seminoles football players
- Living people
- Minnesota Vikings players
- Sportspeople from Tallahassee, Florida
- American football defensive backs
- American football cornerbacks
- American football safeties
- Players of American football from Florida
- American football defensive back, 1970s birth stubs


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Online ISSN: 20403518
First published in 2010
2 issues per volume
Current Issue:
Volume 0 / Issue 0
Single issue price:
Institutional subscriptions:
Online subscriptions:
*** Studies in Eastern European Cinema is now published by Taylor & Francis*** Go to the Journal's home page
Principal Editor
Ewa Mazierska
University of Central Lancashire
Deputy Editor
Elżbieta Ostrowska
University of Alberta
Associate Editors
Nebojša Jovanović
Freelance Researcher
Matilda Mroz
University of Greenwich
In the years since the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the political changes of 1989/90, there has been a growing interest in the cinemas of the former countries of the Eastern Bloc. There is a growing community of scholars, including a number of students working for post-graduate qualifications, who are engaged with film but also media, culture, and art (of one form or another) from the region. This is not a community existing on the margins of academia but one which is nationally and internationally recognised for the centrality and high quality of its scholarship.
Studies in Eastern European Cinema provides a dynamic, innovative, regular, specialised peer-reviewed academic outlet and discursive focus for the world-wide community of Eastern European film scholars, edited by a board of experienced, internationally recognised experts in the field.
Abstracting and Indexing
Film and Television Literature Index (with FT); TOC Premier; British Humanities Index


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Oasys 2-3 child car seat is approved to ECE R44/04 Standards, for the safe transportation of children weighing from 15 to 36kg (Group 2 and 3). The child car seat can be adjusted independently, in height and width, to adapt to the needs of a growing child. Extra comfort is also guaranteed by using padded and breathable fabrics. By simply pressing the central button, the seat and backrest can be reclined at the same time, to 4 different positions to guarantee the most comfortable travel conditions possible. All the adjustment controls are clearly visible and user-friendly to make using the child car seat very simple. Features: Padded and breathable fabrics, Wheel to adjust the width of the backrest, Fabric lined armrests, Front positioned reclining button for easy access, Handle to adjust the height of the backrest, Independent adjustment allows you to adapt the chair to the build of individual children, By pressing the front central button, both the seat and backrest can be reclined simultaneously to 4 different positions, Practical and handy cup holder can fit on either side, Completely removable fabric cover, Soft padding guarantees a snug nest for children, The child must be strapped in using the vehicle's own safety belts, Headrest with top quality 3-D mesh to guarantee maximum breathability.Colours: Black, Red.
Chicco Go Carrier
- Low stock, selling fast
0 reviewGoing about your daily errands is a breeze with the Go Carrier from Chicco. Facing inward from Birth. Facing out from 4 months to max 9kg. Reinforced back section for comfort and posture. Cuddle pocket mother and baby can feel closer to each other. Wide headrest to support and contain better baby's head. Internal lining heavily padded in breathable fabric for babies added comfort. More adaptability in waist and leg areas to fit better to every body's size and age (length and weight). Padded shoulder straps, excellent comfort for the mother. Dribble bib to protect parents clothes.Colour: Black, Fuchsia.
- Delivery
Chicco Liteway Stroller
- Low stock, selling fast
6 reviews
- Delivery
Lightweight, stylish and easy to manoeuvre, the Chicco Liteway stroller makes easy work of getting your child out and about.
An ultra-compact lightweight frame (7.7 kg) ensures an easy ride for everyone as your child enjoys a comfortable padded seat and backrest can be fully reclined with one hand.
It comes complete with a matching fleece footmuff featuring soft cot style hood and pockets for extra warmth and protection. It can also be zipped apart to form a leg cover.
Your child's comfort is further enhanced by the Chicco Liteway's adjustable leg rest, detachable folding hood and rain cover, so you can get wherever you need to go whatever the weather. The canopy hood can also be used as a sunshade in summer.
There's also an innovative shopping basket that can be used under the seat or off the stroller as a shoulder bag. Handles with soft non-slip handgrips and the lockable front swivel wheels make manoeuvring easy.
Useful info:
- Suitable from birth to 15 kg (approx 3 year)
- Ultra-compact lightweight frame
- 5-position backrest with one-hand adjustment
- 5-point safety harness
- Matching fleece foot muff
- Rain cover included
- Shopping basket can also be used as shoulder bag
- Carry handle on the side
- Lockable front swivel wheels
- Linked rear brakes and rear suspension
- Adjustable leg rest
- Detachable folding hood
- Folded: H 109, W 32.5, D 30 cm
- Unfolded: H 103, W 45.5, D 85 cm
- Weight: 7.7 kg
- Chicco Liteway Stroller
Chicco Autofix Fast Car Seat
- Low stock, selling fast
0 review
- Delivery
The Auto-Fix Fast car seat is the ultimate in terms of comfort, practicality and safety. It's tested to ECE R44/04 Standards to carry infants from birth until they weigh 13kg. The exclusive Clik Clak system allows you to simply click the seat onto the Chicco strollers fitted with the same system or car fitting base with just one hand; it is the safest and most practical system you could need. It can be used in the car with or without the base, which guarantees maximum ease of use. An Isofix fitting car seat base is also available as a separate accessory. The booster pillow insert for smaller babies has been clinically tested. Its particular shape is the result of research made to provide the best possible nest for a baby's head, preventing for instance - Flat-head Syndrome, which can occur when they lie on flat surfaces for any length of time. It comes with shoulder strap and buckle pads. Easy to use one-pull harness adjustment, 3 height positions for the shoulder straps and an adjustable sun canopy.
Features: 4 Stars at the European Car Seat 2011 tests in the Group 0+ (0-13kg) category, New clinically tested booster pillow to keep your baby's head snug and well-protected, Auto-Fix Fast is also approved for use without the base, Fits easily and safely to the Activ3, Artic chassis or Urban using the separate adaptor.Colours: Anthracite, Beige, Black, Red.
Chicco Multiway Stroller
- Low stock, selling fast
6 reviews
- Delivery
The Chicco Multiway is a modern and stylish stroller that makes easy work of getting your child out and about. This versatile, easy-to-use buggy is perfect for trips around town and comes at a great price.The seat can be adjusted with one hand to 5 reclining positions, including a lie-back position when it's time for a nap. The Chicco Multiway pushchair's 5-point safety harness will keep your little one safe and a lockable front-swivel wheels, linked rear brakes and all-round suspension make sure the pushchair stays where you want it to. The Chicco Multiway pushchair is impressively compact when closed and features a carry handle on the side, so it's easy to get and out of your car.
Useful info:
- Suitable from birth to 15kg (approx 3 years)
- Unfolded dimensions: 85.5 x 54 x 105 cm
- Folded dimensions: 236 x 36 x 110 cm
- Weight: 9kg
- Colour: Moonstone
- 5-point safety harness
- Comfortable solid backrest with 5 positions
- Soft handgrips
- Lockable front swivel wheels
- Includes rain cover and footmuff.
- Chicco Multiway stroller pushchair.
Chicco Oasys Group 1 Isofix Car Seat
- Low stock, selling fast
0 review
- Delivery
The Chicco Oasys 1 Isofix Car seat approved to ECE R44/04 standards, for the safe transportation of children weighing from 9 to 18kg (Group 1). The child car seat features Isofix fittings and top tether for easy and secure car fitting, and also Chicco double check fitting system to ensure correct installation. The deep seat with high sides ensures cocooning protection for perfect retention and safety in case of impact. Thick padding in the head and seat zones are included for maximum fit and comfort, with the outer structure containing high shock proof features. Extra comfort is provided with the Air Circulation System - Seat structure, fabrics and padding all perforated to allow maximum breathability. 5 position reclining seat system featuring a one pull adjustment 5 point safety harness. Headrest and harness are adjusted together with one simple button through 6 positions, to ensure correct harness fit. The seat has labels displaying simple installation instructions and scannable QR code to access installation video ensuring easy fitting. Washable cover for maximum hygiene, easily removable without disturbing the harness.Colours: Black, Red.
Chicco Oasys Group 2/3 Fixplus Car Seat
- Low stock, selling fast
0 review
- Delivery
This car seat is approved to ECE R44/04 to carry children weighing from 15 to 36kg (Group 2 and 3). The two FixPlus fittings on the child car seat can be attached easily to the Isofix anchor points in the car to provide extra stability for the car seat, when the child is sat inside. It also means the seat stays firmly fixed when it is not in use. Using the clearly marked belt guides the child must always be restrained using the car's 3 point safety belts. With high levels of side impact protection and head containment, the seat backrest can be adjusted in height and also in width, so it can be adapted to suit the needs of the growing child for the entire period the seat is used. , By pressing the front central button, both the seat and backrest can be reclined simultaneously to 4 different positions. It comes with a cup holder, which can be fitted to either side of the child car seat. Features: Increased side protection for increased safety in the event of side impacts, The FixPlus fittings improve the stability of the car seat when connected to the car's Isofix anchor points, Spacious and comfy seat with differential padding in the key areas of the seat, The backrest reclines to 4 different positions for comfy and safe naps. Special breathable fabric cover. The backrest adjusts in height, and the backrest can also be adjusted in width. The adjustments in height and width are totally independent so it can be adapted to the individual build of every child. Includes practical and handy cup holder.Colours: Black, Red.


text:
Sorry if I wasn't clear enough.
I've posted a schematic on imgur:
My problem is that even when the base is NOT connected to the arduino, the motor is still turning intermittently when the battery is on.
@Patduino, dhenry: I thought it was some kind of interference, could you please elaborate more, or perhaps link me to a page where it explains what is going on? I'm not exactly sure what voltage floating is. Also, advice on how to stop this would be appreciated.
To add to the confusion, a short while ago I attempted the circuit again, however, this time I attached the transistor base to arduino pin 7, and both the grounds (the negative battery end and the ground motor end) to the GND pin on the arduino.
Circuit here: http://imgur.com/mrmPv
My first impression was that this circuit was working, that is, sending a signal down pin 7 (digitalwrite(forw,HIGH)) made the motor turn on, whereas sending a LOW signal down pin 7 keeps the motor off. However, when I switched the battery off, the motor kept turning under the command of the arduino, meaning that this entire time, the motor was being powered by the signal from pin 7 instead of the power from the battery!
For reference I'm using one of those old blocky Lego technic motors.


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Glee: 4.21: Wonder-ful
I pretty much died in my seat about the fact that the show's opening scene, the set-up for the entire plotline, was such a half-assed segue that it completely forgot that Will had nothing to do with the Original Six singing Don't Stop Believing.
He just did what he does best and creepered in on them reaching for the stars in that one signature move that always made me cringe.
Rachel uses this episode's buzz word- wonderful- prompting the baby oil saturating Will's hair to send little theme wizards down in the cavern that should house an adult brain. You can literally see Will's thought process: Wonderful-> What a wonderful world!-> Stevie Wonder.-> WONDER-FUL.
~Nailed it~
This is some quality Whose Line shit right here.
Cue the rest of the Glee Club suddenly turning into a group of church kids who 'praise' and holler about singing songs that are older than I am. (No seriously, it's canon for three characters- Artie, Mercedes and Santana- to say this. EVERYONE DOES IT IN THIS EPISODE, to the point where it becomes disingenuous.)
Kitty's decided this is her week to be sweet and for a dude who didn't want anyone to know he's gotten into an amazing film school, Artie cracks without much brain power needed from her.
Then we come to Kurt and someone in the writers room remembering that Burt's had cancer since Christmas and they're all kind of bored of that so let's resolve that storyline right now.
Kurt flips midterms the finger, deciding he has to be in Lima for his dad's results.
Then he comments that he's been feeling a 'little OCD lately'.
I don't trust Glee with this storyline at all. Two new characters who will be with us for the next two seasons at least had revealing storylines about being molested as children and there's been nothing about that. Sue still works at a 23 Hours Fitness and everyone thinks she accidentally shot off a gun- TWICE.
Kurt's been stressed about a lot of things before- the bullying, every competition ever, his dad's heart attack, NYADA, the break up. Just to name a few. He's apparently developed OCD symptoms to help himself cope with the stress since his dad got sick and this is the first we've seen of it??
It's acted well and…I'm not even sure how to say this but framed? well. Kurt only wearing light colours because he can't deal with anything too close to black, him touching his nose at specific times, counting the sugar packets, freaking out at the colour of Burt's shirt- it worked but it felt like someone added the sub-plot in on a whim and that Glee should be thankful every day that Chris Colfer knows how to act.
I've been told that Kurt's at the age where you'd be on the look out for the development of mental illness, and if this were any other show it would be a fantastic character arc.
But it's Glee. If we ever hear about it again, I'll be surprised.
Back in Lima (I can't get over how Kurt goes from the loft in NYC to Lima in the span of a voice over. Zoom zoom.) the reunion of Kurt/Mercedes/Mike for some reason also involves Blaine but not Artie. Or Tina. Or Sam. Or Joe. Or Sugar. Or Unique.
(On a side note, Brittany is touring MIT and Tina has veterinary school as a fall back. I'm torn between happiness that SOMEONE finally has a fallback plan and completely confusion because I don't even think Tina likes animals?? Brittany's the one who knows all about cat diseases.)
Blaine makes a stilted and forward comment about how Kurt looks cute but ~diiirty cute and while it's not the creepest thing an ex-boyfriend has ever said to someone, Kurt looks like he'd rather chew tinfoil.
This is the couple Glee wants us to root for.
Or then again, maybe they don't.
Kurt's voice over lets us know he's not hooking up with Blaine again and despite what I'm sure the shippers wanted to see, Kurt volleys between super stressed about his dad, happy to see his friends again and wildly uncomfortable with Blaine and anything related to their past relationship. He doesn't like being reminded that they were a thing- that's not the mindset of someone looking to get back together.
Yeah, I'm a Kadam shipper but the difference between Adam taking Kurt's hand (the way Kurt lets him, opens up his fingers, holds on immediately) is worlds away from the way Blaine takes his hand (pulling it across the table, holding on when Kurt pulls back, his other hand coming up to cover Kurt's- it's constrictive).
Kurt's put into a position where he's either got to pull away and make a scene or take the offered comfort and feel awkward about it.
It doesn't even come off as genuine comfort for the sake of comfort is the problem. Just two minutes before that, Blaine hits on Kurt. He's one-by-one poking at every vulnerability Kurt's got, looking for an in. (Even if it isn't intentional.)
Hinting that you think Kurt's hot enough to fuck isn't the way to win back his trust (considering your inability to keep it in your pants was what broke the two of you up) even if this WAS the time to bring it up. Which it so very much isn't.
I regret every wanting Tina to have more screen time. Using Tina as the fandom mouth-piece really only works if you understand why your fandom is saying that. Glee's writing of all their female characters is problematic as hell 90% of the time, so tossing out a #GleeHatesGirls quip really only tells us that you're aware of the complaints we have- you just don't care.
It's also really hard to like Tina when she's attacking Mike for being able to dance (and coming back to Lima to help a Glee Club that's at least half new to competition-level performance), Mercedes for offering singing advice to the new members (actual ADVICE about breath control and when to do a run! She doesn't tell Tina or Unique how to sing because she knows they know and they don't need the confidence boost) and Kurt for being around while his dad is sick.
Back in New York, a serious tragedy is happening. There's a guest star that doesn't think Rachel Berry is the Second Coming.
They slaughtered Cassandra July's character.
I've always thought that Cassandra's teaching methods were horrible and I really don't understand how she's still even at NYADA when she turns up hungover and is allowed to make discriminatory remarks at her students, but I loved that she didn't fall at Rachel's feet. She made her work for it.
Of course Glee can never balance a storyline properly and Cassandra goes from cruelly switching Rachel's midterm to the next day (with the hardest ballet dance in history apparently) to throwing her a surprise party and getting the advanced dancers to carry her through her midterm.
Just to put into perspective how much Cassandra viciously disliked Rachel- she paid for Kurt and Rachel to fly back to Lima and then slept with the guy Rachel was casually dating just to mess with her. She used class time to stage a 'dance-off' just to show Rachel she'd never win the Winter Showcase because she wasn't a talented dancer.
Rachel gave her a cane as a gift in this episode.
I almost wish this show had sci-fi. Then I could claim 'pod people' and be done with it.
I'm not sure what to think about Mercedes whenever they bring in her more religiously-inclined storylines. Like telling the mildly-devout Jewish kid he needs to stop wasting his God-given talent because the Bible said something about hide-n-seek in a bushel. (I seriously don't know what she said omg.)
I wish we'd had more about Mercedes struggling to get herself out there in the music business in LA, besides a flashback and a one-sided phone call. That storyline happened so fast I don't feel like I really felt anything about it?
Besides wanting to smack the guy who told her to lean forward with a mace to the face.
Burt, Carole and Kurt completely forgot they had another family member. If it was an attempt to not bring any attention to Cory's absence, it kind of failed? I mean, it was all over the entertainment news and people were generally sympathetic to what he's going through. I don't think that cutting him out of a storyline that he's a big part of did anything but make people wonder if the show even thinks Finn's a worthwhile character.
Artie's storyline should have had so much more development and should have been the main event along with Burt's cancer remission. I hate so much that they had KATEY SEGAL and barely used her.
Blaine wanting to propose comes completely out of left field. Beyond a few failed passes at Kurt and those creepy, shiny doll-eyed glances that Darren thinks passes as acting like he's in love, Blaine doesn't seem all that passionate about Kurt. Does he suddenly want to celebrate marriage equality? Apparently so and Sam's still straight.
Thankfully Burt Hummel seems to be the one character Glee refuses to throw under the bus. He is flat-out against it, even goes so far as to try and explain why it's a bad idea and is patient as hell when Blaine proves he's too immature to handle the massive commitment that is MARRIAGE.
Here's the thing with his ~equality argument- just because you can? Doesn't mean you should. This storyline just kind of craps all over all the hard work gone into the marriage equality movement.
He rolls his eyes when Burt brings up Rachel and Finn- who actually had more of a foundation for contemplating marriage than Kurt and Blaine do right now, and can I just express my disgust that he actually asked Burt for permission to marry Kurt? It's not even completely about Glee putting Kurt into the role of the 'woman' in a non-relationship between two men- it's about the fact that asking the father for someone's hand is a throwback to the days when women were pretty much a property investment.
You don't ask someone if you can marry their son, you ask if you can borrow their lawnmower or use their telephone. TO BORROW A CUP OF SUGAR. Personally, if I found out my SO had asked my father for permission to marry me, it would be a flashing sign for me to say no.
Finally Blaine asks what happens if Kurt finds someone else and honestly? To me, that sounds like Blaine doesn't have any trust in Kurt being away in New York unless he's got a ring on his finger. He hasn't put any sort of effort into repairing things with Kurt, wanting to get engaged all of a sudden just seems like a 'I can't have him so I don't want anyone else to either' mentality.
You can't have Blaine saying that he's proposing because Kurt is his soul mate and it's ~fate one moment and then freaking out about Kurt moving on the next.
I don't think they're good for each other- Blaine barely even seemed to think about Kurt when he was out of sight in New York but whenever he's back in Lima, Blaine goes off the rails.
He backs out of asking Kurt in the hallway (dear god why is he always putting Kurt into these kind of public situations??) because he's unsure. If there was ever a divine sign…
Regionals is next week, even though New Directions has done a whole crapload of nothing to be prepared. This entire episode was about them learning things they could use to prepare a setlist. Not actually making one. (Side note but why doesn't Glee just take an episode before a big music-heavy episode like Sectionals/Regionals/Nationals and focus on the individual character storylines? Instead of cramming 10 sub-plots into one episode PLUS the theme of the week?)
The end of this season is in sight. I've never been so happy.
Well, that's why Blaine admits in Emma's office that he did the same thing with Sebastian. He was lying when Kurt...
Oops, just read that scene over and it's not that Blaine thinks he's busted, they script literally SAYS he's been...
Where can I find that? (And does that include the deleted scene from Scandals where Kurt has never felt so alone….a line...
'You don't ask someone if you can marry their son, you ask if you can borrow their lawnmower or use their telephone. TO...
So much good analysis here. NOT too long. READ THIS. One great pull-quote: "Blaine wanting to get engaged all of a...


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Categories > Celebrities > Fall Out Boy > Secrets and Lies, Forever and Goodbyes
Default Chapter1 Reviews
Amy is your average girl except she is dating Patrick of FOB. Her life is perfect until a certain bassist comes back into her life. But when Pat finds out how they know each other will it be too mu...
Walking down an LA street is exciting except when you have your three year old daughter dragging you. "Mommy please come on we're gonna be late. Patrick is waiting." Jennifer exclaims. As we hurry to Starbuks she releases my hand and runs into Patricks arms. "Where have you been?" " Well Jen I have been doing some band business, speaking of which I want to introduce you both to...." "Pete" we say in unison. Before I could be bombarded with questions Jen(thank God) got Patrick to take her outside for a balloon. This can't be happening.
(Pete's POV)
WTF!!! This can't be the Amy I used to date. She lived in Chicago. And since when did she have a daughter? The little sirl looks like me. Could she be mine? I blurted out that very question before I knew it. Amy stood there stunned and hesitated to answer then she asid in almost a whisper"Yes Jennifer is your daughter." The look on my face is not only shocked to hear the answer but to also see my best friend with hurt in his eyes. We both look at him not knowing what to say or do.
AUTHOR's Note: Please give your honest opinion. This is my first story and I was hoping to get some help writing it so if you want to please comment.


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Tristan by Beckatt on 12/07/2011. Trim: 2010 Kia Soul !, Owned 2 years.
Pros: Much more room than expected, especially in the back seat. I drove this car 1 hour each way to and from work every day for 2 years...very comfortable and great gas mileage! Love the bluetooth and other steering wheel features. This is the first car I've owned where friends, family and random strangers alike get excited and want to see inside.
Cons: The map lights have always rattled and it gets annoying...fortunately the stereo is great and drowns it out :)
Overall review: Love my Tristan, I've had him for 2 and a half years now and have recommended this car to everyone I know...and some I don't!
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I've Got Soul! by SoulSista from Arkansas on 11/13/2011. Trim: 2010 Kia Soul !, Owned 1 year.
Pros: This is a very "zippy" little vehicle. It's a lot of fun to drive and the interior is nice and roomy, so the drive is comfortable. The fold-down back seats are very convenient and can easily accomodate large loads. The sound system and just the electronic components of the car in general are very user friendly.
Cons: My only gripe is that road noise makes it hard for you to use the hands-free phone system without having to yell at the top of your lungs for the person you're talking to to be able to hear you.
Overall review: Overall, I really love my Soul! I was skeptical when I first went to drive one because I would be trading a 4.7L V8 Dodge Ram for a 2.0L I4, but I was hooked from the start. And let me just add, that even though I drive an hour a day to work $35.00 worth of gas gets me back and forth for a whole week...big improvement from the truck. I was amazed at the pump the first time I filled it up.
Review ID: #554938 Is this review offensive?
The Best Value for the Money by Caveman from Orlando on 10/05/2011. Trim: 2010 Kia Soul +, Owned 1 year.
Pros: I guess the thing I like most about the Kia Soul is the feeling that I'm driving an SUV and not a passenger car. The Kia Soul feels like it rides higher on the road, and the box shape of the car means that you have plenty of room inside. Now, when I ride in a passenger sedan, like a Taurus, I feel too close to the road and the space inside the car feels cramped.
Cons: In the long run, I think the one thing that may disappoint me is the finish. The bumpers are plastic, and paint over plastic doesn't wear too well. It seems like the finish has dulled a little bit. I'm not someone who believes in spending money to get a car re-painted, so I think in the future I may wish that the car was shinier.
Overall review: You have to consider the value you are receiving for the price. If you compare the 4 cylinder Kia Soul to a Mercedes , you are comparing apples to oranges. For the very reasonable price of this car, you are receiving amazing value. Yes, there are additional bells and whistles that the car could have. The vanity mirrors are not lighted. If they were, the price for that would be added to the cost of the car. I would rather do without lights on the vanity mirrors, and know that the money I spent for my car has been put into the engine and the other essentials for a vehicle. So, for the price of the vehicle, it is the best value out there. I have owned my Soul for two and a half years, and I have not had one single mechanical problem with the vehicle. I now have almost 70,000 miles on the vehicle. I have just replaced the original equipment tires, which means that the original tires lasted almost 70,000 miles.
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The Dream Car by Darla, Watertown, N.Y. on 11/09/2011. Trim: 2010 Kia Soul !, Owned 2 years.
Pros: I love my KIA Soul !. I have never had a Kia before, now I am hooked on them. I bought my green Kia Soul ! September 2010 and here it is November 2011. I only had to put my car in the shop one time for problems with the brakes. My car runs excellent. Now I am waiting on the Soul'ster to come out. That will be my next car. Anyone who says bad things about the Kia Soul is very wrong. I had a sun visor placed on top of my car in front of the sunroof to help keep out the rain and snow and wind so I can keep my sunroof open in the winter. Not only does the sun visor work wonders....it looks COOL! :-) My Soul drives like a dream car!
Cons: NOTHING
Overall review: Great car. Great gas mileage! Kia Soul is the top rating car of them all!
Review ID: #554905 Is this review offensive?
It's not that great by Kevin on 08/24/2011. Trim: 2010 Kia Soul !, Owned 1 year.
Pros: The bluetooth and sirius radio are good, the ipod hookup is cool too. Although you can't use the ipod itself to change songs since the interface is kind of annoying (it takes FOREVER to get to a song/artist if you have a lot of music). It's very roomy for its size. Decently roomy trunk. Good sound system.
Cons: SLOW. Revs too high on the highway (3000+ rpm at 65 mph), this made my gas disappear. I actually think the city mileage is better. There NEEDS to be a 6th gear. Spins out easily, even on wet roads after it rains. Noisey engine. Interior scuffs easily.
Overall review: It's an OKAY car. I don't know why it got as high of reviews as it did.
Review ID: #554008 Is this review offensive?
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i'm a wanderer.
drinking from the fountain in the square. and i am lonely in the cold morning rain. i walk in sorrow but i do not complain. woke up this morning and i had snow in my eyes. and i've been sleeping under terrible skies.
jackie- the master- leven


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Alexander Emelianenko, the younger brother of legendary MMA Heavyweight, Fedor Emelianenko, is set to fight early in 2014. According to a Russian media outlet, Emelianenko will take on Dmitry Sosnowski on January 26th in St Petersburg, Russia for the promotion Coliseum- New History.
After only a three month 'retirement' in 2012, Emelianenko decided to don the gloves once again. He came back and easily defeated Bob Sapp by TKO in round 1. Three months later, Emelianenko dominated Jose Rodrigo Guelke en route to another TKO victory in round 1. He will now look for his third win in a row against Sosnowski.
Sosnowski is 2-0, and is still relatively new to MMA. He trains alongside Alexey Oleinik, who was recently signed to the UFC. He is set to fight Jared Rosholt at UFC on FOX 10 in January.
Oleg Raevskii, the president of the Coliseum promotion in Russia, said that Emelianenko's contract is difficult to deal with, but the fight will happen. Oleg also stated that he still wants to set up a rematch between Emelianenko and Jeff Monson. The two first met back at M-1 Challenge 35, where Monson submitted Emelianenko by north-south choke. That night was supposed to be Emelianenko's last fight, but obviously things have changed since then.